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Bhatpara Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T18:24:57Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhatpara
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bhatpara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhatpara Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
| incumbent_image = Pawansingh.png
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
| constituency_no = 105
| established = 1951
| electors = 149,164
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bhatpara Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 105 Bhatpara Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos.1 to 17 of [[Bhatpara]] municipality.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India }}</ref>

Bhatpara Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Dayaram Beri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sitaram Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="2"|Dayaram Beri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sitaram Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Satyanarayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Sitaram Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Satyanarayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Bidyut Ganguly
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|2019^
|rowspan="3"|[[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhatpara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate =Pawan Kumar singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61683}}
|percentage = 58.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amit Gupta|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:38876}}|percentage=36.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ash Narayan Singh|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:2969}}|percentage=2.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhermendra Shaw|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:439}}|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sadananda Rajak|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:3967}}|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sujit Bose|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India|votes={{formatnum:246}}|percentage=0.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:939}}|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:106314}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhatpara<ref name="results.eci.gov.inc">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25105.htm?ac=105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215904/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25105.htm?ac=105|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2021|title=Assembly Election 2021 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 57,244
|percentage = 53.4
|change = -4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Jitendra Shaw|votes=43,557|percentage=40.63|change=+5.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dharmendra Shaw|votes=2,169|percentage=2.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,160|percentage=1.08|change=-0.76}}
{{Election box majority|votes=13,687|percentage=12.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,07,197|percentage=69.69|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,54,037}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 By-Election===
{{Election box begin
|title=Bye-Election, 2019: Bhatpara<ref name=byelection2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11835-bye-election-results-from-jan-to-june2019/ |title=Bye Election Results from Jan. to June,2019 - Bye-Elections Result in Xls/Pdf Format |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 11 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 58,119
|percentage = 58.09
|change = +44.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Madan Mitra]]
|votes = 35,015
|percentage = 35.00
|change = -19.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Mandal
|votes = 3,589
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saikat Kumar Dey
|votes = 796
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Khwaja Ahmed Hussain
|votes = 746
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Santu Dey
|votes = 725
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = 138
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Goutam Maity
|votes = 68
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ritesh Kumar Singh
|votes = 59
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh
|votes = 36
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pramod Singh
|votes = 34
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Debraj Ghosh
|votes = 30
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 701
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,104
|percentage = 23.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,00,056
|percentage = 66.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,49,371
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +32.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhatpara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]
|votes = 59,253
|percentage = 54.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jitendra Shaw
|votes = 30,318
|percentage = 27.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rumesh Kumar Handa
|votes = 14,333
|percentage = 13.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gopal Raut
|votes = 788
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Partha Bhattacharya
|votes = 688
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh
|votes = 678
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shatrughna Singh
|votes = 504
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,015
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,935
|percentage = 26.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,08,577
|percentage = 75.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,44,737
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Nepaldeb Bhattacharya of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bhatpara constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=105| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191919/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=105| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bhatpara| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]
|votes = 66,938
|percentage = 70.94
|change = +2.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nepaldeb Bhattacharya
|votes = 22,553
|percentage = 23.90
|change = -2.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradyot Kumar Choudhary
|votes = 2,099
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Chatterjee
|votes = 1,632
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushanto Barai
|votes = 637
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Rout
|votes = 494
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 94,353
|percentage = 76.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 5.36#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Bhatpara assembly seat defeating Harimohan Nath of [[Communist Party of India|CPI (M)]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Ramprasad Kundu of CPI (M) in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Bidyut Ganguly of CPI (M) defeated Dharampal Gupta of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Kedar Singh of Congress 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Satyanarayan Singh of Congress defeated Siva Prasad Bhattacharya of CPI (M) in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Sita Ram Gupta of CPI (M) defeated Debi Ghosal of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Satya Narayan Singh of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp130.htm |title = 130 – Bhatpara Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Satyanarayan Singh of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Sitaram Gupta of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Dayaram Beri of Congress won in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Sitaram Gupta of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Dayaram Beri of Congress won from Bhatpara.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Govind Solegaonkar

2026-05-07T10:25:55Z

UPMTaj45723: added initial post needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Short description|Indian artist (1912–1986)}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Artist- G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg|thumb|304x304px]]
'''Govind Madhav Solegaonkar''' (1912–1986) was a versatile artist who created works on murals, portraits, landscapes and abstract paintings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Solegaonkar&pg=PA583|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Hoshangabad|last=(India)|first=Madhya Pradesh|date=1827|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Bhagwat|first=Nalini|title=Thesis|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/59326/8/08_chapter%205.pdf|journal=Thesis at the University of Baroda|volume=Chapter V|pages=164–169|via=Shodh Ganga}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar|title=G M Solegaonkar|website=Saffronart|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Govind Solegaonkar was born in 1912 at Sehore in British India. He was introduced to art at a very early age. He received his initial lessons at home from his father who was a student of Sir J.J. School (1905) and was part of Ajanta copying team from J.J. School. While schooling, G. M. Solegaonkar simultaneously took training in drawing, painting at "Devlalikar Institute" in Indore. (1927) Devlalikar too was a past student of Sir J.J. School of Art. Thus the academic influence of J.J. School started molding G. M. Solegaonkar much before he himself joined the school.<ref name=":6" />

In 1928 an important incident took place which exerted an indirect influence of Revivalists Movement on his mind. ’’Pravasi Vanga Sahitya Sammelan" was held in Indore. On this occasion, an exhibition of the paintings from all over India was held. G.M. Solegaonkar participated in it and was felicitated with silver medal at the hands of Lady Dobson, member of London Royal Academy. The program of the Parishad included among other items the lectures by Dr. Cousins, on [[Indian art|Indian Art]]. In his lectures, he gave references from Havell's book, "The Ideals of Indian Art". The lectures inspired him arousing curiosity about the qualities of Indian Art and its philosophical background; which he pursued all through.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/NavaKal.jpg|title=Write up titled "Tarun Chitrakaar Shri Govind Madhav Solegaonkar" in Marathi daily 'Nava Kaal'|date=1935-02-07}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Rege.JPG|title=Article titled 'Maharashtratil thor chitrakaar' in Marathi daily "Swarajya"|date=1957-01-19}}</ref>

He had excelled in Elementary & Intermediate Drawing examinations. During this period he started painting portraits. The British soldiers at Mhow Contonment wanted to send their small portraits to their beloved and were very happy to get their miniature portraits done by G.M. Solegaonkar.<ref name=":6" />

He joined Sir J.J. School of Art - Mumbai, in 1930, for Diploma in painting & completed it in 1933 in first class.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Diploma.jpg|title=Diploma Certificate}}</ref> He continued to win many awards during this period. He was appointed a Fellow at Sir J.J. School of Art – Mumbai for 1935–1936 in Mural Department.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/news4.jpg|title=An Artist|date=4 January 1957|work=The Bombay Sentinel|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sirjjschoolofart.in/about-us/about-jj.aspx|title=About JJ {{!}} Sir JJ School of Art, Mumbai|website=www.sirjjschoolofart.in|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/159938586/Partha-Mitter-The-Triumph-of-Modernism|title=Partha Mitter- The Triumph of Modernism {{!}} Cubism {{!}} Modernism|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Solegaonkar&pg=PA583|title=Indore|last=Shrivastav|first=P. N.|publisher=District Gazetteers Department, Bhopal Government Central Press|year=1971|location=Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India|pages=583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Diploma.jpg|title=Diploma Certificate}}</ref>

== Career ==
While a student his award-winning painting "Love Pilgrimage" was exhibited in an exhibition at the Burlington Gallery, London.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/LovePilgriageSimlaFineArtsSoc.jpg|title='Love Pilgrimage' - Coverage in The Illustrated weekly|date=1933-10-01}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/InternationalReviewReconstruction1935.jpg|title=International Review Reconstruction|date=January 1935}}</ref>

In 1935, he won the Gold medal of [[Bombay Art Society]] for his painting ‘Mahiyari’<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Mahiyari_Gold_Medal.jpg|title=Certificate declaring Gold Medal by Bombay Art Society|date=1935-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Triumph Of Modernism|last=Mitter|first=Partha|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2007|isbn=978 1 86189 318 5|location=London, UK|pages=150–151; 270}} {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/802938620 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/802648552 cite #4 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC_bot/Job_18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Mahiyari_Gold_Medal.jpg|title=Bombay Art Society - Certificate|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=}} {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/802938620 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/802648552 cite #5 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC_bot/Job_18]]}}</ref> Presently the painting is with Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya - Mumbai (then Prince of Wales Museum). The same was on display in recent exhibition organised as tribute to G. Solomon, Dean Sir J.J. School of Art. (<nowiki>http://www.csmvs.in/about-us/press-room/press-release/210-pravaha.html</nowiki>)

For next twenty years, he continued to receive many awards, prizes and trophies from Simla [[Fine Art Society]], Art Society of India, Bombay Art Society and in various Art exhibitions in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/ArtSocietyOfIndia.jpg|title='Art Society Of India' in Bombay Chronicle Weekly|date=1948-02-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/|title=G. M. Solegaonkar - A Hermit from Ajanta|website=hermitofajanta.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/gm-solegaonkar-1912-untitled-5594877-details.aspx|title=G.M. Solegaonkar (1912-?), Untitled|website=www.christies.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/past-auction-results|title=G. M. Solegaonkar Auction Results - G. M. Solegaonkar on artnet|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/artist/G_M_Solegaonkar/11216603/G_M_Solegaonkar.aspx|title=G. M. Solegaonkar - Artist, Fine Art Prices, Auction Records for G. M. Solegaonkar|website=www.askart.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/ArtistReturns1960.jpg|title='Bombayman's Diary - Artist Returns' in Evevning News|date=1960-09-13}}</ref> During an exhibition at Fine art Society, Simla. His poster painting 'Ajanta Frescos' was awarded a special prize by the publicity department of Indian Railways.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/SimlaFineArtShow.jpg|title='Simla Fine Arts Show' in The Times of India|date=1934-09-18}}</ref>

Post independence, a planning committee was formed to draw detailed plan to decorate the Parliament House of India, with paintings of eminent artists depicting great moments in the history of this country. G. M. Solegaonkar was selected to create a panel painting. His mural titled Bhojshala continues to be displayed at the Indian Parliament House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p18.htm|title=MURAL PAINTINGS IN PARLIAMENT HOUSE|website=www.parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=2|title=Photo Gallery : Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|page=Panel 41|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref>

He held his solo exhibitions in [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in 1954, 1957 and 1958.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/LalitaOberoi.JPG|title='An Artist' by Lalita Uberoi in the Bombay Sentinel|date=1957-01-04}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Amberkar.jpg|title='An Unforgettable Exhibition - Paintings of Solegaonkar' by V. R. Amberkar in Mauj|date=1958-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/murarjeeDesai.jpg|title=Photo: Morarji Bhai Deasai being received by G. M. Solegaonkar at inauguration of his exhibition}}</ref>

G. M. Solegaonkar visited Europe in 1958 particularly England, Belgium, Holland. He spent about two years there, studying the paintings and sculptures by visiting various galleries and exhibitions. His work during this period contained numerous paintings in his own style and predominantly with various Indian subjects. He held many exhibitions in Europe, with three of them being held in Belgium.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TVAAAAMAAJ&q=solegaonkar|title=Lok Sabha Debates: Appendix|last=Sabha|first=India Parliament Lok|date=1960|language=en}}</ref>

On return from Europe visit, he served Art Society of India as President in 1962.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwAfAQAAMAAJ|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|date=1963|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/CoverageOnArtSocietyExhibition.jpg|title='Bombayman's Diary' in Evening News|date=1962-04-13}}</ref>

He held his exhibitions in Jehangir Art Gallery in 1962 and in Taj Art Gallery in 1970.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

He spent years researching the master key and technique deployed in paintings at Ajanta and Bagh Caves . As he could see that this invaluable cultural heritage was showing signs of getting ravaged by onslaught of time, he had a strong desire to make this treasure available for the future generations. With this background he had planned a detailed scheme, of having a replica of [[Ajanta Caves]]. The scheme would provide training to the art-students as well as patronage to painters. He had commenced corresponding with Government authorities. The then Education Minister Madhukarrao Chaudhary and Defense Minister [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] were favorably inclined towards the scheme and had indicated their consent. Unfortunately, due to paucity of funds with Maharashtra Government, this scheme could not see the light of the day.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/AjantaScheme2.jpg|title=Ajanta Scheme 1|date=1973-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/AjantaScheme1.jpg|title=Ajanta Scheme|date=1973-12-29|website=hermitofajanta.com}}</ref>

In July 1971, an exhibition of 40 of his paintings was held in India House, London.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/news2.jpg|title=The Art of G. M. Solegaonkar|date=17 July 1971|work=India News}}</ref>

He continued to wield his brush and pallet till the day he died on 5 January 1986.

Subsequently, his works have been auctioned by several art auction houses such as [[Christie's]] and SaffronArt.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/G-M--Solegaonkar/438B2F32EE3B201A/Artworks|title=Artworks of G.M. Solegaonkar (Indian, 1912 - 1986)|website=www.mutualart.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/gm-solegaonkar-blue-buddha-5594874-details.aspx|title=G.M. Solegaonkar (1912-?), Blue Buddha|website=www.christies.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/gm-solegaonkar-untitled-5594877-details.aspx|title=G.M. Solegaonkar (1912-?), Untitled|website=www.christies.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/a-rooster-qsHu2avfHfAmZ2by14L9jw2|title=A rooster by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/untitled-EMZkLZlfR4ghTvkQNX1ILg2|title=Untitled by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/deer-two-camels-2-works-i4Moc4wo4JUNfnOczoIhmw2|title=Deer Two camels 2 works by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/ghandi-z5w3zeKLYaEs_alVVCGm7A2|title=Gandhi by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/sailing-at-sunset-plkkW-o5dAEoj3elAfAa8g2|title=Sailing at sunset by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/horseback-riding-QwALytTGhag23L-0ji9rIA2|title=Horseback riding by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/holding-a-child-jtw9uz5CFgbMyISxe74Ljg2|title=Holding a child by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/les-danseuses-eCRCHuRwJjG9uB4lqgNgiA2|title=Les Danseuses by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/abstract-composition-cqVnXPiY29S2q_gvrJTp5Q2|title=Abstract composition by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/elephants-in-a-forest-PyTyOwr3cJzwCOeiCfIhGA2|title=Elephants in a forest by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/taking-a-rest-0ZaQOE5UeV5xel8WYwz0ng2|title=Taking a rest by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/g-m-solegaonkar/le-march%C3%A9-8SMFyTV1dxF5GCC78BwUIg2|title=Le marché by G MSolegaonkar|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artsalesindex.artinfo.com/artists/G%20M-Solegaonkar-273376.ai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814095312/http://artsalesindex.artinfo.com/artists/G%20M-Solegaonkar-273376.ai|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 August 2017|title=Govind Madhav Solegaonkar-Artwork Prices and Auction Results {{!}} Blouin Art Sales Index|website=artsalesindex.artinfo.com|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auctionclub.com/public/historic/g-m-solegaonkar-128179|title=G M Solegaonkar Auction Results by Auction Club|website=www.auctionclub.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref>''' '''

== Style ==
The following paragraph taken from his diary, sets tone to his Art-journey:

"India had art of long standing. The artistic value need not necessarily depend upon fulfilling the standards set by the latest fashion or theory or values current in Europe.

Our artistic activity came to a standstill practically with the loss of freedom and cultural decline. England forced upon India, European art ideals, methods and values. It is not that European culture has done India no good. Some great and eternal values like freedom, individual and collective, for general progress are the elements bound to lead men to progress.

Let us not be servile imitators of the dead past or living present of Europe. Let us find out whether we have anything to give – contribute. Let us free ourselves from the false notion that is holding on to Indian technique, period or school. This is the way to express the soul of India in art forms."

Similarly following quote from his diary defines his approach to technique and style:

"Mastery over technique gives discipline to the artist. The discipline, the control of the material which the mastery over the technique gives is very precious.....

Mere technique is not art. The artist must learn and then forget the technique."

Throughout his life he experimented with different styles. He tried various types of subjects from figurative compositions in Indian decorative style, genre, portraits, still-life, outdoor scenes - landscapes, abstract as well as non-objective paintings. All of these showed a continuous handling of color and forms with new experiments.

'''Style in The Early Period'''

He started with portraits, even before formal training in J. J. School of Art. He was successful in bringing perfect likeness and his portraits were known for his masterly treatment in realistic rendering. In J.J. School, he was introduced to the painting style based on academic realism. All the same, there was a deep influence of the great frescoes of Ajanta and especially Bagh Caves on his mind from very early age when he was in Indore. Influenced by Havell's book & Dean Gladston Solomon he ardently followed Bombay Revivalism and his work represented the Indian art. The fascination about Indian art and its decorative style was combined with the academic training of Bombay School. <gallery>
File:'Dattatreya' by G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg|
</gallery>Iconographic paintings - ' Dattatreya', 'Trimurti', 'Samudra Manthan'

These paintings illustrate his mastery over line acquired by his study of Frescos Art. These were an example of wall decoration on traditional lines.

He experimented illusionistic paintings in the academic style and made compositions in Indian decorative style. His work in the early period of his career was earmarked as replete with Iconographic paintings making subtle use of different styles. He belonged to the transition period. He was known to be the first modern artist from J.J. School of Art.<ref name=":9" />

Given below are the illustrations of expert use of different styles as seen in some of his prize winning work during the early period – [[File:Dadhi_Manthan_in_The_Orient.jpg|frameless|148x148px|left]]
‘Dadhi Manthan’ (Churning) - In the art world this work was distinctively noticed then for its theme. It depicted artistically the rhythmic movement of churning and included minute details such as the flowing movement of a background curtain etc. The color combination showed traces of Neo Rajput style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Dadhimanthan.JPG|title="Manthan" (Churning) - An art print in The Orient|date=September 1932}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Art_Notes_1932.JPG|title='Art Notes' in The Bombay Chronicle|date=1932-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/NewImpulseInArt1932.jpg|title='New Impulses In Art - Bombay Art School's achievements' in The Bombay Chronicle|date=1932-03-01}}</ref>

‘Love Pilgrimage’ was a large decorative panel of the divine couple - Shiva & his consort Uma and captured their lilting movement. This painting using hastmudra – hand gestures influenced by Ajanta frescos was considered an example of obsession with the Indian decorative style and ingenious mannerism. It recorded a new enterprise in decorative line and color and won the ‘Nizam silver medal’ for best work by student of any art school in India in Simla Fine Art exhibition. This painting was much appreciated for its line work reminding iconography of ancient Indian Art on the backdrop of Ancient Buddhist Art. It was eventually selected for the exhibition of Modern Indian Art arranged by the Indian Society of London at the [[New Burlington Galleries]] (1934).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/SimlaFineArtSoc1933.JPG|title='Simla Fine Arts Exhibition - Splendid success of Bombay Artists' in The Times of India|date=1933-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/SimlaFineArts2.jpg|title='Viceroy Opens Simla Fine Arts Exhibition' in The Times of India|date=1932-09-14}}</ref>

Chandra Aradhana’ had semblance of Mughal style.
[[File:Chandra_Aradhana.jpg|center|frameless|114x114px]]

Mahiyari (1935 - Gold medal winning painting) This painting noted for its originality was a strikingly successful attempt to present a truly Indian subject using western style of painting. It was the first time that an effort was made to use Cubism which was an emerging French school of painting then. The beautifully executed face with lost look in her dreaming eyes and expressive face of one waiting for her beloved were captured effectively. Conducive attractive colours, setting Sunrays in the background, play of light & shadow on Mahiyari's multi coloured costume, western proportionality, colour scheme in Rajput style and the light but soft background of the sunlit buildings set off the graceful figure made this an aesthetic masterpiece of art. Critic Karl Khandalawala has noted - 'This painting presented an excellent illustration of how certain principles of Modern French Art can with great advantage be employed by the Indian artist without losing his individuality or becoming an imitator.'<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/VishalBharat1.JPG|title=Article 'Solegaonkar ki Chitrakala' by Prabhakar Machave|date=January 1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/VishalBharat3.JPG|title=Article 'Solegaonkar ki Chitrakala' by Prabhakar Machave cont|date=January 1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/VishalBharat4.JPG|title=Article 'Solegaonkar ki Chitrakala' by Prabhakar Machave cont 2|date=January 1936}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

This artist was not tied down to the rigid principles of reality, which was the chief factor of the paintings of the Bombay school. After realistic phase, he tried to use bold impressionistic strokes. He simplified the forms ''by'' omitting unnecessary details - thus deviating from the traditional style executed with microscopic details. He used broad, bold and confident brush-strokes in the paintings. His handling showed rapidity, boldness and precision. For this purpose sometimes he used even flat tones and simplified forms. Through all his work he continued experimenting with feeling of space, arrangement of forms, aspects of light & color eventually to create a good design while keeping the effect of space intact. His efforts are revealed in his line, in individual figures or in the overall design. The experiments with space involved the use of unusual views and levels.
By training and as his core strength he was a muralist. In the paintings or line art, irrespective of size or color, distinctive features of mural paintings can be noticed. His work exhibits mastery over line and its spontaneity created a sense of volume in his drawing. His paintings show a powerful color-sense and a decorative quality.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/SimlaFineArtShow1935.jpg|title='Excellent Exhibits at Simla Fine Arts Show' in The Times of India|date=1935-09-16}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

== Abstract Paintings ==
In his work there is integration between the past and the present. His work displays vital interest in Present - modern trends of the contemporary world, sustained with deeply rooted understanding of the past heritage - inspirations from Frescos of Ajanta & Bagh. He reformed his original style taking cognizance of new references and new directions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/VishalBharat5.JPG|title='Solegaonkar ki Chitrakala' by Prabhakar Machave|date=January 1936}}</ref> Thus started his foray into abstract paintings.

Exposure to modern works of art from the west left impressionistic influences with novel modes in his work. He achieved effects of vast space and good design through interesting arrangement of simplified forms and color orchestration. With his urge for innovation, he continued experimenting in treatment of form & arrangements.

His approach to abstract art was deep rooted in a stylized realism. He adopted specialties of modern paintings to create visual art. His work was marked with his perspective, fine sense of pattern and geometrical rhythm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/ArtStyle.JPG|title='Solegaonkaranchi Chitrashaili' in Marathi periodical Alochana|date=November 1962}}</ref>'''Landscapes'''

Fascinated by the beauty of nature, he tried to explore it through his landscapes throughout his life. His landscapes showed a new view to reveal the beauty of nature. Most of his landscapes show the panoramic view revealing the vast space. His landscapes show simplified forms and sure, bold brush-strokes together with pleasant color-schemes derived from natural pigments. He chiefly experimented in aspects of light, space and color. Though his training emphasized on academic realism, his technique of landscape painting showed the influence of the Impressionism and Post-impressionism.<ref name=":6" />
'''Color'''

His approach to color was scientific and his color-scheme shows strength and vitality. Limited palette and skillful use of greys derived from different colors was the result of inspiration from the ancient muralists of India. Particularly the cave paintings of Bagh provided inspiration for his experiments in tempera colors. He prepared his own colors from the pigments. It is for this reason his color scheme had become a distinguishing feature of his art work. He used water colors in opaque manner (gouache technique) like the Indian miniature painters. He used indigenous earth colors for chromatic luminosity.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/news3.jpg|title=Bombayman's Diary|date=13 September 1960|work=Evening News}}</ref>

== Paintings ==
Some paintings by Mr Solegaonkar:<gallery caption="Paintings by Mr G. M. Solegaonkar">
File:46 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Landscape.jpg
File:43 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Landscape.jpg
File:56 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Lotus.jpg
File:61 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Abstract.jpg
File:55 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Lotus.jpg
File:40 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Landscape.jpg
File:39 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Landscape.jpg
File:54 - G. M. Solegaonkar - Lotus.jpg
File:0045.landscape.jpg
File:0016.landscape.jpg
File:0009.landscape.jpg
File:0123.landscape.jpg
File:0104.landscape.jpg
File:0055.landscape.jpg
File:0142.landscape.jpg
File:0024.landscape.jpg
File:0124.landscape.jpg
File:0006.village.jpg
File:0010.portrait.jpg
File:0011.portrait.jpg
File:Abstract 6 by G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg
File:0077.abstract.jpg
File:Fisher women in Market by G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg
File:0001.portrait.jpg
File:Abstract 14 by G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg
File:Lotus 6 by G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg
File:0076.abstract.jpg
File:Tulaja Bhavani by G. M. Solegaonkar.jpg
File:0071.abstract.jpg
File:Landscape 11 by G. M. SOlegaonkar.jpg
File:0005.village.jpg
File:0005.portrait.jpg
</gallery>

== Awards ==
Govind Solegaonkar was the recipient of many awards including:<ref name=":1" />
* Topiwala Prize 1934<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Bombay_Art_Society_Memorial_Prize.jpg|title=Topiwala Memorial Prize|date=1934-01-29|work=Bombay Art Society}}</ref> This prize was for the best composition on Indian History or Mythology
* The Miss Dolly Cursetji First Prize 1934<ref name=":5" />
* Medals and Awards by Fine Art Society, Simla in 1933,1934<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":10" />
* Gold medal of the Bombay Art Society 1935<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/Mahiyari_Gold_Medal.jpg|title=Bombay Art Society - Certificate}}</ref>
* The Bombay Government Fellow-ship in painting and commercial art 1935<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":7" />
* The Lord Hardings senior most scholarship 1934<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":8" />
* Patel Trophy winner of the Art Society of India 1953<ref name=":5" />

== Exhibitions ==
Some of the exhibitions of Govind Solegaonkar's works are listed below:<ref name=":1" />
* Exhibits in All India Fine arts exhibition, Indore - 1928
* Exhibits in All India Fine arts exhibition, Simla - 1932
* Exhibition at the Burlington Gallery, London - 1933<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePsbAQAAIAAJ&q=solegaonkar|title=Report on Public Instruction in the Bombay Presidency for the Year ...|date=1934|publisher=Educational Department, Bombay Presidency|language=en}}</ref>
* Exhibits in Bombay Art Society's 44th annual exhibitions held, won Gold Medal - 1935
* Exhibits in Exhibition organized by Bombay School of Art - 1936
* Exhibits in Exhibition by 'Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta - 1937
* Exhibits in Bombay Art Society's Golden Jubilee year exhibition held in 1939
* Show in Jehangir Art Gallery - Dec 1954,<ref name=":5" /> Jan 1957, Feb 1958, Nov 1962
* Shows in Europe during his tour, including 3 Exhibitions in Belgium - 1958-60
* Show in Taj Art Gallery - 1970
* Show in India House, London July, 1971<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://hermitofajanta.com/testimonials/news1.jpg|title=The Art of G. M. Solegaonkar|date=17 July 1971|work=India News}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* Exhibits in Pravaha: Exhibition Highlighting Early Phase of Sir J.J. School of Art and the Progressive Art Movement, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly Prince of Wales Museum of Western India) - 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmvs.in/about-us/press-room/press-release/210-pravaha.html|title=Pravaha|access-date=2017-08-14|language=en-gb|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814094737/http://www.csmvs.in/about-us/press-room/press-release/210-pravaha.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Displayed works ==
Govind Solegaonkar's works on display as of August 2017 include:<ref name=":1" />
* ''Bhojashala'' - [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] - Panel No 41<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIlHAQAAIAAJ&q=Solegaonkar|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian paintings|last=Kumar|first=Rakesh|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788126131228|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Mahiyari'' - [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF7rAAAAMAAJ&q=Solegaonkar|title=Mārg̲: A Magazine of the Arts|date=1982|publisher=Marg Publications|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Gandhiji'' - In [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthplace at Porbandar
* Mural/Painting - [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research (TIFR)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/_/FgGNC23GAjpzBA|title=Abstract - TIFR Archives - Google Arts & Culture|work=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=2017-08-14|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solegaonkar, Govind}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:People from Sehore district]]
[[Category:Painters from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Flybus

2026-05-06T17:41:22Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|Public bus service in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox bus transit
| name = Flybus
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = KSRTC'S Flybus.png
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| founded = 13 August 2013
| headquarters =
| locale = [[Karnataka]]
| service_type = [[Airport bus]]
|routes=[[Kempegowda International Airport]] ([[Bangalore]]) to [[Mysore]], [[Madikeri]] and [[Davangere]]| fleet =
| ridership =
| operator = [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]
| website = [https://ksrtc.karnataka.gov.in/en]
}}

'''Flybus''' is a premium airport bus service run by the '''[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]''' connecting '''[[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International Airport (KIA)]]''' directly to major cities in '''[[Karnataka]]'''.

==Description==
It was launced on 13th August, 2013 by then '''[[Chief Minister of Karnataka]],[[Siddaramaiah]]'''. Its initial route was to '''[[Mysore]]'''

It is a Volvo semi-sleeper bus which operates from '''[[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International Airport (KIA)]]''' to various city of Karnataka like '''[[Madikeri]], [[Mysore]]''' and '''[[Davanagere]].'''

==Amenities==
It is an AC luxury bus service with 2+2 reclining seats with chemical toilets, Wi-Fi, and an auto hand wash system built on a multi-axle '''[[Volvo B9R]]''' (Old) or '''[[Volvo B11R]]''' (New) chassis with a golden livery.

On 12 November 2025, KSRTC started to offer complimentary [[Karnataka Milk Federation|'''Nandini''']] snack kits.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ksrtc-to-offer-complimentary-nandini-snack-kits-on-flybus-services/article70266931.ece</ref>

==Routes==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!style="width:2%;"|Sl.No
!style="width:2%;"|Origin
!style="width:2%;"|Terminus
!style="width:10%;"|Via
!style="width:2%;"|Reference
|-
|1
| rowspan="3" |[[Kempegowda International Airport]]
| [[Mysuru Sub Urban Bus Station|Mysore]]
|[[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbal]], [[Channapatna]], [[Mandya]]
|<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/content/336264/flybus-ferry-mysoreans-bia.html</ref>
|-
|2
| [[Madikeri]]
|[[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbal]], [[Mandya]], [[Mysuru Sub Urban Bus Station|Mysore]], [[Hunsur]], [[Kushalnagar]]
|<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/content/336264/flybus-ferry-mysoreans-bia.html</ref>
|-
|3
| [[Davangere]]
|[[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbal]], [[Peenya]], [[Chitradurga]]
|
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="160">
KSRTC Flybus Volvo B11R BS-IV (front).jpg|KSRTC Flybus Volvo B11R BS-IV (front)
Flybus in Bangalore-Mysuru Expressway.jpg|Flybus in [[National Highway 275 (India)|Bangalore-Mysuru Expressway]]
File:Fly Bus from KSRTC at KSRTC Central Bus stand Mysore..jpg|Fly Bus at [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] [[Mysuru Sub Urban Bus Station]] in [[Mysore]]
File:KSRTC Flybus Volvo B11R BS-IV (rear).jpg|[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] owned [[Volvo B11R]] [[Euro 4|BS-IV]] AC Semisleeper parked at [[Kempegowda International Airport]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Airavat Club Class]]
* [[Vayu Vajra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bus transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]

Police Story (1996 film)

2026-05-05T04:22:37Z

UPMTaj45723: Creating Entry

{{short description|1996 film by Thriller Manju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Police Story
| image = Police Story (1996 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Thriller Manju]]
| producer = G. H. Gurumurthy N. Narasimha Murthy
| writer = Thriller Manju S. S. David (story)
| starring = [[P. Sai Kumar]] [[P. J. Sarma]] [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] [[Shobaraj]] [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]] Sudheer Babu Raymond Desouza [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = J. G. Krishna
| editing = R. Janardhan
| studio = Gururaya Film Makers
| distributor = Gajula Nageswara Rao (Telugu)
| released = {{Film date|1996|08|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Police Story''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Kannada film|Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Thriller Manju]] from a story written by S. S. David. It stars an ensemble cast featuring [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Shobaraj]], [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Girija Lokesh]], [[Rockline Venkatesh]], Sudheer Babu and Raymond D'Souza. The film was simultaneously dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and in Hindi a year later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 1997 |title=Where dubbing spells big business |url=http://www.expressindia.com:80/screen/april25/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970615105045/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april25/south.htm |archive-date=15 June 1997 |access-date=10 October 2021 |work=Screen}}</ref> It was later was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] Bangladesh as ''Khobor Ache'' in 1999.

The film's success led to the sequels: ''[[Police Story 2 (2007 film)|Police Story 2]]'' (2007) and ''[[Police Story 3 (2011 film)|Police Story 3]]'' (2011). A spiritual sequel, ''[[Agni IPS]]'', was also released in 1997, causing it to create confusion with the Hindi dub title of the film among the northern audiences.

==Plot==
Agni is a short-tempered cop who uses unconventional methods of punishing the gangsters, which the ministers later criticize. This leads Agni to resign from the job but later rejoins after being coaxed by his elder brother. A Mumbai-based [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer has been appointed to handle a case of a gangster named "Black Tiger". The senior official reveals a deceased gangster named Shobraj, who was responsible for the death of all the police officials after his wife was molested and killed by his nemesis.

Sathya and Dharma are two gangsters who terrorize Bangalore with their unlawful activities. Being a gangster in college, Dharma throws a girl off a building after she rejects his love. The student, who was in love with that girl, turns insane and becomes a witness, but is later killed by Sathya. With this, Agni clashes with Sathya and Dharma. The CBI officer gets killed by a corrupt minister, who is Sathya's right-hand man. Agni's brother also dies while trashing Black Tiger's henchman Black Cobra. It is later revealed that Shobraj is alive and is none other than Black Tiger.

The corrupt Inspector kills another Inspector to destroy evidence behind the CBI officer's death, who is killed after getting hit by a truck. To seek justice, Agni brings a mute youngster as a witness to this case, but Sathya shoots him in the court premises. Agni shoots Sathya and points his gun towards Dharma, who accepts his wrongdoings out of fear. It is revealed that the judge had killed the mute youngster in the hospital and the photos before the court hearing, where his photos were captured by a journalist. Towards the end, Agni arrests Black Tiger and his efforts have been appreciated by the [[Chief minister (India)|CM]].

==Cast==
*[[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Agni
*[[P. J. Sarma]] As Karnataka Chief Minister
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Sathya
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Dharma
*[[Shobaraj]] as Shobraj alias Black Tiger
*[[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]] as ACP Surya, Agni's brother
*Sudheer
*Raymond De'Souza as Mumbai CBI Officer
*[[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Vijay, Agni's colleague and friend
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
*Ayyappa P. Sarma as Ranjith

==Production==
Saikumar who gained recognition as a star with ''Lockup Death'' (1994) acted in this film under the direction of Thriller Manju, a stunt choreographer who made his directorial debut with this film. The Kannada and its dubbed Telugu version were successful and gained a breakthrough for Saikumar and it led to him being typecast in similar roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/his-own-voice/article1473168.ece|title = His own voice|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 20 February 2011|last1 = Murthy|first1 = Neeraja}}</ref><ref name = idle>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/saikumar-actor.html|title=Sai Kumar interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film actor|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Sequels==
A sequel titled ''[[Police Story 2 (2007 film)|Police Story 2]]'' saw Saikumar reprising his role which was released in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/return-of-the-super-cop/article2240268.ece|title = Return of the super cop|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 8 February 2007}}</ref> The [[Police Story 3 (2011 film)|third unrelated film]] was released in 2011.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1996 action films]]
[[Category:1996 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]

Second Bordoloi ministry (Assam Province)

2026-05-02T12:05:08Z

UPMTaj45723: started some info initial version

{{Short description|1946 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 11 February 1946
| date_dissolved = 25 January 1950
| government_head = [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
| state_head = [[Andrew Clow]] [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]] [[Henry Foley Knight]] [[Andrew Clow]] [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]] [[Ronald Lodge]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Prime Minister
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[Third Saadulah ministry|Saadulah III]]
| successor = [[Bordoloi ministry (Assam)|Bordoloi ministry]]
| image = File:1st Assam Ministry after Independence, 1947.jpg
| election = 1946
}}

The '''Second''' '''Bordoloi provincial government''', was the Cabinet of [[Assam Province|Assam province]] headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam|Prime Minister of Assam]] [[Gopinath Bordoloi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordoloi government |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 11 February 1946 until 25 January 1950, when the [[Bordoloi ministry (Assam)|Bordoloi ministry]] was formed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Century_of_Government_and_Politics_in/wm9DAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=bardoloi%20Bishnuram%20Medhi%20omeo%20kumar%20das |title=A Century of Government and Politics in North East India, 1874-1980: Assam |last2=Hazarika |first2=Niru |date=1983 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>

== History and changes ==
[[Muhammed Saadulah]] resigned on 10 February 1946 following the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]]. Abdul Kalam Azad had held discussions with Saadulah to explore the possibility of forming a ministry of the [[Indian National Congress]] with the [[All-India Muslim League]] but Saadulah rejected the proposal.<ref name=":0" />

The Bordoloi government assumed office on 11 February 1946, and originally consisted of six members. [[Bhimbor Deori]], a nominated member of [[Assam Legislative Council]], and Abdur Rasheed were appointed ministers on 23 September 1946. Deori resigned on 12 April 1947 on health grounds, and on the same day his father-in-law, Rupanath Brahma inherited his portfolios.<ref name=":0" />

A new cabinet was formed following the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]]. [[Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]], Baidyanath Mookherjee and Abdur Rasheed were dropped from the previous ministry as [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] [[1947 Sylhet referendum|had decided]] to join [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajkumar |first=Nagoji Vasudev |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/One_Year_of_Freedom/ogBXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=omeo+kumar+das+tayyebulla&dq=omeo+kumar+das+tayyebulla&printsec=frontcover |title=One Year of Freedom |date=1948 |publisher=Acharya Jugal Kishore |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 May 1949, Muhammad Tayabulla was appointed a minister but he resigned on 21 January 1950.<ref name=":0" />

== Ministers (1946) ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Party
|-
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
Chief Minister
|
* Appointment<ref>{{Cite web |title=1946 cabinet |url=http://aladigitallibrary.in/bitstream/123456789/2061/1/12th%20March%201946.pdf |website=Assam Legislative Assembly Digital Library}}</ref>
* Education
* Transport
* Publicity
* Legislative
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]]
|
* Home
* Judicial
* Legislative
* Registration
* General Departments
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Bishnuram Medhi]]
|
* Finance
* Revenue
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Abdul Matlib Mazumder
|
* Agriculture
* Local self-government
* Veterinary
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Baidyanath Mookherjee
|
* Supply
* Reconstruction
* Mechanically propelled vehicles
* Jail departments
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy]]
|
* Public Works Department
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ram Nath Das
|
* Public Health
* Medical
* Excise
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Bhimbor Deori]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian National |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Congress_Hand_book_1946/EfI1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Congress Hand-book, 1946 |date=1946 |publisher=All India Congress Committee |language=en}}</ref>
|
* Labour
* Forest
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Abdur Rasheed
|
* Industries
* Cooperative departments
* Muslim education
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister'''
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Purnananda Chetia]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== Ministers (1947) ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Portfolios
!Party
|-
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
Chief Minister
|
* Home
* Education
* Transport
* Industries
* Cooperation
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Bishnuram Medhi]]
|
* Finance
* Revenue
* Legislative
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy]]
|
* Public Works Department
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ram Nath Das
|
* Public Health
* Medical
* Electricity
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Rupnath Brahma]]
|
* Forest
* Judicial
* Registration
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Omeo Kumar Das]]
|
* Food
* Supply
* Labour
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Md. Tayyebulla
|
* Excise
* Publicity
* Jails
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]]
|
* Local self-government
* Agriculture
* Veterinary
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]

Abneet Bharti

2026-04-28T08:46:26Z

UPMTaj45723: started a article

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Abneet Bharti
| image = RV Wikipedia Bharti.jpg
| upright = 0.9
| caption = Bharti with [[Real Valladolid Promesas|Real Valladolid]] in 2015
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|7|14|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.aiscore.com/player-abneet-bharti/527r3iy160ei67e|title=Abneet Bharti: Stats and Transfer history|website=aiscore.com|access-date=2 December 2022|archive-date=2 December 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221202101238/https://m.aiscore.com/aze/player-abneet-bharti/527r3iy160ei67e|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://everythingforfootball.com/player/abneet-bharti/|title=Player information – Transfer history: Abneet Bharti|website=everythingforfootball.com|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316105858/https://everythingforfootball.com/player/abneet-bharti/|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
| height = 1.85 m<ref>{{Worldfootball.net|abneet-bharti|new_id=pe954831}}</ref>
| position = [[Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Academia del Balompié Boliviano|ABB]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Shastri
| youthyears2 = 2012–2013
| youthclubs2 = [[Geylang International FC|Geylang International]]
| youthyears3 = 2013–2014
| youthclubs3 = [[Balestier Khalsa FC|Balestier Khalsa]]
| youthyears4 = 2014–2015
| youthclubs4 = [[Real Valladolid Promesas|Real Valladolid]]
| years1 = 2017–2019
| clubs1 = [[S.U. Sintrense|Sintrense]]
| caps1 = 13
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2019–2020
| clubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2021–2025
| clubs3 = [[FK Varnsdorf|Varnsdorf]]
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2022
| clubs4 = → Talant Tash-Kömür (loan)
| caps4 = 6
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2023
| clubs5 = → [[Club Deportivo del Este|Deportivo del Este]] (loan)
| caps5 = 4
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2024
| clubs6 = → [[Club Social y Deportivo Sol de Mayo|Deportivo Sol de Mayo]] (loan)
| caps6 = 8
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2025
| clubs7 = → [[Club Atlético El Linqueño|Atlético El Linqueño]] (loan)
| caps7 = 0
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2025–
| clubs8 = [[Academia del Balompié Boliviano|ABB]]
| caps8 = 5
| goals8 = 0
| club-update = 08:46, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
}}

'''Abneet Bharti''' (born 14 July 1998) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[centre-back]] for [[Bolivian Primera División|División Profesional]] club [[Academia del Balompié Boliviano]].

==Club career==

===Early career===
Choosing football as part of his life, Bharti began his playing journey in goalkeeping position with his school team while his days in Nigeria.<ref name="ODR"/> After end of his two-year school-football journey in the African country, he returned to India and represented the team of BGS International Public School in Delhi. He then started his youth football career in [[Delhi Football League|DSA Senior Division League]] outfit Shastri FC and emerged as top scorer in multiple tournaments.<ref name="ODR"/><ref name="TNN">{{cite web|first=Shraishth|last=Jain|title=Indian football prodigy Abneet Bharti continues to harbour national team dream|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/exclusive-indian-football-prodigy-abneet-bharti-continues-to-harbour-national-team-dream/265205|website=www.timesnownews.com|publisher=[[Times Now|Times Now News]]|date=6 August 2018|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427150719/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/exclusive-indian-football-prodigy-abneet-bharti-continues-to-harbour-national-team-dream/265205|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kaustubh|last=Pandey|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/abneet-bharti-is-fit-and-ready-to-fire-again|title=Abneet Bharti is fit and ready to fire again|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=20 January 2020|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127124008/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/abneet-bharti-is-fit-and-ready-to-fire-again|archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> Bharti later earned a spot in Delhi's state youth team and was later called up to the national squad of the [[India national under-17 football team|India U16 team]].<ref name="ODR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ourdreamrun.com/article/ourdreamrunner-abneet-bharti-indias-youth-football-sensation|title=OurDreamRunner Abneet Bharti – India's Youth Football Sensation!!|date=27 September 2015|access-date=27 November 2022|publisher=Our Dream Run|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105124409/http://www.ourdreamrun.com/article/ourdreamrunner-abneet-bharti-indias-youth-football-sensation}}</ref> After spending two seasons, he moved abroad and attended trial for the Singaporean side [[Geylang International FC|Geylang International]] and broke into club's youth academy.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/abneet-bhartis-journey-india-spanish-club-real-valladolid-1702793.html|title=Abneet Bharti's journey: From India to Spanish club Real Valladolid|date=8 September 2014|access-date=28 November 2016|website=firstpost.com|publisher=First Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127123814/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/abneet-bhartis-journey-india-spanish-club-real-valladolid-1702793.html|archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2018|url=https://www.inkhel.com/post/india-mi-europe-lama-khel-awm-chhun-abneet-bharti|title=India Mi Europe Lama Khel Awm Chhun – Abneet Bharti|publisher=InKhel|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127124326/https://www.inkhel.com/post/india-mi-europe-lama-khel-awm-chhun-abneet-bharti|language=lus}}</ref>

In 2014, he moved to Spain and joined youth academy of the [[La Liga]] club [[Real Valladolid]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Abneet Bharti's journey: From India to Spanish club Real Valladolid|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/abneet-bhartis-journey-india-spanish-club-real-valladolid-1702793.html/amp|access-date=24 July 2021|website=www.firstpost.com|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724120304/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/abneet-bhartis-journey-india-spanish-club-real-valladolid-1702793.html/amp}}</ref> While playing for the club, he received interest from the youth academies of [[Bundesliga]] club [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] and [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]] in the Belgian top flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/jerseyfootballmag/docs/september_issue_print___1_|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221005024246/https://issuu.com/jerseyfootballmag/docs/september_issue_print___1_|title=Jersey Football Magazine – September issue: Interview with Abneet Bharti|first=Pulkit|last=Verma|publisher=issuu.com|archive-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2014/abneetbhartirealvalladolid/|title="Spanish Football Is All About Technique" – India's Protege Abneet Bharti|publisher=The Hard Tackle|website=thehardtackle.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127124303/https://thehardtackle.com/2014/abneetbhartirealvalladolid/|archive-date=27 November 2022|first=Joseph|last=Solomon|date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/sep/11/abneet-to-get-a-taste-of-tiki-taka-659060.html|title=Abneet to Get a Taste of Tiki Taka|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|website=newindianexpress.com|date=11 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127124106/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/sep/11/Abneet-to-Get-a-Taste-of-Tiki-Taka-659060.html|archive-date=27 November 2022|first=S. S.|last=Shreekumar|url-status=live|location=Bangalore, Karnataka}}</ref> He later had trial stints at youth sides of Eintracht Frankfurt, [[TSV 1860 Munich|1860 Munich]], [[FSV Frankfurt]] and [[SV Darmstadt 98|Darmstadt 98]].<ref name="Interview with Sportskeeda"/>

===Senior career===
In July 2015, Bharti was reported to have agreed terms with Polish top flight club [[Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/abneet-bharti-agrees-terms-polish-top-division-club-ts-podbeskidzie|title=Abneet Bharti agrees terms with Polish top division club TS Podbeskidzie|date=15 July 2015|access-date=31 March 2025|first1=Joel Jacob|last1=Mathew|work=Sportskeeda|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925141524/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/abneet-bharti-agrees-terms-polish-top-division-club-ts-podbeskidzie}}</ref> but the move never materialised.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jaźwiecki |first1=Leszek |title=Transfery: Podbeskidzie bez Hindusa, Ruch z Podgórskim? |url=https://dziennikzachodni.pl/transfery-podbeskidzie-bez-hindusa-ruch-z-podgorskim/ar/3936455 |website=dziennikzachodni.pl |access-date=28 April 2026 |language=pl |date=15 July 2015 |trans-title=Transfers: Podbeskidzie without the Indian, Ruch with Podgórski?}}</ref> In the midst of 2016–17 season, he signed for then [[Liga 3 (Portugal)|Portuguese League 3]] outfit [[S.U. Sintrense|Sintrense]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://outsideoftheboot.com/2018/10/03/interview-abneet-bharti-on-indian-footballers-abroad/|title=Abneet Bharti on Indian Footballers Abroad|publisher=Outside Of The Boot|first=Kaustubh|last=Pandey|date=3 October 2018|website=outsideoftheboot.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008102321/http://outsideoftheboot.com/2018/10/03/interview-abneet-bharti-on-indian-footballers-abroad/|archive-date=8 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/exclusive-indian-football-prodigy-abneet-bharti-continues-to-harbour-national-team-dream/265205|title=Indian football prodigy Abneet Bharti continues to harbour national team dream|first=Shraishth|last=Jain|date=6 August 2018|publisher=Times Now News|website=timesnownews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106134741/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/exclusive-indian-football-prodigy-abneet-bharti-continues-to-harbour-national-team-dream/265205|archive-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://przegladsportowy.onet.pl/pilka-nozna/1-liga/abneet-bharti-w-podbeskidziu-bielsko-biala/jz5htyd|date=14 July 2015|language=pl|agency=Katowickisport|title=16-letni hinduski talent w Podbeskidziu?|publisher=przegladsportowy.onet.pl|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127123348/https://przegladsportowy.onet.pl/pilka-nozna/1-liga/abneet-bharti-w-podbeskidziu-bielsko-biala/jz5htyd}}</ref> He made his debut against [[Sporting CP B]] and appeared in thirteen league games under coaching of [[Luís Boa Morte]], who described him "a very fast and athletic defender, with confidence and technique on the ball".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/liga-mx/america-con-el-ojo-puesto-en-jugador-de-la-india|title=América, con el ojo puesto en jugador de la India|trans-title=America, with an eye on a player from India|website=mediotiempo.com|date=22 July 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|language=es|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314181349/https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/liga-mx/america-con-el-ojo-puesto-en-jugador-de-la-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TNN"/> After being scouted by Mexican club [[Club América|América]], his move to [[Liga MX]] in Apertura 2018 season, was not done due to a serious knee injury, which ruled him out of action for couple of months.<ref name="TNN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/es/noticias/relacionan-a-abneet-bharti-con-el-america/1o7sdc0nn2xqu1rog8y2p7z979|title=Relacionan a Abneet Bharti con el América|location=Mexico City|trans-title=Abneet Bharti is linked to America|website=Goal.com|date=24 July 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|language=es|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001135418/https://www.goal.com/es/noticias/relacionan-a-abneet-bharti-con-el-america/1o7sdc0nn2xqu1rog8y2p7z979|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 August 2019, Bharti returned to India signing with [[Indian Super League]] club [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]. He joined the club after taking down his chance of appearing with [[Club América|América]] in the Mexican top flight.<ref>{{Cite web|language=es|url=https://www.record.com.mx/futbol-futbol-nacional-liga-mx-america/america-estaria-tras-el-unico-futbolista-hindu-que-milita-en|title=América estaría tras el único futbolista hindú que milita en Europa|publisher=Record Mexico|website=record.com.mx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127123349/https://www.record.com.mx/futbol-futbol-nacional-liga-mx-america/america-estaria-tras-el-unico-futbolista-hindu-que-milita-en|archive-date=27 November 2022|date=22 July 2018}}</ref> In July 2021, he signed for Czech [[Czech National Football League|Fortuna Národní Liga]] side [[FK Varnsdorf|Varnsdorf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fkvarnsdorf.cz/index.php?page=tym&tym=varnsdorf&sub=profil&id=791|title=Abneet Bharti: SoupiskaRealizační týmTabulka – FORTUNA:NÁRODNÍ – LIGYVýsledky – Rozlosování|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812072119/http://www.fkvarnsdorf.cz/index.php?page=tym&tym=varnsdorf&sub=profil&id=791|archive-date=12 August 2021|website=fkvarnsdorf.cz|publisher=FK Varnsdorf|access-date=12 August 2021|language=cs}}</ref> With the Czech club, he made his debut in their 4–0 win over [[FK Neratovice–Byškovice]]. He appeared in two [[Czech Cup|Pohár FAČR]] matches before facing the visa issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/news-abneet-bharti-facing-visa-issues-covid-19-currently-stuck-india|title=Indian footballer in Europe team faces visa issues due to COVID-19|date=21 January 2022|access-date=2 December 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Kaustubh|last=Pandey|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628052901/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/news-abneet-bharti-facing-visa-issues-covid-19-currently-stuck-india}}</ref> Before kickoff of the 2022–23 season, Bharti was loaned out to [[Kyrgyz Premier League|BC Olimp Premier League]] club [[:lt:Talant FC|Talant Tash-Kömür]] on 8 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://everythingforfootball.com/player/abneet-bharti/|title=Player Information — Transfer History: Abneet Bharti|website=everythingforfootball.com|publisher=Everything For Football|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316105858/https://everythingforfootball.com/player/abneet-bharti/|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> He made his league debut on 11 March in their 1–1 draw against [[FC Dordoi Bishkek|Dordoi Bishkek]]. After end of his short loan spell in the Kyrgyz club, he rejoined Varnsdorf in June. In March 2023, the club once again sent him on a loan spell as he joined Panamanian [[Liga Panameña de Fútbol|Liga de Fútbol]] club [[Club Deportivo del Este|Deportivo del Este]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jmdeportes.com/futbol/futbol-nacional/lpf/jugador-de-la-india-jugara-en-la-liga-panamena-de-futbol/|title=DEL FÚTBOL ESPAÑOL A LA LPF, NUEVO FICHAJE EN PANAMÁ|website=jmdeportes.com|trans-title=FROM SPANISH SOCCER TO THE LPF, A NEW SIGNING IN PANAMA|date=14 March 2023|access-date=15 March 2023|language=es|first=Javier|last=Brooks|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315063007/https://jmdeportes.com/futbol/futbol-nacional/lpf/jugador-de-la-india-jugara-en-la-liga-panamena-de-futbol/}}</ref>

In June 2024, Bharti was loaned out to Argentine club [[Club Social y Deportivo Sol de Mayo|Deportivo Sol de Mayo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/football/from-kerala-to-argentina-abneet-bharti-takes-indian-football-global/|title=From Kerala to Argentina: Abneet Bharti takes Indian football global!|first1=Naman|last1=Jain|access-date=20 July 2024|date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717174948/https://www.insidesport.in/football/from-kerala-to-argentina-abneet-bharti-takes-indian-football-global/|archive-date=17 July 2024|website=insidesport.in}}</ref> He made his debut as a substitute for the club on 30 June, against [[Kimberley de Mar del Plata]] in their 3–2 win in Group A of the [[Torneo Federal A]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elmarplatense.com/kimberley-lo-perdio-en-el-final-ante-sol-de-mayo|language=es|title=Kimberley lo perdió en el final ante Sol de Mayo|trans-title=Kimberley lost it in the final against Sol de Mayo|date=1 July 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|author=Marca Deportiva|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701141051/https://www.elmarplatense.com/kimberley-lo-perdio-en-el-final-ante-sol-de-mayo|archive-date=1 July 2024|website=elmarplatense.com}}</ref> He then moved to another Argentine club [[Club Atlético El Linqueño|Atlético El Linqueño]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abneet-bharti/637817/|title=Abneet Bharti|access-date=31 March 2025|work=Soccerway|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331063650/https://us.soccerway.com/players/abneet-bharti/637817/|archive-date=31 March 2025}}</ref> In March 2025, he signed for the [[Bolivian Primera División]] club [[Academia del Balompié Boliviano]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://premiumsportsbo.com/abb-tiene-un-jugador-nacido-en-nepal-a-los-pies-del-himalaya/|title=ABB tiene un jugador nacido en Nepal, a los pies del Himalaya|work=Premium Sports Bolivia|access-date=31 March 2025|date=28 March 2025|first1=Romario|last1=Siles|archive-date=28 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328140034/https://premiumsportsbo.com/abb-tiene-un-jugador-nacido-en-nepal-a-los-pies-del-himalaya/|trans-title=ABB has a player born in Nepal, at the foot of the Himalayas}}</ref>

==International career==
Eligible to represent both his native Nepal and India, Bharti was called up to the [[India national under-16 football team|India under-16]] national camp ahead of [[2015 SAFF U-16 Championship]], but he has never made it to main team.<ref name="FP"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalessandroscouting.com/abneet-bharti.html|title=D'ALESSANDRO SCOUTING: Player profile and career information – Abneet Bharti|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115212214/http://www.dalessandroscouting.com/abneet-bharti.html|website=dalessandroscouting.com|access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{Cquote|''After I was born in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal, I moved to [[Rome]], Italy, in 2001 and stayed there till I was 7 years old. I was quite young then and due to surroundings in Italy I was aware of the beautiful game, but I still hardly played it and I only remember watching the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] while I was in Italy. To be honest, Italy didn't contribute too much to my passion for football. After Italy, I moved to [[Nigeria]] and that was when the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|World Cup 2006]] was taking place and living in another football crazy country like Nigeria, was when my passion started to slowly develop. So to sum it up, it was the World Cup 2006 that made me find passion for football.''|source=Abneet Bharti, on his early life and the beginning of football career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2014/thehardtackleexclusive-indias-youngest-player-to-play-abroad-abneet-bharti-talks-about-his-journey/|title=India's Youngest Player To Play Abroad Abneet Bharti Talks About His Journey|publisher=The Hard Tackle|website=thehardtackle.com|date=14 May 2018|access-date=27 November 2022|first=Joseph|last=Solomon|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127123814/https://thehardtackle.com/2014/thehardtackleexclusive-indias-youngest-player-to-play-abroad-abneet-bharti-talks-about-his-journey/}}</ref>|Cquote}}
Abneet's brother, [[Aniket Bharti]], is also a professional footballer who played for Polish club [[Znicz Pruszków]], and Colombian clubs [[Orsomarso S.C.|Orsomarso]] and [[Independiente Santa Fe]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/young-aniket-bharti-joins-orsomarso-sc-second-division-club-in-colombia/articleshow/90615868.cms|title=Young Aniket Bharti joins Orsomarso SC, second division club in Colombia|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 April 2022|access-date=6 April 2022|archive-date=6 April 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406053329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/young-aniket-bharti-joins-orsomarso-sc-second-division-club-in-colombia/articleshow/90615868.cms|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-former-india-u-17-star-aniket-bharti-signs-orsomarso-sc|title=Former India U-17 star Aniket Bharti signs for Orsomarso SC|date=5 April 2022|first=Soumyadwip|last=Dey|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=2 December 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705215408/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-former-india-u-17-star-aniket-bharti-signs-orsomarso-sc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-former-india-u-17-star-aniket-bharti-signs-colombian-club-santa-fe|title=Former India U-17 star Aniket Bharti signs for Colombian club Santa Fe|date=5 September 2023|access-date=6 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906060317/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/indian-football/news-former-india-u-17-star-aniket-bharti-signs-colombian-club-santa-fe|website=Sportskeeda.com|first=Mohul|last=Bhowmick}}</ref>

Bharti revealed that he is supporter of Premier League club [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref name="Interview with Sportskeeda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/interview-with-abneet-bharti-playing-in-indian-super-league-perfect-development|title=Interview with Abneet Bharti – "Playing in the ISL will be perfect for my development"|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=18 April 2015|first=Siddharth|last=Sharma|website=www.sportskeeda.com|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127124103/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/interview-with-abneet-bharti-playing-in-indian-super-league-perfect-development}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2018, the Italian professional football magazine ''[[:it:Calciomercato|Calciomercato]]'' included him in the best eleven players from Asia under the age of twenty-one.<ref name="Deník">{{Cite web|url=https://ustecky.denik.cz/fotbal-druha-liga/foto-varnsdorf-by-rad-pomohl-indickemu-mladikovi-k-navratu-do-reprezentace-20210.html|title=Varnsdorf by rád pomohl indickému mladíkovi k návratu do reprezentace|website=ustecky.denik.cz|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106010830/https://ustecky.denik.cz/fotbal-druha-liga/foto-varnsdorf-by-rad-pomohl-indickemu-mladikovi-k-navratu-do-reprezentace-20210.html|publisher=[[Deník|Ústecký Deník]]|first=Jaroslav|last=Zeman|date=12 August 2021|language=cs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://superlider.mx/2018/07/22/22-julio-2018-club-america-abneet-bharti-en-la-mira-de-las-aguilas/|first=Mauricio|last=Ponce|title=CLUB AMÉRICA: Abneet Bharti en la mira de las Águilas|location=Mexico City|trans-title=CLUB AMERICA: Abneet Bharti in the sights of the Eagles|website=superlider.mx|date=22 July 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|language=es|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314181358/https://superlider.mx/2018/07/22/22-julio-2018-club-america-abneet-bharti-en-la-mira-de-las-aguilas/}}</ref> Along with him, for example, Iranian forward Mohammad Sharifi, North Korean forward Kwang-Song Han or Chinese midfielder Jiahao Wang were selected.<ref name="Deník"/>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Biography}}
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|abneetbharti}}
* {{Sofascore|abneet-bharti/1050690}}
* {{GSA player|abneet-bharti/177992}}
* {{Soccerway|new_id=bharti-abneet/0IzqjGFK|id=abneet-bharti/637817|archive=20250331074606}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Abneet}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Panama]]
[[Category:FK Varnsdorf players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Panama]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Kyrgyz Premier League players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:S.U. Sintrense players]]

Nusrat Jahan Begum

2026-04-26T17:16:43Z

UPMTaj45723: Creating A Post

{{Short description|Consort Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1865–1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nusrat Jahan Begum
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Sayyeda Nusrat Jahan Begum
| birth_date = 1865
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1952
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]|1884}}
}}

'''Sayyeda Nusrat Jahan Begum''' (1865–1952),<ref>Hadhrat ‘Jaan’(ra) http://www.reviewofreligions.org/2663/hadhrat-%E2%80%98amma-jaan%E2%80%99ra/</ref> and ''Hazrat Amman Jan'' ‘Beloved Mother' within the [[Ahmadiyya Community]], was the second wife of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] and the daughter of Mir Nasir Nawab of [[Delhi]]. The marriage is seen, within the Community, as having fulfilled certain prophecies.

==Family history==
{{Ahmadiyya}}
The family had descended from the “[[Ahl al-Bayt]]” (Family) of [[Muhammad]] (Claimed by Ahmadiya's), hence called the “[[Sada'at]]”. The genealogical tree connects her to [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussain]] the grandson of [[Muhammad]] after 40 generations.<ref>Seerat Sayyeda Nusrat Jehan Begum by Sh. Mahmood Ahmad Irfani (1943) pp:175 [https://archive.org/stream/SyedaNusratJahan20080215MN/SyedaNusratJahan-20080215MN#page/n175/mode/2up]</ref> Her forefathers had migrated from [[Bukhara]] in the reign of the Mughul King [[Shah Jahan]]. The well known Urdu poet and Mystic [[Khwaja Mir Dard]] (1721–1785) was the great grand father of Nusrat Jahan Begum.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/SyedaNusratJahan20080215MN/SyedaNusratJahan-20080215MN#page/n75/mode/2up Seerat Nusrat Jehan Begum by Sh. Mahmood Ahmad Irfani (1943) pp:75]</ref>

==Early life==
Nusrat Jahan Begum was born to Mir Nasir Nawab (1846 – 19 September 1924) and Sayyad Begum (1849 – 24 November 1932) in Delhi in 1865. In her young age she was also called ‘Ayesha Begum’ and ‘Naseer ul Jehan’.

==Marriage to [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]==

The marriage of Nusrat Jahan Begum and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad took place in November 1884, at Delhi, and was performed by [[Syed Nazeer Husain|Nazir Husayn Dehlawi]], the pre-eminent figure within the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] movement in Delhi.<ref>A. R. Dard, (2008), [https://www.alislam.org/book/life-of-ahmad/ ''Life of Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement''], Islam International, p.133</ref> Nazir Husayn was so old and weak that he was brought in a [[Doli (vehicle)|Doli]] (palanquin, also known as palkhi). The [[Dower]] was fixed Rs.1100. Ghulam Ahmad paid the cleric Rs.5 and a 'Prayer mat'.<ref>Hayat Nasir, page 8</ref> Very few of his friends had accompanied Ghulam Ahmad to Delhi. They included a servant Hamid Ali and a Hindu friend Lala Malawa Mal.<ref>Seerat ul Mahdi, by Mirza Bashir Ahmad. Vol 2, page 111</ref>

==A spiritual order==

The great-grandfather of Nusrat Jahan, with the name Muhammad Nasir Andaleeb (1692–1758), is said to be a known poet and spiritual personality. He had been the author of many books, prose and poetry. Muhammad Nasir Andaleeb was a contemporary of [[Shah Waliullah]] (1703–1762), [[Shah Abdul Aziz]] (1745–1823), and Muhammad Fakhr-ud-din. It is reported that he saw a vision that his Spiritual Order shall last till the [[Mahdi]] appears and will then get merged in the Order established by the [[Mahdi]].<ref>Nala e Andaleeb, by Muhammad Nasir Andaleeb (1692–1758)</ref><ref name="archive83">[https://archive.org/stream/SyedaNusratJahan20080215MN/SyedaNusratJahan-20080215MN#page/n81/mode/2up Seerat Nusrat Jehan Begum by Sh. Mahmood Ahmad Irfani (1943)page. 83]</ref>

==Nusrat Jahan Begum and claims of Ahmad==
[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] claimed he had received a divine revelation on 20 February 1886; two years after his wedding to Nusrat Jahan. Till then he had no issues from her. He published his divine revelations as an ''Announcement'' <ref name="autogenerated102">''Announcement of February 20, 1886'', published later as ''Majmu‘ah Ishtiharat'', vol. 1, pp. 102–103:</ref>

{{Blockquote| "[Urdu] Your house will be filled with blessings and I shall perfect My favours unto you and you will have a large progeny from blessed women, some of whom you will find hereafter, and I will cause a great increase in your progeny and will bless it; but some of them will die in early age and your progeny will spread greatly in different lands. Every branch of your collateral will be cut off and will come to an end soon through childlessness.......Your progeny will not be cut off and will flourish till the end of days". [Announcement of February 20, 1886, Majmu‘ah Ishtiharat, vol. 1, pp. 102–103]<ref name="archive178">[https://archive.org/stream/Tadhkirah2009/Tadhkirah-2009#page/n197/mode/2up Tadhkira pp: 178–180]</ref>}}

[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] also predicted that a son would be born to him, a possessor of great qualities. He wrote in the same ''Announcement'' (20 February 1886):

{{Blockquote|"A handsome and pure boy is coming as your guest. His name is Emmanuel and also Bashir. He has been invested with a spirit of holiness, and he is free from all impurity. He is the light of Allah. Blessed is he who comes from heaven. He will be accompanied by grace which shall arrive with him. He will be characterized with grandeur, greatness and wealth. He will come into the world, and will heal many of their disorders through his Messianic qualities, and through the blessings of ... He is the Word of Allah for Allah’s mercy and honour have equipped him with the Word of Majesty. He will be extremely intelligent and perceptive and will be meek of heart and will be filled with secular and spiritual knowledge.....His advent will be greatly blessed and will be a source of manifestation of Divine Majesty. Behold a light comes, anointed by God with the perfume of His pleasure. We shall pour Our Spirit into him and he will be sheltered under the shadow of God. He will grow rapidly in stature and will be the means of procuring the release of those held in bondage. His fame will spread to the ends of the earth and peoples will be blessed through him. He will then be raised to his spiritual station in heaven. [Arabic] [This is a matter decreed.]<ref name="autogenerated102"/><ref name="archive178"/>}}

==Children==
Ten children were born to Nusrat Jahan Begum:

Five children died young:

# Ismat (15 April 1886 – July 1891)
# Bashir (7 August 1887 – 4 November 1888)
# Shaukat (1891–1892)
# Mirza Mubarik Ahmad (14 June 1899 – 16 September 1907)
# Amtul Naseer (28 January 1903 – 3 December 1903)

Five children lived longer:

# [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]] (12 January 1889 – 8 November 1965)
# [[Mirza Bashir Ahmad]] (20 April 1893 – September 1963)
# Mirza Sharif Ahmad (24 May 1895 – December 1961)
# (Nawab) Mubarika Begum (2 March 1897 – 23 May 1977)
# (Nawab) Sahiba Amtul Hafeez Begum (25 June 1904 – 6 May 1987)

==Last days==

Nusrat Jahan Begum joined [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] in 1884, five years before the foundation of the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] in 1889 and lived till the age of 87. She died in 1952.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nusrat Jahan, Begum}}
[[Category:Indian Ahmadis]]
[[Category:Family of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hashemite people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

S. V. Adinarayana Rao

2026-04-21T07:08:50Z

UPMTaj45723: Creating Biography

{{Short description|Indian orthopaedic surgeon (1939–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. V. Adinarayana Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhimavaram]], Madras Province, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|1|17|1939|6|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| education = [[Andhra Medical College]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| occupation = Orthopaedic surgeon
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022)
}}

'''Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao''' (30 June 1939 – 17 January 2026) was an Indian [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopaedic surgeon]] noted for his work for the poor and needy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-25 |title=Padma Shri award to Vizag doctor Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-padma-shri-award-to-vizag-doctor-sunkara-venkata-adinarayana-rao/articleshow/89123284.cms |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=CJI Ramana felicitates four Padma awardees from AP Telangana |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/cji-ramana-felicitates-four-padma-awardees-from-ap-telangana/na20220322211732338 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |language=en}}</ref> He was the Director-General of the Prema Group of hospitals and institutions.<ref name=":1" /> In 2022, he received India's fourth-highest [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|civilian award]], [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] for serving poor polio patients with distinction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|date=January 25, 2022 |title=Late CDS Bipin Rawat, Kalyan Singh and Ghulam Nabi Azad among Padma awardees {{!}} Full list here|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/late-cds-bipin-rawat-kalyan-singh-and-ghulam-nabi-azad-among-padma-awardees-1904364-2022-01-25|access-date=2022-01-25|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2022-01-27 |title=A fitting tribute to city orthopaedic surgeon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-fitting-tribute-to-city-orthopaedic-surgeon/article38336291.ece |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
Adinarayana Rao was born on 30 June 1939 in [[Bhimavaram]], Madras Province (now [[Andhra Pradesh]]) to independence activists Kanakam and Seshamma.<ref name="thehindu" /> His father was a lawyer and also served as the [[Sarpanch]] of Bhimavaram.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=డాక్టర్‌ ఆదినారాయణ రావు: నడక నేర్పిన వైద్యుడు |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2022/andhra-pradesh/dr-sunkara-venkata-adinarayana-raongtsandhrapradesh-591052.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref> Adinarayana Rao was the third one among four sons. He did his schooling from ULCM High School, Bhimavaram.<ref name=":2" /> He completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]] degree in 1966 and [[master's degree]] in [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery]] from [[Andhra Medical College]], [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1970.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |author1=B. Madhu Gopal |date=3 March 2003 |title=Polio eradication is his mission |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030301190400.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507035406/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030301190400.htm |archive-date=7 May 2003}}</ref> He trained in Germany in [[Microvascular surgery]] and [[Hand surgery]].<ref name=":3" /> Adinarayana Rao was married to R. Sasiprabha, former superintendent of the [[King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam|King George Hospital]].<ref name=":1" /> His elder brother, [[Sunkara Balaparameswara Rao]] was a [[Neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]].<ref name="thehindu" /> Adinarayana Rao was a football enthusiast and was president of the Visakhapatnam district football association for more than three decades.<ref name=":1" /> He died on 17 January 2026, at the age of 86.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/renowned-orthopaedic-surgeon-passes-away-in-visakhapatnam/article70519309.ece Renowned orthopaedic surgeon passes away in Visakhapatnam] The Hindu</ref>

== Career ==
After returning from Germany, Adinarayana Rao started his medical practice in Visakhapatnam. He worked at Andhra Medical College as a tutor and later a professor. He also worked at [[King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam|King George Hospital]] as a Civil Surgeon.<ref name=":3" /> After retiring as Superintendent of the Rani Chandramani Devi Hospital, Adinarayana Rao along with a few other friends set up the Prema Hospital at [[Ramnagar, Visakhapatnam|Ramnagar]].<ref name="thehindu" /> He was until his death the Director-General of the Prema Group of Hospitals and Institutions. He was also the managing trustee of Free Polio Surgical and Research Foundation.<ref name=":3" />

== Social service ==
Adinarayana Rao was popular across India, especially in [[North India]], for his treatment of [[polio]] victims. He held about 1000 orthopaedic camps across the country for the benefit of the polio-afflicted.<ref name=":3" /> Patients from states like [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] and even foreign countries like the US, Canada and Pakistan used to get treated by him.<ref name=":2" /> He performed more than three [[lakh]] surgeries and over 10 lakh operative procedures in over four decades. His affable nature and understanding endeared him to patients.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards ==
In 1988, Adinarayana Rao was presented a national Award by the [[Prime Minister of India]] for his welfare works for the disabled.<ref name=":1" /> He was also a recipient of the Madras Telugu Academy Award, Diwaliben Mohanlal Mehta Award, and National Mahaveer Awards by Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation.<ref name="thehindu" /> In 2014, he received the National award for child welfare from the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=డాక్టర్ సుంకరకు జాతీయ పురస్కారం|url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/national/sunkara-venkata-adinarayana-rao-gets-national-award-185577|accessdate=6 November 2016|work=Sakshi|date=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India honours its most talented and bravest kids|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/india-honours-its-most-talented-and-bravest-kids/20141114.htm|accessdate=6 November 2016|work=Rediff|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> In 2022, he received [[Padma Shri]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, S. V. Adinarayana}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Ephestiasula

2026-04-20T21:48:47Z

UPMTaj45723: added initial entry added tags

{{Short description|Genus of praying mantises}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Ephestiasula
| authority = [[Ermanno Giglio-Tos|Giglio-Tos]], 1915
}}

'''''Ephestiasula''''' is a genus of [[praying mantis]]es belonging to the family [[Hymenopodidae]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=genus Ephestiasula Giglio-Tos, 1915: Mantodea Species File|url=http://mantodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1182646|access-date=2021-07-01|website=mantodea.speciesfile.org}}</ref> The species of this genus are found in India.<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Ephestiasula Giglio-Tos, 1915 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1406455 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Species:

*''[[Ephestiasula obscura]]'' {{small|Lombardo, 1995}}
*''[[Ephestiasula rogenhoferi]]'' {{small|(Saussure, 1872)}}
*''[[Ephestiasula woodmasoni]]'' {{small|Mukherjee, Stiewe & Ghorai, 2010}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q8776534}}
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Mantis genera]]
[[Category:Hymenopodidae]]

Abhishek Bajaj

2026-04-19T07:09:11Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Bajaj
| image = Abhishek Bajaj.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Bajaj at the Bombay Times Fashion Week, 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = ''[[Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi|Meri Bhabhi]]'' ''[[Dil Deke Dekho (TV series)|Dil Deke Dekho]]'' ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'' ''[[Babli Bouncer]]'' ''[[Jubilee Talkies]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]''
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=0}}
}}

'''Abhishek Bajaj''' (born 24 October 1992) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]] films and television.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhishek Bajaj bonds with Tiger Shroff over fitness |work=Tribune |url=http://www.tribunenewsline.com/abhishek-bajaj-bonds-with-tiger-shroff-over-fitness/}}</ref> He made his film debut with ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' (2019) under [[Dharma Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhishek Bajaj joins the cast of Student of the Year 2 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhishek-bajaj-student-of-the-year-2-5263170/}}</ref> Bajaj gained recognition for his roles in films like ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'' (2021), and ''[[Babli Bouncer]]'' (2022). In 2025, he participated as a contestant on [[Colors TV]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/weekend-ka-vaar-abhishek-bajaj-eliminated-ashnoor-kaur-cries-fans-call-out-salman-khan-makers-892039|title=Weekend Ka Vaar: Abhishek Bajaj eliminated; Ashnoor Kaur cries; fans call out Salman Khan & makers for unfair eviction|work=IB Times|date=November 8, 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Abhishek was born in New Delhi, India, to Parveen (Japanese interpreter) and Anita Bajaj.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/bigg-boss-19s-abhishek-bajajs-mom-shares-fun-childhood-secrets-about-him-exclusive-video-152844276|title=Bigg Boss 19's Abhishek Bajaj's mom shares fun childhood secrets about him {{!}} Exclusive|work=Times Now News|date=September 17, 2025}}</ref> He has two sisters named Ekta and Ambika Bajaj. He belongs to a Punjabi family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-19-contestant-abhishek-bajajs-sister-ekta-bajaj-slams-amaal-mallik-and-kunickaa-sadanand-says-gaane-pyaar-wale-aur-dil-mein-itni-nafrat/articleshow/124003751.cms|title=Bigg Boss 19 contestant Abhishek Bajaj's sister Ekta Bajaj slams Amaal Mallik and Kunickaa Sadanand; says 'Gaane pyaar wale aur Dil mein itni nafrat?'|work=Times of India|date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> He completed his schooling in Delhi and graduation from [[Delhi University]], where he also participated in stage plays and modeling shows, which helped develop his interest in acting.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV Actor transformed beyond belief|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/from-weight-loss-to-rippling-muscles-these-tv-actors-transformed-beyond-belief/abhishek-bajaj/photostory/65869975.cms}}</ref> He auditioned for a commercial and was selected. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhishek-bajaj-as-a-teenager-i-wanted-to-become-a-cbi-officer/articleshow/82475736.cms|title=Abhishek Bajaj: As a teenager, I wanted to become a CBI officer|work=[[Times of India]]|date=May 8, 2021}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2026}}

== Career ==
He began his career as a model before transitioning to television. He made his acting debut with Sony Entertainment Television's ''Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi'' (2011) and gained recognition for his role as Rahul in ''Dil De Ke Dekho'' (Sab TV). He has appeared in shows such as ''Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chabhi Meri Bhabhi'', ''Bitti Business Wali'', ''Silsila Pyaar Ka'' and ''Zindagi Ke Crossroads''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhishek-bajaj-struggles-and-difficulties-have-made-me-the-person-i-am-today/articleshow/87830989.cms|title=Abhishek Bajaj: Struggles and difficulties have made me the person I am today|work= Times of India|date=November 21, 2021}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|date=January 2026}} In 2011, he appeared in the Pepsi TVC ‘Le Lunga.’ This was followed in 2013 by another popular Pepsi IPL TVC, where he shared screen space with [[Ranbir Kapoor]], portraying a general character that highlighted his youthful energy during the Indian Premier League season. And in 2015, he appeared in another ad of Pepsi, In 2016, he landed a recurring role of Spunky Narula in the web series "Life Lafde Aur Bandiyan" which aired on Bindas. In 2018, He walked as a showstopper for Anu Ranjan's "BeWithBeti" fashion show in Pune, supporting the cause. A year later, he won his first fitness award, being named Inspiring Fitness Celebrity at the Inspire India Summit.

