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R. D. Shekar

2026-05-08T14:43:25Z

UDsportHD:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Resume-like|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. D. Shekar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2019
| term_end = May 2026
| constituency = [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| father =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''R. D. Shekar''' is an Indian politician and is [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur constituency]] in the [[2019 elections in India|by-election in 2019]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ammk-makes-perambur-bypoll-a-triangular-fight/articleshow/68638298.cms AMMK makes Perambur bypoll a triangular fight]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/dmk-cadre-come-to-blows/article27699875.ece DMK cadre come to blows]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/dmk-takes-a-firm-grip-on-the-city/article27241127.ece DMK takes a firm grip on the city]</ref>

[[File:R.D.Sekar MLA.jpg|thumb| '''[http://rdsekarmla.com/ R.D.Shekar MLA]''' is an Indian politician and is Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu.]]

Shekar is in public life for over 30 years. He has been working for the welfare of general voters under the guidance of the top leadership of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), one of the most popular political parties in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

R. D. Shekar was elected as the Member of Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu in bypoll held at Perambur Assembly Constituency in April 2019 following the disqualification of the legislator who was elected in 2016. The by-poll held in April 2019 provided great opportunity for R.D. Shekar B.Com., BL to take his political career to the next level. He successfully contested the by-poll under the guidance and the leadership of Mr. M.K. Stalin, the DMK chief, who is popularly referred to by his followers and public as Thalapathy.

For R.D. Shekar, B.Com., BL, representing the DMK and the Perambur Assembly Constituency is a dream, and the bypoll provided opportunity for him to realize the dream.

Prior to becoming a MLA, R.D. Shekar, B.Com., BL was appointed the Deputy Secretary of the Youth Wing of DMK in 2015. He continues to hold this position till today, and reports to Mr. Udayanidhi Stalin, the Secretary of the DMK Youth Wing, and also the son of the DMK chief, Mr. M.K. Stalin, Thalapathy.

R.D. Shekar, B.Com., BL was tasked with the role of District In-Charge, North Chennai, DMK for the period starting from 11 July 2011 to 30 December 2014. The role of the District Secretary or District In-Charge is the most respected and responsible position at the District Level within the DMK party hierarchy who directly reports to the top leadership of the party.

Earlier in 2008, the party leadership appointed R.D. Shekar, B.Com., BL as the Paguthi Seyalalar, looking after few wards, and reporting to the party leadership at the district level.

From 2006 to 2011, R. D. Shekar, B.Com., BL represented Ward 2 at the Greater Chennai Corporation as the Elected Member.

In 1998, R. D. Shekar, B.Com., BL was appointed the Amaipu Seyalalar, North Chennai District, DMK Youth Wing. Earlier, in 1991, R.D. Shekar, B.Com., BL was appointed the Amaipalar, Students Wing of the North Chennai DMK. The first position of R.D Shekar in the party was as the Amaipalar, Students Wing, Egmore Paguthi. He served at this position in the year 1988.

==Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"

|-
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%

|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=3|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|{{Lost}}

|66,650
|32.61%
|-

|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Won}}

|105,267
|52.93%
|-

|[[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Won}}

|106,394
|56.32%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekar, R. D.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Truck art in South Asia

2026-05-07T08:58:06Z

UDsportHD: added some pg nd citations.

{{Short description|Decorated trucks in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Pakistani_truck.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|A typical decorated truck in Pakistan; most Pakistani trucks have an augmented rooftop to increase space for decoration]]
{{multiple image|align=right|image1=A decorated truck in India.jpg|width1=122|image2=Artwork on a Rajasthan truck rear view (detail).jpg|width2=122|footer= Front and rear view of two trucks in India, showing detail of various decorative symbols used in Indian truck art}}
'''Truck art in South Asia''' is a popular form of regional decoration, with trucks featuring elaborate floral patterns and calligraphy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pakistaniat.com/2008/06/18/pakistans-indigenous-truck-art/ |title=Pakistan's Indigenous Art of Truck Painting |last1=Mughal |first1=Owais |date=June 18, 2008 |website=All Things Pakistan |access-date=February 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/culture/tracing-truck-art-beyond-horn-ok-please-india-and-pakistans-truck-art-tradition/|title=Tracing Truck Art beyond 'Horn OK Please': India and Pakistan's Truck Art tradition|date=16 November 2016|publisher=Creative Yatra|language=en|accessdate=31 July 2017|quote=Largely a domestic art in its early years especially in North India and Pakistan, the ideation of beautifying trucks, lorries, and rickshaws with multifaceted patterns and calligraphy was common.}}</ref> It is especially common in [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name="McKenzie2015">{{cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Sheena |date=5 August 2015 |title=Pimp my ride: The psychedelic world of Indian truck art |url=http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/india-truck-art-travel-design/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |quote=For truckers in India, that means a kaleidoscope of colors, slogans, and intricately painted symbols that are as much about bling -- as shrewd business sense. ..."A better looking truck attracts more business," says Shantanu Suman, graphic designer and filmmaker behind 2013 documentary "Horn Please," which explores India's spectacular truck art tradition. |accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref>

During the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], Pakistani decorated trucks that ran services between Pakistan and [[Afghanistan]] came to be known as '''jingle trucks''' by [[United States Armed Forces|American troops and contractors]] who were deployed across the latter country.

==History and origin==
The concept of South Asian truck art itself generally goes back to the 1920s during [[British Raj|British rule]] in [[Colonial India]], in which trucks were imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dianna |first=Wray |date=December 2021 |title=Pakistani Art Trucks on a Bridge of Culture |url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/articles/2021/pakistani-art-trucks-on-a-bridge-of-culture |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=AramcoWorld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=Truck art from Pakistan |url=https://alifatelier.wordpress.com/category/truck-art-from-pakistan/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Zahra's Blog + Brown Lady Art Collective |language=en}}</ref> Locals began to decorate the trucks that arrived in colonial India using "kaleidoscopic age-old folk art" from the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honk if you Love the Subculture of Indian Trucker Art |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2013/12/04/honk-if-you-love-the-subculture-of-indian-trucker-art/ |publisher=Messy Nessy Chic |access-date=17 April 2025 |date=18 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rathnayake |first=Zinara |date=2022-09-01 |title=Pakistan's Trucks Are Vibrant, Bedazzled Works of Art |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/pakistan-truck-art-phool-patti |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> The tradition of truck art became "a tradition for generations of truck artists" in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Homegrown2022">{{cite web |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Samiksha |title=An Indian Collective Reviving & Promoting Truck Art Culture Across The Country |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-voices/an-indian-collective-reviving-promoting-truck-art-culture-across-the-country |publisher=Homegrown |access-date=17 April 2025 |language=en |date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

The phrase [[Horn OK Please]] is often seen on trucks using the South Asian truck art form. During the [[World War II]] era the abbreviation "OK" referred to the fact that the trucks were running on [[kerosene]], a flammable fuel.The "OK" might be a reference to this.<ref name="Roy2024">{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Ishita |title=How Tata Motors Turned Truck Art Into Powerful Ad Campaigns On Indian Roads |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/how-tata-motors-turned-truck-art-into-powerful-ad-campaigns-on-indian-roads-article-114324602 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=17 April 2025 |language=en |date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

The term "jingle truck" is [[military slang]] that was coined by [[United States Armed Forces|American troops]] serving in [[Afghanistan]], although it may also date back to the [[British Raj|British colonial period]]. The term came to be because of the jingling sound that the trucks make due to the chains and pendants hanging from the bumpers of the vehicles.<ref name=definition>{{cite web |url=http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/citations/jingle_truck_1/ |title=A Way With Words |last=Barrett |first=Grant |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>

==Practice==
[[File:Tank truck on Phuentsholing-Thimphu highway, Bhutan.jpg|thumb|A tanker truck in [[Bhutan]] with [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan buddhist]] symbols like the [[Snow Lion|snow lion]] used for decoration]]
Many trucks and buses are highly customized and decorated by their owners. External truck decoration can cost thousands of dollars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/05spring/trucks/index.html |title=On Wings of Diesel: The Decorated Trucks of Pakistan |last1=Elias |first1=Jamal |date=2005 |website=Amherst Magazine |access-date=February 10, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517232757/http://www3.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/05spring/trucks/index.html |archive-date=May 17, 2014 }}</ref> The decoration often contains elements that remind the truck drivers of home, since they may be away from home for months at a time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19292392 |title=Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range - BBC News |work=BBC News |accessdate=2016-10-23}}</ref> The art is a mode of expression for the truck drivers.<ref name="Vice2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/inside-the-world-of-india-truck-art/ |title=Inside the World of Indian Truck Art |website=Vice.com|date=2019-07-05|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> Decoration may include structural changes, [[paintings]], [[calligraphy]] and ornamental-decor like mirror work on the front and back of vehicles and wooden carvings on the truck doors. Depictions of various historical scenes and poetic verses are also common.<ref name="saudiaramcoworld.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200502/masterpieces.to.go.the.trucks.of.pakistan.htm |title=Masterpieces to Go: The Trucks of Pakistan |last1=Covington |first1=Richard |date=Spring 2005 |website=Saudi Aramco World |access-date=February 10, 2015}}</ref> Outfitting is often completed at a coach workshop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/research/101906.html |title=The Painted Trucks of Pakistan |last1=Nyland |first1=Tim |date=October 19, 2006 |website=Penn Current |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=February 10, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113101127/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/research/101906.html |archive-date=January 13, 2011 }}</ref> Chains and pendants often dangle off the front bumper.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/truck-art-tradition-in-pakistan/28548217.html Pakistan's Dazzling 'Jingle Trucks'] [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (www.rferl.org). June 14, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-06-19.</ref> Religious iconography, poetry and political logos are also common.<ref name="McKenzie2015"/><ref name="Sahapedia">{{cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/ode-road-truck-art-north-india|title=Ode to the Road: Truck Art of North India|last=Kafle|first=Dinesh|website=Sahapedia.org|date=22 March 2021|access-date=17 May 2022|quote=An example of such a space, the bumpers of the trucks in North India are often painted with couplets and quartets. Among North Indian trucks, those registered in Uttar Pradesh often carry writings that are closest to what we call truck literature: couplets and quartets.}}</ref>

=== India ===
[[File:A truck being painted near Cochin, India.jpg|thumb|386x386px|Truck being painted in [[Kochi]], India]]
==== Themes ====
In India, motifs depicting eagles, kites, cow nuzzling calf and ''[[nazar battu]]'', and catchphrases like "''[[Horn OK Please]]''", "''Blow Horn''" and "''Use Dipper at Night''" are frequently seen.<ref>{{cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Radhika |date=2 June 2021 |title=India's Vibrant and Idiosyncratic Truck Art |url=https://hyperallergic.com/649642/india-vibrant-idiosyncratic-truck-art |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=hyperallergic.com}}</ref>

==== Artists ====
Nafees Ahmad Khan, a truck art artist in [[Indore]], is well known throughout India and has been designing one truck every day for over thirty-two years.<ref name="Vice2019" />

==== Regional styles ====
In India, the [[Delhi]]-based artist Tilak Raj Dhir states that the slogans he adds to his truck art, which is prevalent throughout the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], often change with the socio-political atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=20 April 2015 |title=Meet the men who convert trucks into colourful canvases |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-men-who-convert-trucks-into-colourful-canvases/story-mmF7FbEhGr2FUfpIwqTi1M.html |accessdate=1 August 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] is considered a major centre of truck art in India, with a distinctive style and expert artists.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Johnny |last2=Thornell |first2=Christina |date=17 July 2019 |title=India's trucks are works of art |url=https://www.vox.com/videos/2019/7/17/20697863/india-trucks-art-bedfords-borders |access-date=17 May 2022 |publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Poetry is commonly seen in truck art across northern India, and particularly in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Sahapedia" /> Truck art in Hindi and Urdu is sometimes called ''Phool Patti''.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=HERITAGE: SAYING IT WITH FLOWERS |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403009/heritage-saying-it-with-flowers |publisher=dawn.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Dover Rug & Home Presents Truck Artist, Haider Ali |url=https://wellesleywestonmagazine.com/doverrug-truckartist/ |accessdate=17 September 2019 |publisher=Wellesley Weston Magazine |quote=In recent years, Ali and his students, and their students, have started a company they named Phool Patti, which translates to ‘flowers leaves’ in Urdu/Hindi.}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===

==== Themes ====
Truck art showcases a wide variety of symbols, from religious (mostly [[Islam|Islamic]]) motifs, poetic calligraphy and folklore to political messages and regional identity. These traditional symbols evolve as artisans apply their decorative techniques with modern mediums.<ref name=":2" /> Themes in the art draw heavily from indigenous artistic traditions while working in modern pop cultural and political elements. The result is a layered dialogue between heritage and modernity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Adnan |first=Ally |date=12 September 2014 |title=The art of loving |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/12-Sep-2014/the-art-of-loving |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208180854/https://thefridaytimes.com/12-Sep-2014/the-art-of-loving |archive-date=8 December 2024 |website=[[The Friday Times]]}}</ref>

==== Artists ====
Truck art has been called a "big business" in Pakistan, with around 250,000 people employed in the major centers as of 2014;<ref name=":1" /> one of the most prominent truck artists is [[Haider Ali (artist)|Haider Ali]]. Trained by his father from his youth, he first came to international attention in 2002 when he painted a Pakistani truck as part of the [[Smithsonian Folklife Festival]].<ref name="fastco">{{cite news |last=Hart |first=Hugh |date=14 November 2014 |title=A Jingle Truck Artist Brings The Mobile Art Of Pakistan To America |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3037627/a-jingle-truck-artist-brings-the-mobile-art-of-pakistan-to-america |work=Fast Company |access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> Mr. Syed Phool Badshah, also known as Phool ji, is a well-known truck artist who is best known for his unique style of doing [[Fine Arts]] with Truck art.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Phool Badshah – Karachi Art Directory|url=https://karachiartdirectory.com/art-professionals/syed-phool-badshah/|access-date=2020-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Regional styles ====
General Motors introduced trucks to [[Karachi]] in the 1930s and by the time of the [[partition of India]], it had become the hub of truck art within what became Pakistan, with people moving to the city for work.<ref name=":0" /> Though [[Karachi]] is a major city centre for truck art, though there are other hubs in [[Rawalpindi]], [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]], [[Peshawar]], [[Quetta]] and [[Lahore]]. The Karachi style has been called "[[disco]] art", with flashing bulbs, glass and mirrors.<ref name=":1" /> Trucks from [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and Peshawar are often heavily trimmed with wood, while trucks from Rawalpindi and [[Islamabad]] often feature plastic work. Camel bone ornamentation and predominance of red colours is commonly seen on trucks decorated in [[Sindh]]. In Sindh, truck art is not exclusive to trucks only, but it is also used in local rickshaws, vans, wagons, bikes, busses, etc.<ref name="saudiaramcoworld.com"/>

==Influence==
[[File:Naan_sense_peshawar.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Truck art decorates the façade of a business in [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].]]
Truck art has extended beyond the decoration and ornamentation of trucks into other forms and media.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Cars===
Though cars are not traditionally decorated in South Asia, there are examples of cars embellished in a truck art style. In 2009, The Foxy Shahzadi, a 1974 [[Volkswagen Beetle|VW Beetle]] decorated in a truck art style, travelled from Pakistan to [[France]] in a 25-day journey.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=Foxy Shahzadi running away for good |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/880216/foxy-shahzadi-running-away-for-good|access-date=13 June 2014|newspaper=The Dawn|date=24 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Declan|title=From Pakistan to Paris, by VW Beetle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/09/pakistan-paris-vw-beetle|accessdate=13 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 November 2010}}</ref> In the Indian city of [[Mumbai]], some drivers decorate their taxis in a truck art style.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/indian-truck-art-and-taxi-fabric-project-322688|title=Indian Truck Art and Taxi Design-artnet News|last=Kinsella|first=Eileen|date=5 August 2015|publisher=[[Artnet]]|language=en|accessdate=1 August 2017}}</ref>

===Buses===
The buses in Asia are colorful wonders to behold. They are decorated with fancy paintings that blend spiritual images with nature motifs. In Pakistan, these ornate buses and trucks feature beloved folk art. The so-called "jingle trucks" of Pakistan showcase this art tradition all over the country. Each vehicle displays complex designs and patterns, made by talented local artisans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bustiming.in/surprising-facts-about-buses|title=Did You Know These Surprising Facts About Buses?|website=bustiming.in|date=30 November 2023 }}</ref>

===Fashion===
The lively colours of Pakistani trucks have inspired some fashion designers.<ref name=bbc.fashion>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19292392|accessdate=13 June 2015|newspaper=BBC|date=17 August 2012}}</ref> The Italian fashion company [[Dolce & Gabbana]] used truck art-inspired displays in a 2015 campaign.<ref name=tribune>{{cite news|last=Sheikh|first=Ibriz|title=Pakistani truck art takes over streets of Milan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/894788/pakistani-truck-art-takes-over-streets-of-milan/|accessdate=13 September 2015|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Although used more often on women's fashion, some men's clothing have been inspired by South Asian truck art.<ref name=fashion>{{cite web|url=http://pakistantruckart.com/2010/03/06/truck-art-and-fashion/|title=Truck art and fashion |publisher=pakistantruckart.com|accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref> Apart from clothing, truck art has also been incorporated into shoes by some.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/pakistani-truck-artist-gives-new-flair-to-kicks/74579/1|title=Pakistani truck artist gives new flair to kicks|work=[[Forbes India]]|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

===Print design===
Farid Bawa, an Indian graphic designer, collaborates with Indian truck artists to make and sell prints of truck art online in a bid to preserve the tradition of truck art.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/802052/this-collective-is-taking-indias-unique-truck-art-to-the-world|last=Shrivastava|first=Cara|title=This Collective Is Taking India's Unique Truck Art To The World|access-date=17 May 2022|website=Homegrown.co.in|date=8 June 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Horn OK Please Pune (4823687230).jpg|thumb|Truck art on a fence in [[Pune]], India]]
=== New mediums ===
South Asian truck art has expanded beyond vehicles into many modern mediums. Many artists use high-resolution digital graphics and vinyl stickers to replicate traditional designs.<ref name=":2">Ahmed, Nadia. ''Pakistani Truck Art and its Shift onto Modern Artefacts''. Diss. Auckland University of Technology, 2022.</ref> In India, truck art has evolved into a digital style, mixing traditional motifs with [[computer-generated imagery]].<ref name=":3">Zahraa, Fatima, and S. Abdullah. "Vehicular Art Themes: Five Indian Subcontinental Art Forms that Inspire Pakistani Truck Visuals." ''International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change'' 14.1 (2020): 1243-1267.</ref> Online platforms and social media have helped globalize the art form, allowing artists to reach wider audiences and collaborate with brands.<ref>Ali, Farah. "The bold and the beautiful: portraiture in Pakistani truck art." (2021).</ref>

The art form has been used in large-scale urban murals like Doha’s [[Jedariart|JedariArt]]. Artists such as [[Haider Ali (artist)|Haider Ali]] have also decorated non-traditional surfaces, including shipping containers and aircraft.<ref name=":2" /> This range of mediums reflects truck art’s evolving role as both a commercial product and a cultural export.<ref name=":3" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" height="150">
File:The symbol of art (1015808925).jpg|Decorations can be highly detailed.
File:Pakistani decorated Wheels Trucks.jpg|All parts of the truck are highly embellished.
File:Such beauty (1015799377).jpg|Wood-paneling is often carved in high detail.
File:Indiatruck.jpg|The phrase "[[Horn OK Please|Horn Please]]" is used extensively in Indian truck art.<ref name="McKenzie2015"/>
File:Sisters getting ready.jpg|The backs of Pakistani trucks are often intricately decorated.
File:Decorated truck (4180258762).jpg|Decorated truck in [[Rajasthan]].
File:Bangladeshi truck Near Dhaka.jpg|A decorated truck near [[Dhaka]].
File:Truck Pulled over due to lockdown in Nepal-Shambhunath Municipality , Nepal-4553.jpg|Truck art in [[Nepal]] often contains modern symbols alongside traditional ones.
File:PK Truck on N-5 near Thatta asv2020-02 img2.jpg|Two decorated trucks on Pakistan's [[N-5 National Highway]].
File:Colourful afghan truck.jpg|Decorated truck in Afghanistan.
File:Edappalayam Truck.jpg|A decorated truck in [[Kerala]].
File:W-P-AD20070217-16h21m13s-e.jpg|A decorated truck in the wood-paneled [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] style.
File:Decorated truck in India.jpg|A decorated [[fuel truck]] from [[Punjab, India]].
File:Street scene in Sri Lanka.jpg|Decorated [[Sri Lanka]]n truck
File:Jingle truck in Delaram, Afghanistan 01.jpg|Jingle truck in [[Delaram]], Afghanistan.
File:Gilgit-Skardu road.JPG|Decorated trucks can be found in even the most remote corners of Pakistan.
File:Truck in Rangpo, Sikkim.jpg|In [[Sikkim]]
File:A road leads to Sharda, Neelum Valley AJK.JPG|Many local buses in Pakistan are decorated with truck art.
File:El Gouna Bus R01.jpg|A public transport bus in [[El Gouna]], Egypt customised and highly decorated in Pakistani style
File:London - Pakistani decorated bus.jpg|A Pakistani-decorated bus on [[Euston Road]], London.
File:Karachi tram nightime melbourne.jpg|The [[Karachi to Melbourne Tram]], decorated by Pakistani truck artists, during the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Karachi to Melbourne Tram]]
* [[Dekotora]]
* [[Tap tap]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Decorated trucks in Pakistan}}
{{commons category|Decorated trucks in India}}
{{commons category|Decorated trucks in Afghanistan}}
{{commons category|Decorated vehicles in Pakistan}}
{{commons category|Jingle trucks}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/imranthetrekker/sets/72157602206725404/ Pictures of decorated Pakistani trucks]
* [http://www.thebetterindia.com/44371/truck-art-india/ In Pictures: The Colourful and Magnificent Truck Art of India by Tanaya Singh]
* [http://www.projecthornplease.com/about/ Horn Please] (Documentary)
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/imranthetrekker/sets/72157602206725404/ Flickr photos]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/violinsoldier/222170582/ More Flickr photos]
* [http://gocomics.typepad.com/the_sandbox/2007/05/the_most_colorf.html US Military blog, nice photos]
* [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/09/hidden-dangers-of-jingle-trucks.html CNN site]

[[Category:Trucking subculture|South Asia]]
[[Category:Road transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Customised buses]]
[[Category:Asian folk art]]
[[Category:Decorated vehicles]]
[[Category:Decorative arts]]
[[Category:Pakistani art]]
[[Category:Pakistani handicrafts]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
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[[Category:Road transport in India]]
[[Category:Truck art in Pakistan]]

Romanisation of Bengali

2026-05-05T20:11:06Z

UDsportHD: put up initial bio from scratch

{{short description|Representation of written Bengali language in the Roman script}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
'''Romanisation of Bengali''' is the representation of written [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in the [[Latin script]]. Various romanisation systems for Bengali are used, most of which do not perfectly represent [[Bengali phonology]]. While different standards for [[romanisation]] have been proposed for Bengali, none has been adopted with the same degree of uniformity as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] or [[Sanskrit]].<ref group=note>In Japanese, some debate exists as to whether to accent certain distinctions, such as Tōhoku vs Tohoku. Sanskrit is well standardised, as it has few speakers, and [[sound change]] is not a large concern.</ref>

The [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] has been included with the group of [[Indic script]]s whose romanisation does not represent the phonetic value of Bengali. Some of them are the "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" or [[IAST]] system (based on diacritics),<ref name=IAST1>{{cite web
| url=http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html
| archive-date=12 February 2007
| title=Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
| work=Sanskrit 3 – Learning transliteration
| publisher=Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni | access-date=20 November 2006
}}</ref> "Indian languages Transliteration" or [[ITRANS]] (uses upper case alphabets suited for [[ASCII]] keyboards),<ref name=ITRANS1>{{cite web
| url=http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/
| title=ITRANS – Indian Language Transliteration Package
| access-date=20 November 2006 | publisher=Avinash Chopde
}}</ref> and the [[National Library at Calcutta romanisation]].<ref name=NatLib>{{cite web
| url=https://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf
| title=Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration
| access-date=20 November 2006 | date=1 April 1999 | work=Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange — ISCII
| publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Standards]] | page=32
}}</ref>

In the context of Bengali romanisation, it is important to distinguish [[transliteration]] from [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]]. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (the original spelling can be recovered), but transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). English does not have all sounds of Bengali, and pronunciation does not completely reflect orthography. The aim of romanisation is not the same as phonetic transcription. Rather, romanisation is a representation of one ''writing system'' in the Latin script. For instance, Bengali {{lang|bn|অ}} corresponds to Sanskrit {{lang|sa|अ}} and is transliterated as ''a'' using the [[ISO 15919]] system; however, the vowel is pronounced as {{IPA|/ɔ~o/}} in Bengali (and in other [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]) and not as {{IPA|/ɐ~ə/}} as in Sanskrit and most other Indo-Aryan languages. The ISO 15919 system is strictly a transliteration scheme specifically designed for all [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi-derived script]]s, and hence does not fully reflect historical [[sound change]]s and phonemic differences across languages. The writing systems of many languages do not faithfully represent the spoken sounds of the language, as with English words like ''enough'', ''women'', or ''nation'' (see "[[ghoti]]").

==History==
Portuguese missionaries stationed in Bengal in the 16th century were the first people to employ the [[Latin alphabet]] in writing Bengali books. The most famous are the ''Crepar Xaxtrer Orth, Bhed'' and the ''Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes'', both written by [[Manuel da Assumpção]]. However, the Portuguese-based romanisation did not take root. In the late 18th century, Augustin Aussant used a romanisation scheme based on the French alphabet. At the same time, [[Nathaniel Brassey Halhed]] used a romanisation scheme based on English for his Bengali grammar book. After Halhed, the renowned English philologist and oriental scholar [[Sir William Jones]] devised a romanisation scheme for Bengali and other Indian languages in general; he published it in the ''Asiatick Researches'' journal in 1801.<ref>Jones 1801</ref> His scheme came to be known as the "Jonesian system" of romanisation and served as a model for the next century and a half. Professor Lightner of Lahore Government College opposed it.<ref name=BAH>[[Bashir Al Helal]], [https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/yztg/#p=584 History of the Language Movement, forthcoming publication, February 1995, pp. 685-692]</ref> The earliest instance of a long Bengali text printed in the Roman script was a collection of [[Aesop's Fables]] titled Oriental Fabulist, published in 1803 in six Indian languages. In 1881 an edition of [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s [[Durgeshnandini]] was published in Roman script.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Bengali books for children in Roman script |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengali-books-for-children-in-roman-script/cid/1412492}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 20th century, Drew, an assistant professor at [[Eton College]] recommended that Indian languages be written in Roman script and for this purpose the magazine called Roman Urdu was launched.<ref name=BAH/>

During the 1930s, [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] suggested that Bengali be written in the Roman script to eliminate spelling inconsistencies and to appeal to a pan-Indian audience.<ref name=":0" /> Abul Fazal Muhammad Akhtaru-d-Din, in an article titled "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton" ({{lang|bn|বাংলা বর্ণমালার পরিবর্ত্তন}}; 'Changes in the Bengali Alphabet') published in [[Daily Azad]] on 18 April 1949, wrote that [[Rabindranath Tagore]] once advocated the Roman alphabet for Bengali, but later he changed his opinion.<ref name=BAH/>

===Bengali language movement===
During the [[Bengali language movement]] of the 1940s and 1950s, a romanisation of Bengali was proposed along with other proposals regarding the determination of the state language of the then-Pakistan. However, like other proposals, it also failed – by establishing Bengali as one of the state languages of Pakistan at the time, with its traditional letters.<ref name="ES">{{cite book |editor1-last=হোসেন |editor1-first=সেলিনা |editor2-last=বিশ্বাস |editor2-first=সুকুমার |editor3-last=চৌধুরী |editor3-first=শফিকুর রহমান |title=1513. একুশের স্মারকগ্রন্থ' ৮৬ - সম্পাদনায় |date=21 February 1986 |publisher=Bangla Academy |location=Bangladesh |pages=52–73 |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/lzrut/mjxv/#p=69 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="BAH"/> After 1947, many other East Pakistani academics, including [[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]] and Nazirul Islam Mohammad Sufian, supported the idea of writing Bengali in Roman script.<ref name=BAH/> In 1948, Mohammad Ferdous Khan opposed it in his pamphlet "The language problem of today".<ref name=BAH/>

Abul Fazl Muhammad Akhtar-ud-Din supported the Roman alphabet in his article "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton", published in ''[[Daily Azad]]'' on 18 April 1949.<ref name=BAH/>

In 1949 the Language Committee of the East-Bengal Government conducted a survey among teachers, intellectuals, high civil servants, members of the Legislative Council, according to which, out of 301 respondents, 96 favoured the introduction of the Arabic script, 18 the Roman script, and 187 the retention of the Bengali script.<ref name=BAH/>

===After language movement===
In 1957 the East Pakistan Education Commission recommended the use of the revised Roman script in adult education.<ref name=BAH/>

Around 1957 there was another demand for the use of Roman letters for Bengali. Muhammad Abdul Hai and [[Muhammad Enamul Haque]] opposed it.<ref name=BAH/>

==Transliteration and transcription==
Romanisation of a language written in a non-Roman script can be based on either [[transliteration]] ([[orthography|orthographically]] accurate and the original spelling can be recovered) or [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] (phonetically accurate, and the pronunciation can be reproduced). The distinction is important in Bengali, as its orthography was adopted from Sanskrit and ignores several millennia of sound change. All writing systems differ at least slightly from the way the language is pronounced, but this is more extreme for languages like Bengali. For example, the three letters শ, ষ, and স had distinct pronunciations in Sanskrit, but over several centuries, the standard pronunciation of Bengali (usually modelled on the [[Nadia district|Nadia]] dialect) has lost the phonetic distinctions, and all three are usually pronounced as {{IPA|[ʃɔ]}}. The spelling distinction persists in orthography.

In written texts, distinguishing between homophones (such as শাপ ''śāp'' {{IPA|[ʃap]}} 'curse', and সাপ ''sāp'' {{IPA|[ʃap]}} 'snake') is easy. Such a distinction could be particularly relevant in searching for the term in an encyclopaedia, for example. However, the fact that the words sound identical means that they could be transcribed identically, so some important distinctions of meaning cannot be rendered by transcription. Another issue with transcription systems is that cross-dialectal and cross-[[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] differences are widespread, so the same word or [[lexeme]] may have many different transcriptions, e.g., the word {{lang|bn|মন}} ''man'' 'mind' may be pronounced {{IPA|[ˈmon]}}, {{IPA|[ˈmɔn]}}, or {{IPA|[ˈmɔnoˑ]}} in poetry (as in the Indian national anthem "[[Jana Gana Mana]]").

Often, different [[phonemes]] are represented by the same symbol or [[grapheme]]. Thus, the vowel {{lang|bn|এ}} (transliterated as ''ē'' in the ISO 15919 system) can represent either {{IPA|[e]}} (e.g., {{lang|bn|এল}} {{IPA|[ˈeloˑ]}} 'came') or {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (e.g., {{lang|bn|এক}} {{IPA|[ˈɛk]}} 'one'). Occasionally, [[homograph]]s (i.e., words written in the same way) may have different pronunciations for differing meanings, e.g., {{lang|bn|মত}} can mean 'opinion' ({{IPA|bn|ˈmɔt̪|pron}}), or 'similar to' ({{IPA|bn|ˈmɔt̪oˑ|pron}}). Therefore, some important distinctions cannot be rendered in a transliteration model. In addition, to represent a Bengali word to allow speakers of other languages to pronounce it easily, it may be better to use a transcription, which does not include the silent letters and other idiosyncrasies that make Bengali romanisation complicated, e.g., {{lang|bn|স্বাস্থ্য}} could be transcribed as ''śastthô'' rather than ''sbāsthya'' for {{IPA|[ˈʃast̪ʰːoˑ]}}, and {{lang|bn|অজ্ঞান}} as ''ôggên'' rather than ''ajñāna'' for {{IPA|[ˈɔɡːæn]}}.

The problem is that several historical sound changes have occurred from Sanskrit to Bengali, particularly various [[sound merger]]s, and the Bengali alphabet does not represent those changes. A similar phenomenon can be found in [[French language|French]] and [[Greek language|Greek]].

A phenomenon in which romanisation of Bengali unintentionally leads to humorous results when translated is known as [[Murad Takla]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==Comparison of romanisations==
Comparisons of the standard romanisation schemes for Bengali are given in the table below. Two standards are commonly used for transliteration of Indic languages, including Bengali. Many standards (like NLK/ISO), use diacritic marks and permit case markings for proper nouns. Schemes such as the Harvard-Kyoto one are more suited for [[ASCII]]-derivative keyboards and use upper- and lower-case letters contrastively, so forgo normal standards for English capitalisation.

* "NLK" stands for the diacritic-based letter-to-letter transliteration schemes, best represented by the [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]] or the [[ISO 15919]], or [[IAST]]. It is the ISO standard, and it uses diacritic marks like ā to reflect the additional characters and sounds of Bengali letters.
* [[ITRANS]] is an [[ASCII]] representation for Sanskrit; it is one-to-many: more than one way of transliterating characters may be used, which can make internet searches more complicated. ITRANS ignores English capitalisation norms to permit representing characters from a normal ASCII keyboard.
* "HK" stands for two other case-sensitive letter-to-letter transliteration schemes: [[Harvard-Kyoto]] and XIAST scheme. Both are similar to the ITRANS scheme and use only one form for each character.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]]!![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[Avro Keyboard|Avro]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Devanagari]]!! WX!! B.C
|-
||অ
||a||a||o||a||अ||a||a
|-
||আ
||aa||ā||a||A/aa||आ||A||aa
|-
||ই
||i||i||i||i||इ||i||i
|-
||ঈ
||ee||ī||I||I/ii||ई||I||undefined
|-
||উ
||u||u||u||u||उ||u||u
|-
||ঊ
||oo||ū||U||U/uu||ऊ||U||undefined
|-
||ঋ
||ri||r̥||rri||RRi/R^i||ऋ||q||undefined
|-
||ৠ
||RI||r̥̄||-||r̥̄||ॠ||-||undefined
|-
||ঌ
||LI||l̥||-||l̥||ऌ||-||undefined
|-
||ৡ
||LI||l̥̄||-||l̥̄||ॡ||||undefined
|-
||এ
||e||ē||e||e||ए||e||e
|-
||ঐ
||ai||ai||OI||ai||ऐ||E||oi
|-
||ও
||o||ō||O||o||ओ||o||o
|-
||ঔ
||au||au||OU||au||औ||O||ou
|-
|| অ্যা
|| ae||æ||oZa||-||-||-||ae
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]]!![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[Avro Keyboard|Avro]]!![[ITRANS]]!! [[Devanagari]]!! B.C
|-
||ক
||ka||ka||k||ka||क||ka
|-
||খ
||kha||kha||kh||kha||ख||kha
|-
||গ
||ga||ga||g||ga||ग||ga
|-
||ঘ
||gha||gha||gh||gha||घ||gha
|-
||ঙ
||nga||ṅa||Ng||~Na||ङ||undefined
|-
||চ
||ca||ca||c||ca||च||cca
|-
||ছ
||cha||cha||ch||Cha||छ||cha
|-
||জ
||ja||ja||j||ja||ज||undefined
|-
||ঝ
||jha||jha||jh||jha||झ||jha
|-
||ঞ
||na||ña||NG||~na||ञ||undefined
|-
||ট
||ta||ṭa||T||Ta||ट||ta
|-
||ঠ
||tha||ṭha||Th||Tha||ठ||tha
|-
||ড
||da||ḍa||D||Da||ड||da
|-
||ঢ
||dha||ḍha||Dh||Dha||ढ||dha
|-
||ণ
||na||ṇa||N||Na||ण||undefined
|-
||ত
||'ta||ta||t||ta||त||'ta
|-
||থ
||'tha||tha||th||tha||थ||'tha
|-
||দ
||'d||da||d||da||द||'da
|-
||ধ
||'dha||dha||dh||dha||ध||'dha
|-
||ন
||na||na||n||na||न||na
|-
||প
||pa||pa||p||pa||प||pa
|-
||ফ
||pha||pha||ph/f||pha||फ||pha
|-
||ব
||ba||ba||b||ba||ब||ba
|-
||ভ
||bha||bha||bh/v||bha||भ||bha
|-
||ম
||ma||ma||m||ma||म||ma
|-
||য
||ya||ya||z||ya||य||ja
|-
||র
||ra||ra||r||ra||र||ra
|-
||ল
||la||la||l||la||ल||la
|-
||শ
||sha||śa||sh/S||sha||श||sha
|-
||ষ
||sha||ṣa||Sh||Sha||ष||undefined
|-
||স
||sa||sa||s||sa||स||sa
|-
||হ
||tha||ha||h||ha||ह||ha
|-
||ড়
||da||ṛa||R||-|||ड़||rra
|-
||ঢ়
||dha||ṛha||Rh||-||ढ़||undefined
|-
||য়
||ya||ẏa||y/Y||-||य़||y
|-
|ং
|ng
|ṁa
|
|
|
|
|-
|ঃ
|h
|ḥa
|
|
|
|
|-
|ঁ
|n
|m̐a
|
|
|ঁ
|
|}

==== Additional consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[বাংলা]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[ITRANS]]||[[Devanagari]]||[[WX notation|WX]]
|-
||{{lang|und-Deva|ক়}}||qa||qa||क़||kZa
|-
||{{lang|und-Deva|ফ়}}||fa||fa||फ़||fZa
|-
||{{lang|und-Deva|ভ়}}||va||va||भ़||vZa
|-
||{{lang|und-Deva|জ়}}||za||za||ज़||zZa
|}

==Examples==
The following table includes examples of Bengali words romanised by using the various systems mentioned above.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Example words
! Bengali script || Meaning || [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation|NLK]] ||[[ITRANS]] || [[Harvard-Kyoto|HK]] || [[Devanagari]] || [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-style="text-align:center"
! মন
|'mind'|| man || man || man || मन || {{IPA|[mon]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! সাপ
|'snake'|| sāp || saap || sApa || साप || {{IPA|[ʃap]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! শাপ
|'curse'|| śāp || shaap || zAp || शाप || {{IPA|[ʃap]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! মত
|'opinion'|| mat || ma't || mat || मत || {{IPA|[mɔt]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! মতো
|'like'|| mato || ma'to || mato || मतो || {{IPA|[mɔto]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! তেল
|'oil'|| tēl || 'tel || tel || तेल || {{IPA|[tel]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! গেল
|'went'|| gēla || gela || gela || गेल || {{IPA|[ɡɛlɔ]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! জ্বর
|'fever'|| jbar || jbara || jbara || ज्वर || {{IPA|[dʒɔr]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! স্বাস্থ্য
|'health'|| sbāsthya || sbaas'thy || sbAsthy || स्वस्थ्य || {{IPA|[ʃastʰːo]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! বাংলাদেশ
|'Bangladesh'|| bāṃlādēś || baanglaa'desh || bAMlAdez || बांलादेश || {{IPA|[baŋladeʃ]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি
|'consonant'|| byañjanadhbani || byanjan'dhbani || byaJjanadhbani || ब्यञ्जनध्वनि || {{IPA|[bɛndʒɔndʱoni]}}
|-style="text-align:center"
! আত্মহত্যা
|'suicide'|| ātmahatyā || aa'tmaha'tyaa || AtmahatyA || आत्महत्या || {{IPA|[atːohɔtːa]}}
|}

A detailed example is given below by the lyrics of the "{{transliteration|bn|italic=no|[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]}}" as written by Rabindranath Tagore, the first ten lines of this song currently constitute [[national anthem of Bangladesh|Bangladesh's national anthem]].
{| class="wikitable"
![[Bengali language|Bengali]] original<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Rabindranath Tagore - Songs - স্বদেশ - আমার সোনার বাংলা|url=https://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Songs&bi=5C978DD6-A4A0-40E5-A51D-F8AE92&ti=5C978DD6-A4A1-4385-C51D-F8AE927B9869&ch=c|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709233539/https://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Songs&bi=5C978DD6-A4A0-40E5-A51D-F8AE92&ti=5C978DD6-A4A1-4385-C51D-F8AE927B9869&ch=c|archive-date=2012-07-09|access-date=2021-12-26|website=tagoreweb.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=জাতীয় সংগীত (পাঠ) - নেত্রকোণা জেলা|url=http://www.netrokona.gov.bd/site/page/ab72d475-bbaf-4fa0-8e26-5a9fa688d662/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%20(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730135450/http://www.netrokona.gov.bd/site/page/ab72d475-bbaf-4fa0-8e26-5a9fa688d662/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%20(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0)|archive-date=2020-07-30|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.netrokona.gov.bd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=About Bangladesh-2|url=http://www.parjatanbd.com/details.php?id=17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002942/http://www.parjatanbd.com/details.php?id=17|archive-date=2011-08-11|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.parjatanbd.com}}</ref>
!Romanisation of Bengali
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription<ref group=note>See [[Help:IPA/Bengali]] and [[Bengali phonology]].</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|bn|আমার সোনার বাংলা, আমি তোমায় ভালোবাসি।
চিরদিন তোমার আকাশ, তোমার বাতাস, আমার প্রাণে বাজায় বাঁশি॥
ও মা, ফাগুনে তোর আমের বনে ঘ্রাণে পাগল করে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
ও মা, অঘ্রাণে তোর ভরা ক্ষেতে আমি কী দেখেছি মধুর হাসি॥

কী শোভা, কী ছায়া গো, কী স্নেহ, কী মায়া গো—
কী আঁচল বিছায়েছ বটের মূলে, নদীর কূলে কূলে।
মা, তোর মুখের বাণী আমার কানে লাগে সুধার মতো,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
মা, তোর বদনখানি মলিন হলে, ও মা, আমি নয়নজলে ভাসি॥

তোমার এই খেলাঘরে শিশুকাল কাটিলে রে,
তোমারি ধুলামাটি অঙ্গে মাখি ধন্য জীবন মানি।
তুই দিন ফুরালে সন্ধ্যাকালে কী দীপ জ্বালিস ঘরে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
তখন খেলাধুলা সকল ফেলে, ও মা, তোমার কোলে ছুটে আসি॥

ধেনু-চরা তোমার মাঠে, পারে যাবার খেয়াঘাটে আমার সোনার বাংলা ,
সারা দিন পাখি-ডাকা ছায়ায়-ঢাকা তোমার পল্লীবাটে,
তোমার ধানে-ভরা আঙিনাতে জীবনের দিন কাটে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
ও মা, আমার যে ভাই তারা সবাই, ও মা, তোমার রাখাল তোমার চাষি॥

ও মা, তোর চরণেতে দিলেম এই মাথা পেতে—
দে গো তোর পায়ের ধুলা, সে যে আমার মাথার মানিক হবে।
ও মা, গরিবের ধন যা আছে তাই দিব চরণতলে,
মরি হায়, হায় রে—
আমি পরের ঘরে কিনব না আর, মা, তোর ভূষণ ব'লে গলার ফাঁসি}}</poem>
|<poem>{{translit|bn|italic=no|Amar shōnar Bangla, ami tōmay bhalōbashi.
Cirodin tōmar akash, tōmar batash, amar prane bajay bãshi.
Ō ma, phagune tōr amer bone ghrane pagol kore,
Mori hay, hay re:
Ō ma, Oghrane tōr bhora khete ami ki dekhechi modhur hashi.

Ki shōbha, ki chaya gō, ki sneho, ki maya gō,
Ki ãcol bichayecho boṭer mule, nodir kule kule.
Ma, tōr mukher bani amar kane lage shudhar motō,
Mori hay, hay re:
Ma, tōr bodonkhani molin hole, ō ma, ami noyonjole bhashi.

Tōmar ei khelaghore shishukal kaṭile re,
Tōmari dhulamaṭi ongge makhi dhonno jibon mani.
Tui din phurale shondhakale ki dip jalish ghore,
Mori hay, hay re:
Tokhon kheladhula shokol phele, ō ma, tōmar kōle chuṭe ashi.

Dhenu-cora tōmar maṭhe, pare jabar kheyaghaṭe,
Shara din pakhi-ḍaka chayay-ḍhaka tōmar pollibaṭe,
Tōmar dhane-bhora anginate jiboner din kaṭe
Mori hay, hay re:
Ō ma, amar je bhai tara shobai, ō ma, tōmar rakhal tōmar cashi.

Ō ma, tōr coronete dilem ei matha pete:
De gō tōr payer dhula, she je amar mathar manik hobe.
Ō ma, goriber dhon ja ache tai dib corontole,
Mori hay, hay re:
Ami porer ghore kinbo na ar, ma, tōr bhushon bole golar phãshi.}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|[a.mar ʃo.nar baŋ.la ǀ a.mi to.maj bʱa.lo.ba.ʃi]
[t͡ʃi.ro.din to.mar a.kaʃ ǀ to.mar ba.taʃ ǀ a.mar pra.ne ba.d͡ʒaj bã.ʃi ‖]
[o ma ǀ pʰa.gu.ne tor a.mer bo.ne gʱra.ne pa.gol kɔ.re ǀ]
[mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ]
[o ma ǀ ɔ.gʱra.ne tor bʱɔ.ra kʰe.te a.mi ki de.kʰe.t͡ʃʰi mo.dʱur ha.ʃi ‖]

[ki ʃo.bʱa ǀ ki t͡ʃʰa.ja go ǀ ki sne.ho ǀ ki ma.ja go ǀ]
[ki ã.t͡ʃol bi.t͡ʃʰa.je.t͡ʃʰo bɔ.ʈer mu.le ǀ no.dir ku.le ku.le]
[ma ǀ tor mu.kʰer ba.ni a.mar ka.ne la.ge ʃu.dʱar mɔ.to ǀ]
[mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ]
[ma ǀ tor bɔ.don.kʰa.ni mo.lin ho.le ǀ o ma ǀ a.mi nɔ.jon.d͡ʒɔ.le bʱa.ʃi ‖]

[to.mar ei kʰɛ.la.gʱɔ.re ʃi.ʃu.kal ka.ʈi.le re ǀ]
[to.ma.ri dʱu.la.ma.ʈi ɔŋ.ge ma.kʰi dʱon.no d͡ʒi.bɔn ma.ni]
[tu.i din pʰu.ra.le ʃon.dʱa.ka.le ki dip d͡ʒa.liʃ gʱɔ.re ǀ]
[mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ]
[tɔ.kʰon kʰɛ.la.dʱu.la ʃɔ.kol pʰe.le ǀ o ma ǀ to.mar ko.le t͡ʃʰu.ʈe a.ʃi ‖]

[dʱe.nu.t͡ʃɔ.ra to.mar ma.ʈʰe ǀ pa.re d͡ʒa.bar kʰe.ja.gʱa.ʈe ǀ]
[ʃa.ra din pa.kʰi.ɖa.ka t͡ʃʰa.jaj.ɖʱa.ka to.mar pol.li.bʱa.ʈe ǀ]
[to.mar dʱa.ne.bʱɔ.ra aŋ.i.na.te d͡ʒi.bɔ.ner din ka.ʈe]
[mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ]
[o ma ǀ a.mar d͡ʒe bʱa.i ta.ra ʃɔ.bai̯ ǀ o ma ǀ to.mar ra.kʰal to.mar t͡ʃa.ʃi ‖]

[o ma ǀ tor t͡ʃɔ.ro.ne.te di.lem ei̯ ma.tʰa pe.te ǀ]
[de go tor pa.jer dʱu.la ǀ ʃe d͡ʒe a.mar ma.tʰar ma.nik hɔ.be]
[o ma ǀ go.ri.ber dʱɔn d͡ʒa a.t͡ʃʰe tai̯ di.bo t͡ʃɔ.ron.tɔ.le ǀ]
[mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ]
[a.mi pɔ.rer gʱɔ.re kin.bo na ar ǀ ma ǀ tor bʱu.ʃon bo.le gɔ.lar pʰã.ʃi ‖]}}</poem>
|}
Some sentence examples are:
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;"
|-
!Literal Bengali script
!Romanization of Bengali script
! Literal meaning in English
|-
|{{lang|bn|আপনার ছেলে কেমন আছে?}}
|Apnar Cchele Kemon Acchey?
|How is your son?
|-
|{{lang|bn|পৃথিবী ঘুরে}}।
|Prithibi Ghorey.
|The Earth is spinning.
|-
|জোয়ার ভাটা।
|Joar Bhata.
|High and low tide.
|-
|{{lang|bn|তোমায় মনে পড়ে}}।
|Tomay Money Porrey.
|Reminds me of you.
|-
|{{lang|bn|চোখ দিয়ে জল পরছে}}।
|Chokh Diye Jol Porcchey.
|There are tears in my eyes.
|-
|দূরে চলে গেলে সবাই ভুলে যায়। কাছে থাকলে সবাই মনে রাখে, এটাই জীবন।
|Durey Geley Shobai Bhuley Jay, Kacchey Thakley Money Rakhey, Etai Jibon.
|When you're far away, people forget you. When you're near, they remember you, this is life.
|-
|{{lang|bn|জীবনটা পাশা খেলা হয়ে গেল}}।
|Jibonta pasha khela hoye gelo.
|My life has become a dice game.
|-
|যখন রাত্রি নিঝুম, নাই চোখে ঘুম, একলা শুন্য ঘরে, তোমায় মনে পড়ে আমার, তোমায় মনে পড়ে।
|Jokhon Ratri Nijhum, Nai Chokhey Ghum, Ekla Shunno Ghorey, Tomay Money Porrey Amar, Tomay Money Porrey.
|When the night is gloomy, no sleep in my eyes, I remember of you my lord, I remember of you.
|}
===Bengali Nursery Rhymes (Chharā)===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;"
|-
!Literal Bengali script
!Romanization of Bengali script
! Literal meaning in English
|-
|ঘুমপাড়ানি মাসি-পিসি মোদের বাড়ি এসো, খাট নাই পালঙ্ক নাই খোকার চোখে বোসো। বাটা ভরে পান দেব গাল ভরে খেয়ো, খোকার চোখে ঘুম নাই ঘুম দিয়ে যেয়ো।
| ''Ghumpāṛāni māsi-piśi mōdēr bāṛi ēśō,'' ''khāṭ nāi pālaṅg nāi khōkār chōkhē bōsō.'' ''Bāṭā bhōrē pān dēbo gāl bhōrē khē’ō,'' ''Khōkār chōkhē ghum nāi ghuma diẏē zē’ō.''
| Oh sleep-inducing aunts! Come to our home, There is no cot or bed, so be seated on the child's eyes. A tray full of betel leaf will be served, eat them with a full mouth, Sleep has gone from the child's eyes, grant him some sleep.<ref name=Shahed>{{cite journal |last1=Shahed |first1=Syed Mohammad |title=Bengali Folk Rhymes: An Introduction |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |date=1993 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |doi=10.2307/1178454 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178454?origin=crossref |issn=0385-2342}}</ref>

|}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;"
|-
!Literal Bengali script
!Romanization of Bengali script
! Literal meaning in English
|-
|ছেলে ঘুমালো, পাড়া জুড়ালো, বর্গী এল দেশে বুলবুলিতে ধান খেয়েছে, খাজনা দেব কিসে।। ধান ফুরল, পান ফুরল, খাজনার উপায় কি? আর ক’টা দিন সবুর কর, রসুন বুনেছি।।
| ''Chhele ghumalo para juralo bərgi elo deshe, Bulbulite dhan kheyechhe khajna debo kise? Dhan furalo pan furalo kha-jna debo kee? Ar kəțadin səbur kərə rasun bunechhi.''
| Kids slept, locality silent, looters ([[bargis]]) came, Birds ([[Bulbul]]) have eaten the paddy, how can I pay the tax? The rice and betel leaf are finished, what would I pay as tax? Kindly wait a few days, I have sown garlic.<ref name=Shahed/>
|}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;"
|-
!Literal Bengali script
!Romanization of Bengali script
! Literal meaning in English
|-
|আয় আয় চাঁদ মামা টিপ দিয়ে যা চাঁদের কপালে চাঁদ টিপ দিয়ে যা। ধান ভানলে কুঁড়ো দেব, মাছ কাটলে মুড়ো দেব কাল গাইয়ের দুধ দেব, দুধ খাবার বাটি দেব চাঁদের কপালে চাঁদ টিপ দিয়ে যা।।
|Ay ay chad mama țip diye za, Chader kopale chad țip diye za. Dhan vangle kuru debɔ, Machh katle muru debo, Kalo gorur dudh debɔ, Dudh khabar bati debɔ. Chader kopale chad tip diye za.
| Come uncle moon! Give a tip ([[Bindi#Teep|Tip/Bindi]], kohl mark to protect from evil eye) Give a tip on the moon's [baby's] forehead, O moon! 
When I husk the paddy I shall give you the chaff, When I cut a fish I shall give you the head, I shall give you the milk of a black cow, I shall give you a pot for drinking the milk, Give a tip on the moon's fore-head, O moon!<ref name=Shahed/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Dobhashi]]
* [[Banglish]]
* [[Hinglish]]
* [[Roman Urdu]]
* [[Romanization of Arabic]]
* [[Devanagari transliteration]]
* [[Maltese language]] – a romanised language form of [[Classical Arabic]] language
* [[Fiji Hindi]] – a romanised language form of [[Hindi language]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Romanization}}
{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Bengali Language Movement}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{writing systems}}

[[Category:History of the Bengali language|Alphabet]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic|Bengali]]

Saranjamdar

2026-05-05T19:18:58Z

UDsportHD: added new entry w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
A '''Saranjam''' is a grant of land (initially non-hereditary, sometimes hereditary) for maintenance of troops or for military service found among the [[Maratha]], [[Rajput]], [[Kunbi]], [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]], [[Dhangar]], [[Javji Bamble|Koli]] and few [[Brahmins|Brahmin]] communities<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krshnaji Ananta Sabhasada |url=http://archive.org/details/sivachhatrapatib00krshrich |title=Siva Chhatrapati : being a translation of Sabhasad Bakhar with extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with notes |last2=Sen |first2=Surendra Nath |date=1920 |publisher=Calcutta : University of Calcutta |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=C. Brown |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2958 |title=Central provinces and berar District Gazetteers Akola District, volume A-descriptive |last2=A.E. Nelson |date=1910 |publisher=Calcutta, Baptist Mission Press}}</ref> in [[Maharashtra]] and the formerly administered regions under the [[Maratha Empire]] of India, including territories in present-day [[Karnataka]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The grant was bestowed by a king or regional ruler<ref>V.K. Agnihotri ed., ''Indian History: Objective Questions and Historical Maps'', Allied Publishers. pg. 330</ref> of a [[princely state]].