He made his film debut with a supporting role in [[Karan Johar]]'s teen drama ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' (2019), playing Abhishek Sharma (A captain of Pishorilal College team),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhishek-bajaj-student-of-the-year-2-5263170/lite/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title=Abhishek Bajaj to play Tiger Shroff’s rival in Student of the Year 2|work=The Indian Express|date=July 17, 2018}}</ref> and also appeared in the web series ''Boys With Toys'', co-starring Vivaan Shah and Zoya Afroz, was released on an OTT platform. This was followed by the films ''[[Kabaad: The Coin]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/kabaad-the-coin-loved-by-audience-on-ott-121060301134_1.html|title='Kabaad the Coin' loved by audience on OTT|work=Business Standard|date=June 3, 2021}}</ref>, ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'' and web series ''[[Your Honor (Indian TV series)| Your Honor]]'' in 2021. In the same year in December, He appeared on the magazine cover of Entitle Magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/Nov/26/soty-2-actor-abhishek-bajaj-talks-about-his-upcoming-project-chandigarh-kare-ashiqui-37255.html|title=SOTY 2 actor Abhishek Bajaj talks about his upcoming project Chandigarh Kare Ashiqui|work=Indulg Express|date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, He starred in the movie ''[[Babli Bouncer]]'', <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-abhishek-bajaj-on-playing-against-type-in-babli-bouncer-55487.html|title=Exclusive! Abhishek Bajaj on playing against type in Babli Bouncer|work=Film Fare|date=September 22, 2022}}</ref> did five ads campaign for Muscleblaze Vite Daily multivitamin, Dr Morepan Health Muscle Food 100% Whey Protein, Muscle Blaze Fit and BGreen plant protein, also menswear ad for Marks and Spencer (M&S) India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhishek-bajaj-impresses-with-his-physical-transformation-for-babli-bouncer/articleshow/94239794.cms|title=Abhishek Bajaj impresses with his physical transformation for Babli Bouncer|work=Times of India|date=September 16, 2022}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|date=January 2026}} A year later, He did an ads campaign for Gillete india. In 2024, He appeared in a music video "Dooriyan" opposite actress Zaara Yesmin, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/abhishek-bajaj-opens-up-about-his-upcoming-music-video-dooriyan--news-238821|title=Abhishek Bajaj Opens Up About His Upcoming Music Video 'Dooriyan'|work=Outlook India|date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> landed a web series "Nama Cool" as UP Character Chakku Pandey,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/abhishek-bajaj-wanted-to-play-up-character-since-the-time-of-student-of-the-year-2|title=Abhishek Bajaj Wanted To Play UP Character Since The Time Of 'Student Of The Year 2'|work=Outlook India|date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> and starred as Ayaan Grover in the television drama "Jubilee Talkies – Shohrat Shiddat Mohabbat".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/abhishek-bajaj-to-play-bollywood-superstar-in-new-show-im-really-excited-8909054.html|title=Abhishek Bajaj To Play Bollywood Superstar In New Show: 'I'm Really Excited'|work=News 18|date=May 29, 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, he assisted his cricket team, Gujarat Lions, in winning the trophy at the All Stars Tennis Ball Cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glamsham.com/tv/telly-news/captain-aamir-ali-owners-dakshesh-dhruvin-shah-gujarat-lions-all-star-cricket-league/|title=Captain Aamir Ali and Owners Dakshesh & Dhruvin Shah Lead Gujarat Lions to Glory in All Star Cricket League|work=Glam Sham|date=December 13, 2024}}</ref>

In early 2025, He walked as a showstopper for designer Alok Agarwal Jaipur Couture Show. In August 2025, he joined [[Colors TV]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss season 19]]'' as a contestant, but was eliminated after a single fellow contestant voted him out rather than through audience voting, finishing in 11th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/abhishek-bajaj-eviction-shocks-bb19-viewers-we-love-abhishek-trends-1915600|title=Abhishek Bajaj Eviction Shocks BB19 Viewers; 'We Love Abhishek' Trends|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=Nov 8, 2025}}</ref>
Despite his early exit, his gameplay and instincts in the house were praised by media commentators, and he became one of the most talked-about contestants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-19-unbeatable-abhishek-bajaj-trends-on-x-netizens-call-pranit-more-dogla-article-153125402/amp|title=Bigg Boss 19: Unbeatable Abhishek Bajaj Trends On X, Netizens Call Pranit More 'DOGLA'|website=Timesofnow|access-date= 10 November 2025}}</ref> During the Family Week episodes, Bajaj received significant support both inside and outside the house. Media reports noted that contestants’ family members expressed admiration for his gameplay and described him as a strong contender who should have remained in the competition longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2025/bigg-boss-19-weekend-ka-vaar-eviction-abhishek-bajaj-appear-before-finale-who-will-be-evicted-t-489851.html|title=Bigg Boss 19 Weekend Ka Vaar Eviction: Abhishek Bajaj to appear before finale?|work=Filmibeat|date=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/streaming/bigg-boss-19-contestant-abhishek-bajaj-career-in-television-net-worth-and-more/amp/|title=Loyal, loud and loved: Why Abhishek Bajaj is the most real contestant in ‘Bigg Boss 19’|website=Lifestyle Asia|access-date= 24 October 2025}}</ref> According to ''Filmibeat'', he created history by becoming the first contestant ever to trend in Top-5 worldwide on [[Twitter|X]] better known as Twitter following his eviction from the show. <ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 19: Abhishek Bajaj becomes first Bigg Boss contestant to trend in Top 5 worldwide|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2025/bigg-boss-19-abhishek-bajaj-becomes-first-bigg-boss-contestant-to-trend-in-top-5-worldwide-488543.html|website=Filmibeat|publisher=Oneindia|date=2025-11-11|access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref> Following his eviction, in December 2025, he appeared in his first advertisement for the brand Ghar Soaps. During the same month, he was listed among the Top 30 Men of Television 2025, securing the 8th position,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2025/12/urban-asians-top-30-men-of-television-2025/|title=Urban Asian’s Top 30 Men of Television 2025|work=Urban Asian|date=December 19, 2025}}</ref> and also appeared in his second commercial for [[Oppo|Oppo India]], promoting the OPPO Find X9 Series.{{CN|date=January 2026}}

In January 2026, he collaborated with Pranit More for a rap song promoting [[Beast Games season 2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/abhishek-bajaj-and-pranit-more-reunite-rap-song-after-unfollowing-each-other-260202|title=Abhishek Bajaj and Pranit More Reunite for a Rap Song After Unfollowing Each Other|work=Telly Chakkar|date=February 2, 2026}}</ref> In February 2026, He signed with TGB Troop, which manages his brand collaborations and professional appearances. In March, He was recognized as a Fit India Champion at the Fit India Carnival 2026 in Delhi for promoting healthy lifestyles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fit India Carnival 2026 begins in Delhi with star participation |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/fit-india-carnival-2026-begins-in-delhi-with-star-participation20260308161023/ |publisher=ANI |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> In the same month, he attended a FEAR Project event at Inorbit Mall Vashi to support endurance athlete Kanthi Dutt and promote the [[Fit India Movement]], a national initiative encouraging physical fitness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanthi Dutt launches FEAR Project with 750km solo cycle from Hyderabad to Mumbai |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/kanthi-dutt-launches-fear-project-with-750km-solo-cycle-from-hyderabad-to-mumbai-418529.html |work=MyKhel |date=9 March 2026 |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2019, Bajaj was involved in a car accident and sustained injuries to his hand, requiring 16 stitches. He later resumed his professional commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-had-16-stitches-on-my-hand-but-i-never-gave-up-abhishek-bajaj-on-his-transformation-for-chandigarh-kare-aashiqui/articleshow/88706752.cms?fbclid=PAT01DUAO1xUxleHRuA2FlbQIxMABzcnRjBmFwcF9pZA81NjcwNjczNDMzNTI0MjcAAafBfl1iRB2-u8TsHCORwPSAu_J24GVx54yylpW5WjYgwknaSwFmGc7N4psShw_aem_bVBOVm4wABr-Xqtxsia-Mg|title=I had 16 stitches on my hand but I never gave up: Abhishek Bajaj on his transformation for Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui|work=Times of India|date=January 5, 2022}}</ref>

He was previously married, and the marriage ended in a mutual and amicable divorce after separating in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/abhishek-bajaj-to-take-legal-action-against-ex-wife-akanksha-jindal-actor-reacts-bigg-boss-19-101762757922682.html|title=Abhishek Bajaj to take legal action against ex-wife? Actor reacts Bigg Boss 19|work=Hindustan Times|date=November 12, 2025}}</ref>

He also plays football recreationally and has participated in matches with the "All Stars Football Club (ASFC)", a team of entertainment personalities that plays for charity and exhibition purposes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Babli Bouncer-actor Abhishek Bajaj gets injured during a football match |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/babli-bouncer-actor-abhishek-bajaj-gets-injured-during-a-football-match/39f1801e83671 |date=October 9, 2022| access-date=March 19, 2026}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! text-align:center;"|Year
! text-align:center;"|Title
! text-align:center;"|Role
! text-align:center;"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
| ''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|Abhishek Sharma
| Supporting role
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Rani Ka Raja''
| Rohit Bansal
| Lead role
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Kabaad: The Coin]]''
| Sam
| Lead role
|
|-
|''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
| Sandy
| Supporting role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhishek-bajaj-is-the-villain-in-ayushmann-khurranas-chandigarh-kare-aashiqui/articleshow/80194507.cms|title=Abhishek Bajaj is the villain in Ayushmann Khurrana's 'Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui'|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui 2021 Film – Box Office, Cast, Movie & Cinema Showtimes|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chandigarh-kare-aashiqui/ET00145956}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Babli Bouncer]]''
|Viraj Kaushik
| Supporting role
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Kya Masti Kya Dhoom''
| Bobby Chadda
| Lead role
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Notes|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Hitler Didi]]''
|
| Recurring role
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
| Nitin Mehta
| Supporting role
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi]]''
| Ishaan Shergill
| Supporting role
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
| ''Love By Chance''
|
| Episodic role
|-
| ''Halla Bol 2''
|
| Recurring role
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015
| ''Hangover Wala Love''
| Prashant
| Episodic role
|-
| ''Rumm Pumm Po''
| Vicky
| Recurring role
|-
| [[Aahat (Indian TV series)]]
|
| Episodic role
|-
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
|
| 1 episode
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| Sanket
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
| ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]''
| King
| Episodic role
|-
| ''[[Silsila Pyaar Ka]]''
| Sanket Tiwari
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Dil Deke Dekho (TV series)|Dil Deke Dekho]]''
| Rahul Shastri
| Lead role
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2018
| ''Bitti Business Wali''
| Mahi
| Lead role
|-
| ''Zindagi Ke Crossroads''
| Ankit
| Episodic role
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Shyam
| Episodic role
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Jubilee Talkies]]''
| Ayaan Grover
| Lead role
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]''
| Contestant
| 11th place
|}

=== Web series ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! text-align:center;"|Year
! text-align:center;"|Title
! text-align:center;"|Role
! text-align:center;"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2016
| ''Life Lafde Aur Bandiyan''
| Spunky Narula
| Recurring role
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Boys with Toys''
| Varun
| Recurring role
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Your Honor (Indian TV series)| Your Honor]]''
| Aman
| Supporting role
|
|-
|2024
| ''NamaCool''
| Chakku Panday
| Supporting role
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| Royee Jande Naina
| Nitin Gupta
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
| Kinni Varri
| Rakesh Maini
|
|-
| Dil Mein Jo
| [[Jyotica Tangri]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
| Dooriyan
| P-ush
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://glamsham.com/tv/telly-news/abhishek-bajaj-opens-up-about-his-upcoming-music-video-dooriyan/|title=Abhishek Bajaj opens up about his upcoming music video 'Dooriyan'|work=Glam Sham|date=November 20, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Barbaad
| Sakshi Holkar
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/bollywood/2023/07/barbaad-journey-twist-and-redemption-ft-sandeep-abhishek/|title=Barbaad Journey Of Twist And Redemption Ft Sandeep & Abhishek|work=Urban Asian|date=July 30, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| Rehbara 2.0
| Rizwan Nagina
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Performance by an Actor in a Negative Role
|rowspan="4"|''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|International Iconic Awards
|Most Promising Actor of the Year
|{{won}}
|
|-
| Universal India Awards
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| {{Won}}
|
|-
| 2023
| Boogle Bollywood Ballistic Awards
| Ballistic Performer
| [[Babli Bouncer]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2025
| Whos Next Influencers Award
| Newsmaker of the Year
| Himself
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Whos Next 2025 Influencer Awards Winners |url=https://www.whosthat360.com/influencer-award-2025/winners|publisher=NDTV WhosThat |accessdate=26 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| Radio City Mumbai Icons Award
| Most Iconic Reality Star
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]
| {{won}}
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm6134773}}
* {{Instagram|humarabajaj24}}
* [https://twitter.com/Humarabajaj6 Abhishek Bajaj on Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, Abhishek}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]

2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack

2026-04-17T18:50:25Z

UPMTaj45723: started new stub

{{short description|Attack on a university campus in India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map
|India Delhi
|lat_deg=28.5458
|lon_deg=77.1703
|caption=
|float = center
}}
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of the JNU in Delhi
| title =
| location = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]]
| target = Students
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5458|N|77.1703|E|region:IN:event|display=title,inline}}
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2020|01|05}}
| time = Between 7–10 PM
| timezone = IST
| type = Brutal attacks, Attempt to kill, Hooliganism, Vandalism
| fatalities = None
| injuries = 39<ref name="ToI 36 injured" />
| victims = Students and teachers of JNU
| perpetrators = Members of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]<ref name="Woman Attacker 15 Jan" />
| assailants = 500+
| weapons = Iron rods, sticks, stones, acid<ref name="Acid attack">{{cite news |last1=Mamtany |first1=Sidhant |title=Mob attacked women inside JNU campus with acid |work=indiatvnews.com |date=6 January 2020 |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jnu-violence-acid-attack-on-women-university-campus-protest-576723 |access-date=7 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JNU Violence Live Updates: JNU V-C says attack originated from attempt to stop student registration |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-violence-live-updates-abvp-goons-jnusu-clash-delhi-police-students-teachers-injured-delhi-mumbai-protest-1634245-2020-01-06 |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| motive =
| inquiry = Ongoing
| coroner =
| accused =
| convicted = None
| verdict =
| convictions =
| charges =
| litigation =
| website = 
| module =
}}
On 5 January 2020, more than 50 masked people armed with rods, sticks and [[acid attacks|acid]] attacked the campus of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]], and injured more than 39 students and teachers.<ref name="ToI 36 injured" /><ref name="NDTV Masked JNU">{{cite news |title=Masked Mob Attacks JNU; Around 40 Including Students, Teachers Injured |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-students-union-president-attacked-on-campus-violence-breaks-out-2159160 |accessdate=5 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=5 January 2020 }}</ref> Many students received serious injuries.<ref name=IE6Jan2020/> Professors who tried to intervene and protect the students, as well as ambulances carrying injured individuals, were attacked. Eyewitnesses stated that police within the campus did not intervene to stop the mob.<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /><ref name=IE6Jan2020/><ref name="Hindu JNU 4 Jan">{{cite news |title=Live updates – Masked goons strike terror in JNU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/live-updates-jnu-students-attacked-inside-campus-by-abvp-activists/article30486246.ece |accessdate=5 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=5 January 2020 }}</ref> After attacking residents of the university campus for three hours, the mob escaped; none of its members was arrested or detained.<ref name="NDTV No Cops">{{cite news |title=No Cops, Street Lights Go Out: Many Questions As Masked Men Attack JNU |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-campus-but-cops-did-nothing-unanswered-questions-after-jnu-attack-2159313 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref> All 36 students who were injured and admitted to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (AIIMS) were discharged within 24 hours.<ref name="TOI FIR" />

Eyewitnesses, including students injured in the attack, as well as opposition parties and left-wing organizations, accused the members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s (BJP) student wing, [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) of orchestrating the attacks. The ABVP, a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organization, initially denied any involvement and accused left-wing organisations of carrying out the attack.<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /><ref name="IE6Jan2020" /><ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally" /><ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" /><ref name="Guardian6Jan2020">{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Amrit |title=Students protest across India after attack at top Delhi university |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/06/students-injured-in-india-after-masked-attackers-raid-top-university |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref> On 6 January, ABVP's joint secretary for Delhi, Anima Sonkar, admitted on television that two armed men seen in videos of the incident were members of ABVP.<ref>[https://thewire.in/politics/abvp-jnu-violence-anima-sonkar JNU Violence: Masked, Armed ABVP Members Identified] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108110100/https://thewire.in/politics/abvp-jnu-violence-anima-sonkar |date=8 January 2020 }}, The Wire, 7 January 2020. "On January 6, amid animated arguments on a primetime show of the English news channel Times Now, Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad or ABVP’s Delhi joint secretary Anima Sonkar admitted to her organisation’s role in the violence unleashed on the students and faculty members of the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) campus in Delhi on January 5."</ref><ref name="Times Now">{{cite web| title=Complete picture to unmask ASSAILANTS; Who's behind JNU rampage? |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3lBgU_PX2So&t=1395s| work=[[Times Now]] | date=6 January 2020 }}</ref> Although any one clear motive has not emerged, the attack has been described by some as a way to prevent students from raising their voice against a fee hike and the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]].<ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally" />

Police have said that three of the masked attackers have been identified but no arrests have been made, and complaints have been filed as a single [[First information report|FIR]] (First Information Report) on unknown people.<ref name="ndtv 24 students" /> On 15 January, police confirmed the identification of the masked woman, seen in the video recording of the attack, as a member of ABVP.<ref name="Woman Attacker 15 Jan" /> Police have issued a notice to the woman and two other men. According to police all three have switched their phones off and are yet to be located.<ref name="Woman Attacker 15 Jan" /> As of 31 January, 26 days after the attack, the [[Delhi Police]] have not arrested any suspects in the attack.

== Background ==
{{See also|Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}
The Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) has been associated with [[student activism]] for many years.<ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally">{{cite news |title=Indian students rally after campus attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51004204 |work=BBC |accessdate=6 January 2020 |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref> Since December 2019, the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]] (JNUSU) had been participating in [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caa-protests-civil-society-protests-against-nrc-caa-delhi-university-jamia-jnu-1631273-2019-12-24|title=Anti-CAA protest: Students from universities across Delhi, activists and citizens join march|location=New Delhi|date=24 December 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/don-t-make-caa-protest-just-about-jamia-amu-jnu-jnusu-president-aeshe-ghosh-119121701224_1.html|title=Don't make CAA protest only about Jamia, AMU, JNU: JNUSU president|date=17 December 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> On 13 November, the JNU administration raised the university's hostel fees, with a fee hike of 150%,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50401010|title=India university rolls back controversial fee hike|date=2019-11-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-08|language=en-GB}}</ref> making it the most expensive [[Central university (India)|Central University]] in India.<ref name="17 Nov Fee hike">{{cite news |title=Post fee hike, JNU to be India's most expensive central university: Students to shell out Rs 62k per year for single room |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/post-fee-hike-jnu-to-be-indias-most-expensive-central-university-students-to-shell-out-rs-62k-per-year-for-single-room-7659021.html |accessdate=13 January 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=17 November 2019}}</ref> Since 28 October 2019, students of the JNU had been protesting against the fee hike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jnu-student-union-protest-fee-hike-jnusu-6114464/|title=JNU protests: What is the hostel fee hike that students are protesting?|date=2020-01-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50401010 JNU: Indian university rolls back hostel fee hike after protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114164325/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50401010|date=14 November 2019}}, BBC News, 13 November 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50498890 JNU: Protesters bring top India university to its knees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127232434/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50498890|date=27 November 2019}}, BBC News, 22 November 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/india-jnu-protests-fee-hike-poor-students-fear-future-191120172445517.html As India's JNU protests fee hike, poor students fear for future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218005311/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/india-jnu-protests-fee-hike-poor-students-fear-future-191120172445517.html|date=18 December 2019}}, Al Jazeera, 20 November 2019.</ref> As part of this protest, students boycotted the final semester examinations. After protests, the university partially rolled back the fees increase by reducing the fee only for students from families with extreme poverty ([[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category) who did not have a scholarship. The move did not convince the students, as there was no rollback in the fee hike for non-BPL category students or for BPL students with a scholarship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/jnu-partially-rolls-back-hike-in-hostel-fees/20191113.htm|title=JNU cuts hostel fee hike partially for some BPL students|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> To press the administration for a complete rollback of the increase in fees, JNUSU had continued the protests.<ref>[https://thewire.in/education/jnu-fee-hike-protest Fee Hike Protests: JNU Inches Towards Institution-Wide Final Semester Exam Boycott] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231330/https://thewire.in/education/jnu-fee-hike-protest |date=4 December 2019 }}, The Wire, 3 December 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarfarz |first1=Kaniat |title=JNU protest 2019: After exam boycott, uncertainty over next semester registration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jnu-protest-2019-after-exam-boycott-uncertainty-over-next-semester-registration/story-j66b0eGrHRYQ3jPerKdmGK.html |accessdate=10 January 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=29 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Attack in JNU campus: 'Students wanting registration beaten up by those opposing it' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/students-wanting-registration-beaten-up-by-those-opposing-it/article30489081.ece |accessdate=10 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110191949/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/students-wanting-registration-beaten-up-by-those-opposing-it/article30489081.ece |archive-date=10 January 2020 }}</ref> The semester registration with the increased fee was started by 1 January.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2020/jan/01/after-jnu-hikes-hostel-fees-jnu-students-boycott-registration-9762.html|title=After JNU hikes hostel fees, JNU students boycott registration|last1=Benu|first1=Parvathi|date=1 January 2020|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jnu-students-union-calls-for-boycott-of-semester-registration-process-as-new-hostel-manual-with-hiked-room-rent-comes-into-effect-7847211.html|title=JNU students' union calls for boycott of semester registration process as new hostel manual with hiked room rent comes into effect|date=1 January 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jnu-students-union-calls-for-boycott-of-semester-registration-process-1633207-2020-01-02|title=JNU students' union calls for boycott of semester registration process|date=2 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|agency=PTI|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>

===Incidents between 1 and 4 January ===
The JNU administration filed two [[First information report|FIR]]s (First Information Reports) on 5 January at 8:39 and 8:43 p.m.<ref name="NDTV 2 FIR 7 Jan">{{cite news |title=As JNU Student Leader Was Bleeding, 2 Cases Against Her Within 4 Minutes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-police-cases-for-jnu-none-lists-those-responsible-for-mob-violence-2159937 |accessdate=7 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=7 January 2020 }}</ref> against JNUSU president [[Aishe Ghosh]] and 19 others. The first FIR was for allegedly attacking JNU security guards and vandalising a server room on 4 January 2020 at 1:00 p.m., a day before the attack on campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/protests-against-jnu-mob-attack-continue-mumbai-ocuppy-gateway-protesters-moved-live-updates-2159793|title=JNU Violence Live Updates: "Occupy Gateway" Protest In Mumbai Called Off|last1=Bhasin|first1=Swati|date=7 January 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="FIR JNUSU">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |title=FIR against JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh, 19 others for attacking security guards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fir-against-jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh-19-others-for-attacking-security-guards/article30501079.ece |accessdate=7 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2020 }}</ref> A second FIR was registered based on events that had happened on 1 January.<ref name="NDTV 2 FIR 7 Jan" /> On 10 January, police disclosed the names of suspects who were involved in the incidents on 4 January. Police announced that seven of them were members of left-wing organisations. The names included Ghosh and two people belonging to the ABVP.<ref name="sus 1">{{cite news |title=Nine suspects' in JNU violence identified, claim Delhi Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nine-suspects-in-jnu-violence-identified-claim-delhi-police/article30535072.ece?homepage=true |accessdate=10 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200110145759/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nine-suspects-in-jnu-violence-identified-claim-delhi-police/article30535072.ece?homepage=true|archive-date = 10 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="sus 2">{{cite news | title=Delhi Police identifies JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh, 8 others as suspects in JNU violence | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-campus-violence-delhi-violence-press-conference-1635722-2020-01-10| work=[[India Today]] | date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Incidents on 5 January===
According to a professor, around 50 teachers and 200 students were holding a meeting on the campus to discuss their opposition to the increase in hostel fees when the attack started.<ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally" /> The attack has been described by some as a way to prevent students from raising their voice against the fee hike and CAA.<ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally" />

== Attack on the campus==
On 5 January, at around 7:00 p.m., a masked mob<ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally" /> armed with iron rods, sledgehammers, sticks, and bricks attacked the campus of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, injuring students and teachers, as well as vandalising hostels. The assault lasted for three hours. The mob moved from one hostel to another, attacking people.<ref name="NDTV 2 fracture" /> They chanted slogans calling the victims "[[Naxalite]]s" and "anti-national".<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /><ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan">{{cite news |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |title=Masked Men Attack Students in Rampage at University in New Delhi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/05/world/asia/india-jawaharlal-nehru-university-attack.html |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=5 January 2020 }}</ref> Attackers shouted "''[[Jai Shri Ram]]''" (Hail [[Lord Ram]]!), a slogan that has been often used as a battle cry by far-right Hindu groups.<ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" />

Witnesses stated that the attackers broke windows and attacked medics.<ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" /> In a video, attackers were seen charging down a hostel hallway raising sticks, bats and broken bottles while students shouted "get out".<ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" /> The leaders of student bodies with liberal views and those who spoke against Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s Hindu nationalist policies were attacked. Some students locked themselves inside rooms to escape the attackers.<ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" />

Sabarmati Hostel, with 400 students residing in it, was reported to have faced the worst attack. Two students residing in the hostel jumped from their rooms on the first floor in an attempt to escape the attackers, fracturing their legs in the process.<ref name="NDTV 2 fracture">{{cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Rica|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-violence-jnu-hostel-warden-quits-writes-tried-but-couldnt-provide-security-2159399|title=2 JNU Students Jumped From 1st Floor To Escape Mob, Suffered Fractures|date=6 January 2020|work=NDTV|accessdate=6 January 2020|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha}}</ref> The hostel was badly damaged in the attack. Every floor in the hostel had shattered glass, as well as broken doors, windows and furniture.<ref name="NDTV 2 fracture" />

The assault left more than 39 students and teachers injured.<ref name="ToI 36 injured" /> When an ambulance arrived at 9:00 p.m., carrying two doctors and two volunteers to attend to the victims, the mob surrounded the ambulance with rods and sticks, and prevented the doctors from assisting the injured. The attackers also injured a volunteer and broke the windows and punctured the tires of the ambulance. The attackers said, "there was no need to provide medical assistance to any one on the campus".<ref name="NDTV 2 fracture" /><ref name="telegraph Goons">{{cite news |title=Goons in masks block ambulance at JNU |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/goons-in-masks-block-ambulance-at-jnu/cid/1733429 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=telegraphindia.com |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>

Streetlights were shut off by the authorities during the incident. The mob roamed around the campus freely without any police intervention.<ref name="NDTV 2 fracture" /> Students accused the police of intentional inaction.<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /> Videos show students being beaten by the attackers, while police officers did nothing. While the students escaped through the gate, the police officers asked them to shout "Hail Mother India". The students accused the police of being complicit with the attackers.<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /><ref name="IE6Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jawaharlal-nehru-university-jnu-delhi-violence-abvp-jnusu-6201447/|title=JNU violence: Masked men run riot inside campus for 3 hours, 26 injured|date=6 January 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jnu-violence-police-watch-as-ambulances-smashed-leaders-heckled-6201469/|title=JNU violence: Delhi Police watch as ambulances smashed, leaders heckled|date=6 January 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

The mob assaulted journalists and social activist [[Yogendra Yadav]], who attempted to enter the campus on receiving news of the incident.<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /> JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh was also pictured bleeding due to injuries sustained in the violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/violence-at-jnu-campus-top-developments/articleshow/73112267.cms|title=Violence at JNU campus: Top developments|date=5 January 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> Cars and rooms in the Mahi Mandavi, Sabarmati and Periyar hostels were vandalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/violence-returns-masked-men-barge-jnu-attack-students-vandalize-hostel-11578242423650.html|title=Masked mob enters JNU campus, attacks students and faculty|last1=Nanda|first1=Prashant K.|date=5 January 2020|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The School of Social Sciences was also affected.<ref name="IT Chancellor" /> The crowd of attackers were seen in videos walking around the campus with sticks.<ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" />

After vandalizing the campus for around three hours, the mob went out without facing arrest or detention by the police.<ref name="NDTV No Cops" /> Police said they received 50 SOS calls between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m., however, they were only given written permission to enter the campus at 7:45 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/goons-ran-riot-as-cops-awaited-jnu-nod/articleshow/73130234.cms|title=JNU attack news: Goons ran riot as cops awaited JNU nod|date=7 January 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The 36 students who were injured and admitted to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (AIIMS) were discharged within 24 hours.<ref name="ToI 36 injured" /><ref name="TOI FIR">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jnu-violence-news-live-violence-at-jnu-campus-jnusu-president-injured-in-attack/liveblog/73104769.cms|title=JNU Violence News Live: 23 injured students discharged from hospital; police file FIR|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="AT 6 Jan">{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/news/liveblog/jnu-violence-students-jawaharlal-university-abvp-left-live-updates-689.html|title=JNU प्रशासन ने HRD मंत्रालय को भेजी हिंसा की रिपोर्ट, दी घटनाक्रम की पूरी जानकारी|date=6 January 2020|work=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=6 January 2020|quote="Dr. Rajesh Malhotra, AIIMS Trauma Centre Chief: All 34 JNU students who were admitted to hospital for treatment yesterday, have been discharged."}}</ref> 32 people had suffered injuries such as fractures, lacerations, abrasions and soft tissue injuries, while four had suffered minor head injuries.<ref name="ToI 36 injured" /> Three of the people injured were admitted to the [[Safdarjung Hospital]].<ref name="ToI 36 injured">{{cite news |title=36 people treated at AIIMS trauma centre after violence at JNU; all discharged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-people-treated-at-aiims-trauma-centre-after-violence-at-jnu-all-discharged/articleshow/73126416.cms |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |date=6 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The warden of the Sabarmati hostel resigned, stating that he had tried but failed to provide security to the hostel.<ref name="NDTV 2 fracture" /> Several students left the campus, calling it unsafe.<ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" />

Left-wing organisations and several students accused members of the BJP's student wing, [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) of orchestrating the attacks. ABVP, a Hindu nationalist student organization denied involvement and blamed the left-wing organisations.<ref name="NDTV Masked JNU" /><ref name="NYT JNU 6 Jan" />

Screenshots of chats from [[WhatsApp]] groups named "Friends of RSS" and "Unity Against Left" were shared on social media, where the group members were seen planning to attack the JNU students. The group's members were found to belong to ABVP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/948899/jnu-whatsapp-messages-planning-attack-traced-to-abvp-activists|title=JNU: WhatsApp messages planning attack traced to ABVP activists|last=|date=6 January 2020|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' published pictures of the members of ABVP with sticks and batons before the attacks began.<ref name="NDTV Images">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Images Hint At BJP-Linked Student Body's Role In JNU Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-attack-images-hint-at-bjp-linked-abvps-role-2159587 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>

Chief Minister of Delhi [[Arvind Kejriwal]] held a meeting with ministers in the early hours of 6 January, to discuss the "serious condition" prevailing at JNU.<ref name="TOI FIR" /> After the meeting, [[Sanjay Singh (Aam Aadmi Party)|Sanjay Singh]] stated that, "The assault on students and professors is really shameful. This is happening in the capital of India. The world is watching us. What message are we sending to the world?" He added that the Central government (to whom Delhi Police reports) must "act immediately and restore peace in Delhi".<ref name="Delhi CM meeting">{{cite news |title=Delhi CM Kejriwal meets senior AAP leaders over JNU violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-cm-kejriwal-meets-senior-aap-leaders-over-jnu-violence-1634352-2020-01-06 |accessdate=7 January 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>

On 6 December, [[Swati Maliwal]], the chief of [[Delhi Commission for Women]], issued summonses to the police over the assault on female students in the attack.<ref name="News18 6 Jan" />

===Calls for removal of the Vice Chancellor===
The JNUSU statements after the incident said, "The Vice Chancellor [...] is behaving like a mobster who perpetuates violence [...] For nearly seventy days now, the students of JNU have been fighting a courageous battle to save their university from the clutches of privatization and greed [...] Today on 5 January they imported goons from outside, especially DU".<ref name="IT Chancellor">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-vice-chancellor-uses-violence-against-students-jnusu-statement-1634266-2020-01-06|title=JNU Vice-Chancellor uses violence against students: JNUSU calls for his resignation after campus mayhem|date=6 January 2020|website=India Today|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The Jawaharlal Nehru University Teachers' Association (JNUTA) wrote a third letter to the President of India [[Ram Nath Kovind]] regarding the "urgent need for the removal of professor [[M Jagadesh Kumar]] from his position as the vice chancellor". The letter stated that, "Yesterday's unprecedented events at the University have served to highlight once again the extremely grave consequences of delay in heeding to our appeal".<ref name="Scroll JNUTA 6 Jan">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=JNU violence: Vice chancellor is behaving like a mobster, alleges students union |url=https://scroll.in/latest/948905/jnu-violence-vice-chancellor-is-behaving-like-a-mobster-alleges-students-union |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=Scroll.in }}</ref>

On 9 January, former [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|HRD]] Minister and BJP senior leader, [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], sought the removal of the vice-Chancellor (VC). Joshi found the attitude of the VC "deplorable", as he had failed to implement the ministry's proposal to settle the fee increase issue. He had been advised to resolve the issue through a mediation process involving the teachers and the students.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU violence: BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi seeks Vice-Chancellor Jagadesh Kumar's ouster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnu-violence-bjp-leader-murli-manohar-joshi-seeks-vice-chancellor-jagadesh-kumars-ouster/article30525146.ece?homepage=true |accessdate=9 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=9 January 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200109161402/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnu-violence-bjp-leader-murli-manohar-joshi-seeks-vice-chancellor-jagadesh-kumars-ouster/article30525146.ece?homepage=true|archive-date = 9 January 2020}}</ref>

On 18 January 2020, the JNUTA reiterated its demand of removal of the VC. The association said that for the restoration of "normalcy" in the campus the removal of the VC was necessary. The JNUTA also stated that the security of JNU was also responsible for the incidents and demanded a Judicial enquiry into the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNUTA demands judicial inquiry into JNU violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnuta-demands-judicial-inquiry-into-jnu-violence/article30590190.ece |accessdate=17 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Acceptance of involvement ===
==== Live television discussion ====
On 6 January, during a panel discussion on the ''[[Times Now]]'', ABVP Delhi joint secretary Anima Sonkar accepted that ABVP members were armed.<ref name="Times Now" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Listen in: ABVP Delhi State Jt Secretary 'explains' the video of alleged ABVP violence in JNU. |url=https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1214229897717010433 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=Times Now |publisher=Twitter |date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Asked to Step Out With Rods, Acid': ABVP Delhi Joint Secretary Admits Its Men Were Armed in JNU |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/asked-to-step-out-with-rods-acid-abvp-delhi-joint-secretary-admits-its-men-were-armed-in-jnu-2448373.html |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=News18 |date=7 January 2020 }}</ref> Sonkar said that the armed men seen with rods on the JNU campus in viral videos displayed during the discussion were ABVP activists, including a former student named Vikas Patel and a first-year student named Shiv Poojan Mondal. She said that they were asked through WhatsApp to move in groups and carry rods, pepper spray or acid for self defense. She also claimed that the whole Brahmaputra Hostel was asked to be armed.<ref>{{cite news |title=WATCH: ABVP Delhi Joint Secy admits its men were armed in JNU; 'We were asked to step out with rods, acid' |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/watch-abvp-delhi-joint-secy-admits-its-men-were-armed-in-jnu-we-were-asked-to-step-out-with-rods-acid |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The National Herald |date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ABVP Leader Admits On Live TV Its Members Were Asked To Carry Rods, Pepper Spray, Acid |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/abvp-leader-admits-its-members-were-asked-to-carry-rods-pepper-spray-acid_in_5e143d81e4b0843d3618220d |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The Huffington Post |date=7 January 2020 }}</ref>

==== The sting operation ====
On 10 January, the ''[[India Today]]'' aired a sting operation on the JNU attack. Two first-year students, named Akshat Awasthi and Rohit Shah, seemed to have confessed to leading the attack on the Periyar hostel.<ref name="India Today sting">{{cite news |title=Akshat Awasthi not our member, claims ABVP after India Today sting exposes JNU violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-sting-operation-jawaharlal-nehru-university-violence-jnu-attackers-abvp-delhi-police-aishe-ghosh-1635757-2020-01-10 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The India Today |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> Awasthi confessed to carrying a rod in his hand, wearing a helmet, and channeling and mobilising the attack with the help of students who were members of ABVP, as well as members from outside the campus. He also confessed to calling an organisational secretary of ABVP to organise outside support.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU violence: ABVP member admitted on camera that he planned attack, claims India Today sting |url=https://scroll.in/latest/949464/jnu-violence-abvp-member-admitted-on-camera-that-he-planned-attack-claims-india-today-sting |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The Scroll |date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=On India Today sting, two alleged ABVP members confess how JNU violence was organised |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/india-today-sting-two-alleged-abvp-members-confess-how-jnu-violence-was-organised-115877 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The News Minute |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> The aired videos raised questions over the involvement of the administration and the police in the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manral |first1=Mahendra |title=JNU violence: TV sting raises questions, gaps in Delhi Police version |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jnu-attack-violence-abvp-sting-operation-delhi-police-6210709/ |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> The reporter asked Awasthi, "Who had shut down the light?" He replied, "Admin [...] I think police". The reporter further asked "So the police helped the ABVP?" In reply he said, "Whose police is it, sir?" He claimed that police were also present inside the campus and a [[Deputy superintendent of police|DCP]] (Deputy Superintendent) of Delhi police had asked them to "hit [students]". He also claimed to have been committing acts of violence inside the campus for the previous six months.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Jamshed |title=JNU Tapes: Police turned off the lights, ABVP activist reveals how Delhi cops helped mob in violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-tapes-police-turned-off-the-lights-abvp-activist-reveals-how-delhi-cops-helped-mob-in-violence-1635789-2020-01-10 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=20 ABVP Activists Involved In JNU Attack: ABVP Student Caught On Cam JNU Confession Tapes Part 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqCbGBPAM08 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The India Today |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=10 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=20 ABVP Activists Involved In JNU Attack: ABVP Student Caught On Cam JNU Confession Tapes Part 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwAcI3txcxU |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The India Today |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

==== Through investigative journalism ====
A video of a masked female student who could be seen vandalising hostels went viral on social media after the 5 January attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU Tapes Part 2: India Today exposes Komal Sharma, the masked woman in viral video of JNU violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-tapes-part-2-india-today-exposes-komal-sharma-the-masked-woman-in-viral-video-of-jnu-violence-1636038-2020-01-11 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The India Today |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> The video named the women as Komal Sharma of [[Daulat Ram College]], [[University of Delhi]]. On 10 January, [[List of fact-checking websites#India|fact checking]] website ''[[Alt News]]'' published an article confirming that Sharma was the women in the video. The website revealed that Sharma had confessed her involvement in the attack through a WhatsApp conversation with one of her seniors.<ref name="altnews factcheck 1">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pratik |title=Investigating the masked woman photographed during JNU violence |url=https://www.altnews.in/investigating-the-masked-woman-photographed-during-jnu-violence/ |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=[[Alt News]] |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> Later, on 15 January 2020, the [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] of Delhi Police also identified the masked woman as Sharma, a member of ABVP.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU Attack: Delhi Police Confirm Masked Woman Is ABVP Member Komal Sharma |url=https://thewire.in/government/jnu-masked-woman-komal-sharma-abvp-delhi-police-confirm |accessdate=2 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

===Claims of responsibility===
Hindu Raksha Dal, or the Hindu Defense League, a right-wing group, claimed responsibility for the attack on Jawaharlal Nehru University students. The group leader claimed that the people who conducted the attack on the students and teachers were volunteers of Hindu Raksha Dal and threatened to carry out similar attacks on people who in "anti-national activities" in India. To date, no action has been taken by police against the group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindu-raksha-dal-claims-responsibility-for-jnu-attack/articleshow/73137267.cms|title=Hindu Raksha Dal claims responsibility for JNU attack|publisher=Times of India|date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hindustantimes.com/india-news/were-our-workers-hindu-raksha-dal-claims-responsibility-for-jnu-violence/story-vRW1UxTG9dDMECvSy5ZwpJ.html|title='Were our workers': Hindu Raksha Dal claims responsibility for JNU violence|date=7 January 2020|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

===Indian National Congress fact-finding committee===
On 12 January, the [[Indian National Congress]] fact-finding committee released its report on their investigation into the attack, calling the incident "state-sponsored".<ref name="Congress panel 12 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU attack state-sponsored: Congress panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnu-attack-state-sponsored-congress-fact-finding-committee/article30549384.ece |accessdate=12 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=12 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The report accused vice-Chancellor M. Jagadesh Kumar of planning the attacks. It asked for his sacking and the initiation of a criminal inquiry against him. The report noted that despite SOS calls from the students, Kumar did not allow police to enter the campus till 7:45 p.m. The report also demanded the investigation of other faculty members (who planned the attacks) and the security company hired to ensure safety on the campus.<ref name="Congress panel 12 Jan" />

A committee member called the attack a planned criminal conspiracy and stated that there was sufficient evidence to prove that the attackers were affiliated with right-wing groups. The actions of the administration and police during the attack were questioned.<ref name="Congress panel 12 Jan" /> She said that the power supply was disconnected, and the police facilitated the attackers. After the attack, the police did not attempt to press attempted murder charges against the attackers even though victims had received head injuries. The negligence and involvement of the Home Ministry were also suspected in the report. It stated that the Home Minister's remarks against the CAA-NRC protests and his calls for punishing them had encouraged the attackers.<ref name="Congress panel 12 Jan" />

According to a police report, the students had disconnected the internet servers on 3 January and again on 4 January. The vice-chancellor had mentioned in his press statement that the servers were working on 4 January and some students had registered for the new semester that day. The report questioned why the servers could not be made to work on 5 January, the day the attacks had happened, if the servers could be made functional earlier. The report asked if the administration already knew that an attack was going to happen and alleged that the servers were not made functional so that the closed-circuit cameras on the campus failed to record the attacks.<ref name="Congress panel 12 Jan" />

The committee demanded the withdrawal of the fee hike and initiation of an independent judicial inquiry into the attacks.<ref name="Congress panel 12 Jan" />

==Investigation==
Police have said that some of the masked attackers have been identified and complaints have been merged and filed as a single FIR.<ref name="ndtv 24 students">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-violence-masked-mob-terrorises-jawaharlal-nehru-university-campus-24-students-and-teachers-injur-2159292|title=Some Masked JNU Attackers Identified, Say Cops, No Arrests Yet: 10 Points|last1=Varma|first1=Shylaja|date=6 December 2019|website=NDTV|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="FP JNUSU President">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jnu-violence-live-updates-jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh-attacked-after-clash-with-abvp-members-students-claim-rss-abvp-men-called-outsiders-7863651.html|title=JNU violence LIVE updates: Sabarmati Hostel warden resigns on moral grounds; Delhi Police registers FIR 20 hours after attack on students|website=Firstpost|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> On 11 January, the police claimed they had identified 37 out of a total of 60 members of the WhatsApp group that included 10 outsiders, named 'Unity against Left'. The group members had assisted the armed goons in entering the campus.<ref name="NDV cops 12 Jan">{{cite news |title=Cops To Question 9 Suspects In Server Room Violence Before JNU Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-to-question-9-suspects-in-server-room-violence-before-jnu-attack-2162732 |accessdate=12 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="10 outsiders 11 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU हिंसा मामला: व्हाट्सऐप ग्रुप के सदस्यों की पहचान हुई, 10 बाहरी लोग शामिल : सूत्र |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/delhi/10-outsiders-involved-jnu-violence-case-whatsgroup-members-identified-2162373 |accessdate=12 January 2020 |work=NDTVIndia |date=11 January 2020}}</ref> As of 18 February 2020, 43 days after the attack, no arrests have been made by the police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/43-days-on-cops-yet-to-make-any-arrest-in-jnu-attack-case/story-X7CwW8VUKS90M9JmFFfFeL.html|title=43 days on, cops yet to make any arrest in JNU attack case|date=2020-02-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' reported police sources saying that the arrests will be decided by the courts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-attack-no-arrests-will-file-chargesheet-delhi-police-sources-2180231|title=No Arrests In JNU Attack, Will File Chargesheet: Delhi Police Sources|last1=Shukla|first1=Saurabh|date=14 February 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>

=== Questions raised over the police investigation ===
Since the attack, there have been several questions raised over police involvement and police inaction during the attack. Shutting off the street lights, allowing armed mobs to move freely, and allowing attacks on journalists in front of the police are among many such instances which raised questions in the media and on political platforms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bordia |first1=Radhika |title=JNU attacks: Four questions for the Delhi Police about its actions on Sunday night |url=https://scroll.in/video/948908/jnu-attacks-four-questions-for-the-delhi-police-about-its-actions-on-sunday-night |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The Scroll |date=6 January 2020}}</ref> Along with the inaction of the police, questions were also raised over the investigation. One such instance is that the details in the FIR do not match the police press briefing of 10 January.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU Attack: What the Delhi Police Has Done and What it Hasn't |url=https://thewire.in/government/jnu-attack-what-the-delhi-police-has-done-and-what-it-hasnt |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=The Wire |date=9 January 2020}}</ref> The police even described an organisation, [[Students' Federation of India]] as ''Students "Front" of India''. In that press briefing, the DCP of police shared photographs of the identified students. On 11 January, the fact-checking website ''[[Alt News]]'' released an article regarding those photographs.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Delhi police probe or ABVP investigation? DCP releases images shared earlier by ABVP |url=https://www.altnews.in/delhi-police-probe-or-abvp-investigation-dcp-releases-images-shared-earlier-by-abvp/ |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=[[Alt News]] |date=11 January 2020}}</ref> It has investigated the authenticity of the photographs, finding that the design, captions, markings and prints of the photographs exactly matched the photographs tweeted by Ashish Chauhan, a national organising secretary of ABVP. The ''[[Alt News]]'' article also questioned whether police were conducting a fair and unbiased investigation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashish Chauhan twitter profile |url=https://www.twitter.com/ashishsainram?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111210647/https://twitter.com/ashishsainram?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |accessdate=11 January 2020 }}</ref>

==== FIRs and closed-circuit camera footage ====
One FIR claimed that a group of students broke into the Communication and Information Services (CIS) office on 4 January and damaged the servers and other equipment inside. The FIR asked for action against those students, including JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh. Another FIR alleged that the vandalism by students on 3 January severely affected the biometric attendance and [[Closed-circuit television|closed-circuit camera]] surveillance systems. In a statement, the JNU vice-chancellor had claimed that the violence on 5 January had its origins in the vandalism which occurred on 3 and 4 January. Response of two [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information (RTIs)]] unearthed information on the preceding incidents of the attack, specifically server room vandalism and raised further questions on vice-chancellor Kumar's claims and the FIRs by the JNU administration.<ref name="RTI1">{{cite news |last1=Jebaraj |first1=Priscilla |title=JNU biometric systems, CCTVs not broken in Jan. 3, 4 vandalism' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-biometric-systems-cctvs-not-broken-in-jan-3-4-vandalism/article30610681.ece |accessdate=28 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128033402/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-biometric-systems-cctvs-not-broken-in-jan-3-4-vandalism/article30610681.ece |archive-date=28 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Gaurav |title=RTI Reveals Glaring Loopholes in JNU Admin's Claims on Campus Violence |url=https://thewire.in/rights/rti-reveals-glaring-loopholes-in-jnu-admins-claims-on-campus-violence |accessdate=28 January 2020 |work=The Wire |date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

The RTIs asked for information on the number of biometric systems destroyed at the CIS office, details of vandalised cameras as well as damaged cables used by the camera servers from 30 December 2019 to 8 January 2020. In response it was revealed that the said biometric system was not destroyed and cameras were not vandalised. Through the RTI it was found that the camera servers are not located in the CIS office. However, some of the cables used in the CIS servers were damaged on 4 January.<ref name="RTI2">{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Nitisha |title=CCTVs, Server Room Not Vandalised on January 3: RTI Reply Punctures Holes in JNU V-C's Version |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cctvs-server-room-not-vandalised-on-jan-3-rti-reply-punctures-holes-in-jnu-v-cs-version-2468015.html |accessdate=28 January 2020 |work=The News18 |date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="RTI3">{{cite news|last1=Gunasekar|first1=Arvind|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cctv-video-with-cops-says-jnu-after-claiming-no-footage-of-mob-attack-2170590|title="CCTV Video With Cops", Says JNU After Claiming No Footage Of Mob Attack|date=27 January 2020|work=NDTV|accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref>

The RTI responses raised further questions on the police claims. Initially, police said that footage of the attack was not available and instead they were using screenshots from viral social media posts to identify the perpetrators. Contradicting the police claim, one of the RTI responses points to the footage being available. However, in response to another RTI, no continuous camera footage of the north gate cameras on 5 January, the day of the attack, was available with JNU.<ref name="RTI1"/><ref name="RTI2"/><ref name="RTI3" /> There was also a mismatch in responses related to if and when vandalism occurred.<ref name="RTI1" />

=== Court petitions ===
==== Petition to preserve evidence ====
On 10 January 2020, three JNU professors filed a petition in the High Court seeking a direction to Delhi Police and the government to preserve data, closed-circuit camera footage, and all evidence associated with the attack. The request included retrieval of evidence and data from [[WhatsApp]], [[Google]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. The data, such as messages, pictures, videos and phone numbers of the members of the WhatsApp groups 'Unity Against Left' and 'Friends of RSS' were sought to be preserved.<ref name="Preserve data 10 Jan" /> The petition said that the Delhi police had not responded to requests for preservation of data. The petitioners noted their apprehension that without a direction from the court, it may not be preserved. Petitioners claimed that as far as they knew from news reports, the police had not yet retrieved CCTV footage, which is crucial evidence.<ref name="Preserve data 10 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU campus violence: 3 JNU professors move HC with PIL to preserve data, CCTV footage, evidence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnu-campus-violence-3-jnu-professors-move-hc-with-pil-to-preserve-data-cctv-footage-evidence/article30536332.ece |accessdate=10 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On 13 January, The Delhi High Court issued notice to Apple, Google and WhatsApp on the petitions seeking directions to preserve data, CCTV footage and other evidence. The court directed Delhi police to summon and seize the phones of all members of the two WhatsApp groups—'Friends of RSS' and 'Unity Against Left'—who had allegedly planned and executed attacks on the campus. The court directed the JNU administration to provide all the camera footage and also directed Google, WhatsApp and Apple to provide any information requested by the police.<ref name="HC asks Police 14 Jan">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jnu-violence-hc-asks-delhi-police-to-seize-phones-of-2-whatsapp-group-members/articleshow/73241001.cms |title=JNU violence: HC asks Delhi Police to seize phones of 2 WhatsApp Groups |date=14 January 2020 |work=Times Of India}}</ref>

==== Petition seeking to lodge FIR ====
A petition filed in a [[Subordinate Courts Of Delhi High Court|Delhi Court]] by Professor Sucharita Sen of JNU sought lodging of FIR into the act of violence in which she suffered a severe head injury. The plea claimed that the complainant had to approach the court due to inaction of the police authorities despite having "clear and cogent" facts and underlying material placed by her before the investigative agency. Chief Metropolitan Magistrate sought an action taken report (ATR) and asked to file it by 25 March 2020. It has directed concerned [[Station house officer|SHO]] that the report must include "whether a complaint has been made in the police station; if yes whether any action has been taken on the said complaint; whether any investigation or enquiry has been conducted in this regard and if yes then what is the status of the investigation and If any cognisable offence is made out whether any FIR has been registered or not."<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU violence: Delhi court seeks ATR from police on plea seeking registration of FIR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jnu-violence-delhi-court-seeks-atr-from-police-on-plea-seeking-registration-of-fir/articleshow/73905082.cms |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JNU violence: Court seeks ATR from Delhi Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-violence-action-taken-report-delhi-police-1642830-2020-02-03 |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

===Identification of suspects===
On 15 January, Delhi police confirmed the identification of the masked woman as a member of ABVP and a student of Daulat Ram College in Delhi University. She had been seen wearing a check shirt, a light blue scarf and carrying a stick, in the video recording of the attack and several media outlets had identified her.<ref name="Woman Attacker 15 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU violence: Police name masked woman in video, ABVP admits she is their member |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jnu-violence-police-name-masked-woman-in-video-abvp-admits-she-is-their-member-6216846/ |accessdate=15 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 January 2020}}</ref> The state secretary of the ABVP Delhi acknowledged that the woman was a member of ABVP.<ref name="Wire woman 15 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU Attack: Delhi Police Confirm Masked Woman Is ABVP Member Komal Sharma |url=https://thewire.in/government/jnu-masked-woman-komal-sharma-abvp-delhi-police-confirm |accessdate=15 January 2020 |work=The Wire |date=15 January 2020}}</ref> Police have issued a notice under IPC Section 160 to the woman and two other men involved, Akshat Awasthi and Rohit Shah who were also found out to be the members of ABVP by the ''[[Alt News]]'' and the India Today. According to police all three have switched their phones off and are yet to be located.<ref name="Woman Attacker 15 Jan" />

== Reactions ==
[[File:Day 22 CAA protests remembering JNU Shaheen Bagh New Delhi (cropped).jpg|thumb|A placard in solidarity with the JNU students at [[Shaheen Bagh]], during the 22nd day of [[CAA protests]] at Delhi on 7 January 2019]]
The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Central Government]] that controls the law and order of Delhi faced "massive criticism" from the opposition party leaders, film actors, students, activists and business leaders.<ref name="News18 6 Jan" /> The Minister of External Affairs, [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]], and Nobel Prize winner [[Abhijit Banerjee]], both [[List of Jawaharlal Nehru University people|alumni]] of JNU, condemned the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/foreign-minister-s-jaishankar-says-we-did-not-see-any-tukde-tukde-gang-in-jnu-2159726|title="We Did Not See Any Tukde-Tukde Gang In JNU," Says Minister S Jaishankar|last1=Sanyal|first1=Anindita|date=7 January 2020|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-govt-should-tell-us-what-happened-in-jnu-asks-abhijit-banerjee-1634364-2020-01-06|title=Modi govt should tell us what happened in JNU, asks alumnus and Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee|date=6 January 2020|website=India Today|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

[[Gautam Gambhir]], a BJP MP from New Delhi stated that "strictest punishment has to be meted out to these goons".<ref name="TOI FIR" /> Various people condemned the violence, including [[Anand Mahindra]] and [[Kiran Mazumdar Shaw]], Congress Party member [[Priyanka Gandhi]], who blamed the right, and [[Kapil Sibal]], who asked for a probe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-violence-live-updates-abvp-goons-jnusu-clash-delhi-police-students-teachers-injured-delhi-mumbai-protest-1634245-2020-01-06|title=JNU Violence Live Updates: JNU V-C says attack originated from attempt to stop student registration|date=6 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] described the attack on JNU as "[[state-sponsored terrorism]]", resembling that during Nazi rule.<ref name="News18 6 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU Violence LIVE: BJP, Left Workers Clash in Jadavpur During Stir Against Delhi Mob Attack, Police Use Baton |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jnu-violence-live-updates-jnusu-aishe-ghosh-abvp-masked-mob-protests-sfi-2446721.html |accessdate=6 January 2020 |work=News18 |date=6 January 2020 }}</ref> [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM) president [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] expressed his opinion on the JNU attack, saying that it was meant to "punish the students as they dared to stand up".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/asaduddin-owaisi-on-jnu-mob-attack-so-bad-even-union-ministers-tweeting-2159428|title='So Bad Even Union Ministers Tweeting...': Asaduddin Owaisi On JNU Attack|date=6 January 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

The journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in an editorial published on January 14, 2020, stated that the "government and state authorities must step in and stop violent attacks on academic campuses [...] Some of the peaceful protests are being met with violence, and university campuses are not immune [...] Delhi police "failed to provide protection" to the students who were being attacked; "India's authorities must take the necessary steps to protect their nation's universities and their people's freedom of speech."<ref name="Nature denounces 15 Jan">{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=R. |title=Journal 'Nature' denounces violence inside university campuses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/journal-nature-denounces-violence-inside-university-campuses/article30572975.ece |accessdate=15 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=15 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Protests ===
==== University and student protests ====
[[University of Hyderabad]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]], the [[Jadavpur University|University of Jadavpur]], [[Assam University]] and [[Gauhati University]] students staged protests on the night of the attack in solidarity with the JNU students.<ref name="TOI FIR" /> Protests were also seen in the capitals of Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-jnu-simmers-over-attack-on-its-campus-protests-spread-across-the-country/story-HVAY2HgyK441drbCWsGZNN.html|title=As JNU simmers over attack on campus, student protests spread across country|date=6 January 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> On 7 January, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], the [[National Law School of India University|National Law School]] and foreign universities including [[University of Oxford]] and [[Columbia University]] also held protests in solidarity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/slideshows/jnu-attacks-iit-pune-film-university-national-law-school-and-even-the-oxford-is-protesting-against-jnu-mob-attacks/slidelist/73117968.cms|title=JNU attacks: IIT, Pune film university, National Law School and even the Oxford is protesting against JNU mob attacks|website=Business Insider|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
{{quote box |width=250px |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote="The darkest places in hell are reserved for those who maintain their neutrality in times of moral crisis."|source=— The famous quote attributed to Italian poet [[Dante Alighieri]] (from [[Divine Comedy]]: part I [[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]), flashed through placards by St Stephen's students as they felt their moral responsibility against wrongdoings.<ref name="Stephenian protest"/>}}

On 8 January, a huge march was held on the North Campus of the [[University of Delhi]], where the students from the university and colleges affiliated with the university gathered to march in support of JNU students and teachers who were beaten during the incident. They demanded that the masked perpetrators be brought to justice, the removal of M. Jagadesh Kumar from the post of vice-chancellor of JNU, and also demanded the scrapping of the Citizenship Amendment Act, National Register of Citizens and National Population Register.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU violence: Delhi University students come out in support of JNU students |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-violence-delhi-university-students-come-out-in-support-of-jnu-students/article30516432.ece |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108184119/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-violence-delhi-university-students-come-out-in-support-of-jnu-students/article30516432.ece |archive-date=8 January 2020 }}</ref> On 8 January, for the first time in 30 years, students of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] held protests on their college campus to show their solidarity with the students and teachers of JNU and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (Jamia), to criticise the Government's failure to provide protection to the students of this country and the police inaction during the incidents, and also to protest against the CAA and NRC.<ref>{{cite news |title=St Stephen's College students boycott classes to protest CAA, NRC and JNU attacks; first such demonstration since 1990 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/st-stephens-college-students-boycott-classes-to-protest-caa-nrc-and-jnu-attacks-first-such-demonstration-since-1990-7877881.html |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The First Post |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=St Stephen's students boycott class, join huge march in North Campus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/st-stephens-students-boycott-class-join-huge-march-in-north-campus-6207033/ |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref> They boycotted classes, gathered on the campus lawn, and read the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]]. The protesters recited various poems, songs and slogans and delivered speeches where they describeded the Modi government as "fascist and oppressive".<ref>{{cite news |title=Students of St Stephens College boycott classes to protest against CAA, JNU violence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/students-of-st-stephens-boycott-classes-to-protest-against-caa-jnu-violence/story-EWlt7thRVTRiziVKRZVFMK.html |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=St Stephen's College students boycott classes over JNU violence, CAA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/st-stephen-s-college-students-boycott-classes-over-jnu-violence-caa-1635004-2020-01-08 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The India Today |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref> Poems like "[[Hum Dekhenge]]" (We will witness) by [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]] and "Kagaz Nahi Dekheyenge" (We'll Not Show Our Documents) by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] were read, and phrases like ''"Kal bhi tum haare the, aaj bhi tum haaroge, kal bhi hum jitenge"'' (You'd lost yesterday, you'll lose today also. We'll win again tomorrow), ''"Is baar nahin hum chhodenge, itihas ki dhara modenge"'' (We'll not let go this time, we'll change the direction of history), ''"Zulmi jab jab zulm karega satta ke hathiyaron se, chappa chappa goonj uthega inquilab ke naaro se''" (The tyrant will be countered with the chants of revolution) and the famous chants of ''"Azadi"'' (Freedom) were recited throughout the protest.<ref name="Stephenian protest">{{cite news |last1=Achom |first1=Debanish |title=St Stephen's Students Boycott Classes In "Very, Very Rare" Move, For JNU |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/st-stephens-students-boycott-classes-in-very-very-rare-move-for-jnu-2160714 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=NDTV |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agha |first1=Eram |title=In Rare Sight, Students of St Stephen's College Walk Out of Classrooms Chanting 'Inquilab' Slogans |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/in-rare-sight-students-of-st-stephens-college-walk-out-of-classrooms-chanting-inquilab-slogans-2451099.html |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=News18 |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref> The [[Students' Federation of India]] called for a nationwide protest against this attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/sfi-calls-nationwide-protests-against-jnu-violence-1784097/|title=SFI calls for nationwide protests against JNU violence|date=2020-01-05|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/campus-agitations-in-bengal-a-sign-of-rising-movement-feel-stakeholders/story-6ep2Ocdq69WuqPYkpKcHbN.html|title=Campus agitations in Bengal a sign of rising movement, feel stakeholders|date=2020-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/dec/10/in-massive-move-student-bodies-and-unions-across-india-join-hands-to-save-public-education-9474.html|title=In massive move, student bodies and unions across India join hands to 'Save Public Education'|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

==== Protest march to Ministry of Human Resource Development ====
[[File:JNU Protest at MHRD Office - 1.jpg|thumb|Students of JNU along with JNUSU marched a protest rally to MHRD office.]]
On 9 January, around 1,000 JNU students and teachers held a protest march to the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] office in Delhi demanding the resignation of the vice-chancellor. The vice-chancellor, M. Jagadesh Kumar, was accused of allowing the attackers to vandalise the university dormitory and attack the students.<ref name="Aljazeera 10 Jan">{{cite news |title=India police violently disperse student protest in New Delhi |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/india-police-violently-disperse-student-protest-delhi-200110041213293.html |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=aljazeera.com |date=10 January 2020}}</ref>
[[File:JNUSU Protest Rally at MHRD - 2.jpg|thumb|JNU students along with other students staged a protest rally at MHRD road.]]

After reaching the office a group of students decided to continue their march up to the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the President of India. The protesters were stopped by police who chased them and struck them with batons. Several students were detained and later released.<ref name="IT 9 Jan">{{cite news |title=JNU students meet HRD officials, Delhi Police detains protestors marching towards Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-students-meet-hrd-officials-delhi-police-detains-protestors-marching-towards-rashtrapati-bhavan-1635484-2020-01-09 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lathicharge On JNU Students At Protest March In Delhi, Many Detained |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-students-march-towards-rashtrapati-bhavan-delhi-police-try-to-stop-them-2161424 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |work=NDTV |date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

==== Film fraternity reaction ====
A crowd of more than 1000 students gathered overnight at the [[Gateway of India]].<ref name="BBC 6 Jan Rally" /><ref name="FP JNUSU President" /> Several celebrities including [[Sushant Singh]],<ref name="News18 6 Jan" /> [[Anurag Kashyap]],<ref name="ActorsProtestFirstpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jnu-violence-vishal-bhardwaj-taapsee-pannu-zoya-akhtar-anurag-kashyap-join-protesters-at-mumbais-carter-road-7870081.html|title=JNU violence: Vishal Bhardwaj, Taapsee Pannu, Zoya Akhtar, Anurag Kashyap join protesters at Mumbai's Carter Road|date=2020-01-07|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> [[Dia Mirza]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-taapsee-pannu-dia-mirza-and-other-bollywood-celebrities-musical-protest-in-mumbai-against-jnu-violence/345302|title=Taapsee Pannu, Dia Mirza And Other Bollywood Celebrities Musical Protest In Mumbai Against JNU Violence.|work=The Outlook India|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> [[Taapsee Pannu]],<ref name="ActorsProtestFirstpost" /> [[Vishal Bhardwaj]],<ref name="ActorsProtestFirstpost" /> [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Richa Chadda]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-deepika-padukones-jnu-visit-respect-vs-boycott-on-twitter-2160508|title=After Deepika Padukone's JNU Visit, "Respect" vs "Boycott" On Twitter|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> and [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] also joined the protests in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU attack: Zoya Akhtar, Vishal Bhardwaj, Dia Mirza & other B-town celebs protest in Mumbai against violence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jnu-attack-zoya-akhtar-vishal-bhardwaj-dia-mirza-other-b-town-celebs-protest-in-mumbai-against-violence/articleshow/73133327.cms |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 January 2020}}</ref> They expressed to the media, "We want to tell them [students of JNU, Jamia, AMU], we are with them and we will stand for them every time".<ref>{{cite news |title=JNU violence: Anurag Kashyap, Vishal Bhardwaj, Taapsee Pannu at solidarity protest in Mumbai |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/jnu-violence-anurag-kashyap-vishal-bhardwaj-taapsee-pannu-at-solidarity-protest-in-mumbai-1502842078.html |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=The Statesman |date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Deepika Padukone in JNU2020.jpg|alt=Deepika Padukone in JNU campus in solidarity with protesting students.|thumb|367x367px|Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone participated in a student protest on the JNU campus to show solidarity with the students who were beaten by goons.]]
Actress [[Deepika Padukone]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/chhapaak-or-not-deepika-padukone-knew-jnu-visit-would-invite-hate-but-that-didnt-stop-her-boycott-chhapaak-promotions-2449779.html|title='Chhapaak' or Not, Deepika Padukone Knew JNU Visit Would Invite Hate. But that Didn't Stop Her|website=News18|access-date=2020-01-08|date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-deepika-padukones-jnu-visit-respect-vs-boycott-on-twitter-2160508|title=After Deepika Padukone's JNU Visit, "Respect" vs "Boycott" On Twitter|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> visited the JNU campus and stood with the students in solidarity with the victims.<ref name="Bollywood Reuters 8 Jan">{{cite news |title=Bollywood A-lister backs protesting students, faces boycott calls |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-student-protests/bollywood-a-lister-backs-protesting-students-faces-boycott-calls-idUSKBN1Z71CU |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=Reuters |date=8 January 2020 }}</ref> Though she did not give a speech, she met with the JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh, who was attacked by the masked mob.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deepika Padukone Visits JNU, Stands With Students Attacked On Sunday |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/deepika-padukone-visits-jnu-stands-with-students-attacked-on-sunday-2160313 |accessdate=8 January 2020 |work=NDTV |date=7 January 2020 }}</ref> Padukone was subjected to massive criticism by members of the ruling BJP party who also asked people to boycott her upcoming movie ''[[Chhapaak]]''.<ref name="NDTV 9 January">{{cite news |title="Deepika Padukone Was Patriot Earlier, Now...": Kanhaiya Kumar On Criticism |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jawaharlal-nehru-university-jnu-deepika-padukone-was-patriot-earlier-now-kanhaiya-kumar-on-criticism-2161458 |accessdate=9 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=9 January 2020 }}</ref> She was praised for standing up against a crackdown on dissent, as Bollywood actors usually avoid making statements, fearing backlash and negative consequences for their films.<ref name="Bollywood Reuters 8 Jan" /> Actor [[Varun Dhawan]] talked about similar calls for a boycott of his film ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'', and said that the boycott may hurt the business, so it is used as a scare tactic meant to prevent people from expressing their opinion in public. He supported Padukone and stated it was wrong to remain neutral and not condemn the attack.<ref name="NDTV Dhawan 10 Jan">{{cite news |title="Tactics To Scare": Varun Dhawan On 'Boycott Chhapaak', Deepika Padukone |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-mob-attack-varun-dhawan-on-boycott-chhapaak-deepika-padukone-tactics-to-scare-2161704 |accessdate=10 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Campus violence in India]]
*[[Chinese University of Hong Kong conflict]]
*[[Siege of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Yogendra Yadav]] (27 November 2019). [https://theprint.in/opinion/if-you-still-dont-understand-jnu-fee-hike-protest-read-this-story-of-sunita/326942/ If you still don’t understand JNU fee hike protest, read this story of Sunita], [[ThePrint]].
*[[Rana Ayyub]] (8 January 2020). [https://time.com/5760597/what-happened-during-jnu-attack-india/ I Saw Police Stand by as Masked Men Attacked Students at a Top Delhi University. It Was Yet Another Assault on India's Intellectuals]. [[Time (magazine)|TIME]].

{{Jawaharlal Nehru University}}
{{Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}
{{Campus violence in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawaharlal Nehru University attack, 2020}}
[[Category:2020 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in 2020]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in India]]
[[Category:Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Crime in Delhi]]
[[Category:January 2020 in India]]
[[Category:January 2020 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Attacks on universities and colleges in Asia]]
[[Category:2020 controversies]]
[[Category:2020 in education]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian politics]]

Mriganka Sur

2026-04-14T12:25:28Z

UPMTaj45723: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian neuroscientist}}
{{for|the Indian politician|Mriganka Mohan Sur}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2008}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox academic
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]])}} [[Vanderbilt University]] {{small|([[Master of Engineering|M.Eng.]])}}, {{small|([[Doctor of Engineering|Eng.D.]])}}
| workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[Yale University]]
| occupation = [[Neuroscientist]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}
| birth_place = [[Fatehgarh|Fatehgarh, India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.surlab.org}}
}}

'''Mriganka Sur''' (born 1953 in [[Fatehgarh]], [[India]]) is an Indian neuroscientist. He is the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and Director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surlab.org/|title=Home|website=Sur Lab|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bcs.mit.edu/users/msurmitedu|title=Brain and Cognitive Sciences|website=bcs.mit.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> He is also a visiting faculty member in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] and N.R. Narayana Murthy Distinguished Chair in Computational Brain Research at the [[Center for Computational Brain Research|Centre for Computational Brain Research]], IIT Madras.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cse.iitm.ac.in/listpeople.php?arg=RmFjdWx0eSE2JDAkJA==|title=Members - CSE-IITM|website=www.cse.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccbr.iitmadras.in/people|title=CCBR {{!}} Home|website=ccbr.iitmadras.in|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> He was on the Life Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2010 and has been serving as jury chair from 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infosys Prize - Jury 2020|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2020.asp|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com}}</ref>

==Biography==
Mriganka Sur did his early schooling at the [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad|St. Joseph's Collegiate School, Allahabad]]. He received the Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur ([[IIT Kanpur]]) in 1974, and the Master of Science and PhD degrees in electrical engineering in 1975 and 1978, respectively, from [[Vanderbilt University]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]].{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} After [[postdoctoral research]] at [[Stony Brook University]], he was appointed to the faculty of [[Yale University]] School of Medicine in 1983. He joined the faculty of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[MIT]]) in 1986. He was named in 1993 professor of neuroscience and in 1997 head of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He is currently the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/19/AR2008061901994.html|title=Star-Shaped Brain Cells Make Scans Possible|date=19 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mriganka Sur Laboratory at MIT |url=http://web.mit.edu/msur/|work=Sur Laboratory website|accessdate=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brain and Cognitive Sciences|url=http://bcs.mit.edu/users/msurmitedu|work=MIT Departmental website|accessdate=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mriganka Sur : The Picower Institute|url=http://picower.mit.edu/mriganka-sur|work=Picower Institute for Learning and Memory website}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{FRS 2006}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sur, Mriganka}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Farrukhabad]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Vanderbilt University alumni]]
[[Category:Stony Brook University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:MIT School of Science faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]

2026 Men's T20 World Cup final

2026-04-14T05:20:47Z

UPMTaj45723: started a info

{{short description|International cricket match}}

{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| title = 2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final
| image = File:2026 T20 World Cup Final Programme Cover by ICC.jpeg
| image_alt = Promotional poster for the match
| caption = Match programme cover
| event = [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
| team1 = [[India national cricket team|India]]
| team1flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=50px}}
| team2 = [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]
| team2flag ={{flagicon|NZ|size=50px}}
| team1score = 255/5
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 159
| team2overs = 19 overs
| details = India won by 96 runs
| date = 8 March 2026 {{UTZ|19:00|+5:30}}
| stadium = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| attendance = 86,824
| previous = [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup final|2024]]
| next = [[2028 Men's T20 World Cup final|2028]]
}}

The '''2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final''' was a [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) [[cricket]] match played at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India, on 8 March 2026 to determine the winner of the [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]. It was played between the defending champions [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].