The Saranjam system may be a form of to the [[Jagir]] (feudatory estate) system. The land was mostly in the form of a rural Watan (rights given in reward for previous service or merit) or Jagir, its owner being entitled to extract revenue from the villages included in the territory.

'''Saranjamdar''' was the title given to the landlord or holder of a Saranjam. It was usually bestowed on that person for heroic deeds in the military field, thus most Saranjamdars were former military officers.<ref>Stewart Gordon, ''The Marathas 1600-1818,'' Volume 2, pg. 111</ref> He may be a [[jagirdar]], always ranking as a vassal.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

== Political Saranjam ==
[[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram Bhonsle]] (1670 – 1700) adopted the Saranjam system as a political measure to ensure the loyalty of key persons to the side of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Later under the [[Peshwa]], it would become hereditary, being liable to be partitioned as well.<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, ''Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813,'' pg. 43</ref>

In [[British India]] there were also certain [[jagir|estates]] which were rendered as Political Saranjams, having equal status with the [[princely state]]s.<ref name="Patel1957">{{cite book|author=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai Patel|title=The land problem of reorganized Bombay state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvQCAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 June 2012|year=1957|publisher=N. M. Tripathi}}</ref>

== Related titles ==
*[[Shinde]]
* [[Deshmukh]]
* [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdar]]
* [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[Patil (title)|Patil]]
* [[Zamindar]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/JALGAON/agri_tenures.html Jalgaon - Gazetteer]

[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Jagirs|*]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian landlords| Sarajamdar]]

Mahisadal Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:00:43Z

UDsportHD: done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1. its namesake village|Mahishadal|2. its namesake community development block|Mahishadal (community development block)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahisadal
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Mahisadal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mahisadal Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Tilak Kumar Chakraborty]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| constituency_no = 208
| established = 1951
| electors = 189,794
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Mahisadal Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 208 Mahisadal Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Mahishadal (community development block)|Mahishadal]] and [[Haldia (community development block)|Haldia]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 6 August 2015| work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Mahisadal Assembly constituency is part of No. 30 [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahisadal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tilak Kumar Chakraborty
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 95346
|percentage = 40.03
|change =-6.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhas Chandra Panja
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 121584
|percentage = 51.05
|change = +5.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Swarna Kamal Das
|party = Jatiya Unnayan Party(AIMA)
|votes = 5603
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Paritosh Pattanayak
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 11490
|percentage = 4.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kajal Nayek Das
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1399
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sk. Sainuddin
|party = Independent
|votes = 698
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Koushik Das
|party = Jan Sangh Party
|votes = 485
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhas Chandra Gumtya
|party = Independent
|votes = 413
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Maity
|party = SUCI(C)
|votes = 327
|percentage = 0.14
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 843
|percentage = 0.35
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26238
|percentage = 11.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 238188
|percentage = 83.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = AITC
|swing = 6.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahisadal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Tilak Kumar Chakraborty]]
|votes = 101,986
|percentage = 46.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Biswanath Banerjee|votes=99,600|percentage=45.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Secular Front|candidate=Bikram Chatterjee|votes=13,796|percentage=6.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,765|percentage=0.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Tapan Kumar Maity|votes=982|percentage=0.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Phajlur Rahaman Sk.|votes=788|percentage=0.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Koushik Das|votes=438|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=219,355|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Mahisadal}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar|Dr. Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar]]
|votes = 94,827
|percentage = 48.10
|change = -7.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Subrata Maiti
|votes = 78,118
|percentage = 39.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prasenjit Samanta
|votes = 14,150
|percentage = 7.18
|change = +3.84
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Bharat Nirman Party
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Banerjee
|votes = 2,832
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,025
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Subrata Maity
|votes = 1,918
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Sukumar Chaulya
|votes = 1,362
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Tapan Maity
|votes = 1,048
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Maslema Begam
|votes = 866
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 197,146
|percentage = 89.07
|change = -2.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Dr. Subrata Maiti, contesting as an Independent candidate, was supported by the Left - Congress Alliance.

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Dr.Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Tamalika Panda Seth of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Mahisadal<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25208.htm | title = Mahisadal | work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 2011-05-17 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=208| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164855/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=208| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Mahisadal| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Mahisadal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar|Dr. Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar]]
|votes = 95,640
|percentage = 55.29
|change = +5.49#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tamalika Panda Seth
|votes = 67,478
|percentage = 39.01
|change = -9.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prasenjit Samanta
|votes = 5,783
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Sk. Ajad Ali
|votes = 1,875
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Keramat Baks Mallik
|votes = 1,436
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Sukumar Chaulya
|votes = 78
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 172,994
|percentage = 91.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 15.47#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Tamalika Panda Seth, the contesting CPIM candidate From Mahisadal, is wife of the CPI(M) strongman [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=367844:district-dossier--east-midnapore-&catid=72:bengal-plus&from_page=search|title =Left Unlikely to Reverse Trend | publisher = The Statesman, 29 April 2011|access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]] Tamalika Panda Seth of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 204 Mahisadal assembly seat defeating her nearest rival Buddhadeb Bhowmick of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Dipak Kumar Ghosh]] of Trinamool Congress defeated Dr. Subrata Maiti of CPI(M) in 2001. Sukumar Das of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Surya Chakraborty of CPI(M) in 1996 and 1991. Surya Chakraborty of CPI(M) defeated Sukumar Das of Congress in 1987. Dinabandhu Mondal of CPI(M) defeated Ramani Mohan Maity of Congress in 1982. Saswati Bag of [[Janata Party]] defeated Dinabandhu Mondal of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp204.htm |title = 204 - Mahisadal Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Ahindra Mishra of Congress won in 1972. [[Sushil Kumar Dhara]] representing [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1971, 1969 and 1967, and representing Congress in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] Mahisadal was a dual seat. It was won by [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] and Mahtab Chand Das of Congress. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], the Mahisadal seat was won by the Independent candidate, Kumar Deba Prosad Garga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=2010-12-01 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Peravoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T07:09:21Z

UDsportHD: put up some stub w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peravoor
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 16
| map_image = Iritty HeliView.jpg
| map_caption = [[Iritty]] municipal town in Peravoor Assembly constituency
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,77,249 (2021)
| mla = [[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
}}
'''Peravoor State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies
|website = kannur.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kannur district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
After The 2008 Delimitation,[[Kelakam, India|Kelakam]] And [[Kottiyoor]] was added from [[Mananthavady Assembly constituency|North Wynad.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=E. M. |date=2021-03-06 |title=When UDF lost its upper hand in Mananthavady |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/when-udf-lost-its-upper-hand-in-mananthavady/article34001596.ece |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>Peravoor Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District
|access-date = 7 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Iritty]]
|Municipality
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|2
|[[Aralam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|3
|[[Ayyankunnu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|4
|[[Kanichar]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|5
|[[Kelakam, India|Kelakam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|6
|[[Kottiyoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|7
|[[Muzhakkunnu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|8
|[[Payam, Kerala|Payam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|9
|[[Peravoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="5" |[[K. P. Noorudeen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|K. T. Kunjahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
|A. D. Mustafa
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|[[K. K. Shailaja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="4" |[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021 – 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|2026 – present
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravoor}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. K. Shailaja]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Paily Vathyatt|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Adv. Henstion George|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=K. S. Jayachandran|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,77,249 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election with a polling rate of 78.07%.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/kerala/peravoor-election-result-s11a016/ |title=Peravoor Election Results 2021 |date=6 May 2021 |work=[[News18 Kerala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/peravoor-assembly-elections-kl-16/ |title=Peravoor Assembly Election Results 2021 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/statewiseS111.htm?st=S111 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results - 2021 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]|votes=66,706|percentage=46.93|change={{decrease}}1.17|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sakeer Hussain|votes=63,534|percentage=44.7|change={{increase}}2.55|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Smitha Jayamohan|votes=9,155|percentage=6.44|change={{decrease}}0.25|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A.C. Jalaluddeen|votes=1,541|percentage=1.08|change={{decrease}}0.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=404|percentage=0.28|change={{decrease}}0.06}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sakkeer Hussain S/o Hamsa|votes=243|percentage=0.17|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny Vazhakkamalayil|votes=121|percentage=0.09|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sakkeer E K S/o Asiya|votes=116|percentage=0.08|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=New Labor Party|candidate=P. K. Saji|votes=106|percentage=0.07|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Secular Democratic Congress|candidate=John Pallikkamalil|votes=92|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Narayanakumar|votes=60|percentage=0.04|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny Muthukulathel|votes=60|percentage=0.04|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,172|percentage=2.23|change={{decrease}}3.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,138|percentage=78.07|change={{decrease}}2.98}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 177,249
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}1.17}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,68,458 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]|votes=65,659|percentage=48.10|change={{increase}}0.03|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Binoy Kurian|votes=57,670|percentage=42.25|change={{decrease}}2.87|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Paily Vathiattu|votes=9,129|percentage=6.69|change={{increase}}3.22|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. K. Farookh|votes=1,935|percentage=1.42|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Pallipram Prasannan|votes=513|percentage=0.38|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=458|percentage=0.34|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny Joseph Kallarakkal|votes=389|percentage=0.28|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. J. Joseph|votes=241|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Bijoy Kurian|votes=214|percentage=0.16|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. D. Binto|votes=124|percentage=0.09|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Radhamani Narayana Kumar|votes=63|percentage=0.05|change={{decrease}}0.26}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,989|percentage=5.85|change={{increase}}2.90}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,36,505|percentage=81.03|change={{increase}}1.01}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}0.03}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,45,983 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]|votes=56,151|percentage=48.07|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. K. Shailaja]]|votes=52,711|percentage=45.12|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. K. Velayudhan|votes=4,055|percentage=3.47|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. K. Ayyappan|votes=1,537|percentage=1.32|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny Joseph|votes=903|percentage=0.77|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=A. Shylaja|votes=565|percentage=0.48|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Raghavan|votes=526|percentage=0.45|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Radhamani Narayana Kumar|votes=365|percentage=0.31|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,440|percentage=2.95|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,813|percentage=80.02|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Peravoor]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
{{coord|11.90|75.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]

K. P. Viswanathan

2026-05-02T05:56:37Z

UDsportHD: new some stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (1940–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''K. P. Viswanathan''' (22 April 1940 – 15 December 2023) was an Indian politician.

==Life and career==
K. P. Viswanathan was born to parents Kallayil Pangan and Parukutty in [[Kunnamkulam]] on 22 April 1940, and graduated from [[Sree Kerala Varma College|Kerala Varma College, Thrissur]], and the [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]], then worked as a lawyer.<ref name="onmanoramaobit">{{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader K P Viswanathan passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2023/12/15/veteran-congress-leader-k-p-viswanathan-passes-away.html |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=Onmanorama |date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former minister and senior Congress leader KP Viswanathan passes away |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1209289&u=former-minister-and-senior-congress-leader-kp-viswanathan-passes-away |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Kerala Kaumundi |date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="tnieobit">{{cite news |title=Former Kerala minister and Congress leader K P Viswanathan passes away at 83 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/dec/15/former-kerala-minister-and-congress-leader-k-p-viswanathan-passes-away-at-83-2641799.html |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

Viswanathan was affiliated with the Indian Youth Congress, serving as Thrissur District President of the Youth Congress from 1967 to 1970. He won the [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]], and [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]], and [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]] Kerala Legislative Assembly elections to represent Kunnamkulam on behalf of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He returned to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1987, [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]], [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]], and [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]], as a representative of [[Kodakara]]. He also sought the Kodakara seat in [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]] and [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]], losing to [[C. Raveendranath]]. Viswanathan served twice as minister of forests and wildlife within the government of Kerala, in the [[fourth Karunakaran ministry]] in office between 1991 and 1994, as well as the [[first Oommen Chandy ministry]] from 2004 to 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Kerala Congress leader K P Viswanathan dead |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/veteran-kerala-congress-leader-k-p-viswanathan-dead-2812501 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 December 2023}} Republished as: {{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader K P Viswanathan dies at age of 83 in Kerala |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/veteran-congress-leader-k-p-viswanathan-dies-at-age-of-83-in-kerala-123121500354_1.html |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=15 December 2023}} and {{cite news |title=Veteran Congress Leader K P Viswanathan Dead |url=https://www.news18.com/india/veteran-congress-leader-k-p-viswanathan-dead-8704937.html |access-date=7 January 2024 |publisher=News18 |date=15 December 2023}}</ref> Following his 2011 electoral loss, Viswanathan retired from politics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader KP Viswanathan passes away |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/veteran-congress-leader-kp-viswanathan-passes-away/ |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Mangalorean |date=15 December 202}}</ref>

Viswanathan died in Thrissur on 15 December 2023, at the age of 83.<ref name="timesindia">{{cite news |title=K P Viswanathan, Cong leader and former min, dies |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/106037632.cms |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Times of India |date=15 December 2023}}</ref> He was married to Lalitha until his death. The couple raised two sons, Sanjith and Ranjith.<ref name="tnieobit"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, K. P.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category: Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Sree Kerala Varma College alumni]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, alumni]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Adventure Park, Kollam

2026-05-01T01:23:04Z

UDsportHD: creating the details first draft...

{{short description|Park in Kollam, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Adventure Park Asramam Adventure Park
|photo = Boatyard in Adventure Park, Kollam.jpg
|type = [[Urban park]]
|location = [[Asramam]] in [[Kollam]] city, [[India]]
|area = {{convert|48|acre|km2}}<ref name="Adventure Park, Kollam">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaholidays247.com/adventure-park-kollam/|title=Adventure Park, Kollam|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022095318/http://www.keralaholidays247.com/adventure-park-kollam/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|length = 
|width = 
|map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
|coords = {{coord|8.897217|76.584920|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|created = 1980
|owner = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam Municipal Corporation (KMC)]]
|operator = DTPC, [[Kollam]]
|visitation_num =
|status = Open all year
}}
'''Asramam Adventure Park''' is an [[urban park]] in the core [[Kollam]] city of [[Kerala]] state. It was opened after 1980, on {{convert|48|acre|ha}} of city-owned land.<ref>[http://www.zonkerala.com/tourism/Model-Adventure-Park-29.html Asramam Park]</ref> Located beside the Kerala's pride, backwaters of [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashtamudi]], this place popularly known as ''Asramam Picnic Village''. It is the main centre of recreational activities in Kollam city. The Kollam [[District Tourism Promotion Councils (DTPC)]] conducts regular backwater cruises in houseboats, luxury boats and speedboats from the Boat Club. The [[mangrove]]s near this park is very famous in all over [[India]]. So many endangered species of trees are surviving in the park.<ref name="thehindu.com">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/plea-to-declare-park-a-biodiversity-site/article3475307.ece Plea to declare park a biodiversity site]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141210090950/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article91039.ece Road to link Asramam to Thirumullavaram in the offing]</ref>

==Major attractions==
[[File:"Story Teller" sculpture at Kollam Adventure Park, Aug 2014.jpg|right|thumb|"Story Teller" sculpture in Adventure Park]]
[[File:Entrance of Adventure Park, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance of Asramam Adventure Park, Kollam]]
There are so many attractions in and around Asramam Adventure Park. They are,

===Sculptures===
In 2012, the then Tourism Minister of Kerala, [[A.P. Anil Kumar]] had inaugurated 10 sculptors at Asramam Adventure Park. This had happened as part of a 10-day State-level sculpture camp named ‘Monsoon Sculptures’ at an estimated expenditure of Rs. 8 lakh sponsored by various Kollam-based business groups. Aryanad Rajendran's ''Meditation'', V. Satheesan's ''Story Teller'', Sivan's ''Bundle of slogans'', Shenlay's ''Do not disturb'', Saju Mannathur's ''She'', Guruprasad's ''Love without heart and brain'', Chavara Vijayan's ''Buddha 99'' and Biju Bharatan's ''Victim'' are the major sculptors that makes adventure park one of the major eye-catching attractions in Kollam city.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/10-out-of-10-for-adventure-park/article3596965.ece 10 out of 10 for adventure park]</ref>

===Open gym===
The first open gym of the state is coming-up at Asramam Adventure park at a cost of Rs.15 lakh. Morning walkers in Kollam city, arriving at the [[Asramam Maidan]] area, will be the biggest beneficiaries of this facility. Former Kollam Rajyasabha M.P [[K.N. Balagopal]] allocated the money for it from his Local Area Development (LAD) Fund. 19 fitness equipments have been installed and it would be open for the people by October end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/open-gym-coming-up-in-kollam/article9160918.ece |title=Open gym coming up in Kollam |publisher=The Hindu |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>

===Asramam mangrove forest===
The thick mangroves that grow on the shore of Ashtamudi Lake along the side of Asramam Adventure Park is another significant attraction in this spot. The Kerala State Biodiversity Board (KSBB) has provided the Asramam [[mangrove forest]] with a biodiversity heritage tag. Asramam mangrove spread was habitat to the highly endangered [[Syzygium travancoricum]] species of mangroves. Several species of mangroves and mangrove associates thrived there. The belt had all the characteristics of a coastal rainforest and was habitat to several species of wild animals and diversified flora. In addition to being a major spawning ground for several edible marine species, the Asramam mangroves in the past was also home to otters and migratory birds.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/biodiversity-heritage-tag-for-asramam-mangroves-soon/article4509604.ece Biodiversity heritage tag for Asramam mangroves soon]</ref>

===Boating===
[[File:Adventure Park Boat Club, Ashramam, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|Kollam DTPC Boat yard in Adventure Park]]
The boating program conducted by Kollam [[District Tourism Promotion Councils (DTPC)]] from Asramam Adventure Park is one of the crowd pulling tourism programs in [[Kollam district]]. Regular backwater cruises in houseboats, luxury boats and speedboats are being operated from the Boat Club attached with the park. Different kinds of boats like luxury cruise boats, power boats and motor boats can be taken on hire from the boat jetty.<ref name="Adventure Park, Kollam"/>

===British Residency and Picnic Village===
{{Main|British Residency}}
The [[British Residency]] in [[Asramam]] is also known as ''Government Guest House'' and ''Residency Bungalow''. It is a two-storeyed [[palace]] situated at the picnic village campus. It was actually built by [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Col. John Munro]] during 1811 and 1819. It is now known as ''Government Guest House''. It stands as a ''Hallmark of Quilon'', like [[Chinnakada Clock Tower]]. It is a famous cine location in [[Kerala]]. Almost 90% of the Malayalam movie ''[[Manu Uncle]]'' was shot at British Residency and Adventure Park campus.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

==See also==
* [[Asramam]]
* [[Asramam Maidan]]
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Ashtamudi Lake]]

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Kollam |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]
[[Category:Parks in Kollam]]
[[Category:Adventure parks]]

Mukhtar Ahmad Bandh

2026-04-29T19:59:37Z

UDsportHD: info

{{Short description|Kashmiri politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mukhtar Ahmad Bandh
| image = Mukhtar Ahmad.jpg
| caption =
| office = Vice-Chairperson of District Development Council, Pulwama
| term_start = 10 February 2021
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| birth_place = Banderpora, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| parents = Mohammad Khalil Bandh
}}

'''Mukhtar Ahmad Bandh''' is an Indian politician who serves as the Vice-Chairperson of the [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]] [[District Development Council]] (DDC) in Jammu and Kashmir. He is affiliated with the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC), and was elected from the Litter constituency in the Pulwama DDC in December 2020 with the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] (PAGD) coalition.

== Early life and family ==
Mukhtar Ahmad Bandh hails from Banderpora village of [[Pulwama district]] in the Kashmir Valley. He is the son of [[Mohammad Khalil Bandh]], a senior politician and former minister in Jammu and Kashmir government.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Yawar |date=4 June 2021 |title=Turf Wars |url=https://kashmirlife.net/turf-wars-issue-35-vol-12-253337/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2019 Bandh was detained in the state-wide protests in Jammu and Kashmir after the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370]] by the Indian parliament. He was elected from the Litter constituency in the Pulwama District Development Council (PDDC) in 2020 on the JKNC party ticket, and subsequently won its vice-chairperson post.

=== Detention and release post Article 370 abrogation ===
Bandh had previously joined the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=4 More Mainstream Leaders Released |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/01/17/4-more-mainstream-leaders-released/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=Kashmir Observer |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> like his father, Mohammad Khalil Bandh who one of its founding members. Khalil joined the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC) party in July 2019 citing humiliation from the party leadership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2019 |title=Former PDP leader Mohammad Khalil Bandh joins NC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/former-pdp-leader-mohammad-khalil-bandh-joins-nc-748602.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

After the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370 for Jammu and Kashmir]] by the Indian parliament on 5 August 2019, Mukhtar Ahmad Bandh was detained by the Jammu and Kashmir administration and lodged at the Sher-i-Kashmir International Conference Centre (SKICC) in Srinagar, along with several other mainstream political leaders. On 13 February 2020, he was released as part of the phased release of detainees. Other released leaders included Altaf Kaloo, Showkat Ganaie, [[Salman Sagar]], and [[Nizam Uddin Bhat]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Four more leaders released from detention in J&K |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=664314 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=Daijiworld}}</ref>

=== Pulwama District Development Council ===
After the abrogation, the three-tier [[panchayati raj]] system was implemented in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The first [[District Development Council]] elections were held in eight phases in the winter of 2020. The JKNC fielded Bandh as its candidate for the Litter constituency in the Pulwama DDC.<ref name=":0" /> In December 2020 he won the seat defeating the nearest rival, Mushtaq Ahmad Yatoo of [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|Apni Party]] by 894 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2020 |title=DDC Results: PAGD Tops With 45 Berths From 108 Results So Far |url=https://kashmirlife.net/ddc-results-many-independents-among-38-declared-winners-255730/ |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=DDC Results: Many independents among 38 declared winners |url=https://kashmirlife.net/ddc-results-many-independents-among-38-declared-winners-255730/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref> He took the oath for the office on 28 December 2020.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

On 10 February 2021, as part of [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]], Bandh won the post of vice-chairperson of the Pulwama DDC with nine votes over Minha Lateef on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who secured four votes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bukhari |first=Fayaz |date=11 February 2021 |title=PAGD gets Chairpersons, Vice Chairpersons Pulwama, Ganderbal |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pagd-gets-chairpersons-vice-chairpersons-pulwama-ganderbal/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=DDC Pulwama: PAGD wins chairperson, VC posts |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/pdp-bags-ddc-chairperson-nc-gets-vice-chairperson-posts-in-pulwama/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=The Kashmir Monitor}}</ref> His alliance partner from [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] was elected the chairperson.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2021 |title=PAGD wins DDC chief polls in 2 dists |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/pagd-wins-ddc-chief-polls-in-2-dists-210707/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2021 |title=NC, PDP bag DDC posts in Pulwama, Ganderbal |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/nc-pdp-bag-ddc-posts-in-pulwama-ganderbal/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=11 February 2021 |title=Gupkar allies win DDC chief polls in two places |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Feb/11/gupkar-allies-win-ddc-chief-polls-in-two-places-2262506.html |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Public service and development work ===
Bandh continues to work for implementation of rural development schemes and infrastructure improvements in the district.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganaie |first=Jahangeer |date=17 June 2025 |title=Awantipora canal breach: Restoration work taken up, completion expected by weekend |url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/awantipora-canal-breach-restoration-work-taken-up-completion-expected-by-weekend-kno-195923 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref> He has actively participated in addressing rural governance issues. In 2023, he raised concerns about solid waste mismanagement in rural Pulwama and emphasised the need for systemic improvement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solid waste not being managed in rural areas: VC DDC Pulwama |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/solid-waste-not-being-managed-in-rural-areas-vc-ddc-pulwama/ |website=Daily Excelsior |date=18 April 2023 |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, following the breach of the Awantipora canal, he visited the affected area, oversaw the response measures, and assured residents that restoration would be completed by the weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awantipora canal breach: Restoration work taken up, completion expected by weekend |url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/awantipora-canal-breach-restoration-work-taken-up-completion-expected-by-weekend-kno-195923 |website=Kashmir News Observer |date=17 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandh, Mukhtar Ahmad}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

P. S. Ramani

2026-04-28T03:38:50Z

UDsportHD: put up a stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon (born 1938)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Distinguish|text=lawyer [[P. S. Raman]] or diplomat [[P. S. Raman (diplomat)|P. S. Raman]]}}{{Infobox person
| name = P. S. Ramani
| image = Dr PS Ramani - neurospinal surgeon and writer.jpg
| alt = Dr. PS Ramani
| caption = Ramani in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1938|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Wadi Talaulim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| alma_mater = [[Newcastle University Medical School]]
| known_for =
| occupation = Neurospinal surgeon
| awards =
| website = {{URL|drramani.com/}}
}}

'''Premanand Shantaram Ramani''' (born 30 November 1938) is an Indian [[Neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]] and writer, known for his work in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] and his neurospinal surgery technique of "PLIF". He is currently the senior neurospinal surgeon at [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre|Lilavati Hospital]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="RamaniRunToI">{{Cite news
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/ramani-the-good-doctor-who-runs-for-health/articleshow/65373210.cms
|title = Ramani, the good doctor who runs for health
|last = Anand
|first = V.
|date = 12 August 2018
|work = The Times of India
|access-date = 27 November 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180812163627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/ramani-the-good-doctor-who-runs-for-health/articleshow/65373210.cms
|archive-date = 12 August 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref> An annual [[marathon]], titled "Dr P S Ramani Goa Marathon", is held in his honour in [[Goa]].<ref name="RamaniMarathon">{{Cite news
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/nyawira-triumphs-in-dr-ramani-goa-marathon-with-plenty-to-spare/articleshow/61522884.cms
|title = Nyawira triumphs in Dr Ramani Goa Marathon with plenty to spare
|last = Mergulhao
|first = Marcus
|date = 6 November 2017
|work = The Times of India
|access-date = 27 November 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128083842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/nyawira-triumphs-in-dr-ramani-goa-marathon-with-plenty-to-spare/articleshow/61522884.cms
|archive-date = 28 November 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=45921
|title = Dr Ramani Goa marathon promo run held at Margao
|work = The Goan
|access-date = 27 November 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075249/http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=45921
|archive-date = 28 November 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ramani was born on 30 November 1938 to Ahilyabai and Shantaram, a forest officer, in the village of [[Wadi Talaulim]] in Goa. He was the fifth of six siblings. At the inter science examination of 1960, he secured a Distinction and won the [[Ambedkar]] Gold Medal.<ref name="RamaniBackboneToI">{{Cite news
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/At-78-hes-still-the-backbone-of-his-chosen-field/articleshow/49029276.cms
|title = At 78, he's still the backbone of 1 his chosen field
|last = Mergulhao
|first = Marcus
|date = 20 September 2015
|work = The Times of India
|access-date = 27 November 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181126165705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/At-78-hes-still-the-backbone-of-his-chosen-field/articleshow/49029276.cms
|archive-date = 26 November 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Following this, he was awarded a scholarship to [[Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce|Siddharth College]], [[Bombay University]]. He then attended [[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai]], and specialised in [[neurosurgery]].<ref name="GoaTodayManofYear">{{Cite magazine |title=I always carry my jogging shoes wherever I travel |last=Naik |first=Vinayak |date=January 2012 |magazine=Goa Today }}</ref> After completing his MBBS in 1965, he completed his MS at Nair Hospital in 1968.<ref name="GoaTodayDoyenJoel">{{Cite magazine |title=Doyen of Neuro-Spinal Surgery |last=D'Souza |first=Joel |date=January 2012|magazine=Goa Today}}</ref>

==Career==
Soon after completing his MS in Mumbai, Ramani moved to [[Malmö]], Sweden, to study [[Intracranial pressure]] monitoring in 1972. Shortly after, he moved to [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England, to complete his advanced studies in neurosurgery. He completed his doctorate from the [[Newcastle University Medical School]], specializing in neurosurgery, in 1973, then decided to return to India.<ref name="GoaTodayManofYear" /><ref name="RamaniBackboneToI" />

In 1973–1974, Ramani was posted to [[Goa Medical College]], where he again gained credit for his work. After a few months, he moved to [[Bombay]], where he still resides.<ref name="RamaniBackboneToI" />

In the medical fraternity, Ramani is known for his innovations and techniques in neurosurgery. One of these is his technique of [[Discectomy|disc removal]], called the PLIF Ramani Technique.<ref name="RamaniRunToI" /> Devised in 1973, Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fission is a technique now used extensively to correct [[spondylolysis]] and [[spondylolisthesis]].<ref name="HungaryStampMidDay">{{Cite news
|url = https://www.mid-day.com/articles/what-s-a-mumbai-doc-doing-on-a-hungarian-stamp/116691
|title = What's a Mumbai doc doing on a Hungarian stamp?
|last = Vora
|first = Priyanka
|date = 27 March 2011
|work = Mid-Day
|access-date = 27 November 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181127235821/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/what-s-a-mumbai-doc-doing-on-a-hungarian-stamp/116691
|archive-date = 27 November 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

Ramani later retired as the Professor and Head of the Department of Neurosurgery at [[Sion Hospital|LTM Medical College and Hospital]], [[Bombay University]] (after completing more than two thousand brain operations per year), and as an Oncological Neuro-Spinal Surgeon at [[Tata Memorial Hospital]] in Mumbai. He has since been the president of the Association of Neuro-Spinal Surgeons of India and the former president of the Neuro-trauma Society of India.<ref>{{Cite news
|url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030918/ldh3.htm
|title = Guest lecture by Mumbai neurosurgeon
|date = 18 September 2003
|website = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071119065310/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030918/ldh3.htm
|archive-date = 19 November 2007
|url-status = live
|access-date = 28 November 2018
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.ntsi.co.in/history/
|title = History – Neurotrauma Society Of India
|website = ntsi.co.in
|access-date = 28 November 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164501/http://www.ntsi.co.in/history/
|archive-date = 28 November 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

Currently, he is a practising neurosurgeon, and the senior neurospinal surgeon at [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="RamaniRunToI" /> He was involved in the spinal surgery of [[Sarika]], the ex-wife of award-winning actor and director [[Kamal Haasan]], in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/14sari.htm
|title = Movies: She came on a stretcher, she will walk home
|last = Fernandes
|first = Vivek
|date = 14 June 2001
|work = Rediff.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075141/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/14sari.htm
|archive-date = 28 November 2018
|url-status = live
|access-date = 27 November 2018
}}</ref> He has even treated the [[Goa]]n playwright, poet and politician [[Vishnu Wagh]] in 2016.<ref name="WaghRecoveryToI">
{{Cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Vishnu-Wagh-on-road-to-recovery-says-wife-Aruna/articleshow/54615367.cms
|title=Vishnu Wagh on road to recovery, says wife Aruna
|date=1 October 2016
|work=The Times of India
}}</ref> Some of his other patients include [[Baba Amte]], [[C. R. Vyas]] and [[Ramdev Baba]]'s brother.<ref name="GoaTodayManofYear" />

==Works==
===Textbooks===
* {{Cite book|title=Human Spine and Pedicle Screws |year=2019|editor-last=Ramani |editor-first=P.S. }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVM_tuNXqZcC |title=WFNS Spine Committee: Text book of Surgical Management of Cervical Disc Herniation |publisher=JP Medical Ltd|year=2012|isbn=9789350255674|editor-last=Ramani|editor-first=P.S.}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_k-JDAAAQBAJ |title=WFNS Spine Committee: Text book on Thoracic Spine |publisher=JP Medical Ltd|year=2015|isbn=9789352500079|editor-last=Ramani|editor-first=P.S.}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XILbAwAAQBAJ|title=Surgical techniques in Spinal Surgery – Cervical Spine|last=Ramani|first=P.S.|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishers|year=2010|isbn=9788184487824}}

Ramani sponsors a cricket tournament and is actively involved in the Dr Ramani Goa Marathon, organized by the Ahilyabai Ramani Pratishtan, an organisation founded by him in his mother's memory. He even participates in it.<ref name="RamaniMarathon" /> People from around the world participate in this marathon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Dr-Ramani-Goa-Marathon-in-Ponda-ends-in-sprint/articleshow/55280328.cms|title=Dr Ramani Goa Marathon in Ponda ends in sprint|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128082257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Dr-Ramani-Goa-Marathon-in-Ponda-ends-in-sprint/articleshow/55280328.cms|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> At the event, Ramani addresses youngsters to remain active and teaches them the importance of exercise, no matter the age.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.tarunbharat.com/166661/Tarun-Bharat-Goa/Goa#page/15/2|title=हे जीवन... सुंदर आहे...|last=Satarkar|first=Sadanand|date=1 October 2013|work=Tarun Bharat|access-date=27 November 2018|language=mr|trans-title=This Life... is Beautiful...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127164401/http://epaper.tarunbharat.com/166661/Tarun-Bharat-Goa/Goa#page/15/2#page/15/2|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lokmat.com/editorial/exercise-should-be-religion/|title=व्यायाम हा धर्म व्हायला हवा!|date=29 April 2018|work=Lokmat|access-date=28 November 2018|language=mr|trans-title=Exercise should be Religion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502233006/http://www.lokmat.com/editorial/exercise-should-be-religion|archive-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramani has also started a museum in Goa, containing his research work in Neuro Spinal Surgery, as well as his social work and published books.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Ramani Museum for students |url=https://epaper.dainikgomantak.com/flashclient/client_panel.aspx#currPage=4 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=Gomantak}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
[[File:Road sign - Dr PS Ramani road.jpg|thumb|Road sign to Dr PS Ramani Road in Wadi]]
In 2011, Ramani was presented with a lifetime achievement award by the British Association of Spinal Surgeons, and [[Hungary]] issued a postage stamp to honour him.<ref name="HungaryStampMidDay" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dr-ramani-honoured-with-hungarian-postal-stamp/45089.html |title=Dr Ramani honoured with Hungarian postal stamp |work=oHeraldo |access-date=27 November 2018 }}</ref> Soon after, a hospital in [[Cirebon]], [[Indonesia]] named an operation theatre block after him. The people of his village, [[Wadi-Talaulim]], named a village road after him.<ref name="RamaniBackboneToI" /> He was chosen for the [[Gomant Vibhushan Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gomant-vibhushan-for-premanand-ramani/articleshow/69732235.cms|title=Gomant Vibhushan for Premanand Ramani|date=11 June 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> and the Saraswat Ratna Award<ref>{{Cite news|title=डॉ. रामाणी यांना सारस्वत रत्न पुरस्कार|date=23 July 2019|work=Lokmat|language=mr|trans-title=Dr. Ramani Awarded Saraswat Award }}</ref> in 2019.

Ramani was awarded the Life Time Achievement Award by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Spine Committee in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epapervrittamanas.wordpress.com/mumbai-edition/#jp-carousel-5948|title=Life Time Achievement Award|date=30 November 2021|website= Vritta Manas|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> In 2022, LTMG Hospital, popularly known as [[Sion Hospital]], inaugurated an auditorium named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Sep 2022 |title=Proud moment for Goa as auditorium in Mumbai named after Dr Ramani |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Proud-moment-for-Goa-as-auditorium-in-Mumbai-named-after-Dr-Ramani/194198 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramani, P S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Goa]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newcastle University]]

Kedar Hazra

2026-04-24T18:59:33Z

UDsportHD: new the stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jamua Assembly constituency|Jamua]]
| term_start = 2014
| predecessor = Chandrika Mahtha
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = Baldeo Hazra
| successor1 = Chandrika Mahtha
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| constituency1 = [[Jamua Assembly constituency|Jamua]]
| term_end = 2024
| successor = [[Manju Kumari]]
}}
'''Kedar Hazra''' (born 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a three time MLA from [[Jamua Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Giridih district]]. He won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamua Constituency Election Results 2019: Jamua Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/jamua |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He lost the 2024 Assembly election contesting on JMM ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamua Constituency Election Results 2024: Jamua Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/jamua |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hazra is from [[Jamua]], Giridih district, Jharkhand. His father Damar Hazra, is a farmer. He completed his graduation at Giridih College, which is affiliated with Ranchi University. But he is a farmer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kedar Hazra(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JAMUA (SC)(GIRIDIH ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12232 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hazra won from Jamua Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 58, 468 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Manju Kumari]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 18,175 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Jamua Election Result 2019: BJP's Kedar Hazra wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/jamua-sc-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630625-2019-12-23 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Jamua Election Results {{!}} Jamua Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2019/jamua |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the first legislative election after the formation of the new state. In the [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated Chandrika Mahtha of JMM, by a margin of 5,134 votes. He lost the next election in [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]], but regained the seat in 2014 Assembly election and won for the third time in 2019.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazra, Kedar}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Giridih district]]

Kenchanoor

2026-04-21T12:49:50Z

UDsportHD: new new info and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kenchanoor
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1324
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Kenchanoor''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]].

== Demographics ==
In 2011, Kenchanoor had a total population of 1324 people consisting of 734 male and 141 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 496.38 hecatres with a population density of 2.667 people per hectare. In 2011, the total literacy rate was 66.69% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011, Kenchanoor had an employment rate of over 33.53%, 81.76% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

== Industry ==
The primary industry of the region is agriculture, a significant part of which includes cashew plantations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tea mosquito bugs infest cashew trees in Karnataka's Udupi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/dec/20/tea-mosquito-bugs-infest-cashew-trees-in-karnatakas-udupi-2397565.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 December 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Sriranjani (Tamil actress)

2026-04-20T14:02:21Z

UDsportHD: added a info first draft

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Other people|Sriranjani}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sriranjani
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1999-present
| spouse = M. V. Rajasekar (2000-present)
| children = 2
}}

'''Sriranjani''', born as Genevieve Mabel D’Souza, is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language]] films. She has done mostly supporting roles in various Tamil films. Her notable works include ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000), ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) and ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007).<ref name="From being national level athlete to Kollywood's amma: Actor Sriranjani">{{cite news |last1=The News Minute |title=From being national level athlete to Kollywood's amma: Actor Sriranjani |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/being-national-level-athlete-kollywoods-amma-actor-sriranjani-intv-105498 |accessdate=9 June 2022 |date=15 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609071729/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/being-national-level-athlete-kollywoods-amma-actor-sriranjani-intv-105498 |archivedate=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Sriranjani, born as Genevieve Mabel D’Souza, was born into a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] Christian family in [[Bombay]],<ref name="S">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgjQu0tDA9s|title= Vanakkam Tamizha with Actress Sri Ranjani|website= [[YouTube]]|date= 26 March 2021}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]] and began her career in acting playing a role in the television series ''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]'' directed by [[K. Balachander]]. She made the switch to films after being offered a role in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000) as [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]'s sister-in-law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3021939.ece |title=My First Break |work=The Hindu |date=18 September 2009 }}</ref> Her next role which won acclaim was her depiction of an Iyengar wife in [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005).

As of September 2013, Sriranjani has appeared in over 54 films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-want-to-play-a-modern-mom/2013/09/30/article1810200.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125071629/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-want-to-play-a-modern-mom/2013/09/30/article1810200.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2013 |title=I want to play a modern mom }}</ref><ref name="Sriranjani, the mother of all films">{{cite news |work=[[Cinema Express]] |title=Sriranjani, the mother of all films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jul/08/sriranjani-the-mother-of-all-films-12828.html |accessdate=9 June 2022 |date=8 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609072851/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jul/08/sriranjani-the-mother-of-all-films-12828.html |archivedate=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Her son Maithreya Rajasekar has starred in ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]'' (2018–20) and ''[[Anbulla Ghilli]]'' (2022).<ref name="S"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/feb/06/anbulla-ghilli-movie-review-excruciating-mess-of-a-pet-film-29526.html | title=Anbulla Ghilli Movie Review: Excruciating mess of a pet film | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=6 February 2022 | access-date=15 June 2023 | archive-date=2 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080911/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/feb/06/anbulla-ghilli-movie-review-excruciating-mess-of-a-pet-film-29526.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Title!! Role!! class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|rowspan=1| 2000 || ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' || Karthik's sister-in-law ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2004 || ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' || Udhaya's elder sister || Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Chellamae]]'' || Vaishnavi ||
|-
|''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' || Poochi's wife ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2005 || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Nandhini's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || Sakhi's sister-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' || Church mother ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2006 || ''[[Saravana]]'' || Saravana's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thimiru]]'' || Srimathy's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai Kadhal]]'' || Narmada's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2007 || ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' || Jaanu ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaithaley]]'' || Anand's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' || Ravi's mother ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2008 || ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || Ramalingam's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Mythili's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' || Dhamu's wife ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Sarvam]]'' || Sandhya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Manjal Veiyil]]'' || Gayathri's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]'' || Sathya's mother ||
|-
|rowspan=4| 2011 || ''[[Appavi]]'' || Manimeghalai ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Saravanan's mother ||
|-
|''[[Thambikottai]]''||Sridevi||
|-
| ''[[Sabash Sariyana Potti]]'' || Gnana Guru's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' || Vasanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' || Jeeva's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' || Nithya's mother ||
|-
|rowspan=6| 2013 || ''[[Vathikuchi]]'' || Leena's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
| ''[[Singam 2]]'' || Sathya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' || Dhanalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || Chitra Devi Priya's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2014 || ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Poomari's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || Ponnamma ||
|-
| ''[[Nanbenda]]'' || Satya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Anaamika|Nee Enge En Anbe]]'' || Parthasarathi's mother || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Vanmam]]'' || Nila ||
|-
| ''[[Vingyani]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2015 || ''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' || Mahalakshmi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' || Raja's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' || Sridevi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || Mrs. Raman ||
|-
| ''[[Vaalu]]'' || Shakthi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' || Akhila's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Pallikoodam Pogamale]]'' || Church mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Swetha and Arjun's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Divya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]'' || Sai's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Karthik's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' ||Vaanmathi ||
|-
| ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' || Shiva's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' || Arjun's mother ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]'' || Karpagavalli ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2018 || ''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]'' || Vaishnavi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' || Rasamma ||
|-
| ''[[Seema Raja]]'' || Seema Raja's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Koothan]]'' || Bharatanatyam teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Adanga Maru]]'' || Subash's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' || Raji's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2019 || ''[[House Owner]]'' || Radha || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)]]
|-
| ''[[Aadai]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]'' || Aadhi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sangathamizhan]]'' || Thenmozhi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[50/50 (2019 film)|50/50]]'' || Madhu's mother ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Nadodigal 2]]'' || Sengodi's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="7" |2021 || ''[[Kalathil Santhippom]]'' || Anand's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Calls (film)|Calls]]'' || Nandhini's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]'' || Eswari ||
|-
| ''[[Annaatthe]]'' || Nattadurai's wife || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Ainthu Unarvugal]]'' || Widow ||
|-
| ''[[Theerpugal Virkapadum]]'' || Kishore's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Velan (film)|Velan]]'' || Amrutham ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022 || ''[[Anbulla Ghilli]]'' || Vegetable shop owner ||
|-
|''[[Clap (2022 film)|Clap]]'' || Mithra's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' || Rajeshwari ||
|-
| ''[[Driver Jamuna]]'' || Jamuna's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]'' || Matilda's mother ||
|-
| ''A Home Away from Home'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2024 || ''[[Unarvugal Thodarkadhai]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Oru Nodi]]'' || Sakunthala ||
|-
|''[[Hitler (2024 film)|Hitler]]'' || Sara's aunty ||
|-
|''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' || Valli ||
|-
|''[[Aaragan]]'' || Valaralmadhi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025 || ''[[Nesippaya]]'' || Vaidehi ||
|-
| ''Poorveegam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Door (2025 film)|The Door]]'' || Devika ||
|-
| ''[[Paramasivan Fathima]]'' || Paramasivan's mother ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Anantha (film)|Anantha]]'' || Sita ||
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Title!! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Khaleja]]'' || Subhasini's mother ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || Nithya's mother ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Anaamika]]'' || Parthasarathi's mother || Uncredited role
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || Indumathi's mother ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmostavam]]'' || Kaashi's mother ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || Karthik's mother ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[A1 Express]]'' || Sundeep's mother ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Clap (2022 film)|Clap]]'' || rowspan="2" | Mithra's mother ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Couple Friendly]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/couple-friendly-movie-review-santosh-soban-manasa-varanasis-romance-drama-is-set-in-chennai/article70623347.ece|title=‘Couple Friendly’ movie review: Santosh Soban, Manasa Varanasi’s romance drama is mature and heartfelt|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=14 February 2026|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year!! Title!! Role !! Language
|-
| 2010 || ''Thathwamasi'' || Pandalam Maharani|| Malayalam
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' || Mrs. Joseph || Hindi
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'' || Bhai Ji's mother || Malayalam
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language
|-
|rowspan="2"|1999||''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]''||Rathi<ref name="From being national level athlete to Kollywood's amma: Actor Sriranjani"/>||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Raj TV]]||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|''Jannal-Adutha Veetu Kavithai''||Priya||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|1999–2000||''Jeevana Sandhya''|| ||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2000||''Pushpanjali''||Anjali||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2001–2002||''Aalu Magalu''|| ||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
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Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system

2026-04-20T03:04:08Z

UDsportHD: put up some post nd citations

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox tectonic plate|name=India–Asia collision system|type=[[Continental collision]]|image=Indian subcontinent collision.jpg|caption=Approximated paleogeographic evolution of the system from Late [[Cretaceous]] to [[Cenozoic]].|geo_features=[[Himalayas]], [[Tibetan Plateau]], [[Indian Plate]], [[Eurasian Plate]], [[Tethys Ocean]]}}

The '''paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system''' is the reconstructed [[geological]] and [[geomorphological]] evolution within the [[collision zone]] of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[orogenic belt]]. The [[continental collision]] between the [[Indian Plate]] and [[Eurasian Plate]] is one of the world's most renowned and most studied [[Convergent boundary|convergent system]]s. However, many mechanisms remain controversial. Some of the highly debated issues include the onset timing of continental collision, the time at which the Tibetan plateau reached its present elevation and how tectonic processes interacted with other geological mechanisms. These mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] tectonic evolution, [[paleoclimate]] and [[paleontology]], such as the [[Tectonic–climatic interaction|interaction]] between the [[Himalayas]] orogenic growth and the [[East Asian Monsoon|Asian monsoon system]],<ref name="Zhisheng 2001 62–66">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhisheng|first1=An|last2=Kutzbach|first2=John E.|last3=Prell|first3=Warren L.|last4=Porter|first4=Stephen C.|date=2001|title=Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya–Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times|journal=Nature|volume=411|issue=6833|pages=62–66|doi=10.1038/35075035|pmid=11333976|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2001Natur.411...62Z|s2cid=4398615 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raymo|first1=M. E.|last2=Ruddiman|first2=W. F.|date=1992|title=Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate|journal=Nature|volume=359|issue=6391|pages=117–122|doi=10.1038/359117a0|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1992Natur.359..117R|s2cid=1443184 }}</ref> as well as the dispersal and speciation of [[fauna]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bossuyt|first=F.|date=2001-04-06|title=Amphibians as Indicators of Early Tertiary "Out-of-India" Dispersal of Vertebrates|journal=Science|volume=292|issue=5514|pages=93–95|doi=10.1126/science.1058875|pmid=11292870|issn=0036-8075|bibcode=2001Sci...292...93B|s2cid=2166331}}</ref> Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain how the paleogeography of the collision system could have developed. Important ideas include the [[#Synchronous collision hypothesis|synchronous collision hypothesis]], the [[#Evolution of Tibet's geomorphology|Lhasa-plano hypothesis]] and the [[#Evolution of major river systems and their implications|southward draining of major river systems]].

== Timing of collision onset ==

=== Definition ===
The onset of continental collision is determined by any point along the [[plate boundary]] where the [[oceanic lithosphere]] is completely subducted and two continental plates first come into contact.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=Richard A.|last2=Burbank|first2=Douglas W.|last3=Sercombe|first3=William J.|last4=Riley|first4=Gregory W.|last5=Barndt|first5=Jeffrey K.|last6=Berry|first6=John R.|last7=Afzal|first7=Jamil|last8=Khan|first8=Asrar M.|last9=Jurgen|first9=Hermann|last10=Metje|first10=Jörgen|last11=Cheema|first11=Amjed|date=1995|title=Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia|journal=Nature|volume=373|issue=6509|pages=55–58|doi=10.1038/373055a0|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1995Natur.373...55B|s2cid=4321649 }}</ref> In the case of the India–Asia collision, it would be defined by the first point of disappearance of the Neo-Tethys [[oceanic crust]], where the India and Asia continent come into contact with each other. Such process is defined by a point since the shape of continental margins is irregular. The complete consumption of the oceanic crust could occur non-synchronously along the collision front.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Xiumian|last2=Garzanti|first2=Eduardo|last3=Wang|first3=Jiangang|last4=Huang|first4=Wentao|last5=An|first5=Wei|last6=Webb|first6=Alex|date=2016|title=The timing of India–Asia collision onset – Facts, theories, controversies|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=160|pages=264–299|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.014|issn=0012-8252|bibcode=2016ESRv..160..264H}}</ref>
Different methods can be used to constrain the age of collision onset. Commonly used geological evidences include [[stratigraphy]], [[sedimentology]] and [[Paleomagnetism|paleomagnetic]] data. Stratigraphy and sedimentology indicates the transfer of materials from one continent to another when two continents, meet, as well as the change in [[depositional environment]] after the oceanic basin is closed and sea water is completely expelled.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=NAJMAN|first=Y|date=2005-12-09|title=The detrital record of orogenesis: A review of approaches and techniques used in the Himalayan sedimentary basins|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.04.004|issn=0012-8252}}</ref> Paleomagnetic data indicates collision when the paleolatitudes of both continental margins overlap.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Achache|first1=José|last2=Courtillot|first2=Vincent|last3=Xiu|first3=Zhou Yao|date=1984-11-10|title=Paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of southern Tibet since Middle Cretaceous time: NEw paleomagnetic data and synthesis|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume=89|issue=B12|pages=10311–10339|doi=10.1029/jb089ib12p10311|issn=0148-0227|bibcode=1984JGR....8910311A}}</ref>

The onset of the India–Asia collision has been poorly constrained from Late [[Cretaceous]] to [[Oligocene|Oligo]]-[[Miocene]] due to different interpretations of geological evidences by different researchers.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:CollisionOnset.jpg|center|thumb|450x450px|Figure illustrating the definition of continental collision onset in planar view. Modified after Hu et al. (2016).]]