New Zealand won the toss and elected to field first; India registered a score of 255/5 in their innings. In the second innings, New Zealand were all out for 159. India won the match by 96 runs, retaining the title they had [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup final|won at the previous tournament]]. India became the first team in the tournament to win three T20 World Cup titles, defend their title, and the first host country to win the title.

== Background ==
{{Main|2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
The [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] was the tenth edition of the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], a biennial [[world cup]] for [[cricket]] in [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) format, organized by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=T20 World Cup winners: India, West Indies and England tied on two titles each – full list of champions |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/t20-world-cup-winners-list-champions |website=[[Olympics.com]] |access-date=29 November 2025 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816025541/https://olympics.com/en/news/t20-world-cup-winners-list-champions |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2021 as part of the [[2024-2031 ICC men's hosts cycle]], the ICC announced that the 2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup would be played in India and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 November 2025, the ICC announced the finalised venues for the tournament,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=ICC shortlists venues for 2026 T20 World Cup in India and Sri Lanka |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-icc-shortlists-venues-in-india-and-sri-lanka-1510319 |access-date=9 November 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106200954/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-icc-shortlists-venues-in-india-and-sri-lanka-1510319 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in Ahmedabad, India named as the venue for the final scheduled for 8 March 2026.<ref name="Schedule2">{{cite news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/fixtures-groups-released-for-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |title=Fixtures, groups released for ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026|date=25 November 2025 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=27 November 2025 |archive-date=13 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213081528/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/fixtures-groups-released-for-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The match would have been moved to [[R. Premadasa Stadium]] in Colombo, Sri Lanka, if Pakistan had qualified.<ref name="Final">{{cite news |date=9 September 2025 |title=Narendra Modi Stadium to host T20 World Cup final, R Premadasa Stadium announced as alternative for Pakistan. |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-mens-t20-world-cup-likely-from-february-7-to-march-8-1502118 |access-date=10 September 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=10 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910085155/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-mens-t20-world-cup-likely-from-february-7-to-march-8-1502118 |url-status=live }}</ref>

This was [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]'s second T20 World Cup final after being runners-up in [[2021 Men's T20 World Cup final|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 March 2026 |title=Record ton by Allen powers New Zealand to final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/live-new-zealand-take-on-unbeaten-south-africa-in-semi-final |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> while it was [[India national cricket team|India]]'s fourth final, having been champions in [[2007 World Twenty20 final|2007]] and [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup final|2024]] and runners-up in [[2014 World Twenty20 final|2014]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 March 2026 |title=499 runs and 34 sixes later, India beat England to enter T20 World Cup final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/499-runs-and-32-sixes-later-india-beat-england-to-enter-t20-world-cup-final/articleshow/129105158.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Before this match, India and New Zealand had played each other three times in the T20 World Cup, with New Zealand winning on all three occasions (2007, 2016 and 2021).<ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Beswick |access-date=7 March 2026 |title=Looking back: Previous India v New Zealand T20 World Cup matches |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/looking-back-previous-india-v-new-zealand-t20-world-cup-matches? |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

== Road to the final ==
=== Overview ===
* Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name="T20 World Cup">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, fixtures and results|access-date=9 March 2026 |dynamic=n |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311180415/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |archive-date=11 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="t20wc26-pt">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/points-table-standings|title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup 2026 points table standings|access-date=9 March 2026|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310222947/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/points-table-standings|archive-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

{| style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" width="40%" | {{cr-rt|NZ}}
! scope="row" width="10%" | vs
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" width="40%" | {{cr|IND}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
! scope="col" | Opponent || Date || Result || Points || Match || Opponent || Date || Result || Points
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group D|Group D]]
! scope="row" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group stage|Group stage]]
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group A|Group A]]
|-
| {{cr|AFG}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match4|8 February 2026]] || Won || 2
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 1
| {{cr|USA}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth3|7 February 2026]] || Won || 2
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match11|10 February 2026]] || Won || 4
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 2
| {{cr|NAM}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth18|12 February 2026]] || Won || 4
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match24|14 February 2026]] || Lost || 4
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 3
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth27|15 February 2026]] || Won || 6
|-
| {{cr|CAN}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match31|17 February 2026]] || Won || 6
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 4
| {{cr|NED}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth36|18 February 2026]] || Won || 8
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group 2|Group 2]]
! scope="row" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Super 8 stage|Super 8 stage]]
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group 1|Group 1]]
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match41|21 February 2026]] || N/R || 1
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 5
| {{cr|SA}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth43|22 February 2026]] || Lost || 0
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match46|25 February 2026]] || Won || 3
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 6
| {{cr|ZIM}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth48|26 February 2026]] || Won || 2
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#match49|27 February 2026]] || Lost || 3
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 7
| {{cr|WIN}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#macth52|1 March 2026]] || Won || 4
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-final 1|Semi-final 1]]
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-final 2|Semi-final 2]]
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-final 1|4 March 2026]] || colspan="2" | Won
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-finals|{{Abbr|'''SF'''|Semi-finals}}]]
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-final 2|5 March 2026]] || colspan="2" | Won
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="row" colspan="9" | 2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final
|}

=== New Zealand ===
New Zealand began their T20 World Cup campaign with a victory over [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 February 2026 |title=Seifert half-century helps NZ beat Afghanistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cg4gy559x0vo |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> and went on to defeat [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 February 2026 |title=Seifert, Allen fifties help New Zealand gallop to record-breaking win against UAE |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/new-zealand-vs-united-arab-emirates-11th-match-group-d-1512729/match-report |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> at the same venue. They lost to [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in Ahmedabad,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 February 2026 |title=South Africa ease to victory over New Zealand in Ahmedabad to close in on Super 8 spot |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12040/13507471/t20-world-cup-south-africa-ease-to-victory-over-new-zealand-in-ahmedabad-to-close-in-on-super-8-spot |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> and defeated [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] in Chennai<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 February 2026 |title=Canadian, 19, makes historic century but NZ reach Super 8s |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cr452qxg3y2o |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> to finish the group stage as runners-up of [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group D|Group D]].<ref name="t20wc26-pt"/> In the Super 8 stage, their first game against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] was abandoned due to rain in Colombo.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 February 2026 |title=Incessant rain washes out opening Super Eight fixture between New Zealand and Pakistan |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-41st-match-super-eights-group-2-1512759/match-report |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> They went on to defeat co-hosts [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 February 2026 |title=New Zealand's all-round brilliance knocks Sri Lanka out of T20WC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/live-sri-lanka-new-zealand-battle-for-survival |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> but lost to [[England cricket team|England]] at the same venue.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 February 2026 |title=New Zealand await semi-final fate after England's thrilling win |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/live-new-zealand-aim-for-semi-final-spot-in-key-t20wc-clash |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> Due to having a higher [[net run rate]] over Pakistan, New Zealand finished as runners-up of [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group 2|Group 2]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand reach semis after Pakistan eliminated from T20 World Cup |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-eliminated-t20-world-cup-despite-win-over-sri-lanka-2026-02-28/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="t20wc26-pt"/> New Zealand then defeated South Africa in the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-final 1|semi-final 1]] at the [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] in a re-match of their group stage fixture to qualify for their second T20 World Cup final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 March 2026 |title=Allen's 33-ball century steamrollers South Africa - as it happened |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/live/c5y2jr9n7z5t |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref>

=== India ===
India began their T20 World Cup campaign with a victory over the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] at [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 February 2026 |title=Suryakumar's 84* helps India overcome USA scare |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-united-states-of-america-3rd-match-group-a-1512721/match-report |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> and went on to defeat [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] at [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]] in [[Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 February 2026 |title=All-round India crush Namibia to register biggest win in T20 WCs |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137703/all-round-india-crush-namibia-to-register-biggest-win-in-t20-wcs |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Pakistan in Colombo,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 February 2026 |title=India beats Pakistan by 61 runs, enters super 8s |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/india-vs-pakistan-t20-world-cup-2026-match-score-february-15-the-hindu-live-updates/article70634845.ece/amp/ |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] in Ahmedabad<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 February 2026 |title=India beat Netherlands to complete perfect group stage as Shivam Dube shines with bat and ball |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12344/13509236/t20-world-cup-india-beat-netherlands-to-complete-perfect-group-stage-as-shivam-dube-shines-with-bat-and-ball |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> to finish the group stage as winners of [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group A|Group A]].<ref name="t20wc26-pt"/> In the Super 8 stage, they lost to South Africa in Ahmedabad in their first game ending their record-breaking win streaks (12 at T20 World Cups and 17 at ICC limited-overs tournaments).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 February 2026 |title=India Outplayed By South Africa In Super Eight, Suffer Their Biggest Defeat In T20 World Cup |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/t20-world-cup-2026/india-suffer-their-biggest-defeat-in-t20-world-cup-outplayed-by-south-africa-in-super-eight-11122182 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> They went on to defeat [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in Chennai,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 February 2026 |title=India beat Zimbabwe to keep title defence alive |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/ce3gyx49z52o |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in Kolkata<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 March 2026 |title=Sanju Samson smashes unbeaten 97 as IND enter semifinal in style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-live-cricket-score-ind-vs-wi-super-8-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026-today-march-1-latest-scorecard-101772357767454.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> to finish as runners-up of [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Group 1|Group 1]].<ref name="t20wc26-pt"/> India then defeated England in the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-final 2|semi-final 2]] in Mumbai in a tight-contest to qualify for their record fourth T20 World Cup final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 March 2026 |title=India edge past England in high-scoring thriller to enter Final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/live-india-face-familiar-foes-england-in-semi-finals |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

== Match ==
=== Match officials ===
On 6 March 2026, the ICC named England's [[Richard Illingworth]] and [[Alex Wharf]] as the [[umpire (cricket)|on-field umpires]], along with South Africa's [[Allahudien Paleker]] as the [[third umpire]] and [[Adrian Holdstock]] as the [[fourth umpire|reserve umpire]], and Zimbabwe's [[Andy Pycroft]] as [[match referee]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 March 2026 |title=Match Officials for Men's T20 World Cup 2026 Final announced |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/match-officials-for-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026-final-announced |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

* '''On-field umpires''': [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
* '''TV umpire''': [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA)
* '''Reserve umpire''': [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
* '''Match referee''': [[Andy Pycroft]] (Zim)

=== Team and toss ===
{{see also|2026 Men's T20 World Cup squads}}
New Zealand's captain [[Mitchell Santner]] won the toss and elected to field. New Zealand brought in [[Jacob Duffy]] in place of [[Cole McConchie]], while India remained unchanged from their respective semi-final matches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/india-vs-new-zealand-t20-world-cup-2026-final-toss-record-playing-xi-13987387.html |title=New Zealand win toss in T20 World Cup final: Did past toss winners also lift the trophy? |date=8 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

* '''India''':<ref name="XI">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1512773/match-playing-xi |title=Playing XI - IND vs NZ Final {{!}} ICC Men's T20 World Cup Squad |access-date=8 March 2026 |date=8 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]), [[Abhishek Sharma]], [[Ishan Kishan]], [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]), [[Tilak Varma]], [[Shivam Dube]], [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Axar Patel]], [[Arshdeep Singh]], [[Varun Chakravarthy]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* '''New Zealand''':<ref name="XI"/> [[Finn Allen]], [[Tim Seifert]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]), [[Rachin Ravindra]], [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]], [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]], [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]], [[Mitchell Santner]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]), [[James Neesham]], [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]], [[Lockie Ferguson]], [[Jacob Duffy]]

=== India innings ===
[[File:Jasprit Bumrah in PMO New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=Jasprit Bumrah in 2024|[[Jasprit Bumrah]] took 4 wickets for India in the final, and received the player of the match award.]]
Put to [[Batting (cricket)|bat]] first, Indian openers Sanju Samson and Abhishek Sharma put on a 98-[[Run (cricket)|run]] [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] in 7 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] with each scoring half-centuries in 33 and 18 [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] respectively. Following Sharma's [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissal]] in the eighth over, Ishan Kishan scored a half-century in 23 balls to put on a 105-run partnership with Samson. Both Samson and Kishan were dismissed in the 16th over of James Neesham, followed by Indian captain Suryakumar Yadav's dismissal for a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]] in the same over. In the final two overs, Shivam Dube scored 26 runs from 8 balls to take India to a total of 255 runs for the loss of five wickets. Samson was the highest run-scorer for India with 89 runs from 46 balls while Neesham picked up three [[wicket]]s for New Zealand.<ref name="sc1">{{cite web |date=8 March 2026 |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=India vs New Zealand Highlights, T20 World Cup 2026 Final: GOAT T20 team, India defend their title comprehensively |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1512773/live-match-blog |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref name="sc2">{{cite web |date=8 March 2026 |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=India vs New Zealand Highlights, T20 World Cup 2026: IND beats NZ to defend title; Bumrah wins Player of Match, Samson awarded Player of Tournament |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-new-zealand-live-score-updates-t20-world-cup-2026-final-ind-nz-highlights-ahmedabad/article70718633.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref><ref name="sc3">{{cite web |date=8 March 2026 |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=India retain T20 World Cup with 96-run final win over New Zealand – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2026/mar/08/india-v-new-zealand-t20-world-cup-final-live |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== New Zealand innings ===
[[Run chase|Chasing]] the target of 256, New Zealand opener Tim Seifert scored a half-century in 23 balls, while four New Zealand batters were dismissed for single-digit scores. Daryl Mitchell was dismissed for 17 runs, New Zealand captain Mitchell Santner was dismissed for 43 runs, and the remaining three batters were also dismissed for single-digit scores; [[All out (cricket)|bundling out]] New Zealand for 159. Seifert was the highest run-scorer for New Zealand with 52 runs from 26 balls<ref name="sc1"/><ref name="sc2"/><ref name="sc3"/> while Jasprit Bumrah picked up four wickets for India, giving away only 15 runs in 4 overs and received the player of the match award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=Jasprit Bumrah wins Player of match award in T20 World Cup 2026 final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-player-of-the-match-t20-world-cup-final-2026-india-vs-new-zealand-stats-record/article70719726.ece |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Match details ===
<section begin="sc" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|03|08}}
| night = y
| time = {{UTZ|19:00|+5:30}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 255/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 89 (46)
| wickets1 = [[James Neesham]] 3/46 (4 overs)
| score2 = 159 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tim Seifert]] 52 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 4/15 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 96 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512773.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| attendance = 86,824<ref name="scf">{{cite web |date=8 March 2026 |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=IND vs NZ Cricket Scorecard, Final at Ahmedabad, March 08, 2026 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1512773/full-scorecard |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was India's fourth T20 World Cup final; most for any nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=India becomes first team to qualify for four men’s T20 World Cup finals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-t20-world-cup-2026-final-fourth-time-most-appearance-record-stats/article70708745.ece |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>
* This was India's 15th appearance at the finals of ICC limited-overs tournaments; the most by any nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=IND vs NZ, T20 World Cup 2026 final: India’s record in ICC tournament finals before India vs New Zealand |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/t20-world-cup/ind-vs-nz-t20-world-cup-2026-final-india-win-loss-record-icc-finals-results-odi-test-championship/article70711782.ece |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>
* India scored the highest-ever total (255) in the T20 World Cup finals, surpassing their own score of 176 in [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup final|2024]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=Record alert in final! India rewrite T20 World Cup history vs New Zealand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/record-alert-in-final-india-rewrite-t20-world-cup-history-vs-new-zealand/articleshow/129277293.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Sanju Samson]] (Ind) made the highest individual score in the Men's T20 World Cup finals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=List of records broken as India smash 255 runs batting first in T20 World Cup final vs New Zealand |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/list-of-records-broken-as-india-smash-255-runs-batting-first-in-t20-world-cup-final-vs-new-zealnd-2026-03-08-1033083 |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
* India became the first team to win three T20 World Cup titles. They also became the first team to win two consecutive titles, and the first host country to win the tournament.<ref name="rec-win">{{cite web |access-date=9 March 2026 |title=India becomes first team to defend T20 World Cup title, lift trophy at home |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/icc-t20-world-cup/india-becomes-first-team-to-defend-t20-world-cup-title-lift-trophy-at-home-126030800781_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="sc" />

{{Cot|Match scorecard<ref name="scf"/>|bg=lightblue}}

; 1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|IND}} batting<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sanju Samson]]|status=c sub (McConchie) b Neesham|runs=89|balls=46|4s=5|6s=8|strike_rate=193.47}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Abhishek Sharma]]|status=c Seifert b Ravindra|runs=52|balls=21|4s=6|6s=3|strike_rate=247.62}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ishan Kishan]]|status=c Chapman b Neesham|runs=54|balls=25|4s=4|6s=4|strike_rate=216.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Hardik Pandya]]|status=c Santner b Henry|runs=18|balls=13|4s=1|6s=1|strike_rate=138.46}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Suryakumar Yadav]]|status=c Ravindra b Neesham|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Tilak Varma]]|status=not out|runs=8|balls=6|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=133.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shivam Dube]]|status=not out|runs=26|balls=8|4s=3|6s=2|strike_rate=325.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Axar Patel]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Varun Chakravarthy]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Arshdeep Singh]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (w 8) || {{align|right|8}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(5 wickets; 20 overs)}} || '''255''' || || 19 || 18 || RR: 12.75
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/98 (Abhishek, 7.1 ov), 2/203 (Samsom, 15.1 ov), 3/204 (Kishan, 15.5 ov), 4/204 (Yadav, 15.6 ov), 5/226 (Pandya, 18.2 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|NZ}} bowling<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=49|wickets=1|econ=12.25|wides=4|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=5|wickets=0|econ=5.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jacob Duffy]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=42|wickets=0|econ=14.00|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Lockie Ferguson]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=48|wickets=0|econ=24.00|wides=3|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Santner]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=33|wickets=0|econ=8.25|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Rachin Ravindra]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=32|wickets=1|econ=16.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[James Neesham]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=46|wickets=3|econ=11.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

; 2nd innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|NZ}} batting<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Tim Seifert]]|status=c Kishan b Chakravarthy|runs=52|balls=26|4s=2|6s=5|strike_rate=200.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Finn Allen]]|status=c Tilak b Patel|runs=9|balls=7|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=128.57}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rachin Ravindra]]|status=c Kishan b Bumrah|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]|status=b Patel|runs=5|balls=5|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]]|status=b Pandya|runs=3|balls=8|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=37.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]|status=c Kishan b Patel|runs=17|balls=11|4s=0|6s=2|strike_rate=154.54}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Santner]]|status=b Bumrah|runs=43|balls=35|4s=3|6s=2|strike_rate=123.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[James Neesham]]|status=b Bumrah|runs=8|balls=7|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=114.28}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]|status=b Bumrah|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Lockie Ferguson]]|status=not out|runs=6|balls=7|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=85.71}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jacob Duffy]]|status=c Tilak b Abhishek|runs=3|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=60.00}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (b 4, lb 1, w 7) || {{align|right|12}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left| (10 wickets; 19 overs)}} || '''159''' || || 8 || 9 || RR: 8.36
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/31 (Allen, 2.4 ov), 2/32 (Ravindra, 3.1 ov), 3/48 (Phillips, 4.5 ov), 4/70 (Chapman, 7.4 ov), 5/72 (Seifert, 8.1 ov), 6/124 (Mitchell, 12.5 ov), 7/141 (Neesham, 15.3 ov), 8/141 (Henry, 15.4 ov), 9/152 (Santner, 17.3 ov), 10/159 (Duffy, 18.6 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|IND}} bowling<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Arshdeep Singh]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=32|wickets=0|econ=8.00|wides=5|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Hardik Pandya]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=36|wickets=1|econ=9.00|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Axar Patel]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=27|wickets=3|econ=9.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=15|wickets=4|econ=3.75|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Varun Chakravarthy]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=39|wickets=1|econ=13.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Abhishek Sharma]]|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=5|wickets=1|econ=5.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}
{{cob}}

== Aftermath ==
This was India's third T20 World Cup title victory, after [[2007 World Twenty20 final|2007]] and [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup final|2024]]. India were the first team to successfully defend their title to win two consecutive titles, the first tournament hosts to win, and first nation to win three T20 World Cup titles.<ref name="rec-win"/> [[Suryakumar Yadav]] became the fourth Indian captain to win a major ICC event after [[Kapil Dev]] in [[1983 Cricket World Cup final|1983]]; [[MS Dhoni]] in 2007, [[2011 Cricket World Cup final|2011]] and [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy final|2013]]; and [[Rohit Sharma]] in 2024 and [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy final|2025]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 March 2026 |title=Suryakumar Yadav gives himself a few slaps after joining Rohit Sharma, MS Dhoni as India’s T20 World Cup-winning captain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-slaps-himself-after-joining-rohit-sharma-ms-dhoni-as-india-s-t20-world-cup-winning-captain-101773001438371.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

India received $2.64 million and New Zealand received $1.42 million in prize money from the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prize Money Distribution for Men's T20WC 2026 Announced |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/prize-money-distribution-for-men-s-t20wc-2026-announced |date=11 March 2026 |access-date=2026-03-12 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en}}</ref> Indian [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] congratulated team India on winning the tournament again.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 March 2026 |title=President Droupadi Murmu, PM Modi hail India's T20 WC triumph |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/president-droupadi-murmu-pm-modi-hail-indias-t20-wc-triumph20260308232655/ |work=[[ANI News]]}}</ref> The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] gave the team a cash reward of {{INRConvert|131|c|nolink=y}}, split between the players and supporting staff.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 March 2026 |title=BCCI announces cash reward for ICC Men’s T20 World Cup-winning Team India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2026/news/55556329/bcci-announces-cash-reward-for-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-winning-team-india |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]}}</ref>

== Broadcasting ==
{{Further|2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Broadcasting}}
The final match was broadcast live in India on [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]], [[free-to-air]] broadcaster [[DD Sports]] and free on the [[Over-the-top media service|Over-the-top]] platform [[JioHotstar]]. In New Zealand the match was broadcast live on [[Sky Sport (New Zealand)|Sky Sport]] and Sky Sport Now.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2026 |title=All the Broadcast details for ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/all-the-broadcast-details-for-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |access-date=5 February 2026 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=6 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206103848/https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/all-the-broadcast-details-for-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The final match had a peak of 72.5 million concurrent viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=A game for the world: cricket’s growth horizons |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/a-game-for-the-world-cricket-s-growth-horizons |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325001923/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/a-game-for-the-world-cricket-s-growth-horizons |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138|title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}

{{India Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{New Zealand Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2025-26}}

[[Category:2026 Men's T20 World Cup|final]]
[[Category:Men's T20 World Cup finals]]
[[Category:March 2026 sports events in India]]
[[Category:India in international cricket]]
[[Category:New Zealand in international cricket]]

Vishal Dhagat

2026-04-13T22:45:07Z

UPMTaj45723: started initial details added tags.

{{orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishal Dhagat
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 27 May 2019
| term_end =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = 14 December 1969
| birth_place = [[Dibrugarh]], Assam, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = Venkateswara College, [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = [[Judge]]
| profession = Law
}}

'''Justice Vishal Dhagat''' (born 14 December 1969) is an Indian judge serving on the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] since 27 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice Vishal Dhagat - CDJ Law Journal |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?cid=82&id=1445 |publisher=CDJ Law Journal |access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portfolio Judges |url=https://mphc.gov.in/portfolio-judges |publisher=High Court of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dhagat was born on 14 December 1969 in [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] (Honours) in History from [[Venkateswara College]] from Delhi University, in 1990. After he pursued his [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) from a law college recognized by Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Shri Justice Vishal Dhagat |url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/project/justice-shri-vishal-dhagat-high-court-of-madhya-pradesh/ |publisher=eCommittee, Supreme Court of India |access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mphc.gov.in/ High Court of Madhya Pradesh Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhagat, Vishal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]

Charanjit Singh (field hockey)

2026-04-13T05:16:43Z

UPMTaj45723: added a bio first draft...

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1931–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Charanjit Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|02|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mairi Village, Punjab, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|01|27|1931|02|03|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Una, Himachal Pradesh]], India
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]] |[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|Team]]}}
}}

'''Charanjit Singh''' (3 February 1931{{Efn|There is some confusion with Singh's date of birth. Most sources indicate Singh was born on 3 February 1931. However, the Indian newspaper ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' references Singh's date of birth in an obituary as 20 November 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=Hockey legend Charanjit Singh dies aged 92|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/hockey-legend-charanjit-singh-dies-aged-92-101643276511864.html|access-date=31 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>}} – 27 January 2022) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who was the captain of the team that won the gold medal at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]]. He was also a member of the team that won the silver medal at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rome]] and the [[1962 Asian Games]] in [[Jakarta]].

Singh was a recipient of the Indian government's [[Arjuna Award]] in 1963 and the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 1964.

== Early life ==
Singh was born on 3 February 1931 in [[Una district|Mairi]] Village in the Amb subdivision of [[Una district]] in present day [[Himachal Pradesh]] (then [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]]). Charanjit Singh was an alumnus of [[Col. Brown Cambridge School]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/hockey-legend-charanjit-singh-dies-aged-92-101643276511864.html|title=Hockey legend Charanjit Singh dies aged 92|date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/india-hockey-great-and-olympic-gold-medalist-charanjit-singh-dies-1905068-2022-01-27|title = India hockey great and Olympic gold medalist Charanjit Singh dies| date=27 January 2022 }}</ref> [[Dehradun]] and was exposed to hockey during his time there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Former Indian hockey team captain and Olympian Charanjit Singh dies|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/former-indian-hockey-team-captain-and-olympian-charanjit-singh-dies/articleshow/89151042.cms|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Singh graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree from the Government Agricultural College, [[Lyallpur]] (in modern-day Pakistan). During this time, he represented [[Panjab University]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=28 January 2022|title=Charanjit Singh, hockey captain who won back Olympic gold for India, passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/hockey-legend-charanjit-singh-dies-7744031/|access-date=30 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh started his career representing [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] and was picked for the Indian team in the early 1950s, playing as a midfielder (also referred to as center-half) in a team that included [[Leslie Claudius]], [[Keshav Dutt]], and [[Joseph Antic]], all playing in the midfield position.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=28 January 2022|title=Charanjit Singh, hockey captain who won back Olympic gold for India, passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/hockey-legend-charanjit-singh-dies-7744031/|access-date=30 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2022|title=Charanjit Singh will be remembered for his role in helping India regain its supremacy on the hockey field|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/charanjit-singh-will-be-remembered-india-hockey-7746534/|access-date=30 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Singh was the captain of the [[Indian hockey team]] that won the gold medal at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]]. He was also a member of the team that won the silver medal at the [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Hockey captain Charanjit Singh who got India 1964 Olympic gold dies at 92|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/hockey-captain-who-got-india-1964-olympic-gold-dies-at-92-364765|access-date=30 January 2022|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> He also represented India in two [[Asian Games]], including the [[1962 Asian Games]] in [[Jakarta]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He is credited with returning the gold medal to the Indian team in 1964, when earlier in both the 1962 Asian games and in the 1960 Olympics, the country had lost in the finals to Pakistan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Singh had missed the final against Pakistan due to an injury.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2022|title=Charanjit Singh will be remembered for his role in helping India regain its supremacy on the hockey field|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/charanjit-singh-will-be-remembered-india-hockey-7746534/|access-date=30 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 1964, under Singh's captaincy, the Indian team won a few tournaments leading up to the Olympics, and remained unbeaten in the Olympics, winning seven matches and drawing two, before defeating Australia 3-1 in the semifinals, and Pakistan, 1-0 in the finals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> In an editorial, the Indian newspaper, ''[[The Indian Express]]'', called Singh's style of play "crafty" and him a "member of the golden generation", referring to him and some of his peers including [[Balbir Singh Dosanjh]], [[Keshav Dutt]], and Balbir Singh Junior. The newspaper went on to note that he would be "remembered as one of the key men responsible for India regaining its supremacy on the hockey field".<ref name=":3" />

He was a recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1963 and the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 1964.<ref name=":1" />

After his retirement from the sport, he served as the [[Dean of students|dean of student welfare]] at [[Punjab Agricultural University]] and later at the Hisar Agricultural University, before going on to become the director of sports at [[Himachal Pradesh University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

== Personal life ==
Singh was married and had two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=Remembering Charanjit Singh, the hockey legend who led India to gold in 1964 Tokyo Olympics|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/obituary/remembering-charanjit-singh-the-hockey-legend-who-led-india-to-gold-in-1964-tokyo-olympics-12269702.htm|access-date=31 January 2022|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref> Singh died from a heart attack at his home in [[Una, Himachal Pradesh]], on 27 January 2022, seven days before his 91st birthday.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hockey legend Charanjit Singh dies|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/13077603_Hockey-legend-Charanjit-Singh-dies.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hockey Olympian Charanjit Singh passes away at 90|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/hockey-olympian-charanjit-singh-passes-away-364672|access-date=27 January 2022|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref> He had suffered a [[Paralysis|paralytic attack]] five years before his death.<ref name=":1" /> His wife had predeceased him 12 years earlier.<ref name=":5" />

==See also==
* [[Field hockey in India]]
* [[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1960 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1962 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1964 Summer Olympics}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Charanjit}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:People from Una district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

Shreela Flather, Baroness Flather

2026-04-12T12:04:48Z

UPMTaj45723: started initial stub w/ infobox.

{{Short description|British politician (1934–2024)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Baroness Flather
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DL}}
| image = Official portrait of Baroness Flather crop 2, 2019.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2019
| order =
| office1 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status1 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_label1 = [[Life peer]]age
| term_start1 = 11 June 1990
| term_end1 = 6 February 2024

| birth_name = Shreela Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|2|13|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|2|6|1934|2|13|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| profession = Teacher
| party = [[Crossbencher]] (formerly [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]])
| partner =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gary Flather]]||2017|end=his death}}
| children = [[Paul Flather]]
}}

'''Shreela Flather, Baroness Flather''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DL}} ({{nee|'''Rai'''}}; 13 February 1934 – 6 February 2024) was a British politician, teacher and [[life peer]].

==Politics==
Flather served as a Councillor from 1976 to 1991; as Deputy Mayor and as Mayor for the [[Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead]]; and as a [[Justice of the peace]] from 1971 to 1990.<ref name="OBV">{{cite web|url=http://www.obv.org.uk/our-communities/politicians-and-campaigners/level/profile-level-baroness-flather |title=Profile: On the Level with Baroness Flather |website=[[Operation Black Vote]] |date=13 February 1934 |accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref> She became a [[life peer]] for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative party]] on 11 June 1990 as '''Baroness Flather''', of [[Windsor and Maidenhead]] in the [[Royal County of Berkshire]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52169 |date=14 June 1990 |page=10541}}</ref> She was the first Asian woman to receive a peerage.<ref name="OBV"/> In 1998 she resigned as the Conservative [[whip (politics)|whip]] over the demotion of [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] for his actions to reduce the impact of the [[House of Lords Act 1999|1999 House of Lords Act]]. She rejoined the party in 1999, but left a second time in 2008, after which point she sat as a [[crossbencher]].<ref name="OBV"/>

Flather attended [[University College London Law Faculty|University College London]].

Flather was also at one time a teacher of [[English as a second language]] and a member of the Conservative Women's National Committee. Flather was recognised as Asian of the Year 1996. She had served senior posts in various organisations involved in refugee, community, race relations and prison work. She was also shortlisted for the [[Grassroot Diplomat]] Initiative Award in 2015 for her outspoken work on women's rights, and she remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who publication.<ref>{{cite news|title=Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who |url=http://www.grassrootdiplomat.org/whoswho/ |accessdate=27 April 2015 |work=Grassroot Diplomat |date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520125406/http://www.grassrootdiplomat.org/whoswho/ |archive-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref>

As a member of the [[House of Lords]], she gained attention for wearing a [[sari]] and for being among the first ethnic minorities in the house.

Flather was a distinguished supporter of [[Humanists UK]] and an honorary associate of the [[National Secular Society]]. She was one of the Vice Chairs of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group|publisher=British Humanist Association|url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/about/apphg|accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref> She lived in [[Maidenhead]].

Flather was patron of the UK population concern charity, [[Population Matters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://populationmatters.org/2011/news/baroness-shreela-flather-patron-population-matters/ |title=Baroness Shreela Flather becomes a Patron of Population Matters « Population Matters |accessdate=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125175550/http://www.populationmatters.org/2011/news/baroness-shreela-flather-patron-population-matters/ |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref> She had been a board member of [[Marie Stopes]] for 17 years.

Perhaps her most important contribution was to help create a memorial to the volunteers from the Indian Subcontinent, Africa and the Caribbean who fought with the British in two World Wars. These volunteers who number nearly 5 million had all but been forgotten. Her own father volunteered in the [[First World War]] and was a stretcher bearer in [[Mesopotamia campaign|Mesopotamia]]. The [[Memorial Gates]] stand on Constitution Hill near [[Hyde Park Corner]].

In September 2011 during a Parliamentary debate on [[welfare spending|welfare]], she singled out Bangladeshi and Pakistani immigrant communities in the United Kingdom and accused them having a large number of children in order to be able to claim welfare benefits.<ref name="Immigrants have children for benefits, says Asian peer">{{cite news| title=Immigrants have children for benefits, says Asian peer| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14909062| work=BBC News| date=14 September 2011| accessdate=14 September 2011}}</ref> She claimed the issue did not apply to British families of Indian origin as “they are like the Jews of old. They want their children to be educated.”<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|date=14 September 2011|title=Immigrants have children for benefits, says Asian peer|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-14909062|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> Her comments were not well-received by the government.<ref name="BBC News"/> Labour Party MP [[Michael Dugher]] later condemned her and said that her views were “ignorant” and unacceptable - she later admitted that her statement had “gone too far.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/indian-origin-tory-politician-baroness-flather-slammed-for-racist-slur-on-muslims-news-international-ml0lufigjebsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215315/http://www.sify.com/news/indian-origin-tory-politician-baroness-flather-slammed-for-racist-slur-on-muslims-news-international-ml0lufigjebsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Indian-origin Tory politician Baroness Flather slammed for racist |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>

Flather made further controversial comments in November 2012, when she defended Conservative election strategist [[Lynton Crosby]], during an incident in which he used an offensive term referring to Muslims at a meeting when he was working for [[Mayor of London]] [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Sparrow |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/nov/18/david-cameron-appoints-lynton-crosby |title=David Cameron appoints Lynton Crosby to run Tory election campaign | Politics |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> She said: "I don’t condone swearing, but Lynton is right to say it is pointless for the Conservatives to chase Muslim votes. They are all on benefits and all vote Labour."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/11/25/shreela-flather-lynton-crosby-muslim_n_2187647.html |title=Former Conservative Peer Shreela Flather: Muslims Are All On Benefits And Vote Labour |work=The Huffington Post |date=25 November 2012 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2015 she again was accused of bigotry for implying that consanguineous marriages, which are common in India and account for up to 23% of marriages in [[South India]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Santosh Kumar|last2=Kalam|first2=Mir Azad|last3=Ghosh|first3=Saswata|last4=Roy|first4=Subho|date=9 July 2020|title=Prevalence and determinants of consanguineous marriage and its types in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2015-2016|journal=Journal of Biosocial Science|volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=566–576|doi=10.1017/S0021932020000383|issn=1469-7599|pmid=32641190|s2cid=220438849 }}</ref> were uniquely problematic in the Pakistani community.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web|date=8 July 2015|title=Baroness Flather accused over views on marriages in Pakistani|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/baroness-flather-accused-bigotry-over-her-views-marriages-pakistani-community-10373492.html|access-date=9 May 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> She also called for a ban of [[Halal]] meats in the UK.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

==Family and personal life==
Daughter of [[Rai Bahadur]] Aftab Rai, of New Delhi, India, a barrister and diplomat, and Krishna Rai,<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1444</ref> Flather was the great-granddaughter of Sir [[Ganga Ram]],<ref>Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal, ''Harvest from the desert. The life and work of Sir Ganga Ram'', NCA, Lahore 2003 ISBD 969-8623-07-8 (reprint version) pg xvii</ref> a noted engineer, philanthropist and agriculturist during the late 19th century and early 20th century in [[Punjab, British India]] (now Pakistan). She was married to [[Gary Flather|Gary Denis Flather]] until his death in 2017. She had two sons from her first marriage, one of whom is [[Paul Flather]]. The Baroness's niece is [[Kesha Ram]], a member of the [[Vermont General Assembly|Vermont State Senate]].

Flather described herself as a "Hindu atheist". Broadly, she was an [[atheist]] with affinity to the most important sayings from the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and following them.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nigel Morris |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/baroness-flather-accused-of-bigotry-over-her-views-on-marriages-in-pakistani-community-10373492.html |title=Baroness Flather accused of 'bigotry' over her views on marriages in Pakistani community |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=7 July 2015 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> She was an honorary associate of the National Secular Society.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Secular Society Honorary Associates|url=https://secularism.org.uk/honorary-associates.html|website=National Secular Society|accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref>

Flather died on 6 February 2024, at age 89.<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/international/shreela-flather-trailblazing-british-indian-peer-passes-away-gen-3745149.html Sathish Raman, "Trailblazing British-Indian Peer Shreela Flather Passes Away at 89"], ''OneIndia'', 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024</ref>

==Honours and awards==
Honorary Doctor of Laws Leeds University, and Honorary Doctor of The Open University and Northampton University. Also Fellow of University College London.

[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the Pravasi Bhartiya Samman awardees for 2009, at the 7th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, in Chennai on January 09, 2009.jpg|thumb|Flather at award ceremony of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman along with President of India, other awardees]]

<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2011|title=Selection Process of Pravasi Bhartiya Samman Award|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011PR1283|access-date=16 February 2021|website=pibmumbai.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Country!! Award name!! Given by!! Field of Merit
|-
|2009||{{UK}}||[[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]||[[President of India]]||Academics
|-
|}

==Books==
''Woman Acceptable Exploitation For Profit'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-1-84995-002-2}}

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|escutcheon = ... couped at the shoulders Sable ducally crowned Or and issuant therefrom a long cap the top turned forward Sable.
|supporters = Dexter a bengal tiger Proper sinister a chinese dragon Or armed Gules each resting the interior hind foot on a bezant.
|motto = Dei Tutamen Tutus<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=2019}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{NPG name}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061112131306/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1995/4/1995-4-03.shtml Dharma-Has It Impacted The UK Political Scene?] Hinduism Today - April 1995
*[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/ms-shreela-flather/index.html Hansard records]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flather, Baroness Flather, Shreela}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British Hindus]]
[[Category:British atheists]]
[[Category:British humanists]]
[[Category:British critics of religions]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) councillors]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) mayors]]
[[Category:Councillors in Berkshire]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Berkshire]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Berkshire]]
[[Category:Politicians from Windsor, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Women councillors in England]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in England]]
[[Category:Alumni of the UCL Faculty of Laws]]

Prem Swaroop Pathak

2026-04-11T19:55:26Z

UPMTaj45723: Creating A Info

{{Short description|Indian politician based in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prem Swaroop Pathak
| image =
| native_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Budaun district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| constituency = [[Badaun Assembly constituency|Badaun]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2002
| predecessor = [[Jugender Singh]]
| successor = [[Vimal Krishna Agarwal]]
| spouse =
| children = [[Vagish Pathak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father =
| mother =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prem Swaroop Pathak''' is an Indian politician from [[Badaun Assembly constituency|Badaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]. He represented Badaun constituency seat from [[Budaun district|Badaun district]] in 1996 Legislative Assembly elections from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>[https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1996/budaun/prem-swaroop-pathak/ Prem Swaroop Pathak winner in Badaun - Latestly]</ref><ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/badaun-assembly-elections-up-115/ Badaun all Assembly Results]</ref><ref>[https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/badaun/story-special-contribution-of-youth-in-bringing-the-country-forward-prem-swaroop-pathak-4615120.html Contribution of youth in bringing the country forward: Prem Swaroop Pathak]</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/badaun/news/vagish-who-has-also-contested-parliamentary-elections-in-2014-is-the-son-of-former-mla-prem-swaroop-pathak-129530544.html Son of former MLA Prem Swaroop Pathak contested for Parliamentary elections]</ref><ref>[https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Budaun-in-Uttar-pradesh Badaun Vidhansabha assembly election results]</ref> and was also the former district president of BJP Badaun.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/after-10-years-bjp-turns-to-a-muslim-candidate/ After 10 years BJP turns to a Muslim candidate]</ref> Later he also nominated as candidate from [[Bisauli]] constituency in 2007,<ref>[https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=1405 Candidate Information 2007 - Myneta]</ref> but he lost the election in comparison to [[Umlesh Yadav]] from [[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal|RPD]].<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/bisauli-assembly-elections-up-112/ Bisauli elections runner up candidates]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Prem Swaroop}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Thirumanam (TV series)

2026-04-09T04:44:58Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Thirumanam serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| executive_producer =
| writer =
| director = Gopikanth
| starring = [[Shreya Anchan]] [[Sidhu Sid]] Sherin Jaanu [[Preethi Sharma]] Deepak Chinky
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 500
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|10|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|10|16|df=yes}}
| related =
| based_on = Marriage to Love
}}

'''''Thirumanam''''' ({{Translation}} "The Wedding") is an Indian [[Tamil language]] drama airing on [[Colors Tamil]]. It premiered on 8 October 2018 to 16 October 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/thirumanam-serial-cast/amp/|title = Thirumanam|date = 7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/139248-new-serial-thirumanam-gets-positive-response.html|title='திருமணம்'... கலர்ஸ் தமிழின் ஸ்டார் சீரியல்!|publisher=www.vikatan.com|access-date=2018-09-10|language=ta}}</ref> The show stars [[Shreya Anchan]] and [[Sidhu Sid]]. The series is a remake of [[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]], an Indian Kannada television drama that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] on 2 December 2013.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shreya Anchan]] as Janani Santhosh − Santhosh's wife
* [[Sidhu Sid]] as Santhosh − Janani's husband; Shakti's ex-lover

=== Recurring ===
* Sherin Jaanu as Shakti − Santhosh's ex-lover
* [[Preethi Sharma]] (2018 − 2020) as Anitha Naveen − Santhosh's younger sister-in-law; Janani's younger sister; Naveen's wife
** Vidhya Chandran (2020) as Anitha Naveen (replacement of [[Preethi Sharma]])
* Deepak Chinky as Naveen − Santhosh's younger brother; Anitha's husband
* Indumathy Manikandan as Maya − Santhosh's elder sister-in-law; Harish's wife
* Vedha Doss as Harish − Santhosh's elder brother; Maya's husband
* Sivalingam Babu as Srinivasan − Santhosh's father
* Reysha as Shwetha − Santhosh's younger sister
* Tina as Aarthi − Maya's younger sister
* Britto as Gautham − Santhosh's friend
* [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] as Lakshmanan − Janani's father
* Kiruba as Sumathi − Janani's mother
* Hari Krishnan as Vinodh − Janani's elder brother; Vaani's husband
* Rekha Angelina as Vaani − Janani's elder sister-in-law; Vinodh's wife
* Maithreya Rajasekar as Anand − Janani's cousin

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as himself<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/television/138376-colors-to-launch-new-serial-thirumanam.html|title=சூரியுடன் களமிறங்கும் 'திருமணம்' சீரியல்... 'கலர்ஸ் தமிழ்' சர்ப்ரைஸ்!|date=29 September 2018 |publisher=www.vikatan.com|access-date=2018-09-29|language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as marriage counselor
* [[Neelima Rani]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt10127968}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Kannada-language television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Jaswant Singh Gajjan Majra

2026-04-07T16:37:11Z

UPMTaj45723: Added Initial Bio Initial Version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Amargarh Assembly constituency|Amargarh]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
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| salary =
| cabinet =
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| awards = 
| blank1 =
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}}
'''Jaswant Singh Gajjan Majra''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Amargarh Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amargarh Election Results 2022 Live: Smit Singh Mann vs Jaswant Singh Gajjanamajra vs Ikabar Singh Jhoonda |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/amargarh-election-results-2022-live-smit-singh-mann-of-congress-vs-jaswant-singh-gajjanamajra-of-aap-vs-ikabar-singh-jhoonda-of-sad/2455726/ |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==MLA==
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
* Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities|Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Co-operation 2022">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Corruption and money laundering charges==
On November 6, 2023, the ED arrested Gajjan Majra from [[Amargarh Assembly constituency|Amargarh]] during a public meeting with party workers in [[Malerkotla]]. He was taken into custody under provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) in a case involving alleged bank fraud worth approximately ₹40–41 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit Kaur |title=Punjab AAP MLA arrested by Enforcement Directorate in bank fraud case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/punjab-aap-mla-jaswant-singh-arrested-enforcement-directorate-bank-fraud-case-2458827-2023-11-06 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=India Today |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The case revolves around alleged misuse of loans obtained for purposes other than those stated. The loans, taken between 2011 and 2014 by Tara Corporation Limited (later renamed Malaudh Agro Ltd.) and associated entities, were allegedly diverted to other companies, including Tara Health Food Ltd. Approximately ₹3.12 crore was transferred to the MLA’s personal accounts, and about ₹33.99 crore to related firms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra, the AAP MLA from Punjab arrested by ED? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jaswant-singh-gajjanmajra-aap-mla-punjab-arrested-ed-9020430/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On May 28, 2024, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] upheld the lawfulness of Majra’s arrest and remand, affirming compliance with Section 19(1) of the PMLA.<ref>{{cite news |title=No illegality in AAP MLA Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra's arrest: Punjab and Haryana high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/no-illegality-in-aap-mla-jaswant-singh-gajjanmajras-arrest-punjab-and-haryana-high-court/articleshow/110480852.cms |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=28 May 2024}}</ref> After nearly 11 months in custody, Majra was granted bail by the High Court on November 5, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP MLA Jaswant Singh Gajjan Majra को मिली राहत, 11 महीने बाद कोर्ट ने दी जमानत |url=https://dainiksaveratimes.com/punjab/aap-mla-jaswant-singh-gajjan-majra-gets-relief-court-grants-bail-after-11-months/ |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Amargarh Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Amargarh Assembly constituency|2022}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6InN0MHNrbWhtclFVT252MmtWZmp2aGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWJQd0ZjMGgzMGl5cVQ5dlZVckRSZz09IiwibWFjIjoiNjIzOTcwYjE0ZTU4YzdhODE2MDVhZGNjMDhmMjI4NWQyZTcxODAxYzhhNWU4NjdhNTk2MTI5MjA5MmMzZjM5ZCJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Amargarh
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Gajjan Majra, Jaswant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Malerkotla district]]

Shivaji I of Kolhapur

2026-04-06T01:28:47Z

UPMTaj45723: started new stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas from 1700 to 1708}}
{{distinguish|Shivaji I}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Shivaji II
|title=[[Maharaja|Maharaj]]
| caption = 20th century depiction of Shivaji II
| succession = [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|3 March 1700 – 12 January 1708}}
| predecessor = [[Rajaram I]]
| successor = [[Shahu I]]
| regent = [[Tarabai]]
| succession2 = [[Kolhapur State|Raja of Kolhapur]]
| reign2 = 1710 – 2 August 1714
| predecessor2 = Position established
| successor2 = [[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1696|6|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gingee Fort]], [[Maratha Kingdom]] {{small|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1726|3|14|1696|6|6|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Panhala Fort]], [[Maratha Kingdom]] {{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| spouse = Bhavani Bai<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thebetterindia.com/121097/rani-tarabai-warrior-queen-maratha-shivaji-aurangzeb-inspiring-woman/ | title=The Forgotten Story of Rani Tarabai, the Indomitable Warrior Queen of the Marathas | date=5 December 2017 }}</ref>
| issue = [[Rajaram II of Satara]] (disputed)
| father = [[Rajaram I]]
| mother = [[Tarabai]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsale]]
}}

'''Shivaji II''' (Shivaji Rajaram Bhonsale, {{IPA|mr|ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ɾaːd͡ʒaɾaːm ˈbʱos(ə)le}}; 9 June 1696 – 14 March 1726), was the fourth [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. He was the son of the Maratha Chhatrapati [[Rajaram I]], and his wife [[Tarabai]]. He later became the first [[Raja]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] assuming the title as '''Shivaji I of Kolhapur'''.
[[File:Samadhi of Shivaji I of Kolhapur 01.jpg|alt=Samadhi of Shivaji I of Kolhapur, Panhala Fort|left|thumb|Samadhi of Shivaji I of Kolhapur, Panhala Fort]]

== Biography ==
He was born in [[Bhonsle dynasty]]. Upon the death of his father, the infant Shivaji was installed as the Chhatrapati of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]] with his mother [[Tarabai]] serving as the regent in 1700. His cousin, [[Shahu I]] upon his release from the Mughals in 1707 successfully challenged Tarabai to become the next Chhatrapati.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=201–202}}</ref> Tarabai then set up a rival court in [[Kolhapur]]. Shivaji II served as Raja of [[Kolhapur]] from 1710 to 1714. At that time, he was once again deposed by his step-mother Rajasbai who installed her own son, Sambhaji II on the Kolhapur throne. Shivaji died of smallpox on 14 March 1726.<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kolhapur.html Kolhapur State]</ref>

== Alleged posthumous son ==
When Shahu, without a male heir to succeed to his throne, wanted to adopt a son, Tarabai disclosed in late 1740s that Shivaji II posthumously became father of a son called [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]] who was brought up by Nimbalkars of Phaltan, for his own protection. Shahu adopted Rajaram II who succeeded Shahu as the Chhatrapati following Shahu's death. Due to political strife between Peshwa and Tarabai, in order to delegitimise Peshwa's authority which drew from Satara Chhatrapati's own legitimacy in 1752, Tarabai made a show of oath that [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]] was an imposter and not her grandson.<ref name="BP_2000">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA30|title=Issues in Modern Indian History|publisher=Popular|year=2000|isbn=9788171546589|editor=Biswamoy Pati|page=30}}</ref> However this oath was withdrawn and Ramaraja's caste purity was asserted in public by openly dining with other Maratha lords.<ref>Later Medieval India: A History of the Mughals By Awadh Bihari Pandey 1963, pg 323 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kAghAAAAMAAJ&q=ramaraja+meal+raghuji]</ref> Ramaraja was later arrested by Tarabai and kept under house arrest until her death in 1761.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Chhattrapati Rajaram]] |
title=(nominal) [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]| years=1700–1707 |
after= [[Chhattrapati Shahu]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = Newly established
| title = [[Raja]] of [[Kolhapur]]
| years = 1710–1714
| after = [[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Shivaji}}
{{Maratha Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivaji 02 Of Satara}}
[[Category:1696 births]]
[[Category:1726 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Satara]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]
[[Category:Deaths from smallpox in India]]

Rituparno Ghosh

2026-04-04T17:18:28Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|Indian film director, actor, writer, and lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rituparno Ghosh
| image = Rituparno.jpg
| caption = Ghosh at [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] festival in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1963|8|31}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2013|5|30|1963|8|31}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| other_names= Ritu
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|actor|writer|lyricist}}
| works =
| years_active = 1992–2013
| awards =
}}
[[File:Rituparno Main.jpg|Bengali award-winning film director Rituparno Ghosh, charcoal on paper by [[Amitabh Mitra]]|thumb|right]]
'''Rituparno Ghosh''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈritupɔɾno ɡʱoʃ|lang|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-ঋতুপর্ণ ঘোষ.wav}}; 31 August 1963 – 30 May 2013) was an Indian [[film director]], [[actor]], writer and lyricist.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/may/30/rituparno-ghosh-indian-film-director-dies | title = Rituparno Ghosh: Indian film director dies age 49 | work = The Guardian | date = 30 May 2013 | access-date = 30 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131113090911/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/may/30/rituparno-ghosh-indian-film-director-dies | archive-date = 13 November 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> After pursuing a degree in economics, he started his career as a creative artist at an advertising agency. He received recognition for his second feature film ''[[Unishe April]]'' which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]. Having won 19 National Awards, along with his contemporaries [[Aparna Sen]] and [[Goutam Ghose]], Rituparno heralded contemporary [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] to greater heights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno, tender as night: Raja Sen salutes the talent|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/rituparno-tender-as-night-raja-sen-salutes-the-talent/20130530.htm|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Rediff|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607095249/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/rituparno-tender-as-night-raja-sen-salutes-the-talent/20130530.htm|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rituparno Ghosh, trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema, dies">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh, trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema, dies|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39627997_1_rituparno-ghosh-chokher-bali-national-film-award|access-date=30 May 2013|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608082614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39627997_1_rituparno-ghosh-chokher-bali-national-film-award|archive-date=8 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ghosh died on 30 May 2013 in Kolkata after a heart attack.<ref name="TOI Rituparno Ghosh, national award winning filmmaker, dies" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/home-and-world |title=Rituparno Ghosh's canvas was both intimate and profoundly cinematic |access-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725025412/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/home-and-world |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghosh was one of the openly [[homosexual]] personalities in Indian cinema.

Ghosh was influenced by the works of [[Satyajit Ray]] and was an avid reader of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Tagore's works are frequently referenced to in his films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/how-rituparno-ghosh-s-chitrangada-challenged-bengali-middle-class-morality-118090701111_1.html|title=How Rituparno Ghosh's Chitrangada challenged Bengali middle-class morality|first=Uttaran Das|last=Gupta|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 September 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref> He also made a documentary titled ''Jeevan Smriti'' on the life of Tagore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rituparnos-jeevan-smriti-shows-the-tagore-of-flesh-and-blood/cid/398865|title=Rituparno's Jeevan Smriti shows the Tagore of flesh and blood|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/10/stories/2009071050070300.htm |title=Cinema Plus / Film Review : Mixed recipe lacks punch |date=10 July 2009 |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106021626/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/10/stories/2009071050070300.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his career spanning almost two decades, he won 12 national and numerous international awards.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Rituparno Ghosh {{!}} Times of India Entertainment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rituparno-Ghosh/awards|access-date=2021-12-10|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> His unreleased Bengali movie ''Sunglass'' (also known as ''Taak Jhaank'') was honoured and released at the [[19th Kolkata International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/home-right/story/rituparno-ghoshs-unreleased-movie-to-open-kolkata-film-fest-214958-2013-10-20 |title=Rituparno Ghosh's Taak Jhaank to open Kolkata Film fest : Home Right, News |work=India Today |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123170042/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno-ghoshs-unreleased-movie-to-open-kolkata-film-fest/1/317254.html |archive-date=23 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/rituparno-ghosh-wanted-to-cast-dev-in-one-of-his-films/articleshow/78572156.cms|title=Rituparno Ghosh wanted to cast Dev in one of his films!|work=Times Of India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rituparno Ghosh was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family on 31 August 1963 in [[Kolkata]]. His birth name was Souranil Ghosh. His father, Sunil Ghosh, was a documentary film maker and painter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rituparno Ghosh biography|url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/rituparnoghosh.shtml|publisher=Calcutta Web|access-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609050638/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/rituparnoghosh.shtml|archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> He completed his schooling at [[South Point School (India)|South Point School]], and earned a degree in economics from the [[Jadavpur University]], Kolkata.<ref name="NDTV Rituparno Ghosh: Bengal's brave, young director">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh: Bengal's brave, young director|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/rituparno-ghosh-bengal-s-brave-young-director-373126|access-date=30 May 2013|publisher=NDTV|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530150731/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/rituparno-ghosh-bengal-s-brave-young-director-373126|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He also had a master's degree in economics from the same university. He was one of the few openly [[LGBT]] figures in Indian cinema and is considered an icon of the queer community of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/renowned-indian-filmmaker-gay-icon-rituparno-ghosh-dies-49-1284615|title=Renowned Indian Filmmaker And Gay Icon Rituparno Ghosh Dies at 49|last=Ghosh|first=Palash|work=International Business Times|date=30 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531155725/http://www.ibtimes.com/renowned-indian-filmmaker-gay-icon-rituparno-ghosh-dies-49-1284615|archive-date=31 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rituparno-ghoshs-passing-away-a-great-loss-to-lesbian-gay-bisexual-community-onir/1122764/|title=Rituparno Ghosh's passing away a great loss to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual community: Onir|work=The Indian Express|date=30 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607145330/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rituparno-ghoshs-passing-away-a-great-loss-to-lesbian-gay-bisexual-community-onir/1122764|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1841763/report-rituparno-ghosh-an-icon-for-lgbt-community|title=Rituparno Ghosh, an icon for LGBT community|work=DNA India|last=Moitra|first=Sumit|date=31 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607165629/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1841763/report-rituparno-ghosh-an-icon-for-lgbt-community|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Advertising==
Before his career in film, Rituparno Ghosh worked at the Response India advertising agency and became known as an especially effective copywriter in Kolkata. He was particularly noted for composing succinct, appealing one-liners and slogans for ad campaigns in Bengali during the 1980s. At the time, the trend in Kolkata was to translate all-India advertisement campaigns originally composed in English and Hindi into Bengali. Ghosh won recognition for his ability to initiate campaigns in Bengali. Among his noted ad campaigns were ''Sharad Samman'' and ''Bongo Jiboner Ango'' for the antiseptic ointment, [[Boroline]], and others for Frooti, the largest-selling mango drink in India. Some commentators noted that his power to appeal to consumers through ad campaigns helped make his films appealing to wider audiences, particularly to middle class Bengalis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abohomaner dake sara dite biday Rituparno-er|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|date=31 May 2013}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh's jumpcut from fleeting ad films to meaningful cinema|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/kolkata/39654690_1_rituparno-ghosh-ad-agency-arekti-premer-golpo|access-date=31 May 2013|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616112155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/kolkata/39654690_1_rituparno-ghosh-ad-agency-arekti-premer-golpo|archive-date=16 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1990, Rituparno received his first break in documentary filmmaking when his own agency, Tele-Response, a member of the Response family of companies, was commissioned to make a documentary on Vande Mataram for Doordarshan.

==Film career==

=== Direction ===

==== 1992–2003 ====
[[File:Rituparno Ghosh at the audio release of Noukadubi.jpg|thumb|Rituparno Ghosh (left) with [[Subhash Ghai]] (right) and [[Debojyoti Mishra]] (behind) at the audio release of ''Noukadubi'']]
Ghosh made his directorial debut in the feature film ''[[Hirer Angti]]'' which was released in 1992, a family-friendly film<ref name="Shocked Kolkata bids a tearful adieu to filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh" /> based on a novel written by [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]] about inheritance and conjuring tricks, and starring [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Basanta Choudhury]], and others<ref name="Live Mint Rituparno Ghosh, a film-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh, a film-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker-Rituparno-Ghosh-49-dies-of-cardiac-arrest.html|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Live Mint|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607041454/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker-Rituparno-Ghosh-49-dies-of-cardiac-arrest.html|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

His second film, ''Unishe April'', starring [[Aparna Sen]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Dipankar De]]y, with a soundtrack composed by Jyotishka Dasgupta, was released in 1994, and won two National Film Awards in 1995, including Best Feature Film. It portrayed the relationship of an award-winning dancer and her emotionally abandoned daughter, who aspires to be a doctor.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" /> This film received both critical acclaim and commercial success.<ref name="TOI Rituparno Ghosh, national award winning filmmaker, dies" /> His next film, ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]'', released in 1997. won Ghosh the National Film Award for Best Screenplay<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh, National Award-winning filmmaker, dies|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno-ghosh-national-award-winning-filmmaker-dies-373092|access-date=30 May 2013|publisher=NDTV|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183300/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno-ghosh-national-award-winning-filmmaker-dies-373092|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Dahan'' was based on the true story of a woman who was molested on a street in Kolkata, and of another woman, a witness who came forward to bring legal action against the perpetrators, but became frustrated by the callousness of society, including the victim's family.<ref name="India Today Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49">{{cite news|title=Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rituparno-ghosh-passes-away-164926-2013-05-29|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530083626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno-ghosh-passes-away/1/273799.html|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Bariwali]]'', released in 2000, starring Kirron Kher, Rupa Ganguly and Chiranjeet Chakraborty, portrayed a lonely and withdrawn middle-aged woman ([[Kirron Kher]]) who rents out her large house for film production and fantasises about the charming and very much married director, who flirts with her but, predictably, disappoints her. Kher won National Film Award for Best Actress. In the 1999 film ''Asukh'', Ghosh dealt with the relationship between a young film star and her father who must depend unwillingly on his daughter's earnings. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" />

Ghosh won the National Award for Best Direction for ''[[Utsab]]'', released in 2000. The film dealt with the decadence of a large family whose members now live away from the ancestral home, and meet only during the traditional [[Durga puja]] held on the premises. The 2002 film ''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]'' was another narrative about a mother-daughter relationship—the teenage daughter has a crush on an older film star who, years ago, had an affair with the mother.<ref name="Live Mint Rituparno Ghosh, a film-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49" /><ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" />

The 2003 film ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]'', a [[whodunit]] based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s book, ''[[The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side]]'', starred the veteran actresses [[Rakhee Gulzar|Rakhee]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], alongside [[Nandita Das]], in major roles. The same year, Ghosh released his film ''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]'', based on a novel written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], in which Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai worked with the director for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Variety acclaims Chokher Bali|url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13571369|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Sify|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002206/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13571369|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== 2004–2013 ====

In 2004, Ghosh's first Hindi film, ''[[Raincoat (film)|Raincoat]]'', an adaptation of the short story, [[The Gift of the Magi]] (1906), by [[O. Henry]] was released. In this film he worked with Aishwarya Rai again. The shooting of the film was completed in 17 days.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" /> This film received National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi award.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rituparno-ghoshs-glorious-cinematic-journey-164945-2013-05-29|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004059/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey-of-rituparno-ghosh-from-raincoat-to-chokher-bali.../1/273822.html|archive-date=17 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later adapted in English by Mithaq kazimi.
[[File:Rituparno Ghosh and Amitabh Bachchan at the set of The Last Lear.jpg|thumb|left|Rituparno Ghosh with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (right) at the set of ''The Last Lear'']]
In 2005 the Bengali film, ''Antar Mahal'' was released. The film was set in British India and revolved around a land-owning or zamindari family. [[Jackie Shroff]] played the Zamindar. [[Soha Ali Khan]] and [[Roopa Ganguly]] played the Zaminder's wives.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" />

Ghosh's 2007 film, ''[[The Last Lear]]'', revolved around the life of a retired Shakespearean theatre actor, with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the lead role,<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" /> and with [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Arjun Rampal]] playing supporting roles.<ref name="DNA Rituparno Ghosh: Trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema" />

The 2008 film, ''Khela'', was [[Manisha Koirala]]'s debut film in Bengali cinema.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" /> Later the same year, ''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]'', starring [[Bipasha Basu]] and Prosenjit, was released, and won the National Award for Best Film in Bengali.

In 2009, Ghosh's film ''[[Abohomaan]]'', starring [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]], Dipankar Dey, and Mamata Shankar, was released, and won him the [[National Film Award (India)|National film award]] for Best Director in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] for this film.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" />

Just before he died, he had finished production work on his last film, ''Satyanweshi'', based on Bengali detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]].<ref name="NDTV Rituparno Ghosh: Bengal's brave, young director" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh wrapped up Satyanweshi shoot before death|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno-ghosh-wrapped-up-satyanweshi-shoot-before-death-827755.html|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=First Post|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004757/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno-ghosh-wrapped-up-satyanweshi-shoot-before-death-827755.html|archive-date=2 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Acting career ===

Rituparno Ghosh made his first screen appearance in an [[Oriya language|Oriya]] film, ''Katha Deithilli Ma Ku'', which was directed by Himanshu Parija and released in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh's first, an Oriya film|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-06/did-you-know-/31160231_1_filmmaker-rituparno-ghosh-bengali-filmmaker-oriya-film|access-date=10 November 2012|date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-06/did-you-know-/31160231_1_filmmaker-rituparno-ghosh-bengali-filmmaker-oriya-film|archive-date=5 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, he acted in two Bengali films— ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]'' directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]], which dealt with queer relationships,<ref>{{cite news|title=Arekti Premer Golpo (Bengali)|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270018|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Outlook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601010438/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270018|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Memories in March]]'' directed by [[Sanjoy Nag]].

''Chitrangada'' (2012) was Ghosh's last film to be released. Loosely based on Rabindranath Tagore's work 'Chitrangada',<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey" /> this film received the special jury award at the 60th National Film Awards.<ref name="DNA Rituparno Ghosh: Trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh: Trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841485/report-rituparno-ghosh-trailblazer-of-new-wave-bengali-cinema|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608024505/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841485/report-rituparno-ghosh-trailblazer-of-new-wave-bengali-cinema|archive-date=8 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other activities ==

=== Television ===

Rituparno Ghosh hosted two celebrity chat shows, ''Ebong Rituporno'' on [[ETV Bangla]] and ''Ghosh & Co.'' on [[Star Jalsha]]. He was the scriptwriter of ''[[Gaaner Opare]]''.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh — It's never gonna be the same again!" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Ghosh & Co.|date=16 November 2008 |url=http://kolkatacurry.blogspot.in/2008/11/ghosh-co.html|publisher=Kolkata Curry|access-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403011507/http://kolkatacurry.blogspot.in/2008/11/ghosh-co.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I don't think I am doing anything illegal.|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081207/jsp/7days/story_10216903.jsp|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513180130/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081207/jsp/7days/story_10216903.jsp|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ghosh had planned a 13-episodes long television series based on [[Miss Marple]], featuring the character of Ranga Pishima from his film, ''Shubho Mahurat''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rituparno-Ghoshs-Ranga-Pishima-to-hit-small-screen-soon/articleshow/20395380.cms | title=Rituparno Ghosh's Ranga Pishima to hit small screen soon | work=Times of India | date=3 June 2013 | access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> Titled ''Tahar Namti Ranjana'', it remained unfinished on his death. Star Jalsha telecasted the only finished episode from the planned series posthumously in June 2013.<ref name="taharnamtiranjana">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Ranga-Pishima-to-come-alive-through-Tahar-Namti-Ranjana/articleshow/20571937.cms | title=Ranga Pishima to come alive through Tahar Namti Ranjana | work=Times of India | date=13 June 2013 | access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Rituparno Ghosh has not left us: Prosenjit | work=Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparno-ghosh-has-not-left-us-prosenjit/articleshow/69059466.cms|date=26 April 2019 | access-date=27 September 2019 | author=Sen, Zinia}}</ref>

=== Literary career ===

Rituparno Ghosh was the editor of the Bengali film magazine, ''[[Anandalok]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/interviews/bird-dusk-irreplaceable-rituparno-ghosh|title=Bird of Dusk and the irreplaceable Rituparno Ghosh: 'He was trying to stand apart'|work=[[British Film Institute]]|date=18 June 2018 }}</ref> from 1997 to 2004. He was also the editor<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bengali-features/remembering-the-life-and-times-of-rituparno-ghosh/|title=Remembering The Life and Times of Rituparno Ghosh|work=filmcompanion.in|date=31 August 2018 }}</ref> of ''Robbar'' magazine of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in//index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/10874/remembering-rituparno-ghosh-nothing-is-permanent|title=Remembering Rituparno Ghosh: "Nothing is Permanent"|work=thecitizen.in|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225112/http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/10874/remembering-rituparno-ghosh-nothing-is-permanent|url-status=dead}}</ref> from 2006 till his death.