=== Diachronous collision hypothesis ===
The diachronous collision hypothesis involves mechanisms with two stages of collision, where the first stage starts during the [[Paleocene]] to [[Eocene]].<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/>

==== Paleogene arc-continent collision hypothesis ====
[[File:IntraoceanicIslandModel.jpg|link=link=Special:FilePath/PaleoArcContinent.png|alt=|thumb|350x350px|Cross-section showing the evolution of the two-stage arc-continent collision system by Aitchison et al. 2000<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Aitchison|first1=Jonathan C.|last2=Badengzhu|last3=Davis|first3=Aileen M.|last4=Liu|first4=Jianbing|last5=Luo|first5=Hui|last6=Malpas|first6=John G.|last7=McDermid|first7=Isabella R.C.|last8=Wu|first8=Hiyun|last9=Ziabrev|first9=Sergei V.|last10=Zhou|first10=Mei-fu|date=2000-11-30|title=Remnants of a Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system within the Yarlung–Zangbo suture (southern Tibet)|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=183|issue=1–2|pages=231–244|doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00287-9|issn=0012-821X|bibcode=2000E&PSL.183..231A}}</ref>]]
The [[Paleogene]] arc-continent collision suggests that the Indian continent experienced a two-stage collision.<ref name=":2"/> The first stage involves the collision with an intraoceanic [[island arc]] in the [[Tethys Ocean]] at approximately 55 million years ([[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]]) ago.<ref name=":2"/> The second stage involves the collision between the Indian continent (together with the "merged" island arc) and the Asian continent at approximately 33 Ma.<ref name=":2"/>

This hypothesis is mainly based on the observation of [[Lithostratigraphy|lithostratigraphic]] patterns within and around the [[Yarlung Zangbo Canyon|Yarlung-Zangbo]] [[suture zone]] (YZSZ).<ref name=":2" /> The YZSZ itself consists of [[ophiolite]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicolas|first1=A.|last2=Girardeau|first2=J.|last3=Marcoux|first3=J.|last4=Dupre|first4=B.|last5=Xibin|first5=Wang|last6=Yougong|first6=Cao|last7=Haixiang|first7=Zheng|last8=Xuchang|first8=Xiao|date=1981|title=The Xigaze ophiolite (Tibet): a peculiar oceanic lithosphere|journal=Nature|volume=294|issue=5840|pages=414–417|doi=10.1038/294414a0|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1981Natur.294..414N|s2cid=4355083 }}</ref> and [[Basaltic andesite|basaltic to andesitic]] volcanic rocks,<ref name=":2" /> which is comparable to typical rock suites in an island arc subduction system. The north of the YZSZ is the [[Lhasa terrane]] of the Tibetan Plateau, while the south of the YZSZ is the Indian superterrane.<ref name=":2"/> The fact that the YZSZ separates two continental terrane suggests that it could have been an intraoceanic island arc in the past, locating in between the Asian continental margin (Lhasa terrane) and the Indian continental margin (Indian superterrane) before collision occurred.<ref name=":2"/>

Volcanic rocks in the Zedong terrane, which belongs to the YZSZ, has high K2O content and are classified as [[Shoshonite|shoshonites.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aitchison|first1=J. C.|last2=McDermid|first2=I. R. C.|last3=Ali|first3=J. R.|last4=Davis|first4=A. M.|last5=Zyabrev|first5=S. V.|date=2007|title=Shoshonites in Southern Tibet Record Late Jurassic Rifting of a Tethyan Intraoceanic Island Arc|journal=The Journal of Geology|volume=115|issue=2|pages=197–213|doi=10.1086/510642|issn=0022-1376|bibcode=2007JG....115..197A|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:365731/UQ365731_OA.pdf|hdl=10722/44687|s2cid=53512484 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Shoshonites are potassium-rich [[basaltic andesite]] which are commonly found in modern intraoceanic arc settings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morrison|first=Gregg W.|date=1980|title=Characteristics and tectonic setting of the shoshonite rock association|journal=Lithos|volume=13|issue=1|pages=97–108|doi=10.1016/0024-4937(80)90067-5|issn=0024-4937|bibcode=1980Litho..13...97M}}</ref> It therefore favours the prediction of the YZSZ as a paleo-intraoceanic island. However, recent studies suggest that volcanic rocks in the Zedong terrane have been altered such that the mobile ion ratios (e.g. K and Na) are unreliable.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Liang-Liang|last2=Liu|first2=Chuan-Zhou|last3=Wu|first3=Fu-Yuan|last4=Ji|first4=Wei-Qiang|last5=Wang|first5=Jian-Gang|date=2014|title=Zedong terrane revisited: An intra-oceanic arc within Neo-Tethys or a part of the Asian active continental margin?|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|volume=80|pages=34–55|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.10.029|issn=1367-9120|bibcode=2014JAESc..80...34Z}}</ref> Immobile elements such as Zr/TiO2 ratios should be used instead for classification.<ref name=":3" /> New data suggests that volcanic rocks in the Zedong terrane has a [[Calc-alkaline magma series|calc-alkaline]] composition,<ref name=":3" /> which is common for volcanic island arc but not necessarily intraoceanic island. Moreover, volcanic rocks in the Zedong terrane share a similar geochemical pattern with Lower [[Jurassic]]-aged volcanic rocks from southern Lhasa terrane of the Tibetan Plateau.<ref name=zdc>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Di-Cheng|last2=Pan|first2=Gui-Tang|last3=Chung|first3=Sun-Lin|last4=Liao|first4=Zhong-Li|last5=Wang|first5=Li-Quan|last6=Li|first6=Guang-Ming|date=2008|title=SHRIMP Zircon Age and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of Lower Jurassic Volcanic Rocks from the Yeba Formation, Southern Gangdese, South Tibet|journal=International Geology Review|volume=50|issue=5|pages=442–471|doi=10.2747/0020-6814.50.5.442|issn=0020-6814|bibcode=2008IGRv...50..442Z|s2cid=128611320 }}</ref> This suggests that the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone is part of the Asian continental margin instead of a separate intraoceanic island.<ref name=zdc/>

==== Greater India Basin hypothesis ====
[[File:GreatIndianBasinModel.jpg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Greater India Basin.jpg|alt=|thumb|350x350px|Cross-section showing the evolution of the Greater India Basin model. Modified from Van Hinsbergen et al. 2012<ref name=":1"/>]]
The Greater India Basin hypothesis suggests that there was a two-stage collision between India and Asia continent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=van Hinsbergen|first1=D. J. J.|last2=Lippert|first2=P. C.|last3=Dupont-Nivet|first3=G.|last4=McQuarrie|first4=N.|last5=Doubrovine|first5=P. V.|last6=Spakman|first6=W.|last7=Torsvik|first7=T. H.|date=2012-04-30|title=Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=20|pages=7659–7664|doi=10.1073/pnas.1117262109|pmid=22547792|pmc=3356651|issn=0027-8424|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.7659V|doi-access=free }}</ref> The first stage occurred at approximately 50 Ma, where a [[microcontinent]] from the Indian plate collided with the Asian continent.<ref name=":1" /> It was followed by the subduction of the oceanic Great India Basin, which was located in between the microcontinent and the major Indian [[craton]], under the Asian continent.<ref name=":1" /> The second stage of collision occurred after the oceanic crust of the Great India Basin had been consumed, where the major Indian craton finally came into contact and collided with the Asian [[continental margin]] (including the previously "merged" microcontinent, which was interpreted to be the modern Tibetan Plateau) at 25–20 Ma.<ref name=":1" />

This hypothesis is mainly based on the observation of [[crustal shortening]] deficit in the Himalayas. The convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plate since the Cretaceous should have led to crustal shortening of approximately 3,600 ± 35 km.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van Hinsbergen|first1=Douwe J. J.|last2=Steinberger|first2=Bernhard|last3=Doubrovine|first3=Pavel V.|last4=Gassmöller|first4=René|date=2011-06-02|title=Acceleration and deceleration of India–Asia convergence since the Cretaceous: Roles of mantle plumes and continental collision|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=116|issue=B6|pages=B06101|doi=10.1029/2010jb008051|issn=0148-0227|bibcode=2011JGRB..116.6101V|hdl=10852/62949|url=https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_243664 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, the observed shortening in the Himalayas and the Asian continent accounts for only 30–50% of the total convergence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dewey|first1=J. F.|last2=Shackleton|first2=R. M.|last3=Chengfa|first3=C.|last4=Yiyin|first4=S.|date=1988-12-12|title=The Tectonic Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=327|issue=1594|pages=379–413|doi=10.1098/rsta.1988.0135|issn=1364-503X|bibcode=1988RSPTA.327..379D|s2cid=122295871 }}</ref> The Greater India Basin model is therefore put forward to explain such observation, where the total amount of convergent has actually been dispersed into two separate stages of crustal thickening, i.e. the uplift of the microcontinent (Tibetan Plateau) and the Himalaya [[orogeny]]. The subduction and disappearance of the Great Indian Basin oceanic crust beneath the microcontinent reduces the measurable amount of total convergence expressed by crustal shortening at the surface.<ref name=":1" />

[[Paleomagnetism|Paleomagnetic]] data suggests that the Indian continent had experienced a N-S extension with minimum extension rates of 40–67 mm/y during 118 and 68 Ma.<ref name=":1" /> Such extensional rate is comparable to typical records of intracontinental rifting.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=Xiaodong|last2=Gilder|first2=Stuart|last3=Kodama|first3=Kenneth P.|last4=Jiang|first4=Wan|last5=Han|first5=Yulin|last6=Zhang|first6=Hui|last7=Xu|first7=Hehua|last8=Zhou|first8=Di|date=2010|title=New paleomagnetic results from the Lhasa block: Revised estimation of latitudinal shortening across Tibet and implications for dating the India–Asia collision|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=293|issue=3–4|pages=396–404|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.013|issn=0012-821X|bibcode=2010E&PSL.293..396T}}</ref> Therefore, the hypothesized oceanic Greater India Basin could have existed and separated a microcontinent from the major India craton.<ref name=":1" /> However, rock records in the [[Pre-collisional Himalaya|Greater Himalayan crystalline complex]], which is located south to the Tibetan Plateau and should have contained remnants of the oceanic Greater Indian Basin if it had existed, do not show supporting evidences.<ref name="Aitchison E2645">{{Cite journal|last1=Aitchison|first1=J. C.|last2=Ali|first2=J. R.|date=2012-08-06|title=India–Asia collision timing|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=40|pages=E2645|doi=10.1073/pnas.1207859109|pmid=22869692|pmc=3479606|issn=0027-8424|bibcode=2012PNAS..109E2645A|doi-access=free }}</ref> No ophiolite [[obduction]] from the oceanic Basin nor typical rock suites from arc-trench subduction system are found.<ref name="Aitchison E2645"/>

=== Synchronous collision hypothesis ===
[[File:HimalayaCollisionMap.jpg|alt=|thumb|368x368px|Simplified map of the India–Asia collision system at around 59-56 Ma, where the collision between two continents has just started, indicating the orientation of the two transects discussed below. Modified after Hu et al. 2016.]]
The synchronous collision hypothesis limits the age of collision onset at 59 Ma by dating the oldest [[turbidite]]s formed on the [[passive margin]] of the India continent,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=DeCelles|first1=P. G.|last2=Kapp|first2=P.|last3=Gehrels|first3=G. E.|last4=Ding|first4=L.|date=2014|title=Paleocene-Eocene foreland basin evolution in the Himalaya of southern Tibet and Nepal: Implications for the age of initial India–Asia collision|journal=Tectonics|volume=33|issue=5|pages=824–849|doi=10.1002/2014tc003522|issn=0278-7407|bibcode=2014Tecto..33..824D|s2cid=55179413|doi-access=free}}</ref> which indicates the incoming of materials from the active Asian continental margin. Geological evidence of rocks younger than 59 Ma and deposited on top of the turbidite sequence can be considered as indicators to reconstruct tectonic evolution after collision had begun. Various evidence documented along NE-SW and NW-SE sections of the India–Asia collision zone synchronize with each other, being in favour of a "one-off" collision.<ref name=":4"/>

#'''Facies changes (NE-SW)''': stratigraphic correlations of [[Paleocene]] to early [[Eocene]] across the NE-SW orientation of the Himalayas shows that the change in [[depositional environment]] is similar in time, with no [[unconformity]] and only a few tens of meters of vertical differences.<ref name=":0" /> This suggests that the whole Indian continental margin collided with the Asian continental margin at approximately the same time.<ref name=":0" />[[File:HimalayaSediFacies.jpg|link=link=Special:FilePath/HimalayaSequenceStrat.jpg|alt=|thumb|373x373px|Sequence stratigraphy along the NE-SW transect as shown by green dotted line in the map above, modified after Hu et al. 2016.|center]]
#'''Detrital zircon age patterns (NW-SE)''': a transect of paleo-syncollisonal basins (59-56 Ma) on the active Asian continental margin, the point of collision and the passive Indian continental margin is considered.<ref name=":0" /> [[Detrital zircon geochronology|Detrital zircons]] from these basins shares same age peaks at 50 and 100 Ma. This suggests that the origin of sediments and timing of [[Basin (geology)|basin infill]] along this NW-SE transect is the same, ruling out the possibility of presence of an island arc in between two continental margin and multiple stages of collision.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Jiangang|last2=Hu|first2=Xiumian|last3=Jansa|first3=Luba|last4=Huang|first4=Zhicheng|date=2011|title=Provenance of the Upper Cretaceous–Eocene Deep-Water Sandstones in Sangdanlin, Southern Tibet: Constraints on the Timing of Initial India–Asia Collision|journal=The Journal of Geology|volume=119|issue=3|pages=293–309|doi=10.1086/659145|issn=0022-1376|bibcode=2011JG....119..293W|s2cid=128545986 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Xiumian|last2=Garzanti|first2=Eduardo|last3=Moore|first3=Ted|last4=Raffi|first4=Isabella|date=2015-08-21|title=Direct stratigraphic dating of India–Asia collision onset at the Selandian (middle Paleocene, 59 ± 1 Ma)|journal=Geology|volume=43|issue=10|pages=859–862|doi=10.1130/g36872.1|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=2015Geo....43..859H|hdl=10281/95315|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Xiu-Mian|last2=Garzanti|first2=Eduardo|last3=An|first3=Wei|last4=Hu|first4=Xiu-Fang|date=2015|title=Provenance and drainage system of the Early Cretaceous volcanic detritus in the Himalaya as constrained by detrital zircon geochronology|journal=Journal of Palaeogeography|volume=4|issue=1|pages=85–98|doi=10.3724/sp.j.1261.2015.00069|issn=2095-3836|bibcode=2015JPalG...4...85H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Xiumian|last2=Sinclair|first2=Hugh D.|last3=Wang|first3=Jiangang|last4=Jiang|first4=Hehe|last5=Wu|first5=Fuyuan|date=2012-02-20|title=Late Cretaceous-Palaeogene stratigraphic and basin evolution in the Zhepure Mountain of southern Tibet: implications for the timing of India–Asia initial collision|journal=Basin Research|volume=24|issue=5|pages=520–543|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2117.2012.00543.x|issn=0950-091X|bibcode=2012BasR...24..520H|s2cid=129043910 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

===Kshiroda Plate===
[[File:KshirodaSubduction.webm|thumb|An oversimplified visualization of the [[subduction]] of the [[Kshiroda Plate]] and the [[Delamination (geology)|delamination]] of the [[Indian Plate]].]]
As per geological research conducted in 2015, there possibly existed two subduction zones between the Indian and Eurasian plates.<ref name="oj">{{Cite journal |last1=Jagoutz |first1=Oliver |last2=Royden |first2=Leigh |last3=Holt |first3=Adam F. |last4=Becker |first4=Thorsten W. |date=June 2015 |title=Anomalously fast convergence of India and Eurasia caused by double subduction |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2418 |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=475–478 |doi=10.1038/ngeo2418 |bibcode=2015NatGe...8..475J |issn=1752-0908|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A hypothetical lost oceanic plate called the [[Kshiroda Plate]] is supposed to have existed between the two subduction zones. It is now believed that this oceanic plate is actually a broken-off fragment of the above mentioned "Neo-Tethys oceanic basin". The bed of the [[Tethys sea]] lay on the Kshiroda Plate and was carried along with it towards Eurasia.

The southernmost part of the Eurasian plate was actually the Lhasa block, which itself had drifted north and joined the landmass, simultaneous to the drift of the Indian Plate. This, however, is not included in the hypothesis, as it does not gravely affect the tectonic activities.

According to this hypothesis, the Kshiroda Plate after being subducted under the Eurasian Plate caused the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and also the delamination of the Indian Plate beneath the plateau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Lin |last2=Shi |first2=Danian |last3=Klemperer |first3=Simon L |last4=Shi |first4=Jianyu |date=2023-11-14 |title=Slab tearing and delamination of the Indian lithospheric mantle during flat-slab subduction, southeast Tibet |url=https://essopenarchive.org/users/527330/articles/685873 |journal=Authorea Preprints |doi=10.22541/e|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Paleo-elevation of Tibetan Plateau ==

=== Evolution of Tibet's geomorphology ===
[[File:TibetElevationMap.jpg|thumb|390x390px|The evolution of Tibetan Plateau elevation through time. The color gradient illustrates the estimated timing at when the covered area reached its present-day elevation (i.e. around 4—5 km). Modified after Mulch & Chamberlain (2006).<ref name="Mulch 2006 670–671">{{Cite journal|last1=Mulch|first1=Andreas|last2=Chamberlain|first2=C. Page|date=2006|title=The rise and growth of Tibet|journal=Nature|volume=439|issue=7077|pages=670–671|doi=10.1038/439670a|pmid=16467826|s2cid=5316308 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>|alt=]]
When and how did the [[Tibet|Tibetan Plateau]] reach its present-day elevation has long been widely debated. Tibet has an average elevation of 5 km, which makes it the highest plateau and one of the highest topographic features on Earth. It is very rare to see the Earth's crust achieving such a large extent of thickening.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fielding|first=Eric J.|date=1996|title=Tibet uplift and erosion|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=260|issue=1–3|pages=55–84|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(96)00076-5|issn=0040-1951|bibcode=1996Tectp.260...55F}}</ref> This is why Tibet attracts scientific interest. It was previously believed that Tibet uplifting is solely resulted from the Indian-Asian continental collision.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Sun-Lin|last2=Chu|first2=Mei-Fei|last3=Zhang|first3=Yuquan|last4=Xie|first4=Yingwen|last5=Lo|first5=Ching-Hua|last6=Lee|first6=Tung-Yi|last7=Lan|first7=Ching-Ying|last8=Li|first8=Xianhua|last9=Zhang|first9=Qi|last10=Wang|first10=Yizhao|date=2005|title=Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=68|issue=3–4|pages=173–196|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.05.001|issn=0012-8252|bibcode=2005ESRv...68..173C|url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/172326 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, more and more studies revealed that Tibet might have reached its present-day elevation as early as in the Cretaceous period (145—66 Ma). Diversified scientific evidences have been put forward to support such hypothesis, such as paleomagnetic reconstruction,<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Chengshan|last2=Zhao|first2=Xixi|last3=Liu|first3=Zhifei|last4=Lippert|first4=Peter C.|last5=Graham|first5=Stephan A.|last6=Coe|first6=Robert S.|last7=Yi|first7=Haisheng|last8=Zhu|first8=Lidong|last9=Liu|first9=Shun|last10=Li|first10=Yalin|date=2008-03-24|title=Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=13|pages=4987–4992|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703595105|pmid=18362353|pmc=2278176|issn=0027-8424|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.4987W|doi-access=free}}</ref> sedimentology and igneous petrology,<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Jian-Gang|last2=Hu|first2=Xiumian|last3=Garzanti|first3=Eduardo|last4=Ji|first4=Wei-Qiang|last5=Liu|first5=Zhi-Chao|last6=Liu|first6=Xiao-Chi|last7=Wu|first7=Fu-Yuan|date=2017|title=Early cretaceous topographic growth of the Lhasaplano, Tibetan plateau: Constraints from the Damxung conglomerate|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume=122|issue=7|pages=5748–5765|doi=10.1002/2017jb014278|issn=2169-9313|bibcode=2017JGRB..122.5748W|s2cid=133850160 }}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Lai|first1=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Xiumian|last3=Garzanti|first3=Eduardo|last4=Sun|first4=Gaoyuan|last5=Garzione|first5=Carmala N.|last6=BouDagher-Fadel|first6=Marcelle|last7=Ma|first7=Anlin|date=2019-04-10|title=Initial growth of the Northern Lhasaplano, Tibetan Plateau in the early Late Cretaceous (ca. 92 Ma)|journal=GSA Bulletin|doi=10.1130/b35124.1|s2cid=146658512 |issn=0016-7606|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10125626/}}</ref> [[structural geology]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Chun-Yong|last2=Han|first2=Wei-Bin|last3=Wu|first3=Jian-Ping|last4=Lou|first4=Hai|last5=Chan|first5=W. Winston|date=2007-07-10|title=Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=112|issue=B7|pages=B07307|doi=10.1029/2005jb003873|issn=0148-0227|bibcode=2007JGRB..112.7307W|citeseerx=10.1.1.859.1050|s2cid=62825371}}</ref> and geochemistry.<ref name=ing>{{Cite journal|last1=Ingalls|first1=Miquela|last2=Rowley|first2=David|last3=Olack|first3=Gerard|last4=Currie|first4=Brian|last5=Li|first5=Shanying|last6=Schmidt|first6=Jennifer|last7=Tremblay|first7=Marissa|last8=Polissar|first8=Pratigya|last9=Shuster|first9=David L.|last10=Lin|first10=Ding|last11=Colman|first11=Albert|date=2017-09-14|title=Paleocene to Pliocene low-latitude, high-elevation basins of southern Tibet: Implications for tectonic models of India–Asia collision, Cenozoic climate, and geochemical weathering|journal=GSA Bulletin|volume=130|issue=1–2|pages=307–330|doi=10.1130/b31723.1|issn=0016-7606|url=https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/149296/7/149296.pdf}}</ref> For example, Ingalls et al. (2018) uses [[δ18o|δ18O]] ([[Oxygen isotope ratio cycle|oxygen-isotope]]) in [[meteoric water]] and Δ47 ([[Clumped isotopes|clumped-isotope]]) in non-marine carbonates to reconstruct paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation of the Tibetan Plateau. It is suggested that the southern part of Tibet is around 3–4 km high and have an average temperature of 10 °C as early as in Late Cretaceous (92 Ma). This shows that southern Tibet has to be already at its present-day sub-equatorial latitude, such that 10 °C, an extremely warm temperature for highly elevated regions, can be maintained.<ref name=ing/>

It is now generally accepted that Tibet grew differentially, with its southern part reaching present day elevation first, followed by its northern part.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=G.|last2=Pettke|first2=T.|last3=Chen|first3=J.|date=2011-02-03|title=Increasing Nd isotopic ratio of Asian dust indicates progressive uplift of the north Tibetan Plateau since the middle Miocene|journal=Geology|volume=39|issue=3|pages=199–202|doi=10.1130/g31734.1|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=2011Geo....39..199L}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=George|first1=Annette D.|last2=Marshallsea|first2=Susan J.|last3=Wyrwoll|first3=Karl-Heinz|last4=Jie|first4=Chen|last5=Yanchou|first5=Lu|date=2001|title=Miocene cooling in the northern Qilian Shan, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, revealed by apatite fission-track and vitrinite-reflectance analysis|journal=Geology|volume=29|issue=10|page=939|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0939:mcitnq>2.0.co;2|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=2001Geo....29..939G}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Jolivet|first1=M|last2=Brunel|first2=M|last3=Seward|first3=D|last4=Xu|first4=Z|last5=Yang|first5=J|last6=Roger|first6=F|last7=Tapponnier|first7=P|last8=Malavieille|first8=J|last9=Arnaud|first9=N|last10=Wu|first10=C|date=2001|title=Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau: fission-track constraints|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=343|issue=1–2|pages=111–134|doi=10.1016/s0040-1951(01)00196-2|issn=0040-1951|bibcode=2001Tectp.343..111J}}</ref> For example, Fei et al. (2017) uses [[Argon–argon dating|40Ar/39Ar]] and ([[Thermochronology|U-Th)/He thermochronology]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Fei|last2=Shi|first2=Wenbei|last3=Zhang|first3=Weibin|last4=Wu|first4=Lin|last5=Yang|first5=Liekun|last6=Wang|first6=Yinzhi|last7=Zhu|first7=Rixiang|date=2017-01-24|title=Differential growth of the northern Tibetan margin: evidence for oblique stepwise rise of the Tibetan Plateau|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|article-number=41164|doi=10.1038/srep41164|pmid=28117351|pmc=5259709|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2017NatSR...741164W}}</ref> to track the growth of the Plateau through time and the results are positive. The figure below shows a generalized evolution model of when did different areas of the Tibetan Plateau reaches its present-day elevation.<ref name="Mulch 2006 670–671"/> Although the age is not well-constrained, a clear north-younging trend can be observed.<ref name="Mulch 2006 670–671"/>

=== Tectonic models for crustal thickening ===
[[File:TibetWrongModel.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Figure illustrates how Tibet uplift is resulted from Indian-Asian continental collision .<ref name=":9"/>|alt=]]

==== Miocene uplift model ====
The [[Miocene]] model suggested that the Indian-Asian collision is the major cause for Tibet's uplift,<ref name=":9" /> which is likely to be wrong due to reasons discussed above. In this model, the [[Lhasa terrane|Lhasa tectonic block]], equivalent to the southern Tibet, experienced initial uplift due to compressional force created when the Indian and Asian continent collided and the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys]] oceanic slab broke off (45—30 Ma).<ref name=":9" /> This is supported by the presence of [[Adakite]] in the Lhasa block.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Hou|first1=Z.-Q|last2=Gao|first2=Y.-F|last3=Qu|first3=X.-M|last4=Rui|first4=Z.-Y|last5=Mo|first5=X.-X|date=2004|title=Origin of adakitic intrusives generated during mid-Miocene east–west extension in southern Tibet|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=220|issue=1–2|pages=139–155|doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00007-x|issn=0012-821X|bibcode=2004E&PSL.220..139H}}</ref> [[Adakite]] is an [[Intermediate composition|intermediate]] to [[felsic]] rock which is commonly related to oceanic subduction. Geochemical analysis of the Lhasa Adakite suggests that it is originated from magmatic activities triggered by slab breakoff.<ref name=":5" /> This further reinforces the hypothesis that Lhasa block is uplifted during the initial continental collision phase.