==Death==

Rituparno suffered from [[diabetes mellitus type 2]] for ten years, and [[pancreatitis]] for five years.<ref name="Shocked Kolkata bids a tearful adieu to filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh" /> He experienced [[insomnia]] and had been taking medication for it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh: It was the heart that bled|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654673_1_rituparno-ghosh-cardiac-arrest-pancreatitis|access-date=31 May 2013|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614095615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654673_1_rituparno-ghosh-cardiac-arrest-pancreatitis|archive-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Rajiv Seal of Fortis Hospitals, who had been his physician for almost two decades, Rituparno was also facing complications from hormone treatments after abdominoplasty and breast implants operations <ref name="Shocked Kolkata bids a tearful adieu to filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh">{{cite news|title=Shocked Kolkata bids a tearful adieu to filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39655015_1_film-industry-mamata-banerjee-bengali|access-date=31 May 2013|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628060437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39655015_1_film-industry-mamata-banerjee-bengali|archive-date=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ghosh died at his Kolkata residence on 30 May 2013, following a massive heart attack. His attendants, Dileep and Bishnu, found him lying unconscious in bed. Nilanjana Sengupta, wife of actor Jisshu Sengupta, sent for Nirup Mitra, who declared Ghosh dead.<ref name="Tollywood mourns loss of Rituparno Ghosh">{{cite news|title=Tollywood mourns loss of Rituparno Ghosh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39628013_1_dileep-cinema-tollywood|access-date=30 May 2013|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39628013_1_dileep-cinema-tollywood|archive-date=9 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ghosh was 49 years old.<ref name="TOI Rituparno Ghosh, national award winning filmmaker, dies">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh, national award winning filmmaker, dies|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39627581_1_rituparno-ghosh-chokher-bali-asukh|access-date=30 May 2013|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608082547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39627581_1_rituparno-ghosh-chokher-bali-asukh|archive-date=8 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many Bengali film actors and directors went to Ghosh's residence to pay tribute. In the afternoon his body was taken to [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]] and kept outside the Nandan complex for some time to allow his fans to see him one last time. Thousands of people came to Nandan to pay homage.<ref name="Shocked Kolkata bids a tearful adieu to filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh" /> Then his body was taken to Tollygunge Technician Studios, where West Bengal's Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] spoke of him in tribute.<ref name="Shocked Kolkata bids a tearful adieu to filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh" /><ref name="Mamata reaches technician studios alongside Rituparno's cortege" /> From Tollygunge, Ghosh's body was taken to Siriti cremation ground where his funeral took place.<ref name="Mamata reaches technician studios alongside Rituparno's cortege">{{cite news|title=Mamata reaches technician studios alongside Rituparno's cortege|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/live-mamata-reaches-technician-studios-alongside-rituparnos-cortege-827065.html|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=First Post|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> He was given gun salute by Kolkata Police before cremation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh cremated as Kolkata bids tearful goodbyeRituparno Ghosh cremated as Kolkata bids tearful goodbye|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rituparno-ghosh-cremated-in-kolkata-165038-2013-05-30|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531081008/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno-ghosh-cremated-in-kolkata/1/277625.html|archive-date=31 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh dies: Gun salute before cremation|url=http://www.ndtv.com/blog/show/rituparno-ghosh-dies-gun-salute-before-cremation-373122|access-date=31 May 2013|publisher=NDTV|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611102653/http://www.ndtv.com/blog/show/rituparno-ghosh-dies-gun-salute-before-cremation-373122|archive-date=11 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Reactions and tributes ===

; Bengali film industry
Bengali actor [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] said "I cannot believe that Rituparno is no more. It is very difficult to accept this news. We lost a very promising film director at a very early age."<ref>{{cite news|title=Renowned filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh dies|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/renowned-filmmaker-rituparno-ghosh-dies/article4765457.ece|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607143642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/renowned-filmmaker-rituparno-ghosh-dies/article4765457.ece|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], who acted in Ghosh's ''Titli'' and ''Dosar'', said that Ghosh's death was a great personal loss for her.<ref name="India Today Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49" /> Actor [[Arindam Sil]] requested to observe the day as a day of national mourning.<ref name="Tollywood mourns loss of Rituparno Ghosh" /> [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] said he was speechless after getting the news.<ref name="Tollywood mourns loss of Rituparno Ghosh" /> [[Rituparna Sengupta]] described Ghosh as a creative genius who had enriched the Bengali film industry emotionally and culturally.<ref name="Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh" />

; Bollywood film industry
[[Amitabh Bachchan]] remembered Ghosh as the only director who had worked with every member of the Bachchan family. He tweeted, "Ghosh was a sensitive artistic minded gentle human being."<ref>{{cite news|title=Amitabh Bachchan tweets in memory of Rituparno Ghosh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39655199_1_rituparno-ghosh-amitabh-bachchan-the-last-lear|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616032012/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39655199_1_rituparno-ghosh-amitabh-bachchan-the-last-lear|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> For actress [[Bipasha Basu]] it was heartbreaking news, difficult to believe.<ref name="Tollywood mourns loss of Rituparno Ghosh" /> Film director [[Shyam Benegal]] said, Ghosh's death was a "huge tragedy".<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh cremated with full state honours|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/rituparno-ghosh-cremated-with-full-state-honours-373153|access-date=31 May 2013|publisher=NDTV|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530184619/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/rituparno-ghosh-cremated-with-full-state-honours-373153|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Soha Ali Khan]] described Ghosh as one in the vanguard of Bengali cinema who created a link between Satyajit Ray and a new school of Bengali filmmakers.<ref name="Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh" /> To [[Arjun Rampal]], Ghosh was "a master of his craft" and a wonderful man.<ref name="Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh" /> Actress [[Kirron Kher]] remembered his childlike wonder and added, "In the film world, which is replete with ignorant people, Ritu was a very well-read man. He had a library of his own and would study religiously. His knowledge was unparalleled."<ref name="Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh" />

;International film industry
The Indian consulate in Bangladesh held a retrospective and Afghan-American director Mithaq Kazimi wrote his reactions via his personal blog and commented on Ghosh's influence beyond India on a number of newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through Her Eyes {{!}} KDK FACTORY|url=https://www.kdkfactory.com/en/through-her-eyes/|access-date=2021-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cinematic vision ==

Rituparno Ghosh was one of the most acclaimed film directors of India, and was himself an admirer of [[Satyajit Ray]]. His films glorified womanhood and closely and sensitively portrayed women's lives, feelings and sufferings.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh, trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema, dies" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Dharmarajan|first=Geeta|title=Katha Prize Stories – 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7o4yFszmMjMC&pg=PA278|access-date=31 May 2013|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-87649-70-0|pages=278–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107155818/http://books.google.com/books?id=7o4yFszmMjMC&pg=PA278|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Bollywood actor [[Anupam Kher]], Ghosh had wonderful understanding of the female psyche.<ref name="Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh">{{cite news|title=Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654486_1_rituparno-ghosh-rituda-chokher-bali|access-date=31 May 2013|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610083840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654486_1_rituparno-ghosh-rituda-chokher-bali|archive-date=10 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> In his last films he addressed issues of homosexuality and gender.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh, trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema, dies" />

An article in the newspaper ''[[Live Mint]]'' categorised Ghosh's cinematic career in three phases: In his early films, he tried to portray Bengali middle-class lives, their aspirations and desires;<ref name="Live Mint Rituparno Ghosh, a film-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49" /> in the second phase, he mainly worked with Bollywood actors and made films in Hindi and English as well as Bengali;<ref name="Live Mint Rituparno Ghosh, a film-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49" /> in the third and the last phase his movies mainly dealt with sexuality.<ref name="Live Mint Rituparno Ghosh, a film-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49" />

Rituparno Ghosh had deep interests in the classics and made multiple films of Rabindranath Tagore's works. According to film-maker [[Goutam Ghose]]—<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh: A trailblazer" />
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|thumb|Rituparno Ghosh was a researcher and admirer of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (pictured).]]
{{blockquote|His films, with their sensitive portrayal of human relationships, anguish, trauma and love in a fast-changing, post-liberalisation India charmed audiences. His brilliant story-telling reflected contemporary society like never before. While his death creates a tremendous void that can never be filled, Rituparno's work blazed a trail that has paved the way for an entire generation of filmmakers who have dared to be different. It was Rituparno who gave them the courage. ... ... He looked at ordinary middle-class relationships from an angle that had never been explored. For example, the mother-daughter relationship in 'Unishe April' was refreshing, yet realistic in a society that was going through churning.}}
Goutam Ghose also felt that Rituparno Ghosh was the best film director of his generation.<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh: A trailblazer">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh: A trailblazer for a new generation|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/india/39655113_1_rituparno-ghosh-best-filmmaker-research-scholar|access-date=31 May 2013|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610084639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/india/39655113_1_rituparno-ghosh-best-filmmaker-research-scholar|archive-date=10 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
He directed and as well as acted in such films which tried to reject the concept that homosexual relationship is all about a physical relationship. He said in an interview in 2010— "There is much more to such relationships. Same-sex relationships, too, are extremely soulful, emotional and have the same pathos that any heterosexual relationship has."<ref name="Rituparno Ghosh — It's never gonna be the same again!">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh – It's never gonna be the same again!|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rituparno-ghosh-its-never-gonna-be-the-same-again/article4765783.ece|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Business Line|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165054/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rituparno-ghosh-its-never-gonna-be-the-same-again/article4765783.ece|archive-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali film director [[Mrinal Sen]] said that whenever he thought of direction, the name that came to mind was Rituparno Ghosh. According to Sen, Ghosh's contribution to Indian cinema will be remembered forever.<ref name="Memories of a Maverick Maker: Rituparno Ghosh" /> The independent film critic Saibal Chatterjee, in an article in The Hindu, described the way Ghosh mixed the literary traditions of Bengal with modern-day sensibility, thereby transcending the confines of region.<ref name="chatterjeehindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/a-gutsy-filmmaker-whose-craft-transcended-the-confines-of-region/article4765457.ece | title=A gutsy filmmaker whose craft transcended the confines of region | last=Chatterjee | first=Saibal | date=30 May 2013 | access-date=3 June 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608155312/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/a-gutsy-filmmaker-whose-craft-transcended-the-confines-of-region/article4765457.ece | archive-date=8 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Chatterjee praised Ghosh for his brave and empathetic treatment of "alternative sexuality" as actor in ''Arekti Premer Golpo'' and ''Memories in March'', and as director-actor in ''Chitrangada''.<ref name="chatterjeehindu"/>

=== Ghosh's exploration of Tagore's works ===

Ghosh was a researcher and admirer of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He made three films directly based on literary works of Rabindranath Tagore— ''Choker Bali'' (2003), ''Noukadubi'' (2010) and ''Chitrangada'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh's life in pics|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/rituparno-ghoshs-life-in-pics-/2823-5.html|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=31 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607063557/http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/rituparno-ghoshs-life-in-pics-/2823-5.html|archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> In the film ''Asukh'' (1999) Tagore played an invisible role.<ref name="Tagore's was a lonely journey, says Rituparno Ghosh">{{cite news|title=Tagore's was a lonely journey, says Rituparno Ghosh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news-interviews/33272242_1_rabindranath-tagore-kadambari-devi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616032156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news-interviews/33272242_1_rabindranath-tagore-kadambari-devi|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> In 2012, Ghosh made a documentary based on Tagore's autobiography, 'Jiban Smriti', for the Government of India Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rituparno's Rabindranath|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120724/jsp/entertainment/story_15762862.jsp#.UagpLdjT_Z9|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525022318/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120724/jsp/entertainment/story_15762862.jsp#.UagpLdjT_Z9|archive-date=25 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In an interview in August 2012, Ghosh spoke about Tagore— "What comes through is what a lonely man Tagore was – from childhood to old age. There is no one in his life to share even his success with him. It's the journey of a lonely traveller. What I haven't captured in the documentary is what a fun-loving, humorous man he could be. I show him as a profound thinker, a guru – but then this was perhaps necessary for an audience which is not at all familiar with Rabindranath."<ref name="Tagore's was a lonely journey, says Rituparno Ghosh" />

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Title
! rowspan="2"|Language
! colspan="3"|Role
! rowspan="2"|Notes
! rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! Direction
! Screenplay
! Acting
|-
| 1992
!''[[Hirer Angti]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| Directorial debut, based on [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]'s novel
|
|-
| 1994
!''[[Unishe April]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Actress]] – [[Debashree Roy]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1997
!''Bahanno Episode''
|Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|TV series
|
|-
!''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] – Rituparno Ghosh
*[[National Film Award for Best Actress]] – [[Indrani Halder]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1999
!''[[Bariwali]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
*[[National Film Award for Best Actress]] – [[Kirron Kher]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
|
|-
!''[[Asukh]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|
|-
|2000
!''[[Utsab]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction]]
|
|-
| 2001
!''Obhinoy''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|Telefilm
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rituparno Ghosh on His First Telefilm|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC9TSFKi8mI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/JC9TSFKi8mI |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|website=www.youtube.com| date=31 August 2018 |language=en|access-date=29 December 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
!''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2003
!''[[Shubho Mahurat]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Raakhee]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|
|-
!''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|
|- 2004
!''[[Raincoat (film)|Raincoat]]''
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2005
!''[[Antarmahal]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006
!''[[Dosar]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Awards – Special Jury Award]] – [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|-
!''Kuri Nombor Malatibala Lane''
|Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2007
!''[[The Last Lear]]''
|English
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Shefali Shah]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
!''[[Khela]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
!''[[Abohomaan]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
*[[National Film Award for Best Direction]] – Rituparno Ghosh
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Actress]] – [[Ananya Chatterjee]]
|
|-
! ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''
| Bengali
|
|
| {{Yes}}
| Directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]], dealt with queer relationship
|
|-
! ''[[Memories in March]]''
| English
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]]
|
|-
!''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''
| Hindi
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Cutting (2011)|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/ca/film661107.html|language=en|website=www.filmaffinity.com|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2010-11
!''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''
|Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Television series aired by [[Star Jalsha]]; aired 251 episodes.
|
|-
|2011
!''[[Noukadubi (2011 film)|Noukadubi]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| He dubbed for Amu Chatterjee
|
|-
| 2012
!''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish|Chitrangada]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Awards – Special Jury Award]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
!''Tahar Namti Ranjana''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| Unfinished 13-episodic television series reviving Ranga Pishima's character from ''Shubho Mahurat''. Star Jalsha telecasted the only finished episode posthumously.<ref name="taharnamtiranjana"/>
|
|-
! ''Jeevan Smriti: Selected Memories''
| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Documentary on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s life, produced by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rituparno-ghosh-s-last-film-on-dd/1155427/ |title=Rituparno Ghosh's last film on DD |date=16 August 2013 |work=Indian Express |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> Telecasted posthumously by [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20130807/282346857440878 |title=Celebrating Tagore |date=7 August 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
!''[[Satyanweshi (film)|Satyanweshi]]''
|Bengali
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|Released posthumously.
|
|-
!''[[Sunglass (film)|Sunglass]]''
|Hindi
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| Released posthumously at the 19th Kolkata International Film Festival inauguration in 2013.
|
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Award !! Year !! Film !! Category!! Status
|-
| rowspan="12"|[[National Film Awards]] || 1995|| Unishe April || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] || {{Won}}
|-
|1998 || ''Dahan'' || [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] and [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{Won}}
|-
|2000
| ''Asukh'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{Won}}
|-
| 2001 || ''Utsab'' || [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 2003 || ''Shubho Mahurat'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{Won}}
|-
| 2004 || ''Chokher Bali'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{Won}}
|-
| 2005 || ''Raincoat'' || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 2008 || ''The Last Lear'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English || {{Won}}
|-
| 2009 || ''Sob Charitro Kalponik'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || rowspan="2"|''Abohoman'' || [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] || {{Won}}
|-
| National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{Won}}
|-
| 2012 || ''Chitrangada'' || [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Awards – Special Jury Award]] || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | Bombay International Film Festival || 1999|| ''Asukh'' || [[FIPRESCI]] Prize (Special Mention) || {{Won}}
|-
| 2002 || ''Titli''|| [[FIPRESCI]] Prize (Jury Prize) || {{Won}}
|-
| 2003 || ''Shubho Mahurat'' || Best Indian film || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Berlin International Film Festival]] || 2000 || ''Bariwali'' || [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC Award]] || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Kalakar Awards || 1997 || ''Unishe April'' || 5th Kalakar Award for Best Director || {{Won}}
|-
| 2011 || ''Arekti Premer Golpo'' || 19th Kalakar Award for Best Actor || {{Won}}
|-
| Tele Cine Awards || 2011 || ''Arekti Premer Golpo''|| 11th Tele Cine Awards special award for Extraordinary Performance in an Exceptional Character|| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Pusan International Film Festival]] || 1996 || ''Unishe April''|| New Currents Award || {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Locarno International Film Festival]] || 2003 || ''Chokher Bali'' || Golden Leopard || {{Nom}}
|-
|2005 || ''Antarmahal'' || Golden Leopard || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] || 2005|| ''Antarmahal'' || Golden Crow Pheasant || {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] || 1998 || ''Dahan'' || Crystal Globe || {{Nom}}
|-
| 2004 || ''Raincoat'' || Crystal Globe || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Deauville Asian Film Festival]] || 2010 || ''Abohoman'' || Best film— Lotus || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Chicago International Film Festival]]
|| 2003 || ''Chokher Bali'' || Gold Hugo || {{Nom}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Anjan Das]]
*[[Subrata Sen]]
*[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
*[[Srijit Mukherji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0315916}}

{{Rituparno Ghosh}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Rituparno}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ film directors]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ actors]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Bhupinder Gujjar

2026-03-31T01:12:31Z

UPMTaj45723: started details

{{Short description|Indian professional wrestler (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Bhupinder Gujjar
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|names = Bhupinder Bhupinder Singh '''Bhupinder Gujjar'''
|height =
|weight =
|real_height =
|real_weight =
|birth_name = Bhupinder Singh Gujjar
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|12|04|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resides =
|billed = [[Punjab, India]]
|trainer = [[The Great Khali]] [[Scott D'Amore]]
|debut = 16 March 2019
|retired =
|website =
}}

'''Bhupinder Singh Gujjar''' (born 4 December 1994) is an Indian [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He is known for his time in [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA).

==Professional wrestling career==
===Early career (2019–2022)===
Gujjar trained under [[The Great Khali]] at Continental Wrestling Entertainment. He made his professional wrestling debut on 16 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siachenstudios.com/list/best-indian-wrestlers-of-all-time/ |title=10 Best Indian WWE Wrestlers Of All Time |work=Siachen Studios |language=en |accessdate=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807162335/https://siachenstudios.com/list/best-indian-wrestlers-of-all-time/|archive-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>

Gujjar made a single appearance under the ring name '''Bhupinder Singh''' as part of the Desi Hit Squad in 2019.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

===Impact Wrestling / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2022–2024)===
On the 3 February 2022 episode of ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact]]'', Gujjar, under his real name, made his Impact in-ring debut against John Skyler in a winning effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/impact-wrestling-23-results-kenny-king-arrives-bullet-club-action-more|title=Bhupinder Gujjar's Debut, ROH's Vincent In Action Set For 2/3 IMPACT Wrestling|first=Robert|last=Defelice|work=Fightful|date=3 February 2022|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> At [[Emergence (2022)|Emergence]] faced [[Brian Myers]] for the [[Impact Digital Media Championship]] and lost. After a controversial disqualification victory in a Digital Media Championship match against Gujjar,<ref name="Impact09082022">{{cite web|url=https://impactwrestling.com/2022/09/08/impact-on-axs-tv-results-september-8-2022/|title=IMPACT! on AXS TV Results: September 8, 2022|publisher=Impact Wrestling|author=IMPACT Wrestling Staff|date=8 September 2022|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814172947/https://impactwrestling.com/2022/09/08/impact-on-axs-tv-results-september-8-2022/|archive-date=14 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Myers would settle his feud with Gujjar by defeating him in a [[ladder match]] on the 22 September episode of ''Impact!''.<ref name="Impact09222022">{{cite web|url=https://impactwrestling.com/2022/09/22/impact-on-axs-tv-results-september-22-2022/|title=IMPACT! on AXS TV Results: September 22, 2022|publisher=Impact Wrestling|author=IMPACT Wrestling Staff|date=22 September 2022|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924161959/https://impactwrestling.com/2022/09/22/impact-on-axs-tv-results-september-22-2022/|archive-date=24 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Impact9222022">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/09/23/9-22-impact-wrestling-tv-results-moores-review-of-aussie-open-vs-motor-city-machine-guns-brian-myers-vs-bhupinder-gujjar-in-a-ladder-match-for-the-digital-media-title-knockouts-champi/|title=9/22 Impact Wrestling TV results: Moore's review of Aussie Open vs. Motor City Machine Guns, Brian Myers vs. Bhupinder Gujjar in a ladder match for the Digital Media Title, Knockouts Champion Jordynne Grace vs. Zicky Dice, Laredo Kid vs. Black Taurus vs. Mia Yim vs. Alex Zayne vs. Trey Miguel in a five-way|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=John|last=Moore|date=23 September 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924162340/https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/09/23/9-22-impact-wrestling-tv-results-moores-review-of-aussie-open-vs-motor-city-machine-guns-brian-myers-vs-bhupinder-gujjar-in-a-ladder-match-for-the-digital-media-title-knockouts-champi/|archive-date=24 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujjar left TNA upon the expiration of his contract on 31 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlezone.com/news/1531178-report-tna-talents-contract-expiring-soon|title=Report: TNA Talent’s Contract Expiring Soon|first=Colin|last=Tessier|publisher=Wrestlezone|date=30 December 2024}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''Chem Valley Wrestling'''
**CVW Championship (1 time, current)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=5157 |title=CVW Championship |work=Cagematch |language=en |accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref>
*'''[[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling|Impact/TNA Wrestling]]'''
**[[TNA Year End Awards|Impact Year End Awards]] (1 time)
*** One to Watch in 2023 (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://impactwrestling.com/2022/12/29/impact-on-axs-tv-results-december-29-2022/|title=IMPACT! on AXS TV Results: December 29, 2022|publisher=Impact Wrestling|author=IMPACT Wrestling Staff|date=29 December 2022|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230040201/https://impactwrestling.com/2022/12/29/impact-on-axs-tv-results-december-29-2022/|archive-date=30 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/josh-alexander-jordynne-grace-mike-bailey-more-win-2022-best-impact-awards-show|title=Josh Alexander, Jordynne Grace, Mike Bailey & More Win At The 2022 Best Of IMPACT Awards Show|first=Luis|last=Pulido|work=Fightful Wrestling|date=29 December 2022|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230050010/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/josh-alexander-jordynne-grace-mike-bailey-more-win-2022-best-impact-awards-show|archive-date=30 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**Ranked No. 298 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesportsgrail.com/pwi-500-2022-list-rankings-full-list-male-and-female-wrestlers/|title=PWI 500 2022 List Rankings Full List Male And Female Wrestlers|work=thesportsgrail.com|first=Abhishek|last=Dilta|date=16 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}

{{TNA Year End Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujjar, Bhupinder}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Expatriate professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]]

Mathura–Gangapur City–Kota section

2026-03-30T12:57:56Z

UPMTaj45723: started new location

{{Short description|Railway section in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox rail line
| name = Mathura–Gangapur City–Kota section
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
| linelength = approx. 325 km
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]] (Agra division) and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]] (Kota division)
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} broad gauge
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC 50 Hz]] OHE (fully electrified)
| tracks = Double line (third and fourth lines sanctioned/proposed)
| image = Bharatpur Junction railway station platform at night 04.jpg
| caption = [[Bharatpur Junction railway station]] is an important Railway Station on Mathura–Gangapur City–Kota section
| map = {{Mathura–Vadodara section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Mathura–Gangapur City–Kota section''' is an important railway section of the [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]]. It connects {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}} in Uttar Pradesh with {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}} in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways to Commission Additional Infrastructure Projects |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2150296&reg=3&lang=2 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

This section is one of the busiest stretches on the New Delhi–Mumbai corridor, handling both passenger and freight traffic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways to Commission Additional Infrastructure Projects |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2150296&reg=3&lang=2 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==Zones==

* Part of this section falls under '''Agra Division of North Central Railway'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kota division map |url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1357278577440-Kota_Map.pdf |publisher=West Central Railway |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
* Remaining portion is under '''Kota Division of West Central Railway'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kota division map |url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1357278577440-Kota_Map.pdf |publisher=West Central Railway |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==Major stations==

{| class="wikitable"
! Station !! Code
|-
| [[Mathura Junction railway station|Mathura Junction]] || MTJ
|-
| [[Bharatpur Junction railway station|Bharatpur Junction]] || BTE
|-
| [[Bayana Junction railway station|Bayana Junction]] || BXN
|-
| [[Hindaun City railway station|Hindaun City]] || HAN
|-
| [[Gangapur City Junction|Gangapur City Junction]] || GGC
|-
| [[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station|Sawai Madhopur Junction]] || SWM
|-
| [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]] || KOTA
|}

==Infrastructure==

The section is fully electrified with 25 kV AC overhead equipment.

Advanced safety system ''Kavach 4.0'' has been deployed and is moving towards commissioning on this route, as part of modernization and safety improvements on the Delhi–Mumbai corridor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways’ Kavach 4.0 on Mathura–Kota section, Delhi–Mumbai route |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/railways-kavach-4-0-on-mathura-kota-section-delhi-mumbai-route-11753883293390.html |publisher=Mint |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

''Kavach 4.0'' is ready for commissioning on the Mathura–Kota section, improving train protection and safety standards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kavach 4.0 ready for commissioning on Kota–Mathura section: Railway Minister |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/kavach-4-0-ready-for-commissioning-on-kota-mathura-section-railway-minister/ |publisher=News on Air |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

==Importance==

This section forms a vital component of the New Delhi–Mumbai main line, serving long-distance trains and freight traffic between the northern and western regions of India.

==See also==

* [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency

2026-03-28T05:42:55Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajarhat Gopalpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Rajarhat Gopalpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Aditi Munshi]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| constituency_no = 117
| established = 1962
| electors = 239,551
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Rajarhat-Gopalpur Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 117 Rajarhat-Gopalpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 6-11,15-19,22-26 of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] (Before 2015 Wards 7-9 & 14-27 of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation|Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality]]) and Ward Nos. 18 and 21-27 of [[South Dum Dum Municipality]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Rajarhat-Gopalpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> Rajarhat (SC) was also part of Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pranab Prasad Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. N. Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Rabindranath Mondal
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Khagendranath Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="5"|Rabindranath Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Tanmoy Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Rabindranath Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Purnendu Basu]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Aditi Munshi]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajarhat Gopalpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Aditi Munshi]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tarunjyoti Tewari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhajit Dasgupta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abu Taleb
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Rajarhat Gopalpur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aditi Munshi]]
|votes = 87,650
|percentage = 49.04
|change = +4.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 62,354
|percentage = 34.89
|change = +22.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subhajit Dasgupta
|votes = 24,511
|percentage = 13.71
|change = -26.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,258
|percentage = 1.26
|change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 178,723
|percentage = 69.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajarhat Gopalpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Purnendu Basu|Purnendu Bose]]
|votes = 72,793
|percentage = 44.30
|change = -15.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nepaldev Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 65,919
|percentage = 40.11
|change = +4.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Mitra
|votes = 19,683
|percentage = 11.97
|change = +9.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Dutta
|votes = 1,244
|percentage = 0.75
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shyamal Mondal
|votes = 895
|percentage = 0.54
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,780
|percentage = 2.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,874
|percentage = 4.19
|change = -19.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,314
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Purnendo Bose of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Robin Mondal of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Rajarhat Gopalpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=117| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507065016/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=117| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 7 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Rajarhat Gopalpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Purnendo Bose]]
|votes = 89,829
|percentage = 59.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rabindranath Mondal
|votes = 54,104
|percentage = 35.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoranjan Das
|votes = 3,837
|percentage = 2.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Paul
|votes = 785
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Purnendu Basu
|votes = 613
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jahar Roy
|votes = 603
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhijit Maity
|votes = 538
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 35,725
|percentage = 23.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 150,327
|percentage = 78.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1977–2006 Rajarhat===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Rabindranath Mandal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Rajarhat (SC) assembly seat defeating Tanmoy Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Tanmoy Mondal of Trinamool Congress defeated Rabindranath Mandal of CPI(M). Prior to that Rabindranath Mondal had won the seat five times in a row defeating Tanmoy Mondal representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Sukumar Roy of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Biswananda Naskar of Congress in 1987, Tanmoy Mondal of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Amalendu Sekhar Naskar of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp91.htm |title = 91 - Rajarhat (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1962–1972 Rajarhat===
Khagendranath Mondal of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Rabindranath Mondal of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> S.N.Das of CPI(M) won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Pranab Prasad Roy of CPI(M) won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the Rajarhat seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

List of National Democratic Alliance members

2026-03-24T07:34:27Z

UPMTaj45723: updated structure after review based on references

{{short description|Indian national Parliamentary group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

The '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]''' ('''NDA''') is an Indian national [[Parliamentary group]] in the [[country]] of [[India]]. It is the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led alliance founded by the former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in [[1998 Indian general election|1998]].
The NDA faced the general elections of [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] and [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] by having [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as the prime ministerial candidate, won both elections, and formed the government. In [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] under the leadership of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[2009 Indian general election|2009]], under the leadership of [[L. K. Advani]] as the prime ministerial candidate and lost both elections. In [[2014 Indian general election|2014]], [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] and [[2024 Indian general election|2024]] the alliance had [[Narendra Modi]] as its prime ministerial candidate, won the elections with a great majority, and formed the government.

== List of members ==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|'''Political party'''
!rowspan=2|'''Abbr'''
!rowspan=2|'''Flag'''
!rowspan=2|'''Election symbol'''
!rowspan=2|'''Leader'''
!colspan=2|'''Seats'''
!rowspan=3|'''Base'''
|-
![[Lok Sabha]]
![[Rajya Sabha]]
|-
!colspan=9|National party
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|BJP
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|75px]]
| [[Nitin Nabin]]
|{{Composition bar|240|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|103|245|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|[[List of political parties in India#National parties|National party]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|NPP
|[[File:NPP Flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|75px]]
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Shri Conrad Sangma.JPG|100px]] [[Conrad Sangma]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|[[List of political parties in India#National parties|National party]]
|-
!colspan=9|State party
|-
!{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|TDP
|[[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|75px]]
|[[File:The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg|100px]] [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|{{Composition bar|16|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|JDU
|[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Shri Nitish Kumar in Begusarai.jpg|100px]] [[Nitish Kumar]]
|{{Composition bar|12|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|245|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|[[Bihar]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
|LJPRV
| [[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|85 px]]
|
| [[File:Shri Chirag Paswan.jpg|100px]] [[Chirag Paswan]]
|{{Composition bar|5|543|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|[[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Nagaland]]
|-

!{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|AIADMK
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|75px]]
||[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|5|245|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}"|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|AJSUP
|[[File:ANSU Party flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Banana.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Sudesh Kumar Mahto 8912.JPG|100px]] [[Sudesh Mahto]]
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}"|
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|AINRC
|[[File:All India N.R. Congress.png|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Jug.svg|75px]]
|[[File:N Rangaswamy.jpg|100px]] [[N. Rangasamy]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}"|
|[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|ADS
|[[File:Apna dal Flag.svg|85px]]
|
|[[File:Anupriya Singh Patel with PM Modi in 2021.jpg|100px]] [[Anupriya Patel]]
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|AGP
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|75px]]
|[[File:Minister for Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Processing, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, UDD and Town & Country Planning, Assam, Shri Atul Bora calling on the Union Home Minister (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Atul Bora]]
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|[[Assam]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]
|HSPDP
|[[File:Hill State People's Democratic Party flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] K. P. Pangniang
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}"|
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
|IPFT
|[[File:Flag green yellow.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election symbol Dao.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Prem Kumar Reang]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|[[Tripura]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Janasena Party}}" |
|[[Janasena Party]]
|JSP
|[[File:Janasena Party Flag.png|85px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|100px]] [[Konidela Pawan Kalyan]]
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|JANASENA Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|JANASENA Party}}}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|JDS
|[[File:JD(S) Flag.png|85px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|Janata Dal Election Symbol|50px]]
|[[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|100px]] [[H. D. Dewe Gowda|H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}" |
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|MGP
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Sudin Dhavalikar]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|[[Goa]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|NPF
|[[File:Flag of the Naga People's Front.png|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|75px]]
|[[File:NeiphiuRio.jpg|100px]] [[Neiphiu Rio]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|[[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|NCP
|[[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|75px]]
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|245|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]] and [[Nagaland]]
|-
|{{party color cell| People's Party of Arunachal}}
|[[People's Party of Arunachal]]
|PPA
|
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|150px]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
|SHS
|[[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Shri Eknath Sambhaji Shinde.jpg|100px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|{{Composition bar|7|543|{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}" |
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|SKM
|[[File:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha flag.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Symbol SKM.png|75px]]
|[[File:Prem Singh Tamang, Chief Minister of Sikkim.jpg|100px]] [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}" |
|[[Tipra Motha Party]]
|TMP
|[[File:Flag of Tripura State.png|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Pineapple.png|75px]]
|[[File:Pradyot Bikram Manikya Debbarma.jpg|100px]] [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|[[Tripura]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|UDP
|[[File:UDP Meghalaya party flag on car.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Drums.png|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Metbah Lyngdoh]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| BPF
| [[File:BPF-Flag.svg|85px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Nangol.svg|75px]]
| [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
| [[Assam]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Unrecognised Party
|-
!{{party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]]
|AMMK
|[[File:Flag AMMK.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:AMMK SYMBOL PRESSURE COOKER.png|75px]]
|[[File:T. T. V. Dhinakaran.jpg|100px]] [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" |
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|PMK
|[[File:Pmk flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Pattali Makkal Katchi Ripe Mango Symbol.png|75px]]
|[[File:Anbumani Ramadoss in 2007 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}" |
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
|BDJS
|[[File:Bharath Dharma Jana Sena Flag.png|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Thushar Vellapally.png|100px]] Thushar Vellappally
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}}}
|[[Kerala]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam}}" |
|[[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam]]
|T20
|
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Sabu M Jacob.jpg|119x119px]] Sabu M. Jacob
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}}}
|[[Kerala]]
|
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Gorkha National Liberation Front}}" |
|[[Gorkha National Liberation Front]]
|GNLF
|[[File:Flag of Gurkhaland.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] Mann Ghising
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Gorkha National Liberation Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Gorkha National Liberation Front}}}}
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}" |
|[[Haryana Lokhit Party]]
|HLP
|[[File:Blank.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Ship Sign.png|75px]]
|[[File:Gopal Kanda.jpg|100px]] [[Gopal Kanda]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}}}
|[[Haryana]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}"|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
|HAM
|[[File:Hindustani Awam Morcha Flag.svg|85px]]
|
|[[File:Jitan Ram Manjhi June 2024 cropped.jpg|100px]] [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}}}
|[[Bihar]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}" |
|Jan Surajya Shakti
|JSS
|[[File:Blank.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] Vinay Kore
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|NISHAD Party}}" |
|[[NISHAD Party]]
|NP
|[[File:Blank.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Sanjay Nishad]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|NISHAD Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|NISHAD Party}}}}
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}" |
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]
|PNK
|[[File:Puthiya Needhi Katchi Flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:A. C. Shanmugam.jpg|100px]] [[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|RLD
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hand Pump.png|75px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}}}
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|bgcolor=Green|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]
|RLM
|[[File:Flag of Rashtriya Lok Morcha.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Upendra Kushwaha addressing at the inauguration of the “Summer Fiesta”, in New Delhi on May 22, 2018.JPG|100px]] [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|[[Bihar]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|RSP
|[[File:Blank.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Mahadev Jankar]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
|RPIA
|[[File:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:The Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment, Shri Ramdas Athawale addressing a press conference, in New Delhi on November 24, 2017.jpg|100px]] [[Ramdas Athawale]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|SBSP
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:O P Rajbhar.png|thumb]] [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}}}
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|TMCM
|
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:GKVasan.jpg|100px]] [[G. K. Vasan]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party
|RYSP
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[Ravi Rana]]
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|bgcolor=#F58E7D|
|Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi
|RSVA
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar]]
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi}}}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|bgcolor=#82C127|
|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|RHJM
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rabha Hasong Joutha Sangram Samiti}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rabha Hasong Joutha Sangram Samiti}}}}
|[[Assam]]
|-
|bgcolor=#B7032E|
|[[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]]
|SGS
|[[File:Sanmilita Gana Shakti Party flag.png|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Sanmilita Gana Shakti}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Sanmilita Gana Shakti}}}}
|[[Assam]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|IMKMK
|[[File:Blank.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]] [[Devanthan Yadav]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}" |
|[[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
|IJK
|[[File:IJK Party Flag.jpg|85px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:T R Pachamuthu-Milan-2009.jpg|100px]] [[T. R. Paarivendhar|T. R. Pachamuthu]]
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
Twenty -Twenty [Kerala]
|-
| colspan="6" |TOTAL
|{{Composition bar|293|543|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{Composition bar|128|245|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|
|}

==Past members==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"style="text-align:center;
|+Past NDA members
|- align=center
!scope=col| Party
!Abbreviation
! scope="col" | Withdrawal Year
!Reason
|-
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|NDPP
|2025
|Merged with NPF
|-
|ADMK-Thondar Urimai Meetpu Kuzhu
|ADMK (TUMK)
|2025
|
|-
|[[Kerala Congress Democratic]]
|KCD
|2025
|Merger With AITC
|-
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;"|[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/pashupati-parass-rljp-quits-nda/article69450076.ece</ref>
|RLJP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |2025
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;"|[[Jannayak Janta Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=How Hisar, Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Seats Scripted End of BJP-JJP Alliance in Haryana |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/how-hisar-bhiwani-mahendragarh-seats-scripted-end-of-bjp-jjp-alliance-in-haryana-8812353.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|JJP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |2024
|Disagreement over seat sharing for Lok Sabha elections
|-
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;"|[[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Sarathkumar merges his party, AISMK, with BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sarathkumar-merges-his-party-aismk-with-bjp/article67943504.ece |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="mergebjp" group="lower-alpha">Merged with the BJP.</ref>
|AISMK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |2024
|Merged with BJP
|-
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]
|SAD(S)
|March 2024
|Merge into [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/talks-with-admk-were-smooth-krishnasamy-interview-1096151|title=அ.தி.மு.க.வுடனான பேச்சுவார்த்தை சுமுகமாக இருந்தது - கிருஷ்ணசாமி பேட்டி|newspaper=Daily Thanthi|access-date=5 March 2024|language =ta}}</ref>
|PT
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2024
|Allied with AIADMK
|-
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|MNF
|2023
|
|-align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Kuki People's Alliance]]
|KPA
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2023
|Manipur Violence
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Merged with NPP.</ref>
|PDF
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2023
|Merger with NPP
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Goa Forward Party]]
|GFP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2021
|Allied with INC
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|DMDK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2021
|Left Alliance Over Seat Sharing Disagreement
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]]
|GJM
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2020
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Rastriya Loktantrik Party]]
|RLP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2020
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|SAD
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2020
|Farmers Law
|-|- align=center
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
|JKPDP
|2018
|Support withdrawn by BJP
|- align=center
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana Janhit Congress snaps ties with BJP|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-janhit-congress-snaps-ties-with-bjp/story-uSF9zjO65hIye9b5vbBScN.html|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 August 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|HJCBL
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2014
|Merged with INC
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref>{{cite news|author1=Karthick S|title=Vaiko's MDMK snaps ties with NDA, hits out at Modi govt|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vaikos-MDMK-snaps-ties-with-NDA-hits-out-at-Modi-govt/articleshow/45411799.cms|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=Times of India|date=8 December 2014|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|MDMK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2014
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA finds a new ally in Janata Party chief Subramanian Swamy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/nda-finds-a-new-ally-in-janata-party-chief-subramanian-swamy-95626-2012-03-11|access-date=5 September 2015|publisher=[[Mail Today]]|date=12 March 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Janata Party merged with the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/janata-party-merged-with-the-bhartiya-janata-party-bjp-1376308568-1|publisher=jagranjosh.com|access-date=5 September 2015|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="mergebjp" group="lower-alpha">Merged with the BJP.</ref>
|JP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2013
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<ref name="past">{{cite news|date=16 June 2013|title=NDA camp left almost empty as JD-U leaves|newspaper=Business Standard|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nda-camp-left-almost-empty-as-jd-u-leaves-113061600570_1.html|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref>
|JMM
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2012
|Allied with INC
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Ladakh Union Territory Front]]<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA gets one more ally|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nda-gets-one-more-ally-109050200082_1.html|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 May 2009|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amid strife, Ladakh party merges with BJP|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ladakh-party-merges-with-bjp/20100916.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=5 September 2015|date=16 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="mergebjp" group="lower-alpha" />
|LUTF
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2010
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]<ref>{{cite news|title=UKD withdraws support from state BJP govt|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101228/dun.htm#1|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2 December 2010|location=[[Dehradun]]|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054645/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101228/dun.htm#1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|UKD
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2010
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Indian National Lok Dal]]<ref name="past" />
|INLD
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2009
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]<ref name="past" /><ref group="lower-alpha">Merged with the [[Kerala Congress]].</ref>
|IFDP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2004
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|AITC
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2006
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Lok Shakti]]<ref name=frontline>{{cite magazine|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=Venkitesh|title=A 'united' Dal and a divided NDA|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1617/16170130.htm|access-date=5 September 2015|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=August 1999}}</ref><ref name=jdumerge>{{cite news|title=SJ(D) merges with JD(U)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sjd-merges-with-jdu/article6733595.ece|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 December 2014|location=[[Thrissur]]|quote=The JD(U) was formed on October 30, 2003, with the merger of the Sharad Yadav faction of the Janata Dal, Lokshakti Party and the Samata Party.}}</ref>
|LS
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2003
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Samata Party]]
|SP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2003
|Merger which Janata Dal (United)
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref name="past" />
|DMK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2002
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<ref name="past" />
|JKNC
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2002
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Haryana Vikas Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP withdraws support to Bansi Lal govt in Haryana|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/22har2.htm|access-date=5 September 2015|work=Rediff.com|date=22 June 1999}}</ref>
|HVP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 1999
|
|}
Rasthriya Samaj Party( RSP) led by Mahadev Jankar in Maharashtra and Janadithipathya Rasthriya party( JRP) led by CK Janu in Kerala Left NDA in 2025.United Democratic Peoples Party Liberal (UPPL)Assam left NDA in 2026 in assam over seat shareing Differences

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bjp.org/|name=Official website of the BJP}}

{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Democratic Alliance}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance|*]]
[[Category:India politics-related lists]]

Gogona

2026-03-23T11:12:22Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|Assamese jaw harp}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Gogona
| names =
| image = গগণা.JPG
| image_capt =
| background =
| classification =
| hornbostel_sachs =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
| inventors =
| developed =
| range =
| related =
*[[Đàn môi]] ([[Vietnam]])
*[[Kouxian]] ([[China]])
*[[Angkouch]] ([[Cambodia]])
*[[Binayo]] ([[Nepal]])
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}
The '''''gogona''''' is a [[jaw harp]], a vibrating [[reed (instrument)|reed]] instrument that is used primarily in the traditional [[Bihu]] music in [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gogona |publisher=Indian Music Experience Museaum |location=Bangalore, India |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/gogona/VwFoQgkGB9vlRA?hl=en&avm=4}}</ref> In Boro language, it is known as ''Gongina''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Endle|first=Sidney|title=The Kacháris|url=http://gutenberg.org/files/50008/50008-h/50008-h.htm|access-date=2020-07-06|website=gutenberg.org|language=en}}</ref>. It is made of a piece of [[bamboo]]/[[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] that has a bifurcation on one end. The solid end is gripped with the teeth and the free ends are then struck repeatedly with the fingers to emit the distinctive sound of the ''gogona''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Endle |first=Sidney |title=The Kacháris|url=https://gutenberg.org/files/50008/50008-h/50008-h.htm |website=gutenberg.org |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

There are two main types of gogona:

* '''''Ramdhan Gogona''''' : This type is played by men. It is designed to be shorter, wider, and slightly heavier to fit properly in a man's hand. Traditionally, it is often tucked into a tongali (waist tie) or a gamusa (head cloth) while performing.

* '''''Lahori Gogona''''' : Crafted to fit a woman's hand, the Lahori Gogona is slightly slimmer and longer than the Ramdhan Gogona. Women typically tuck it into their hair knot while dancing Bihu. During Bihu celebrations, women are often seen adorning the ''Lahori Gogona'' as a hairpin, especially in the initial stages of the festivities when they dance to the rhythms of the ''dhol'' and ''pepa'' drums.

==See also==
* [[Angkuoch]] ({{langx|km|អង្គួច}}), Cambodia
* [[Bihu]]
* [[Dhol]]
* [[Jew's harp]]
* [[Lamellophones]]
* [[Music of Assam]]
* [[Pepa (musical instrument)|Pepa]]
* [[Taal (musical instrument)|Taal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://bamboolounge.friedeye.com/2009/09/gogona-kind-of-jews-harp.html Fact and video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313073552/http://bamboolounge.friedeye.com/2009/09/gogona-kind-of-jews-harp.html |date=13 March 2012 }}

{{Strings (music)}}
{{Plucked idiophones}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam]]
[[Category:Idioglot guimbardes and jaw harps]]

{{Lamellophone-stub}}

Aadu Puli Aattam (2006 film)

2026-03-22T03:04:27Z

UPMTaj45723: started new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadu Puli Aattam
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Sanjay Ram]]
| writer = Sanjay Ram
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Mayas
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Mani Prakash
*Vennila
*Rekasri
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Leo D.
| editing = R. T. Annadurai
| music = [[Praveen Mani]]
| studio = Opa Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|12|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aadu Puli Aattam''''' ({{Translation|[[Lambs and tigers|the lambs and tigers game]]}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language action film directed by [[Sanjay Ram]] and produced by Opa Creations. The film stars Mani Prakash, Vennila and Rekasri. It was released on 15 December 2006.

== Cast ==
*Mani Prakash as Mandhiran
*Vennila as Gayathri
*Rekasri
*Damodhara Raju as Sadayan
*Sudhakar Vasanth as Vellaithurai
*[[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Gayathri's father

== Production ==
[[Sanjay Ram]] made a series of quick action films in the mid-2000s, and moved on to his next film, ''[[Iyakkam]]'' (2008), before the release of ''Aadu Puli Aattam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/tamil/news/director-sanjay-ram-on-iyakkam.html|title=Director Sanjay Ram on Iyakkam|date=6 December 2006|website=MyMazaa.com|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907085545/https://mymazaa.com/tamil/news/director-sanjay-ram-on-iyakkam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was said to be loosely based on ex-rowdy from Tirunelveli, named Sadayan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=14271871 |title=Archived copy |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126131707/http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=14271871 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "in depicting the game between the hunter and the hunted, the debutant director is focused, and moves his narration at a racy pace", and added that "the director has chosen his cast well, with each character, even the ones in smaller roles, suitably placed".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001aadu-puli-aattam.asp |title=Aadu Puli Aattam |website=Chennai Online |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328212643/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001aadu-puli-aattam.asp |archive-date=28 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote director Sanjay Ram, who wanted to tell a compelling story, did not prepare the right screenplay for it.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-01-07/page/18/mode/2up|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=13 April 2024|title=ஆடுபுலி ஆட்டம் |pages=18–19|last=லஜ்ஜாவதி|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|date=7 January 2007}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Battle of Shiromoni

2026-03-19T06:50:00Z

UPMTaj45723: expand details also and added references

{{Short description|Battle in the Bangladesh War of Independence}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{more references|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Shiromoni
| width =
| partof = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| date = 13 – 17 December 1971
| place = Shiromoni, [[Khulna Division|Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates =
| result = Bangladeshi-Indian victory<ref name="Recalling the Battle of Shiromoni">{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/300691/recalling-the-%E2%80%98battle-of-shiromoni%E2%80%99|title=Recalling the ‘Battle of Shiromoni’|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh|1971}} {{flag|India|23px}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
| commander1 = *{{flagicon|Bangladesh|1971}} [[Muhammed Abul Manzur|Abul Manzur]]
*{{flagicon|Bangladesh|1971}} [[Joynal Abedin]]
*{{flagicon|India|1947)}} Gani{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon|India|1947}} Mahendra Singh
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|1947}} [[Hayat Khan]]
| units1 = *{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} [[Mukti Bahini]]
**[[Mujib Bahini]]
**[[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector VIII]]
**[[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector IX]]
*[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Indian Army]]
**[[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]]
**[[45th Cavalry (India)|45th Cavalry]]
**1st Squadron
***5th Cavalry
| units2 = *[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Army]]
**[[XI Corps (Pakistan)|107th Infantry Brigade]]
| casualties1 = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]]: {{ubl|300 killed|7 wounded|26 armoured vehicles destroyed}}
[[File:Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg|border|23px]]: {{ubl|31 killed|124 wounded}}
| casualties2 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]]: {{ubl|157 killed|3,700 [[Surrender (military)|surrendered]]}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}
}}

The '''Battle of Shiromoni''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: শিরোমণির যুদ্ধ) (13–17 December 1971) was a battle [[Battle|fought]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] between the [[Pakistan Army]] and the joint forces of [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh]] and [[Indian Army|India]]. This was one of the last battles of the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] which continued until 17 December 1971, even though the A.A.K. Niazi had already surrendered on 16 December 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Enamul |date=12 December 2019 |title=The bloody battle to free Khulna |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bloody-battle-free-khulna |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
On 31 March 1971, five days after [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan]] and waged war against the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]], members of the [[Border Guards Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]] and rebels from [[Khulna]], Satkhira and [[Jessore]] were able to liberate the city of [[Jessore]], Even though the city was liberated, one of the main strongholds of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] was in [[Jessore Cantonment]]. During the [[World War II|Second World War]] when the [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese were able to occupy Burma]] of ''the then'' British India (which also included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), the British government established [[Jessore Cantonment]] to create strong defense systems against any potential [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] attack. As such, even after the British left and [[East Bengal]] became a region of [[Pakistan]], the Jessore Cantonment remained as a powerful military base for Pakistan. Thus the Pakistanis were able to re-empower themselves on 3 April and 6 April, after that the Pakistani military retook Jessore. In order to capture the city again, the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladeshi forces]] had to wait for nine-months during the war, when on 6 December, the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladeshi forces]] along with their [[Indian Army|Indian allies]] retook the city from Pakistani forces. The next day, i.e. 7 December, the allied Bangladeshi and Indian forces prepared themselves to take Jessore cantonment which was full of Pakistani tanks and Armory. Sensing the approach of the enemy, Pakistani troops left the cantonment with all their arsenals and tanks and moved almost fifty-four kilometers towards Shiromoni of the [[Khulna Division]].

Even though Jessore was lost, the Pakistanis were able to develop a strong resistance system against the Bangladeshi and Indian forces at Shiromoni. Commanding the Pakistani forces at Shiromoni was Brigadier Hayat Khan of the 107th Infantry Brigade. According to the book ‘The Tank Battle of Shiromoni’ by Gazi Saiful Hasan, there were three main reasons why the Pakistanis positioned themselves at Shiromoni:<ref name=Hasan>{{cite book|isbn=9789843319371|title=The Tank Battle of Shiromoni|date=2017 |publisher=Kamrul Book House |author=Gazi Saiful Hasan|pages=19|language=bn}}</ref>

*Since the emergence of Pakistan, Shiromoni was the spot of Pakistani military training and so the Pakistan army knew this area well
*Shiromoni was located near the [[Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation|EPSCIC]] Industrial Estate by the Bhairab River which provided as a strong geographical defense for the military
*Lastly, Brigadier Hayat Khan thought the [[U.S. 7th Fleet]] would come for their aid through the [[Bay of Bengal]] and join the Pakistani forces through the Bhairab river

Whatever was their reason, the Pakistanis prepared themselves from 7 to 12 December to fight their enemies. The Pakistanis had thirty-two tanks, besides these the Pakistani soldiers stationed themselves on every building of Shiromoni and established their headquarters at the Shiromoni Cable Factory (now known as Bangladesh Cable Shilpa Limited). Apart from these, from the cable factory to Daulatpur, the Pakistanis set up huge number of bunkers and landmines which established a strong defensive position for them.

On the other hand, after finding Jessore cantonment as being completely empty of enemy troops on 7 December, the Bangladeshi and Indian forces got to know that the Pakistanis took positions at Shiromoni. After this, [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector VIII of Mukti Bahini]] under the command of Major [[Muhammed Abul Manzur]] began to march towards [[Khulna]] and on 11 December took position at Fultola near Shiromoni to prepare for an offensive against the Pakistani forces. Right after this, Indian forces under the command of Major Gani and Major Mahendra Singh led the Indian Rajput Regiment, with a large number of tanks to enter [[Bangladesh]] through Benapole. Indian forces joined Major Manzur's forces at Fultola. Also, [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|members of Sector IX of the Mukti Bahini]] under the command of Major Joynal Abedin took positions at Gollamri and Khulna Shipyard, which was south of Shiromoni. By this time, since Khulna, Jessore, Faridpur and Kushtia had been captured, Mukti Bahini from all these areas began to surround Shiromoni from all directions.<ref name=":1" />

==The Battle==

===Ambush at Badamtola===
The Battle of Shiromoni officially started on 13 December. The Mukti Bahini under the command of Major Manzur started to fire heavily with machine guns at Pakistani soldiers stationed at Shiromoni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hossain |first=Md Hedait |last2=Molla |date=16 December 2020 |title=Recalling the 'Battle of Shiromoni' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/300691/recalling-the-%E2%80%98battle-of-shiromoni%E2%80%99 |access-date= |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Simultaneously, the Indian forces established communication with Kolkata to launch air strikes at Shiromoni. The Pakistanis also retaliated with heavy fire through their tanks and ammunitions but suffered immense losses. The next day, seeing no signs of aggression from the Pakistanis, Major Mahendra Singh of the [[Indian Army]] thought the Pakistanis might have left Shiromoni and retreated south towards Khulna. For this reason, they were contemplating to move towards Khulna to chase the enemy. Even though Major [[Muhammed Abul Manzur|Manzur]] asked the Indians to maintain caution, the Indian army under the command of Major Mahendra Singh and Major Gani took 28 vehicles and started to move towards Khulna. On their way to Khulna, after passing through Shiromoni and getting near Badamtola, the Indians faced an ambush by the Pakistani military.<ref name=Babar>{{cite book|isbn=9789848772492|script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতার দুর্জয় অভিযান|date=1991|publisher=Mahir Printers|author=[[SM Babar Ali|S.M. Babar Ali]]|pages=152|language=bn}}</ref> Among the 28 vehicles, 26 vehicles got destroyed by the Pakistani Army. In the midst of this ambush, Major Gani was killed but Major Mahendra Singh was able to flee back towards Major Manzur's position at Fultola. Around 250 or 300 Indian soldiers got killed or injured at Badamtola.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Enamul |date=16 December 2023 |title=The text-book battle that freed Khulna on 17 December |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/text-book-battle-freed-khulna-17-december-758282 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Continuation: 17 December===
Due to the strong defensive positions of the Pakistan Army, with moments of brief ceasefires, the battle continued for days till 17 December, even though the commander of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan, Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi surrendered to joint Indian and Bangladeshi forces at Dhaka on 16 December. Even though the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]] signed by Lt. General Niazi clearly stated that, "The PAKISTAN Eastern Command agree to surrender all PAKISTAN Armed Forces in BANGLA DESH to Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA, General Officer Commanding in Chief of Indian and BANGLA DESH forces in the Eastern Theatre. This surrender includes all PAKISTAN land, air and naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces. These forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA",<ref name="SoP">{{cite web |title=The Separation of East Pakistan |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=28 July 2020 |date=1 June 2003}}</ref><ref name="Virtual">{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/the-instrument-of-surrender/ |title=The Instrument of Surrender |website=Virtual Bangladesh |date=2015}}</ref> Brigadier Hayat Khan of Pakistan Army stationed at Shiromoni, however, still refused to surrender and intended to carry on the battle.

===Command under Manzur===
On 17 December at 3:00 am, the Bangladeshi and Indian forces faced heavy casualties: among the Indians, seven soldiers died and thirty men got injured; among the Bangladeshis, thirty-one soldiers died and more than 120 men were injured. At 3:10 am, Major Mahendra Singh again requested forces back in India to continue launching air strikes at Shiromoni, however, they were told that air strike was impossible temporarily. Due to continuous casualties, taking a jeep with him, Major Manzur decided to go to Jessore Cantonment and re-evaluate their battle plans. After a military meeting of ten minutes, it was decided that Major Manzur will be in command of joint Bangladeshi and Indian forces at Shiromoni and Fultola. As soon as he took responsibility of his new command, Major Manzur sent a wireless message to the Sector IX Commander, Major Joynal Abedin, whose forces were still stationed south of Shiromoni at Khulna region. On receiving Major Manzur's message, Major Joynal Abedin with the aid of Sector IX Mukti Bahini and fighters from Satkhira and other regions of Khulna began to attack the Pakistani defense positions at southern Shiromoni and started to slowly move towards Shiromoni. By this time, in the north, Major Manzur moved back near Shiromoni and took charge of his new command and set new battle tactics for the mission. Major Manzur decided that they were no longer going to wait for Indian airstrikes at dawn and face more casualties. Instead they were going to face the enemy head-on. Firstly, he brought the Mukti Bahini fighters stationed at the right of Shiromoni to the second line of defence in the frontline and sent the Indian soldiers at the frontline to the right of Shiromoni. Two commandos on the left side and three commandos on the back side were put on the frontline defense, while the other Indian soldiers were posted at the back side of the defense. Manzur then ordered two Indian tanks to move towards Shiromoni using the main road and ordered an additional six tanks to attack the Pakistani strong positions from the right side. Behind each of these tanks, Major Manzur deployed Mukti Bahini men to the region.<ref name=Musa>{{cite book |author=Musa Sadik |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধ হৃদয়ে মম |title=Muktiyuddha hr̥daẏe ṃama |trans-title=The Mission of Freedom Goes On |year=1995 |publisher=Habib-E-Akber & Maymun Hashib Munaj |isbn=984-30-0123-0 |page=228 |language=bn}}</ref>

With 25 or more Pakistani tanks in front of them, Major Manzur and his suicidal commando force began to advance towards the enemy tanks amidst heavy fire from tanks and hundreds of mortars. They breached the Pakistani lines and began to destroy tanks and cannons. They began to throw grenades inside any Pakistani tanks which had their hatches open. This helped decline the Pakistani soldiers’ morale and many of them began to abandon their tanks and desert their positions.<ref name=":0" />

On the other side, the Indian forces at the back still had no clue whether Major Manzur was still alive or not. Around this time, message from the front line reached the Indian soldiers that Major Manzur was still alive and the Pakistanis were slowly retreating. By six o’clock, it was already sunup and as planned the Indian airstrikes finally arrived to lay the final nail in the coffin of the Pakistani frontline defense. With 157 of his men killed, Brigadier Hayat Khan agreed to surrender to Major Manzur.<ref name=":0" />

==Surrender of Brigadier Hayat Khan==
On that day, at around 1:30 pm, Brigadier Hayat Khan, along with his 3,700 men,<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9789843319371|title=The Tank Battle of Shiromoni|date=2017 |publisher=Kamrul Book House |author=Gazi Saiful Hasan|pages=29|language=bn}}</ref> officially surrendered to joint Bangladeshi and Indian forces on the premises of Khulna Circuit House.<ref name=":0" /> Fifteen kilometers away from Shiromoni. Brigadier Delvar Singh of the [[Indian Army]], who arrived at the surrender ceremony via helicopter, signed the document for the Pakistani surrender on behalf of the allied forces.<ref>{{cite book |author=Musa Sadik |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধ হৃদয়ে মম |title=Muktiyuddha hr̥daẏe ṃama |trans-title=The Mission of Freedom Goes On |year=1995 |publisher=Habib-E-Akber & Maymun Hashib Munaj |isbn=984-30-0123-0 |page=230 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The instrument of surrender was signed at 1:55 pm.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bangladesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiromoni 1971}}
[[Category:Battles of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:December 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ambushes in Asia]]

History of Buddhism in India

2026-03-18T08:38:45Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Buddhism}}

[[File:Sanchi Stupa from Eastern gate, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|The Great Stupa at Sanchi, located in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, is a Buddhist shrine in India built by Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE]]
[[File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|thumb|The [[Mahabodhi Temple]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], is a holy site related to the life of the Buddha, where he attained Enlightenment. The present temple dates from the 5th century or 6th century CE, and it is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick, still standing in India, from the late Gupta period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056|title=Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105154305/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[File:Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam dist in AP.jpg|thumb|Rock-cut Buddha Statue at Bojjanakonda near [[Anakapalle]] of [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh.]]
[[File:Ancient Buddhist monasteries near Dhamekh Stupa Monument Site, Sarnath.jpg|thumb|Ancient Buddhist monasteries near [[Dhamekh Stupa]] Monument Site in Deer Park at [[Sarnath|Sarnath (India)]]]]
[[File:Ellora Caves, India, Religious meeting inside ancient Buddhist cave temple.jpg|thumb|A [[Puja (Buddhism)|puja]] at one of the [[Ellora Caves|Buddhist Caves in Ellora]].]]

[[Buddhism]] is an ancient [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]], which arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (now [[Bihar]], [[India]]). It is based on the teachings of [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]]{{refn|group=note|Born as a prince of the ancient [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] kingdom in [[ancient India]], now in [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent A.|title=The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great|year=1914|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|pages=168–169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9a1AAAAIAAJ&q=birth+place+buddha&pg=PA168-IA1|edition=3rd|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111160722/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9a1AAAAIAAJ&q=birth+place+buddha&pg=PA168-IA1|url-status=live}}</ref>}}, who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE and was deemed a "[[Buddhahood|Buddha]]" or an "Awakened One".<ref name="Monier-Williams' dictionary">{{cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|title=Dictionary of Sanskrit|publisher=OUP|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php?input=Harvard-Kyoto&output=RomanUnicode&citation=buddha|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926211603/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php?input=Harvard-Kyoto&output=RomanUnicode&citation=buddha|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhist records in the Theravada tradition list Gautama Buddha as the fourth Buddha of our [[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]], while the next buddha will be [[Maitreya]] Buddha.<ref>Devraj Dhakal, "Historical Analysis of Bauddha Stupa, Kassap Buddha and Shringa Rishi", ''Nepal Journal of Development Studies'', 2:2, 2019.</ref> Buddhism spread outside of Northern India beginning in the Buddha's lifetime.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

In the 3rd century BCE and during the reign of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]], the Buddhist community split into two schools: the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] and the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthaviravāda]], each of which spread throughout India and grew into numerous sub-schools.<ref>Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, ''A history of Indian Buddhism: from Śākyamuni to early Mahāyāna''. Reprint published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, page 2.</ref> In modern times, three major branches of Buddhism exist: the [[Theravada]] in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southeast Asia]], and the [[Mahayana]] in the [[Himalayas]] and East Asia, and the [[Vajrayana]] throughout Asia and specifically in [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/budvaj.htm |title=Buddhism: Description of the Vajrayāna tradition |date=25 April 2010 |website=Religious Tolerance |publisher=[[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]] |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113162649/http://www.religioustolerance.org/budvaj.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The practice of Buddhism lost influence in India around the 7th century CE, after the collapse of the [[Gupta Empire]]. The last large empire to support Buddhism was the [[Pala Empire]], that fell in the 12th century. By the end of the 12th century and after the invasions by the Turkic Muslims, Buddhism had largely disappeared from India with the exception of western and central Tibet, Mongolia, and isolated remnants in parts of south India.

Since the 19th century, modern revivals of Buddhism have included the [[Maha Bodhi Society]], the [[Vipassana movement]], and the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] spearheaded by [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. There has also been a growth in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] with the arrival of [[Tibetan diaspora]] and the [[Tibetan government in exile]] to India, following the [[Chinese occupation of Tibet]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/tibet-in-india-a-peoples-history-of-the-tibetan-resistance-book-excerpt-echoes-from-forgotten-mountains-by-jamyang-norbu/article67094048.ece | title=Tibet in India: A people's history of the Tibetan resistance | date=22 July 2023 }}</ref> According to the 2011 census, there are 8.4 million Buddhists in India (0.70% of the total population).

==Background==
===Gautama Buddha===
{{main|The Buddha}}
The Buddha was born to a [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] head of the [[Shakya]] republic named [[Suddhodana]]. He employed [[sramana]] practices in a specific way, denouncing extreme asceticism and sole concentration-meditation, which were sramanic practices. Instead, he propagated a [[Middle Way]] between the extremes of self-indulgence and [[asceticism|self-mortification]], in which self-restraint and compassion are central elements.

According to tradition, as recorded in the Pali Canon and the Agamas, Siddhārtha Gautama attained awakening sitting under a [[Ficus religiosa|pipal]] tree, now known as the [[Bodhi tree]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], India. Gautama referred to himself as the ''tathagata'', the "thus-gone"; the developing tradition later regarded him to be as a ''[[Three types of Buddha|Samyaksambuddha]]'', a "Perfectly Self-Awakened One." According to tradition, he found patronage in the ruler of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], emperor [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]]. The emperor accepted Buddhism as a personal faith and allowed the establishment of many Buddhist "[[Vihara|Vihāras]]." This eventually led to the renaming of the entire region as Bihar.<ref name=Wolpert>India by [[Stanley Wolpert]] (Page 32)</ref>

According to tradition, in the Deer Park in [[Sarnath]] near [[Varanasi|{{IAST|Vārāṇasī}}]] in northern India, Buddha set in motion the [[Dharmachakra|Wheel of Dharma]] by delivering his first sermon to the group of five companions with whom he had previously sought liberation. They, together with the Buddha, formed the first [[Sangha (Buddhism)|{{IAST|Saṅgha}}]], the company of Buddhist monks, and hence, the first formation of the [[Triple Gem]] (Buddha, [[Dharma]] and [[Sangha]]) was completed.

For the remaining years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the [[Gangetic Plain]] of Northern India and other regions.

Buddha died in [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Promotion of Buddhist Tourism Circuits in Selected Asian Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9ZhFMWSYKsC&pg=PA23|year=2003|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-120386-8|pages=23–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kevin Trainor |title=Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517398-7 |page=41 |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern historians place his death, according to tradition at the age of 80, in the decades around 400 BC, several decades later than the date in Buddhist tradition.

===Adherents===
Followers of Buddhism called '''Buddhists''' in English, referred to themselves as ''Saugata''.<ref>P. 178 ''The Vision of Dhamma: Buddhist Writings of Nyanaponika Thera'' By Nyanaponika (Thera), Erich Fromm</ref> Other terms were ''Sakyan''s or ''Sakyabhiksu'' in ancient India.<ref>''Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity'' by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-54444-0}}. pg 33. "Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs, both institutionally and ideologically. To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one's affiliation with the Buddha, somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today."</ref><ref>''Sakya or Buddhist Origins'' by [[Caroline Rhys Davids]] (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931) pg 1. "Put away the word "Buddhism" and think of your subject as "Sakya." This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point . . You are now concerned to learn less about 'Buddha' and 'Buddhism,' and more about him whom India has ever known as Sakya-muni, and about his men who, as their records admit, were spoken of as the Sakya-sons, or men of the Sakyas."</ref> ''Sakyaputto'' was another term used by Buddhists, as well as ''Ariyasavako''<ref>P. 56 ''A Dictionary of the Pali Language'' By Robert Cæsar Childers</ref> and ''Jinaputto''.<ref>P. 171 ''A Dictionary of the Pali Language'' By Robert Cæsar Childers</ref> Buddhist scholar [[Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|Donald S. Lopez]] states they also used the term ''Bauddha''.<ref>''Curators of the Buddha'' By Donald S. Lopez. University of Chicago Press. pg 7</ref> The scholar Richard Cohen in his discussion about the 5th-century [[Ajanta Caves]], states that ''Bauddha'' is not attested therein, and was used by outsiders to describe Buddhists, except for occasional use as an adjective.<ref>''Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity'' by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-54444-0}}. pg 33.
Quote: [Bauddha is] "a secondary derivative of Buddha, in which the vowel's lengthening indicates connection or relation. Things that are ''bauddha'' pertain to the Buddha, just as things-''saiva'' relate to [[Shiva]] and things-Vaisnava belong to [[Vishnu]]. (...) ''bauddha'' can be both adjectival and nominal; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the Buddha, objects enjoyed by him, texts attributed to him, as well as individuals, communities, and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name. Strictly speaking, Sakya is preferable to ''bauddha'' since the latter is not attested at Ajanta. In fact, as a collective noun, ''bauddha'' is an outsider's term. The ''bauddha'' did not call themselves this in India, though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally (e.g., as a possessive, the Buddha's)."</ref>

==Early developments==
===Early Buddhist Councils===
[[File:sattapanni.jpg|thumb|The [[Saptaparni Cave]] of Rajgir served as the location for the First Buddhist Council.]]
[[File:North Gateway - Rear Side - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4480-4481.JPG|thumb|The Northern gateway to the great Stupa of Sanchi.]]
[[File:Gurubhaktulakonda Buddhist Monastery Remnants at Ramatheertham.jpg|thumb|Gurubhaktulakonda Buddhist Monastery Remnants at [[Ramatheertham]]]]

The Buddha did not appoint any successor and asked his followers to work toward liberation following the instructions he had left. The teachings of the Buddha existed only in oral traditions. The Sangha held a number of [[Buddhist councils]] in order to reach consensus on matters of Buddhist doctrine and practice.

# [[Mahākāśyapa]], a disciple of the Buddha, presided over the [[first Buddhist council]] held at [[Rajgir|Rājagṛha]]. Its purpose was to recite and agree on the Buddha's actual teachings and monastic discipline. Some scholars consider this council fictitious.<ref>Williams, ''Mahayana Buddhism'', Routledge, 1989, page 6</ref>
# [[The Second Buddhist Council]] is said to have taken place at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaiśālī]]. Its purpose was to deal with questionable monastic practices like the use of money, the drinking of palm wine, and other irregularities; the council declared these practices unlawful.
# What is commonly called the [[Third Buddhist Council]] was held at [[Pataliputra|Pāṭaliputra]], and was allegedly called by Emperor Aśoka in the 3rd century BC. Organized by the monk [[Moggaliputta Tissa]], it was held in order to rid the sangha of the large number of monks who had joined the order because of its royal patronage. Most scholars now believe this council was exclusively Theravada, and that the dispatch of missionaries to various countries at about this time had nothing to do with it.
# What is often called the [[Fourth Buddhist council]] is generally believed to have been held under the patronage of Emperor [[Kanishka|Kaniṣka]] in [[Kashmir]], though the late Monseigneur Professor Lamotte considered it fictitious.<ref>''the Teaching of Vimalakīrti'', Pali Text Society, page XCIII</ref> It is generally believed to have been a council of the [[Sarvastivāda]] school.

===Early schools of Buddhism===
{{Main|Early Buddhist Schools}}
The Early Buddhist Schools were the various schools in which [[pre-sectarian Buddhism]] split in the first few centuries after the passing away of the Buddha (in about the 5th century BC). The earliest division was between the majority Mahāsāṃghika and the minority Sthaviravāda. Some existing Buddhist traditions follow the vinayas of early Buddhist schools.

* Theravāda: practised mainly in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Bangladesh.
* [[Dharmaguptaka]]: followed in [[China]], Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan.
* [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]]: followed in Tibetan Buddhism.

The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India, to areas such as Afghanistan, [[Central Asia]], and China, and they had great success in doing so.<ref>Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 278</ref> Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination lineage for [[bhikkhu|bhikṣu]]s and [[bhikkhuni|bhikṣuṇī]]s.

During the early period of [[Chinese Buddhism]], the Indian Buddhist sects recognized as important, and whose texts were studied, were the Dharmaguptakas, [[Mahīśāsaka]]s, [[Kāśyapīya]]s Sarvāstivādins, and the Mahāsāṃghikas.<ref>Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 281</ref> Complete vinayas preserved in the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] include the ''Mahīśāsaka Vinaya'' (T. 1421), ''Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya'' (T. 1425), ''Dharmaguptaka Vinaya'' (T. 1428), ''Sarvāstivāda Vinaya'' (T. 1435), and the ''Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya'' (T. 1442). Also preserved are a set of [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]] ([[Sutta Pitaka|Sūtra Piṭaka]]), a complete Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Piṭaka, and many other texts of the early Buddhist schools.

Early Buddhist schools in India often divided modes of Buddhist practice into several "vehicles" (''[[Yana (Buddhism)|yāna]]''). For example, the [[Vaibhāṣika]] Sarvāstivādins are known to have employed the outlook of Buddhist practice as consisting of the Three Vehicles:<ref name="Nakamura, Hajime 1999. p. 189">Nakamura, Hajime. ''Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes.'' 1999. p. 189</ref>

# [[Śrāvakayāna]]
# [[Pratyekabuddhayāna]]
# [[Bodhisattvayāna]]

===The early spread of Buddhism===
In the sixth and fifth centuries BC, economic development made the merchant class increasingly important. Merchants were attracted to Buddhist teachings, which contrasted with existing Brahmin religious practices. The latter focused on the social position of the Brahmin caste to the exclusion of the interests of other classes.<ref>"During the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. (Before Common Era), commerce and cash became increasingly important in an economy previously dominated by self-sufficient production and bartered exchange. Merchants found Buddhist moral and ethical teachings an attractive alternative to the esoteric rituals of the traditional Brahmin priesthood, which seemed to cater exclusively to Brahmin interests while ignoring those of the new and emerging social classes." Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 43.</ref> Buddhism became prominent in merchant communities and then spread throughout the Mauryan empire through commercial connections and along trade routes.<ref>"Furthermore, Buddhism was prominent in communities of merchants, who found it well suited to their needs and who increasingly established commercial links throughout the Mauryan empire". Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 46.</ref> In this way, Buddhism also spread through the [[silk route]] into central Asia.<ref>"Merchants proved to be an efficient vector of the Buddhist faith, as they established diaspora communities in the string of oasis towns-Merv, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashgar, Khotan, Kuqa, Turpan, Dunhuang – that served as lifeline of the silk roads through central Asia." Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 47-48.</ref>

===Ashoka and the Mauryan Empire===
{{further|Ashoka the Great|Mauryan empire}}
[[File:Asoka̠ Buddhist Missions.png|thumb|right|Map of the [[Spread of Buddhism|Buddhist missions]] in Asia during the reign of Ashoka]]
[[File:Ashoka's Pillar, Vaishali.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pillar of Ashoka]] located in the ancient city of Vaishali, Bihar]]
The Mauryan Empire reached its peak at the time of emperor Ashoka, who converted to Buddhism after the [[Kalinga War|Battle of Kalinga]]. This heralded a long period of stability under the Buddhist emperor. The power of the empire was vast—ambassadors were sent to other countries to [[Spread of Buddhism|propagate Buddhism]].<ref name="Strong 2003">{{cite journal |author-last=Strong |author-first=John S. |author-link=John S. Strong |date=2002–2003 |title=Ashoka's Wives and the Ambiguities of Buddhist Kingship |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_2002_num_13_1_1176 |editor-last=Faure |editor-first=Bernard |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |location=[[Paris]] |publisher=[[French School of the Far East|École française d'Extrême-Orient]] |volume=13 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.3406/asie.2002.1176 |doi-access= |eissn=2117-6272 |issn=0766-1177 |jstor=44167352 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808225737/https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_2002_num_13_1_1176 |url-status=live }}</ref> Greek envoy [[Megasthenes]] describes the wealth of the Mauryan capital. [[Stupas]], [[Pillars of Ashoka|pillars]], and [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]] on stone remain at [[Sanchi]], Sarnath, and [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], indicating the extent of the empire.

Emperor Ashoka the Great (304 BC–232 BC) was the ruler of the Mauryan Empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. Ashoka reigned over most of India after a series of military campaigns. Emperor Ashoka's kingdom stretched from South Asia and beyond, from present-day parts of Afghanistan in the north and [[Balochistan]] in the west, to [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]] in the east, and as far south as [[Mysore]].

According to legend, emperor Ashoka was overwhelmed by guilt after the conquest of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], following which he accepted Buddhism as a personal faith with the help of his Brahmin mentors Radhasvami and Manjushri. Ashoka established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of [[Śakyamuni Buddha]], and according to Buddhist tradition was closely involved in the preservation and transmission of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l/chapter27.html|title=Fa-hsien: A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Chapter XXVII: Patalipttra or Patna, in Magadha. King Ashoka's Spirit Built Palace and Halls. The Buddhist Brahman, Radha-Sami. Dispensaries and Hospitals.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717222211/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l//chapter27.html|archive-date=17 July 2005}}</ref>

In 2018, excavations in [[Lalitgiri]] in [[Odisha]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] revealed four monasteries along with ancient seals and inscriptions which show cultural continuity from post-Mauryan period to 13 century AD. In [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] and [[Konark]] in Odisha, Buddhist history as discovered in Lalitagiri is also shared. A museum has been made to preserve the ancient history and was inaugurated in December 2018 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-to-open-buddhist-site-museum-at-lalitgiri-in-odisha/article25814287.ece|title=PM to open Buddhist site museum at Lalitgiri in Odisha|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 December 2018|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094906/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-to-open-buddhist-site-museum-at-lalitgiri-in-odisha/article25814287.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Graeco-Bactrians, Sakas and Indo-Parthians===
[[Menander I|Menander]] was the most famous [[Bactria]]n king. He ruled from Taxila and later from [[Sagala]] (Sialkot). He rebuilt Taxila ([[Sirkap]]) and Puṣkalavatī. He became Buddhist and is remembered in Buddhist records due to his discussions with a great Buddhist philosopher in the book ''[[Milinda Pañha]]''.

By 90 BC, [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] took control of eastern Iran and around 50 BC put an end to the last remnants of Greek rule in Afghanistan. By around 7 AD, an [[Indo-Parthian]] dynasty succeeded in taking control of [[Gandhāra]]. Parthians continued to support Greek artistic traditions in Gandhara. The start of the Gandhāran [[Greco-Buddhist art]] is dated to the period between 50 BC and 75 AD.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Kushan Empire===
The Kusana or [[Kushan Empire]] ruled large parts of north India from about 60 to 270 AD, as well as the strongly Buddhist region of Gandhara, including much of modern Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]]. Kushan rulers were supporters of Buddhist institutions and built numerous stupas and monasteries. Some of their coins showed an image of Buddha. During this period, [[Gandharan Buddhism]] spread through the trade routes protected by the Kushans, out through the [[Khyber Pass]] into Central Asia. Gandharan Buddhist art styles also spread outward from Gandhara to other parts of Asia.

The monarchs of the next major dynasty, the [[Gupta Empire]], with its peak c. 319 to 467, were Hindus, and the decline of Buddhism, especially in the west of north India, probably began in this period.

==Middle period==
[[File:Karla caves Chaitya.jpg|right|thumb|The Great [[Chaitya]] in the [[Karla Caves]], Maharashtra. The structure dates back to the 2nd century AD]]
The first half of the millennium saw the increasing isolation of the Buddhist [[sangha]] from the general public as [[mahavihara]]s looked to become more self-sufficient. A new development was also the use of Buddha images with the compounds of monasteries.{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=146}} Politically much of North India was under the [[Gupta Empire]] and the Southern regions were under the [[Vakataka dynasty]]. Both of the kingdoms continued the patronisation of [[Buddhism]] along with nascent Hinduism and Jainism, with the fifth-century Vakataka king, [[Harishena]], being a patron of the [[Ajanta Caves]].