Later, magmatic activity ceased as the continent collision occurred. Denser materials in the Indian and Asian continental crust sank to the bottom part of the crust, making the lower crust extremely dense and heavy. It thus broke off and sank into the mantle. The removal of the dense lower crust reduced gravitational pull on the Lhasa block and allowed it to rise (30—26 Ma).<ref name=":9" /> Together with the intense compressional force and [[Thrust fault|thrusting]] it experienced amidst collision, intense crustal thickening occurred, resulting in the major phase of uplift in South Tibet. As the collision proceed (26—13 Ma), the Northern Tibet continental block experienced compression, thrusting and shortening as well.<ref name=":9" /> This interpretation is supported by the [[Thermochronology|thermochronological]] data of apatite fission tracks from the North Tibetan Plateau, which indicate phases of rapid exhumation and compression from 20 Ma onwards.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

==== Mesozoic uplift model ====
[[File:TibetOlderModel.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Figure illustrating how the Lhasa block (South Tibet) experienced intense crustal thickening in the Mesozoic times.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=M. A.|last2=Yin|first2=An|last3=Harrison|first3=T. M.|last4=Dürr|first4=S. B.|last5=Z|first5=Chen|last6=Ryerson|first6=F. J.|last7=Kidd|first7=W. S. F.|last8=X|first8=Wang|last9=X|first9=Zhou|date=1997|title=Did the Indo-Asian collision alone create the Tibetan plateau?|journal=Geology|volume=25|issue=8|page=719|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0719:dtiaca>2.3.co;2|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=1997Geo....25..719M|s2cid=11040259}}</ref>|alt=]]
The [[Mesozoic]] model suggested that southern Tibet experienced intense crustal shortening and thickening as early as in [[Jurassic]] to [[Cretaceous]] time. It is widely accepted that the Indian plate began to approach the Eurasian plate during the Mesozoic times as a result of the break up of [[Gondwana|Gondwana supercontinent]].<ref name=":15" />

In the Mesozoic time, there was an [[oceanic basin]] in between the Lhasa block and the North Tibet continental block. [[Subduction]] of the oceanic slab underneath the North Tibet block started in the [[Triassic]]. In Jurassic to Cretaceous, the Mesozoic ocean is closed. The Lhasa continental block and the North Tibet continental block collided with each other, resulting in intense [[crustal shortening]] and thickening of the Lhasa block, i.e. South Tibet.<ref name=":15" /> The closing of Mesozoic ocean, the continental collision between Lhasa block and North Tibet block and the early crustal thickening of Lhasa block is indicated by the presence of [[Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism|ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks]] in the [[Changtang|Qiangtang metamorphic belt]] in Central Tibet.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pullen|first1=Alex|last2=Kapp|first2=Paul|last3=Gehrels|first3=George E.|last4=Vervoort|first4=Jeff D.|last5=Ding|first5=Lin|date=2008|title=Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean|journal=Geology|volume=36|issue=5|page=351|doi=10.1130/g24435a.1|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=2008Geo....36..351P}}</ref>

By the time when the Indian continent and the Asian continent collided, South Tibet has already reached 3–4 km elevation.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name="ing" /> The compressional force resulted from the Indian-Asian collision further topped up Lhasa block's elevation and triggered crustal thickening in the North Tibet as the Indian continent proceed northwards.

Although the timing of Lhasa block thickening in this model is conformable with geological evidences available, details remained debated.<ref name=":15" />

=== Common consensus ===
Although the actual timing of occurrence of various geological events involving the Tibetan Plateau remains widely debated, there is a common consensus on the evolution of continental block configuration through time among what different studies have put forward. Royden et al. (2008)<ref name=":10" /> suggested a tectonic reconstruction model to illustrate how continental blocks of North and South Tibet has evolved throughout the Indian-Asian collision.

This model also emphasizes the point that the Lhasa block is first deformed, followed by the North Tibet block. Moreover, the collision between the Lhasa block and the North Tibet block occurred later in the East than in the South. This suggests that detail collision mechanisms could be complicated and require further investigation. A single tectonic model is not likely to be able to explain the whole process. For example, although the above-mentioned Mesozoic uplift model is consistent with the onset timing of South Tibet crustal shortening, other details need to be refined.<ref name=":10" />
[[File:TibetEvolutionMap.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Generalized paleogeographic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Only tectonic blocks of interest, i.e. Lhasa block representing the S. Tibet (in yellow) and the simplified N. Tibet block (in blue) are shown. The inferred age in this model is not necessarily consistent with the timing of collisional onset as discussed in above sections. Modified after Royden et al. (2008)<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Royden|first1=L. H.|last2=Burchfiel|first2=B. C.|last3=van der Hilst|first3=R. D.|date=2008-08-22|title=The Geological Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau|journal=Science|volume=321|issue=5892|pages=1054–1058|doi=10.1126/science.1155371|pmid=18719275|issn=0036-8075|bibcode=2008Sci...321.1054R|s2cid=13197638}}</ref>]]

== Paleo-drainage configuration ==

=== Drainage pattern responding to tectonic processes ===
[[File:BurbankRiverModel.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Image illustrating how tectonic driven and erosional driven uplift results in different drainage patterns dominating the area. Modified after Burbank, 1992.<ref name=":6" />]]

[[River]]s are features formed by water [[Erosion|eroding]] into the land surface. [[Drainage system (geomorphology)|Drainage patterns]] provide clues not only to [[Hydrology|hydrological]] conditions, but also to geology and tectonic evolution. Burbank (1992)<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Burbank|first=Douglas W.|date=1992|title=Causes of recent Himalayan uplift deduced from deposited patterns in the Ganges basin|journal=Nature|volume=357|issue=6380|pages=680–683|doi=10.1038/357680a0|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1992Natur.357..680B|s2cid=4367313 }}</ref> proposed a model to explain how [[Uplift (geology)|uplift]] driven by different factor can result in different drainage patterns, where uplifting is the upward movement of landmass with reference to the Earth's center.<ref name=":6"/>

In the case of [[Tectonic uplift|tectonic driven uplift]], an active [[Thrust tectonics|thrust]] front is present, constantly driving crustal materials upwards. This adds weight to the Earth's surface, causing [[Subsidence|land subsidence]]. Since the nearer a spot is to the active thrust front, the greater the effect of weight the uplifted crust has on the land surface, asymmetric subsidence is resulted. Groundmass nearer to the uplifted crust subside more, while those which are further subside less. This is reflected by the asymmetrical fan shape of [[Stratum|sedimentary strata]] deposited during subsiding, where columns closer to the point of maximum subsidence are thicker while columns further are thinner.<ref name=":6"/>

Tectonic driven uplift results in longitudinal rivers dominating the area instead of transverse rivers. Transverse rivers are rivers cutting at right angle to mountain ridges, while longitudinal rivers flow parallel to them. During active uplift and subsidence, accommodation space is created quickly and continually, while erosion rate remains relatively slow. Therefore, transverse rivers developed on the uplifted mountain range are not able to extend beyond the area nearest to the thrust front, where subsidence is the most intense. Instead, longitudinal rivers dominated most of the area.<ref name=":6"/>

On the contrary, in the case of [[Isostasy|erosional driven uplift]], active thrust front is absent. Uplifting of the crust is driven by [[isostatic rebound]]. The fact that materials are constantly eroded and removed reduces weight adding on the Earth's crust, causing it to "bounce" higher. Since erosion dominates the whole area, uplifting is not limited to sections near to the mountain range. The uplifting rate of the whole drainage basin is rather equal, as reflected by symmetrical shape and equal thickness of sedimentary stratum deposited during uplifting.<ref name=":6"/>

Erosion driven uplift results in transverse rivers dominating the area instead of longitudinal rivers. During active erosion and isostatic rebound, accommodation space is reduced quickly and continually, while sedimentation rate is also high. Therefore, transverse rivers developed on the uplifted mountain range are able to extend way beyond the foot of the mountain range. Longitudinal rivers only dominate distal parts of the drainage basin.<ref name=":6"/>

=== Evolution of major river systems and their implications ===
Brookfield (1998)<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Brookfield|first=M.E.|date=1998|title=The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-–sia collision: rivers draining southwards|journal=Geomorphology|volume=22|issue=3–4|pages=285–312|doi=10.1016/s0169-555x(97)00082-2|issn=0169-555X|bibcode=1998Geomo..22..285B}}</ref> reconstructed the evolution of major river systems of the Indian-Asian collision zone based on tectonic history of the area. It is suggested that the most significant changes in drainage patterns occurred during [[Pliocene]] to [[Quaternary]] (5.3 Ma onwards). Detail changes in fluvial processes will not be discussed here. Major focuses are how river systems of the area responded to changing geological processes through time, as well as how regional drainage patterns are capable of reflecting tectonic evolution.<ref name=":7"/>

Before the continental collision occurred (which is defined as 50 Ma or before in Brookfield's model), longitudinal river system had dominated the Asian continent, where major river systems run parallel to the approaching regional thrust. Amidst the collision (which is referred as 20 Ma in Brookfield's model), the shape of river channels were affected by the approaching Indian continent. Although major river systems still flowed parallel to the thrust, they bent around both sides of the Indian continent since the collision exerted compressional force to the drainage basin. Such effect is most obviously reflected by the Indus river and the [[Ganges]] river. The westward flowing [[Indus River|Indus]] river wraps around the western boundary of the thrust while the eastward flowing Ganges wraps around the eastern boundary of the thrust.<ref name=":7" />

In present days, the regional drainage configuration is very different from how it originally was. River systems were eastward flowing, with the Indus as an exception, before the continental collision started. At present, most rivers are flowing south to southeast. The [[Salween River|Salween]], [[Yom River|Yom]], [[Mekong]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red]] river are drastically bent around the northeastern "tip" of the Indian continent. By further examining and studying the deformation patterns in these river basins, a two-phase deformation model in the East Himalayas is verified.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Hallet|first1=B.|last2=Molnar|first2=P.|date=2001-07-10|title=Distorted drainage basins as markers of crustal strain east of the Himalaya|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume=106|issue=B7|pages=13697–13709|doi=10.1029/2000jb900335|issn=0148-0227|bibcode=2001JGR...10613697H|doi-access=}}</ref> This shows that rivers are reliable indicators of crustal strain and useful in reconstructing regional tectonic history.<ref name=":8" /> Moreover, the Indus and the Ganges river originally flowed parallel to the regional thrust on the Asian continent, but are now flowing perpendicular to it. They crossed the thrust and extended onto the Indian continent. This is conformable to the above-mentioned model proposed by Burbank (1992).<ref name=":6" /> Since tectonic uplift has significantly slowed down nowadays compared to when the collision has just started, the present day Indian-Asian collision region is dominated by erosional processes. Rivers like the Indus and Ganges, which originated from the Lhasa block, are therefore able to flow as transverse rivers and reach beyond the proximal part of the Himalayas mountain range.<ref name=":8"/>
[[File:BurbankRiverMap.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Evolution of major drainage systems of the Indian-Asian collision zone, modified after Brookfield (1998). Base map modified after Royden et al. (2008), showing the change in continental block configuration through time.]]

== Paleogeography and paleoclimate ==

=== South Asian monsoon system and the debate ===
[[File:MonsoonHeatSource.jpg|thumb|409x409px|Climatic heat sources and heat sinks for the South Asian summer and winter monsoons.|alt=]]
The [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian monsoon system]] primarily affects the continents of South Asia and their surrounding water bodies. In this particular system, summer [[monsoon]] blows as [[sea breeze|onshore]] [[Easterlies|northeasterly]] while winter monsoon blows as [[Offshore wind|offshore]] [[Westerlies|westerly]]. The driving force of monsoon systems is the pressure difference between landmasses and waterbodies. This is most commonly a result of differential heating of land and sea due to [[specific heat capacity]] difference. However, in the case of the South Asia monsoon system, the huge [[Pressure-gradient force|pressure gradient force]] is induced by the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The Himalaya orogenic belt the highest elevated mountain range on Earth. In summer, air mass across the South Asia is heated up in general. On the contrary, airmass above the Himalayas and Tibet experiences [[adiabatic cooling]] and sinks rapidly, forming an intense high pressure cell. This cell is therefore capable of facilitating landward airflow towards itself, thus sustaining the onshore summer monsoon.<ref name=yanaim/>

The onset of South Asian monsoon is poorly constrained since limited paleoclimatic data is available. It is generally accepted to have occurred during the [[Eocene-Oligocene boundary|Eocene-Oligocene climate transition]] (33.9 Ma onwards).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Guoxiong|last2=Zhang|first2=Yongsheng|date=1998|title=Tibetan Plateau Forcing and the Timing of the Monsoon Onset over South Asia and the South China Sea|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=126|issue=4|pages=913–927|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0913:tpfatt>2.0.co;2|issn=0027-0644|bibcode=1998MWRv..126..913W|s2cid=124783607|doi-access=free}}</ref> The onset mechanism has long been debated and remained poorly understood. On one hand, it is believed that the uplift of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau is the major trigger of South Asian monsoon onset, since only such elevated landmass can change regional airflow configurations.<ref name=yanaim>{{Cite journal|last1=Yanai|first1=Michio|last2=Li|first2=Chengfeng|last3=Song|first3=Zhengshan|date=1992|title=Seasonal Heating of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effects on the Evolution of the Asian Summer Monsoon|journal=Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan |series=Series II|volume=70|issue=1B|pages=319–351|doi=10.2151/jmsj1965.70.1b_319|issn=0026-1165|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Zhisheng 2001 62–66"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Nigel|date=2006|title=The elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau and its implications for the Asian monsoon|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=241|issue=1|pages=4–15|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.009|issn=0031-0182|bibcode=2006PPP...241....4H}}</ref> On the other, numerical modelling and thermalchronological data suggest that Eocene uplift of the Himalayas and Tibet is driven by monsoon-intensified [[denudation]], i.e. erosional driven uplift.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Beaumont|first1=C.|last2=Jamieson|first2=R. A.|last3=Nguyen|first3=M. H.|last4=Lee|first4=B.|date=2001|title=Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation|journal=Nature|volume=414|issue=6865|pages=738–742|doi=10.1038/414738a|pmid=11742396|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2001Natur.414..738B|s2cid=4382486 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clift|first1=Peter D.|last2=Hodges|first2=Kip V.|last3=Heslop|first3=David|author-link4=Robyn E. Hannigan|last4=Hannigan|first4=Robyn|last5=Van Long|first5=Hoang|last6=Calves|first6=Gerome|date=2008-11-09|title=Correlation of Himalayan exhumation rates and Asian monsoon intensity|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=1|issue=12|pages=875–880|doi=10.1038/ngeo351|issn=1752-0894|bibcode=2008NatGe...1..875C|hdl=1885/29309|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This gives rise to a "chicken or egg" paradox.
[[File:The South Asian Monsoon.gif|thumb|400x400px|Animated visualisation of the South Asian Monsoon based on the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) 30+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset, analyzed and visualized using Google Earth Engine.|alt=|center]]

=== The channel flow model ===
[[File:Kinematic models.png|thumb|420x420px|Three kinematic models of the Himalayan orogen. Modified after Webb et al. (2011). The channel flow model discussed in the text is illustrated in the middle.|alt=]]
As mentioned above, a lot has been done on examining how the uplift of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau has triggered the onset of the South Asian monsoon. The approach of most studies is to first establish or make use of pre-existing tectonic models to constrain the timing of uplift and topographic evolution, then evaluate the significance of topography in controlling regional climate by [[Numerical modeling (geology)|numerical modeling]]. Various significant tectonic models have been discussed in previous sections. However, the only quantitative model which has assigned a significant role for climate suggests the opposite, i.e. the [[Exhumation (geology)|exhumation]] of the southern flank of the Tibetan plateau is a result of monsoon-intensified [[denudation]].<ref name=":17" />

The channel flow model explains the South Tibetan uplift in two stages. The first stage took place during [[Eocene]] to [[Oligocene]]. It is hypothesized that the middle part of the Tibet continental crust was partially melted at that time and was bounded by a "channel" formed from the rigid upper and lower crust. The molten middle crust is thought to be represented by high-temperature rock suites in the [[Pre-collisional Himalaya#Greater Himalayan crystalline complex|Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex]]. Since the upper crust was rather strong, the melt cannot propagate towards the surface. The second stage took place during early to mid [[Miocene]]. The South Asian monsoon developed and the regional climatic condition was changed. Rainfall and wind intensified denudation and weakened the upper crust mechanically (but not thermally). The molten middle crust was therefore able to break through the upper crust and flow outward to the surface.<ref name=":17" />

The dilemma is that the South Asian monsoon was believed to have originated from topographic rise of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The channel flow model predicts that the rise of Tibetan Plateau requires the presence of South Asian monsoon, which leaves the Himalayas as the only possible candidate responsible for initiating the monsoon system. However, a study done by Boos & Kuang (2010) eliminated such possibility.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last1=Boos|first1=William R.|last2=Kuang|first2=Zhiming|date=2010|title=Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating|journal=Nature|volume=463|issue=7278|pages=218–222|doi=10.1038/nature08707|pmid=20075917|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.463..218B|s2cid=1450045 }}</ref> The study uses computer model to simulate the growth and evolution of the South Asian monsoon under three conditions: (1) both the Himalayas and Tibet are present, (2) Only Tibet is present, (3) both the Himalayas and Tibet are absent. Results shows that both condition (1) and (2) are able to produce similar monsoonal climate patterns, meaning that the Himalayas is climatically insignificant.<ref name=":17" />

=== Directions for future studies ===

==== Slab dynamics ====
[[File:Slab detachment.png|thumb|280x280px|Schematic diagram illustrating the process of slab break-off.|alt=]]
[[File:Duplex1.png|thumb|280x280px|Schematic explanation of duplexing.|alt=]]
Webb et al. (2017) proposed a model to explain Himalayan topographic evolution by taking [[Slab (geology)|slab dynamics]] into account. The model suggests temporal differences in topographic evolution in the East-central and Western Himalayas. Such differences allowed a series of positive [[Climate change feedback|climatic feedbacks]] to occur sequentially and remain sustainable. Feedback mechanisms include topographically-induced monsoon, monsoon-intensified erosion, and erosional-driven uplift (isostatic rebound).<ref name=webba/>

Although the discussion of this model is limited to 20 Ma onwards, such concept can be implemented to future studies focusing on the [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] period so as to better understand how Tibet and the South Asian monsoon co-evolved.<ref name=webba/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+East-West diachronous topographic change of the Himalayas controlled by slab dynamics<ref name=webba>{{Cite journal|last1=Webb|first1=A. Alexander G.|last2=Guo|first2=Hongcheng|last3=Clift|first3=Peter D.|last4=Husson|first4=Laurent|last5=Müller|first5=Thomas|last6=Costantino|first6=Diego|last7=Yin|first7=An|last8=Xu|first8=Zhiqin|last9=Cao|first9=Hui|last10=Wang|first10=Qin|date=2017-04-13|title=The Himalaya in 3D: Slab dynamics controlled mountain building and monsoon intensification|journal=Lithosphere|article-number=L636.1|doi=10.1130/l636.1|issn=1941-8264|doi-access=free}}</ref>
!
!Western Himalaya
!East-central Himalaya
|-
|'''20 Ma'''
|[[Slab detachment|Slab break-off]] occurred. The old and dense subducting slab breaks and sinks into the mantel. This releases the gravitational pull of the slab on the overlying crustal materials and leads to up-flexing. The topography of the Western Himalaya therefore increases. Such increase in topography could have intensified the South Asian monsoon, though yet to be testified.
|The East-central Himalaya experiences ongoing slab roll-back and slab-anchoring. The effect of gravitational pull of the dense slab on the overlying crust is great.<ref name=webba/>
|-
|'''10 Ma'''
|After the intensification of monsoon climate and erosion, increased sediment supply enhances vertical [[Thrust fault|duplexing]]. The topography is therefore further increased. Such increase in topography sustains the South Asian monsoon system and high erosional rate and maintains positive [[Climate change feedback|feedback]] mechanisms.
|Slab break-off occurred. The old and dense subducting slab breaks and sinks into the mantel. This releases the gravitational pull of the slab on the overlying crustal materials and leads to up-flexing. Monsoon-intensified erosion may have further enhanced topographic uplift of the East-central Himalaya.<ref name=webba/>
|}

==== Climatic proxies ====
[[Quaternary]] climatic reconstructions of the Tibetan Plateau area are mostly based on [[pollen]] analysis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dupont-Nivet|first1=G.|last2=Hoorn|first2=C.|last3=Konert|first3=M.|date=2008|title=Tibetan uplift prior to the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition: Evidence from pollen analysis of the Xining Basin|journal=Geology|volume=36|issue=12|page=987|doi=10.1130/g25063a.1|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=2008Geo....36..987D|s2cid=73209208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Campo|first1=E.|last2=Cour|first2=P.|last3=Sixuan|first3=Hang|date=1996|title=Holocene environmental changes in Bangong Co basin (Western Tibet). Part 2: The pollen record|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=120|issue=1–2|pages=49–63|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(95)00033-x|issn=0031-0182|bibcode=1996PPP...120...49V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Kam-biu|last2=Yao|first2=Zuju|last3=Thompson|first3=Lonnie G.|date=1998|title=A pollen record of Holocene climatic changes from the Dunde ice cap, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau|journal=Geology|volume=26|issue=2|page=135|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0135:aprohc>2.3.co;2|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=1998Geo....26..135L}}</ref> while Mesozoic climatic reconstructions are done by analyzing [[Benthic zone|benthic]] [[foraminifera]] from paleo-oceanic basins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Qinghai|last2=Willems|first2=Helmut|last3=Ding|first3=Lin|date=2013-01-24|title=Evolution of the Paleocene-Early Eocene larger benthic foraminifera in the Tethyan Himalaya of Tibet, China|journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=102|issue=5|pages=1427–1445|doi=10.1007/s00531-012-0856-2|issn=1437-3254|bibcode=2013IJEaS.102.1427Z|s2cid=128907034 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wan|first1=Xiaoqiao|last2=Lamolda|first2=Marcos A.|last3=Si|first3=Jialiang|last4=Li|first4=Guobiao|date=2005|title=Foraminiferal stratigraphy of Late Cretaceous red beds in southern Tibet|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=26|issue=1|pages=43–48|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.11.007|bibcode=2005CrRes..26...43W |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> Little study has focused on the Tertiary period, at which the South Asian monsoon is thought to have initiated. Further studies on Tertiary [[carbon isotope]] composition of [[paleosol]]s could be carried out to examine the shift in [[C3 plant|C3]]/ [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] vegetation ratio. C3 and C4 plants practice different carbon fixation mechanism. C4 fixation is more water-efficient and therefore favours plant adaptation to extreme climatic conditions. Therefore, C4 plants are generally more abundant in cold and arid-[[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Forrestel|first1=Elisabeth J.|title=The future biogeography of C3 and C4 grasslands|date=2019-03-21|work=Grasslands and Climate Change|pages=234–252|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-16394-1|last2=Edwards|first2=Erika J.|doi=10.1017/9781108163941.016|s2cid=204263357 }}</ref> Carbon isotopes in paleosols are remains of dead plants and therefore accurately reflects climatic regime shifts. [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] reconstructions of animal taxa is also useful as climate change may promote speciation or trigger extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Favre|first1=Adrien|last2=Päckert|first2=Martin|last3=Pauls|first3=Steffen U.|last4=Jähnig|first4=Sonja C.|last5=Uhl|first5=Dieter|last6=Michalak|first6=Ingo|last7=Muellner-Riehl|first7=Alexandra N.|date=2014-05-01|title=The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=90|issue=1|pages=236–253|doi=10.1111/brv.12107|pmid=24784793|issn=1464-7931|url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/files/41899/brv12107.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{|
|[[File:Misc pollen colorized.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image (500x magnification) of pollen grains from a variety of common plants.]]
|[[File:Cross section of maize, a C4 plant..jpg|thumb|300x300px|Cross section of a [[maize]] leaf, a C4 plant. Kranz anatomy (rings of cells) shown. Drawing based on microscopic images courtesy of Cambridge University Plant Sciences Department.]]
|[[File:Benthic foraminifera.jpg|thumb|250x250px|SEM micrographs of four benthic foraminiferans (ventral view) from the USGS. Clockwise from top left: ''Ammonia beccarii'', ''Elphidium excavatum clavatum'', ''Buccella frigida'', and ''Eggerella advena''.]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Pre-collisional Himalaya|Precollision Himalayas]]
*[[Tibetan Plateau|Tibetan plateau]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paleogeography of the India-Asia collision system}}
[[Category:Geology of the Himalaya]]
[[Category:Paleogeography]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]

Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:41Z

UDsportHD: new basic details initial version - done

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Purnima Sahu.jpg
| name = Jamshedpur East
| map_image = Jamshedpur East constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| district = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance |NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| established = 1967
| mla = [[Purnima Sahu|Purnima Das Sahu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| electors = {{formatnum:304972}}
| constituency_no = 48
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
''' Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituencies which make up [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] Lok Sabha seat in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|value1=80|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|label2=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Independent}}}}

==Overview==
According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India, Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency covers ward numbers 20 and 23 to 40 in Jamshdepur Notified Area. Jamshedpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is a part of [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 | work = East Singhbhum District Page 169-170, Extent of Parliamentary constitutencies Page 174 | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: see [[Jamshedpur Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. J. Akhauri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref>https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jamshedpur-East-in-bihar {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317072333/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jamshedpur-East-in-bihar |date=17 March 2023 }} Previous Year's Election Results in Jamshedpur East, bihar</ref>
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan="2"|[[Kedar Das (CPI politician)|Kedar Das]] || {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan="2"|[[Dinanath Pandey|Dina Nath Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Darayus Nariman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Dinanath Pandey|Dina Nath Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2"|[[Raghubar Das]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref>https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jamshedpur-East-in-Jharkhand {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317072334/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jamshedpur-East-in-Jharkhand |date=17 March 2023 }} Previous Year's Election Results in Jamshedpur East, Jharkhand</ref> || rowspan="3"|[[Raghubar Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Saryu Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Purnima Sahu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamshedpur East<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purnima Sahu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,07,191 |percentage=54.39% |change={{increase}}20.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajoy Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=64,320 |percentage=32.63% |change={{increase}}21.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Shankar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,471 |percentage=7.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarun Kumar Dey |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=1,909 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,259 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,871 |percentage=21.75% |change= {{increase}}12.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,97,096 |percentage=58.59% |change= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,36,423 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamshedpur East<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saryu Roy (politician)|Saryu Roy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=73,945 |percentage=42.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubar Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,112 |percentage=33.47% |change={{decrease}}27.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gourav Vallabh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,976 |percentage=10.93% |change={{decrease}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=11,772 |percentage=6.78% |change={{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Lohar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,425 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banty Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=959 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmendra Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=925 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,211 |percentage=0.70% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,833 |percentage=9.12% |change= {{decrease}}32.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,73,618 |percentage=56.93% |change= {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,04,972 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamshedpur East<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubar Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,03,427 |percentage=61.46% |change={{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Bihari Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,270 |percentage=19.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=20,815 |percentage=12.37% |change={{decrease}}17.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamaljeet Kaur Gill |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=3,987 |percentage=2.37% |change={{decrease}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=881 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,674 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70,157 |percentage=41.69% |change= {{increase}}21.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,68,271 |percentage=60.90% |change= {{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,76,309 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamshedpur East<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubar Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=56,165 |percentage=50.29% |change={{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=33,202 |percentage=29.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Bihari Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes=10,944 |percentage=9.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pramod Lal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,864 |percentage=4.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,184 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Pandey |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=934 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Kumar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=916 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,963 |percentage=20.56% |change= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,682 |percentage=45.14% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,47,387 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamshedpur East<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubar Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=65,116 |percentage=52.96% |change={{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramashray Prasad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,718 |percentage=38.00% |change={{increase}}17.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrajit Singh Kalra |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,867 |percentage=2.33% |change={{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Shashi Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,547 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarkeshwar Tiwary |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,034 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Prasann Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=991 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alpana Bose |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=908 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,398 |percentage=14.96% |change= {{decrease}}28.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,947 |percentage=44.72% |change= {{decrease}}5.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,948 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamshedpur East<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubar Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,358 |percentage=63.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,395 |percentage=20.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhe Prasad Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=9,785 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shailendra Singh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,854 |percentage=4.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Dayal Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,818 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,963 |percentage=43.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,109 |percentage=50.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,19,997 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[List of states of India by type of legislature]]
* [[Jamshedpur West Assembly constituency]]
* [[Jamshedpur Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.814|86.274|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]