===Emergence of Mahayana===
Mahayana Buddhism began to gain prominence in India around the fifth century CE.{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=150}} Mahayana innovated on early Buddhism by adding several incarnations to the life of the Buddha while also revering [[Bodhisattvas]]. This contrasted with the early Buddhists who mainly revered the Buddha himself. A range of bodhisattvas were worshipped during this period including [[Avalokiteśvara]], [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] and [[Manjushri]] among others. [[Faxian]] who had travelled to India in the fifth century noted that Mahayana Buddhists lived in the same monasteries as early Buddhists and they were present to varying extents in most regions. An important early philosopher of the Mahayana school was the philosopher [[Nagarjuna]] and although most details of his life are uncertain, most biographies agree that he lived in the first/second centuries in [[South India]].{{sfn|Westerhoff|2018|p=107}}

There is an ongoing debate as to the exact geographic origins of Mahayana Buddhism ranging from the Gangetic plains or among small monastic communities on the fringes of the subcontinent in the South and the North East.{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=154}} The number of monasteries that supported Mahayana Buddhism gradually started to increase. In the Gangetic plains, [[Nalanda mahavihara]] emerged and gradually became a centre of Mahayana Buddhism receiving patronisation not just from Indian rulers but also from foreign monarchs and monks.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2024|p=106}} Within Nalanda, numerous scholars of note have been associated with it including [[Shantideva]], [[Aryadeva]], [[Dharmakirti]] and [[Chandrakirti]].{{sfn|Edelglass|2022|p=236}}

Another important centre during this period was [[Nagarjunakonda]] which emerged in the region of modern-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] where numerous Buddhist monasteries have been discovered.{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=154}}

===Buddha images===
[[File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|thumb|Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, c. 15 CE. Art of Mathura]]
The earliest Buddha images in India were sculpted in [[Mathura]] and spread to [[Sarnath]], [[Sravasti]] and [[Kausambi]] in the second and third centuries CE.{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=155}} These images generally depicted scenes from the life of the Buddha and were more linked with the early schools of Buddhism than with Mahayana. Inscriptions on these images show that they were sculpted by a small group of monks who were all known to each other. It was only by the fifth century that Mahayana elements began to appear in Buddha images although it is speculated that there were earlier Mahayana images in the third-century CE. These Mahayana sculptures didn't just depict the Buddha but also Bodhisattvas and other deities.{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=157}}

===Vajrayana===
{{main|Vajrayana}}
Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and [[Shaivism]].<ref>Sanderson, Alexis. "The Shaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Shaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 124.</ref> The [[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Mañjusrimulakalpa]], which later came to classified under [[Outer Tantras#Kriyatantra|Kriyatantra]], states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by [[Manjushri]].<ref>Sanderson, Alexis. "The Shaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Shaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 129-131.</ref> The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the [[Guhyasamaja tantra|Guhyasamaja tradition]], prescribes acting as a Shaiva guru and initiating members into [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] scriptures and mandalas.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis. "The Shaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Shaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 144-145.</ref> The [[Cakrasaṃvara Tantra|Samvara tantra]] texts adopted the [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|pitha]] list from the Shaiva text ''Tantrasadbhava'', introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huber|first1=Toni|title=The holy land reborn : pilgrimage & the Tibetan reinvention of Buddhist India|url=https://archive.org/details/holylandrebornpi00hube_145|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-35648-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/holylandrebornpi00hube_145/page/n110 94]–95}}</ref>

===The Pala era===
Under the kings of the [[Pala Empire]] (c. 730-1130), large mahavihars flourished in what is now Bihar and Bengal, with considerable royal patronage. [[Tantric Buddhism]] dominated in this region and period, and was spread to Tibet.<ref name="Keown2004p208"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Heather Elgood |title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C |year=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-9865-6 |pages=150 |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081254/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Tibetan sources, five great Mahavihars stood out: [[Vikramashila]], the premier university of the era; [[Nalanda]], past its prime but still illustrious, [[Somapura]], [[Odantapuri|Odantapurā]], and [[Jaggadala]].<ref>''Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms'' by Elizabeth English. Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-329-X}} pg 15</ref> The five monasteries formed a network; "all of them were under state supervision" and there existed "a system of co-ordination among them . . it seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network, an interlinked group of institutions," and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them.<ref>''Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.'' by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 352-3</ref>

{{Blockquote|
During this period [Pala dynasty] Mahayana Buddhism reached its zenith of sophistication, while tantric Buddhism flourished throughout India and surrounding lands. This was also a key period for the consolidation of the epistemological-logical (''pramana'') school of Buddhist philosophy. Apart from the many foreign pilgrims who came to India at this time, especially from China and Tibet, there was a smaller but important flow of Indian [[pandit]]s who made their way to Tibet...
|Damien Keown|<ref name="Keown2004p208">{{cite book|author=Damien Keown|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC&pg=PA208 |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-157917-2 |pages=208–209 }}</ref>}}
Buddhism never penetrated to deep south.There are not any monuments or records of any beyond south Andhra Pradesh, except few coastal towns where some minor remains have been found.In the 11th century CE, [[Chudamani Vihara]], a Buddhist monastery, was built by the Sailendra king of [[Srivijaya]] Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman at Nagapattinam with the patronage of [[Rajaraja Chola I|Raja Raja Chola]].<ref name=srivijaya1/>{{sfn|Kulke|K.|Sakhuja|2009|p=67}}

==Decline==
{{further|Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Mural of Sariputra at Palcho monastery.jpg|thumb|Mural of the 15th century Indian Buddhist monk, [[Śāriputra (15th-century)|Sariputra]], the last abbot of [[Mahabodhi Temple|Bodh Gaya]]]]
The decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors. Regardless of the religious beliefs of their kings, states usually treated all the important sects relatively even-handedly.<ref name="Randall Collins 2000, page 182">Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, page 182.</ref> This consisted of building monasteries and religious monuments, donating property such as the income of villages for the support of monks, and exempting donated property from taxation. Donations were most often made by private persons such as wealthy merchants and female relatives of the royal family, but there were periods when the state also gave its support and protection. In the case of Buddhism, this support was particularly important because of its high level of organization and the reliance of monks on donations from the laity. State patronage of Buddhism took the form of land grant foundations.<ref>Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 180, 182.</ref>

Numerous copper plate inscriptions from India as well as Tibetan and Chinese texts suggest that the patronage of Buddhism and Buddhist monasteries in medieval India was interrupted in periods of war and political change, but broadly continued in Hindu kingdoms from the start of the common era through early 2nd millennium CE.<ref name="Nakamura1980p146">{{cite book|author=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8|pages=145–148 with footnotes|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081255/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Akira Shimada|title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfUyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-90-04-23326-3 |pages=200–204 }}</ref><ref name="Schopen1997p259">{{cite book|author=Gregory Schopen|title=Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxdZ-BVNm_IC&pg=PA259|year=1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1870-8|pages=259–278}}</ref> Modern scholarship and recent translations of Tibetan and Sanskrit Buddhist text archives, preserved in Tibetan monasteries, suggest that through much of the 1st millennium CE in medieval India (and Tibet as well as other parts of China), Buddhist monks owned property and were actively involved in trade and other economic activity, after joining a Buddhist monastery.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory Schopen|title=Buddhist Monks and Business Matters: Still More Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW9Sn-cJd-0C&pg=PA1|year=2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2774-8|pages=1–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Huaiyu Chen|title=The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qCNXQSG7mUC&pg=PA132|year=2007|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-8624-6|pages=132–149}}</ref>

With the Gupta dynasty (~4th to 6th century), the growth in ritualistic Mahayana Buddhism, mutual influence between Hinduism and Buddhism,<ref>History and life: the world and its people, Patricia Gutierrez, T. Walter Wallbank, p. 67, ''In time, Indian Buddhism became so much like Hinduism that it was looked upon as a sect of Hinduism. This caused a steady decline.''</ref> The differences between Buddhism and Hinduism blurred, and Vaishnavism, Shaivism and other Hindu traditions became increasingly popular, and Brahmins developed a new relationship with the state.<ref name="Randall Collins 2000, page 209" >Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, page 207-211.</ref> As the system grew, Buddhist monasteries gradually lost control of land revenue. In parallel, the Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at Kushinagara,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gina Barns|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology|journal=World Archaeology|volume = 27| number = 2|year=1995|pages=166–168|doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980301}}</ref><ref name=stoddardp3>{{cite journal|author=Robert Stoddard|year=2010|journal=Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art|title=The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia|publisher=Yale University Press|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/27|volume=178|pages=3–4|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402141717/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/27|url-status=live}}</ref> and monastic universities such as those at Nalanda, as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India.<ref name=scharfe2002p144>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12556-6|pages=144–153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Craig Lockard|title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0618386123|page=188|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081304/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=higham2014p121>{{cite book |author=Charles Higham |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC |year=2014 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |pages=121, 236 |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081256/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Hazra, Buddhism declined in part because of the rise of the Brahmins and their influence in socio-political process.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kanai Lal Hazra|title=The Rise And Decline of Buddhism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wEAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0651-9|pages=371–385|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081307/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wEAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Randall Collins, [[Richard Gombrich]] and other scholars, Buddhism's rise or decline is not linked to Brahmins or the caste system, since Buddhism was "not a reaction to the caste system", but aimed at the salvation of those who joined its monastic order.<ref>Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, page 205-206</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Christopher S. Queen|author2=Sallie B. King|title=Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZsTgY1lNNsC&pg=PA17|year=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2844-3|pages=17–18|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081307/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZsTgY1lNNsC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|title=Buddhist Precept & Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqp4LuZQnHsC|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-15623-6|pages=344–345|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081257/https://books.google.com/books?id=lqp4LuZQnHsC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 11th-century Persian traveller [[Al-Biruni]] writes that there was 'cordial hatred' between the Brahmins and Sramana Buddhists.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni|translator=Edward C. Sachau|title=Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001|year=1910|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., London|pages=21|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905191124/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhism was also weakened by rival Hindu philosophies such as [[Advaita Vedanta]], growth in temples and an innovation of the [[bhakti]] movement. This rivalry undercut Buddhist patronage and popular support.<ref>Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, pages=189, 190.</ref> The period between 400 CE and 1000 CE thus saw gains by the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism over Buddhism<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Hinduism: History of Hinduism|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> and Buddhism had vanished from Afghanistan and north India by the early 11th century as a result of the [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan]] and incursions into India.

According to some scholars such as Lars Fogelin, the decline of Buddhism may be related to economic reasons, wherein the Buddhist monasteries with large land grants focused on non-material pursuits, self-isolation of the monasteries, loss in internal discipline in the ''sangha'', and a failure to efficiently operate the land they owned.<ref name="Schopen1997p259"/><ref name=larsfogelin>{{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin|title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-994823-9 |pages=229–230 }}</ref>

===The Hun invasions===

Chinese scholars travelling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries, such as [[Faxian]], [[Xuanzang]], [[I Ching (monk)|I-ching]], Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist ''[[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]'', especially in the wake of the [[Huna people|Hun]] invasion from central Asia.<ref name="Merriam155">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/155 155]–157 }}</ref> Xuanzang, the most famous of Chinese travellers, found "millions of monasteries" in north-western India reduced to ruins by the Huns.<ref name="Merriam155"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-Development#toc68658|title=Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128085023/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development#toc68658|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Muslim conquerors===
[[File:Nalanda stucco.jpg|thumb|General Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji sacked the great Buddhist shrines at [[Nālanda]].<ref>The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)</ref>]]

The [[Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent]] was the first great [[iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] invasion into South Asia.<ref>Levy, Robert I. (1990). Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press</ref> By the end of the twelfth century, Buddhism had mostly disappeared,<ref name="Merriam155"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-Development#toc68658|title=Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=13 September 2015|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128085023/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development#toc68658|url-status=live}}</ref> with the destruction of monasteries and stupas in medieval northwest and western India (now Pakistan and north India).<ref name="Mcleod"/>

In the north-western parts of medieval India, the Himalayan regions, as well as regions bordering central Asia, Buddhism had facilitated trade relations, states Lars Fogelin. With the Islamic invasion and expansion, and central Asians adopting Islam, the trade route-derived financial support sources and the economic foundations of Buddhist monasteries declined, on which the survival and growth of Buddhism was based.<ref name=larsfogelin/><ref name="Wink1997">{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA348 |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10236-1 |pages=348–349 }}</ref> The arrival of Islam removed the royal patronage to the monastic tradition of Buddhism, and the replacement of Buddhists in long-distance trade by the Muslims eroded the related sources of patronage.<ref name="Mcleod"/><ref name="Wink1997"/>

In the Gangetic plains, Odisha, northeast and the southern regions of India, Buddhism survived through the early centuries of the 2nd millennium.<ref name=larsfogelin/> The Islamic invasion plundered wealth and destroyed Buddhist images,<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&pg=PA194 |year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85942-4 |pages=194 }}, Quote: "From 986 CE, the Muslim Turks started raiding northwest India from Afghanistan, plundering western India early in the eleventh century. Forced conversions to Islam were made, and Buddhist art, iconography and holy sites were destroyed. Indeed, in India, the Islamic term for an 'idol' became 'budd'."</ref> and consequent take over of land holdings of Buddhist monasteries removed one source of necessary support for the Buddhists, while the economic upheaval and new taxes on laity sapped the laity support of Buddhist monks.<ref name=larsfogelin/>

Monasteries and institutions such as Nalanda were abandoned by Buddhist monks or destroyed from the 8th through 15th centuries, who were forced to flee to escape the invading Muslim army, after which the site decayed over the Islamic rule in India that followed.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard H. Robinson |author2=Sandra Ann Wawrytko |author3=Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu |title=The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhUSAQAAIAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Thomson |isbn=978-0-534-20718-2 |pages=50 |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081257/https://books.google.com/books?id=LhUSAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mark Juergensmeyer|author2=Wade Clark Roof|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5|page=148|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060832/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The last empire to support Buddhism, the Pala dynasty, fell in the 12th century, and [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a general of the early [[Delhi Sultanate]], destroyed monasteries and monuments and spread Islam in Bengal.<ref name="Merriam155"/> According to Randall Collins, Buddhism was already declining in India before the 12th century, but with the pillage by Muslim invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s.<ref name="Randall Collins 2000, pages 184-185">Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 184-185</ref> In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution;<ref>{{cite book |author=Craig Lockard |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC |year=2007 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-618-38612-3 |pages=364 |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081304/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC |url-status=live }}</ref> while the monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the Muslim power.<ref name="Peter Harvey 2013 194–195">{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&pg=PA194 |year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85942-4 |pages=194–195 }}</ref>

===Surviving Buddhists===
{{See also|Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent#Survival of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}
Recent evidence has uncovered the existence of many late Indian Buddhist travellers and scholars who were active into the 15th and 16th centuries. The last abbot of the [[Mahabodhi Temple|Bodh Gaya mahavihara]] in [[Bihar]] was [[Śāriputra (15th-century)|Śāriputra]] who was active into the 1400s when he left India to travel in [[Tibet]] and [[China]]. [[Dhyānabhadra]] was another figure who was previously a student at [[Nalanda]] and left India in the early 1300s to travel to China and [[Korea]]. Other names of later Indian Buddhist figures include [[Vanaratna]] and [[Buddhaguptanātha]].<ref name=McKeown2018>{{cite book |last1=McKeown |first1=Arthur P. |title=Guardian of a Dying Flame: Śāriputra (c. 1335-1426) and the End of Late Indian Buddhism |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=463 pages |isbn=9780674984356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb86tAEACAAJ}}</ref>
Many Indian Buddhists fled south. It is known that Buddhists continued to exist in India even after the 14th century from texts such as the [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]. This text outlines an episode in the life of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1533), a Vaishnava saint, who was said to have entered into a debate with Buddhists in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>Amore, Roy C; Developments in Buddhist Thought: Canadian Contributions to Buddhist Studies, page 72</ref>

The Tibetan [[Taranatha]] (1575–1634) wrote a history of Indian Buddhism, which mentions Buddhism as having survived in some pockets of India during his time.<ref>Tharanatha; Chattopadhyaya, Chimpa, Alaka, trans. (2000). History of Buddhism in India, Motilal Books UK, {{ISBN|8120806964}}.</ref> He mentions the Buddhist sangha as having survived in Konkana, Kalinga, Mewad, Chittor, Abu, Saurastra, Vindhya mountains, Ratnagiri, Karnataka etc. The Jain author Gunakirti (1450-1470) wrote a Marathi text, Dhamramrita,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=kalika+purana+jain&pg=PA1781|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|first=Amaresh|last=Datta|date=10 November 1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|via=Google Books|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081259/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=kalika+purana+jain&pg=PA1781|url-status=live}}</ref> where he gives the names of 16 Buddhist orders. [[Vidyadhar Johrapurkar]] noted that among them, the names Sataghare, Dongare, Navaghare, Kavishvar, Vasanik and Ichchhabhojanik still survive in Maharashtra as family names.<ref>Shodha Tippana, Pro. Vidyadhar Joharapurkar, in Anekanta, June 1963, pp. 73-75.</ref> The mahavihara at Ratnagiri, Odisha seems to have continued with a reduced community, and some renovation of buildings, until the 16th century, perhaps funded by foreign pilgrims as it is near the coast accessible from South-East Asia.

Buddhism also survived to the modern era in Himalayan regions such as [[Ladakh]], with close ties to Tibet.<ref>Warder, AK; Indian Buddhism, page 486</ref> A unique tradition survives in Nepal's [[Newar Buddhism]]. The most important [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]], in particular Bodh Gaya, continued to receive pilgrims from outside India throughout the medieval and modern periods, which are now greatly increased with easier air travel.

In Bihar and Bengal, many Buddhist shrines and temples have remained intact with the Buddha or Bodhisattva inside, being appropriated and worshipped as a Brahmanical deity. Around the neighbourhood of Nalanda, the remains of votive stupas are worshipped as [[Lingam|Shiva lingas]]. An image of the Buddha in bhūmisparśa mudrā at the village of [[Telhara monastery|Telhara]] receives full-fledged pūjā as [[Hanuman]] during [[Rama Navami]]. A sculpture of the Buddha has ended up as [[Vāsudeva]] at Gunaighar in [[Comilla]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Birendra Nath |title=Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |page=614 |isbn=9781000416756 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB4gEAAAQBAJ&q=P%C4%AB%E1%B9%ADhipati |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081258/https://books.google.com/books?id=TB4gEAAAQBAJ&q=P%C4%AB%E1%B9%ADhipati |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Abul Fazl]], the courtier of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], states, "For a long time past scarce any trace of them (the Buddhists) has existed in Hindustan." When he visited [[Kashmir]] in 1597, he met with a few old men professing Buddhism, however he 'saw none among the learned'. This is can also be seen from the fact that Buddhist priests were not present amidst learned divines that came to the [[Ibadat Khana]] of Akbar at [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]]|page=426|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1951}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Ladakh Monastery.jpg|[[Thikse Monastery]] is the largest [[gompa]] in Ladakh, built in the 1500s.
File:Kye Gompa-10-Klosterburg-gje.jpg|[[Key Gompa]] in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].
File:Tawang Monastery (Tibetan Buddhist).jpg|[[Tawang Monastery]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in Lhasa, Tibet.
File:Kalpa-46-Lochawa Lakhang-gje.jpg|A temple in [[Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh|Kalpa]], Kinnaur. The local Kinnauri follow a syncretism of Hinduism and Buddhism.
File:Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg|[[Rumtek Monastery]] in Sikkim was built under the direction of [[Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama]] in the mid-1700s.<ref>Achary Tsultsem Gyatso; Mullard, Saul & Tsewang Paljor (Transl.): A Short Biography of Four Tibetan Lamas and Their Activities in Sikkim, in: Bulletin of Tibetology Nr. 49, 2/2005, p. 57.</ref>
File:Golden Pagoda Namsai.jpg|The [[Golden Pagoda, Namsai|Golden Pagoda of Namsai]] is a temple of the Buddhist [[Khamti people]] in [[Namsai District]] of Arunachal Pradesh.
File:Kamalanagar Buddhist Temple.png|A stupa in [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram]]. The local [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] are Mahayana Buddhists.
File:Dragon Palace Temple.jpg|The [[Lotus Temple of Nagpur]]. [[Nagpur]] Division is home to more than a million [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Buddhist Dalits]].
File:Yiga Choeling Monastery, Ghum 02.jpg|The Yiga Choeling Monastery in [[Ghum, West Bengal]].
</gallery>

===Causes within the Buddhist tradition of the time===

Some scholars suggest that a part of the decline of Buddhist monasteries was because it was detached from everyday life in India and did not participate in the ritual social aspects such as the rites of passage (marriage, funeral, birth of child) like other religions.<ref name="Mcleod">McLeod, John, ''The History of India'', Greenwood Press (2002), {{ISBN|0-313-31459-4}}, pg. 41-42.</ref>

==Revival==
===Maha Bodhi Society===
[[File:Bodh Gaya 1899.jpg|thumb|The Mahabodhi temple as it appeared in 1899, shortly after its restoration in the 1880s]]
[[File:A Buddhist temple at Sarnath.jpg|thumb|right|Maha-Bodhi Mulagandhakuti Buddhist Temple at [[Sarnath]]]]
{{See also|Maha Bodhi Society}}
The modern revival of Buddhism in India began in the late nineteenth century, led by [[Buddhist modernist]] institutions such as the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] (1891), the [[Bengal Buddhist Association]] (1892) and the Young Men's Buddhist Association (1898). These institutions were influenced by modernist South Asian Buddhist currents such as Sri Lankan Buddhist modernism as well as Western Oriental scholarship and spiritual movements like [[Theosophy and Buddhism|Theosophy]].<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 41">Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 41.</ref>

A central figure of this movement was Sri Lankan Buddhist leader [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], who founded the Maha Bodhi Society in 1891.<ref name=Ahir>{{cite book
|last=Ahir
|first=D.C.
|title=Buddhism in Modern India
|year=1991
|publisher=Satguru
|isbn=81-7030-254-4
}}</ref> An important focus of the Maha Bodhi Society's activities in India became the recovery, conservation and restoration of important Buddhist sites, such as Bodh Gaya and its Mahabodhi temple.<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 41"/> Dharmapāla and the society promoted the building of Buddhist vihāras and temples in India, including the one at Sarnath, the place of Buddha's first sermon. Dharmapāla died in 1933, the same year he was ordained a [[bhikkhu]].<ref name=Ahir/> There's another independent organization by the same name of Maha Bodhi Society that was founded by [[Acharya Buddharakkhita]] in Bengaluru in 1956. It is affiliated with Anagarika Dharmapala's Maha Bodhi Society of Kolkata.

Following [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], India's ancient Buddhist heritage became an important element for nation-building, and prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] looked to the Mauryan empire for symbols of pan-Indian unity which were neither Hindu nor Muslim, such as the [[Dharmachakra|Dhammachakra]].<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 42.</ref> Indian Buddhist sites also received Indian government support in preparation for the 2,500th [[Buddha Jayanti]] held in 1956, as well as providing rent-free land in several pilgrimage centres for Asian Buddhist groups to build temples and rest houses.<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 47">Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 47.</ref>

Important Indian Buddhist intellectuals of the modern period include [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] (1893-1963), [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|Dharmanand Kosambi]] (1876-1941) and [[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]].<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 42, 50</ref> The Bengal Buddhist [[Kripasaran|Kripasaran Mahasthavir]] (1865-1926) founded the Bengal Buddhist Association in 1892. In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil [[Iyothee Thass]] (1845-1914) was a major figure who promoted Buddhism and called the [[Paraiyar]]s to convert.<ref>Bergunder, Michael (2004). [http://theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf "Contested Past: Anti-Brahmanical and Hindu nationalist reconstructions of Indian prehistory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924194957/http://theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf |date=24 September 2018 }} (PDF). ''Historiographia Linguistica''. '''31''' (1): 59–104.</ref>

The [[Government of India|Indian government]] and the states have continued to promote the development of Buddhist pilgrimage sites ("the Buddhist Circuit"), both as a source of tourism and as a promotion of India's Buddhist heritage which is an important cultural resource for India's foreign diplomatic ties.<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 54.</ref> In 2010, the Nalanda University was established in Bihar.<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 55.</ref>

===Dalit Buddhist movement===
{{main|Dalit Buddhist movement|Navayana|Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 440
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| background color =
| title =
| image1 = Dr. Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion.jpg
| image2 = Deekshabhoomi - panoramio.jpg
| footer = (left) [[B. R. Ambedkar]] delivering a speech during conversion, Nagpur, 14 October 1956; (right) [[Deekshabhoomi]] monument, located in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]] where [[B. R. Ambedkar]] converted to Buddhism in 1956 is the largest [[stupa]] in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhagwat|first=Ramu|title=Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ambedkar-memorial-set-up-at-Deekshabhoomi/articleshow/189472379.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-19/mumbai/27228796_1_dr-ambedkar-narayanan-smarak-samiti|url-status=live|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2001}}</ref>
}}

In the 1950s, the [[Dalit]] political leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891-1956) influenced by his reading of Pali sources and Indian Buddhists like [[Dharmanand Kosambi]] and Lakshmi Narasu, began promoting conversion to Buddhism for Indian low caste Dalits.<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 47"/> His [[Dalit Buddhist Movement]] was most successful in the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], which saw large scale conversions.<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 47"/> Ambedkar's "Neo Buddhism" included a strong element of social and political protest against Hinduism and the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]].<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 48">Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 48.</ref> His magnum opus, ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]],'' incorporated [[Marxism|Marxist]] ideas of class struggle into Buddhist views of [[dukkha]] and argued that Buddhist morality could be used to "reconstruct society and to build up a modern, progressive society of justice, equality, and freedom".<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 48"/>

The conversion movement has generally been limited to certain social demographics, such as the [[Mahar]] caste of Maharashtra and the [[Jatav]]s.<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 48"/> Although they have renounced Hinduism in practice, a community survey showed adherence to many practices of the old faith including endogamy, worshipping the traditional family deity etc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastree|first1=Uttara|title=Religious converts in India : socio-political study of neo-Buddhists|date=1996|publisher=Mittal Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170996295|pages=67–82|edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYInC70BSEgC&pg=PA81|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

Major organizations of this movement are the [[Buddhist Society of India]] (the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha) and the [[Triratna Buddhist Community]] (the Triratna Bauddha Mahasangha).<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 49</ref>

===Tibetan Buddhism===
[[File:Tibetan Library Dharamsala.jpg|thumb|Tibetan Library, Dharamsala]]
Tibetan Buddhism has also grown in India during the modern era, mainly due to the growth of the Tibetan diaspora. The arrival of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] with over 85,000 Tibetan refugees in 1959 had a significant impact on the revival of Buddhism in India.<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 51">Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 51.</ref> Large numbers of Tibetans settled in [[Dharamshala|Dharamsala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], which became the headquarters of the Tibetan Government in Exile. Another large Tibetan refugee settlement is in [[Bylakuppe]], [[Karnataka]]. Tibetan refugees also contributed to the revitalization of the Buddhist traditions in Himalayan regions such as [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] district, [[Ladakh]], [[Tawang district|Tawang]] and [[Bomdila]].<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 51"/> Tibetan Buddhists have also contributed to the building of temples and institutions in the Buddhist sites and ruins of India.<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 52.</ref>

The Dalai Lama's brother, Gyalo Thondup, himself lives in [[Kalimpong]] and his wife established the Tibetan Refugee Centre in [[Darjeeling]].<ref>[http://tibetancentredarjeeling.com/]</ref> The [[17th Karmapa]] also arrived in India in 2000 and continues education and has taken traditional role to head Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism and every year leads the Kagyu Monlam in Bodh Gaya attended by thousands of monks and followers. [[Palpung]] Sherabling monastery seat of the [[12th Tai Situpa]] located in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh is the largest [[Kagyu]] monastery in India and has become an important centre of Tibetan Buddhism. [[Penor Rinpoche]], the head of Nyingma, the ancient school of Tibetan Buddhism re-established a Nyingma monastery in Bylakuppe, Mysore. This is the largest Nyingma monastery today. Monks from Himalayan regions of India, Nepal, Bhutan and from Tibet join this monastery for their higher education. Penor Rinpoche also founded Thubten Lekshey Ling, a dharma center for lay practitioners in Bangalore. Vajrayana Buddhism and Dzogchen (maha-sandhi) meditation again became accessible to aspirants in India after that.

===Vipassana movement===
[[File:Truly gold Global Vipassana Pagoda.jpg|thumb|[[Global Vipassana Pagoda]]]]
The [[Vipassana movement]] is a modern tradition of Buddhist meditation practice. In India, the most influential Vipassana organization is the Vipassana Research Institute founded by [[S. N. Goenka|S.N. Goenka]] (1924-2013) who promoted Buddhist Vipassana meditation in a modern and non-sectarian manner.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vipassana-pioneer-sn-goenka-is-dead_880114.html "Vipassana pioneer SN Goenka is dead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021210557/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vipassana-pioneer-sn-goenka-is-dead_880114.html |date=21 October 2013 }}. Zeenews.India.com. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</ref> Goenka's network of meditation centers who offered 10 day retreats. Many institutions—both government and private sector—now offer courses for their employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6322237.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – India's youth hit the web to worship|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505181012/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6322237.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> This form is mainly practiced by elite and middle class Indians. This movement has spread to many other countries in Europe, America and Asia. In November 2008, the construction of the [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]] was completed on the outskirts of Mumbai.

== Culture ==
[[File:Gate of Vipassana Buddha Vihar and Aurangabad caves, and Ambedkar statue.jpg|thumb|right|Marathi Buddhists celebrating the 62nd Dhammachakra Pravartan Din at the [[Aurangabad Caves]] area in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], Maharashtra on 18 October 2018]]
[[File:Sravasti-gandhakuti.jpg|thumb|right|Buddhist monks meditating in [[Jetavana]].]]

=== Communities ===
* [[Marathi Buddhists]] (including [[Mahar]]) constitute the most populous Buddhist community in India. Various indigenous ethnic Buddhist communities such as the [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]], [[Bhutias]], [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]], [[Tamang people|Tamangs]], [[Yolmo people|Yolmos]], and ethnic Tibetans can be found in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region.
* [[Beda people]]: The Beda people are a Buddhist community of the Indian union territory of Ladakh, where they practise their traditional occupation of musicianship.
* [[Bengali Buddhists]]: Bengali Buddhist people mainly live in Bangladesh (500,000), and the Indian states [[West Bengal]] (282,898) and [[Tripura]] (125,182). Bengali Buddhists are followers of Theravada Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2943086|title = Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development|journal = The Journal of Asian Studies|volume = 29|issue = 4|pages = 761–778|last = Bechert|first = Heinz|author-link = Heinz Bechert|year = 1970|doi = 10.2307/2943086| s2cid=154554678 }}</ref>
* [[Bhotiya]]
* [[Bhutia]]
* Bodh people
* [[Bugun]]
* [[Chakma people]]
* [[Chugpa tribe]]
* [[Gurung people]]
* [[Khamba people]]
* [[Khamti people]]
* [[Khamyang people]]
* [[Lepcha people]]
* [[Lishipa tribe]]
* [[Na people]]
* [[Rakhine people]]
* [[Sherpa people]]
* [[Tai Phake people]]
* [[Tamang people]]

=== Festivals ===
Indian Buddhists celebrate many festivals. [[Ambedkar Jayanti]], [[Dhammachakra Pravartan Day]] and [[Buddha's Birthday]] are three major festivals of Navayana Buddhism. Traditional Buddhists celebrate [[Losar]], Buddha Purnima and other festivals.
* [[Ambedkar Jayanti]] (B. R. Ambedkar's birthday): Ambedkar Jayanti is a major festival in India, celebrated in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar, a champion of class rights in India.. The annual festival is observed on 14 April to commemorate the memory of B. R. Ambedkar. Ambedkar was a champion of class rights in India, He is also credited as being the "Father of the Indian Constitution".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405042913/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2015|date=19 March 2015|title=Declaration of Holiday on 14th April, 2015 – Birthday of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar|publisher=Government of India: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions}}</ref><ref>http://persmin.gov.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426141101/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT_AboutUs_OrganisationUnderMOP.asp |date=26 April 2016 }} Webpage of Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance & Pension</ref> Ambedkar Jayanti is celebrated in India as well as other countries.<ref>[http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm 125th Dr. Ambedkar Birthday Celebrations Around the World.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103043414/http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm |date=3 November 2018 }} mea.gov.in</ref> Ambedkar Jayanti processions are undertaken by his Buddhist followers at [[Chaitya Bhoomi]] in Mumbai and Deeksha Bhoomi in Nagpur. Large numbers of Indian Buddhists visit [[vihara]]s, and local statues commemorating Ambedkar are carried in procession with a lot of fanfare.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ambedkar Jayanti – Bhim Jayanti – 14 April|url=http://jaibhimambedkar.com/ambedkar-jayanti-bhim-jayanti-14-april/184/|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328212351/http://jaibhimambedkar.com/ambedkar-jayanti-bhim-jayanti-14-april/184/|archive-date=28 March 2017|website=Jai Bhim Ambedkar}}</ref>
[[File:Dikshabhoomi on 'Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din' (Mass Conversion Ceremony Day) and 14 October.jpg|thumb|Dhammachakra Pravartan Day celebrations]]
* [[Dhammachakra Pravartan Din]] is celebrated to mark the conversion to Buddhism of Ambedkar and approximately 600,000 followers on 14 October 1956 at [[Deekshabhoomi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=53rd Dhammachakra Pravartan day celebrated in Nagpur|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-53rd-dhammachakra-pravartan-day-celebrated-in-nagpur-1293580|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=28 September 2009|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813014127/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-53rd-dhammachakra-pravartan-day-celebrated-in-nagpur-1293580|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year on Ashoka Vijayadashami, millions of Buddhists gather at Deekshabhoomi to celebrate the mass conversion. Many Buddhists also visit local Buddhist sites there to celebrate the festival. Every year on that day thousands of people embrace Buddhism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dahat|first=Pavan|title=Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Pravartan Din|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-throng-nagpur-on-dhammachakra-pravartan-din/article6469961.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 October 2015|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205102449/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-throng-nagpur-on-dhammachakra-pravartan-din/article6469961.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Buddha Purnima]] Is celebrated by both Buddhists and non-Buddhists in India. It is believed to be a festival celebrating the adoption of the teachings of Siddharata Gautama. On this day Indian Buddhists wear white clothes and meditate, and are supposed to only consume vegetarian food. Mahabodhi Temple is a popular attraction during this time period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/buddha-purnima-2021-festival-marks-birth-anniversary-of-founder-of-buddhism-9653361.html|title=Buddha Purnima 2021: Festival marks birth anniversary of founder of Buddhism|work=Firstpost |date=26 May 2021|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614100135/https://www.firstpost.com/india/buddha-purnima-2021-festival-marks-birth-anniversary-of-founder-of-buddhism-9653361.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Branches ==
{{pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Buddhism in India (2011 National Census)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/|title=Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey|date=2 July 2017|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903210259/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thequint.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism|title=Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate|date=17 June 2017|website=The Quint|access-date=31 July 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729095011/https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Navayana Buddhism]]
| value1 = 87
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = Traditional Buddhism ([[Mahayana]], [[Theravada]], [[Vajrayana]] and others)
| value2 = 13
| color2 = Gold
}}

According to an IndiaSpend analysis of 2011 Census data, there are more than 8.4 million Buddhists in India of whom 87% are neo-Buddhists or [[Navayana]] Buddhists. They are converted from other religions, mostly [[Dalit]]s ([[Scheduled Caste]]) who changed religion to escape the [[Caste system]] of [[Hinduism]]. The remaining 13% belong to traditional Buddhist communities ([[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]], [[Vajrayana]] and others) of the northeast and northern Himalayan regions.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="thequint.com"/>

==Demographics==
[[File:District wise Buddhist population percentage, India census 2011.png|thumb|District wise percentage of the Buddhist population according to the 2011 census]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Percent
! Increase
|-
| '''1951'''
| 0.05%
| {{n/a}}
|-
| '''1961'''
| 0.74%
| style="background: LightGreen" | +0.69%
|-
| '''1971'''
| 0.70%
| style="background-color: lightcoral" | -0.04%
|-
| '''1981'''
| 0.71%
| style="background: LightGreen" | +0.01%
|-
| '''1991'''
| 0.76%
| style="background: LightGreen" | +0.05%
|-
| '''2001'''
| 0.77%
| style="background: LightGreen" | +0.01%
|-
| '''2011'''
| 0.70%
| style="background-color: lightcoral" | -0.07%
|}
The Buddhist percentage has decreased from 0.74% in 1961 to 0.70% in 2011.<ref>1951 to 2011 Census of India</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, the Buddhist population declined in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi, and [[Punjab]].<ref>2001 and 2011 Census of India</ref>

According to the 2011 census there are 8.4 million Buddhists in India. Maharashtra has the highest number of Buddhists in India, with 5.81% of the total population.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Almost 90 per cent of Navayana or Neo-Buddhists live in this state. Marathi Buddhists, who live in Maharashtra, are the largest Buddhist community in India. Most Buddhist Marathi people belong to the former Mahar community.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan Publisher|isbn=8178241560|pages=119–131|chapter=The 'Solution' of Conversion}}</ref><ref name="zelliot">{{cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bardwell L. |title=Religion and the Legitimation of Power in South Asia |year=1978 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9004056742 |pages=88–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Jzn_LuLasC&pg=PA88 |first=Eleanor |last=Zelliot |author-link=Eleanor Zelliot |chapter=Religion and Legitimation in the Mahar Movement}}</ref>

{{Historical populations
| title = Buddhist population growth
| 1951 | 180823
| 1961 | 3250227
| 1971 | 3812325
| 1981 | 4720000
| 1991 | 6388000
| 2001 | 7955207
| 2011 | 8442972
| estimate =
| estyear =
| estref =
| source = Census of India
}}
In the 1951 census of India, 180,823 (0.05%) respondents said they were Buddhist.<ref>Kantowsky, Detlef (1997). [https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/buddhismus-in-geschichte-und-gegenwart/bd2-k06kantowsky.pdf Buddhisten in Indien heute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801223235/https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/buddhismus-in-geschichte-und-gegenwart/bd2-k06kantowsky.pdf |date=1 August 2019 }}, Indica et Tibetica 30, 111</ref> The 1961 census, taken after [[B. R. Ambedkar]] adopted [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Navayana Buddhism]] with his millions of followers in 1956, showed an increase to 3.25 million (0.74%). Buddhism is growing rapidly in the Scheduled Caste (''dalit'') community. According to the 2011 census, Scheduled Castes Buddhists grew by 38 percent in the country. According to the 2011 census, 5.76 million (69%) Indian Buddhists belong to the Scheduled Caste.<ref>{{cite news|title=बौद्ध बढ़े, चुनावी चर्चे में चढ़े|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/huge-increase-in-the-population-of-dalit-budhist-in-india-1-872858.html|access-date=30 January 2018|work=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145521/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/huge-increase-in-the-population-of-dalit-budhist-in-india-1-872858.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The majority (92%) of the people in the [[Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chakma Autonomous region]] in Mizoram follows Theravada Buddhism.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=Religion PCA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-1500.xlsx |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901061939/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-1500.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Census of India, 2011===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
|+States and union territories having more than 100,000 Buddhists in 2011 India Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063524/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=28 April 2017|website=Census of India Website|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|title= C-1 Population By Religious Community}}</ref>
|-
!State and union territory !!Buddhist Population (approximate)!!Buddhist Population (%)!!% of total Buddhists
|-
|align=left|[[Maharashtra]]||6,531,200||5.81%||77.36%
|-
|align=left|[[West Bengal]]||282,898||0.31%||3.35%
|-
|align=left|[[Madhya Pradesh]]||216,052||0.30%||2.56%
|-
|align=left|[[Uttar Pradesh]]||206,285||0.10%||2.44%
|-
|align=left|[[Sikkim]]||167,216||27.39%||1.98%
|-
|align=left|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]||162,815||11.77%||1.93%
|-
|align=left|[[Tripura]]||125,385||3.41%||1.49%
|-
|align=left|''[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'' (before 2019 formation of Ladakh)||112,584||0.90%||1.33%
|-
|align=left|[[Ladakh]] (formed 2019)||108,761||39.65%||1.29%
|-
|}

District with higher percentage of [[Buddhism]] (above 20%) in India.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!District
!State
!Percentage
|-
|[[Tawang District]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|69.87%
|-
|[[Leh District]]
|[[Ladakh]]
|66.40%
|-
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district ]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|62.01%
|-
|[[Mangan district]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|53.35%
|-
|[[Lawngtlai district]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|43.72%
|-
|[[West Kameng District]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|42.99%
|-
|[[Changlang District]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|36.30%
|-
|[[Soreng district]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|27.42%
|-
|[[Pakyong district]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|26.50%
|-
|[[Gyalshing district]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|25.99%
|-
|[[Namchi district]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|23.87%
|-
|[[Namsai District]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|22.05%
|-
|[[Gangtok district]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|22.55%
|-
|[[Kinnaur District]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|21.50%
|-
|[[Kalimpong District]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|20.94%
|-
|[[Lunglei District]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|20.70%
|}

==Notable figures==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Shantirakshita - Google Art Project.jpg|Śāntarakṣita, Abbot of [[Nalanda]] in the 8th century, who played an important role in the spread of Buddhism in [[Tibet]].
File:Nagarjuna with 84 mahasiddha cropped.jpg|[[Nagarjuna]], active in the 2nd century and established the [[Madhyamaka]] school of Mahayana Buddhism
Atisha.jpg|[[Atiśa]], who lived during the 11th century, a major figures in the spread of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism in Asia, inspiring Buddhist thought from Tibet to [[Sumatra]].
</gallery>
In the Edicts of Ashoka, Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as a recipient of his Buddhist proselytism.<ref>"The conquest by Dharma has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred [[Yojana|yojanas]] (5,400-9,600 km) away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochos]] rules, beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus Gonatas|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] rule, likewise in the south among the [[Cola dynasty|Cholas]], the [[Pāṇḍya|Pāṇḍyas]], and as far as [[Tāmraparṇi]]." (Edicts of Ashoka, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika)</ref> The [[Mahavamsa]] describes emissaries of Ashoka, such as [[Dharmaraksita]], as leading Greek ("[[Yona]]") Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism.<ref>Geiger, Wilhelm; Bode, Mabel Haynes, trans.; Frowde, H. (ed.) (1912). [http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html The Mahavamsa or, the great chronicle of Ceylon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905050433/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html |date=5 September 2006 }}, London: Pali Text Society, Oxford University Press; chapter XII</ref>

[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] Historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the "Indian king Pandion ([[Pandey]]?), also named Porus," to [[Caesar Augustus]] around the 1st century. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in [[Athens]], to demonstrate his faith. The event made a sensation and was described by [[Nicolaus of Damascus]], who met the embassy at [[Antioch]] and related by [[Strabo]] (XV,1,73)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73|title=Strabo, Geography, NOTICE.|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=4 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Dio Cassius]] (liv, 9). A tomb was made to the sramana, still visible in the time of [[Plutarch]], which bore the mention: "The sramana master from [[Bharuch|Barygaza]] in India".

Other notable buddhist figures include:
*[[Buddhabhadra (Shaolin abbot)|Buddhabhadra]] - was the founding abbot and patriarch<ref>Faure, Bernard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DWbFajDicgYC&dq=%22Faure%22+%22Chan+Insights+and+Oversights:+An+Epistemological+...%22+&psp=9 ''Chan Insights and Oversights: an epistemological critique of the Chan tradition''], Princeton University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-691-02902-4}}</ref> of the [[Shaolin Temple]]. [[Buddhist]] [[monk]] and [[esoteric]] master from South India (6th century), [[Kanchipuram]] is regarded as the [[patriarch]] of the Ti-Lun school. [[Bodhidharma]] (c. 6th century) was the Buddhist Bhikkhu traditionally credited as the founder of Zen Buddhism in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9080361|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905192850/https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9080361|url-status=dead|title=Concise Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Bodhidharma|archive-date=5 September 2007}}</ref>
*[[Śāntarakṣita]] - 8th century CE abbot of [[Nalanda mahavihara]]{{sfn|Edelglass|2022|pp=463–480}}
*[[Nagarjuna]] - 2nd century CE philosopher{{sfn|Edelglass|2022|pp=211–236}}
*[[Atisa]] - 11th century CE philosopher and abbot of [[Vikramashila]]{{sfn|Edelglass|2022|pp=601–615}}
*[[Ashoka]] - Emperor of Magadha in the 3rd century BCE
*[[Aśvaghoṣa]] - 2nd century CE composer of the [[Buddhacharita]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eltschinger |first1=Vincent |chapter=Aśvaghoṣa|title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2022 |pages=83–97|doi=10.4324/9781351030908-10 |isbn=978-1-351-03088-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Nagasena]] - Monk and composer of the [[Milindapañhā]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Sonam |chapter=THE MILINDAPAÑHA|title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2022 |pages=97–113|doi=10.4324/9781351030908-11 |isbn=978-1-351-03088-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Saraha]] - 8th century [[mahasiddha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson|first1=Roger|chapter=Saraha|title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2022 |pages=124–139|doi=10.4324/9781351030908-13 |isbn=978-1-351-03088-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*[[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] - Buddhist monk and scholar who presided over the [[Third Buddhist council]] in the 3rd century BCE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gethin |first1=Rupert |chapter=MOGGALIPUTTA TISSA'S POINTS OF DISCUSSION (KATHĀVATTHU): Reasoning and Debate in Early Buddhist Thought|title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2022 |pages=160–172|doi=10.4324/9781351030908-17 |isbn=978-1-351-03088-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Aryadeva]] - second–third century CE Indian Buddhist author<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tillemans |first1=Tom J. F . |chapter=ĀRYADEVA: Quietism and Buddhist Ethics|title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2022 |pages=236–252|doi=10.4324/9781351030908-23 |isbn=978-1-351-03088-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Asanga]] - Scholar-monk from the 4th century CE
*[[Vasubandhu]] - Brother of Asanga and also a scholar-monk.
*[[Shantideva]] - 8th century monk and composer of the [[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Buddhism|India}}
* [[Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Buddhism in Kashmir]]
* [[Buddhism in North Karnataka]]
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[List of converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
* [[Lord Buddha TV]]
* [[Sambuddhatva jayanthi]]
* [[Surai Sasai]]
* [[Barua Buddhist Institutes in India and Bangladesh]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Westerhoff |first1=Jan |title=The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198732662 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYFZDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Edelglass |first1=William |title=The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781351030885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqh2EAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |title=The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World |date=2024 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781408864449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj75EAAAQBAJ&q=the+golden+road+how+ancient+india+transformed+the+world}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Dutt |first=Nalinaksha |year=1998 |title=Buddhist Sects in India |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0427-9 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Koenraad Elst |last=Elst |first=K. |year=2002 |title=Who is a Hindu? Hindu revivalist views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other offshoots of Hinduism |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |isbn=978-81-85990-74-3 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |year=1999 |title=Buddhism: A Short Introduction |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-186-0 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Étienne Lamotte |last=Lamotte |first=E. |year=1976 |title=History of Indian Buddhism |place=Louvain |publisher=[[Peeters Press]] |ref=none}}
* Ober, Douglas. ''Dust on the Throne: The Search for Buddhism in Modern India'' (Stanford University Press, 2023) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=60143 Online review of this book.]

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Buddhism in India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074717/http://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/01/religion-data-of-census-2011-xi_19.html?m=1 Indian Buddhist Data from the 1951 census to the 2011 census]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060908161751/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/BUDDHISM/DECLINE.HTM World Civilizations: The Decline of Buddhism in India. Publisher: Washington State University. Last accessed on 10 April 2007 ]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Asia topic|Buddhism in}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Buddhism in India}}
[[Category:History of Buddhism in India| ]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India|*]]
[[Category:Social history of India|Buddhism]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India|Buddhism]]
[[Category:Dalit history|Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhism by country|India]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in Asia]]

Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

2026-03-17T02:10:06Z

UPMTaj45723: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1973)}}
{{good article}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2017.jpg
| caption = Rai Bachchan at the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]]
| birth_name = Aishwarya Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], Karnataka, India
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1991–present
| works = [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan filmography|Full list]]
| title = [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India 1994]] 1st runner up [[Miss World 1994]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]|2007}}
| children = 1
| family = [[Bachchan family]] (by marriage)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Full list]]
| honours = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (2009)|[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2012)}}
| signature = Signature of Aishwarya Rai Bachchan.svg
}}

'''Aishwarya Rai Bachchan''' ({{IPA|hi|ɛːʃʋəɾjᵊ ɾɑːj ˈbətːʃən|pron}}; {{née}} '''Rai'''; born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress who is primarily known for her work in [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. Rai won the [[Miss World 1994]] pageant and later established herself as one of the most-popular and influential celebrities in India. She has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|numerous accolades]] for her acting, including two [[Filmfare Awards]]. In 2004, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named her one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]]. In 2009, the [[Government of India]] honoured her with the [[Padma Shri]] and in 2012, the [[Government of France]] awarded her with the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]]. From the late 1990s, she has often been called "the most beautiful woman in the world".

While in college, Rai modelled and appeared in several television commercials, and entered the [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] pageant, in which she was placed second. She was then crowned Miss World 1994, made her acting debut in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s 1997 Tamil film ''[[Iruvar]]'' and had her Hindi film debut in ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' that year. Her first commercial success was the Tamil romantic drama ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998), which at the time was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]]. She achieved wider success and won two [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Awards for Best Actress]] for her performances in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s romantic dramas ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999) and ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002).

Rai garnered critical appreciation for portraying a passionate artist in ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000), a seductive widow in ''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]'' (2003), an unhappily married woman in ''[[Raincoat (film)|Raincoat]]'' (2004), [[Kiranjit Ahluwalia]] in ''[[Provoked (film)|Provoked]]'' (2006), and a nurse in Bhansali's ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010). Her greatest commercial successes have been the romantic dramas ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000) and ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016), the adventure film ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006), the biographical drama ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007), the science-fiction film ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), and the period films ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023).

Rai's off-screen roles include being an ambassador for several charity organisations and supporting philanthropic causes through her namesake foundation. She was appointed a [[Goodwill Ambassador]] for the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) in 2012. She has also participated in stage shows and is an investor and prominent brand endorser. In 2003, she was the first Indian actress to be a juror at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. She married the actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in 2007, with whom she has a daughter.

== Early life and education ==
Aishwarya Rai was born on 1 November 1973<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchcan-42nd-birthday-husband-abhishek-daughter-aaradhya/ |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchcan to celebrate 42nd birthday with husband Abhishek and daughter Aaradhya |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104011114/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchcan-42nd-birthday-husband-abhishek-daughter-aaradhya/ |archive-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> into a [[Tulu people|Tulu]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] family<ref>{{cite news |last=ANI |title=Aishwarya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan participate in event organised by Bunt community |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_aishwarya-rai-abhishek-bachchan-participate-in-event-organised-by-bunt-community_1486838 |access-date=21 February 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=27 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807150345/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_aishwarya-rai-abhishek-bachchan-participate-in-event-organised-by-bunt-community_1486838 |archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Devdas: Raise your glass |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/13612687.cms |access-date=20 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 May 2002 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424052728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/13612687.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>Her father Krishnaraj Rai, who died on 18 March 2017,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-father-passes-away-was-suffering-from-cancer/593402/ |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's father passes away; was suffering from cancer |work=Financial Express |date=18 March 2017 |access-date=29 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320051928/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-father-passes-away-was-suffering-from-cancer/593402/ |archive-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> was a [[marine biologist]] and her mother Vrinda is a housewife.<ref name="Early life">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/31slid6.htm |title=This Week in Entertainment |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=1 November 1973 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122010815/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/31slid6.htm |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> She has one elder brother Aditya Rai, an engineer in the [[merchant navy]]. Rai's movie ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' (2003) was co-produced by her brother and co-written by her mother.<ref>{{cite web |last=Samant |first=Prajakta |title=She is a big star; I'm just starting |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/15aditya.htm |date=15 January 2003 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019200659/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/15aditya.htm |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dil-Ka-Rishta-is-special-for-me-Aishwarya/articleshow/34151716.cms |title=Dil Ka Rishta is special for me: Aishwarya |work=The Times of India |date=13 January 2003 |access-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327230851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dil-Ka-Rishta-is-special-for-me-Aishwarya/articleshow/34151716.cms |archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> She has been fluent in Tulu, Hindi and English since childhood.<ref name="SCMP">{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3107798/how-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-went-blue-eyed-schoolgirl |title=How Aishwarya Rai Bachchan went from blue-eyed schoolgirl beauty to Miss World, to film superstar and one half of a Bollywood power couple with husband Abhishek Bachchan |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |first=P |last=Ramakrishnan |date=1 November 2020 |accessdate=23 November 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602131645/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3107798/how-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-went-blue-eyed-schoolgirl|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rai's family later moved to [[Mumbai]] due to her father's job transfer.<ref name="SCMP" /> There, she attended the Arya Vidya Mandir High School.<ref name="Early life" /> She had her intermediate schooling at [[Jai Hind College]] for a year<ref name=jaihind /> and then enrolled at [[Ruparel College|D. G. Ruparel College]]<ref name="bwood">{{cite book |last=Dawar |first=Ramesh |title=Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |publisher=Star Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-905863-01-3 |page=27}}</ref> in [[Matunga]], securing 90 percent in the [[Higher Secondary (School) Certificate]] (HSC) exams.<ref name="Early life" /><ref name=btb>{{cite news |title=Behind the beauty |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/behind-the-beauty/story-mwkioGMOgLqQiuuszZjqzH.html |access-date=23 February 2016 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204017/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/behind-the-beauty/story-mwkioGMOgLqQiuuszZjqzH.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Describing her desire to maintain a good academic standing, she said: "I've always got a first rank except for my seventh grade mid-term when I stood second. When I came to the 10th grade, my seniors, my juniors, everybody thought I'd top the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board exams. But I came seventh or eighth in class and that was a huge ego blow."<ref name="SCMP" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-aishwarya-rai-revealed-the-only-time-in-her-life-that-she-really-cried-was-in-school-101681373810857.html |title=When Aishwarya Rai revealed the only time in her life that she 'really cried' was in school |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 April 2023 |accessdate=23 November 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607142406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-aishwarya-rai-revealed-the-only-time-in-her-life-that-she-really-cried-was-in-school-101681373810857.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rai trained in classical dance and music for five years during her teens and showed interest in traditional dance forms, including [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="btb" /><ref name="SCMP" /> Her favourite subject was zoology and she initially considered a career in medicine.<ref name="btb" /> Planning to become an architect, she enrolled at Rachana Sansad Academy of Architecture,<ref name="btb" /> but later gave up her education to pursue a career in modelling.<ref name="jaihind">{{cite news |last=Assomull |first=Sujata |title=My first break – Aishwarya Rai |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990205/ile05066.html |date=5 February 1999 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-date=22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822160158/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990205/ile05066.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rai had appeared as a child model for Camlin pencils and later, photographs of her taken by her English professor for a project went viral, and photographers [[Gautam Rajadhyaksha]] and Farrokh Chothia contacted her to appear in advertisements.<ref name="SCMP" />

== Modelling career ==
In 1991, Rai participated in an international supermodel contest, which led to her being featured in the American edition of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine.<ref name="bwood" /><ref name="who">{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Gitanjoli |date=1 November 2012 |title=Who is Aishwarya Rai Bachchan? |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-217018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116145019/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-217018 |archive-date=16 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In 1993, she gained wide public recognition for her appearance in a [[Pepsi]] commercial with actors [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Mahima Chaudhry]]. Her single line of dialogue "Hi, I'm Sanjana" became popular.<ref name="who" /><ref name="endorsement">{{cite magazine |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |date=5 November 2012 |title=Exclusive interview: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |magazine=[[Vogue India]] |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/exclusive-interview-aishwarya-rai-bachchan |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222081724/http://www.vogue.in/content/exclusive-interview-aishwarya-rai-bachchan |archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Aishwarya walks for Manish Malhotra at HDIL India Couture Week 2010.jpg|thumb|250px|With fashion designer [[Manish Malhotra]] on the runway at HDIL India Couture Week in 2010]]
In the 1994 [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] pageant, Rai won second place behind [[Sushmita Sen]] and was crowned Miss India World, also winning the titles Miss Catwalk, Miss Miraculous, Miss Photogenic, Miss Perfect Ten and Miss Popular.<ref name="missindia">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Nikhil |date=14 May 2011 |title=Beauties and the B |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/beauties-and-the-b/article2006233.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084835/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2011051453880300.htm&date=2011%2F05%2F14%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-throwback-thursday-here-s-looking-back-at-how-aishwarya-rai-made-india-proud-by-winning-the-miss-world-1994-title-2681704 |title=Throwback Thursday: Here's looking back at how Aishwarya Rai made India proud by winning the Miss World 1994 title |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=1 November 2018 |accessdate=21 November 2023|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123003700/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-throwback-thursday-here-s-looking-back-at-how-aishwarya-rai-made-india-proud-by-winning-the-miss-world-1994-title-2681704|url-status=live}}</ref>

As first runner-up, Rai's duties included representing India in the rival [[Miss World]] pageant in [[Sun City (South Africa)|Sun City, South Africa]]. She went on to win the pageant,<ref>{{cite news |date=9 May 2011 |title=Metro Plus Bangalore: Beauties and the B |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/05/09/stories/2011050950990100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084858/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/05/09/stories/2011050950990100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> and the Miss Photogenic award and [[List of Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty winners|Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty − Asia and Oceania]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-rare-images/photostory/49614711.cms |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: Rare images |work=The Times of India |date=1 November 2015|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817053910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-rare-images/photostory/49614711.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After winning Miss World, Rai said she dreamt of world peace and that she wanted to be an ambassador of peace during her one-year reign in London.<ref name="missindia" /><ref>{{cite news |title=INTERNATIONAL PAGEANT WINNERS |work=The Times of India |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/Archives/International-Winners/articleshow/msid-5931192,curpg-3.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409194441/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/Archives/International-Winners/articleshow/msid-5931192,curpg-3.cms |archive-date=9 April 2012}}</ref>

Prior to participating in beauty pageants, she had received four offers to star in movies but she decided to participate in Miss India to step back from the film industry for a bit. She said in an interview, "If I hadn't taken part in Miss India, ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' (1996) would have been my first film."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bollywood-interesting-unknown-facts |title=10 interesting facts about Aishwarya Rai Bachchan every fan should know |magazine=Vogue India |first=Aamukta |last=Reddy |date=5 September 2021 |accessdate=23 November 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511030104/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bollywood-interesting-unknown-facts|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to model until she became an actress.<ref name="missindia" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-reveals-how-she-got-into-modelling-watch-her-throwback-video-1446186-2019-02-04 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan reveals how she got into modelling in this throwback video |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 February 2019 |accessdate=21 November 2023|archive-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122041110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-reveals-how-she-got-into-modelling-watch-her-throwback-video-1446186-2019-02-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
{{further|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan filmography}}
=== Debut and breakthrough (1997–1999) ===
Rai made her acting debut in 1997 with [[Mani Ratnam]]'s [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Iruvar]]'', a semi-biographical [[political drama]] co-starring [[Mohanlal]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Revathi]]. The film was a critical success, and won the Best Film award at the [[FEST (Belgrade)|Belgrade International Film Festival]] among other awards.<ref name="Iruvar">{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/09/slide-show-1-looking-at-mani-ratnams-landmark-movies.htm |title=Looking at Mani Ratnam's landmark movies – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=30 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132648/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/09/slide-show-1-looking-at-mani-ratnams-landmark-movies.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Rai starred as Pushpavalli and Kalpana, the latter of which is a fictionalised portrayal of politician and former actress [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/03mohan1.htm |title=25 years, 25 landmarks |work=Rediff.com |author=Warrior, Shobha |date=3 September 2003 |access-date=2 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020441/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/03mohan1.htm |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> Her dialogue in the film was dubbed by Tamil actress [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]].<ref name="moneybudget">{{cite web |author=Srinivasan, V |work=Rediff.com |title=Of Jeans and bottom lines |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/21jean.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201659/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/21jean.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/rohini-dubbed-for-aishwarya-rai-in-iruvar/articleshow/51680310.cms |title=Rohini dubbed for Aishwarya Rai in Iruvar |work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2016|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105043804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/rohini-dubbed-for-aishwarya-rai-in-iruvar/articleshow/51680310.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, Rai was cast as a young woman in an arranged marriage set-up, Ashi, opposite [[Bobby Deol]] in her first Bollywood film ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'', a romantic comedy. ''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'' was a commercial failure and reviewers were critical of her acting ability.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1997.htm |title=Box Office India report of 1997 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217155601/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1997.htm |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19970825-movie-review-aur-pyar-ho-gaya-starring-aishwarya-rai-bobby-deol-831963-1997-08-24 |title=Movie review: Aur Pyar Ho Gaya, starring Aishwarya Rai, Bobby Deol |work=India Today |date=25 August 1997 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208063715/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19970825-movie-review-aur-pyar-ho-gaya-starring-aishwarya-rai-bobby-deol-831963-1997-08-24|url-status=live}}</ref> For her role, she won a [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/jan23/films2.htm |title=The 4th Screen Awards Winners |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020123812/http://www.screenindia.com/jan23/films2.htm |archive-date=20 October 2002 |agency=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>

In the 1998 big-budget Tamil romantic drama ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'', which [[S. Shankar]] directed, Rai appeared alongside [[Prashanth]] as Madhumita, a young woman who accompanies her ailing grandmother to the United States to seek medical attention. The film was a commercial success, and earned her praise for her acting and dancing skills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/1998/may/15jean.htm |title=An easy fit |work=Rediff.com |date=15 May 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101124321/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/1998/may/15jean.htm |archive-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> In this film, her dialogue was dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/apr/23/ever-unseen-but-never-unheard-927739.html |title=Ever Unseen But Never Unheard |work=The New Indian Express |author=Roshne B |date=23 April 2016|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/apr/23/Ever-Unseen-But-Never-Unheard-927739.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Jeans'', which was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19980406-tamil-director-shankars-latest-film-jeans-costliest-indian-production-to-date-826054-1998-04-05 |title=Tamil director Shankar's latest film, Jeans, costliest Indian production to date |work=India Today |date=6 April 1998|access-date=26 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113070034/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19980406-tamil-director-shankars-latest-film-jeans-costliest-indian-production-to-date-826054-1998-04-05|archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> was submitted as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official entry to the Academy Awards]] for 1998 but was not nominated.<ref>{{cite news |work=India Today |title=Waiting for the Oscar |author=Chopra, Anupama |date=26 March 2001 |access-date=9 April 2011 |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010326/cinema.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818010521/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010326/cinema.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

Rai's first role of 1999 was in the melodrama ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'', which [[Rishi Kapoor]] directed. The film was a critical failure and had a below-average performance at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075057/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her portrayal of Pooja Walia, a traditional Indian woman living in the United States, met with negative reviews; [[Rediff.com]] said: "Rai sports a plastic smile and never gets a scene where she can portray any depth. All she does is cry and smile and look pretty."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/22aa.htm |title=The review of Rishi Kapoor's Aa Ab Laut Chalein |work=Rediff.com |date=22 January 1999 |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104135023/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/22aa.htm |archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> Also in 1999, Rai starred in the romantic musical ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'', which became a significant turning point in her career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/08/stories/2002030802690200.htm |title=Family values |date=8 March 2002 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019141043/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/08/stories/2002030802690200.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The film is an adaptation of [[Maitreyi Devi]]'s Bengali novel ''[[Na Hanyate]]''; it was directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], and co-starred [[Salman Khan]] and [[Ajay Devgn]]. Rai played Nandini, a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] woman who is forced into wedlock with Devgn's character, despite being in love with another man (played by Khan). Bhansali cast Rai after meeting her at a film screening and was impressed with her eyes.<ref name="love hate">{{cite news |last1=Farook |first1=Farhana |title=I love her...I hate her |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/i-love-heri-hate-her-7582-1.html |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080128/http://www.filmfare.com/features/i-love-heri-hate-her-7582-1.html |archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Filmfare|Bombay Talkies]]'' wrote that she has "an unquestionable felicity for acting", and has "that impossible combination of breathtaking beauty and brains".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |author1-link=Khalid Mohamed |title=That Touch of Class |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb65.htm |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=[[Filmfare|Bombay Talkies]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |year=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991003195847/http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb65.htm |archive-date=3 October 1999}}</ref> ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' was a commercial success and won Rai a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368698.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708193756/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368698.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=The Winners – 1999– The 51st Filmfare Awards |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref>

Rai next took up the leading role of Mansi, a naive young woman with an exceptional singing talent, in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s musical ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' alongside [[Akshay Khanna]] and [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300500200.htm |title=Kabir's ambition |date=3 December 2003 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110085217/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300500200.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> A reviewer from Rediff.com praised her acting and dancing in the film, and wrote: "''Taal'' will again enhance her reputation as an actress while in no way detracting from her image as a traffic-stopper".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/13taal.htm |title=Soft 'n' sensational |work=Rediff.com |author=Taliculam, Sharmila |date=13 August 1999 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185647/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/13taal.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> ''Taal'' was a commercial success and is notable for being the first Indian film to appear in the top-20 listing at the American box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office India report of 1999 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1999.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221231737/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1999.htm |archive-date=21 December 2007 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ12Df01.html |title=Bollywood takes on the world |access-date=5 December 2008 |last=Bist |first=Raju |date=12 November 2002 |work=Asia Times |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929063652/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ12Df01.html}}</ref> Rai received a second Best Actress nomination that year at the Filmfare Awards ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Nominations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2000 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Established actress and success (2000–2008) ===
In 2000, Rai starred in ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'', a Tamil-language adaptation of [[Jane Austen]]'s novel ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]''. [[Rajiv Menon]] directed the film, which also stars [[Mammooty]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Ajith Kumar]]. She was cast as Meenakshi, who is based on [[Marianne Dashwood]], the younger sister of Tabu's character.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/05/28/stories/09280223.htm |title=From the known to the unknown |date=28 May 2000 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019141252/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/05/28/stories/09280223.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial success, and earned Rai positive comments from critics; a review carried by ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said: "Attacking her role with just the perfect dollop of innocence, Rai does full justice to her part, and matches up perfectly to Tabu".<ref name="Aish Life">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/ash-lashes-out-at-the-media-835#/slide/21 |title=Aishwarya's life in pics |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224033441/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/ash-lashes-out-at-the-media-835#/slide/21 |archive-date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20000710/ien08001.html |title=Movie reviews |work=The Indian Express |date=10 July 2000 |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014072652/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20000710/ien08001.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/at-their-regional-best/article2343088.ece |title=At their regional best! |author=Reshma S Kulkarni |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 July 2017 |date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518193206/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/at-their-regional-best/article2343088.ece |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

Rai next starred alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Chandrachur Singh]] in the action drama ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''. She portrayed Shirley Dias, the twin sister of Khan's character who falls in love with his arch enemy's brother (played by Singh).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120101721300.htm |title=National : Fun, feni and sands exotic locale at home |date=1 December 2004 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019140129/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120101721300.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The casting of Rai as Khan's sister was considered an unusual pairing at the time but director [[Mansoor Khan]] described it as "perfect".<ref>{{cite web |last=Suggu |first=Kanchana |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/24josh.htm |title=Josh is a youth oriented film |work=Rediff.com |date=24 January 2000 |access-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126082015/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/24josh.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Critics gave ''Josh'' mixed reviews and it was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/06/23/stories/09230224.htm |title=Competent portrayals continue unsung |date=23 June 2000 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110085234/http://www.hindu.com/2000/06/23/stories/09230224.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="BO2000">{{cite web |title=Box Office 2000 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102034949/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D |archive-date=2 November 2011}}</ref> In [[Satish Kaushik]]'s social drama ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'', Rai played a rape victim. The film co-stars Anil Kapoor and [[Sonali Bendre]], and was well-received by critics and did well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2000 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2000&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716112519/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2000&pageId=4 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] praised Rai's decision to star in the film and said she "conveys the turmoil and pain of a rape victim well. But it is her transition from an emotional wreck trying to gather the broken pieces of her life back together, that is amazing."<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/25hamara.htm |title=Sir Anil to the rescue! |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126082101/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/25hamara.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Her performance in the film earned her a third Best Actress nomination at Filmfare.<ref name="filmfareawards">{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368707.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709051430/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368707.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=The Nominations – 2000– The 51st Filmfare Awards |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref>

Following a leading role in the box-office failure ''[[Dhai Akshar Prem Ke]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hollywood-remakes-that-failed-at-the-box-office/dhaai-akshar-prem-ke/photostory/59770621.cms |title=Hollywood remakes that failed at the Box Office |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2017|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hollywood-remakes-that-failed-at-the-box-office/dhaai-akshar-prem-ke/photostory/59770621.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Rai played a supporting role in [[Aditya Chopra]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Mohabbatein]]''. She played Megha Shankar, the daughter of [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s character, who commits suicide after realizing her father will not accept her romance with one of his students (played by Shah Rukh Khan). ''Mohabbatein'' received positive reviews from critics, became the [[List of Bollywood films of 2000|highest-grossing film of the year]] and earned Rai a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="BO2000" /><ref name=filmfareawards /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/01/06/stories/2008010650140500.htm |title=Magazine / Cinema : Crossover influences |date=6 January 2008 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019135757/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/01/06/stories/2008010650140500.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The following year, she starred alongside [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Jackie Shroff]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]'', which together with her performance, received mostly negative reviews; [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' criticised the film and said Rai is "plastic in some scenes".<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/538760 |title=Albela (2011) review |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028134918/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/538760 |archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Aish N Madhuri.jpg|thumb|250px|left|With her co-star [[Madhuri Dixit]] at the premiere of their film ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' in 2002|alt=Dixit and Rai posing for the camera.]]

After featuring in [[David Dhawan]]'s slapstick comedy film ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6895/index.html |title=Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin |work=Bollywood Hungama |first=Taran |last=Adarsh |date=31 May 2002 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115213404/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6895/index.html|archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> Rai appeared alongside Shah Rukh Khan and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's period romantic drama ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'', an adaptation of [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s [[Devdas|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300860100.htm |title=Celebrating Devdas |date=23 September 2002 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129140212/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300860100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> Rai played the role of Paro (Parvati), the love interest of the protagonist (Khan). The film was screened at the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]] and it was featured by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in its listing of the "10 Best Films of the Millennium".<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Richard |last=Corliss |title=Cannes Kiss Off |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020610-257165,00.html |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114083801/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020610-257165,00.html |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1439620/Devdas-in-TIME-magazines-Top-10-films-list |title=Devdas in TIME magazine's Top 10 films list |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150511/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1439620/Devdas-in-TIME-magazines-Top-10-films-list |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> ''Devdas'' was a major international success with a revenue of over {{INRConvert|840|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006053645/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=6 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas.htm |title=Box Office India report of Overseas Gross |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227020122/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alan Morrison, writing for ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'', praised the performances of the three leads and wrote: "Rai proves she has the acting talent to back up her flawless looks".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=8133 |title=Devdas Review |author=Alan Morrison |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514221549/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=8133 |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ''Devdas'' was chosen as India's official entry for the [[List of Indian submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] and received a nomination at the [[BAFTA Awards]] in the [[BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] category.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Indian Submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film |url=http://www.filmfed.org/indian-submission.html |publisher=[[Film Federation of India]]|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516054357/http://www.filmfed.org/indian-submission.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |title=''Devdas'' nominated for best foreign film at Bafta |date=27 January 2003 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190326/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-27/news-interviews/27288232_1_bafta-british-film-awards-competition-from-awards-veterans |work=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> In India, the film won 10 Filmfare Awards, including a second Best Actress award for Rai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709102644/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=The Winners – 2002– The 51st Filmfare Awards |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref> Also in 2002, she participated in the UK television show ''From India with Love'' along with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan and Preity Zinta. The show took place at [[Manchester]]'s [[Old Trafford]] and London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], with over 100,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2002 |title=From India with Love |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801183641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref>

In 2003, Rai starred in two romantic dramas—her brother's production début ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' alongside [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Rohan Sippy]]'s ''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]'' alongside [[Abhishek Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jan/15ash.htm |title='Hey we're family, let's just chill' |work=Rediff.com |author=Arti R |date=15 January 2003 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710232504/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jan/15ash.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bofail>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102440300.htm |title=Entertainment / Cinema : Mixed bag of hits and duds |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107224709/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102440300.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=7 November 2010}}</ref> Neither of these films fared well critically or commercially.<ref name=bofail /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/10/stories/2003031000530100.htm |title='Jism' continues to attract, appeal, allure |date=10 March 2003 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124213327/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/10/stories/2003031000530100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> She was later noted for her starring role in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s independent [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] ''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]'', an adaptation of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Chokher Bali (novel)|eponymous novel]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2006/07/21/stories/2006072100700200.htm |title=Kerala News : Film finds its audience |date=21 July 2006 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806195614/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/21/stories/2006072100700200.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=6 August 2012}}</ref> Rai portrayed Binodini, an emotionally manipulative widow who is struggling with her sexual desires in early-20th century Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/11/16/stories/2003111600410500.htm |title=A director's film |date=16 November 2003 |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110085405/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/11/16/stories/2003111600410500.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> The film was a major critical success and Rai earned praise for her performance; Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' noted: "Rai dominates the film with her delicately sensual presence and physical grace".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117921521/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Derek |last=Elley |title=Chokher Bali: A Passion Play |date=12 August 2003 |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011234530/https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/chokher-bali-a-passion-play-1200540006/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Commercially, the film was a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/13/stories/2003111300830200.htm |title=Alluring Ash |author=SPillai, Shreedhar |access-date=13 November 2003 |date=13 November 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031128224733/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/13/stories/2003111300830200.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=28 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jan/10spec1.htm |title=Bengali films zoom in on profits |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 January 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040114064301/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jan/10spec1.htm |archive-date=14 January 2004}}</ref>

After the success of ''Chokher Bali'', Rai returned to mainstream Hindi film in [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' (2004), an action thriller featuring Amitabh Bachchan, [[Akshay Kumar]], Ajay Devgn and [[Tusshar Kapoor]]. The film tells the story of five constables involved in a mystery surrounding a terrorist attack; Rai played Mahalakshmi, a [[gun moll]]. While filming for ''Khakee'', she was accidentally hit by a running car that caused a fracture in her left foot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/02ash.htm |title=Aishwarya injured in accident |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 November 2012 |date=2 April 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126082115/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/02ash.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Upon release, the film was a moderate critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/02/27/stories/2004022701310100.htm |title=Bollywood's favourite filmmaker |access-date=27 February 2004 |date=27 February 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628195128/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/02/27/stories/2004022701310100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=28 June 2004}}</ref> In her next release, the romantic comedy ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'', Rai played Diya Malhotra, a university student who develops a one-sided attraction toward her friend Arjun Khanna (played by [[Vivek Oberoi]]). The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics but was commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Sita |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/13khgn.htm |title=KHGN: Part-time fun |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 November 2012 |date=13 August 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126082105/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/13khgn.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210& |title=Box Office 2004 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107074905/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210 |archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2004, Rai garnered international recognition for her starring role opposite [[Martin Henderson]] in [[Gurinder Chadha]]'s British film ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'', a Bollywood-style adaptation of Jane Austen's novel ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]''. International film critics expressed mixed views on Rai's performance as the Punjabi version of [[Elizabeth Bennet]]; a review carried by ''[[The New York Times]]'' called her "radiantly beautiful but inert"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2005/02/11/movies/11boll.html |title=Mr. Darcy and Lalita, singing and dancing |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 October 2012 |date=11 February 2005 |first=Manohla |last=Dargis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512204129/http://movies.nytimes.com/2005/02/11/movies/11boll.html |archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> while ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' noted "she is a world-class hottie with talent to match, as she proves in her first English-speaking role".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/bride-and-prejudice-20050127 |title=Bride and Prejudice |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |author=Peter Travers |date=27 January 2005 |access-date=27 January 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328101949/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/bride-and-prejudice-20050127 |archive-date=28 March 2013}}</ref> With a worldwide gross of $24 million against a production budget of $7 million, ''Bride and Prejudice'' was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=brideandprejudice.htm |title=Bride and Prejudice (2005) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515181428/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=brideandprejudice.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Rai next collaborated with director Rituparno Ghosh for the second time on the 2004 relationship drama ''[[Raincoat (film)|Raincoat]]'', an adaptation of [[O. Henry]]'s ''[[The Gift of the Magi]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref name="Rediff-Rain">{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/24rain.htm |title=Rain coat is simply beautiful |work=Rediff.com |access-date=9 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406050743/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/24rain.htm |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |title=52nd National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193535/http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Critics praised the film and noted the lack of glamour in Rai's role, which earned her a Best Actress nomination at Filmfare.<ref name="Rediff-Rain" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/amp-stories/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-filmfare-nominations-45142.amp |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's Filmfare nominations |work=Filmfare |first=Vedanshi |last=Pathak |date=30 November 2020|access-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503145651/https://www.filmfare.com/features/amp-stories/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-filmfare-nominations-45142.amp|archive-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''Variety'' called ''Raincoat'' a "chamber-sized gem" and said Rai had shunned "her usual immaculate makeup and duds, and looking more like a broken, malfunctioning doll".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117924517/ |work=Variety |first=Derek |last=Elley |title=Raincoat |date=30 July 2004 |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108122635/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117924517/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said Rai "looks quite plain [and] seems to have made an earnest effort to emote, using less of her body and limbs and more of her face, and eyes in particular".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101640201.htm |title=Raincoat |author=Bhaskaran, Gautaman |access-date=31 December 2004 |date=31 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125084850/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101640201.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=25 January 2005}}</ref>

Rai next co-starred alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Zayed Khan]] in the 2005 adult drama ''[[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]'', which tells the story of an author who as research for his next book, persuades his wife to pursue a relationship with a younger man. The film received predominantly negative reviews and was a commercial failure. ''[[The Times of India]]'' said: "For the umpteenth time, Ms. Rai looks drop-dead gorgeous. And that's about it. She is like that picture postcard you get when what you were actually waiting for is a letter. It's very beautiful to look at, but is of no use because it says nothing."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose Malik |first=Jhoomur |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/Shabd-leaves-all-speechless/movie-review/1012683.cms |title='Shabd' leaves all speechless |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2005 |access-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618170411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/Shabd-leaves-all-speechless/movie-review/1012683.cms |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> In the same year, Rai took on the lead role of Tilo in [[Paul Mayeda Berges]]'s romantic fantasy film ''[[The Mistress of Spices (film)|The Mistress of Spices]]'', an adaptation of [[Mistress of Spices|the eponymous novel]] by [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/24/stories/2005042400420500.htm |title=Magazine / Book Review : Multi-layered tale |date=24 April 2005 |access-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110085558/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/24/stories/2005042400420500.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> Critics gave the film negative reviews<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/05/26/stories/2006052602380300.htm |title=Friday Review Chennai / Film Review : It is beautiful but bland: Mistress of Spices |date=26 May 2006 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110085609/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/05/26/stories/2006052602380300.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/28/stories/2006052800250500.htm |title=Magazine / Sightings : Festive flavour at Canne |date=28 May 2006 |access-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110085702/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/28/stories/2006052800250500.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> and it was a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/unlucky-ash-she-is-commercially-not-viable-distributor-yashovardhan-tyagi/cid/970874 |title=Unlucky Ash – She is commercially not viable: distributor Yashovardhan Tyagi |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=26 November 2006 |accessdate=3 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105200415/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/unlucky-ash-she-is-commercially-not-viable-distributor-yashovardhan-tyagi/cid/970874|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' called Rai's performance "annoying" and wrote she "wafts and simpers" through the entire film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2006/apr/21/10 |title=The Mistress of Spices |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 April 2006 |access-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922033227/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2006/apr/21/10 |archive-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> Her only successful venture of 2005 was a special appearance in [[Shaad Ali]]'s crime comedy ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'', in which she featured in the popular [[item number]] "[[Kajra Re]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend8.htm |title=Ten best Bollywood actresses of 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922050802/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend8.htm |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Taneja |first=Nikhil |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/From-Melody-to-Dev-D/Article1-492354.aspx |title=From melody to Dev.D |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022034836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/From-Melody-to-Dev-D/Article1-492354.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2006, Rai starred in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' and [[Yash Raj Films]]' ''[[Dhoom 2]]''. ''Umrao Jaan'' is an adaptation of [[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]]'s [[Urdu language|Urdu]] novel ''[[Umrao Jaan Ada]]'' (1905), which tells the story of a doomed courtesan from 19th-century [[Lucknow]]. Rai played the titular role, which was played by [[Rekha]] in [[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|the first film adaptation of the novel]] (1981). Reviewers, while comparing the film to the 1981 adaptation, were critical of the film and of her performance.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Muthalaly, Susan |date=10 November 2006|access-date=9 April 2011 |title=Beauty without emotions – Umrao Jaan |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/10/stories/2006111000210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203011957/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/10/stories/2006111000210200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/17/stories/2006111700620200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203051748/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/17/stories/2006111700620200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2006 |title=Classic becomes mundane |author=Biswas, Niloshree |date=17 November 2006|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref> According to Joshi Poonam of the [[BBC]]: "While only Rai could emulate the grace and poise of Rekha, she doesn't quite capture the intensity of Umrao's abiding melancholy", and "Rai's incandescent beauty and artistry [..] does indeed keep the audience watching, though not necessarily emotionally engaged".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/11/06/umrao_jaan_2006_review.shtml |title=Umrao Jaan (2006) |last=Joshi |first=Poonam |date=20 October 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729042822/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/11/06/umrao_jaan_2006_review.shtml |archive-date=29 July 2010}}</ref> In the [[Sanjay Gadhvi]]-directed adventure film ''Dhoom 2'', Rai portrayed Sunehri, a petty thief who helps police catch an illusive criminal; the film has an ensemble cast including [[Hrithik Roshan]], Abhishek Bachchan, [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Uday Chopra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Ash-to-dance-to-Davars-tune/articleshow/1524543.cms |title=Ash to dance to Davar's tune |agency=TNN |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=13 April 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020041022/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Ash-to-dance-to-Davars-tune/articleshow/1524543.cms |archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> Critics gave ''Dhoom 2'' mixed-to-positive reviews and the film was Rai's first major commercial success since ''Devdas''. The film was declared a [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], and became the highest-grossing Indian film of 2006 with gross revenues of over {{INRConvert|1.11|b}}.<ref name="BoxOffice2006">{{cite news |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |title=All Time Earners Inflation Adjusted |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303150414/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rediff.com commented: "[Rai] is all gloss and no depth. You seldom feel any tension in her behaviour and expressions. ...Sunehri enters the film nearly 50 minutes after its opening in a disguise. In no time, she is wearing the flimsiest of clothes. Once she opens her mouth—and she does it two minutes after appearing in the film—she spoils the image."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhoom: 2 falls short of expectations |author=J. Pais, Arthur |work=Rediff.com |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/24slide4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524133838/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/24slide4.htm |archive-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> Nonetheless, her performance earned her a sixth Filmfare Award nomination in the Best Actress category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 52nd Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210050900/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |archive-date=10 February 2007 |date=8 February 2007}}</ref>

[[File:AishwaryaRai.jpg|thumb|170px|Rai in 2007]]

In 2007, Rai played the wife of Abhishek Bachchan's character in Mani Ratnam's social drama ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'', which is fictionalised biography of businessman [[Dhirubhai Ambani]]. ''Guru'' tells the [[rag to riches]] story of an uneducated man who builds a multinational corporation. The film met with international critical acclaim and was a box-office success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polyester and Power at Play for a Mogul and His India |author=Webster, Andy |work=The New York Times |url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/movies/15guru.html |date=15 January 2007|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=27 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227181557/http://movies2.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/movies/15guru.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |title=Box Office 2007 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> [[Richard Corliss]] of ''Time'' called Rai's character as an "ornament" but Raja Sen from Rediff.com said she had given "arguably her finest performance, visible especially when she takes over the film's climax."<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Corliss, Richard |title=''Guru'' – Review |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1578636-3,00.html |date=12 January 2007 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016210158/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1578636-3,00.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/12guru.htm |title=Watch ''Guru'' for the actors |date=12 January 2007 |first=Raja |last=Sen |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123022904/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/12guru.htm |archive-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> Rai received her seventh Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for her performance in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/06/3548/index.html |title=Nominees – 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards |date=6 February 2008 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075708/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/06/3548/index.html |archive-date=23 October 2011 |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref>

She next starred alongside [[Naveen Andrews]] and [[Miranda Richardson]] in [[Jag Mundhra]]'s independent British drama ''[[Provoked (film)|Provoked]]'' as the real-life character [[Kiranjit Ahluwalia]], a [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indian]] who murders her husband after suffering years of domestic abuse.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gender/story/0,,2049522,00.html |title=I wanted him to stop hurting me |date=4 April 2007 |work=The Guardian |access-date=23 February 2011 |first=Julie |last=Bindel |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011234452/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/04/gender.ukcrime |url-status=live}}</ref> Rai earned mostly positive comments for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/first-pics-aishwarya-back-home-835 |title=Aishwarya's life in pics |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114162809/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/first-pics-aishwarya-back-home-835 |archive-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> Critic Indu Mirani from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' wrote: "Aishwarya Rai plays the battered wife in what is undoubtedly one of her best performances to date. Rai convincingly goes through the various stages of shock, bewilderment, remorse and finally vindication".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-stirred-and-shaken-1089354 |title=Stirred and shaken |author=Mirani, Indu |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105015320/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-stirred-and-shaken-1089354 |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The film was internationally well-received and was a moderate commercial success in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Aishwarya-s-Provoked-well-received-in-UK/Article1-216871.aspx |title=Aishwarya's Provoked well received in UK |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513171040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Aishwarya-s-Provoked-well-received-in-UK/Article1-216871.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM11/Provoked-a-winner-for-Ash/Article1-100945.aspx |title=Provoked, a winner for Ash |author=Saibal Chatterjee |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513110108/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM11/Provoked-a-winner-for-Ash/Article1-100945.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That same year, she starred alongside [[Ben Kingsley]], [[Colin Firth]] and [[Thomas Sangster]] as the Indian warrior Mira in [[Doug Lefler]]'s epic film ''[[The Last Legion]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/19/arts/NA-A-E-MOV-US-Box-Office.php |title='Superbad' delivers super debut with 1.2 million debut |access-date=5 January 2009 |date=19 September 2007 |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131144237/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/19/arts/NA-A-E-MOV-US-Box-Office.php |archive-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, she garnered critical and box-office success with [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s period romantic drama ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (now credited as Rai Bachchan, following her marriage to Abhishek Bachchan the previous year). The film narrates a partly fictionalised account of a [[marriage of convenience]] between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar]] (played by Hrithik Roshan) and the [[Rajput]] princess [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#The misnomer of Jodha Bai|Jodha Bai]] (played by Rai Bachchan). [[Rajeev Masand]] noted: "Rai is wonderfully restrained and uses her eyes expertly to communicate so much, making this one of her finest outings on screen".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-jodhaa-akbar/59060-8-p1.html |title=Masand's Verdict: Jodha Akbar |access-date=18 August 2009 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |author=Masand, Rajeev |date=15 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716220543/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-jodhaa-akbar/59060-8-p1.html |archive-date=16 July 2010}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|1.12|b}} and earned Rai Bachchan a Best Actress nomination at the Filmfare Awards ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-for-54th-filmfare-awards-2009--news-bollywood-kkfsuoigahisi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617112808/https://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-for-54th-filmfare-awards-2009--news-bollywood-kkfsuoigahisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2021 |title=Nominations for 54th Filmfare Awards 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 February 2009 |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> She then co-starred with her husband Abhishek Bachchan and her father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan, in [[Ram Gopal Verma]]'s political drama ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'', a sequel to the 2005 box-office hit ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&contentid=20080509200805090206278538342fe46&sectid=30&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood |title=Why Raj wants to see Sarkar... |date=9 May 2008 |author=M. Shah, Kunal |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 June 2011 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822175336/http://mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&contentid=20080509200805090206278538342fe46&sectid=30&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood |url-status=live}}</ref> Rai Bachchan was cast as Anita Rajan, the CEO of an international power firm who proposes to set up a plant in rural [[Maharashtra]]. The film was a critical and commercial success, and praise was directed towards the three leads' performances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bachchan mania grips denizens |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1278398.ece |access-date=15 June 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020441/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1278398.ece |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Sarkar Raj : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12651/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118093637/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12651/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2008 |work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=9 August 2011 |date=5 June 2008}}</ref>

=== Shift in career pace and hiatus (2009–2014) ===

Rai Bachchan's next role was in the 2009 [[Harald Zwart]]-directed spy comedy ''[[The Pink Panther 2]]'', in which she stars alongside [[Steve Martin]], [[Jean Reno]] and [[Emily Mortimer]]. Rai Bachchan portrayed Sonia Solandres, a seductive criminology expert. Like its [[The Pink Panther (2006 film)|predecessor]], ''The Pink Panther 2'' received negative reviews from critics<ref>{{cite news |title=Pink Panther 2 trashed by critics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pink-panther-2-trashed-by-critics/story-e2LPeCA7oVnqkSaL5MPF9O.html |access-date=12 July 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 February 2009 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712000616/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pink-panther-2-trashed-by-critics/story-e2LPeCA7oVnqkSaL5MPF9O.html |url-status=live}}</ref> but grossed $34 million at the American box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. and Canada Box Office |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/indexes/2009/03/13/movies/boxoffice/weekend_us/index.html |access-date=15 June 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 March 2009 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190019/http://movies.nytimes.com/indexes/2009/03/13/movies/boxoffice/weekend_us/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] wrote: "Rai is breathtaking in Bollywood films, where they devote a great deal of expertise to admiring beauty, but here she's underutilized and too much in the background".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-pink-panther-2-2009 |title=The Pink Panther 2- by Roger Ebert |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=4 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107131245/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-pink-panther-2-2009 |archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' called her expressions "wooden" and added: "She looks gorgeous, but her expression rarely changes".<ref>{{cite news |last=Puig |first=Claudia |title='Pink Panther 2' stumbles, bumbles and bores |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2009-02-05-pink-panther_N.htm |access-date=15 June 2011 |work=USA Today |date=6 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107000323/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2009-02-05-pink-panther_N.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Aishwarya Rai Robot1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Rai Bachchan at the press meet of ''[[Enthiran]]'' in 2010]]

In 2010, Mani Ratnam cast Rai Bachchan in his twin, modern-day adaptations of the [[Indian epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''—the Tamil version titled ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' and the Hindi version ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]''—which were filmed simultaneously. In both versions, Rai Bachchan plays Ragini, the wife of a [[superintendent (police)|superintendent of police]] who is kidnapped by a bandit. Her role was modeled on [[Sita]], the female protagonist of ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram plays both Ram and Raavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Vikram-plays-both-Ram-and-Raavan/article16372383.ece |access-date=6 May 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208112721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Vikram-plays-both-Ram-and-Raavan/article16372383.ece |archive-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> Rai Bachchan returned to Tamil cinema after a 10-year gap with ''Raavanan''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Now-Im-confident-about-doing-more-Tamil-movies-Aishwarya-Rai/article16372563.ece |title=Now I'm confident about doing more Tamil movies: Aishwarya Rai |work=The Hindu |date=26 April 2010 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103203603/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Now-Im-confident-about-doing-more-Tamil-movies-Aishwarya-Rai/article16372563.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Raavanan'' was a commercial success whereas the Hindi version was a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/25/stories/2010062550220100.htm |title=It's a bear run out there |author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=4 November 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101142826/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/25/stories/2010062550220100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date= 1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040099.jsp |title=Limelight: Going places |work=The Telegraph |access-date=10 October 2010 |date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619094839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040099.jsp |archive-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> The films received mixed reviews from film critics, as did Rai Bachchan's performances. Kaveree Bamzai of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote: "Rai's Sita is one of the best things in the film ... her performance is heartfelt—this is a performer who is at ease playing women, rather than girls".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raavan-boy-blunder-lost-in-an-epic-mess-76881-2010-06-17 |work=India Today |title=Raavan: Boy blunder lost in an epic mess |author=Bamzai, Kaveree |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102191239/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/raavan-boy-blunder-lost-in-an-epic-mess/1/102055.html |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> Critics Aniruddha Guha and Rajeev Masand criticised her character and said: "She's left to scream and shriek and hiss".<ref>{{cite news |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |title=Review: Raavan is a big yawn |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-raavan-is-a-big-yawn_1398215 |access-date=15 June 2011 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120439/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-raavan-is-a-big-yawn_1398215 |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan's next role was opposite [[Rajinikanth]] in the science-fiction Tamil film ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), which S. Shankar directed.<ref name="confirm">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Robot confirmed! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 January 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14585005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108043015/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14585005 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was cast as Sana, a college student and the girlfriend of Rajinikanth's character. At the time of its release, ''Enthiran'' was the most-expensive Indian film production and became one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-31/news/28431985_1_indian-film-sun-tv-network-rajinikanth |work=[[The Economic Times]] |title=Highest grossing Indian film |access-date=5 March 2011 |date=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170107130025/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-31/news/28431985_1_indian-film-sun-tv-network-rajinikanth |archive-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="162crores">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?from=bottomrelated&ID=538&StoryID=ENTEN20100154445 |title=Rajini's Endhiran: A sell out in Chennai |publisher=NDTV Movies |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002531/http://movies.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?from=bottomrelated&ID=538&StoryID=ENTEN20100154445 |archive-date=4 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2171&nCat=box_office_news |title=Endhiran – The Robot Expected Lifetime Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104233643/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2171&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=4 November 2010 |publisher=Box Office India |date=1 November 2010 |access-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She then appeared as Mala, an impetuous brat, in [[Vipul Shah]]'s ''[[Action Replayy]]''; a science-fiction comedy co-starring Akshay Kumar, [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Neha Dhupia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/aishwarya-and-akshay-promote-action-replayy-364322-2010-10-18 |title=Aishwarya and Akshay promote 'Action Replayy' |work=India Today |date=18 October 2010 |accessdate=3 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104031217/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/aishwarya-and-akshay-promote-action-replayy-364322-2010-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan's final film of 2010 was the drama ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'', which was her third collaboration with director Sanjay Leela Bhansali and actor Hrithik Roshan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200812301566.htm |title=Aishwarya is very special to me |access-date=5 January 2009 |date=30 December 2008 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131135113/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200812301566.htm |archive-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film tells the story of Ethan Mascarenas, a [[quadriplegia|quadriplegic]] former magician (Roshan) who after years of struggle, files an appeal for [[euthanasia]]. Rai Bachchan plays Sophia D'Souza, Mascarenas' nurse, whose alcohol-addicted husband abuses her. Due to her past associations with Bhansali, Rai Bachchan agreed to the project before reading its script.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ash said yes, but Hrithik almost said no! |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-what-happened-at-guzaarish-music-launch.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=26 March 2017 |date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120330/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-what-happened-at-guzaarish-music-launch.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Despite failing at the box office, ''Guzaarish'' met with positive critical reviews. ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' described it as "one of Rai's best performances" and ''The Times of India'' said: "Rai is a stunning picture of fire and grace, walking away with certain scenes by her sheer vitality".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101120/jsp/entertainment/story_13197137.jsp |work=The Telegraph |first=Pratim |last=D. Gupta |title=Hrithik in wonderland |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=26 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025194728/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101120/jsp/entertainment/story_13197137.jsp |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Guzaarish/movie-review/6947922.cms |work=The Times of India |first=Nikhat |last=Kazmi |title=Review: Guzaarish |date=18 November 2010 |access-date=20 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020441/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Guzaarish/movie-review/6947922.cms |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2011, Rai Bachchan was cast as the protagonist of [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s social drama ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' but due to her pregnancy, she was replaced with [[Kareena Kapoor]], the original choice for the role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/heroine-kareena-s-costumes-worth-rs-1-2cr/story-GsgfpKslk6jtjdrbM2WGDK.html |title='Heroine' Kareena's costumes worth Rs 1.2cr |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2011 |access-date=26 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418160643/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/heroine-kareena-s-costumes-worth-rs-1-2cr/story-GsgfpKslk6jtjdrbM2WGDK.html |archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ash-ready-to-be-a-heroine/article1-695705.aspx |title=Ash ready to be a Heroine |access-date=23 April 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516084955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ash-ready-to-be-a-heroine/article1-695705.aspx |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 2011 and 2014, Rai Bachchan took a hiatus from acting, with no film releases during this period. She remained in the public eye through select brand endorsements and appearances but did not take on new film projects.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan’s Cannes appearance silences critics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-cannes-appearance-104565-2012-05-25 |work=India Today |date=25 May 2012 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aishwarya Rai creates mass hysteria in Kerala at Kalyan Jewellers inauguration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aishwarya-rai-creates-mass-hysteria-in-kerala/articleshow/15568672.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Director [[Farah Khan]] reportedly approached her in 2013 for her film ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' to play the female lead opposite Shah Rukh Khan; she showed initial interest but was never cast.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to star opposite SRK in Happy New Year?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-star-opposite-srk-in-happy-new-year/story-8TAs54ypnrGHkzNngAk96H.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> In a later interview, Rai Bachchan stated that she declined the offer because she believed that since her husband, Abhishek Bachchan, would not be paired opposite her, the audience might not accept the pairing.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=When Aishwarya Rai rejected Shah Rukh Khan’s Happy New Year as she and Abhishek Bachchan… |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/when-aishwarya-rai-rejected-shah-rukh-khans-happy-new-year-as-she-and-abhishek-bachchan-13708902.html |work=Firstpost |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> The role was eventually played by [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy New Year box office collection: SRK, Deepika-starrer earns over ₹200 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-new-year-box-office-collection-srk-deepika-earns-over-rs-200-crore/story-I4j7ZxuKMvZcJvdT0FJ5eN.html|work=Hindustan Times |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Selective work (2015–2023) ===
[[File:Rai promoting jazbaaa.jpeg|thumb|170px|Rai Bachchan in 2015, during the promotion of ''[[Jazbaa]]'']]

After a five-year sabbatical from film acting, Rai Bachchan made a comeback with [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]'s drama-thriller ''[[Jazbaa]]'', co-starring with [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Mark the date! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mark-the-date-2052505 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115061336/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mark-the-date-2052505 |archive-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> She also served as producer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/16475398/Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-turns-producer-with-Jazbaa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005233207/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/16475398/Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-turns-producer-with-Jazbaa |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2015 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan turns producer with Jazbaa |date=3 October 2015 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> The film is a remake of the Korean thriller ''[[Seven Days (2007 film)|Seven Days]]'' (2007); Rai Bachchan plays Anuradha Verma, a criminal lawyer who is forced to defend a rapist in exchange for her daughter's safety. Shubha Shetty-Saha of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' criticised the film's unnecessary and intrusive melodrama, and said Rai Bachchan "looks the part and even does a fairly decent job, barring certain emotional scenes where she clearly goes over the top".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jazbaa---movie-review/16594193 |title='Jazbaa' – Movie Review |last=Shetty-Saha |first=Shubha |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=9 August 2015 |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811231734/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jazbaa---movie-review/16594193 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3067 |title=Jazbaa |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163536/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3067 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Rai Bachchan starred in [[Omung Kumar]]'s biographical drama ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]'', which is based on the life of Indian farmer [[Sarabjit Singh]], who was convicted of terrorism by a Pakistani court and whose sister Dalbir Kaur campaigned for his release. Rai Bachchan plays Dalbir Kaur and [[Randeep Hooda]] plays Sarabjit Singh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-play-sarabjit-singhs-sister-in-biopic/16268167 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to play Sarabjit Singh's sister in biopic |publisher=Mid-day |access-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607012702/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-play-sarabjit-singhs-sister-in-biopic/16268167 |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2016 Cannes Film Festival|69th Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/150516/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-starrer-sarbjit-screened-at-cannes-2016-today.html |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan starrer Sarbjit screened at Cannes 2016 today |date=15 May 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516105244/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/150516/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-starrer-sarbjit-screened-at-cannes-2016-today.html |archive-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> A few reviewers said Rai Bachchan was "miscast" because she neither looked nor sounded like a Sikh woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/sarbjit-movie-review-1267 |title=Sarbjit Movie Review |publisher=NDTV |author=Saibal Chatterjee |access-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520121050/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/sarbjit-movie-review-1267 |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> Her Punjabi accent and her over-the-top performance in few scenes were largely criticised, though several critics noted how much she stands out in the film's quiet scenes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sarbjit-review/article8623088.ece |title=Searching for Sarbjit |author=Namratha Joshi |access-date=20 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520043532/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sarbjit-review/article8623088.ece |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sarbjit-immerses-you-emotionally-ians-movie-review-rating-1-2-116052000005_1.html |title='Sarbjit': Immerses You Emotionally |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522195822/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sarbjit-immerses-you-emotionally-ians-movie-review-rating-1-2-116052000005_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sarbjit-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-randeep-hooda-2810125/ |title=Sarbjit movie review: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is all wrong for her part, Randeep Hooda is the only thing worth watching |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521133712/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sarbjit-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-randeep-hooda-2810125/ |archive-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] said Rai Bachchan is "required to scream and shout and weep copiously to express her anguish; the shrillness does her no favors. In quieter moments – like one in which Dalbir can't bear to part with her stillborn baby – the actress shines."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/sarbjit-review-not-perfect-but-enough-to-appreciate-1245786.html |title='Sarbjit' Review: Not Perfect, But Enough to Appreciate |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=20 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523034144/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/sarbjit-review-not-perfect-but-enough-to-appreciate-1245786.html |archive-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> Her role earned her tenth Filmfare Award for Best Actress nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/nominees |title=NOMINATIONS FOR 62nd JIO FILMFARE AWARDS 2017 |work=Filmfare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110234544/http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/nominees |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> The film earned over {{INRConvert|440|m}} worldwide against a production budget of {{INRConvert|150|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-understanding-the-economics-of-sarbjit/ |title=Box Office: Understanding the economics of Sarbjit |date=24 May 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=24 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005093937/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-understanding-the-economics-of-sarbjit/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-and-day-wise-breakup-of-sarbjit/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sarbjit |date=21 May 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035122/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-and-day-wise-breakup-of-sarbjit/}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan's final film role of 2016 was in [[Karan Johar]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'', alongside [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]], in which she plays a poet named Saba. Rai Bachchan received positive reviews for her performance despite having limited screen time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/why-aishwarya-rai-deserved-more-screen-time-in-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-1307052.html |title=Why Aishwarya Rai Deserved More Screen Time in Ae Dil Hai Mushkil |author=Shomini Sen |date=November 2016 |website=[[News18.com]] |access-date=1 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102162753/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/why-aishwarya-rai-deserved-more-screen-time-in-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-1307052.html |archive-date=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/28/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-a-generic-tearjerker-that-spontaneo/ |title='Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' Review: A Generic Tearjerker That Spontaneously Combusts |author=Chatterjee, Suprateek |work=[[HuffPost India]] |access-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029105009/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/28/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-a-generic-tearjerker-that-spontaneo/ |archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Joe Leydon of ''Variety'' considered her to be the film's prime asset and wrote she "seems to have wandered in from another movie, one where emotions are conveyed in subtler and more affecting fashion. When she takes her leave from ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'', you may wish you could go with her."<ref>{{cite news |last=Leydon |first=Joe |title=Film Review: 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |work=Variety |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029110812/http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> The film became one of Rai Bachchan's biggest commercial successes with revenues of over {{INRConvert|2|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-ae-dil-hai-mushkil/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Ae Dil Hai Mushkil |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 October 2016 |access-date=31 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030141430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-ae-dil-hai-mushkil/ |archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-box-office-collection-day-5-this-is-the-hit-ranbir-kapoor-needed-3732593/ |title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil box office collection day 5: This is the hit Ranbir Kapoor needed |work=The Indian Express |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102164242/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-box-office-collection-day-5-this-is-the-hit-ranbir-kapoor-needed-3732593/ |archive-date=2 November 2016}}</ref>

Two years later, she played a singer who is kidnapped by a troubled father in the comedy-drama ''[[Fanney Khan]]'' (2018), an adaptation of the Belgian film ''[[Everybody's Famous!]]'' (2000), co-starring Anil Kapoor and [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hindi-adaptation-of-everybodys-famous/photostory/64763623.cms |title=Hindi adaptation of 'Everybody's Famous!' |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816090831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hindi-adaptation-of-everybodys-famous/photostory/64763623.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' disliked the film and called Rai Bachchan "too unruffled a screen presence to convincingly sell the kind of silliness this film requires".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/4iTxMeKqCURQE7taACp8oN/Film-Review-Fanney-Khan.html |title=Film Review: Fanney Khan |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804115001/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/4iTxMeKqCURQE7taACp8oN/Film-Review-Fanney-Khan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Rai Bachchan was also initially reported to be making a cameo in ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'',<ref>{{cite news|first=Analita|last=Seth|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to do a cameo in 2.0?|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=29 September 2018|access-date=16 March 2026 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-do-a-cameo-in-20_-30533.html}}</ref> a stand-alone sequel to her 2010 film ''Enthiran'', but she did not appear in the film. However, Sana Vaseegaran (her character from the first film) is referenced through a photograph in one scene, with the character's voice dubbed by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Lasyapriya |last=Sundaram |title=S Shankar: This film didn’t demand Aishwarya Rai Bachchan’s character to be there |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2018 |access-date=16 March 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/s-shankar-this-film-didnt-demand-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-character-to-be-there/articleshow/66826075.cms}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan again worked with Mani Ratnam on ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023), a two-part Tamil ensemble period film that is based on [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]'s [[Ponniyin Selvan|eponymous epic novel]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-full-cast-and-crew-revealed/articleshow/72598445.cms |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' full cast and crew revealed |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2019 |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326072954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-full-cast-and-crew-revealed/articleshow/72598445.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Both parts were filmed concurrently.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan will be made in two parts, confirms Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-will-be-made-in-two-parts-confirms-mani-ratnam-1667109-2020-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033433/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-will-be-made-in-two-parts-confirms-mani-ratnam-1667109-2020-04-15 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=India Today}}</ref> Rai Bachchan plays [[Nandini (fictional character)|Nandini]], a scheming [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] queen. Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''Hindustan Times'' called her performance in the first part the best among the ensemble cast and in the second part to be the best of her career<ref>{{cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan I movie review: Aishwarya Rai is a revelation in Mani Ratnam's masterful adaptation of classic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-is-a-revelation-in-mani-ratnam-s-masterful-adaptation-101664518040833.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930063040/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-movie-review-aishwarya-rai-is-a-revelation-in-mani-ratnam-s-masterful-adaptation-101664518040833.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ponniyin Selvan 2 review: Aishwarya Rai is unbelievably good in Mani Ratnam's terrific epic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-2-review-aishwarya-rai-is-unbelievably-good-in-mani-ratnams-terrific-epic-101682668835995.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 April 2023|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501004619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-2-review-aishwarya-rai-is-unbelievably-good-in-mani-ratnams-terrific-epic-101682668835995.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while Sonil Dedhia of ''[[News 18]]'' said Rai Bachchan is "wonderfully restrained and uses her eyes expertly to communicate so much".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 Review: Mani Ratnam Finally Brings His Dream Alive with a Spectacular Adaptation |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnam-finally-brings-his-dream-alive-with-a-spectacular-adaptation-6069253.html |website=News18.com |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930053106/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponniyin-selvan-1-review-mani-ratnam-finally-brings-his-dream-alive-with-a-spectacular-adaptation-6069253.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' earned {{INRConvert|5|b}} worldwide to become one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil films of all time]] while ''Ponniyin Selvan: II'' grossed over {{INRConvert|3|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan: 1 Enters Rs 500-Crore Club At Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-1-enters-rs-500-crore-club-at-worldwide-box-office-6301189.html |date=3 November 2022|access-date=7 November 2022 |website=News18.com|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104193548/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-1-enters-rs-500-crore-club-at-worldwide-box-office-6301189.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2023 |title="Ponniyin Selvan 2" box office day 11: Mani Ratnam's multi-starrer is now the highest-grossing Tamil movie of 2023 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-2-box-office-collection-day-11-mani-ratnams-multi-starrer-is-now-the-highest-grossing-tamil-movie-of-2023/articleshow/100092855.cms|access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504154815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-2-box-office-collection-day-6-the-epic-historical-drama-surpasses-rs-270-crores/articleshow/99976570.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
=== Stage performances ===
In 1999, Rai, along with [[Aamir Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Twinkle Khanna]], participated in a world tour called the ''Magnificent Five''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-mega-millennium-concert-1999-when-aamir-khan-akshaye-khanna-aishwarya-rai-rani-mukerji-came-together-for-event-2814599/when-aa-ab-laut-chalen-duo-akshaye-khanna-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-came-together-2814602 |title=Mega Millennium Concert 1999: When Aamir Khan, Akshaye Khanna, Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukerji came together for event |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=22 February 2020|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529041621/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-mega-millennium-concert-1999-when-aamir-khan-akshaye-khanna-aishwarya-rai-rani-mukerji-came-together-for-event-2814599/when-aa-ab-laut-chalen-duo-akshaye-khanna-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-came-together-2814602|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, she appeared in her first North American concert tour ''Craze 2001'' alongside [[Anil Kapoor]], Aamir Khan, [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Gracy Singh]]. The show faced early cancellation due to the [[11 September 2001 attacks]] in the US and the team prepared to quickly return to India but the tour continued in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2001 |title=Tour Stop |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2001/whisper.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015103635/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2001/whisper.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |work=Filmfare – Print Edition}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan appeared with other Bollywood actors at the closing ceremony of the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] in Melbourne, Australia. The performance showcased Indian culture as a lead-up to India's hosting of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2006 |title=Bollywood's taste of Delhi 2010 |url=http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/M2006/Homepage+News/20060326+Bollywood+taste+of+Delhi+2010.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428013808/http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/M2006/Homepage%2BNews/20060326%2BBollywood%2Btaste%2Bof%2BDelhi%2B2010.htm |archive-date=28 April 2006 |access-date=22 April 2006 |website=melbourne2006.com}}</ref> Between July and August 2008, Rai Bachchan, her husband Abhishek Bachchan, her father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan, and actors Preity Zinta, [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] and Madhuri Dixit starred in the "Unforgettable World Tour" stage production, which visited the US, Canada, the UK, the Netherlands, and Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2008 |title=Unforgettable tour has indeed been unforgettable |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/unforgettable-tour-has-indeed-been-unforgettable/story-895SBHA75fiy3U0DBgIrnJ.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418192048/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/unforgettable-tour-has-indeed-been-unforgettable/story-895SBHA75fiy3U0DBgIrnJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title='I'm the only oldie in 'Unforgettable' tour' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-m-the-only-oldie-in-unforgettable-tour/story-yY7z9nX66Ujd70ZEyBktUO.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630085524/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-m-the-only-oldie-in-unforgettable-tour/story-yY7z9nX66Ujd70ZEyBktUO.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Business interests ===
[[File:Aishwarya Rai Bachchan recieves Outlook Business Outstanding Woman Award (3).jpg|thumb|175px|upright|Rai Bachchan receives Outlook Business Outstanding Woman Award, 2016]]

Rai Bachchan was involved in administrative operations of her father-in-law's entertainment company, [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aishwarya Bachchan Corporation Limited? |work=Hindustan Times |first=Princy |last=Jain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aishwarya-bachchan-corporation-limited/story-m0GaYKBd36TD9QO1YJDl6K.html |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194425/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aishwarya-bachchan-corporation-limited/story-m0GaYKBd36TD9QO1YJDl6K.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GQ-NW">{{cite news |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-multiple-sources-of-income-that-contribute-to-her-staggering-net-worth-of-rs-776-crore |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's multiple sources of income that contribute to her staggering net worth of Rs 776 Crore |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |first=Gaurav |last=Sonavane |date=1 November 2023 |accessdate=5 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104141354/https://www.gqindia.com/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-multiple-sources-of-income-that-contribute-to-her-staggering-net-worth-of-rs-776-crore|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Rai Bachchan was named in the [[Panama Papers]], a dataset that was leaked from a former [[Panama]]nian offshore law firm and was published on the Internet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/panama-papers-what-is-the-case-against-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-2661380 |title=Explained: The Panama Papers And Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |publisher=NDTV |date=20 December 2021 |accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205003727/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/panama-papers-what-is-the-case-against-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-2661380|url-status=live}}</ref> She, her parents and her brother were listed as directors of an offshore entity named Amic Partners Limited in [[British Virgin Islands]] between 2005 and 2008.<ref name="Express-Panama">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/panama-papers-ed-summons-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-7681300/ |title=Panama Papers: ED questions Aishwarya Rai on offshore 'links', travel & foreign fund transfers |work=The Indian Express |date=21 December 2021 |accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208234729/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/panama-papers-ed-summons-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-7681300/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2021, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] questioned Rai Bachchan, who denied any knowledge of the company and stated her father was in charge of her financial matters.<ref name="Express-Panama" /> In 2019, Rai Bachchan and her mother invested {{INRConvert|10|m}} in the environmental startup form Ambee, which measures air quality and other parameters using data.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/aishwarya-invests-in-bengaluru-startup-ambee/articleshow/70239600.cms |title=Aishwarya Rai invests in Bengaluru startup Ambee |work=The Economic Times |first=Digbijay |last=Mishra |date=16 July 2019 |accessdate=24 November 2023|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704003451/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/aishwarya-invests-in-bengaluru-startup-ambee/articleshow/70239600.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, [[Kalaari Capital]]-backed nutrition-based healthcare company Possible secured {{INRConvert|50|m}} from Rai Bachchan in a major funding round.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-invests-in-healthtech-startup-possible-as-part-of-a-larger-funding-round/articleshow/80346342.cms |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan invests in healthtech startup Possible as part of a larger funding round |work=The Economic Times |first=Sneha |last=Shah |date=19 January 2021 |accessdate=24 November 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607034221/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-invests-in-healthtech-startup-possible-as-part-of-a-larger-funding-round/articleshow/80346342.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Endorsements ===

Rai Bachchan made her first commercial for [[Kokuyo Camlin|Camlin]] exam pencils when she was in the ninth grade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-629392 |title=10 things you didn't know about Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |publisher=NDTV |date=1 November 2012 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104221604/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-629392|url-status=live}}</ref> She became popular after appearing in a commercial for [[Pepsi]] with actor [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name="btb" /> She is the only actress who has endorsed both Pepsi and [[Coca-Cola]].<ref name="HT">{{cite web |author=Neha Sharma |title=OVER THE YEARS: Ash good as it can get |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-Ash-good-as-it-can-get/Article1-930831.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918121747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-Ash-good-as-it-can-get/Article1-930831.aspx |archive-date=18 September 2012 |access-date=16 September 2012 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan is one of the top [[brand ambassador]]s in India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Robin Bansal and Aaron Rohan George |title=Brand Bachchan |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Brand-Bachchan/Article1-700375.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013004027/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Brand-Bachchan/Article1-700375.aspx |archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> In 1999, she was appointed as [[Longines]] Ambassador of Elegance.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 1973 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |url=http://www.longines.com/personalities/ambassadors/aishwarya-rai-bachchan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404022529/http://www.longines.com/personalities/ambassadors/aishwarya-rai-bachchan |archive-date=4 April 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |publisher=Longines}}</ref> In 2003, she became a global brand ambassador for [[L'Oréal]] alongside [[Andie MacDowell]], [[Eva Longoria]] and [[Penélope Cruz]].<ref name="l'oreal">{{cite news |date=13 May 2009 |title=Aishwarya Rai to promote Cinema Verite event |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905131980.htm |url-status=live |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517034804/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905131980.htm |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Shankar, S. |date=16 February 2004 |title=Almost White |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222938 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119212510/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222938 |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011 |work=Outlook India}}</ref> She has modelled for Longines,<ref name="products">{{cite web |title=rediff.com: Celebrity Endorsements |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2003/sep/30sld4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121130736/http://in.rediff.com/money/2003/sep/30sld4.htm |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=17 June 2011 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> L'Oréal, [[Titan Industries|Titan Watches]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya Rai Titan Advertisement |url=http://www.firstpost.com/topic/person/aishwarya-rai-aishwarya-rai-titan-advertisement-youtube-2-video-ihUchB2aHM8-11890-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203011505/http://www.firstpost.com/topic/person/aishwarya-rai-aishwarya-rai-titan-advertisement-youtube-2-video-ihUchB2aHM8-11890-1.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |work=[[The First Post]]}}</ref> Coca-Cola,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |date=23 April 2001 |title=New Coke tagline to uncork fresh fizz |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/04/23/stories/142302v8.htm |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084816/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/04/23/stories/142302v8.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> [[Lakmé Cosmetics]],<ref name="products" /> [[Casio]] pager,<ref name="products" /> [[Philips]],<ref name="products" /> [[Palmolive (soap)|Palmolive]],<ref name="products" /> [[Lux (soap)|Lux]],<ref name="products" /> [[Fujifilm|Fuji films]],<ref name="products" /> [[Nakshatra Jewellery|Nakshatra Diamond Jewellery]]<ref>{{cite news |date=13 May 2003 |title=Signature collection |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/13/stories/2003051300270300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 May 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702053554/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/13/stories/2003051300270300.htm |archive-date=2 July 2003}}</ref> and [[Kalyan Jewellers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-childslavery/kalyan-jewellers-pulls-racist-slave-child-ad-with-aishwarya-rai-idINKBN0NE0Y820150423 |title=Kalyan Jewellers pulls "racist", "slave-child" ad with Aishwarya Rai |work=Reuters |first=Nita |last=Bhalla |date=23 April 2015 |accessdate=3 November 2023|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816203643/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-childslavery/kalyan-jewellers-pulls-racist-slave-child-ad-with-aishwarya-rai-idINKBN0NE0Y820150423|url-status=live}}</ref> She was named the official brand ambassador for [[De Beers]] diamonds in India.<ref name="products" /> In 2012, Rai Bachchan was ranked the world's second-most-popular watch-brand ambassador in a survey World Watch Report conducted.<ref name="Yahoo">{{cite web |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Ranked second Most Popular Brand Ambassador Worldwide |url=http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-ranked-2nd-most-popular-brand-183000372.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310021846/http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-ranked-2nd-most-popular-brand-183000372.html |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012 |work=Movie Talkies |via=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> In 2013, [[TTK Group]] engaged Rai Bachchan and her husband as brand ambassadors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/aishwarya-rai-abhishek-bachchan-to-endorse-kitchen-appliances-brand-212778-2013-09-29 |title=Aishwarya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan to endorse kitchen appliances brand |work=India Today |date=30 September 2013 |accessdate=3 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194426/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/aishwarya-rai-abhishek-bachchan-to-endorse-kitchen-appliances-brand-212778-2013-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, [[CNBC TV18]] reported that she earned between {{INRConvert|60|m}} and {{INRConvert|70|m}} per day for brand endorsements.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-50th-birthday-a-look-at-her-net-worth-assets-and-more-18202681.htm |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan turns 50: A look at her net worth, assets |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=1 November 2023 |accessdate=24 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105201229/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-50th-birthday-a-look-at-her-net-worth-assets-and-more-18202681.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Charity work ===
Rai is the brand ambassador for Eye Bank Association of India's nationwide campaign to promote [[eye donation]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 August 2003 |title=Ash appeal fails to boost eye donation drive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ash-appeal-fails-to-boost-eye-donation-drive-/articleshow/145221.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106002106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-24/mumbai/27209558_1_eye-donations-national-eye-donation-fortnight-eye-bank-association |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2010/aug/26/aishwarya-rai-wants-to-donate-her-eyes-181414.html |title=Aishwarya Rai wants to donate her eyes |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 August 2010 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104225554/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2010/aug/26/aishwarya-rai-wants-to-donate-her-eyes-181414.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2004, she created the Aishwarya Rai Foundation to help needy people in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/35216590.cms |title=Celebs with a golden heart |work=The Times of India |date=2009|access-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420233945/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/35216590.cms|archive-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smiletrain.org/news/aishwarya-celebrates-her-fathers-birth-anniversary |title=Aishwarya celebrates her father's birth anniversary |work=Smile Train |date=20 November 2017|access-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112431/https://www.smiletrain.org/news/aishwarya-celebrates-her-fathers-birth-anniversary|archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> In 2005, she became a brand ambassador for [[Pulse Polio]], a campaign the [[Government of India]] established in 1994 to eradicate [[poliomyelitis]] from the country.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2005 |title=Actress Rai backs polio campaign |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4172970.stm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108063406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4172970.stm |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> In the same year, Rai was appointed spokesperson for the [[International Year of Microcredit]], raising awareness of the United Nations' poverty alleviation efforts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Whosinvolved |url=http://www.yearofmicrocredit.org/pages/whosinvolved/whosinvolved_patronsgroup_aishwarya.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928171542/http://www.yearofmicrocredit.org/pages/whosinvolved/whosinvolved_patronsgroup_aishwarya.asp |archive-date=28 September 2011 |website=yearofmicrocredit.org}}</ref>

In February 2005, Rai performed with other Bollywood stars at the ''HELP! Telethon Concert'', an event to raise money for the victims of the [[2004 tsunami earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2005 |title=Bollywood unites to present caring face |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=8 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> Along with other members of the [[Bachchan family]], she laid the foundation brick of a school in her name for underprivileged girls in [[Daulatpur, Kadipur|Daulatpur]], a village in [[Uttar Pradesh]], in 2008. The Bachchan family announced it would fund the school's construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/up-village-to-get-a-college-in-aishwaryas-name-22486-2008-01-27 |title=UP village to get a college in Aishwarya's name |work=India Today |date=27 January 2008|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529041645/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/up-village-to-get-a-college-in-aishwaryas-name-22486-2008-01-27|url-status=live}}</ref> The land allocated for the construction was the subject of dispute between Rai Bachchan's father-in-law and fellow actor and politician [[Jaya Prada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aishwarya-college-lands-big-b-in-trouble-403889 |title=Aishwarya college lands Big B in trouble |publisher=NDTV |date=30 October 2009|access-date=29 May 2024|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711031531/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aishwarya-college-lands-big-b-in-trouble-403889|url-status=live}}</ref> The issue was reported to be resolved by 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/now-bachchans-to-build-college-in-aishwarya-s-name/story-S0jcDm9sv6uiqBbdLAXNSN.html |title=Now, Bachchans to build college in Aishwarya's name |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 April 2012|access-date=29 May 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529041621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/now-bachchans-to-build-college-in-aishwarya-s-name/story-S0jcDm9sv6uiqBbdLAXNSN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> however, as of 2018 construction on the site had yet to begin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bachchans-dream-fades-away-daulatpur-takes-to-crowdfunding-to-build-own-college/articleshow/64241555.cms |title=Bachchan's dream fades away, Daulatpur takes to crowdfunding to build own college |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2018|access-date=29 May 2024|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bachchans-dream-fades-away-daulatpur-takes-to-crowdfunding-to-build-own-college/articleshow/64241555.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan supports [[PETA India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2012 |title=PETA: Celebrity Supporters |url=http://www.looktothestars.org/charity/peta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123031455/http://www.looktothestars.org/charity/peta |archive-date=23 November 2012 |work=Look to the Stars}}</ref> In 2009, she was appointed as the first [[Goodwill Ambassador]] of [[Smile Train]], an international charity that provides free [[Cleft lip and palate]] surgery to children in need. Her work with Smile Train focused on India and 76 other developing countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya appointed 'Smile Train' ambassador |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aishwarya-appointed--smile-train--ambassador/535870/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020441/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aishwarya-appointed--smile-train--ambassador/535870/ |archive-date=21 January 2016 |access-date=1 November 2009 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan appeals for Smile Train |url=http://www.smiletrainindia.org/about-smile-train/celebrity-support.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404023423/http://www.smiletrainindia.org/about-smile-train/celebrity-support.php |archive-date=4 April 2012 |work=Smile Train India}}</ref> In September 2012, Rai Bachchan joined the United Nations Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] and Hollywood actor [[Michael Douglas]] at a ceremony in New York City to commemorate the [[International Day of Peace]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2012 |title=Aishwarya, Michael Douglas at UN to mark International Day of Peace |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aishwarya-michael-douglas-at-un-to-mark-international-day-of-peace-270772 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615072822/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aishwarya-michael-douglas-at-un-to-mark-international-day-of-peace-270772 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=24 February 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Later that week, she was appointed as the new international Goodwill Ambassador for [[UNAIDS]], the joint United Nations program on [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS and HIV]]. She was tasked with raising awareness about protection of children from HIV infection and increasing access to [[antiretroviral treatment]].<ref name="ambassador">{{cite web |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, being an UN ambassador |date=25 September 2012 |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5znGHIQKIXE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212203036/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5znGHIQKIXE |archive-date=12 February 2013 |access-date=28 September 2012 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

== Artistry, image and reception ==
[[File:Aishwarya Rai Cannes.jpg|thumb|175px|left|At the [[2008 Cannes Film Festival]]|upright]]

Rai Bachchan is among India's most-popular and highest-paid actors.<ref>*{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1652689_1652372_1652359,00.html |title=India's Most Influential |author=Simon Robinson |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=15 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102002712/http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1652689_1652372_1652359,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2016}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article861368.ece |title=At 37, Aishwarya is a director's delight |work=The Hindu |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101143604/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article861368.ece |archive-date=1 November 2010 |date=31 October 2010 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/News_Details.aspx?SubcatDetails=Features,764 |title=I choose to give my best |publisher=NDTV Good Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081553/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/News_Details.aspx?SubcatDetails=Features,764 |archive-date=20 October 2012}}
* {{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-A-charismatic-persona/articleshow/15044299.cms?referral=PM |title=Aishwarya Rai-Bachchan: A charismatic persona |author=Haimanti Mukherjee |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 July 2012 |date=20 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908194629/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-A-charismatic-persona/articleshow/15044299.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=8 September 2014}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/top-10-most-searched-bollywood-celebrity-in-the-world-369247-2013-02-19 |title=Top 10 most searched Bollywood celebrities |work=India Today |date=19 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119233316/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/top-10-most-searched-bollywood-celebrity-in-the-world/1/8777.html#photo3 |archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="GQ-NW" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aishwarya-highest-paid-bollywood-actress/story-INW2N505PVdxVehJvN71UJ.html |title=Aishwarya highest paid Bollywood actress |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 March 2008 |accessdate=12 November 2023|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518121138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aishwarya-highest-paid-bollywood-actress/story-INW2N505PVdxVehJvN71UJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the beginning of her career, some Indian media described her as "a cold fish" and "a non-actress", and criticised her when some of her movies did not perform well at the box office.<ref name="interview-99">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-aishwarya-rai-said-she-was-in-terrible-shape-as-per-media-was-called-a-cold-fish-nonactress-101678965325905.html |title=When Aishwarya Rai said she was 'in terrible shape' as per media, was called a 'cold fish, non-actress' |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 March 2023 |accessdate=14 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115045454/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-aishwarya-rai-said-she-was-in-terrible-shape-as-per-media-was-called-a-cold-fish-nonactress-101678965325905.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite receiving multiple offers to star in movies, she was hesitant to accept roles without further evaluation, saying: "I'd rather look before I leap".<ref name="interview-99" /> In an attempt to balance motherhood and her work, Rai Bachchan limited the number of her projects in the years after giving birth.<ref name="ToI-NO">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-why-there-is-no-one-like-her/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-why-there-is-no-one-like-her/photostory/44996365.cms |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: Why there is no one like her |work=The Times of India |date=4 August 2015|access-date=14 November 2023|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124080428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-why-there-is-no-one-like-her/photostory/44996365.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Anjali Belgaumkar of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted despite appearing in around 10 films in a decade, Rai Bachchan still appealed to the younger generation because her impact was not limited to her on-screen roles or fashion choices but there was also an element of "divaness" that made her popular.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/why-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-remains-relevant-for-the-gen-z-crowd-9006505/ |title=Why Aishwarya Rai Bachchan remains relevant for the Gen Z crowd |work=The Indian Express |first=Anjali |last=Belgaumkar |date=1 November 2023 |accessdate=14 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071944/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/why-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-remains-relevant-for-the-gen-z-crowd-9006505/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hrithik Roshan, who co-starred with Rai Bachchan in three movies, commended her for her work ethic, saying: "Her level of patience is inspiring. If she has to sit like Jodhaa all day, she will. If she has to stand all day dressed like Sophiya, so that the dress doesn't crease, she will."<ref name="VIn-23">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vogue.in/whats-new/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-scorpio-personality-traits-zodiac-sign-bollywood-celebrities |title=5 personality traits every Scorpio woman shares with Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |magazine=Vogue India |first=Notya |last=Chablani |date=30 October 2019 |accessdate=14 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071945/https://www.vogue.in/whats-new/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-scorpio-personality-traits-zodiac-sign-bollywood-celebrities|url-status=live}}</ref> Filmmaker Omung Kumar believed her to be a "director's actor" who could mould herself into any character under the right guidance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-a-director-actor-says-sarbjit-director-omung-kumar-3733329/lite/ |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is a director's actor, says Sarbjit director Omung Kumar |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2016|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110220958/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-a-director-actor-says-sarbjit-director-omung-kumar-3733329/lite/|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite constant media speculation, Rai Bachchan keeps her personal life well-guarded and limits her activities on social media.<ref name="VIn-23" /> Off-screen and in the press, she is known for her sensitive, caring nature and she is reportedly driven by her instincts.<ref name="VIn-23" /><ref name="ToI-NO" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-is-like-florence-nightingale-says-filmmaker-mani-ratnams-wife-61886.html |title="Aishwarya Rai is like Florence Nightingale," says filmmaker Mani Ratnam's wife |website=Filmfare|access-date=14 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071946/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-is-like-florence-nightingale-says-filmmaker-mani-ratnams-wife-61886.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview, Rai Bachchan stated she is "like water, I just naturally, easily fit and adjust to any situation. That's always been my mind space and my temperament."<ref name="VIn-23" />

=== Media image ===
[[File:Aishwarya Rai Bachchan figure at Madame Tussauds London.jpg|175px|thumb|Rai's wax figure at [[Madame Tussauds]], London — the first Indian actress to be featured at the museum in 2004.]]

Fans and media frequently refer to Rai Bachchan by the nicknames "Ash" and "Aish" but Rai Bachchan has stated she dislikes being called these names, and has discouraged people from referring to her using names other than "Aishwarya" because she does not want to "spoil [her] good name".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-doesnt-want-to-spoil-her-good-name-83687-2010-10-11 |title=Aishwarya doesn't want to spoil her 'good' name |work=India Today |date=12 October 2010 |access-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818064855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aishwarya-doesnt-want-to-spoil-her-good-name/1/116077.html |archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> In 2001, ''[[Forbes]]'' named her among the top-five Indian movie stars.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html |title=India's Celebrity Film Stars |work=Forbes |access-date=3 September 2001 |date=9 March 2001 |first=Todd |last=Jatras |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220031815/http://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html |archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> She was placed in [[Rediff.com]]'s annual listing of "Best Bollywood Actresses" for six consecutive years (2003–2008).<ref>*{{cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/09sld1.htm |title=Bollywood's Top 5, 2003: Aishwarya Rai |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722125120/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/09sld1.htm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/29sld2.htm |title=Best Actresses, 2004 |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114091420/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/29sld2.htm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |url=https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend8.htm |title=Ten best Bollywood actresses of 2005 |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315021302/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend8.htm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |url=https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/18yrsld3.htm |title=Top Bollywood actresses of 2006 |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211081528/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/18yrsld3.htm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |url=https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/18yrpoweractress10.htm |title=The most powerful actresses of 2007 |work=Rediff.com |date=18 December 2007 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410112333/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/18yrpoweractress10.htm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/05slide6-best-actresses-2008.htm |title=Best Actresses, 2008 |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=30 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105414/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/05slide6-best-actresses-2008.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also placed in Rediff.com's other listings; "Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actresses",<ref>{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actresses |date=29 November 2009 |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25sd9.htm |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525064356/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25sd9.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> "Bollywood's Best Actresses of all time",<ref>{{cite web |author=Sen, Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actresses. Ever |date=6 March 2007 |url=https://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid2.htm |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020140330/http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> "Top 10 Actresses of 2000–2010",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-decade/20110105.htm#1 |title=How The Decade Has Treated These Actresses |date=5 January 2011 |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620082159/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-decade/20110105.htm#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and "Women of Many Faces".<ref>{{cite web |author=Verma, Sukanya |title=Women of many faces |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/08sld6.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 April 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706164530/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/08sld6.htm |archive-date= 6 July 2007}}</ref> ''Filmfare'' also placed Rai Bachchan in its lists of "Top Ten Actresses" in 2003 and 2004, and she ranked eighth in its Power List in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |work=Filmfare |title=Filmfare Top Ten Actresses' Listing |date=20 December 2008 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/1021707.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050401091106/http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/1021707.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2005 |accessdate=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chopras-top-Filmfare-Power-List/articleshow/2799666.cms |title=Chopras top Filmfare Power List |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=21 February 2008 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chopras-top-Filmfare-Power-List/articleshow/2799666.cms |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] chose her as one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] and she appeared on the cover of its 2003 Asia edition.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501031027/int_rai.html |title=The Leading Lady |access-date=5 January 2009 |last=Perry |first=Alex |date=20 October 2003 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time Asia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224060304/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501031027/int_rai.html |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1970858_1970890_1971356,00.html |title=Aishwarya Rai |access-date=5 January 2009 |last=Perry |first=Alex |date=18 April 2004 |magazine=Time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609190947/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1970858_1970890_1971356,00.html |archive-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> Rai Bachchan has appeared on television chat shows such as ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-schooled-david-letterman-for-asking-if-all-indians-live-with-their-parents-watch-7354598/ |title=When Aishwarya Rai schooled David Letterman for asking if all Indians live with their parents |work=The Indian Express |date=13 June 2021 |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105033603/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-schooled-david-letterman-for-asking-if-all-indians-live-with-their-parents-watch-7354598/|url-status=live}}</ref> and was the first Bollywood personality to appear on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show|Oprah]]''{{'}}s segment "Women Across the Globe".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/women-across-the-globe/all |title=Women Across the Globe |website=[[Oprah.com]] |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011118/https://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/women-across-the-globe/all|url-status=live}}</ref> For two consecutive years, she was listed among ''[[India Today]]''{{'s}} list of 50 most-powerful people in India (2004 and 2005).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040301-check-out-list-powerful-persons-india-make-news-headlines-790434-2004-02-29 |title=India Today lists the profile of top powerful people of 2004 |work=India Today |date=1 March 2004 |accessdate=24 November 2023|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124080440/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040301-check-out-list-powerful-persons-india-make-news-headlines-790434-2004-02-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20050221-india-today-power-list-2005-from-ratan-tata-to-rajul-bajaj-corporate-honchos-dominated-788250-2005-02-20 |title=India Today Power List 2005: From Ratan Tata to Rajul Bajaj, corporate honchos dominate |work=India Today |first=S |last=Prasannarajan |date=21 February 2005 |accessdate=24 November 2023|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124080523/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20050221-india-today-power-list-2005-from-ratan-tata-to-rajul-bajaj-corporate-honchos-dominated-788250-2005-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2004, a wax figure of Rai was put on display in London's [[Madame Tussaud's]] wax museum.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3706834.stm |title=Bollywood goddess waxes beautiful |work=BBC News |first=Neil |last=Arun |date=1 October 2004 |access-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201012608/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3706834.stm |archive-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> She was the sixth Indian and the second Bollywood personality—after her father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan—to get this honour. In 2007, the same figure was displayed at Madame Tussaud's museum in [[Times Square]], New York,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ash stops traffic in Times Square |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/16slide1.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022205222/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/16slide1.htm |archive-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> followed by another version in Washington.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202030817/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-date=2 December 2014 |title=Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 December 2012|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> In 2005 in the Netherlands, a cultivar of tulip was named after her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050610278235/ |title=Dutch tulip named 'Aishwarya Rai' |work=[[Business Recorder]] |date=10 June 2005 |accessdate=3 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194428/https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050610278235/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2005, toy manufacturer [[Mattel]] released a limited edition of [[Barbie]] dolls of Rai in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow_world-s-50-most-desirable-women_1224380-48#top |title=World's 50 Most Desirable Women – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=23 January 2009 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113141529/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow_world-s-50-most-desirable-women_1224380-48#top |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2008 and 2011, ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' magazine placed Rai Bachchan in its list of the country's most-powerful women.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/62/people/powerwomen.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2008 |journal=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |volume=16 |issue=6 |access-date=24 November 2023 |date=June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501150401/http://www.verveonline.com/62/people/powerwomen.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/absolute-power.shtml |title=Absolute Power |journal=Verve |volume=20 |issue=6 |access-date=24 November 2023 |author=Talati-Parikh, Sitanshi |date=June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001656/http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/absolute-power.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> In 2009, ''Forbes'' listed her 387th of 1,411 actors on its list of the most-bankable stars in Hollywood. She was the highest-ranked Indian actor on the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://star-currency.forbes.com/celebrity/aishwarya-rai-bachchan |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: Star Currency |work=Forbes |date=1 November 1973 |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711015635/http://star-currency.forbes.com/celebrity/aishwarya-rai-bachchan |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/gallerydetails.aspx?id=3513&category=Movies&picno=1&section=Bollywood |title=Ash beats the Khans |publisher=NDTV |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162621/http://movies.ndtv.com/gallerydetails.aspx?id=3513&category=Movies&picno=1&section=Bollywood |archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> In a poll conducted by the newspaper ''Daily News and Analysis'' in 2009, Rai Bachchan was voted one of India's most-popular icons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_sach-a-icon_1311240 |title=Sach-a icon |author=Suparna Thombare |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=13 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116093720/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_sach-a-icon_1311240 |archive-date=16 November 2009}}</ref> In the same year, she made appearances on the television shows ''[[Martha (TV series)|Martha]]'' and ''[[The Tyra Banks Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.locatetv.com/tv/tyra-show/season-1/6081355 |title=Tyra Banks Show |access-date=19 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426002915/http://www.locatetv.com/tv/tyra-show/season-1/6081355 |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> She was present on [[Box Office India]]'s lists of "Top Bollywood Actresses" for ten years,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104803/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> and was ranked first on its top actresses lists from 2000 to 2009,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2000-2009 |title=Top Actresses 2000–2009 |publisher=Box Office India |accessdate=4 November 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723072102/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2000-2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and was ranked second on its list of "All Time Top Actress".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php |title=Top Actresses Of All Time |access-date=4 November 2023 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327214337/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s list of "75 Best Bollywood Actresses".<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=4 November 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2012 to 2015, and in 2018, Rai Bachchan was placed on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Celebrity 100]] list, which is based on the income and popularity of Indian celebrities, peaking at number 34 in 2015 with an annual income of {{INR Convert|480|m}}.<ref>*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |title=2012 Celebrity 100 |magazine=Forbes India |accessdate=5 November 2023|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071335/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1|url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/1 |title=2013 Celebrity 100 |magazine=Forbes India |accessdate=5 November 2023|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/1|url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |title=2014 Celebrity 100 |magazine=Forbes India |accessdate=5 November 2023|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071333/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1|url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/1 |title=2015 Celebrity 100 |magazine=Forbes India |accessdate=5 November 2023|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/1|url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/1 |title=2018 Celebrity 100 |magazine=Forbes India |accessdate=5 November 2023|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/1|url-status=live}}</ref> The market research firm [[YouGov]] named Rai Bachchan the world's eleventh-most-admired person of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 January 2019 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Priyanka Chopra, Deepika Padukone among 'World's Most Admired People 2018' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-priyanka-chopra-deepika-padukone-among-worlds-most-admired-people-2018-list-5134913/ |date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144924/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-priyanka-chopra-deepika-padukone-among-worlds-most-admired-people-2018-list-5134913/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her wealth has been estimated at {{INR Convert|7.76|b}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-know-about-her-multiple-sources-of-income-that-contribute-to-her-rs-776-crore-net-worth/3310237/ |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: Know about her multiple sources of income that contribute to her Rs 776 crore net worth |work=The Financial Express |date=18 November 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119135411/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-know-about-her-multiple-sources-of-income-that-contribute-to-her-rs-776-crore-net-worth/3310237/|archive-date=19 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, she is estimated to be the second richest actress in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Juhi Chawla becomes India's richest actress with ₹ 4,600 crore net worth |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/juhi-chawla-becomes-indias-richest-actress-%E2%82%B9-4600-crore-net-worth/ |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Appearance ===

In the 2000s and 2010s, media often described Rai as "the most beautiful woman in the world".<ref name=mostbeauti>{{cite news |first=McDermott |last=Tricia |date=29 December 2004 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-worlds-most-beautiful-woman/ |title=The World's Most Beautiful Woman? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230442/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/12/29/60minutes/main663862.shtml |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>*Simon, Bob. "The most beautiful woman in the world [Aishwarya Rai]". ''[[60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS]]. 29 December 2004.
* {{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/bollywood/8893317/Worlds-most-beautiful-woman-Aishwarya-Rai-gives-birth.html |title='World's most beautiful woman' Aishwarya Rai gives birth |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423112224/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/bollywood/8893317/Worlds-most-beautiful-woman-Aishwarya-Rai-gives-birth.html |archive-date=23 April 2018}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLBD_IpgIkC&pg=PA6 |author=Hiscock, Geoff |title=India's global wealth club |year=2007 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-82238-8 |page=6 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330000252/https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLBD_IpgIkC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/meet-bollywood-stars-aishwarya-rai-and-abhishek-bachchan-video |title=Meet the Biggest Movie Stars on the Planet (You May Not Have Heard Of) |date=28 September 2009 |work=[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]] |access-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329144442/http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/meet-bollywood-stars-aishwarya-rai-and-abhishek-bachchan-video |archive-date=29 March 2017}}
* {{cite news |title=Ash does fine on Letterman |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/09ash.htm |work=Rediff.com |author=Chhabra, Aseem |date=9 February 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528225803/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/09ash.htm |archive-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> Her physical appearance and performances have made her a style icon for women.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101401020300.htm |title=Invoking the goddess of style |first=Archana |last=Nandal |access-date=14 October 2002 |date=14 October 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701120616/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101401020300.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=1 July 2003}}</ref> [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], who directed Rai Bachchan in ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' (1999), ''Devdas'' (2002) and ''Guzaarish'' (2010), commented on her ability to express emotions through her eyes, saying: "There's something in her eyes. That's the most important aspect of her beauty. They are not 'normal'. They are so powerful that even if you don't give her dialogue, they emote."<ref name="SLB-comments">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-bond-shared-between-sanjay-leela-bhansali-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-55041.html |title=All you need to know about the bond shared between Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |work=Filmfare |date=12 July 2022 |accessdate=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071945/https://www.filmfare.com/features/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-bond-shared-between-sanjay-leela-bhansali-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-55041.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He also praised her ability to perform musical numbers despite physical injuries or pain.<ref name="SLB-comments" />

[[File:Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Rai Bachchan in 2014; her [[Eye color#Blue|blue]]/[[Green-eyed|green]] eyes have been identified as a trademark by the Indian media.|upright]]

In a reader poll conducted by UK's ''[[Hello magazine|Hello!]]'' magazine, Rai was voted "the most attractive woman of 2003".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html |title=Aishwarya Rai |work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]] |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626031912/http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, she appeared in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's annual "Hot List".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/introducing-aishwarya-rai/ |work=CBS News |title=Introducing Aishwarya Rai |date=10 February 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629033036/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/10/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main672996.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> Rediff.com placed her first on its lists of "Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actresses" and "Best Dressed Woman".<ref>{{cite web |author=Kuckian, Uday |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actresses |url=https://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/24sld1.htm |accessdate=4 November 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930020221/https://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/24sld1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld3.htm |title=Bollywood's best dressed women |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=2 May 2007 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105064519/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld3.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She was the subject of a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' profile on 2 January 2005, which said: "at least according to thousands of Web sites, Internet polls and even Julia Roberts", Rai Bachchan was "the world's most beautiful woman".<ref name=mostbeauti /> The British magazine ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' ranked her first on its list of "Hottest Women of India".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://m.maxim.com/amg/GIRLS/Slideshows/Hottest%2BWomen%2Bof%2BIndia |title=Hottest Women of India |magazine=[[Maxim (India)|Maxim]] |accessdate=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121000522/http://m.maxim.com/amg/GIRLS/Slideshows/Hottest+Women+of+India |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> In 2005, ''[[Harpers and Queen]]''{{'}}s list of "Most Beautiful Women in The World" ranked Rai ninth.<ref name="The most beautiful women">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article528553.ece |title=The most beautiful women? |access-date=12 June 2011 |work=[[The Times]] |first1=Tom |last1=Coghlan |first2=Laura |last2=Pitel |first3=Sadie |last3=Gray |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601082956/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article528553.ece |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> In May 2006, she was featured in ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine as one of the "World's Most Beautiful People".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20059622,00.html |title=Beauties around the globe |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=8 May 2006 |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110330080806/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20059622,00.html |archive-date=30 March 2011}}</ref> The UK magazine ''[[Eastern Eye (newspaper)|Eastern Eye]]'' ranked her third in its list of "Asia's Sexiest Women" in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20sld3.htm |title=rediff.com: Asia's sexiest women |work=Rediff.com |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165332/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20sld3.htm |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> and she was ranked in the top ten in 2007 and 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/bipasha-is-the-sexiest-asian-woman-in-the-world-eastern-eye/articleshow/2544772.cms |title=Bipasha is the sexiest Asian woman in the world: Eastern Eye |work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711084249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Bipasha-is-the-Sexiest-Asian-Woman-in-the-World-Eastern-Eye/articleshow/2544772.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Katrina-Kaif-is-world-s-sexiest-Asian-woman/Article1-485483.aspx |title=Katrina Kaif is world's sexiest Asian woman |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220003214/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Katrina-Kaif-is-world-s-sexiest-Asian-woman/Article1-485483.aspx |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> She again appeared on the list in following years and in 2019, she was chosen as one of the sexiest Asian women of the decade.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/bollywood/take-one/world-s-sexiest-asian-women-2012-priyanka-beats-kareena-katrina-2012-12-09-1.486403 |title=World's Sexiest Asian Women 2012: Priyanka beats Kareena, Katrina |work=[[Emirates 24/7]] |date=9 December 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213211124/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/bollywood/take-one/world-s-sexiest-asian-women-2012-priyanka-beats-kareena-katrina-2012-12-09-1.486403 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/ |title=50 Sexiest Asian Women: Deepika tops the list, Priyanka is in second position |work=The Indian Express |date=6 December 2018 |accessdate=24 November 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207135508/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-voted-sexiest-asian-female-of-the-year-deepika-padukone-sexiest-of-decade-in-uk-poll-hina-khan-6162323/ |title=Alia Bhatt voted sexiest Asian female of the year, Deepika Padukone sexiest of decade in UK poll |work=The Indian Express |date=11 December 2019 |accessdate=24 November 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119091711/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-voted-sexiest-asian-female-of-the-year-deepika-padukone-sexiest-of-decade-in-uk-poll-hina-khan-6162323/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, American television channel [[E! |E!: Entertainment]] listed Rai Bachchan's eyes as the sexiest on its list of Sexiest Body Parts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aishwarya-Rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/Article1-346621.aspx |title=Aishwarya Rai's eyes voted the 'sexiest' |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702082758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aishwarya-Rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/Article1-346621.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan ranked second in ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s list of the 50 most-desirable women of 2010,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women |access-date=9 January 2011 |date=9 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701172424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta |work=The Times of India |archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> and was ranked ninth in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2011-The-Winners/etarticleshow/11753716.cms |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2011: The Winners |access-date=4 February 2012 |date=4 February 2012 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217005922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024491_1_video-trisha-krishnan-ankita-shorey |work=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' also placed her fifth in its list of "50 Beautiful Faces",<ref>{{cite web |title=50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |date=1 May 2013 |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/rtf1ansiansicpg1252deff0deflang1033fonttblf0fnilfcharset0-Arial-Unicode-MScolortbl-red0green0blue0viewkind4uc1pardcf1lang16393f0fs20-50-Beautiful-Faces-100-years-of-Indian-Cinemaparpar/articleshow/19713725.cms |accessdate=4 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224100955/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/rtf1ansiansicpg1252deff0deflang1033fonttblf0fnilfcharset0-Arial-Unicode-MScolortbl-red0green0blue0viewkind4uc1pardcf1lang16393f0fs20-50-Beautiful-Faces-100-years-of-Indian-Cinemaparpar/articleshow/19713725.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and named her as one of the "Forever Desirable Women".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |title=The Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020: Rhea Chakraborty – Living through a trial by fire, gracefully |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418102538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> In 2011, ''India Today'' noted there were over 17,000 websites dedicated to Rai Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.in/womansummit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=34&id=2679&sectionid=1&Itemid=1&secid=0 |title=India Today Woman Summit & Awards 2010: Citations of Award Winners |work=India Today |date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162707/http://indiatoday.in/womansummit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=34&id=2679&sectionid=1&Itemid=1&secid=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, she received negative publicity for failing to lose her post-pregnancy weight. Despite the criticism, she appeared on the red carpet at the "AmfAR Cinema Against Aids" gala at the [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]]—her 11th appearance at the festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Entertainment/Cannes2012/Chunk-HT-UI-Cannes2012-IndiaConnect/Aishwarya-sizzles-at-Cannes-proves-critics-wrong/SP-Article10-860949.aspx |title=Aishwarya sizzles at Cannes, proves critics wrong |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525172903/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Entertainment/Cannes2012/Chunk-HT-UI-Cannes2012-IndiaConnect/Aishwarya-sizzles-at-Cannes-proves-critics-wrong/SP-Article10-860949.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> Later that year, Rai Bachchan appeared in ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine's list of "Forty Women That Women Find Beautiful", where she ranked in 21st position; ''New York'' magazine said: "She may be the 'world's most beautiful woman' but what we really love is that she never feels fragile onscreen".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2012/08/45-women-who-women-find-beautiful.html#slideshow=/slideshows/2012/08/09/women_women_love.slideshow.json.slideshow.json |title=40 women that women find beautiful |date=30 August 2012 |work=[[New York (magazine)#The Cut|The Cut – New York Magazine]] |access-date=31 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901022340/http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/08/45-women-who-women-find-beautiful.html#slideshow=/slideshows/2012/08/09/women_women_love.slideshow.json.slideshow.json |archive-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

In 1999, Rai began dating Bollywood actor [[Salman Khan]]; their relationship was often reported in media until the couple separated in 2002. She cited "abuse (verbal, physical and emotional), infidelity and indignity" on the part of Khan as reasons for ending the relationship.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=20315 |title=Salman Khan chapter was a nightmare in my life: Aishwarya Rai |work=The Indian Express |date=6 April 2003 |access-date=19 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120221547/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=20315 |archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/FILMFARE-Bollywood-MAGAZINE-Collection-JUNE-1999-NOT-FOR-SALE-OUTSIDE-INDIA-6/233189656676 |title=I'm not married to Salman Khan |date=June 1999 |magazine=Filmfare |volume=48 |issue=6 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=30 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530221522/https://www.ebay.com/itm/FILMFARE-Bollywood-MAGAZINE-Collection-JUNE-1999-NOT-FOR-SALE-OUTSIDE-INDIA-6/233189656676 |url-status=live}}</ref> She then had a romantic relationship with actor [[Vivek Oberoi]] that ended in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya and Vivek finally break up |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/12/10/aishwarya-and-vivek-finally-break-up |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=11 October 2020 |date=10 December 2005 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711164645/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/12/10/aishwarya-and-vivek-finally-break-up |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:Abhishek and Aishwarya in Bengal.jpg|thumb|200px|left|upright|Rai Bachchan with her husband [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in 2010]]

Actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]] fell in love with Rai whilst filming ''Dhoom 2''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/i-love-so-many-things-about-ash-says-abhishek |title=I love so many things about Ash, says Abhishek |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=25 July 2007|access-date=28 May 2024 |via=[[The Himalayan Times]]|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528050723/https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/i-love-so-many-things-about-ash-says-abhishek|url-status=live}}</ref> Their engagement was announced on 14 January 2007 and was later confirmed by his father [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name=engaged>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Harneet |title=It was sudden...but this is the 21st century, one must be prepared |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/it-was-sudden...but-this-is-the-21st-centur/21032/ |access-date=16 June 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=16 January 2007}}</ref> The couple married on 20 April 2007 according to traditional Hindu rites.<ref name="marriage" /> [[North Indian]] and [[Bengali people|Bengali]] ceremonies were also performed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/never-seen-before-aishwarya-rai-abhishek-bachchans-wedding-picture/ |title=Aishwarya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan's never-seen-before wedding picture |work=The Indian Express |first=Sunitra |last=Pacheco |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=4 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105001509/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/never-seen-before-aishwarya-rai-abhishek-bachchans-wedding-picture/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The wedding took place in a private ceremony at the Bachchan residence in [[Juhu]], Mumbai.<ref name="marriage">{{cite web |title=Abhishek arrives on horseback for wedding |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/20wed.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511013558/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/20wed.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Indian media have described them as a [[supercouple]].<ref>{{cite news |title=It's London in spring time! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Its-London-in-spring-time/articleshow/1858526.cms |access-date=19 September 2009 |date=4 April 2007 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015161913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/its-london-in-spring-time/articleshow/1858526.cms |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=hi>{{cite news |title=I didn't chicken out of Dostana, says Saif Ali Khan |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200908011821.htm |access-date=19 September 2009 |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007033725/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200908011821.htm |archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> Rai Bachchan is very close to her family and lived with them in [[Bandra]], Mumbai, until her marriage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Why-did-Aishwarya-dump-Vivek/articleshow/msid-1395761,curpg-6.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826170715/http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Why-did-Aishwarya-dump-Vivek/articleshow/msid-1395761%2Ccurpg-6.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2009 |title=Why did Aishwarya dump Vivek? |access-date=19 August 2009 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/18ash.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920132533/http://us.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/18ash.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2020 |title=The buzz outside Ash's house |access-date=19 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=85796 |title=The name's Bachchan, Aishwarya Bachchan! |work=The Indian Express |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=85796 |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref> She is [[Hindu]] and deeply religious.<ref name=mostbeauti /> Rai Bachchan gave birth to a girl on 16 November 2011.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/aaradhya-bachchans-cute-pictures/pic-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-takes-aaradhya-out-for-a-stroll-in-london/photostory/53280791.cms |title=Aishwarya Rai takes Aradhya Bacchan for a stroll in London |work=The Times of India |date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907061527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/aaradhya-bachchans-cute-pictures/PIC-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-takes-Aaradhya-out-for-a-stroll-in-London/photostory/53280791.cms |archive-date=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bachchan baby gets a name! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bachchan-baby-gets-a-name/20120314.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317063445/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bachchan-baby-gets-a-name/20120314.htm |archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref>

Rai Bachchan was accompanied by her husband to [[Cannes Film Festival]] shortly after their marriage, and later to ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', on which they appeared on 28 September 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-abhishek-bachchan-revealed-facing-sexist-attitude-for-walking-cannes-red-carpet-with-wife-aishwarya-rai-101675249598617.html |title=When Abhishek Bachchan revealed facing sexist comments for walking Cannes red carpet with wife Aishwarya Rai |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 February 2023 |accessdate=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104233137/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-abhishek-bachchan-revealed-facing-sexist-attitude-for-walking-cannes-red-carpet-with-wife-aishwarya-rai-101675249598617.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/30/ash-abhishek-on-oprah.htm |title=Ash-Abhishek to Oprah: Living with parents natural |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502070414/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/30/ash-abhishek-on-oprah.htm |archive-date=2 May 2013 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/oprah-calls-abhishek-aishwarya-more-famous-than-brangelina_42269.htm |title=Abhishek kisses Aishwarya on Oprah Winfrey's show |date=30 September 2009 |work=[[Zee News]] |access-date=11 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812004800/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/oprah-calls-abhishek-aishwarya-more-famous-than-brangelina_42269.htm |archive-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> Rai Bachchan is the first Indian celebrity to appear twice on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show''.<ref name="Rediff" /> She attended the [[83rd Academy Awards]] with her husband.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ashs-dress-over-Mallika-at-Oscars/articleshow/7601413.cms |title=Ash's dress over Mallika at Oscars |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Prabhakar, Jyothi |date=2 February 2011 |access-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820092618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ashs-dress-over-Mallika-at-Oscars/articleshow/7601413.cms |archive-date=20 August 2014}}</ref>

In September 2025, Rai Bachchan secured temporary relief from the [[Delhi High Court]] after raising concerns about her name, image, and likeness being misused—especially through [[AI]]-generated content and unauthorized commercial use online.<ref name="NDTV-Sep25">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-high-court-relief-over-personality-rights-9257093 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Gets High Court Relief Over Personality Rights |publisher=NDTV |first=Nupur |last=Dogra |date=11 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> The court directed platforms like [[Google]] and various e-commerce sites to remove or block the flagged content within 72 hours, with further proceedings set for 15 January 2026.<ref name="NDTV-Sep25"/>

== Awards and recognition ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Aishwarya Rai Bachchan}}

Rai Bachchan has received two [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Best Actress]] for ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999) and ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Aishwarya-Rai/awards |title=Aishwarya Rai Awards |work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104032928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Aishwarya-Rai/awards|url-status=live}}</ref> She was appointed to the jury of the [[2003 Cannes Film Festival]] and was the first Indian actress to represent India as a jury member in the festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aishwarya on jury of Cannes Film Festival |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-09/news/27557836_1_aishwarya-rai-cannes-film-festival-special-screening|access-date=20 March 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 April 2003|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220157/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-09/news/27557836_1_aishwarya-rai-cannes-film-festival-special-screening|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-09/news/27557836_1_aishwarya-rai-cannes-film-festival-special-screening |work=The Economic Times |title=Aishwarya on jury of Cannes Film Festival |date=9 April 2003 |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220157/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-09/news/27557836_1_aishwarya-rai-cannes-film-festival-special-screening |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/none/gallery-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-ash-avatar-cannes-395217/ |title=Aishwarya at Cannes 2010 |work=CNN Travel |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=10 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527133339/http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/none/gallery-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-ash-avatar-cannes-395217/ |archive-date=27 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2009, Rai Bachchan received a [[Padma Shri]] for her contributions to Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901260321.htm |title=Aishwarya, Akshay, Helen in Padma Shri list |access-date=26 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090203082620/http://hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901260321.htm| archive-date= 3 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> In 2012, she accepted the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] from the [[Government of France]],<ref name="IANS">{{cite news |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Why-Aaradhya-cried-on-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-s-39th-birthday/Article1-953808.aspx |title=Why Aaradhya cried on Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's 39th birthday |accessdate=2 November 2012 |date=2 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102141750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Why-Aaradhya-cried-on-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-s-39th-birthday/Article1-953808.aspx |archivedate=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Indo-Asian News Service" /> which she had earlier refused because her father was seriously ill and she wanted her whole family to attend the award ceremony.<ref name="Indo-Asian News Service">{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/proud-of-aishwaryas-french-honour-says-father-in-law-amitabh-bachchan-608610 |title=Proud of Aishwarya's French honour, says father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan|access-date=2 November 2012 |date=2 November 2012|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201457/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/proud-of-aishwaryas-french-honour-says-father-in-law-amitabh-bachchan-608610|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=K Jha, Subhash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ash-wont-accept-award-without-Dad/articleshow/4059637.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023103722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-02/news-interviews/28034887_1_french-award-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-ash|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=Ash won't accept award without Dad|access-date=12 February 2009 |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2009}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ghosh, Biswadeep |title=''Hall of Fame: Aishwarya Rai'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tChlAAAAMAAJ&q=aishwarya+rai |publisher=Magna Books |location=Mumbai |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7809-244-7 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011234534/https://books.google.com/books?id=tChlAAAAMAAJ&q=aishwarya+rai |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |author=Gitanjali Roy |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: World's envy, India's pride |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-world-s-envy-india-s-pride-440241 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517124225/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-world-s-envy-india-s-pride-440241 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
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{{succession box|before={{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Lisa Hanna]]|title={{nowrap|[[Miss World]]}}|years=[[Miss World 1994|1994]]|after={{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Jacqueline Aguilera]]}}

{{S-end}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards and titles for Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
| list =
{{Miss World titleholders}}
{{Miss World 1994 delegates}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
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|Year = 1994
|Miss World={{flagicon|India}} '''Aishwarya Rai'''
|Miss Universe={{flagicon|India}} [[Sushmita Sen]]
|Miss International={{flagicon|Greece}} [[Christina Lekka]]
}}
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{{FilmfareAwardBestActress}}
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}}

{{Subject bar
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}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai Bachchan, Aishwarya}}
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Sur Nava Dhyas Nava

2026-03-15T00:37:27Z

UPMTaj45723: started a stub added tags.