Nadaun Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:59Z

UDsportHD: new!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nadaun
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 40
| incumbent_image=
| map_image = 40-Nadaun constituency.svg
| mla = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:94931}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Nadaun Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a state of northern India. It is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nadaun.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Nadaun Assembly constituency]</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2| Babu Ram ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Narain Chand Parashar]] ||
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Dhani Ram ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Prem Dass Pakhrolvi ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=2| [[Narain Chand Parashar]] ||rowspan=2|
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Babu Ram Mandial]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=2| [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Vijay Agnihotri ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2| [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,142 |percentage=50.88% |change={{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Agnihotri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,779 |percentage=46.14% |change={{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankey Thukral |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,487 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,363 |percentage=4.73% |change= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,039 |percentage=74.83% |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,931 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,980 |percentage=48.44% |change={{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Agnihotri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,631 |percentage=44.76% |change={{decrease}}10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj Lekha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,875 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=364 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Parkash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=339 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,349 |percentage=3.67% |change= {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,959 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,279 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Agnihotri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,305 |percentage=54.89% |change={{increase}}17.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,555 |percentage=43.05% |change={{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Ram Mandial]] |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=1,090 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,750 |percentage=11.83% |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,035 |percentage=70.87% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,482 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,727 |percentage=38.57% |change={{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Agnihotri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,141 |percentage=37.29% |change={{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhat Chaudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,401 |percentage=22.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Thakur |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=296 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=586 |percentage=1.27% |change= {{decrease}}9.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,964 |percentage=70.29% |change= {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,391 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,379 |percentage=33.84% |change={{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhat Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=9,794 |percentage=23.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,657 |percentage=20.38% |change={{decrease}}28.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Raghubir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,313 |percentage=19.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=647 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavishka |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=437 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=259 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,585 |percentage=10.79% |change= {{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,486 |percentage=73.37% |change= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,023 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Ram Mandial]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,917 |percentage=48.83% |change={{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narain Chand Parashar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,337 |percentage=47.15% |change={{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dass Pakhrolvi |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=790 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Kumari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=432 |percentage=1.25% |change={{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=580 |percentage=1.67% |change= {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,648 |percentage=69.12% |change= {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,696 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narain Chand Parashar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,571 |percentage=49.77% |change={{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,506 |percentage=46.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atam Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=244 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,065 |percentage=3.40% |change= {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,289 |percentage=67.06% |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,952 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narain Chand Parashar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,198 |percentage=43.74% |change={{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Ram Mandial]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,860 |percentage=35.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,096 |percentage=18.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Prashar |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=226 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Kishan Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,338 |percentage=8.38% |change= {{decrease}}11.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,889 |percentage=66.39% |change= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,435 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dass Pakhrolvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,788 |percentage=59.21% |change={{increase}}23.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,512 |percentage=39.41% |change={{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=298 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,276 |percentage=19.80% |change= {{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,598 |percentage=67.05% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,499 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,308 |percentage=45.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dass Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,478 |percentage=36.16% |change={{decrease}}9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal Rattan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,272 |percentage=10.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=728 |percentage=3.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdhian Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=406 |percentage=1.96% |change={{decrease}}31.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=263 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=175 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,830 |percentage=8.85% |change= {{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,681 |percentage=66.73% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,375 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narain Chand Parashar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,361 |percentage=45.55% |change={{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=6,197 |percentage=33.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandal Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,798 |percentage=15.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=688 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=172 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,164 |percentage=11.79% |change= {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,357 |percentage=65.80% |change= {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,294 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,424 |percentage=47.72% |change={{increase}}22.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdhian Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,797 |percentage=37.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,802 |percentage=11.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,627 |percentage=10.46% |change= {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,556 |percentage=59.58% |change= {{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,730 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}13.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadaun<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,409 |percentage=33.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,267 |percentage=25.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,143 |percentage=24.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,836 |percentage=14.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,142 |percentage=8.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,042 |percentage=54.15% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,031 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nadaun]]
* [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|31.78|76.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Sarita Yumnam

2026-04-15T16:20:47Z

UDsportHD:

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sarita Yumnam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|02|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.53 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 6
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = The Young Welfare Club
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 2026–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026
}}
'''Sarita Yumnam''' (4 February 2002) is an Indian professional footballer from Manipur,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarita Yumnam - India Defender |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/419371/sarita-yumnam |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> who plays as a defender for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] and the [[India women's national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-03 |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup 2026: How Well Do You Know The Indian Team? Here's A Breakdown Of The Entire 26-Member Squad |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/afc-womens-asian-cup-2026-team-india-profile-all-you-need-to-know-about-squad |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Manipur core powers India’s historic AFC Women’s Asian Cup 2026 campaign |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/manipur-core-powers-indias-historic-afc-womens-asian-cup-2026-campaign-1354539-2026-03-04 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2026-02-20 |title=Blue Tigresses land early in Australia for AFC Asian Cup |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/blue-tigresses-land-early-in-australia-for-afc-asian-cup/article70658307.ece |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She has also represented the clubs [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] and [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=All India Football Federation |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/69376?type=club |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Yumnam was born in Manipur on 4 February 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=10 Players from Northeast in India’s AFC Women’s Asian Cup 2026 Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/10-players-from-northeast-in-indias-afc-womens-asian-cup-2026-squad/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before signing for East Bengal Football Club, she played for the Young Welfare Club, Kickstart FC Karnataka and Gokulam Kerala FC.<ref name=":0" />

She was selected for the senior Indian team to play the AFC Women's Asia Cup in Perth, Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-03 |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup: From COVID-19 heartbreak, India back on merit against the continent's best |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/afc-womens-asian-cup-from-covid-19-heartbreak-india-back-on-merit-against-the-continents-best/articleshow/128962829.cms |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup 2026: India returns to continental showpiece after two decades |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/afc-women-asian-cup-2026-india-football-team-live-streaming-schedule |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Manipur’s Sweety Devi Ngangbam Named Captain of India for AFC Women’s Asian Cup 2026; 26-Member Squad Announced |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/manipurs-sweety-devi-ngangbam-named-captain-of-india-for-afc-womens-asian-cup-2026-26-member-squad-announced/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|15 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2026
|3
|0
|-
!colspan="2"| Total
!3
!0
|}

==Honours==

'''East Bengal'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
* [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League (Kanyashree Cup)]]: [[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024–25]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/69376?type=club Sarita Yumnam] at All India Football Federation

{{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yumnam, Sarita}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Haridwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:07Z

UDsportHD: new first stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haridwar
| mla = [[Madan Kaushik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Haridwar]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| electors = 149,108 (2022)
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = Haridwar Assembly constituency map.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
}}

'''Haridwar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Haridwar]] City area.

Haridwar Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The constituency is also a part of [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]], where it covers the first 35 wards.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Shanti Prapanna Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Ghanshyam Giri
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Shanti Prapanna Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Rajendra Kumar Garg
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Raj Kumar Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Ram Yash Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Mahavir Singh Rana
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Virendra Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagdish Muni
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Ambrish Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madan Kaushik]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Madan Kaushik]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Haridwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madan Kaushik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,147 |percentage=55.45% |change={{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satpal Brahamchari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,910|percentage=39.56%|change={{increase}}12.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Charan Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,142|percentage=2.23%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Saini|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,248|percentage=1.30%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=548|percentage=0.57%|change={{decrease}}0.10}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,237 |percentage=15.90% |change= {{decrease}}22.45 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=95,840|percentage=64.23%|change={{decrease}}1.05}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,49,219 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Haridwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madan Kaushik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=61,742 |percentage=65.91% |change={{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahmswroop Brahmchari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,815 |percentage=27.56% |change={{decrease}}13.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anju Mittal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,661 |percentage=2.84% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravish Bhatija |party=Independent politician |votes=1,571 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=632 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,927 |percentage=38.35% |change= {{increase}}27.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,681 |percentage=65.27% |change= {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,519 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Haridwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madan Kaushik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,297 |percentage=51.26% |change={{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Satpal Brahamchari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,677 |percentage=40.81% |change={{increase}}24.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulshan Arora |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,225 |percentage=3.91% |change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=748 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,620 |percentage=10.45% |change= {{decrease}}21.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,519 |percentage=67.82% |change= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,669 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}17.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Haridwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madan Kaushik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,093 |percentage=49.85% |change={{increase}}18.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ambrish Kumar]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=16,453 |percentage=18.19% |change={{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purushottam Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,490 |percentage=16.02% |change={{decrease}}10.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zeenat |party=Independent politician |votes=6,275 |percentage=6.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Murari Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,465 |percentage=4.94% |change={{decrease}}16.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamshed Khan |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=978 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,640 |percentage=31.66% |change= {{increase}}26.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,459 |percentage=61.33% |change= {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,631 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Haridwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madan Kaushik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,962 |percentage=31.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Kumar Jain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,970 |percentage=26.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikas Chaudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,991 |percentage=21.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ambrish Kumar]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=9,744 |percentage=16.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer |party=Independent politician |votes=724 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Joshi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=697 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,992 |percentage=4.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,663 |percentage=48.43% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,270 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152627/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/searching.aspx?value=Hardwar&type=2 Article title]}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.94|78.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bandhan Life

2026-04-10T09:09:11Z

UDsportHD: creating initial info basic info

{{Short description|Indian life insurance company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| former_name = Aegon Life Insurance Company
| name = Bandhan Life Insurance Limited
| logo = Bandhan life logo.svg
| type = [[Private company]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2008}}
| founders = {{ubl|Aegon N.V.|Times Group}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Financial services]] [[Insurance]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = Satishwar Balakrishnan (MD and [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/aegon-life-insurance-elevates-satishwar-balakrishnan-as-md-and-ceo/articleshow/80843137.cms?from=mdr|title = Aegon Life Insurance elevates Satishwar Balakrishnan as MD and CEO|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Sarkar|first1 = Brinda}}</ref>]]
| products = [[Insurance]]
| owner = {{ubl|[[Aegon N.V.]] {{smaller|(49%, 2008-24)}}|[[The Times Group|Times Group]] {{smaller|(51%, 2008-24)}}|Bandhan Financial Holdings {{smaller|(2024–present)}}}}
| homepage = {{url |https://www.bandhanlife.com/ }}
}}
'''Bandhan Life Insurance Limited''' (formerly known as ''Aegon Life Insurance Company'') is an Indian [[life insurance]] company offering individual and group insurance online and offline.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saraswathy |first1=M |title=After going 100% online, Aegon Life Insurance looks at slow, but steady growth path |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/after-going-100-online-aegon-life-insurance-looks-at-slow-but-steady-road-growth-2972541.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=September 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Atmadip |title=Aegon Life to focus on term insurance for growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/aegon-life-to-focus-on-term-insurance-for-growth/articleshow/65109892.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> Founded in 2008, it is headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].

Until 2024, it was a [[joint venture]] between Dutch [[Aegon N.V.]], a multinational [[insurance]], [[Pension|pensions]] and [[asset management]] company and [[The Times Group]] (also called Bennett, Coleman & Co.)<ref name=economictimes>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/aegon-religare-life-insurance-renamed-as-aegon-life-insurance/articleshow/50078788.cms|title=Aegon Religare Life Insurance renamed as Aegon Life Insurance|date=7 December 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

In February 2024, it was announced that the firm was acquired by Bandhan Financial Holdings Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/bandhan-financial-holdings-completes-acquisition-of-aegon-life-19140831.htm|title=Bandhan Financial Holdings completes acquisition of Aegon Life|work=CNBC TV 18|access-date=2024-03-16|language=en}}</ref> On April 19, 2024, Aegon Life was officially rebranded as Bandhan Life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBFSI.com |title=Exclusive: Aegon Life to soon become Bandhan Life Insurance - ET BFSI |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/insurance/exclusive-aegon-life-to-soon-become-bandhan-life-insurance/109391573 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Get Term Life Insurance Policy Online {{!}} Bandhan Life |url=https://www.bandhanlife.com/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.bandhanlife.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title=Aegon Life Insurance gets new identity, will now be called "Bandhan Life' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/aegon-life-insurance-rebranded-as-bandhan-life/articleshow/109427440.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Corporate history ==
In July 2006, AEGON and the [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy Group]] announced its intention to enter the insurance business in India. The partnership of AEGON, [[Religare]] & Bennett, Coleman & Company formed AEGON Religare Life Insurance Company Limited and launched in July 2008.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

In 2015, Aegon increased its stake in the venture to 49% while Religare Enterprises announced it was exiting the venture<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/religare-to-exit-life-insurance-jv-115051201187_1.html|title=BCCL to buy out Religare stake in life insurer|date=13 May 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vccircle.com/religare-exit-life-insurance-venture-aegon/|title=Religare to exit life insurance venture with Aegon|date=26 September 2014|work=[[VCCircle]]}}</ref> by selling its entire shareholding in the company, 44%, to Bennett, Coleman and Company, the [[holding company]] of the [[Times Group]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vccircle.com/bccl-buy-religares-44-stake-life-insurer-aegon-religare/|title=BCCL to buy Religare's 44% stake in life insurer Aegon Religare|date=14 May 2015|work=[[VCCircle]]}}</ref> This led to the rebranding from Aegon Religare Life Insurance Company to Aegon Life Insurance Company.<ref name=economictimes/>

In September 2019, it partnered with [[Paytm]] to offer comprehensive insurance products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanghvi |first1=Disha |title=Aegon Life to sell insurance through Paytm to strengthen digital presence |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/aegon-life-to-sell-insurance-through-paytm-to-strengthen-digital-presence-11569726904484.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> In March 2020, the company entered into partnership with [[Flipkart]] to sell paperless life insurance policies on their platform.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flipkart teams up with Aegon to sell life insurance policies |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/flipkart-teams-up-with-aegon-sell-life-insurance-policies-on-platform/story/398361.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* In 2019, Aegon Life Insurance was awarded as eBusiness Leader – Medium & Small at World BFSI Award by World BFSI Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=World BFSI Award Winners 2019 |url=http://worldbfsicongress.org/BFSI_Win19.html |publisher=Worldbfsicongress.com}}</ref>
* Aegon Religare Life Insurance awarded as E-Business Leader by Indian Insurance Award in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=AEGON Religare Life Insurance awarded as E-Business Leader by Indian Insurance Award |url=https://www.myinsuranceclub.com/insurance-news/aegon-religare-life-insurance-awarded-as-e-business-leader-by-indian-insurance-award |publisher=Myinsuranceclub.com |date=July 20, 2013}}</ref>
* In 2025, Bandhan Life was certified as a Great Place to Work®.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandhan Life Earns Great Place to Work® Certification |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/bandhan-life-earns-great-place-to-work174-certification20250404113037/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of insurance companies in India]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.bandhanlife.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.consumercourt.in/company/aegon-life-insurance/ List of Consumer Case]
{{Insurance in India}}
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2024 mergers and acquisitions]]

List of sub-districts of Assam

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#REDIRECT [[List of subdivisions of Assam]]

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Manmohan Singh Gujral

2026-03-30T02:09:19Z

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{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manmohan Singh Gujral
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Sikkim High Court|1st Chief Justice]] of [[Sikkim High Court]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 1976
| term_end1 = 14 March 1983
| appointer1 = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| nominator1 = [[Ajit Nath Ray]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|''Position established''|[[Rajinder Sachar]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Mohan Lall Shrimal]]|[[Anandamoy Bhattacharjee|A. M. Bhattacharjee]] ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab & Haryana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 21 August 1969
| term_end2 = 6 May 1976
| appointer2 = [[M. Hidayatullah]] ''(acting President of India)''
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|3|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|9|12|1921|3|15|df=y}}
| death_place =
| children =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Manmohan Singh Gujral''' (15 March 1921 – 12 September 2015) was an indian judge and the first Chief Justice of the [[Sikkim High Court]]

==Career==
Gujral remained District and Sessions Judge at [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Chandigarh district|Chandigarh]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]. He was also the Legal Remembrancer of joint [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He took charge as the first District & Additional Sessions Judge of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/south%20andaman|title=South Andaman|access-date=October 26, 2018}}</ref> He was elevated as a Judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 21 August 1969. On 7 May 1976 he was transferred and became the first Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC&q=man+mohan+singh+gujral+chief+justice+of+sikkim&pg=PA192|title=Subverting the Constitution|last=G. G. Mirchandani|year=1977|isbn=9788170170570|access-date=October 26, 2018}}</ref> Justice Gujral retired on 15 March 1983 and passed away in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/justice-man-mohan-singh-gujral-dead/132938.html|title=Justice Man Mohan Singh Gujral dead|website=tribuneindia.com|access-date=October 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikhsthesupreme.in/mrmanmohansinghgujral.html|title=Mr.Manmohan Singh Gujral|access-date=October 26, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujral, Man Mohan Singh}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]

List of Indian Premier League records and statistics

2026-03-29T04:38:50Z

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{{Short description|None}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is a men's [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], the national governing body of [[cricket in India]]. T20 cricket is a shorter format of the game, with each team playing a single [[innings]] of 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]. The inaugural season of the IPL was held in [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]], and the tournament has been held annually in India{{efn|The tournament has also been held outside India on several occasions: in [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]] in South Africa and in [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] in the UAE due to general elections, and in the UAE in [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] and [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="IPLForbes" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2021 |title=IPL 2021 to resume in UAE in September–October, confirms BCCI |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-new-dates-uae-to-host-tournament-second-half-september-october-bcci-indian-cricket/article34629733.ece |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602114221/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-new-dates-uae-to-host-tournament-second-half-september-october-bcci-indian-cricket/article34629733.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ever since.<ref name="IPLForbes">{{cite web |first=Mike |last=Meehall Wood |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemeehallwood/2020/09/16/the-worlds-6th-biggest-sports-league-starts-this-weekend-americans-this-is-why-you-should-be-watching-ipl-cricket/?sh=46909f403987 |title=The World's 6th-Biggest Sports League Starts This Weekend: Americans, This is Why You Should be Watching IPL Cricket |website=[[Forbes]] |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119182936/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemeehallwood/2020/09/16/the-worlds-6th-biggest-sports-league-starts-this-weekend-americans-this-is-why-you-should-be-watching-ipl-cricket/?sh=46909f403987 |url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, ten teams compete for the championship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Drury |first1=Sam |title=IPL 2022: Two new teams & star players – all you need to know as tournament returns |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/60869065 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325142235/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/60869065 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |language=en |date=25 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the league's inception, eight teams have won the title, with the [[Mumbai Indians]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] both securing five titles each.

Indian [[batsman]] [[Virat Kohli]] holds the records for the most runs scored (8,730), the most centuries (8), most half-centuries (62), most runs in a single season (973), most runs as a captain (4,994) and the most catches (117).

[[File:Virat Kohli with AudiQ7.png|thumb|150px|[[Virat Kohli]] holds the record for most runs in IPL history.]]

Indian batsman [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[wicket-keeper]] [[MS Dhoni]] are the most successful captains in the league, each winning five titles. Dhoni also holds the record for the most matches played. West Indies batsman [[Chris Gayle]] holds several individual batting records, including the highest individual score in a match (175*), the most sixes scored (357), the most sixes in a match (17), and the fastest century (off 30 balls). Indian [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] holds the record for the most wickets taken (205).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Wickets in IPL: From Dwayne Bravo to Kuldeep Yadav - myKhel.com |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/most-wickets-in-ipl-rs100/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=mykhelcom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Yuzvendra Chahal becomes first bowler to take 200 wickets in IPL |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/latest-news/yuzvendra-chahal-first-bowler-200-wickets-ipl |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Rajasthan Royals |language=en}}</ref> West Indies bowler [[Alzarri Joseph]] holds the record for the best [[bowling figures]] with 6/12.

{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 150
| image1 = MS Dhoni (Prabhav '23 - RiGI 2023).jpg
| alt1 = MS Dhoni
| image2 = Rohit Gurunath Sharma.jpg
| alt2 = Rohit Sharma
| footer = [[MS Dhoni]] (left) and [[Rohit Sharma]] (right) both hold the record of most titles as captain in Indian Premier League with 5 titles each.
}}

The Mumbai Indians hold the record for playing and winning the most matches, while the [[Gujarat Titans]] (GT) have the highest win percentage (62.22%). [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (SRH) scored the most runs in a match with a score of 287/3 against the [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (RCB) in 2024, breaking their own record of 277/3 against the Mumbai Indians earlier in the same season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Make History with Highest Team Total in IPL, Score 277 Against Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/cricket/news/sunrisers-hyderabad-make-history-with-highest-team-total-in-ipl-score-277-against-mumbai-indians-a507/|website=Lokmat Times|date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> The highest successful run chase in the league's history was achieved by the [[Punjab Kings]] (PBKS), as they chased down a target of 262 set by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) in 2024. The Royal Challengers Bengaluru scored the lowest total, making just 49 runs against the Kolkata Knight Riders in 2017.

== Listing criteria ==
In general, the top five are listed in each category, except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, in which case all the tied record holders are noted.

== Listing notation ==
;Team notation
*(200/3) indicates that a team scored 200 [[run (cricket)|runs]] for three [[Wicket#Dismissal of a batsman|wicket]]s and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
*(200) indicates that a team scored 200 runs and was [[End of an innings (cricket)|all out]]

;Batting notation
*(100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was [[dismissal (cricket)|out]]
*(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was [[not out]]

;Bowling notation
*(5/20) indicates that a bowler has captured five wickets while conceding 20 runs

;Currently playing
*{{dagger}} indicates a current cricketer

;Date
* indicates the date the match was played

== Team records ==

===By season===
Out of the fifteen franchises that have played in the league, [[Mumbai Indians]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] are the most successful teams in the league's history with five titles each, with [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] having won three titles. The five teams who have won the tournament once are [[Rajasthan Royals]], [[Deccan Chargers]], [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], [[Gujarat Titans]] and [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]. The current champions are Bengaluru who beat Punjab in the [[2025 Indian Premier League final]] to clinch their first title.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!|Season
![[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]
![[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
![[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]
![[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
![[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]
![[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
![[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
![[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
![[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
![[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]
![[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
![[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
![[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
![[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
![[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
![[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
![[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
![[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
! style="background: silver" | RU
| SF
! style="background: gold" | C
! style="background: gold" | C
! style="background: silver" | RU
! style="background: silver" | RU
|PO
! style="background: silver" | RU
| colspan="2" | ''Suspended''
! style="background: gold" | C
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 7th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 9th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 5th
| 10th
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Delhi Capitals]]
| SF
| SF
| 5th
| 10th
|PO
| 9th
| 8th
| 7th
| 6th
| 6th
| 8th
| PO
! style="background: silver" | RU
| PO
| 5th
| 9th
| 6th
| 5th
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Gujarat Titans]]
| colspan="14" style="background: #ececec" | –
! style="background: gold" | C
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 8th
| PO
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 6th
| 8th
| 6th
| PO
! style="background: gold" | C
| 7th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 5th
| PO
| PO
| PO
| 5th
| 5th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 7th
| 7th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 8th
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| colspan="14" style="background: #ececec" | –
| PO
| PO
| 7th
| 7th
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 5th
| 7th
! style="background: silver" | RU
|PO
|PO
! style="background: gold" | C
| PO
! style="background: gold" | C
| 5th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 5th
! style="background: gold" | C
! style="background: gold" | C
| 5th
| 10th
| PO
| 10th
| PO
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Punjab Kings]]
| SF
| 5th
| 8th
| 5th
| 6th
| 6th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 8th
| 8th
| 5th
| 7th
| 6th
| 6th
| 6th
| 6th
| 8th
| 9th
! style="background: silver" | RU
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajasthan Royals]]
! style="background: gold" | C
| 6th
| 7th
| 6th
| 7th
|PO
| 5th
|PO
| colspan="2" | ''Suspended''
|PO
| 7th
| 8th
| 7th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 5th
| PO
| 9th
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]}}
| 7th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| style="background: #c96" | 3rd
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 5th
| 5th
| 7th
|PO
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 8th
| 6th
| 8th
|PO
|PO
|PO
| 6th
|PO
! style="background: gold" | C
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| colspan="5" style="background: #ececec" | –
| PO
| 6th
| 6th
! style="background: gold" | C
| PO
! style="background: silver" | RU
| PO
| PO
| 8th
| 8th
| 10th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| 6th
|-
! colspan=19|Defunct Teams
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Deccan Chargers]]
| 8th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 4th
| 7th
| 8th
|
| colspan="12" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]
| colspan="3" style="background: #ececec" | –
| 8th
| colspan="14" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Pune Warriors India]]
| colspan="3" style="background: #ececec" | –
| 9th
| 9th
| 8th
| colspan="12" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Gujarat Lions]]
| colspan="8" style="background: #ececec" | –
|PO
| 7th
| colspan="8" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| colspan="8" style="background: #ececec" | –
| 7th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| colspan="8" style="background: #ececec" | –
|}
*Current teams are listed alphabetically. Defunct teams are listed by order of entry to the league, then alphabetically.
† Team now defunct
* {{color box|border=darkgray|gold}} '''C''': champions
* {{color box|border=darkgray|silver}} '''RU''': runner-up
* {{color box|border=darkgray|c96}} 3rd: team won the 3rd place playoff. A third-place playoff only took place in 2010