{{Short description|Indian Marathi language Reality show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| judges = {{ubl|[[Avadhoot Gupte]] (2017-2023)|[[Shalmali Kholgade]] (2018-2019)| [[Mahesh Kale]] (2017-2023)}}
| creator = [[Viacom18]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| country = India
| image = SNDN.jpeg
| image_size =
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Tejashri Pradhan]] (2017-2018)| [[Spruha Joshi]] (2018-2022)| [[Rasika Sunil]] (2023)}}
| creative_director =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = ''"Sur Nava Dhyas Nava"'' by [[Shalmali Kholgade]] [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]]
| end_theme =
| composer =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| starring =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| num_seasons = 6
| producer = Avinash Bhanushali
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| company = Purple Patch Mediaz
| language = Marathi
| runtime = 45-60 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|11|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|12|31|df=yes}}
| related =
| num_episodes = 285
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
}}

'''''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava''''' ({{translation|New Tune New Obsession}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] singing reality show which is airing on [[Colors Marathi]]. It premiered from 13 November 2017 with airing 6 seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New season of 'Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Aasha Udyachi' to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-season-of-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-aasha-udyachi-to-launch-soon/articleshow/80768371.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sur Nava Dhyas Nava to launch 'Ladies special' season soon; Avadhoot Gupte and Mahesh Kale will be back as judges - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-to-launch-ladies-special-season-soon-avadhoot-gupte-and-mahesh-kale-will-be-back-as-judges/articleshow/80838654.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Season summary ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Season
!Host
!Judge
!Winner
!Runner-up
|-
|2017-2018
|'''''Season 1'''''
|
* [[Tejashri Pradhan]]
* [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]]
|
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
* [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|Aniruddha Joshi
|Vishwajeet Borwankar
|-
|2018-2019
|'''''Chhote Surveer'''''
|[[Spruha Joshi]]
|
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
* [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|Swarali Jadhav
|Meera Nilakhe
|-
|2019-2020
|'''''Season 3'''''
|
* [[Spruha Joshi]]
* [[Pushkar Jog]]
|
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
|Akshaya Iyer
|Raju Nadaf
|-
|2021
|'''''Asha Udyachi (Ladies Special)'''''
|[[Spruha Joshi]]
|
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
| Sanmita Dhapte-Shinde
| Sampada Mane
|-
|2022
|'''''Parva Ganyache, Marathi Banyache'''''
|[[Spruha Joshi]]
|
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
| Utkarsh Wankhede
| Sanjyoti Jagdale
|-
|2023
|'''''Aavaj Tarunaicha'''''
|[[Rasika Sunil]]
|
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
| Gopal Gavande
| Antara Kulkarni
|}

== Season 1 ==
{{Infobox television season
| bgcolor = #203354
| image =
| caption = Logo of Season 1
| season_number = 1
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]] [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| host = [[Tejashri Pradhan]] [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]]
| num_contestants = 15
| winner = Aniruddh Joshi
| runner_up = Vishwajeet Borwankar
}}
| num_episodes = 59
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|11|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|04|08|df=yes}}
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
}}

First season started on 17 November 2017. This season was hosted [[Tejashri Pradhan]] & [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]]. The winner of title of the show was Aniruddha Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Aniruddha Joshi bags the winner's trophy of Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-aniruddha-joshi-bags-the-winners-trophy-of-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/63658465.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aniruddha Joshi Bagged the 'Rajgayak' Honor in 'Sur Nava Dhyas Nava' Grand Finale!|url=https://marathistars.com/news/aniruddha-joshi-bagged-the-rajgayak-honor-in-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-grand-finale/|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Marathi Stars}}</ref>

=== Team Leaders ===
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
* [[Shalmali Kholgade]]

=== Teams ===
'''''Avadhoot Team:'''''
* [[Nihira Joshi]]
* [[Shamika Bhide]]
* Jitendra Tupe
* Shrirang Bhave
* Dipika Jog-Datar
* Shrinidhi Ghatate (Wild Card)

'''''Mahesh Team:'''''
* Aniruddh Joshi
* Madhura Kumbhar
* [[Vaishali Mhade]]
* Pralhad Jadhav
* Dnyaneshwar Meshram
* Vishwajeet Borwankar (Wild Card)

'''''Shalmali Team:'''''
* Sharayu Date
* Prasenjit Kosambi
* Jaydeep Bagwadkar
* Juiliee Jogalekar
* Padmanabh Gaikwad

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No.
! Contestants
! Team
! Status
|-
|'''C1'''
|Aniruddha Joshi
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" |Winner
|-
|'''C2'''
|Vishwajeet Borwankar
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |1st Runner-up
|-
|'''C3'''
|Sharayu Date
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|'''C4'''
|Prasenjeet Kosambi
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
|'''C5'''
|[[Nihira Joshi]]
| Avadhoot Team
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|'''C6'''
|Shrinidhi Ghatate
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C7'''
|Madhura Kumbhar
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C8'''
|Jaydeep Bagwadkar
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C9'''
|[[Vaishali Mhade]]
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:#fcf; text-align:center;" |Quit
|-
|'''C10'''
|Juilee Joglekar
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C11'''
|[[Shamika Bhide]]
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C12'''
|Jitendra Tupe
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C13'''
|Padmanabh Gaikwad
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C14'''
|Pralhad Jadhav
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C15'''
|Dnyaneshwar Meshram
|Mahesh Team
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C16'''
|Shrirang Bhave
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C17'''
|Dipika Jog-Datar
|Avadhoot Team
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|}

=== Guests ===
* [[Shounak Abhisheki]]
* Anand Shinde
* [[Sadhana Sargam]]
* [[Suresh Wadkar]]
* [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]]
* [[Sandeep Khare]]
* [[Salil Kulkarni]]
* [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-06|title=पं. हृदयनाथ मंगेशकरांच्या उपस्थितीत रंगणार 'सूर नवा ध्यास नवा'चा हा स्पेशल एपिसोड|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-hridaynath-mangeshkar-as-guest-judge-in-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-5785846-PHO.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-06|title='सूर नवा ध्यास नवा'मध्ये संगीतकार पं. हृदयनाथ मंगेशकर यांची हजेरी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-contestants-will-perform-infront-of-veteran-music-director-hridaynath-mangeshkar-1612290/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Vijay Chavan
* [[Pyarelal (music director)|Pyarelal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyarelal appears on Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/pyarelal-appears-on-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/62655744.cms|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Veena Jagtap
* [[Sachit Patil]]
* [[Kavita Lad]]
* Akshaya Gurav
* Vijay Kathin
* Shrinidhi Ghatate
* [[Nana Patekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-02|title='सूर नवा ध्यास नवा'ला नाना पाटेकर 'टच'|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/colors-marathi-reality-show-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-nana-patekar-aapla-manus-1625321/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumeet and Nana's unforgettable jugalbandi at Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/sumeet-and-nanas-unforgettable-jugalbandi/articleshow/62826071.cms|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
* [[Vaishali Samant]]
* Bhagyashree Limaye
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
* [[Atisha Naik]]
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
* [[Vaibhav Tatwawaadi]]
* [[Vandana Gupte]]
* [[Shridhar Phadke]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]]
* [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
* [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]

== Season 2 - Chhote Surveer ==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 2
| image =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #b5dfcf
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Spruha Joshi]]
| judges = [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]] [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| num_contestants =
| winner = Swarali Jadhav
| runner_up = Meera Nilakhe
}}
| num_episodes = 76
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|08|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|04|03|df=yes}}
}}

'''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Chhote Surveer''' was started on 6 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-13|title=Shalmali Kholgade to Judge 'Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Chotte Surveer'|url=https://megamarathi.com/news/shalmali-kholgade-to-judge-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-chotte-surveer/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Mega Marathi}}</ref> This season was hosted by [[Spruha Joshi]]. The winner of title of the show was Swarali Jadhav.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Chhote Surveer: Swarali Jadhav wins the title - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-chhote-surveer-swarali-jadhav-wins-the-title/articleshow/67827445.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-04|title=सूर नवा ध्यास नवा: स्वराली जाधव ठरली राजगायिका|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-grand-finale-swarali-jadhav-winner-of-the-show-1834863/|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No.
! Contestants
! Team
! Status
|-
|'''C1'''
|Swarali Jadhav
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" |Winner
|-
|'''C2'''
|Meera Nilakhe
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |1st Runner-up
|-
|'''C3'''
|Anshika Chonkar
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|'''C4'''
|Saee Joshi
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
|'''C5'''
|Chaitanya Devdhe
| Avadhoot Team
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|'''C6'''
|Utkarsh Wankhede
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C7'''
|Saksham Sonawane
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C8'''
|Neha Kene
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C9'''
|Vishwaja Jadhav
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C10'''
|Srushti Pagare
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C11'''
|Sahil Pandhare
|Avadhoot Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C12'''
|Abhishek Kamble
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C13'''
|Aadi Bhartiya
|Mahesh Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C14'''
|Tanmayi Ghadge
|Shalmali Team
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C15'''
|Gauri Gosavi
|Mahesh Team
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C16'''
|Nandini Gaikwad
|style="text-align:center;"|None
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C17'''
|Mithila Mali
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C18'''
|Swarang Watve
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C19'''
|Omkar Kanitkar
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C20'''
|Avani Ranade
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C21'''
|Rashi Pagare
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|}

=== Guests ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Guest
!Featured
|-
|8 October 2018
|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
|Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |16-17 October 2018
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| rowspan="3" |Legend Special
|-
|[[Ashok Saraf]]
|-
|22-23 October 2018
|[[Sachin (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
|-
|31 October 2018
|[[Kedar Shinde]]
| rowspan="6" |Special appearance
|-
|7 November 2018
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]]
|-
|20 November 2018
|Anand Madgulkar
|-
| rowspan="2" |26-27 November 2018
|[[Sandeep Khare]]
|-
|[[Saleel Kulkarni]]
|-
|4 December 2018
|Anand Shinde
|-
|10 December 2018
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=…म्हणून 'सूर नवा ध्यास नवा..'च्या सेटवर रितेश देशमुख भावूक|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-chotte-surveer-marathi-movie-mauli-special-week-1801647/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|Promotion of "[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]"
|-
| rowspan="3" |1-2 January 2019
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| rowspan="3" |Promotion of "[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli]]"
|-
|[[Sachin Khedekar]]
|-
|Sagar Deshmukh
|-
|14-15 January 2019
|[[Pyarelal (music director)|Pyarelal]]
|Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="4" |22 January 2019
|[[Amrita Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita Rao promotes her film in Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/amrita-rao-appears-in-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/67629551.cms|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Promotion of "[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]"
|-
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
|-
|[[Rohan-Rohan]]
|-
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|-
|Grand Finale
|[[Asha Bhosle]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Grand Finale: Asha Bhosle to grace the show as a special guest - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sur-nava-dhyas-nava-grand-finale-asha-bhosle-to-grace-the-show-as-a-special-guest/articleshow/67554765.cms|access-date=2021-03-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|Special appearance
|}

== Season 3 ==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 3
| image =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #1c4966
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Spruha Joshi]] [[Pushkar Jog]]
| judges = [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]]
| num_contestants =
| winner = Akshaya Iyer
| runner_up = Amol Ghodke
}}
| num_episodes = 60
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|09|09|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|03|08|df=yes}}
}}

'''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava 3''' was started on 9 September 2019. This season was hosted by [[Spruha Joshi]] & [[Pushkar Jog]]. The winner of title of the show was Akshaya Iyer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षया ठरली 'सूर नवा ध्यास नवा'ची विजेती|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/akshaya-iyer-wins-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-2020-singing-competition/articleshow/74048993.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: "Tips from the judges and mentors helped me to improve," says Sur Nava Dhyas Nava winner Akshaya Iyer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-tips-from-the-judges-and-mentors-helped-me-to-improve-says-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-winner-akshaya-iyer/articleshow/73986458.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No.
! Contestants
! Status
|-
|'''C1'''
|Akshaya Iyer
| style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" |Winner
|-
|'''C2'''
|Raju Nadaf
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |1st Runner-up
|-
|'''C3'''
|Swarali Jadhav
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|'''C4'''
|Amol Ghodke
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
|'''C5'''
|Ravindra Khomane
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|'''C6'''
|Shravani Wagle
| style="background:#FDD5B1; text-align:center;" |5th Runner-up
|-
|'''C7'''
|Vicky Kadam
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated; Re-entered; Re-Eliminated
|-
|'''C8'''
|Kanakshree
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C9'''
|Munawar Ali
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C10'''
|Prashant Kalundrekar
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C11'''
|Tejaswi Singh
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C12'''
|Nisha Shinde-Temkar
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C13'''
|Akash Godambe
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C14'''
|Rajeshwari Pawar
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C15'''
|Ram Pandit
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C16'''
|Madhura Deshpande
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C17'''
|Tejashri Deshpande
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C18'''
|Harshad Golesar
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C19'''
|Medha Paranjape
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C20'''
|Suraj Barkuntwad
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C21'''
|Rasika Janorkar
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C22'''
|Prasad Ulande
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|}

== Season 4 - Asha Udyachi ==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| image =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #87CEFF
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Spruha Joshi]]
| judges = [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]]
| num_contestants =
| winner = Sanmita Dhapte-Shinde
| runner_up = Sampada Mane
}}
| num_episodes = 32
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|04|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|06|13|df=yes}}
}}

'''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Asha Udyachi''' was started on 5 April 2021. This season was hosted by [[Spruha Joshi]]. It is ladies special season. The winner of title of the show was Sanmita Dhapte-Shinde.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanmita Dhapte - Shinde lifts the trophy of Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Aasha Udyachi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sanmita-dhapte-shinde-lifts-the-trophy-of-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-aasha-udyachi/articleshow/83507988.cms|access-date=2021-06-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No.
! Contestants
! Status
|-
|'''C1'''
|Sanmita Dhapte–Shinde
| style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" |Winner
|-
|'''C2'''
|Sampada Mane
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |1st Runner-up
|-
|'''C3'''
|Radha Khude
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|'''C4'''
|Rashmi Moghe
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
|'''C5'''
|Pradnya Sane
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|'''C6'''
|Shrinidhi Deshpande
| style="background:#FDD5B1; text-align:center;" |5th Runner-up
|-
|'''C7'''
|Dhanashree Korgaonkar
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C8'''
|Ishani Patankar
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C9'''
|Kishori Murke
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C10'''
|Malvika Dixit
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C11'''
|Hetvi Sethia-Vishwa
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C12'''
|Trupti Damle
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C13'''
|Snehal Chavan
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C14'''
|Shweta Dandekar
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C15'''
|Farin Shaikh
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|-
|'''C16'''
|Madhavi Mali
| style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |Eliminated
|}

== Season 5 - Parv Ganyache Marathi Banyache ==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 5
| image =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #93ECDF
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Spruha Joshi]]
| judges = [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]]
| num_contestants =
| winner = Utkarsh Wankhede
| runner_up = Sanjyoti Jagdale
}}
| num_episodes = 32
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|01|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|25|df=yes}}
}}

'''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Season 5''' was started on 1 July 2022 and ended on 25 September 2022. This season was hosted by [[Spruha Joshi]].

== Season 6 - Aavaj Tarunaicha ==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 6
| image =
| caption =
| bgcolour = Maroon
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rasika Sunil]]
| judges = [[Avadhoot Gupte]] [[Mahesh Kale]]
| num_contestants =
| winner = Gopal Gawande
| runner_up = Antara Kulkarni & Animesh Thakur
}}
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|10|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|12|31|df=yes}}
}}

'''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava Season 6''' premiered from 7 October 2023. This season was hosted by [[Rasika Sunil]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko actress Rasika Sunil is all set to host Sur Nava Dhyas Nava |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/majhya-navryachi-bayko-actress-rasika-sunil-is-all-set-to-host-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/104101070.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/sur-nava-dhyas-nava/3497961 ''Sur Nava Dhyas Nava''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Catholic Church in India

2026-03-09T13:42:03Z

UPMTaj45723: added initial post more to come...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon = Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt =
| name = Catholic Church in India
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Santhome Basilica.jpg
| imagewidth = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Mylapore's [[Santhome Basilica]] at [[Madras (Chennai)]], built in 1523 by the [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay]], over the tomb of [[Thomas the Apostle]]. Renovated in 1896 by [[British architecture in India|British Indian architects]]. It is an important shrine of the [[apostolic age]] in the world.
| abbreviation =
| type = [[Christian denomination]]
| main_classification = [[Catholic]]
| orientation = [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]] & [[Western Catholic|Western]]
| scripture = [[Catholic Bible]]
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity]]
| governance = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|CBCI]]
| structure =
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = {{incumbent pope}}
| leader_title1 = President of bishops' conference
| leader_name1 = [[Andrews Thazhath]]
| division =
| division_type1 =
| division1 =
| division_type2 =
| division2 =
| division_type3 =
| division3 =
| associations =
| area = [[India]]
| language = [[Languages of India|Multiple]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| origin_link =
| founded_date = AD 52 ({{Years ago|52}} years ago)
| founder = [[Thomas the Apostle]]
| separated_from =
| parent =
| merger =
| absorbed =
| separations =
| merged_into =
| defunct =
| congregations_type =
| congregations =
| members = 23 million (1.57%)
| ministers_type =
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| churches =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| tertiary =
| other_names =
| publications =
| website =
| slogan =
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Catholic Church by country}}
The '''Catholic Church in India''' is part of the worldwide [[Catholic Church]] under the leadership of the [[Pope]]. There are over 23 million Catholics in India,<ref name="BBC">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm Factfile: Catholics around the world] on BBC news.</ref> representing around 1.57% of the total population,<ref name="CatholicHierarchy">{{Catholic-hierarchy|country|sc3|Statistics by Country|21 January 2015}}</ref> and the Catholic Church is the single largest [[Christianity in India|Christian church in India]].<ref name="BBC" /> There are 10,701 [[parishes]] that make up 174 [[diocese]]s and eparchies, which are organised into 30 [[ecclesiastical province]]s. Of these, 132 dioceses are of the [[Latin Church]], 31 of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and 11 of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]. Despite the very small percentage-wise population that Indian Catholics make up in the country, India still has the second-largest [[Christianity in Asia|Christian population in Asia]], after the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines]]. All [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|Catholic bishops]], from all dioceses, come together to form the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of India]], first convened in [[British India]], in 1944.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050419234652/http://www.cbcisite.com/Who%20we%20are.htm Catholic Bishops Conference of India]}} on CBCI website.</ref> The [[ambassador]] representing the [[Vatican City]], to the [[Government of India]], is the [[Apostolic Nuncio to India]]. The [[diplomatic mission]] of the Holy See to India, similar to an embassy, was established as the Apostolic delegation to the [[East Indies]] in 1881. It was raised to an [[Internuncio|Internunciature]] by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1948, and to a full [[Apostolic Nunciature]] by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1967. Archbishop [[Leopoldo Girelli]] is the current Apostolic Nuncio, named by [[Pope Francis]] on 13 March 2021. The Apostolic Nunciature is located at 50-C, Niti Marg, Chanakyapuri, [[New Delhi]].

The majority, about 78.3%, belong to the Latin Church, the rest are [[Syriac Christianity|Syrian Catholic]] Christians. The Syro-Malabar Church, one of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], makes up around 19.7% of Indian Catholics, while the Syro-Malankara Church accounts for approximately 2.0%. These figures reflect the diverse liturgical traditions within Indian Catholicism, with Eastern Catholic communities primarily based in the [[Malabar region]] (present-day state of [[Kerala]]).<ref name="BBC" />
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

== History ==
=== Early Christianity in India ===
{{stack begin}}
[[File:Arakuzha Syrian Catholic Church.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha|Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] at [[Arakuzha]], [[Kerala]], is an ancient ''[[Nasrani (India)|Nasrani]]'' church established in 999.]]
[[File:India Catholic Dioceses.svg|thumb|Latin Church provinces and dioceses of the Catholic church in India. The dioceses making up a province have different shades of the same colour.]]
[[File:Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni, Tamil Nadu Entrance.jpg|thumb|A [[facade]] of the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health|Basilica of Our Lady of Vailankanni]], in [[Tamil Nadu]] (the [[Coromandel region]]).]]
{{stack end}}
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians}}
Christianity reached India in AD 52 when [[Thomas the Apostle]] reached [[Muziris]] in [[Malabar Coast]] presently called the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtbYEAAAQBAJ |title = The Ramban Pattu |isbn = 9781087913766 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|last2 = Nath|first2 = Nithul.|date = May 2017|publisher = Dalcassian Press }}</ref> He preached Christianity in Eastern and Western coasts of India.<ref name="missick">Stephen Andrew Missick.[http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170937/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} Journal of Assyrian Academic studies.</ref> These [[Saint Thomas Christians]] are known as Nasrani, which is a [[Syriac language|Syriac]] term meaning Follower of the Nazarene Jesus. The Christian community in India later came under the jurisdiction of Bishops from Persia. Historians estimate this date to be around the fourth century.<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm#X Were these Christians infected with Nestorianism before 1599?] on Catholic Encyclopedia entry on St. Thomas Christians.</ref> As a result, they inherited the East Syriac liturgy and traditions of Persia. Later, when the Western missionaries reached India, they accused this community of practicing [[Nestorianism]], a heresy that separates Christ's divinity from his human nature. They formed the most ancient church, diocese, and metropolitan province in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Far East]]. The East Syriac [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|diocese of India]] was elevated as a metropolitan province in the eighth century by Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III|Ishoyab III]]. In the words of [[Pope John Paul II]], this community, while being a part of the [[East Syriac Church]], had never broken the communion with the worldwide Catholic Church explicitly.<ref>Mar Thomma Margam by Pathikulangara Varghese Kathanar</ref> Today, the continuity of this early Christian community is found in the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], an Oriental Church in communion with Catholic Church, following [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] traditions.

=== Early missionaries ===

[[John of Monte Corvino]] was a Franciscan sent to China to become prelate of Peking in around 1307. He travelled from Persia and moved down by sea to India, in 1291, to the [[Madras]] region or "Country of St. Thomas". There he preached for thirteen months and baptised about one hundred persons. From there Monte Corvino wrote home, in December 1291 (or 1292). That is one of the earliest noteworthy accounts of the Coromandel coast furnished by any Western European. Travelling by sea from Mailapur, he reached China in 1294, appearing in the capital "Cambaliech" (now Beijing).<ref>Odoric of Pordenone (Nendeln, Liechtenstein, 1967), Henry Yule, trans. Cathy and the Way Thither vol. II, P-142.</ref>

Friar [[Odoric of Pordenone]] arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at Pandarani (20 m. north of Calicut), at Cranganore, and at Kulam or [[Quilon]], proceeding thence, apparently, to Ceylon and to the shrine of St Thomas at Maylapur near Madras. He writes he had found the place where Thomas was buried.

Father [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]] Catalanus, a French Dominican missionary, followed in 1321–22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on the west coast of India, that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329 "Mirabilia" describing the marvels of the East: he furnished the best account of Indian regions and the Christians, the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flora given by any European in the Middle Ages – superior even to Marco Polo's.

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]] headquartered at [[Kollam]] is the first Roman Catholic diocese in India in the state of Kerala, first erected on 9 August 1329 and re-erected on 1 September 1886. In 1329 Pope John XXII (in captivity at Avignon) erected [[Quilon]] as the first Diocese in the whole Indies as suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sultany in Persia, through the decree "Romanus Pontifix" dated 9 August 1329. By a separate Bull "Venerabili Fratri Jordano", the same Pope, on 21 August 1329 appointed the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani de Severac (OP) as the first Bishop of [[Quilon]].
(Copies of the Orders and the related letters issued by [[Pope John XXII]] to Bishop Jordanus Catalani (OP) and to the diocese of [[Quilon]] are documented and preserved in the diocesan archives).
In 1347, [[Giovanni de Marignolli]] visited the shrine of St Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba, and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been Java. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms.

Another prominent Indian traveller was Joseph, priest over Cranganore. He journeyed to
Babylon in 1490 and then sailed to Europe and visited Portugal, Rome, and Venice before returning to India. He helped to write a book about his travels titled The Travels of Joseph the Indian which was widely disseminated across Europe.

=== Arrival of the Portuguese ===
In 1453, the [[fall of Constantinople]], a bastion of Christianity in [[Asia Minor]] to Islamic [[Ottoman Empire]], marked the end of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire]], and severed European trade links by land with Asia. This massive blow to [[Christendom]] spurred the [[Age of Discovery]] as Europeans were seeking alternative routes east by sea along with the goal of forging alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<ref name=GT-DEX-1453-09>{{cite web|title=Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: Fall of Constantinople and spurring "age of discovery"|url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604120350/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GT-DEX-1453-10>{{cite web|title=Overview of Age of Exploration |url=http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/study-center/summaries/age-of-exploration/overview |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709074111/http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/study-center/summaries/age-of-exploration/overview |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}</ref> Along with pioneer [[Portugal|Portuguese]] long-distance maritime travellers, that reached the [[Malabar Coast]] in the late 15th century, came Portuguese missionaries who introduced the Latin Catholic church in India. They made contact with the [[Saint Thomas Christians|St Thomas Christians]] in Kerala, which at that time were following [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] practices and were under the jurisdiction of [[Church of the East]].

In the 16th century, the proselytism of Asia was linked to the [[Portugal#Religion|Portuguese colonial policy]]. The [[Papal bull]] [[Romanus Pontifex]],<ref>See full text pp.13-20 (Latin) and pp.20-26 (English) in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uLILAAAAIAAJ&q=nicholas+v+%22Romanus+Pontifex%22 ''European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648''], ed. [[Frances Gardiner Davenport]] (Washington, D.C.: [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], 1917–37) – [[Google Books]]. Reprint edition, 4 vols., (October 2004), Lawbook Exchange, {{ISBN|1-58477-422-3}}</ref> written on 8 January 1455 by [[Pope Nicholas V]] to [[Afonso V of Portugal|King Afonso V]] of [[Portugal]], confirmed to the Crown of Portugal dominion over all lands discovered or conquered during the age of discovery. Further, the patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith (see "[[Padroado]]") in Asia was given to the Portuguese.<ref name="Daus_33">{{cite book
| last =Daus
| first =Ronald
| title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus
| publisher =Peter Hammer Verlag
| year= 1983
| location =Wuppertal/Germany
| isbn =3-87294-202-6| page =33|language=de}}</ref> The missionaries of the different orders ([[Franciscan]]s, [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], [[Jesuit]]s, [[Augustinians|Augustinian]]s, etc.) flocked out with the conquerors, and began at once to build churches along the coastal districts where the Portuguese power made itself felt.

The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the neo-apostles who reached [[Kappad]] near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] who was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<ref name="BBC" /><ref>Britannica CD 97, S.V "Gama, Vasco da "</ref> The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm |title=Vasco da Gama collection |publisher=University of Michigan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043044/http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm |archive-date=2007-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When he and the Portuguese missionaries arrived they found no Christians in the country, except in Malabar known as St. Thomas Christians who represented less than 2% of the total population<ref name="Global">Megan Galbraith [http://www.globalhealth.org/reports/text.php3?id=232 Catholic Church of India Responds with Leadership] Field note on Glocal Health Council website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303082751/http://www.globalhealth.org/reports/text.php3?id=232 |date=3 March 2008 }}</ref> and the then-largest Christian church within India.<ref name="BBC" /> The Christians were friendly to Portuguese missionaries at first; there was an exchange of gifts between them, and these groups were delighted at their common faith.<ref>Mathias Mundadan, (1967), "The Arrival of Portuguese in India and Saint Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob"</ref>

During the second expedition, the Portuguese fleet comprising 13 ships and 18 priests, under Captain [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Raja of Cochin]]. He allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus Portuguese missionaries established Portuguese Mission in 1500. Dom [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese Viceroy, got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two church edifices – namely [[Santa Cruz Basilica]] (founded 1505) and [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] (founded 1506) using stones and mortar which was unheard of at that time as the local prejudices were against such a structure for any purpose other than a royal palace or a temple.

===Primate of the East===
{{Further|Primate of the East}}
In the beginning of the 16th century, the whole of the [[East Indies]] were under the jurisdiction of the [[Archdiocese of Lisbon]]. On 12 June 1514, Cochin, Goa-Anjediva and [[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein|Bombay-Bassein]] became the prominent fields of missionary activity; under the newly created [[Diocese of Funchal]] in [[Madeira]]. In 1534, [[Pope Paul III]], by the Bull Quequem Reputamus, raised Funchal as an [[archdiocese]] and [[Archdiocese of Goa|Goa]] as its [[suffragan]], deputing the whole of India under the [[diocese of Goa]]. This created an [[episcopal see]] – [[suffragan]] to [[Diocese of Funchal|Funchal]], with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to [[China]].

Portuguese explorers arrived in Chennai in 1523 and built the [[Santhome Church]] over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]], it was the first church in [[Chennai (Madras)]]. In 1545, [[Francis Xavier]] visited this church, prayed in the Tomb of St Thomas and stayed for about one year before his Apostolic trip to [[China]]. This church was later elevated to the status of a cathedral in 1606 by [[Pope Paul V]], with the inauguration of the [[Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore]] at the request of Portuguese King. Later the cathedral church was rebuilt by the [[British people|British]] in 1896 with the style of [[Neo Gothic]]. It was made a basilica in 1927 by [[Pope Pius XII]].

Around 1540, missionaries from the newly founded [[Society of Jesus]] arrived in Goa. The Portuguese government supported their work, as well as the work of the other religious orders in Goa (Dominicans, Franciscans & so on) who had been arriving since the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510. Native [[Goans]] who converted were rewarded by the government with Portuguese citizenship.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Holm
|first=John A.
|year=1989
|title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-35940-5
}}</ref> At the same time, many [[New Christian]]s from Portugal migrated to India as a result of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]]. Many of them were suspected of being [[Crypto-Jew]]s and [[Crypto-Muslim]]s, converted Jews and Muslims who were secretly practicing their old religions. Both were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief.<ref name="Daus_61_66">{{cite book
| last =Daus
| first =Ronald
| title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus
| publisher =Peter Hammer Verlag
| year= 1983
| location =Wuppertal/Germany| pages =61–66
| isbn =3-87294-202-6|language=de}}</ref> Saint Francis Xavier, in a 1545 letter to [[John III of Portugal]], requested the [[Goan Inquisition]] but the tribunal was set up only in 1560.<ref name="Daus_61_66" /><ref name="Paul" />

In 1557, [[Diocese of Goa|Goa]] was made an independent archbishopric, and its first suffragan sees were erected at [[Diocese of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Diocese of Malacca|Malacca]]. The whole of the East came under the jurisdiction of [[Archdiocese of Goa|Goa]] and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world: from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to Burma, China and Japan in East Asia. In 1576 the suffragan See of Macao (China) was added; and in 1588, that of Funai in Japan.

The death of the last [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] [[metropolitan Archbishop]] – [[Abraham of Angamaly|Mar Abraham]] of the [[St Thomas Christians]], an ancient body formerly part of the [[Church of the East]]{{sfnm|Frykenberg|2008|1p=93|Wilmshurst|2000|2p=343}} in 1597; gave the then Archbishop of Goa [[Aleixo de Menezes|Menezes]] an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Latin Catholic hierarchy. He was able to secure the submission of [[Archdeacon George]], the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. Menezes convened the [[Synod of Diamper]] between 20 and 26 June 1599,<ref name="synod">[https://www.synodofdiamper.com/synod.php Synod of Diamper] on Synod of Diamper Church website.</ref> which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into his control. Following the Synod, Menezes consecrated Francis Ros, SJ, as Archbishop of the [[Diocese of Angamaly|Archdiocese of Angamalé]] for the Saint Thomas Christians; this created another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa and [[Latin]]isation of St Thomas Christians started, against the wish of St Thomas Christians (East Syrian Tradition). The Saint Thomas Christians were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope and most of them eventually accepted the Catholic faith, but a part of them switched to [[West Syriac Rite]].<ref name="synod" /> Resentment of these measures led some part of the community to join the [[Archdeacon]] [[Mar Thoma I|Thomas I]], in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese or to accept Jesuits as their masters in the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] in 1653. Those who accepted the [[Syro-Antiochene Rite|West Syrian theological and liturgical tradition]] of Mar Gregorios became known as [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobites]]. The ones who continued with [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] liturgical tradition came to be formally known as the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] from the second half of the 19th century onward.

The [[Diocese of Angamaly]] was transferred to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cranganore|Diocese of Cranganore]] in 1605; while, in 1606 a sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras. The suffragan sees added later to Goa were the prelacy of Mozambique (1612) and in 1690 two other sees at Peking and Nanking in China.

Missionary work progressed on a large scale along the western coasts, chiefly in [[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein]], that extended from [[Daman, India|Damaon]] and Diu, to [[Salsette Island]] and Chaul; the missions were a great success until the [[Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay|Mahratta Invasions of Goa-Anjediva and Bombay-Bassein]], during which a number of churches and convents were demolished. Conversions were also carried out on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore and as far as [[Portuguese Chittagong]], and beyond Bengal in the East Indies. In the southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous, it extended to the Krishna river, with a number of outlying stations beyond it; the mission of Cochin in the Malabar region of South India, was also one of the most fruitful, until the [[anti-Catholic sentiment|persecution of Catholic Christians]] by Dutch [[Calvinist]]s, in former Portuguese lands began.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/6/17113/Destroyed-Colombo-Churchs-Indian-Connection | title=Destroyed Colombo Church's Indian Connection | date=15 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-who-revived-catholicism-in-lanka/story-sJVj3UYhxgoSx54wZTq67L.html | title=Indian who revived Catholicism in Lanka | work=Hindustan Times | date=5 June 2006 }}</ref> Several missions were also established in the interior northwards, for eg, that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624. Still, even with these efforts, the greater part even of the coast line was by no means fully worked, and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically untouched.

With the onslaught of the Dutch and decline of the Portuguese power, other colonial powers – namely the British and other Christian nations gained influence.

=== 18th century ===
[[Bettiah Christians]], the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian community, was established in the 18th century by Italian Christian missionaries belonging to the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]], a Roman Catholic religious order.<ref name="John2000">{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Jose Kalapura |title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 61 |date=2000 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=1011–1022 |language=en}}</ref> The patron of the Bettiah Christian Mission was Maharaja Dhurup Singh, king of the [[Bettiah Raj]] in Hindustan, who requested [[Giuseppe Maria Bernini]] to treat his ill wife and was successful in doing so.<ref name="John2000"/><ref name="UCA1995">{{cite web |title=Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/11/07/bihar-christians-have-fostered-faith-harmony-250-years&post_id=48221# |publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |access-date=14 November 2020 |language=en |date=6 November 1995 |quote=Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an "incurable" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the "Christian Quarters" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini, who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.}}</ref> The Bettiah Christian Mission flourished under the patronage of the royal court of the Bettiah Rajas, growing in number.<ref name="John2000"/>
[[File:Inde ecclésiastique. 1-7.500.000 - Dessiné et gravé par R. Hausermann - btv1b8446098r.jpg|thumb|Map showing the Catholic dioceses in India around 1888]]

The Portuguese spread the Catholic faith in [[Goa]], then in [[Kanyakumari (town)|Cape Comorin]], inland districts of [[Madurai]] and the western coast of Bassein, Salcette, [[Bombay]], Karanja, and Chaul.<ref name="CEIndia">[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07722a.htm India] on Catholic Encyclopedia.</ref> With the advent of suppression of [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] in 1773 the missionary expansion declined in India<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Missionary+Tropics:+The+Catholic+Frontier+in+India,+16th-17th...-a0152010918 The Catholic Frontier in India; 16-17th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032602/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Missionary+Tropics:+The+Catholic+Frontier+in+India,+16th-17th...-a0152010918 |date=7 September 2018 }} from The Free library.</ref> along with the need for organisations within the Church in India.<ref name="CEIndia" /> Especially when the ''Vicar Apostolate of Bombay'' was erected in 1637<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dbomb|Archdiocese of Bombay|21 January 2015}}</ref> which was under the direct ruling from Rome, this caused misunderstanding between the Portuguese missionary and the Apostolate.<ref name="CEIndia" /> The [[Goa Inquisition|Inquisition of Goa]] had caused strained relationship and mistrust with the [[Hinduism|Hindus]] of India.<ref name="Paul">Paul Axelrod, Michelle A. Fuerch [https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013 Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa] Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1996), pp. 387-421</ref> The strained relations between the Church and the Portuguese missionaries reached a climax when in 1838 the Holy See cancelled the jurisdiction of the three suffragan Sees of Crangaqnore, Cochin, and Mylapur and transferred it to the nearest vicars Apostolic, and did the same with regard to certain portions of territory which had formerly been under the authority of Goa itself.<ref name="CEIndia" /> Finally in 1886 another concordat was established, and at the same time the whole country was divided into ecclesiastical provinces, and certain portions of territory, withdrawn in 1838, were restored to the jurisdiction of the Portuguese sees.<ref name="CEIndia" />

=== Role in the Indian independence movement ===
On 30 October 1945 in the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] (AICIC) formed a joint committee with the [[All India Catholic Union|Catholic Union of India]] to form a joint committee that passed a resolution in which, "in the future constitution of India, the profession, practice and propagation of religion should be guaranteed and that a change of religion should not involve any civil or political disability."<ref name="Thomas1974">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |date=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |pages=106–110 |language=en}}</ref> This joint committee enabled the Christians in India to stand united, and in front of the British Parliamentary Delegation "the committee members unanimously supported the move for independence and expressed complete confidence in the future of the community in India."<ref name="Thomas1974"/> The office for this joint committee was opened in [[Delhi]], in which the Vice-Chancellor of [[Andhra University]] M. Rahnasamy served as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of [[Lahore]] served as General Secretary.<ref name="Thomas1974"/> Six members of the joint committee were elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Minorities Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India]].<ref name="Thomas1974"/> In its meeting on 16 April 1947 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee of the All India Conference of Indian Christians and All India Catholic Union prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the Constituent Assembly, which asked for [[religious freedom]] for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="Thomas1974"/>

== Social services ==
[[File:MotherTeresa 090.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mother Teresa]]]]
Concern with charity was common to [[Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]], but with one major difference: whilst the former believe that [[Salvation|salvation]] comes from faith in God and dedication to good works, which can manifest itself as charity, the latter believe that [[Sola fide|only one's faith alone]] is a sufficient requisite of salvation, and that one's works are not necessary to gain or lose salvation.<ref name="Isabel">Isabel dos Guimarães Sá [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/Summer04/html/igsa_main.html Catholic Charity in Perspective: The Social Life of Devotion in Portugal and its Empire (1450–1700)] Journal of Portuguese History. Vol.2, number 1, Summer 2004.</ref> Consequently, Catholic charitable efforts in India have been extensive.{{synthesis inline|date=June 2025}}{{original research inline|date=June 2025}}

In Portuguese India, for instance, Saint [[Francis Xavier]] and his fellow missionaries were especially careful to help the local charitable institutions by tending to the sick, both spiritually and physically, and performing other works of mercy.<ref name="Isabel" /> The Jesuits' educational institutions have left a prestigious impact through their education institutions.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/06/06/102541143.pdf Catholic education in India] ''The New York Times'', 6 June 1887.</ref> Education has become the major priority for the Church in India in recent years with nearly 60% of the Catholic schools situated in rural areas.<ref>[https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Card.-Toppo:-%E2%80%9CEducation-is-the-Churches-priority-mission-and-key-to-Indian-development%E2%80%9D-9416.html Card. Toppo: "Education is the Churches priority mission and key to Indian development"] Asia News.</ref> Even in the early part of the 19th century, Catholic schools had emphasised relief for the poor and their welfare.<ref>J. Hutching THE CATHOLIC POOR SCHOOLS, 1800 to 1845: Part 1 The Catholic Poor-relief, welfare and schools Journal of Educational Administration and History, Volume 1, Issue 2 June 1969, pages 1 – 8.</ref>

In 2019, Father Vineeth George, a 38-year-old Catholic priest, was awarded as the 'Best Citizen of India'. The title is an acknowledgment of his work with the marginalized in the north of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dcl.org.br/noticias/mundo/570-padre-catolico-recebe-o-titulo-de-melhor-cidadao-da-india |title=Padre Católico recebe o título de melhor cidadão da Índia by Diocese de Campo Limpo |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702013735/http://www.dcl.org.br/noticias/mundo/570-padre-catolico-recebe-o-titulo-de-melhor-cidadao-da-india |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Statistics ==
;Statistics for 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccbi.in/#|title=CCBI - The Conference of Catholic Bishops of India|work=ccbi.in}}</ref>
*Bishops: 126
*Diocesan priests: 9,322
*Religious priests: 6,765
*Religious brothers: 2,528
*Religious Sisters: 50,112
*Colleges and schools: 14,429
*Training Institutes: 1,086
*Hospitals and dispensaries: 1,826
*Publications: 292

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism|India}}
*[[Bombay East Indian Catholics]]
*[[Catholic Church in Bhutan]]
*[[Catholic Church in Nepal]]
*[[Catholic Church in Tibet]]
*[[Catholic Church in Sri Lanka]]
*[[Goan Catholics]]
*[[Goan Catholics under the British Empire]]
*[[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
*[[List of Catholic dioceses in India]]
*[[List of Catholic churches in India]]
*[[List of saints of India]]
*[[Reddy Catholics]]
*[[Bettiah Christians]]
*[[Mangalorean Christians]]
*[[Christianity in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=}}

== Literature ==

* {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Becker |title=The Catholic Church in Northeast India 1890–1915 |editor=Sebastian Karotemprel |publisher=Becker Institute Sacred Heart Theological College |location=Shillong |year=2007 |oclc=311601683}}
* {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198263777|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/data/countryIN.htm GCatholic.org]
*[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07722a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.cbcisite.com Catholic Bishop's Conference of India]
*[http://malankara.net/ Syro-Malankara Church]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080225023508/http://www.syromalankara.org/ Syro Malankara Catholic Church International website]
*[http://www.panimatha.com/ Our Lady of Snow Kallikulam, Tamil Nadu, India]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012155628/http://snowschurch.org/ Our Lady of Snows Church, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India]}}

{{Asia topic|Catholic Church in|groupstyle=background-color:gold|titlestyle=background-color:gold}}
{{Asia topic|Christianity in}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India}}
[[Category:Catholic Church in India| ]]
[[Category:Catholic Church by country]]
[[Category:Catholicism in India]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]

Mandala Murders

2026-03-05T23:36:35Z

UPMTaj45723: started post

{{Short description|2025 Indian TV series}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mandala Murders poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| genre = [[Crime thriller]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Supernatural horror]]
| creator = Gopi Puthran
| based_on =
| writer = Gabe Gabriel Matt Graham Avinash Dwivedi Chirag Garg Gopi Puthran
| director = Gopi Puthran Manan Rawat
| starring = [[Vaani Kapoor]] Vaibhav Raj Gupta [[Surveen Chawla]] [[Raghubir Yadav]] [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
| composer = Sanchit Balhara Ankit Balhara
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| location = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| cinematography = Shaz Mohammed
| editor = Mitesh Soni Meghna Manchanda Sen
| runtime = 39–49 minutes
| company = [[YRF Entertainment]]
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aditya Chopra]]
* [[Uday Chopra]]
* Yogendra Mogre
* Akshaye Widhani
}}
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Mandala Murders''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] series that premiered on [[Netflix]] on 25 July 2025. Created and co-directed by Gopi Puthran, alongside Manan Rawat, the series is produced by [[YRF Entertainment]] and is based on the novel ''The Butcher of Benares''. Set in the fictional town of Charandaspur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], it blends [[mystery film|mystery]], [[supernatural horror]], and [[psychological thriller]] elements. The series follows detectives Rea Thomas and Vikram Singh as they investigate ritualistic murders linked to a secret cult, the Aayastis, and a mythical entity called Yast.<ref name=watch>{{cite web |title=Watch Mandala Murders |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/mandala-murders |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Netflix}}</ref>

The series stars [[Vaani Kapoor]], Vaibhav Raj Gupta, [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Raghubir Yadav]], and [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] in key roles. Spanning eight episodes, it explores themes of faith vs science and love vs sacrifice, combining modern police procedural with occult practices.<ref name=cc>{{cite web |title=Mandala Murders - Release Date, Cast & Crew Details |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/series/mandala-murders |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=YRF Entertainment}}</ref> Reviews have been mixed, with praise for its atmospheric world-building, cinematography, and performances, but criticism for uneven pacing and narrative complexity.<ref name=dare>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Mandala Murders Review: Vaani Kapoor's ambitious thriller dares to dig deep, but loses its way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/ott/reviews/story/mandala-murders-review-netflix-vaani-kapoor-yash-raj-thriller-series-2572530-2025-07-25 |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=mmsr>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Mandala Murders Series Review |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/mandala-murders-review-netflix-india-vaani-kapoor-thriller-101722162098069.html |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the fictional Charandaspur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], ''Mandala Murders'' follows CIB officer Rea Thomas ([[Vaani Kapoor]]) and suspended cop Vikram Singh (Vaibhav Raj Gupta) as they investigate ritualistic murders orchestrated by the Aayastis, a cult seeking to resurrect a god-like entity, Yast, using human body parts arranged in a [[mandala]] pattern. The narrative alternates between the present and 1950s flashbacks, revealing the cult’s origins through Rukmini ([[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]), its founder, and Rea’s grandmother, who opposed it. As the detectives uncover personal ties to the cult, they confront political figure Ananya Bhardwaj ([[Surveen Chawla]]), who drives its modern revival. The investigation leads to a climactic showdown in underground chambers, where Rea disrupts the final ritual, though the cult’s influence lingers.<ref name=time>{{cite web |date=26 July 2025 |title=The Complex Ending of Indian Thriller 'Mandala Murders' |url=https://time.com/7011358/mandala-murders-netflix-indian-thriller-ending-explained/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Time}}</ref><ref name=rev>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Mandala Murders Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/mandala-murders/season-1/seasonreview/111998973.cms |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Vaani Kapoor]] in a dual role as
** Rea Thomas, a determined CIB officer
** Nandini Pant, a particle physicist
* Vaibhav Raj Gupta as Vikram Singh, a suspended cop with a traumatic past
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Ananya Bhardwaj, a politician
* Aman Vasishth as Anupam, CIB agent
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Kaivalya, a cryptic figure with cult knowledge
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] as Rukmini, the cult’s 1950s founder
* [[Aaditi Pohankar]] as Moksha
* [[Monica Chaudhary]] as Kavita Bhardwaj, Vikram's love interest and Ananya's sister
* Piloo Vidyarthi as Kalindi
* Azzy Bagria as Constable
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Jimmy Khan, a local aiding the investigation
* Sharat Sonu as SHO Pramod Sahni, Vikram’s friend
* [[Manu Rishi]] as Vishwanath Singh, Vikram’s father
* Sukhita Aiyar in a chitti<ref name=rev/>
* [[Anang Desai]] as Giyasuddin Khan
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Naveen Desai
* Aakash Dahiya as Abhishek Sahay
* Utkarsha Naik as Leela Yadav
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] as Ajay Yadav
* [[Rahul Bagga]] as Sujoy Yadav
* [[Leena Balodi]] as Maithili
* Saad Baba as Mallick
* [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Robert MacCauley
* Ipshita Chakraborty Singh as Vasudha Singh
* Ishan Saxena as Awdesh
* Saurabh Dubey as Vaitarni
* Yogendra Vikram Singh as Vyankat
* Ekanthika Brahmne as Noor
* Rati Shankar Tripathi as Pratap Singh
* [[Sunny Hinduja]] as Anant Pant
* [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]] as Jairaj
* [[Sambhavna Seth |Sambhavna Seth]] as Hema

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Developed by [[YRF Entertainment]], ''Mandala Murders'' is the studio’s second major web series after ''The Railway Men''. Created by Gopi Puthran, known for ''[[Mardaani 2]]'', it adapts ''The Butcher of Benares'' into a mythological-crime thriller. Puthran co-directed with Manan Rawat, with writing by Gabe Gabriel, Matt Graham, Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg, and Puthran.<ref name=cc/>

=== Filming ===
Filmed across five cities in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the series depicts Charandaspur with a dark, atmospheric aesthetic. Shaz Mohammed’s cinematography captures the town’s dusty lanes and the eerie Varuna Forest, contrasting modern and historical timelines.<ref name=dare/><ref name=rev/>

== Release ==
''Mandala Murders'' premiered on [[Netflix]] on 25 July 2025, with all eight episodes released simultaneously. Promoted as a "mythological-crime thriller," its trailer was shared on Netflix’s platforms.<ref name=watch/><ref name=cc/>

== Episodes ==
The first season consists of eight episodes, released on 25 July 2025.<ref name=watch/>
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Directed by
!Written by
!Original release date
|-
|1
|"Chapter 1"
|Gopi Puthran
|Gopi Puthran, Avinash Dwivedi
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |In 1950s Charandaspur, a ritual fails. In 2025, Vikram Singh discovers a torso-less corpse, launching a murder investigation tied to his past.
|-
|2
|"Chapter 2"
|Manan Rawat
|Chirag Garg, Gabe Gabriel
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Rea Thomas arrives in Charandaspur, meeting Ananya Bhardwaj. Vikram confronts a figure from his past, deepening the mystery.<ref name=time/>
|-
|3
|"Chapter 3"
|Gopi Puthran
|Matt Graham, Gopi Puthran
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Shastri, a shadow worshipper, warns Rea of a dark prophecy. Vikram learns about the mandala symbol’s significance.<ref name=rev/>
|-
|4
|"Chapter 4"
|Manan Rawat
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Haunted by his past, Vikram teams with Rea to decode eight mandalas linked to the murders, aiming to prevent an attack.<ref name=dare/>
|-
|5
|"Chapter 5"
|Gopi Puthran
|Gabe Gabriel, Matt Graham
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Rea searches for the princess’s identity, sharing her fears with Vikram. Jimmy Khan cracks a code, while Ananya asserts control.<ref name=time/>
|-
|6
|"Chapter 6"
|Manan Rawat
|Chirag Garg, Gopi Puthran
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Ancient texts at Monalisa Curio reveal the cult’s history, pushing Rea and Vikram closer to the truth.<ref name=rev/>
|-
|7
|"Chapter 7"
|Gopi Puthran
|Avinash Dwivedi, Matt Graham
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Vyankat’s revelations shock Vikram. Rea races to save a child from becoming the next victim.<ref name=time/>
|-
|8
|"Chapter 8"
|Gopi Puthran
|Gopi Puthran, Gabe Gabriel
|{{Start date|2025|07|25|df=y}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Vikram is kidnapped for the Yast ritual. Rea confronts Ananya in the underground chambers, disrupting the resurrection.<ref name=time/>
|}

== Reception ==
''Mandala Murders'' received mixed reviews. Critics praised its atmospheric world-building, Shaz Mohammed’s cinematography, and performances, particularly [[Vaani Kapoor]]’s commanding OTT debut and Vaibhav Raj Gupta’s emotional depth. The depiction of Charandaspur and the Varuna Forest was lauded for its gothic atmosphere.<ref name=dare/> However, the series was criticised for uneven pacing, a convoluted narrative, and excessive exposition. ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' described it as “tiresome” due to a patchy screenplay, noting it only gained momentum by episode seven.<ref name=mmsr/> ''The Times of India'' recommended it for lore-heavy thriller fans, despite its complexity.<ref name=rev/>

Hardika Gupta of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5 stars out 5 and said that "It's a fascinating mess, occasionally brilliant, often frustrating and always drenched in blood and questions."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Mandala Murders Review: A Slow-Burn Thriller That Burns Itself Out|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mandala-murders-review-a-slow-burn-thriller-that-burns-itself-out-2-5-stars-8954057 |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 3 stars and said that "Overall, *Mandala Murders* is an engaging and ambitious thriller that boldly ventures into new storytelling territory with its haunting atmosphere, multi-layered narrative, and a chilling cult subplot that lends it a compellingly dark twist. Yet, the show isn’t flawless—its intricate plot and large ensemble cast can become a bit too much to keep track of, and some lapses in logic might challenge the audience's willingness to go along with it."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Web Series Review: Mandale Murders is a gripping, ambitious thriller that explores unchartered territory|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-mandala-murders-gripping-ambitious-thriller-explores-unchartered-territory/|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and observed that "the blend of sci-fi with mythology is what makes Mandala Murders different. Binge-watch it or just watch it at one go, the way I did, but don’t give it a miss."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Netflix's 'Mandala Murders' Review: Vaani Kapoor, Surveen Chawla starrer mumbo-jumbo that makes sense|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-mandala-murders-review-mumbo-jumbo-that-makes-sense-13912414.html|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 1/5 stars and said that "There's an obvious attempt to startle with its gruesome imagery of severed heads skewered on chopped limbs and peeled-off faces but it's too tacky to elicit any real dread."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Mandala Murders Review: Baloney!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mandala-murders-review/20250725.htm|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said that "Mandala Murders aims to blend sci-fi with mythology but makes a hash of it. The sci-fi is laughable – a particle physicist builds a wish-fulfilling machine that looks like a cartoon robot and demands the sacrifice of a thumb (for what?). The mythology is mostly mumbo-jumbo.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=‘Mandala Murders’ review: Gruesome shocks and a decent police procedural|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084697/mandala-murders-review-gruesome-shocks-and-a-decent-police-procedural|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "It remains distant, like an academic paper aiming to impress, not art hoping to express. As a result, Mandala Murders gets hard to watch after the first few episodes — a curious case of ambition going through an existential crisis. It’s the cinematic equivalent of a talented guy who lowers his intellect around his friends only to realise that he’s lost the ability to be sharp and dreamy."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=‘Mandala Murders’ Series Review: In Vaani Kapoor's Mytho-Thriller, Ambition is Defeated by Accessibility|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/mandala-murders-series-review-in-vaani-kapoors-mytho-thriller-ambition-is-defeated-by-accessibility|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5 stars and writes "Mandala Murders blends horror, history, and mystery with chilling ambition. Though flawed and slow-burning, its eerie intrigue and layered storytelling keep you hooked till the haunting end."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Mandala Murders review: Vaani Kapoor enters the circle of fear, but the centre doesn’t hold|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mandala-murders-review-vaani-kapoor-enters-circle-of-fear-but-centre-doesnt-hold/97e98cb0bc193|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=OTT Play}}</ref>
Suchin Mehrotra of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated it 1/5 stars and said that "In the end, Mandala Murders is eight episodes of characters we barely know and feel for, doing things we don't understand, for agendas and motives that are poorly explained, building to revelations that barely make sense, peppered with twists that happen because they can. It doesn't even work on most basic levels of a violent, pulpy thriller along the lines of Asur, which appears to be a clear inspiration here."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=Netflix's 'Mandala Murders' Review: A Disjointed Attempt at Suspense|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mandala-murders-review-yashraj-netflix-mystery-review#read-more|access-date=27 July 2025 |website=The Quint}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.netflix.com/title/mandala-murders}}
* {{IMDb title|tt26626214|Mandala Murders}}
* {{Netflix title|mandala-murders|Mandala Murders}}

[[Category:Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]

Achante Aanmakkal

2026-03-03T20:47:09Z

UPMTaj45723: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Achante Aanmakkal
| image = Achante_Aanmakkal.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| director = Chandrasekharan
| producer = Prabhakaran Natarajan
| writer = Satheesh Mannur
| screenplay = N. M. Nawaz
| story = Satheesh Mannur
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sarath Kumar]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Jagadish]] [[Meghna Raj]]
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cinematography = Dileep Raman
| editing =
| studio = Rajaprabha Creations
| distributor = Hollywood Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|3|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Achante Aanmakkal''''' ({{translation|''Sons of father''}}) is a 2012 Malayalam-language film directed by Chandrasekharan, starring [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Jagadish]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Meghna Raj]] and [[Lakshmi Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BizHat.com - Sarath Kumar back in Malayalam! |url=https://movies.bizhat.com/news/sarath_kumar_back_in_malayalam.php |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=movies.bizhat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/sarath-kumar-and-meghna-raj-in-achante-aanmakkal/42131/story.htm | title=Sarath Kumar and Meghna Raj in 'Achante Aanmakkal' | date=2 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sarath-kumar/20110809.htm | title='Acting as a transgender was challenging' }}</ref><ref name="Meghna Raj and Lakshmi Sharma as mothers in “Achante Aanmakkal”">{{cite web|title=Meghna Raj and Lakshmi Sharma as mothers in "Achante Aanmakkal" |url=http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/12/meghana-and-lakshmi-sharma-as-mothers-in-achante-aanmakkal/ |publisher=Kottaka |accessdate=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110104812/http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/12/meghana-and-lakshmi-sharma-as-mothers-in-achante-aanmakkal/ |archivedate=10 January 2012 }}</ref> The film was a box-office failure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/city-times/cinema-is-not-a-bed-of-roses | title='Cinema is not a bed of roses' }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Scoop News - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image |url=https://chitraloka.com/sensational-news/9-kannada-movie-news.html?start=15560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028004746/https://chitraloka.com/sensational-news/9-kannada-movie-news.html?start=15560 |archive-date=2022-10-28 |access-date= |website=chitraloka.com}}</ref> The film was later dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Narasimhan IPS''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarath's Malayalam film dubbed into Tamil|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarath-s-malayalam-film-dubbed-into-tamil-news-malayalam-mckkL1ebbia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211045737/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarath-s-malayalam-film-dubbed-into-tamil-news-malayalam-mckkL1ebbia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2012|website=[[Sify]]|date=11 February 2012|accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Madhava Menon is a respected retired police officer and has two daughters, Meera and Meena. Narasimhan, an efficient police commissioner in [[Tamil Nadu]], marries Meera and Nandagopan, an inspector in the [[Kerala Police]] who does homework more efficiently than his official work, marries Meena. They all live very happily. A twist happens in Madhava Menon's life when the state legislative election is announced. The leader of a political party digs out an old case (the death of a teenage boy in police custody) in order to trap another leader in the opposition party. The case begins to draw big attention, and the press comes to Madhava Menon's house to ask him about the case because he was in charge of the police station when the boy died. He tells the media that he killed the boy. It was a surprise to his daughters and sons-in-law. Soon he is arrested and put into jail. Narasimhan and Nandagopan join hands and search for the truth as they are sure their father-in-law did not do such a thing. Also, they doubt that he agreed to have committed the crime to save someone else. Through a series of investigations, Narasimhan and Nandagopan find the original culprit and prove Madhava Menon's innocence.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sarath Kumar]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Commissioner]] Narasimhan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Madhava Menon
* [[Jagadish]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Nandakumar
* [[Meghna Raj]] as Meera, Narasiman's wife and Madhava Menon's elder daughter
* [[Lakshmi Sharma]] as Meena, Nandakumar's wife and Madhava Menon's younger daughter
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Vishwambaran
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Koyikkal Keshavadas
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Koyikkal Mohandas
* [[Anil Murali]] as Koyikkal Krishnadas
* [[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Sukumaran
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadik]] as Narayanan
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kollywood-stars-smitten-by-mollywood-bug/articleshow/28877527.cms Kollywood stars smitten by Mollywood bug]

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)

2026-03-03T18:21:07Z

UPMTaj45723: brief enhanced intro as per guidelines also and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{distinguish | Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Coolie No.1
| image = Coolie No. 1 1991 poster.jpg
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[D. Suresh Babu]]
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| story =
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|07|12}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkatesh filmography |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-films.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329143018/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-films.html }}</ref>
| runtime = 148 mins
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = K. A. Martand
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| narrator =
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Coolie No. 1''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic action]] film produced by [[D. Suresh Babu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. It starred [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], the latter making her first movie as an actress. [[Rao Gopal Rao]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]], [[Mohan Babu]], and [[Brahmanandam]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with cinematography by S. Gopal Reddy and editing by K. A. Martand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Giddaluri|date=19 July 1991|title=ప్రేక్షకులను ఖుషి చేస్తున్న కూలీ నెం. 1|language=te|trans-title=Coolie No. 1 is making the audience happy|pages=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Jul/19-jul-1991.pdf|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118132808/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Jul/19-jul-1991.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under the same title and in Hindi as ''Coolie Raja''.

==Plot==
Ranjani is the arrogant daughter of Koteswara Rao, a multimillionaire in [[Singapore]]. While travelling to [[Hyderabad]] on the train, she stops the train for her fallen [[lipstick]], which leads to the death of Parvathamma. Raju is the [[Coolie]] at [[Secunderabad]] Railway Station. He and Ranjani always clash with each other. Rajani calls her father from Singapore, and both of them implicate Raju in a rape case and send him to jail.

However, Raju is successful in escaping from jail. Due to Raju's threat, Koteswara Rao and Ranjani return to Singapore. Raju also arrives there with the help of Ranjani's mother Gruhalakshmi. Raju changes himself as Bharat and showcases himself as a big shot before Ranjani and makes her fall in love with him. Everyone agrees to their wedding, but Buchi Babu, Koteswara Rao's business partner, and his son Gopal ([[Mohan Babu]]), who wants to marry Ranjani, find out that Bharat is none other than Raju. After the wedding, Raju reveals the truth. Everyone is shocked, and the stunned Ranjani throws away the holy [[Mangala sutra]] from her neck.

Everyone goes back to India, where Raju arranges their wedding reception. To rid his daughter of Raju, Koteswara Rao contacts local goon named Ranga Rao to stop the reception. He creates a big communal riot in Raju's colony, which leads to the deaths of many innocent people. In frustration and anger, Raju makes Ranjani pregnant after [[sedation|sedating]] her with her mother's help. She makes all possible attempts to terminate her pregnancy but fails. Finally, she decides to throw away the baby after giving birth.

Meanwhile, Ranga Rao, Buchi Babu, and Gopal try to kill Koteswara Rao for his property, but Raju protects him, which makes him realise his misdeeds. Ranjani gives birth to the baby boy, and abandons the newborn. Raju decides to leave her, and takes his son with him. In anger, Gruhalakshmi reveals that Ranjani is not their own daughter, but the daughter of a railway coolie, and Parvathamma who died due to her negligence was her own mother. Ranjani admits her mistake just as Ranga Rao, Buchi Babu, and Gopal all beat Raju very badly, kidnap the baby, and blackmail Ranjani for her entire property. Ranjani runs towards Raju and apologises to him by falling at his feet. Finally, Raju protects the baby and eliminates all the baddies. The movie ends with Raju and Ranjani's remarriage.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Raju / Bharat
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Ranjani
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Koteswara Rao
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sarada]] as Gruhalakshmi
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ranga Rao
* [[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Buchi Babu
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Gopal
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Nagoji
* [[Babu Mohan]] as S. I.
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Parvathamma
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Sarojamma
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Lawyer Sripathi
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Coolie
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Passenger
* Bangalore Padma as Coolie
* [[Rajitha]] as Lalitha
* [[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as T. C. (Ticket Collector)
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref name = "Coolie No. 1 songs">{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/coolie-no.-1/lmekfMkAC7w_ | website = [[JioSaavn]] | title = Coolie No. | date = 12 May 1991 | access-date = 18 January 2021 | archive-date = 12 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211012135900/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/coolie-no.-1/lmekfMkAC7w_ | url-status = live }}</ref> Music released on LEO Audio company. The song "Kotha Kothaga" is based on "Pudhiya Poovithu", composed by Ilaiyaraaja for the Tamil film ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coolie No 1 {{sic|nolink=y|(1998)}} |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=a0000180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140306052136/http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=a0000180 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=[[Raaga.com]] }}</ref> The single "Attention Everybody" is reprised by [[Raja Kumari]], in a tribute to [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] by actor [[Rana Daggubati]]'s South Bay channel in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Dec 2020 |title=Rana Daggubati, Raja Kumari's musical tribute to Venkatesh Daggubati |work=[[Telangana Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rana-daggubati-raja-kumaris-musical-tribute-to-venkatesh-daggubati |access-date=2021-01-08 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213095017/https://telanganatoday.com/rana-daggubati-raja-kumaris-musical-tribute-to-venkatesh-daggubati |url-status=live }}</ref> The songs particularly "Dandalayya" and "Kalaya Nijama" became popular. The latter song is regularly played during Ganesh Chaturthi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/top-story/30-years-for-venkatesh-coolie-no-1-movie-30055.html|title=30 ఏళ్ళ 'కూలీ నంబర్ వన్'|website=NTV Telugu|access-date=31 December 2024|date=12 July 2021}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Coolie No. 1 songs" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:11

| title1 = Kotha Kothaga
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:38

| title2 = Kila Kila
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:44

| title3 = Abbani Yentha Dabbani
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length3 = 4:07

| title4 = Attention Everybody
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:46

| title5 = Kalaya Nijama
| extra5 = Ilaiyaraaja, [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 = 4:57

| title6 = Dandalaya
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 4:59
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0363535}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about porters]]

Life Partner

2026-03-03T11:52:49Z

UPMTaj45723: general refined formatting for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2009 film by Rumi Jaffery}}
{{other uses|life partner (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Life Partner
| image = Lifepartner-poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| producer = [[Abbas–Mustan]] Hussain Burmawala
| writer = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| screenplay = [[Yunus Sajawal]]
| story = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Fardeen Khan]] [[Tusshar Kapoor]] [[Genelia D'Souza]] [[Prachi Desai]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Guest Composition:''' [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| cinematography = Sameer Arya
| editing = Hussain Burmawala Sanjay Sankla
| studio = Burmawala Bros.
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Studios|Indian Films]] Studio 18
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|8|14}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|140|m}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|180|m}}
| native_name =
}}

'''''Life Partner''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Genelia D'Souza]] and [[Prachi Desai]] in lead roles. The film is written and directed by [[Rumi Jaffery]] and produced by [[Abbas–Mustan]] under their banner, Burmawalla Bros. <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/life-partner/critic-review/life-partner-movie-review/ | title=Life Partner Review 3/5 {{pipe}} Life Partner Movie Review {{pipe}} Life Partner 2009 Public Review {{pipe}} Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/life-partner/movie-review/4894696.cms | title=Life Partner Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Life Partner by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-life-partner/story-oVcleVTHn7wn9qbQ0J2erN.html | title=Review: Life Partner | date=15 August 2009 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Karan and Bhavesh are close friends living in [[Cape Town, South Africa]]. Karan has a good life with a well-paying job. He is in a comfortable relationship with his beautiful yet childish and pampered girlfriend Sanjana, who changes her profession every six months, rather disastrously. Her father, who dislikes Karan, always tries to keep her happy and supports her. Bhavesh wishes for an [[arranged marriage]] and keeps a diary of all the beautiful things he will do to his wife after marriage. His father, Darshan Manibhai Patel, is a strict autocrat and patriarch. Jeet does not believe in marriage or love and is a womaniser. He encourages married women into divorcing their spouses so that his living as a divorce lawyer is uncompromised.

Bhavesh's father treats him as young and incapable of marriage, but on his wife's insistence, he travels with his family, along with Karan and Sanjana, to [[Gujarat]] to find Bhavesh a bride. In Gujarat, they stay at the palatial home of Bhavesh's father's friend, Vijay Singh Jadeja. Bhavesh meets some girls but ends up falling for Prachi, Vijay Singh's daughter, and they get married. During their wedding, Sanjana says "yes" to Karan's proposal as well, and they get married the same night.

The movie then switches to the present, where both couples are at court. Both couples are granted a divorce and the story goes back 6 months earlier, showing what led to the divorces when they came back to Cape Town from India.

After marriage, Karan and Sanjana's family life deteriorates, with Karan wanting domestic stability and Sanjana being a horrible homemaker. Karan finally loses patience with Sanjana after she accidentally burns down their apartment and yells at her, venting his frustration at her stupidity and his dislike for her father. Shocked and heartbroken, Sanjana leaves and sends a notice of divorce to him the very next morning.

Bhavesh is happy with Prachi, but Prachi is stifled by the old-fashioned ideals and strict rules of Bhavesh's father. She, without her father-in-law's knowledge, applies for a job – the very idea of which angers him. Bhavesh, taking sides with his father, slaps her at the same time Prachi's father arrives. Bhavesh, bound by his father's old-fashioned ideas, is unable to stand by his wife. This ends with Prachi divorcing Bhavesh.

Jeet later changes his lifestyle when he meets Anjali, who turns out to be different from all the other girls he has met, since she does not give up on him and expresses a genuine desire to marry him. He decides to marry her, and Karan and Bhavesh shout themselves hoarse at him, stating that since Jeet had facilitated their divorces, he has no right to get married. Jeet explains that he was wrong in taking a negative view of love and marriage and also says that wives or "life partners" always stood by their husbands, thus it is never worth it to break up such a relationship.

At Jeet's wedding, Sanjana enters the party, wearing a "bomb," shouting that Jeet was happily getting married when he had caused her divorce. With five minutes left for the bomb to explode, Karan and Sanjana have an argument as to why their divorce took place. Sanjana's father intervenes by saying that he had been against the relationship from the start, and he had sent the divorce papers to them without their knowledge. With only seconds left, Bhavesh's father also apologises to Prachi and the family for imposing his traditional values on them. However, the "bomb" turns out to be fake. When this is revealed to be a plan concocted by Jeet and Sanjana to bring everyone to admit their mistakes, everyone reconciles with each other.

At the end, Bhavesh's father lets go of his strict ideals and is shown interacting happily and in a modern manner with his family. Jeet becomes a marriage counsellor, now uniting the very people he separated, and Karan unsuccessfully tries to teach Sanjana how to cook.

==Cast==
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Advocate Jeet Oberoi
* [[Fardeen Khan]] as Karan Malhotra
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as Bhavesh Patel
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Sanjana Jugran / Sanjana Karan Malhotra aka Sanju
* [[Prachi Desai]] as Prachi Jadeja / Prachi Bhavesh Patel
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Mr. Suraj Jugran
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Darshan Manibhai Patel
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Bhavesh's mother
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Vijay Singh Jadeja
* [[Amrita Rao]] as Anjali Kumar / Anjali Jeet Oberoi (cameo)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Life Partner
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam Chakraborty]] & [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 July 2009
| recorded = 2008–2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:12
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| prev_title = [[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Love Khichdi]]
| next_year = 2009
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = ''[[Teree Sang]]''
| prev_year = 2009
| title = Life Partner
| year = 2009
| next_title = ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''
| next_year = 2011
}}
}}

The music for this film was composed by [[Pritam Chakraborty]] and [[Sachin–Jigar]], with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]]. The film has seven songs, featuring two remixes.

The song "Gunji Aangna Mein Shehnai" was composed by Sachin–Jigar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefilmstreetjournal.com/2009/08/review-of-life-partner/ |title=Review of Life Partner | the Film Street Journal |accessdate=2010-05-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921040946/http://www.thefilmstreetjournal.com/2009/08/review-of-life-partner/ |archivedate=21 September 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Duration
|-
| 01
|"Kuke Kuke"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Antara Mitra]]
| 04:22
|-
|02
|"Teri Meri Yeh Zindagi"
| [[Soham Chakraborty (singer)|Soham Chakrabarty]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| 04:32
|-
|03
|"Aage Aage"
| [[Mika Singh]], Soham Chakraborty, Antara Mitra
| 03:59
|-
| 04
|"Gunji Aangna Mein Shehnai"
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| 05:11
|-
| 05
|"Poorza Poorza"
| Sunidhi Chauhan, [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| 04:41
|-
| 06
|"Kuke Kuke" (Remix by DJ A-Myth)
| Shaan, Debojeet Dutta, Antara Mitra
| 05:01
|-
| 07
|"Poorza Poorza" (Remix by DJ A-Myth)
| Sunidhi Chauhan, Kunal Ganjawala
| 04:26
|}

==Reception==
''Life Partner'' netted {{INRConvert|17.5|m}} overseas in its opening week<ref>{{cite web |
title= Kaminey Good Life Partner Poor in International Markets |url= http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=1103&nCat=overseas_report |date= 18 August 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> while it netted {{INRConvert|180|m}} domestically by the third week.<ref>{{cite web |title= Life Partner Steady in Week Three |url= http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1126&nCat=news |date= 4 September 2009 |publisher= Box Office India |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> It was elevated to ''average'' verdict by [[Box Office India]].

In the United States the film grossed $110,240 while it obtained $347,100 from New Zealand, Fiji, the United Kingdom and Malta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=lifepartner.htm|title=Life Partner}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

* Nominated – [[IIFA Best Comedian Award]] - Govinda
* Nominated – [[Stardust Awards]] for Best Actor in a Comic Role - Govinda

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.lifepartnerfilm.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1229366|Life Partner}}
* {{mojo title|lifepartner|Life Partner}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences

2026-03-01T10:27:36Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|State university in Rohtak, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences
|former_name =
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|established = {{start date and age|2008}}
|type =[[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
|vice_chancellor = Dr. H. K. Aggarwal
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =[[Rohtak]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|country =India
| coor = {{coord|28.884793|76.6085837|display=inline,title}}
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website = {{URL|http://uhsr.ac.in/}}
|image = File:Pbdsuhs logo(1).svg
|image_size = 200px
}}

'''Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences (PBDSUHS)''' is a [[State university (India)|state university]] located at [[Rohtak]], Haryana, India.

==About==
It was established in 2008 by ''Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak Act, 2008'' of the [[Government of Haryana]], amended in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarla|last=Hooda|title=Act & Statutes, 2008 (as amended upto July, 2014)|url=http://uhsr.ac.in/writereaddata/upload/article-pdf/University%20Act_Statute%202008.pdf|publisher=Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences|accessdate=7 July 2017|date=July 2014}}</ref> The university incorporates [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences|PGIMS Rohtak]], as well as Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, and several other colleges,<ref>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Colleges/Institutes|url=http://uhsr.ac.in/detail.aspx?artid=18&menuid=59|accessdate=7 July 2017|publisher=Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences}}</ref> and affiliates [[medical college]]s, [[dental college]]s, [[physiotherapy]] colleges, [[Ayurvedic]] colleges, [[homoeopathic]] colleges and [[Pharmacy school|pharmacy colleges]] in Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Colleges/Institutes|url=http://uhsr.ac.in/detail.aspx?artid=21&menuid=60|publisher=Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences|accessdate=7 July 2017|date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_M_2024=50|type=University and college}}The university was ranked 50th among medical colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Medical ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List_of_medical_colleges_in_India#Haryana|List of medical colleges in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://uhsr.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Education in Rohtak]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Haryana]]

{{Haryana-university-stub}}

Haj House, Aurangabad

2026-02-24T07:48:22Z

UPMTaj45723: Added The Stub More To Come...

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox building
|name=Haj House Aurangabad
|image=
|caption=
|building_type = House of Haj pilgrims
|architectural_style = Expressionist
|structural_system = Concrete frame and precast concrete ribbed roof
|location = Shahi Masjid Road, Haj house [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]] 431001
[[India]]
|groundbreaking_date=
|coordinates = {{Coord|19.8910613|75.3262617|display=inline}}
}}
'''Haj House Aurangabad''' is a complex in [[Aurangabad]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It provides accommodation to the [[Hajj]] bound [[Muslims|Muslim]] people. Being the largest state of India, Maharashtra has the maximum quota for [[Hajj|haj pilgrims]] in India. [[Maharashtra State Haj Committee|Maharashtra Haj Committee]] is situated in the, [[Mumbai]]. The Member of the Lok Sabha from Aurangabad Lok Sabha Constituency, [[Imtiyaz Jaleel|Syed Imtiyaz Jaleel]] demanded that the inauguration should be done by the incumbent Chief Minister, [[Eknath Shinde]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2023-06-22 |title=Aurangabad: AIMIM leader wants Maha CM to inaugurate Haj house |url=https://www.siasat.com/aurangabad-aimim-leader-wants-maha-cm-to-inaugurate-haj-house-2621582/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangabad: हज हाउस का उद्घाटन महाराष्ट्र के सीएम, AIMIM नेता ने आखिर क्यों रखी ये मांग, जानें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/aimim-leader-jaleel-wants-maharasthra-cm-to-inaugurate-haj-house-in-aurangabad-2023-06-22 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== History ==
The proposal to construct the [[Hajj House|Haj House]] and Vande Mataram hall in [[Aurangabad]] was officially approved by the Chief Minister, [[Prithviraj Chavan]], during a crucial decision-making meeting. The meeting also involved key stakeholders, including the [[Guardian minister|Aurangabad Guardian Minister]], [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]], and the Minister for School Education, [[Fouzia Khan|Fauzia Khan]]. The meeting's agenda was to address the pressing need for these facilities and ensure their timely construction. Chief Minister Chavan demonstrated his commitment to this cause by allocating a substantial budget of Rs 52 crore for the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-18 |title=CM nod to Haj house, Vande Mataram hall |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/cm-nod-to-haj-house-vande-mataram-hall/articleshow/36737928.cms |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Prior to the government's official approval, numerous citizens and activists had resorted to agitation and even embarked on indefinite hunger strikes in December 2012. Their persistent efforts were aimed at urging the state government to fulfill the long-pending demand for the construction of the Haj House in Aurangabad. Of the allocated budget, Rs 29 crore was earmarked for the construction of the Haj House, the foundation stone-laying ceremonies for building.
The Chief Minister and concerned officials, including [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] Harshadeep Kamble, [[District Collector]], and Cidco Administrator Sunil Kendrekar, worked to expedite the project. Chief Minister Chavan directed officials to initiate the tendering process for construction before the end of the month, with a clear objective to commence construction work by July 15.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-18 |title=CM nod to Haj house, Vande Mataram hall |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/cm-nod-to-haj-house-vande-mataram-hall/articleshow/36737928.cms |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Haj House (Mumbai)]]
*[[Haj House, Lucknow]]
*[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
*[[List of Haj Houses in India]]

== External links ==
{{URL|https://mshc.maharashtra.gov.in/}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Hajj pilgrimage from India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Haj Houses in India]]
{{India-struct-stub}}

Mugangal

2026-02-22T11:39:35Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Infobox album
| name = Mugangal
| type = studio
| artist = [[Anita Udeep|Anita Chandrasekharan]], [[Mahesh Shankar]]
| cover = Mugangal.jpg
| released = 2002 ([[India]])
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length =
| label = Dreams Audio
| producer =
}}
'''''Mugangal''''' ({{Translation|Faces}}) is a 2002 Tamil-language album performed by [[Anita Udeep|Anita Chandrasekharan]] and composed by [[Mahesh Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/film-forays/article28460107.ece|title=Film forays|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Suresh|last=Krishnamoorthy|url-access=subscription|date=30 December 2003|access-date=31 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251231230620/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/film-forays/article28460107.ece|archive-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/knockknock.html|title=Indian cinema showcase - Knock Knock I am looking to marry! by Anita Udeep|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>

== Production ==
While studying for her master's in the United States, [[Anita Udeep|Anita Chandrasekharan]] sang "Kaadhal", which was composed by her college mate [[Mahesh Shankar]], to her parents for their 25th wedding anniversary. Their appreciation for the song prompted Anita Chandrasekharan and Mahesh Shankar to create the album ''Mugangal''.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/19695438.cms|title=Straight Answers|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2002|access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/15/stories/2002071501590200.htm|title=Singing the emotions of youth|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|url-status=dead|first1= Karthik|last1= Subramanian|first2=K. V. |last2=Srinivasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021218220053/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/15/stories/2002071501590200.htm|archive-date=18 December 2002|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> The decision to make it about emotions was so that it could have a universal appeal.<ref name="N1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nilacharal.com/feature/sigaram/mugangal.html|title=The aspiring pop-stars of today|author=NirmalaDoss|website=Nilacharal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030708115602/http://www.nilacharal.com/feature/sigaram/mugangal.html|archive-date=8 July 2003|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

The album comprises six songs, each relating to a different emotion that you experience throughout life.<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/maheshshankar.html|title=Interview with Mahesh Shankar|date=23 April 2009|location=Hyderabad|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=31 December 2025|archive-date=3 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103095613/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/maheshshankar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "Kaadhal" (Love) is about a girl lost in the thought of love while "Inbam" (Happiness) is about a girl who finds pleasure in the little things in life. The songs contrasted each other with some of the songs like "Kaadhal" having a Carnatic rhythm with violin and mrindangam while other songs like "Pidivadham" (Stubbornness) appealed to the younger generation and had a western influence.<ref name="T"/><ref name="N1"/> The other three songs were "Sanchalam" (Apprehension), "Thunicchal" (Courage), and "Sogam" (Sadness), respectively.<ref name="M1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mugangal.com/songs.htm|title=MUGANGAL|work=Mugangal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002031019/http://www.mugangal.com/songs.htm|archive-date=2 October 2002|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="N2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/mugangal.html|title=Mugangal – Music Review|first=Vignesh|last=Ram|website=Nilacharal|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref name="M1"/><ref name="M2">{{Cite web|url=http://mugangal.com/faces.htm|title=The Faces|work=Mugangal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021207234926/http://mugangal.com/faces.htm|archive-date=7 December 2002|url-status=dead|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = Ramesh Chellamani
| all_music = [[Mahesh Shankar]].
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaadhal
| extra1 = [[Anita Udeep|Anita Chandrasekharan]]
| length1 = {{Emdash}}
| title2 = Inbam
| extra2 = Anita Chandrasekharan
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Sanchalam
| extra3 = Anita Chandrasekharan
| length3 = {{Emdash}}
| title4 = Thunicchal
| extra4 = Anita Chandrasekharan
| length4 = {{Emdash}}
| title5 = Sogam
| extra5 = Anita Chandrasekharan, Deepak Mahadevan
| length5 = {{Emdash}}
| title6 = Pidivadham
| extra6 = Anita Chandrasekharan, Ramesh Chellamani
| length6 = {{Emdash}}
| total_length = {{Emdash}}
}}

== Reception and legacy ==
Vignesh Ram of ''Nilacharal'' wrote, "It's monotonous to hear all the songs in her voice. Though the concept taken in hand is to bring different emotions in the songs, her voice fails to express them". He concluded, "Anyway it is a good effort by the team and could have performed well with more involvement. Expecting a better album from them next time".<ref name="N2"/>

Cassettes for the album were sold in Chennai and CDs were sold online.<ref name="N1"/> According to Anita Chandrasekharan, the album did "pretty well" both in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/anita/20031226.htm|title=Target: Generation X|first=Shobha|last=Warrier|author-link=Shobha Warrier|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=26 December 2003|access-date=31 December 2025|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620164908/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/anita/20031226.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N1"/> After listening to the album, [[J. D.–Jerry]] gave Anita Chandrasekharan the opportunity to sing "Azhagiya Asura" in ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mugangal.com/ananda_vikatan.jpg|title=ஒவ்வொரு உணர்வுக்கும் ஒருமுகம்!|language=ta|trans-title=A face for every emotion|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030718084112/http://www.mugangal.com/ananda_vikatan.jpg|archive-date=18 July 2003|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> The song "Inbam" was reused in the first season of ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''.<ref name="SC"/>

== Credits and personnel ==
''Source''<ref name="SC">{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/maheshshankar/inbam-from-the-ost-of-the-family-man?in=ahilesh-m/sets/famous|title=Inbam - From the OST of The Family Man|work=[[SoundCloud]]|first=Mahesh|last=Shankar|author-link=Mahesh Shankar|access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="M2"/>
{{div col}}
* Vocals - [[Anita Udeep|Anita Chandrasekharan]], Ramesh Chellamani, Deepak Mahadevan
* Composed, Programmed and Arranged by [[Mahesh Shankar]]
* Lyrics - Ramesh Chellamani<ref name="T"/>
* Guitar - Brendan Neutra
* Additional Sequencing - Nandakumar Mahadevan
* Violin - Anuradha Sridhar
* Mrindangam and [[Kanjira|Gajeera]] - Sriram Brahmanandam
* Recorded, Mixed and Mastered at Spark Studios, Emeryville, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mugangal.com/links.htm|title=Links|work=Mugangal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002030527/http://www.mugangal.com/links.htm|archive-date=2 October 2002|url-status=dead|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021001212401/http://mugangal.com/ Official website]
*[https://soundcloud.com/maheshshankar/inbam-from-the-ost-of-the-family-man?in=ahilesh-m/sets/famous "Inbam"]

[[Category:2002 debut albums]]
[[Category:Pop albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]

Matilal Hansda

2026-02-16T00:31:40Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1945)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Matilal Hansda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|06|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Benachapra, [[Midnapore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]]
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]] for [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]], [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]] and [[9th Lok Sabha|9th]] [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = [[Jadunath Kisku]]
| successor = [[Rupchand Murmu]]
| party =[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|24px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| religion =
| spouse = Belarani Hansda<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2745.htm | title=Members Bioprofile }}</ref>
| children = 4 sons
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2745.htm
}}
'''Matilal Hansda''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] political party. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] in 1980, 1984 and 1989 from [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram constituency]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. House of the People India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1990 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | author2=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W20wAAAAMAAJ | language=es | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=139}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1988 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnE3AAAAIAAJ | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=47}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Loksabha members : Hansda , Shri Matilal - Data is Info: Data is more useful if it is made available in a better format. |url=https://www.datais.info/loksabha/members/Hansda+,+Shri+Matilal/190f7c26d5d222b870de07548c793e75/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Data is Info |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2745.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Matilal}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Pulga, Himachal Pradesh

2026-02-08T14:27:55Z

UPMTaj45723: Creating New Post

{{Short description|Village in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulga
| native_name = पुल्गा
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Pulga Himachal.jpg
| caption = View of Pulga village in [[Parvati Valley]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|59|43|N|77|26|23|E|display=inline,title|region:IN}}
| elevation_m = 2210
| elevation_ft = 7250
| population_total = 
| population_as_of = 
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 175105
}}
'''Pulga''' (Hindi: '''पुल्गा''') is a small village in the [[Parvati Valley]], [[Kullu district|Kullu District]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, known for its scenic beauty, traditional wooden houses, and tranquil atmosphere. Located at an altitude of 2,210 meters (7,250 feet), it is a popular destination for backpackers and trekkers seeking an offbeat retreat in the [[Himalayas]].

== Geography ==

[[File:Pulga.jpg|thumb|Pulga]]

Pulga is situated approximately 3 km from Barshaini, accessible only by a 15–40-minute trek across the [[Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)|Parvati River]]. It lies near the villages of [[Kalga, Himachal Pradesh|Kalga]] and Tulga, forming a trio of settlements in the Parvati Valley. The village is surrounded by dense deodar forests, known locally as the Fairy Forest, and offers panoramic views of snow-capped Himalayan peaks, including [[Chanderkhani|Chandrakhani]] and [[Deo Tibba|Deotibba]]. Its coordinates are approximately 32.043°N, 77.383°E, and it falls within the postal code 175105.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |date=2024-11-19 |title=7 Offbeat Places To Visit In Himachal Pradesh To Escape The Delhi Pollution |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/7-offbeat-places-to-visit-in-himachal-pradesh-to-escape-the-delhi-pollution |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Builds Asia's Longest Mountain Water Tunnel in Himachal Pradesh, To Generate Over 1500 MW of Electricity |url=https://www.news18.com/india/india-builds-asias-longest-mountain-water-tunnel-in-himachal-pradesh-to-generate-over-1500-mw-of-electricity-9049686.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=10 Fun facts about Pulga, Himachal Pradesh ~ The Land of Wanderlust |url=https://thelandofwanderlust.com/10-facts-pulga-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Pulga has been featured in travel media, including articles in ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' and ''[[Outlook Media|Outlook Traveller]]'', which highlight its role as a "hidden gem" in the Parvati Valley.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kullu district]]
[[Category:Villages in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Human settlement]]

Aditi Arya

2026-02-07T10:18:58Z

UPMTaj45723: further updated layout for clarity and added references

{{About|Aditi Arya||Aditi Aarya}}
{{short description|Indian model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| image = File:Aditi Arya at Femina Miss India 2016 event.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Arya at Femina Miss India 2015
| name = Aditi Arya Kotak
| spouse = Jay Kotak (m. 2023)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|09|18|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday Miss India World 2015 Aditi Arya|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Happy-Birthday-Miss-India-World-2015-Aditi-Arya/eventshow/49010327.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2016|date=18 September 2015|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821151907/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Happy-Birthday-Miss-India-World-2015-Aditi-Arya/eventshow/49010327.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Former Miss India Aditi Arya: Gurgaon has young, ambitious people, I imbibed that too|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Former-Miss-India-Aditi-Arya-Gurgaon-has-young-ambitious-people/articleshow/51981494.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2016|date=24 April 2016|quote=22-year-old|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908102904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Former-Miss-India-Aditi-Arya-Gurgaon-has-young-ambitious-people/articleshow/51981494.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]],<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/aditi-arya-returns-home-after-fbb-femina-miss-india-2015-win-115040900633_1.html |title=Aditi Arya returns home after FBB Femina Miss India 2015 win | Business Standard News |date=9 April 2015 |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108163657/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/aditi-arya-returns-home-after-fbb-femina-miss-india-2015-win-115040900633_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[India]]
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| education = [[Yale University]], [[MBA]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aditi Arya '23 {{!}} Yale School of Management |url=https://som.yale.edu/profile/aditi-arya-23 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=som.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref> [[Delhi University]], [[Bachelor of Business Studies|BBS]]
| title = [[Femina Miss India 2015|Femina Miss India World 2015]]
| competitions = [[Femina Miss India 2015]] (Winner) (Miss Beautiful Hair) (Miss Sudoku) [[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss India Delhi 2015]] [[Miss World 2015]]
| website =
}}
'''Aditi Arya Kotak''' (born 18 September 1993) is an Indian actress,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/210118/sporting-half-saris-was-fun-says-aditi-arya.html|title='Sporting half saris was fun', says Aditi Arya|date=2018-01-21|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821175557/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/210118/sporting-half-saris-was-fun-says-aditi-arya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> model, research analyst and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-girl-aditi-arya-wins-miss-india-2015-crown/536778-83-273.html|title=Delhi girl Aditi Arya wins Miss India 2015 crown|work=IBNLive|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512225024/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-girl-aditi-arya-wins-miss-india-2015-crown/536778-83-273.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She represented [[India]] at [[Miss World 2015]] pageant.

==Early life==
Arya was born in [[Chandigarh]]<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/aditi-arya-returns-home-after-fbb-femina-miss-india-2015-win-115040900633_1.html |title=Aditi Arya returns home after FBB Femina Miss India 2015 win | Business Standard News |date=9 April 2015 |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108163657/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/aditi-arya-returns-home-after-fbb-femina-miss-india-2015-win-115040900633_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and studied at Sacred Heart Senior Secondary School in her early years before moving to Gurgaon where she completed her schooling at Amity International School. She then completed her graduation with a finance major in business studies from Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies. She was enrolled in the Indian School of Business through their Young Leaders Programme while working as a research analyst for one of the big four<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2018/01/16/ernst-young-cuts-ribbon-on-newhoboken-office.html|title=www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2018/01/16/ernst-young-cuts-ribbon-on-newhoboken-office.html|website=www.bizjournals.com|access-date=2018-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011232748/https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2018/01/16/ernst-young-cuts-ribbon-on-newhoboken-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref> audit firms, [[Ernst & Young]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dubeat.com/2015/04/cbs-graduate-aditi-arya-wins-miss-india-2015/|title=CBS graduate Aditi Arya wins Miss India 2015 - DU Beat|date=2015-04-07|work=DU Beat|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-US|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125843/http://dubeat.com/2015/04/cbs-graduate-aditi-arya-wins-miss-india-2015/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is enrolled in the [[Yale School of Management]], MBA class of 2023.<ref name=":0"/>

She has been associated with several non-profit groups such as Amitasha, Supported Decision Making and Protsahan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/beyond-beauty/118053.html|title=Beyond beauty|work=The Tribune India|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072108/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/beyond-beauty/118053.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Pageantry==
===Femina Miss India 2015===
Arya was crowned the winner at [[Femina Miss India 2015|Femina Miss India World 2015]], on 28 March 2015 in [[Mumbai]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}

===Miss World 2015===
After winning the title of [[Femina Miss India 2015|Femina Miss India World 2015]] represented [[India]] at [[Miss World 2015]], the 65th edition of the [[Miss World]] pageant. She was amongst the top 5 in Multimedia award, top 5 in People's choice award, top 10 in World Fashion Designer Dress award, top 25 in Beauty With a Purpose award, top 30 in the talent sub-competition and top 30 in the Top Model sub-competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/gurgaon-girl-aditi-arya-crowned-miss-india/|title=Delhi's Aditi Arya crowned Miss India 2015, Aafreen Rachel Vaz and Vartika Singh were runners-up|date=29 March 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329084704/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/gurgaon-girl-aditi-arya-crowned-miss-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/delhis-aditi-arya-crowned-fbb-femina-miss-india-world-2015/ar-AAa8QNG |title=Delhi's Aditi Arya crowned fbb Femina Miss India World 2015 |work=msn.com |access-date=29 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122432/http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/delhis-aditi-arya-crowned-fbb-femina-miss-india-world-2015/ar-AAa8QNG |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Acting career==
After passing on the crown of Femina Miss India 2015, Arya has made her [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] debut as the lead heroine in Director, Puri Jagannadh's film with [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] titled ''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]''. The film was a box office success<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ism-1st-weekend-box-office-report-puri-jagannadhs-film-beats-3-day-collections-kalyan-rams-701060|title=ISM 1st weekend box office report: Puri Jagannadh's film beats 3-day collections of Kalyan Ram's Pataas|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071644/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ism-1st-weekend-box-office-report-puri-jagannadhs-film-beats-3-day-collections-kalyan-rams-701060|url-status=live}}</ref> and was well received by audience and critics alike.

She then made her Kannada debut as Uttara in the magnum opus ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'', which is being shot in 3D.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/aug/20/aditi-arya-is-uttara-in-kurukshetra-1715.html|title=Aditi Arya is Uttara in Kurukshetra|work=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2018-01-20|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071643/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/aug/20/aditi-arya-is-uttara-in-kurukshetra-1715.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

She has played the lead role in the 36 episode Hindi web series ''Tantra'' directed by Sidhant Sachdev and produced by [[Vikram Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/vikram-bhatt-presents-a-new-show-tantra-for-vb-on-the-web-on-youtube-17880|title=Vikram Bhatt presents a new show 'Tantra' for VB on the web|work=Mumbai Live|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184329/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/vikram-bhatt-presents-a-new-show-tantra-for-vb-on-the-web-on-youtube-17880|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also done another web series ''[[Spotlight 2 (web series)|Spotlight 2]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/aditi-arya-and-ruhi-singh-to-star-in-spotlight-2-web-series/articleshow/62484652.cms|title=Aditi Arya and Ruhi Singh to star in Spotlight 2 web series - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|work=Femina Miss India|access-date=2018-01-20|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121073338/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/aditi-arya-and-ruhi-singh-to-star-in-spotlight-2-web-series/articleshow/62484652.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with the same team, to be released on 26 January on the International over-the-top video service Viu.

She is currently shooting for her next Tollywood film ''Ninnu Vadili Nenu Polenule''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100717/aditi-arya-bags-her-next.html|title=Aditi Arya bags her next|date=2017-07-10|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121073408/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100717/aditi-arya-bags-her-next.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Arya's Punjabi film Teriyan Meriyan Hera Pheriyan was released on 21st June 2024.

== Personal life ==
In November 2023, she married Jay Kotak, the son of billionaire [[Uday Kotak]] in an extravagant affair with ceremonies conducted at Taj Fateh Prakash Palace Udaipur and Jio World Convention Centre Mumbai.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016|| [[Ism (film)|''Ism'']]|| Alia Khan||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Telugu debut
|-
|2017
|''Tantra''
|Sunaina
|rowspan=2|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Web series released on [[Voot]]
|-
|2018
|[[Spotlight 2 (web series)|''Spotlight 2'']]
|Jyotika
|Web series released on [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Seven (2019 Indian film)|''Seven'']]
|Abhinaya
|Telugu / [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Tamil debut
|-
|[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|''Kurukshetra'']]
|[[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|Kannada debut
|-
| 2020
|''Unlock''
|Riddhi
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Film released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
| 2021
|[[83 (film)|''83'']]
|Inderjit Bhardwaj
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=TelanganaToday|title=It's an honour working with Kabir Khan in '83 : Aditi Arya|url=https://telanganatoday.com/its-an-honour-working-with-kabir-khan-in-83-aditi-arya|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: 'We cannot take risk', says Aditi Arya on postponing of '83' release date|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/mar/21/covid-19-we-cannot-take-risk-says-aditi-arya-on-postponing-of-83-release-date-2119826.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''Teriyaan Meriyaan Hera Pheriyan''
|
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|Punjabi debut
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150415220146/http://www.bollywoodshowbiz.com/News/miss-india-2015-aditi-arya-can-be-a-next-bollywood-super-star Miss India 2015 Aditi Arya Could be a Next Bollywood Super Star]
* {{IMDb name|8493968}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Sashi Bhangari}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India Delhi]] 1st Runner Up
|years=[[Femina Miss India Delhi|2015]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Natasha Singh}}
{{S-bef|before= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Koyal Rana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]}}
{{S-aft|after= [[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Miss World 2015 delegates}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Aditi}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Miss World 2015 delegates]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from India]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]

Ayn al-Mulk Multani

2026-01-25T16:50:25Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|General of Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Distinguish|Ayn al-Mulk Mahru}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Ayn al-Mulk Multani
| death_date =
| death_place =
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| branch = [[Khalji dynasty]] [[Tughlaq dynasty]]
| serviceyears = {{circa}} 1296–{{circa}} 1325
| battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa]] (1305)
}}
| children =
}}
'''‘Ayn al-Mulk Mūltānī''' was a military commander and official who served the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] and [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq]] dynasties of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in present-day India. He served as [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s governor of [[Malwa]] and [[Devagiri]], and after Alauddin's death, suppressed a revolt in [[Gujarat]].

== Early life ==
'Ayn al-Mulk Multānī belonged to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] community of traders known as [[Multanis]], who controlled long-distance trade during the era of Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Iqtidar Alam Khan|2008|p=107}} His actual name is unknown: "`Ayn Al-Mulk" is a title (also transliterated as `Ain ul-Mulk), while Multani is a [[nisba (onomastics)|nisba]] indicating that he hailed from the city of [[Multan]].{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}} The 15th century chronicler [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi]] calls him "`Ayn Al-Mulk-i Shihab", which suggests that his father's name was Shihab.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

== Career ==

=== In Alauddin's service ===

Multānī started his career during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji|Sultan ‘Ala’ al-Dīn Khaljī]] ({{reign|1296|1316}}), as a secretary (''dabir'') to ‘Ala’ al-Dīn's brother [[Ulugh Khan]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=173}} According to Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], he was a learned statesman and a veteran military general. The later chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]] describes him as a widely-travelled well-experienced man, who was known for his wise counsel and his ability to tackle complex problems. Barani also mentions that, like Khusrau, he was skilled with both the sword and the pen.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

In 1304-05 (704 AH), [[Alauddin Khalji|‘Ala’ al-Dīn Khaljī]] sent an army to [[Malwa]], likely headed by Mūltānī who was subsequently appointed governor of the province.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} Multani played an important role in consolidating Alauddin's rule in Malwa. He forced the Paramara vassals of [[Ujjain]], [[Dhar]], and [[Chanderi]] to acknowledge Alauddin's suzerainty.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=134}} Subsequently, he invaded [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], where the Paramara king Mahalakadeva had taken shelter.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}} His army defeated the Paramaras, and killed Mahalakadeva and his son.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}}

When the [[Devagiri]] governor [[Malik Kafur]] was recalled to Delhi as the viceroy during Alauddin's sickness, Multani was made the governor of Devagiri.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

{{see also|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa}}

=== In Mubarak Shah's service ===

After Alauddin's death, Kafur asked Multani to come to Delhi, but while he was en route, Kafur directed him to [[Gujarat]]. Kafur had executed [[Alp Khan]], the governor of Gujarat, leading to a revolt in the province, and another general [[Kamal al-Din Gurg]] had been killed while trying to suppress the revolt. While Multani was on the way to Gujarat, Kafur was killed and Alauddin's son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah]] ({{reign|1316|1320}}) seized the throne of Delhi. As a result, the nobles accompanying Multani refused to proceed further, and his entourage had to halt at [[Chittor]]. After a few days, Mubarak Shah ordered them to proceed to Gujarat and end the rebellion, and Multani resumed his march.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

In Gujarat, Multani tried to resolve the situation diplomatically. He wrote letters to the rebel leaders, pointing out that Alp Khan's murder had been avenged with Kafur's murder. He asked them to end the rebellion, and warned them of serious consequences if they refused to do so. Most of the rebels agreed to join his camp. Two of the rebels -- Haydar and Zirak -- refused to oblige, and were easily defeated. Multani returned to Delhi after establishing peace and order in Gujarat.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

In 1318, the Devagiri governor Yak Lakhi staged a rebellion, and Multani was sent to subjugate him. Around this time, he was appointed as the [[vizier|wazir]].{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

=== In Khusrau Khan's service ===

After Mubarak Shah was killed in 1320, the new Sultan [[Khusrau Khan]] {{reign|1320}} honoured Multani with the title "Alam Khan" to win him over. Subsequently, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghazi Malik Tughluq]], the ''muqta'' of [[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]], tried to persuade Multani and other nobles to rebel against Khusrau Khan and avenge Mubarak Shah's death. When Multani received Tughluq's letter, he was concerned about the presence of Khusrau Khan's agents. Therefore, he took the letter to Khusrau Khan and assured the Sultan of his loyalty. However, when Tughuq wrote a second letter to him, he expressed sympathy with Tughluq's cause. Multani stated that he was surrounded by Khusrau's allies, and therefore, would not take sides in the upcoming battle.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

=== In Tughluq's service ===

Ghazi Malik Tughluq killed Khusrau after a battle, and ascended the throne of Delhi with the title "[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath al-Din]]" ({{reign|1320|1325}}). He appears to have retained Multani in the royal service.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

According to the chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], Multani joined Ulugh Khan (who later ascended the throne of Delhi as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], {{reign|1325|1351}}) on the 1322 expedition to [[Warangal]]. Several of Ulugh Khan's officers revolted against him during the prolonged siege, but Multani remained loyal to him.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

No information about Multani's later life is available. Some medieval chronicles attempt to provide such information, but they have confused Multani with another noble `Ayn al-Mulk Mahru (called `Ayn al-Din by Isami). Isami and Barani clearly distinguish between the two men.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=107 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2008 |isbn=9780810864016 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=I. H. Siddiqui |editor1=C. E. Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2= E. van Donzel |editor3= Charles Pellat |editor3-link=Charles Pellat |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=New |volume=Supplement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105 |year=1980 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-06167-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA174 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Generals of the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:People from Multan]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:Tughlaq dynasty]]

Nagsankar Mandir

2026-01-23T12:19:56Z

UPMTaj45723: started new article

{{short description|Indian 4th century temple}}
{{morefootnotes|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Mandir
|name = Nagsankar mandir
|image = Nagsankar Mandir.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|map_size =
|sanskrit_translit =
|country = India
|state = [[Assam]]
|district = [[Sonitpur]]
|locale = Sootea, [[Tezpur]]
|deity = [[Shiva]]
|festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|architecture = [[Assamese Culture|Assamese]]
|temple_quantity = One
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions = Sanskrit
|year_completed = 4th century
|creator = King Narasankar of Nagakha in the 4th century
}}

The '''Nagsankar Temple''' is a shrine in Nagsankar Mouza near [[Sootea]], to the east of Tezpur,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/cancersymp2020/pdf/places/Nag.pdf | title=Nag-Sankar Temple | website=www.tezu.ernet.in}}</ref> in [[Sonitpur District]] of Assam. The temple is believed to be built by King Narasankar of Nagakha in the 4th century.

== Geography ==

Nagsankar Mandir is {{cvt|15|km}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biswanath.gov.in/portlet-sub-innerpage/nagsankar-temple|title=Nagsankar Temple | Biswanath District | Government Of Assam, India|website=biswanath.gov.in}}</ref> west of [[Biswanath Chariali]].

== History ==
The name of the temple was at first Navishankar and later on became Nagshankar.<ref>Neog, M., Ed. Pabitra Asom. 4th ed. Dhemaji: Kiran Prakashan, 2008.</ref>

Ahom king Su-sen-pha repaired Nagsankar temple in 1480<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trawel.co.in/city/Tezpur/nag-sankar-temple-tezpur | title=Nag-Sankar Temple, Tezpur: Curated Info, Timings, Entry fee }}</ref>

== Turtle pond ==
Nag-Sankar Temple has a large pond with more than five hundred of rare variety of soft-shell turtles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fresh-effort-to-revive-a-turtle-species-considered-extinct-in-wild/story-vlZplKwuSPF1DjUOaXpNnI.html|title=Fresh effort to revive a turtle species considered 'extinct in wild'|date=14 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Species include ''[[Nilssonia gangetica]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iasabhiyan.com/edna/ | title=EDNA | IAS Abhiyan | date=14 June 2018 }}</ref> the Indian softshell turtle, listed as Vulnerable by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] and ''[[Chitra indica]]'', the South Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle, listed as Endangered.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

== See also ==
*[[Jamugurihat]]
*[[Tezpur]]
*[[Sootea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Tezpur]]

Azizul Haque (educator)

2026-01-17T08:17:16Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{short description|Indian lawyer and Muslim activist}}
{{Other people||Azizul Haque (disambiguation)}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Bahadur]] Sir
| name = Muhammad Azizul Haque
| image = AzizulHaque.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 27 November 1892
| birth_place = [[Shantipur]], [[Nadia district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|3|23|1892|11|27}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| office1 = [[High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]]
| term_start1 = December 1941
| term_end1 = May 1943
| predecessor1 = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]
| successor1 = [[S. E. Runganadhan]]
| office2 = [[List of vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta|Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Calcutta]]
| term_start2 = 1938
| term_end2 = 1942
| predecessor2 = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
| successor2 = [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| office3 = Speaker of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1937
| term_end3 = 1946
| constituency3 = [[Nadia district|Nadia West]]
| successor3 = [[Nurul Amin]] (as Speaker) Mullah Abdul Halim (for constituency)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.11657/page/n138/mode/2up|title=The Indian Year Book|editor=[[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Reed, Sir Stanley]]|year=1947}}</ref>
| office4 = Education Minister of Bengal
| term_start4 = 1934
| term_end4 = 1937
| office5 = Member of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]]
| term_start5 = 1926
| term_end5 = 1930
| occupation = Advocate, diplomat
| spouse = Kaniz Khatun
| father = [[Mohammad Mozammel Huq]]
}}[[File:Sir Azizul Haque Memorial Sculpture, Bogra.jpg|thumb|A memorial dedicated to Haque at the [[Azizul Haque College]] in [[Bangladesh]].]]
'''Sir Muhammad Azizul Haque''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (27 November 1892 – 23 March 1947), also known as '''Muhammad Azizul Huq''' or '''Mohammad Azizul Huque''', was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] lawyer, writer, educator and public servant. He studied at [[List of Kolkata Presidencians|Presidency College]] and University Law College in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He worked to better the condition of Muslim people, primarily in the rural farmlands. This led him to work with [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque]], [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy|Sir Abdulla Suhrawardy]], [[Khwaja Salimullah|Sir Salimullah]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He remained friends with many throughout his life.

He served, from 1926, on the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]], as Education minister for Bengal (1934–1937), as the speaker of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] (1937–1942), as the vice-chancellor of Calcutta University (1938–1942),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chancellors|url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/vc.html|access-date=2020-08-26|website=www.caluniv.ac.in}}</ref> as the [[List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner for India in the United Kingdom]] (December 1941 – May 1943), and as the member in charge, on the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], of the Department of Commerce, Food, Industries and Civil supplies (May 1943 – 1945).<ref>{{Cite book|last=GUHA|first=ARUN CHANDRA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhspDwAAQBAJ&q=Azizul+Haque+minister+Commerce,+industries,+civil+supplies&pg=PT210|title=India's Struggle Quarter of Century 1921-1946 Part II|date=2017-06-20|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2490-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=bpedia>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Huque, Mohammad Azizul|author=Huq, Husniara}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Azizul Haque was born on 27 November 1892, to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in [[Shantipur]], located in the [[Nadia district]] of the erstwhile [[Bengal Presidency]]. His father, [[Mohammad Mozammel Huq]], is a renowned Bengali poet and author. His grandfather, Nasiruddin Ahmad, and paternal family were originally from the village of Baweegachi, not far from Shantipur town. Haque studied at the Shantipur Muslim School, and passed his matriculation in 1907. He graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] initially with a [[Bachelor of Arts]], and later a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree.

==Career==
He started his career with a government job in 1914, and found employment as a Deputy Magistrate. The following year, he became a lawyer at the Judge Court in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]]. Not long after, he was appointed as the Public Prosecutor of the District of Nadia. In 1926, he became the vice-chairman of the Nadia District Board. In 1928, he was made a fellow of the University of Calcutta and member of the Dacca University Court. He published an article titled ''A Plea for Separate Electorate in Bengal'' in protest to the [[Nehru Report]] of 1931. In the same year, he was nominated as a member of the Indian Franchise Commission. He became a member of the Bengal Banking Enquiry Commission, Bengal Retrenchment Committee and Bengal Board of Economic Enquiry in 1932. Haque has also been a part of the Railway Advisory Committee and worked with the Public Accounts Committee of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]]. He later became the vice-president of the Bengal Board of Industries.<ref name=bpedia/>

In 1933, Haque became the chairman of the [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar Municipality]]. He left the District Board in 1934, as he had then become a member of the Bengal Legislative Council and the Minister of Education in Bengal. It was Haque that was the first to introduce Free Universal Primary Education Bill. Among his other activities were the establishment of new schools, and better administration of schools in both urban and rural areas. He was also responsible for the registration and [[waqf]] as a minister, as well as distribution of food. He also played a role in changing the medium of education from only English to Bengali. Following the 1937 legislative elections, Haque became a member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]], and also served as its Speaker for the first five years.<ref name=bpedia/>

Haque became the second Muslim to be appointed as the [[List of vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta|Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1938. He was appointed again in 1940, thus serving as vice-chancellor for two terms, ending in 1942. His contributions included the introduction of a new [[Islamic studies]] curriculum and the establishment of the School of Islamic History and Culture. Haque worked with the Kamal Yar Jung Education Committee, and began researching about issues pertaining to Muslim education across the British Raj from 1939 to 1941. His report presented a comprehensive educational plan that would support the cultures of the Muslims.<ref name=bpedia/>

He was appointed as the [[High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]] in December 1941. He returned to Bengal in May 1943 and became a member of the Governor-General's Executive Council, first under [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] and then under [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]]. He was responsible for the departments of commerce, industries, civil supplies and food. He was later given the responsibility of the textiles office of the supplies department.<ref name=bpedia/>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Certificate of Sir Azizul Haque.jpg|thumb|Sir Azizul Haque, [[Order of the Indian Empire]] Certificate.]]
On 4 April 1938, the [[Azizul Haque College]] in [[Bogra District|Bogra]] was established in his name by Khan Bahadur Muhammad Ali and Moulvi Abdus Sattar. The [[University of Calcutta]] has awarded him with a [[Doctor of Letters]].<ref name=bpedia/>

Haque was conferred the title of ''[[Khan Bahadur]]'' by the [[British Raj]], appointed a CIE in 1937<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34365/supplements/693 London Gazette, 1 February 1937]</ref> knighted in the [[1941 New Year Honours]] List,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35029/supplements/2 London Gazette, 1 January 1941]</ref> and appointed a KCSI in the [[1946 Birthday Honours]] List.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35029/supplements/2 London Gazette, 4 June 1946]</ref> He subsequently renounced his British honours in protest against the government, on 16 August 1946.<ref name=bpedia/>

==Death==
He died due to brain haemorrhage at his residence in [[Calcutta]] on 23 March 1947.

== Major works ==
Haque's literary works include:
# ''History and Problems of Moslem Education in Bengal'' (1917)
# ''Education and Retrenchment'' (1924)
# ''[[The Man behind the Plough]]'' (1939)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.du.ac.in/dspace/handle/1/4916 |title=DSpace@University of Delhi: Man behind the plough |publisher=Library.du.ac.in |date=25 November 2008 |access-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312215015/http://library.du.ac.in/dspace/handle/1/4916 |archive-date=12 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
# ''The Sword of the Crescent Moon''
# ''Cultural Contributions of Islam to Indian History''
# ''A Plea for Separate Electorate in Bengal'' (1931)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* ''The Islamic Review'', Surrey, England, p. 331 (Oct. 1942)[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034926/http://muslim.sh/text/articles/islamicreview/1942/10oct/islamicreview_194210.pdf]
* ''The Islamic Review'', Surrey, England, p. 411 (Dec. 1942)[http://aaiil.org/text/articles/islamicreview/1942/12dec/islamicreview_194212.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811014859/http://aaiil.org/text/articles/islamicreview/1942/12dec/islamicreview_194212.pdf |date=11 August 2011 }}
* ''The Islamic Review'', Surrey, England, p. 16 (Nov. 1949) [http://aaiil.org/text/articles/islamicreview/1949/11nov/islamicreview_194911.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811014912/http://aaiil.org/text/articles/islamicreview/1949/11nov/islamicreview_194911.pdf |date=11 August 2011 }}
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huque,_Mohammad_Azizul Azizul Haque] in Banglapedia
* Rabindranath Tagore's letter to Sir Azizul Haque [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LetterAziz.jpg]
* Bengal Legislative Assembly List [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619074905/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/wbengal.html]

{{Authority control}}
{{University of Calcutta Vice chancellors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Azizul}}
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Shantipur]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Krishak Sramik Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Bengal]]

Mad About Cuba

2026-01-13T06:56:31Z

UPMTaj45723: started a page

{{Short description|2024 book by Ullek NP}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Mad About Cuba: A Malayali Revisits the Revolution
| image = Mad_About_Cuba.jpg
| caption = Cover of the 1st edition
| author = [[Ullekh NP]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| subject = [[Politics]] [[Travel literature|Travelogue]]
| publisher = [[Penguin Random House]] in India
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]])
| country = India
| language = English
| release_date = 21 November 2024
| pages = 256 pp (First Edition)
| isbn = 978-0143469018
}}

'''''Mad About Cuba: A Malayali Revisits the Revolution''''' is a non-fiction book by Indian journalist and author [[Ullekh NP]], published by [[Penguin Random House]] in November 2024.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullekh |first=N.P. |title=Mad About Cuba: A Malayali Revisits the Revolution |publisher=Penguin Random House India |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/mad-about-cuba/ |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> The book chronicles the author's journey through [[Cuba]], offering a [[Malayalis]] perspective on the island's revolutionary past, socio-political landscape, and contemporary realities.

==Overview==

The book provides a deeply personal yet journalistic exploration of [[Cuba]], delving into its history, culture, and politics through the lens of a traveller from [[Kerala]], India. Ullekh NP weaves together historical narratives, anecdotes, and his own experiences to present a nuanced account of life in post-revolutionary Cuba. It captures Kerala's long and abiding admiration of [[Fidel Castro]] and of the way [[communism]] still survives there in the deep and stifling shadow of US sanctions.<ref name="MadAboutCubaReview">{{cite news |title='Mad about Cuba' book review: Nostalgic parallels between communist Kerala and Cuba |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2025/Jan/11/mad-about-cuba-book-review-nostalgic-parallels-between-communist-kerala-and-cuba |last=Kumar |first=Sheila |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 January 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

''Mad About Cuba'' covers the [[Cuban Revolution]] and analyses its impact on the island's people and governance. It also draws a parallel to [[India]]'s Kerala state, which has a long leftist history and derives inspiration from Cuba's [[socialism]].

The book also explores Cuban travel and culture, including [[music of Cuba]], art, food, and daily life. The book examines the challenges Cubans face in the wake of economic hardships and changing global dynamics.

==Reception==

The book received positive reviews for its engaging narrative, insightful commentary, and blend of historical analysis with personal storytelling. Critics appreciated Ullekh's balanced approach in assessing [[Cuba]]’s revolutionary ideals and the island's present-day struggles.

[[The New Indian Express]] called ''Mad About Cuba'' as a compact report from the field, that brings out the author's love for Cuba and [[Cubans]] and his admiration for the small island for being a persistent David facing up to the American Goliath.<ref name="MadAboutCubaReview"/>

In his review in the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' author [[Ameer Shahul]] described the book as a reminder that while Cuba may be defined by its defiance, it is sustained by its spirit — a spirit that the author captured with both reverence and wit. He recommended the book for anyone curious about Cuba and the changing world.<ref name="ShahulRevolution">{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Where the revolution still lingers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/books/where-the-revolution-still-lingers-3392944 |work=Deccan Herald |date=9 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

''[[Business Standard]]'' said the book captures the observations as well as conversations of the author with various local people, including senior bureaucrats, scientists, students and tourists among others and explored the unique connection between Cuba and [[Kerala]].<ref name="KirpalCuba">{{cite news |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |title='Mad about Cuba': Exploring the unique connection between Cuba and Kerala |url=https://www.business-standard.com/book/mad-about-cuba-exploring-the-unique-connection-between-cuba-and-kerala-125012701420_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'', in its review, found noteworthy the author's narration of how [[Fidel Castro]] stunned [[Indira Gandhi]] with a bear hug and introduced her to [[Gabriel Garcia Marquez]] at the [[Non-Alignment Movement]] Summit in [[New Delhi]] in 1982.<ref name="HindustanTimesCastro">{{cite web |title=This world leader stunned Indira Gandhi with a bear hug and introduced her to Gabriel Garcia Marquez |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/when-fidel-castro-gave-indira-gandhi-a-bear-hug-and-introduced-her-to-gabriel-garcia-marquez-101733469017862.html?utm_source=linkedin |author=Shylaja Varma |date=6 December 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

[[Malayala Manorama]] said with a blend of personal anecdotes, historical insights, and thoughtful economic analysis, ''Mad About Cuba'' is a compelling narrative that weaves unexpected connections between Kerala and Cuba, offering a fresh perspective on two distinct yet ideologically intertwined regions.<ref name="BenjaminCuba">{{cite news |last=Benjamin |first=Haritha Sharly |title=Mad About Cuba: A Malayali's journey through history, economics & revolution |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2025/01/09/mad-about-cuba-malayali-revisits-revolution-ullekh-np-book-review.html |work=Onmanorama |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam |date=9 January 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

The book also featured in ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'', [[Frontline (magazine)|''Frontline'']], ''Hindustan Times'', [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']], ''[[The News Minute]]'', [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']], Consortium News, SAPAN News, Open, [[Prensa Latina]], [[Reporter TV]], Kairali News and other news outlets.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The author was interviewed by ''[[Newslaundry]]'', ''Hindustan Times'' and [[News18 Malayalam]] on the book. To ''Newslaundry'', he said he wrote the book to cut through the clutter of western-centric propaganda and focus on the hardships of the Cuban people in the face American sanctions that have restricted the island nation's sources of revenues, including remittances, export of goods and services and export of professional services.<ref name="NewsLaundryKeralaCuba">{{cite web |title=Let's Talk About: Kerala's Cuba Connection |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/12/26/lets-talk-about-keralas-cuba-connection |website=NewsLaundry |date=26 December 2024 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> In the Hindustan Times Podcast, he said the US sanctions were not abstract but concrete measures to financially strangulate Cuba aimed at a regime change.<ref name="HTBooksCuba">{{cite web |title=Cuba: Will the Revolution Endure? |url=https://www.htsmartcast.com/society-culture-podcasts/books-and-authors/cuba-will-the-revolution-endure/ |website=HT Books Podcast |publisher=Hindustan Times |author=Manjula Narayan |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> News18 Malayalam review of his book focused on the similarities between the economic models of Kerala and Cuba, which are metaphors for redistribution-oriented policies.<ref name="News18KeralaMadAboutCuba">{{cite web |title=Mad About Cuba | date=21 December 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCxAZ5FIr0s |via=YouTube |publisher=News18 Kerala |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Penguin Random House books]]

Man Singh II

2026-01-11T20:56:07Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{Short description|Last ruling Maharaja of Jaipur (1912–1970)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{More citations|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Man Singh II
| image = Man Singh II.jpg
| caption = Man Singh II in 1936
| succession = [[Jaipur State#Rulers|Maharaja of Jaipur]]
| reign = 7 September 1922–1948
| reign-type2 = Titular Reign
| reign2 = 1948–1970
| coronation = 18 September 1922
| predecessor = [[Madho Singh II|Sawai Madho Singh II]]
| successor = [[Bhawani Singh|Sawai Bhawani Singh]]
| spouse-type = Consort(s)
| spouse = Princess Marudhar Kanwar of Marwar Princess Kishore Kanwar of Marwar [[Maharani Gayatri Devi|Princess Gayatri Devi of Cooch Behar]]
| issue = Princess Prem Kumari [[Bhawani Singh|Bhawani Singh, Crown Prince of Jaipur]] Prince Jai Singh Prince Prithviraj Singh Prince Jagat Singh
| royal house = [[Kachwaha]]
| father = Sawai Singh ''(biological)'' [[Madho Singh II|Madho Singh II of Jaipur]] ''(adoptive)''
| mother = Sugun Kunwar ''(biological)''
| birth_name = Mor Mukut Singh
| birth_date = 21 August 1912
| birth_place = Thikana of Isarda, [[Rajputana Agency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|6|24|1912|8|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]], England
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| burial_place=
| module = {{ Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| term = 30 March 1949 – 31 October 1956
| predecessor = [[Bhupal Singh]]
| successor = ''position abolished'' [[Gurmukh Nihal Singh]] ''(as [[List of Governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]])''
| office2 = [[India–Spain relations|Ambassador of India to Spain]]
| term2 = 1965 – 1970<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&q=ambassador+of+India+to+Spain+man+singh&pg=PT301 | title=Jaipur: Gem of India| isbn=9781942322054| last1=Taknet| first1=D. K. |author-link=D. K. Taknet | date=7 July 2016| publisher=IntegralDMS}}</ref>
}}
}}

[[Major general|Major General]] [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] Governor Sir '''Man Singh II''' [[GCSI]] [[GCIE]] (born [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] '''Mor Mukut Singh'''; 21 August 1912 – 24 June 1970) was an Indian [[Princely state#Precedence and prestige|prince]], government official, diplomat and sportsman.

Man Singh II was the ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] in the [[British Raj]] from 1922 to 1947. In 1948, after the state was [[political integration of India|absorbed]] into independent India, he was granted a [[privy purse]], certain privileges, and the continued use of the title ''Maharaja of Jaipur'' by the [[Government of India]],<ref name=ramusack-pol-integration>{{cite book|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|authorlink=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian princes and their states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA273|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26727-4|page=273|quote=The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli).}}</ref> which he retained until his death in 1970. He also held the office of [[Rajpramukh]] (Governor) of [[Rajasthan]] between 1949 and 1956. In later life, he served as Ambassador of India to Spain. He was a notable [[polo]] player.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Early life==
Sawai Man Singh II, was born Mor Mukut Singh, the second son of [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]] Sawai Singh of Isarda by his wife Sugan Kunwar, a lady from Kotla village in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father was a nobleman belonging to the [[Kachhwaha]] clan. Mor Mukut grew up in the dusty, walled township of Isarda, a chief of [[thikana]] of the Rajawat sub-clan which lies between the towns of [[Sawai Madhopur]] and Jaipur in present-day Rajasthan. His family was connected to the ruling house of Jaipur and [[Kotah]] (where his father's sister was married). The then-Maharaja of Jaipur, Sawai [[Madho Singh II]], had been born the son of a former Thakur of Isarda and had been adopted into the ruling family of Jaipur. After giving him up for adoption, Madho Singh's actual father had in turn lacked for an heir. He adopted the son of a distant kinsman and was succeeded by that lad as Thakur of Isarda. That lad was Sawai Singh, father of Mor Mukut Singh. In this manner, Mor Mukut could be reckoned near kin to Maharaja Madho Singh II of Jaipur.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

After being adopted to become Maharaja of Jaipur, Madho Singh II had numerous (no less than 65) children by various concubines, but the highly superstitious Maharaja was warned by a sage against having legitimate heirs and thus took great care not to impregnate his five wives. On 24 March 1921, Madho Singh II adopted Mor Mukut to be his son and heir. The boy was given the name "Man Singh" upon his adoption. Madho Singh II died on 7 September 1922 and was succeeded by Man Singh as Maharaja of Jaipur and head of the Kachwaha clan of Rajputs. The new Maharaja was ten years old.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Maharaja of Jaipur==
Upon obtaining his ruling powers, Man Singh embarked on a programme of modernisation, creating infrastructure and founding numerous public institutions that would later result in Jaipur being selected the capital of Rajasthan. At the time of the Independence of [[British India]] in 1947, the maharaja delayed acceding Jaipur to the [[Dominion of India]]. He finally signed an [[Instrument of Accession]] in April 1949, when his princely state became part of the Rajasthan States Union, initially retaining his powers of internal government. The Maharaja became [[Rajpramukh]] of the States Union, but the office was abolished when the Indian states were further re-organised in 1956. Although the Indian princes had by then relinquished their ruling powers, they remained entitled to their titles, privy purses, and other privileges until the adoption of the 26th amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] on 28 December 1971. Accordingly, Man Singh II remained Maharaja of Jaipur until his death.<ref>''Careers Digest'', Vol. 7 (1970), p. 488: Swai Man Singh : The Maharaja of Jaipur State who died in London recently at the age-of 59, was the 39th ruler of the Jaipur State. A progressive statesman, he was the last Indian Maharaja to sign the Instrument of Accession. He was the Rajpramukh of Rajasthan from April 7, 1949 to October 1956."</ref>

In 1958, Man Singh was one of several rulers who realised the potential of [[tourism]] in Rajasthan, turning [[Rambagh Palace]] into a luxury hotel. Under his rule, various land reform laws were first introduced in his state, such as the Jaipur Tenancy Act. Later in 1956, the ''Jagidari'' ([[feudal]]) form of political administration were abolished during the government of the Congress Party in India. In 1962 he was elected to Council of States, the Rajya Sabha the Upper House of Indian Parliament with term till 1968,<ref name="rajya-sabha">{{cite web|title=SINGH, SHRI SAWAI MAN – RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 – 2003|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|access-date=21 November 2017|page=34}}</ref> however in 1965, the Indian government appointed Man Singh as India's ambassador to Spain. Utilising his various contacts in Europe, he spent much of his time in Europe to ensue new military technology and arms deal for the Indian army (Crewe).

He was especially noted as an enthusiastic (10-Goal) [[polo]] player, winning among other trophies the World Cup in 1933. The [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] in [[Jaipur]] is named in his honour. During the 1950s, Man Singh owned [[Saint Hill Manor]] in [[East Grinstead]], [[West Sussex]], which was sold to [[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of [[Scientology]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sainthillmanor.org.uk/manor.html|title=Visit Historic Saint Hill Manor |author= |website=Saint Hill Manor |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_with_the_Maharaja_and_Maharani_of_Jaipur.jpg|thumb|First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] with the Maharaja and Maharani of Jaipur.]]
[[File:Maharaja_Man_Singh_II_and_Maharani_Gayatri_Devi.jpg|thumb|Man Singh II and Maharani Gayatri Devi.]]

===Marriages===
Man Singh II was married three times, and his three wives lived in the same household together, in accordance with Rajput custom. His first two marriages were to suitable brides chosen from the royal family of [[Jodhpur]], whose Rajput heritage and social ranking were similar to his own. The senior Maharani, known within the palace as 'First her Highness,' was Marudhar Kunwar, sister of [[Sumer Singh of Jodhpur|Sumer Singh]], Maharaja of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]. She was about twelve years older than him and bore him two children: first a daughter, Prem Kumari, and then his eldest son and heir, [[Bhawani Singh of Jaipur|Bhawani Singh]]. His second wife was Maharani Kishore Kanwar, niece of his first wife and daughter of Maharaja Sumer Singh of Jodhpur. She was five years younger than he and bore him two sons.

He was briefly involved with English socialite [[Lady Ursula d'Abo|Lady Ursula Manners]].{{sfn|d'Abo|2014|p=99}}<ref>{{cite news| title = Londoner's Diary: Alexa's Chung's neighbours make Christmas shopping tricky...| newspaper = [[London Evening Standard]]| date = 7 November 2017| url = https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/londoners-diary-alexas-neighbours-make-christmas-shopping-tricky-a3683861.html| access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>

In 1940, Man Singh II married for the third and last time. His bride was the legendary beauty [[Gayatri Devi of Cooch Behar]], the daughter of Maharaja [[Jitendra Narayan]] of [[Cooch Behar]] and Maharani [[Indira of Baroda|Indira Devi]], princess of Baroda. She stands out among the Maharanis of Jaipur for having become a public figure and a celebrity of sorts, initially for being a fashion-conscious beauty and later for becoming a politician and parliamentarian. They had one son. Devi survived him by thirty-nine years, dying in 2009.

===Children===
Man Singh was the father of four sons and a daughter, borne to him by his three wives. They were:
;By his first wife, Maharani Marudhar Kunwar, one son and one daughter
* Prem Kumari (1929–1970). In 1948, she was given in marriage to the Maharawal of [[Baria, India|Baria]]. She had one daughter.
* [[Bhawani Singh]] (1931–2011), succeeded to his father's title in 1970. In 1967, he married Padmini Devi, daughter of the Raja of [[Sirmur]], and had one daughter;
** [[Diya Kumari]] (b. 1970). She has three children, including one son who was adopted by Bhawani Singh and declared his successor, namely:
*** [[Padmanabh Singh]] (b. 1998).<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Colacello |first1=Bob |title=Inside Paris's 25th Annual le Bal des Débutantes |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/01/le-bal-des-debutantes-paris |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> Born a commoner, he was declared royal and adopted by his maternal grandfather in 2002.

;By his second wife, Maharani Kishore Kunwar, two sons
* Jai Singh (b. 1933). he was given the title of Raja of [[Jhalai]] and the estate of Jhalai in appanage by his father. In 1983, he married Vidya Devi, daughter of the Raja of Jubbal, and has one son.
** Ajay Singh
* Prithviraj (1935–2020); received the title Raja of Bhagwatgarth. In 1961, he married Devika Devi, a princess of Tripura and a niece (sister's daughter) of his step-mother Gayatri Devi. They had been living separately from each other by the time she died in 2009, a few months before her aunt. Gayatri Devi tended to support her step-son and deprecate her niece in the matter of their marital differences, and Prithviraj Singh remained close to his step-mother all his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090817/jsp/nation/story_11368451.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912175322/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090817/jsp/nation/story_11368451.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2012|title=Royals won't tell what Gayatri will holds |last=Talukdar |first=Rakhee |website=Saint Hill Manor |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> Prithviraj and Devika had one son together:
** Vijit Singh, who in 1991 married Minakshi Devi, daughter of the Maharaja of Lunawada, and has three children; two sons named Vedant Singh (b. 1992) and Siddhant Singh (b. 1996), and a daughter Mokshita (b. 1993).

;By his third wife, Gayatri Devi (1919–2009)<ref name=GayatriDevi>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/17250/peoples-princess.html?FORM=ZZNR |title=The people's princess |last=Sharma |first=Abha |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>
* Prince Jagat Singh, (1949–1997) received the title Raja of Isarda was married in 1978 (divorced 1987) to a Thai princess. He had two children by her, namely,
** Lalitya Kumari (b. 1979), daughter
** Devraj Singh, (b. 1981), son

==Death==
[[File:SMS-Statue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The unveiling ceremony of Sawai Man Singh's statue in Jaipur on [[Rajasthan day]], 30 March 2005 ]]
On 24 June 1970, the 57-year old Man Singh had an accident while playing polo in [[Cirencester]], England. He died later the same day. He was survived by his four sons. He was succeeded as Maharaja of Jaipur and head of the Kachwaha clan by his eldest son, Maharaja Sawai [[Bhawani Singh of Jaipur]]. Following his death [[Indira Gandhi]] was finally able to repress the power of India's former rulers in democratic India as they formed a large bulk of her opposition party, the [[Swatantra party]].

A statue of Sawai Man Singh was installed at the Ram Niwas Bagh in Jaipur, the statue was unveiled at a grand function on 30 March 2005.<ref name=GayatriDevi/> A Cricket Stadium in Jaipur was named after him. His wife Gayatri Devi opened a school after him, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Vidyalaya.

His successor, Maharaja Sawai [[Bhawani Singh of Jaipur]] died on 17 April 2011, aged 79.

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Man Singh II}}
*[[Jaipur State]]
*[[Gayatri Devi]]
*[[Man Singh I]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Works cited ==
* {{cite book| last = d'Abo| first = Lady Ursula| editor-last = Watkin| editor-first = David| title = The Girl with the Widow's Peak: The Memoirs| publisher = d'Abo Publications| date = 2014| location = London| isbn = 978-1907991097}}

{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}
{{Governors of Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Man Singh 02 Of Jaipur}}
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian polo players]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in England]]
[[Category:Sport deaths in England]]
[[Category:Polo deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Spain]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:Polo players from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]

Kamrup Metropolitan district

2026-01-10T22:36:47Z

UPMTaj45723: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamrup Metropolitan district
| official_name = Guwahati district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Kamakhya Temple - DEV 8829.jpg
|photo2a = View of Guwahati city from atop Nilachal hill.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Kamakhya Temple]] Bottom: View of [[Guwahati]] from Nilachal Hill
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26|11|0|N|91|44|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Assam|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lower Assam Division|Lower Assam]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Guwahati]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jalukbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalukbari]], [[Dispur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dispur]], [[Gauhati East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauhati East]], [[Gauhati West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauhati West]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| dunam_link = 
| area_total_km2 = 1527.84
| area_total_ha =
| area_total_dunam =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_ha =
| area_land_dunam =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_ha =
| area_water_dunam =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_urban_dunam =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_rural_dunam =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_metro_dunam =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank1_dunam =
| area_blank2_title = 
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| area_blank2_dunam =
| area_note =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,253,938
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| website = [https://kamrupmetro.assam.gov.in/ https://kamrupmetro.assam.gov.in/]
| footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
}}

'''Kamrup Metropolitan district''' is one of the 35 [[Districts of Assam|districts]] in [[Assam]] state in north-eastern [[India]]. It was carved out of the erstwhile [[undivided Kamrup district]] in 2003 and covers an area equivalent to the area under the jurisdiction of the [[Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority]] area. Dispur Legislative Assembly Constituency in Guwahati Metro district with 3.53 lakh voters is the largest constituency in Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/KamrupMetro-plan-to-increase-voters-turnout/articleshow/51275206.cms|title=Kamrup(Metro) plan to increase voters' turnout}}</ref>

==History==
It was created on 3 February 2003 by bifurcating the erstwhile [[Kamrup district]].<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

The [[Government of Assam]], during the Chief-ministership of [[Tarun Gogoi]], had proposed to bifurcate it further and create a new district, named East Kamrup. In 2016, the process of creation of the district was started.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-01-27|title=Assam issues notification to form new administrative districts|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-issues-notification-to-form-new-administrative-districts-116012701006_1.html|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref> But later that year, the process of creation was stopped midway due to lack of infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|title=Revocation of East Kamrup, South Kamrup districts begins - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-today/revocation-of-east-kamrup-south-kamrup-districts-begins/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Sentinel Assam|language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Administrative headquarters of Kamrup Metropolitan district is at [[Guwahati]] city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kamrupmetro.nic.in/main.asp|title=Home page|publisher=Kamrup Metropolitan district website|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122092141/http://kamrupmetro.nic.in/main.asp|archive-date=22 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The district occupies an area of 1527.84 km².

===Climate===

{{Weather box
|location = Guwahati
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30
|Feb record high C = 33
|Mar record high C = 38
|Apr record high C = 40
|May record high C = 38
|Jun record high C = 40
|Jul record high C = 37
|Aug record high C = 37
|Sep record high C = 37
|Oct record high C = 35
|Nov record high C = 32
|Dec record high C = 28
|year record high C = 40
|Jan high C = 23
|Feb high C = 25
|Mar high C = 30
|Apr high C = 31
|May high C = 31
|Jun high C = 31
|Jul high C = 32
|Aug high C = 32
|Sep high C = 31
|Oct high C = 30
|Nov high C = 27
|Dec high C = 24
|year high C = 29
|Jan low C = 10
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 15
|Apr low C = 20
|May low C = 22
|Jun low C = 25
|Jul low C = 25
|Aug low C = 25
|Sep low C = 24
|Oct low C = 21
|Nov low C = 16
|Dec low C = 11
|year low C = 19
|Jan record low C = 5
|Feb record low C = 6
|Mar record low C = 6
|Apr record low C = 11
|May record low C = 16
|Jun record low C = 18
|Jul record low C = 20
|Aug record low C = 21
|Sep record low C = 20
|Oct record low C = 15
|Nov record low C = 10
|Dec record low C = 5
|year record low C = 5
|Jan precipitation mm = 11.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 12.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 57.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 142.3
|May precipitation mm = 248.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 350.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 353.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 269.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 166.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 79.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 19.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.1
|year precipitation mm = 1717.7
|source 1 = wunderground.com <ref name=weatherbox>{{cite web | url =http://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=42182&Units=both | title =Historical Weather for Delhi, India | access-date =27 November 2008 | publisher =Weather Underground | archive-date =6 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190106223201/https://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=42182&Units=both%20 | url-status =dead }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}}
|date=November 2010}}

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=52,351|13=1911|14=58,160|15=1921|16=62,264|17=1931|18=68,102|19=1941|20=81,183|21=1951|22=95,123|23=1961|24=2,16,357|25=1971|26=3,15,404|27=1991|28=7,71,477|29=2001|30=10,59,578|31=2011|32=12,53,938|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

===Population===
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kamrup Metropolitan district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,253,938,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Kamrup Metropolitan |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/224/download/546/DH_2011_1823_PART_A_DCHB_KAMRUP_METROPOLITAN.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Estonia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Estonia 1,282,963 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=New Hampshire 1,316,470
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2010-12-27
}}</ref>} This gives it a ranking of 384th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|2010|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.95%. Kamrup Metropolitan has a [[sex ratio]] of 922 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.66%. 82.70% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 8.12% and 5.99% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kamrup Metropolitan district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|12.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Assam|Jainism]]|brown|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.82}}
}}

As of the 2011 census, 84.89% of the population are [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]] are 12.05%, [[Christians]] are 1.50% and Jains are 0.74% of the population.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kamrup Metropolitan district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 57.87 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 20.50 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 10.45 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value4 = 2.39 |color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value5 = 1.66 |color5 = royalblue
|label6 = [[Karbi language|Karbi]] |value6 = 1.55 |color6 = darkblue
|label7 = Others |value7 =5.58 |color7 = grey
}}
At the time of the 2011 census, 57.87% of the population spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 20.50% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 10.45% [[Hindi]], 2.39% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 1.66% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] and 1.55% [[Karbi language|Karbi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Kamrup district]]
* [[Nalbari district]]
* [[Goalpara district]]
* [[Morigaon district]]
* [[Jorhat district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kamrupmetro.assam.gov.in/ Kamrup Metropolitan District Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403015325/https://kamrupmetro.assam.gov.in/ |date=3 April 2025 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kamrup Metropolitan district
|North = [[Darrang district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Morigaon district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Meghalaya]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Kamrup district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamrup Metropolitan District}}
[[Category:Kamrup Metropolitan district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup region]]

2022 Bengaluru Open II

2026-01-02T21:35:01Z

UPMTaj45723:

{{moresources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2022|Bengaluru Open II|
| date= 14–20 February
| edition=6th
| draw=32S / 16D
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| location=[[Bangalore]], India
| champs={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Aleksandar Vukic]]
| champd={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
| before_name=Bengaluru Open
| before_year=2022
| after_name=Bengaluru Open
| main_name=Bengaluru Open
}}
The '''2022 [[Bengaluru Open]] II''' was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2022 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Bangalore]], India from 14 to 20 February 2022.

==Singles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="185"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Aleksandar Vukic]]
|138
|1
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Hugo Grenier]]
|158
|2
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Enzo Couacaud]]
|161
|3
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Federico Gaio]]
|176
|4
|-
|{{flag|CZE}}
|[[Vít Kopřiva]]
|177
|5
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Max Purcell]]
|179
|6
|-
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
|185
|7
|-
|{{flag|TPE}}
|[[Tseng Chun-hsin]]
|190
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 7 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings | Singles | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Adil Kalyanpur
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sidharth Rawat

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Antoine Bellier]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Harris (tennis)|Andrew Harris]]
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Markos Kalovelonis]]
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominik Palán]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Nitin Kumar Sinha

==Champions==
===Singles===
{{main|2022 Bengaluru Open II – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Aleksandar Vukic]]''' def. {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Dimitar Kuzmanov]] 6–4, 6–4.

===Doubles===
{{main|2022 Bengaluru Open II – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|AUT}} '''[[Alexander Erler]]''' / {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Arjun Kadhe]]''' def. {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] 6–3, 6–7(4–7), [10–7].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2022 ATP Challenger Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru Open II, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2022]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian tennis]]
[[Category:February 2022 sports events in India]]

Ratabari Assembly constituency

2025-12-16T08:20:19Z

UPMTaj45723: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ram Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from former name}}
{{R from move}}
}}