=== Team wins, losses and draws ===


''Teams are ordered by best result then by winning percentage, then alphabetically'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2" |Team
!colspan=3|Appearances
!rowspan="2" |Best result
!colspan="7"|Statistics
|-
!Total
!First
!Latest
!Played
!Won
!Lost
!{{tooltip|Tied+W|Won tied match in Super Over}}
!{{tooltip|Tied+L|Lost tied match in Super Over}}
!NR
!Win%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Chennai Super Kings]]'''
| 16 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] ||rowspan=10|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] ||style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]], [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]], [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]], [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]) || 253 || 142 || 108 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 56.12
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Mumbai Indians]]'''
| 18 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.1|'''Champions'''}} ([[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]], [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]], [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]], [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]], [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]) || 277 || 151 || 122 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 54.51
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]'''
| 18 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] ||style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]], [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]], [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]) || 265 || 135 || 124 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 50.94
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Gujarat Titans]]'''
| 4 || [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]) || 60 || 37 || 23 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 61.66
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Rajasthan Royals]]'''
| 16 ||[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]) || 236 || 114 || 115 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 48.30
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]'''
| 13 || [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]) || 196 || 93 || 98 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 47.44
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]'''
| 18 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || style="background:gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]) || 271 || 132 || 132 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 48.70
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Punjab Kings]]'''
| 18 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || style="background:silver"| {{sort|2.1|'''Runners-up'''}} ([[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]) || 263 || 119 || 139 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 45.24
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Delhi Capitals]]'''
| 18 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || style="background:silver"| {{sort|2.1|'''Runners-up'''}} ([[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]) || 266 || 118 || 140 || 4 || 1 || 3 || 44.36
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]'''
| 4 || [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || {{sort|4.1|Eliminator}} ([[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]], [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]) || 58 || 30 || 27 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 51.72
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Deccan Chargers]]
|5 || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] ||style="background:gold;"|{{sort|1.1|'''Champions'''}} ([[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]) || 75 || 29 || 46 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 38.66
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rising Pune Supergiant]] || 2 || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || style="background-color: silver" |{{sort|2.5|'''Runners-up'''}} ([[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]) || 30 || 15 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat Lions]] || 2 || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] ||{{sort|7.5|Qualifier 2}} ([[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]) || 30 || 13 || 16 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 43.33
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] || 1 || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || {{sort|7.5|Group Stage}} ([[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]) || 14 || 6 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 42.85
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Pune Warriors India]] || 3 || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || {{sort|7.5|Group Stage}} ([[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]], [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]) || 46 || 12 || 33 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 26.08
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| Team now defunct
|-
|''Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-results-summary/indian-premier-league-117 ESPNCricinfo] (Last updated: 20 June 2025)''
|}

Notes:
* Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by [[Super Over|super over]]
* The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win

== Result records ==

=== Greatest win margin (by runs) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Margin
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
!146 Runs
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] ||[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
!144 Runs
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || rowspan=4|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|14}}
|-
!140 Runs
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|18}}
|-
!138 Runs
| rowspan=2|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|6}}
|-
!130 Runs
| [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|23}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="5" | Last updated: 26 May 2024<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Largest Victories |access-date=9 August 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Greatest win margin (by balls remaining) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Balls remaining
!Margin
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 87
| rowspan=2|8 wickets || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|-
! 76
| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|KTK]] || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|15}}
|-
! 73
| 10 wickets || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|30}}
|-
! 72
|9 wickets || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|23}}
|-
! 71
| 10 wickets ||[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|14}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="6" | Last updated: 25 May 2024<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Greatest win margin (by 10 wickets) ===
Teams have won by ten wickets on 15 occasions. The first time this occurred was during the 2008 season when [[Deccan Chargers]] beat [[Mumbai Indians]] at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in Mumbai. The most recent time a team won by ten wickets was in 2024 when [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] beat [[Lucknow Super Giants]] at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="Largest victories" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Number of Victories
!Team
!Latest
|-
! 4
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|22}}
|-
! 3
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|8}}
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|23}}
|-
|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|4}}
|-
!rowspan=4|1
|[[Deccan Chargers|DEC]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|27}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|20}}
|-
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|7}}
|-
|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|30}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" | Last updated: 25 May 2024<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Narrowest win margin (by 1 run) ===

Teams have won by a single run on 15 occasions. The first time this occurred was during the 2008 season when [[Punjab Kings|Kings XI Punjab]] beat [[Mumbai Indians]] at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]]. The most recent occurrence was in 2025 when [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] beat [[Rajasthan Royals]] at the [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Smallest Victories |access-date=28 April 2021 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Number of Victories
!Team
!Latest
|-
!rowspan=2|3
|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|12}}
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|27}}
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|May|4}}
|-
|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|17}}
|-
!rowspan=5|1
|[[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|29}}
|-
|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|9}}
|-
|[[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|27}}
|-
|[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|23}}
|-
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|2}}
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" | Last updated: 4 May 2025<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

=== Narrowest win margin (by balls remaining) ===
Teams have won off the last ball on 45 occasions. The first time this occurred was during the 2008 season when [[Chennai Super Kings]] beat [[Delhi Daredevils]] at the [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]] in Delhi. The most recent time a team with zero balls remaining was in 2025 when [[Gujarat Titans]] beat [[Mumbai Indians]] at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in Mumbai.<ref name="Smallest victories" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Number of Victories
!Team
!Latest
|-
! 9
|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|28}}
|-
! 7
|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|April|11}}
|-
! 5
|[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|16}}
|-
! 4
|[[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|May|6}}
|-
!rowspan=3|3
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|8}}
|-
|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|15}}
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|8}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" | Last updated: 25 May 2024<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

=== Narrowest win margin (by wickets) ===
Teams have won matches by one wicket on five occasions:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|9}}
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || rowspan=2|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|7}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|12}}
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|April|10}}
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|March|24}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" | Last updated: 24 March 2025<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

=== Highest successful chases ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Score
!Team
!Opposition
!Target
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 262/2
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]
!262
| [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|26}}
|-
! 247/2
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]
!246
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|April|12}}
|-
! 230/4
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]]
!228
| [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|May|27}}
|-
! 226/6
|rowspan=2|[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]
!rowspan=2|224
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|27}}
|-
! 224/8
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|16}}
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="6" | Last updated: 27 May 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=target;result=1;template=results;trophy=117;type=team;view=innings |title= Highest successful run chases| work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Lowest successful defence ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Target
!Team
!Opposition
!Score
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 112
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || 95 || [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|April|15}}
|-
! 117
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 92/8 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|20}}
|-
! 119
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || rowspan=2|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 87 || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|24}}
|-
! rowspan=3|120
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 116/7 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|29}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || rowspan=2|[[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || 108 || rowspan=2|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|17}}
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 119/6 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|3}}
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="6" | Last updated: 15 April 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/five-lowest-totals-defended-in-the-history-of-the-indian-premier-league-1219746-2018-04-25 |title= Lowest scores defended| work=Indiatoday|date= 25 April 2018|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Tied Matches ===
{{as of|2025|04}} matches have resulted in a tie on 15 occasions. The first time a match was tied in the league was during the 2009 season when [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and [[Rajasthan Royals]] played in a match at [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]] in South Africa. The most recent tie occurred during the 2025 season when [[Delhi Capitals]] and [[Rajasthan Royals]] played at [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Delhi]].<ref name="Smallest victories" /> All tied matches in the IPL are resolved by using a [[super over]].

== Team scoring records ==
=== Highest team total ===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Score
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 287/3
| rowspan=4 |[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|15}}
|-
!286/6
|[[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|March|23}}
|-
! 278/3
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|May|25}}
|-
! 277/3
| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
! 272/7
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|3}}
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Highest innings totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Lowest team total ===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Score
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 49
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|23}}
|-
! 58
| rowspan=2|[[Rajasthan Royals]] || rowspan=2|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|18}}
|-
! 59
|[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|14}}
|-
! 66
| rowspan=2|[[Delhi Capitals]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
! rowspan=2|67
| [[Punjab Kings]] || [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|30}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Lowest totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Highest match aggregate ===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Aggregate
!Team 1
!Score 1
!Team 2
!Score 2
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 549/10
| rowspan=3|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 287/3 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || 262/7 || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|15}}
|-
! 528/12
| 286/6 || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 242/6 || rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|March|23}}
|-
! rowspan=2|523/8
| 277/3 || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 246/5 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || 261/6 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 262/2 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|26}}
|-
! 504/13
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || 257/4 || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 247/9 || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|28}}
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Highest Match aggregates|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Lowest match aggregate ===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Aggregate
!Team 1
!Score 1
!Team 2
!Score 2
!Venue
!Date
|-
! rowspan=2|135
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || rowspan=2|67 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 68/0 || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|30}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 68/2 || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|-
! 140
| rowspan=3| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 68 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 72/1 || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|23}}
|-
! rowspan=2|141
| rowspan=2|70 || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || 71/3 || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|March|23}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 71/4 || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|April|26}}
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?id=117;type=trophy|title= Lowest Match aggregates|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

== Individual batting records ==

===Most career runs===
{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Teams
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
!8,730
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{dagger}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || style="text-align:center" | 260 || 2008–2026
|-
!7,046
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}}|| [[Deccan Chargers|DEC]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || style="text-align:center" | 267 || 2008–2025
|-
!6,769
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}}|| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Deccan Chargers|DEC]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]/[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || style="text-align:center" | 221 || 2008–2024
|-
!6,565
|{{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}|| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || style="text-align:center" | 184 || 2009–2024
|-
!5,528
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || style="text-align:center" | 200 || 2008–2021
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="Most career runs">{{cite news |title= Most career runs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-117 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Highest individual score===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 175[[not out|*]]
| {{sortname|Chris|Gayle}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || rowspan=2|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|23}}
|-
!158[[not out|*]]
| {{sortname|Brendon|McCullum}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] ||{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|18}}
|-
!141
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma}} {{dagger}}|| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|April|12}}
|-
!140[[not out|*]]
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} {{dagger}}|| [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|18}}
|-
!133[[not out|*]]
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]|| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]]|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|10}}
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="Highest individual score">{{cite news |title=Highest individual score |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Most centuries ===
{{main|List of Indian Premier League centuries}}
{{as of|2025}}, 110 centuries have been scored in IPL matches.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Centuries
!Player
!Teams
!Career
|-
!8
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{dagger}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || 2008–2025
|-
!7
| {{sortname|Jos|Buttler}}{{dagger}}|| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]/[[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || 2016–2025
|-
!6
|{{sortname|Chris|Gayle}}|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]]/[[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]] || 2009–2021
|-
!5
| {{sortname|KL|Rahul}}{{dagger}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]/[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]]/[[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || 2013–2025
|-
!rowspan=3|4
| {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}}{{dagger}}|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || 2018–2025
|-
| {{sortname|Shane|Watson}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || 2008–2020
|-
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 2009–2024
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="Most hundreds">{{cite news |title= Most hundreds|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-hundreds-career/indian-premier-league-117 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most runs in a season===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Team
!Season
|-
!973
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{dagger}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
|-
!890
| {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}}{{dagger}} || |[[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|-
!863
|{{sortname|Jos|Buttler}}{{dagger}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
|-
!848
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
|-
!759
| {{sortname|Sai|Sudharsan}}{{dagger}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Most runs in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most career sixes===
{{Updated|28 March 2026}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sixes
!Player
!Teams
!Seasons
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 357
| {{sortname|Chris|Gayle}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 2009–2021
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 302
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}}|| [[Deccan Chargers|DEC]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 2008–2025
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 296
| [[Virat Kohli]]{{dagger}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 2008–2026
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 264
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}{{dagger}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || 2008–2025
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 251
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 2008–2021
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title=Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_career.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most career fours===
{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Fours
!Player
!Teams
!Seasons
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 776
| [[Virat Kohli]] {{dagger}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 2008–present
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 768
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 2008–2024
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 663
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 2009–2024
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 640
| [[Rohit Sharma]] {{dagger}}|| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 2008–present
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 514
| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] {{dagger}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || 2008–present
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title=Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;template=results;trophy=117;type=batting |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most sixes in an innings===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sixes
!Player
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 17
| {{sortname|Chris|Gayle}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || rowspan=2|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|23}}
|-
! rowspan=2|13
| {{sortname|Brendon|McCullum}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|18}}
|-
| ! rowspan=2|{{sortname|Chris|Gayle}} || ! rowspan=3|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|17}}
|-
! rowspan=2|12
|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || rowspan=2|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|6}}
|-
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|14}}
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Most sixes in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_innings.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

==Individual bowling records==

===Most career wickets===
{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Team
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
! 221
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}}{{dagger}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 172 || 2013–2025
|-
! 199
| {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}}{{dagger}} || [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 191 || 2011–2026
|-
! 192
| {{sortname|Sunil|Narine}}{{dagger}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || 187 || 2012–2025
|-
! 192
| {{sortname|Piyush|Chawla}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 191 || 2008–2024
|-
!187
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 217 || 2009–2025
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="Most wickets">{{cite news |title=Most career wickets |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-117 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Best bowling figures===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Figures
!Player
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 6/12
| {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}}{{dagger}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|6}}
|-
! 6/14
| {{sortname|Sohail|Tanvir}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|4}}
|-
! 6/19
| {{sortname|Adam|Zampa}}{{dagger}} || [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|10}}
|-
! rowspan=2|5/5
| {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]|| [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|18}}
|-
| [[Akash Madhwal]]{{dagger}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|24}}
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Best bowling figures in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Five-wicket hauls===
{{main|List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls}}
{{as of|2025}}, there have been 37 [[five-wicket haul]]s in IPL matches.

===Hat-tricks===
[[File:Amit Mishra.jpg|thumb|right|[[Amit Mishra]] is the only bowler to have taken three IPL hat-tricks.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/ipl-stats-amit-mishra-becomes-first-bowler-to-take-3-hat-tricks-in-the-tournament-1537995 |title=IPL Stats: Amit Mishra first bowler to take 3 hat-tricks in the tournament |publisher=NDTVSports |access-date=17 April 2013}}</ref>]]
{{as of|2025|04}}, 23 [[hat-trick]]s have been taken in IPL matches. The feat was first achieved by [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] in a 2008 match between [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Punjab Kings]] at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/336013/chennai-super-kings-vs-kings-xi-punjab-31st-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08 |title=31st match (N), Chennai, May 10 2008, Indian Premier League |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The most recent hat-trick in the league was taken in 2025 by [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] playing for [[Punjab Kings]] against [[Chennai Super Kings]] at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-punjab-kings-49th-match-1473486/full-scorecard |title=49th Match (N), Chennai, April 30, 2025, Indian Premier League |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Indian Premier League hat-tricks
!No.
!Player
!Team
!Opponents
!Venue
!Season
|-
|1
|[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|Chennai
|2008
|-
|2
|[[Amit Mishra]] (1/3)
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[[Deccan Chargers]]
|Delhi
|2008
|-
|3
|[[Makhaya Ntini]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Kolkata
|2008
|-
|4
|[[Yuvraj Singh]] (1/2)
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|Durban
|2009
|-
|5
|[[Rohit Sharma]]{{dagger}}
|[[Deccan Chargers]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|Centurion
|2009
|-
|6
|[[Yuvraj Singh]] (2/2)
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[[Deccan Chargers]]
|Johannesburg
|2009
|-
|7
|[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|Bengaluru
|2010
|-
|8
|[[Amit Mishra]] (2/3)
|[[Deccan Chargers]]
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|Dharamsala
|2011
|-
|9
|[[Ajit Chandila]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Pune Warriors India]]
|Jaipur
|2012
|-
|10
|[[Sunil Narine]]{{dagger}}
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|Mohali
|2013
|-
|11
|[[Amit Mishra]] (3/3)
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[[Pune Warriors]]
|Pune
|2013
|-
|12
|[[Pravin Tambe]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Ahmedabad
|2014
|-
|13
|[[Shane Watson]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|Ahmedabad
|2014
|-
|14
|[[Axar Patel]]{{dagger}}
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[[Gujarat Lions]]
|Rajkot
|2016
|-
|15
|[[Samuel Badree]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|Bengaluru
|2017
|-
|16
|[[Andrew Tye]]{{dagger}}
|[[Gujarat Lions]]
|[[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
|Rajkot
|2017
|-
|17
|[[Jaydev Unadkat]]{{dagger}}
|[[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|Hyderabad
|2017
|-
|18
|[[Sam Curran]]{{dagger}}
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|Chandigarh
|2019
|-
|19
|[[Shreyas Gopal]]{{dagger}}
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|Bengaluru
|2019
|-
|20
|[[Harshal Patel]]{{dagger}}
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|Dubai
|2021
|-
|21
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (1/2)
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Brabourne
|2022
|-
|22
|[[Rashid Khan]]{{dagger}}
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Ahmedabad
|2023
|-
|23
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (2/2)
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Chennai
|2025
|}

===Most wickets in a season===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Team
!Season
|-
! rowspan=2|32
| {{sortname|Harshal|Patel}}{{dagger}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
|-
| {{sortname|Dwayne|Bravo}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
|-
! 30
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}}{{dagger}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
|-
! rowspan=3|28
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
|-
| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
|-
| [[Mohammed Shami]]{{dagger}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title=Most wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most runs conceded in a match===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs conceded
!Player
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 76
| {{sortname|Jofra|Archer}}{{dagger}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|March|23}}
|-
! 75
| [[Mohammed Shami]]{{dagger}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|April|12}}
|-
! 74
| [[Will O'Rourke (cricketer)|Will O'Rourke]]{{dagger}} || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|May|27}}
|-
! 73
| {{sortname|Mohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|24}}
|-
! 70
| {{sortname|Basil|Thampi}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|17}}
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

==Individual wicket-keeping records==

===Most career dismissals===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Dismissals
!Player
!Teams
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
! 201
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}{{dagger}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || 271 || 2008–2025
|-
! 174
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 235 || 2008–2024
|-
! 113
| {{sortname|Wriddhiman|Saha}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Titans|GT]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 149 || 2008–2024
|-
! 101
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || 114 || 2016–2025
|-
! 90
| {{sortname|Robin|Uthappa}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Pune Warriors India|PWI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 114 || 2008–2022
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title= Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most career catches as a wicket-keeper===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Catches
!Player
!Teams
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
! 154
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}{{dagger}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || 271 || 2008–2025
|-
! 137
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}}|| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 235 || 2008–2024
|-
! 87
| {{sortname|Wriddhiman|Saha}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Titans|GT]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 149 || 2008–2024
|-
! 77
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || 114 || 2016–2025
|-
! 68
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}{{dagger}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 98 || 2013–2025
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="wicket-keeper" />

===Most career stumpings===
{{updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Stumpings
!Player
!Teams
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
! 47
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}{{dagger}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || 269 || 2008–2025
|-
! 37
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}}|| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 235 || 2008–2024
|-
! 32
| {{sortname|Robin|Uthappa}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Pune Warriors India|PWI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 114 || 2008–2022
|-
! 26
| {{sortname|Wriddhiman|Saha}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Titans|GT]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 149 || 2008–2024
|-
! 24
| [[Rishabh Pant]]{{dagger}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]/[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || 112 || 2016–2025
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="wicket-keeper" />

===Most dismissals in an innings===
{{as of|2023|08}} only [[Kumar Sangakkara]] has taken five wicket-keeping dismissals in an innings in the IPL. He did so for [[Deccan Chargers]] against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in a 2011 match at [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]]. A number of wicket-keepers have taken four dismissals in an innings.<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most dismissals in a season===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Dismissals
!Player
!Team
!Season
|-
! 24
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
|-
! 22
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}{{dagger}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
|-
! rowspan=2|19
| {{sortname|Kumar|Sangakkara}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DEC]] || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
|-
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}{{dagger}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
|-
! rowspan=4|18
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
|-
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DEC]] || [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
|-
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
|-
| {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

== Individual fielding records ==

===Most career catches===
{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Catches
!Player
!Teams
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
! 118
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{dagger}}|| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || 266 || 2008–2026
|-
! rowspan=2|109
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || 204 || 2008–2021
|-
| {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}}{{dagger}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]]/[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|KTK]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 252 || 2008–2025
|-
! 103
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 189 || 2010–2022
|-
! 102
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}}|| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 270 || 2008–2025
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Most career catches by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most catches in an innings===
{{as of|2024|05}}, [[Mohammad Nabi]] and [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] are the only two fielders to hold five catches in an IPL match. Nabi did it for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in a 2021 match against [[Mumbai Indians]] at [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]], and Mitchell did it in 2024 for [[Chennai Super Kings]] against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]. A number of players have held four catches in an IPL match.<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Most catches in a season===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Catches
!Player
!Team
!Season
|-
!19
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
|-
! rowspan=2|17
| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]{{dagger}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|-
| [[Riyan Parag]]{{dagger}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
|-
! 15
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]
|-
! rowspan=2|14
| {{sortname|David|Miller|dab=South African cricketer}}{{dagger}} || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
|-
| {{sortname|Dwayne|Bravo}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Most catches in a series by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

== Individual records (other) ==
===Most matches played===

{| class="wikitable"
!Matches
!Player
!Team(s)
!Period
|-
! 278
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}{{dagger}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || rowspan=2|2008–2025
|-
! 272
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DEC]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]
|-
! 268
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{dagger}} || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || 2008–2026
|-
! 257
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]/[[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]/[[Mumbai Indians|MI]]/[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || 2008–2024
|-
! 254
| {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}}{{dagger}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Gujarat Lions|GL]]/[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|KTK]]/[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 2008–2025
|}
*Source: Cricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/individual-most-matches-career/indian-premier-league-117 |title= Most Matches Played| work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

===Most matches played as captain===
{{main|List of Indian Premier League captains}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Matches
!Player
!Team(s)
!Won
!Lost
!Tied
!Drawn
!No Result
!Period
|-
!235
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}{{dagger}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]/[[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || 136 || 97 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2008–2025
|-
!158
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || 87 || 67 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 2013–2023
|-
!143
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{dagger}} || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || 66 || 70 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 2011–2023
|-
!129
| {{sortname|Gautam|Gambhir}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || 71 || 57 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2009–2018
|-
!83
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]]/[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 40 || 41 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2013–2023
|}
*Source: Cricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/individual-most-matches-as-captain/indian-premier-league-117 |title= Most Matches Played as Captain| work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

== Miscellaneous records ==
{{updated|2024}}
*Most consecutive wins in a season: 9, [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|title=Records – Twenty20 matches – Team records – Most consecutive wins – ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
*Most consecutive defeats in a season: 9, [[Pune Warriors India]] in 2012 and [[Delhi Capitals]] in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305311.html|title=Records – Twenty20 matches – Team records – Most consecutive defeats – ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* Most [[Player of the match]] awards: 25, [[AB de Villiers]] (2008–2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|title=Player with Most Man of the Matches in IPL History. Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

==Partnership records==
===Highest partnerships by wicket===
{{Updated|10 May 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wicket
!Runs
!colspan="2"|Batters
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! rowspan=2|1st wicket
| 210* || {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || {{sortname|KL|Rahul}} || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|18}}
|-
| 210 || {{sortname|Sai|Sudharsan}} || {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|10}}
|-
! 2nd wicket
| 229 || {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|14}}
|-
! 3rd wicket
| 165 || [[Robin Uthappa]] || [[Shivam Dube]] || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|12}}
|-
! 4th wicket
| 144 || {{sortname|Shimron|Hetmyer}} || {{sortname|Gurkeerat|Singh}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|4}}
|-
! 5th wicket
| 134* || {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || {{sortname|Yusuf|Pathan}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|8}}
|-
! 6th wicket
| 122* || {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || rowspan=2|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|14}}
|-
! 7th wicket
| 100 || {{sortname|Jagadeesha|Suchith}} || {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|12}}
|-
! 8th wicket
| 73* || {{sortname|Ayush|Badoni}} || {{sortname|Arshad|Khan|dab=Indian cricketer}} || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|12}}
|-
! 9th wicket
| 88* || {{sortname|Rashid|Khan}} || {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|12}}
|-
! 10th wicket
| 55* || {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || {{sortname|Mohit|Rathee}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|April|9}}
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Highest partnerships by wicket |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

===Highest partnerships by runs===
{{Updated|10 May 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Wicket
!colspan="2"|Batters
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! 229
| rowspan=2|2nd wicket
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || rowspan=2|{{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || rowspan=2|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|14}}
|-
! 215*
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|10}}
|-
! 210*
| rowspan=2|1st wicket
|{{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || {{sortname|KL|Rahul}} || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|18}}
|-
! 210
| {{sortname|Sai|Sudharsan}} || {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|10}}
|-
! 206
| 2nd wicket
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}} || {{sortname|Shaun|Marsh}} || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|17}}
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest partnerships by runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=117;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Main|List of Indian Premier League awards}}

The [[Orange Cap]] is awarded to the top run-scorer in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-runs|title=IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website|website=IPLT20 – 2015 Orange Cap Final Leaderboard|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> The [[Purple Cap]] is awarded to the top wicket-taker in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-wickets|title=IPLT20.com – 2015 Purple Cap Final Leaderboard|website=IPLT20|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Chennai Super Kings records]]
* [[List of Delhi Capitals records]]
* [[List of Kolkata Knight Riders records]]
* [[List of Mumbai Indians records]]
* [[List of Punjab Kings records]]
* [[List of Rajasthan Royals records]]
* [[List of Royal Challengers Bangalore records]]
* [[List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019 IPL stats] at [[Indian Premier League|IPLT20]]
*[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html?id=117;type=trophy Indian Premier League records] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Premier League records and statistics}}
[[Category:Indian Premier League records and statistics]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics|Premier League records and statistics]]

Krishnadevaraya

2026-03-23T16:27:52Z

UDsportHD: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Emperor of Vijayanagara from 1509 to 1529}}
{{Redirect|Sri Krishna Deva Raya|the 1970 film|Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Krishnadevaraya
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]] Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana [[Andhra]] Bhoja Dakshinasamudradhiswara Mooru Rayara Ganda<ref name="ReferenceA">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 118</ref> Abhinava-Bhoja<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-5202-4500-8 |page=179 |author-link=Sheldon Pollock}}</ref> Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka
| image = Chinnadevi, Krishnadevaraya, Tirumaladevi statues at Chandragiri Museum.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Museum]]
| succession = [[List of Vijayanagara emperors|Emperor of Vijayanagara]]
| coronation = 23/24 January 1510{{efn|name="Coronation"|According to an inscription at a temple in Hampi, Krishnadevaraya's coronation was on 14 Magha 1431 [[Shaka era|Shaka Samvat]]. However, this [[tithi]] (lunar day) falls on both 23 and 24 January 1510.<ref name="u335">{{cite journal | last=Sewell | first=R. | title=The Kings of Vijayanagara, A.D. 1486-1509 | journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | publisher=[Cambridge University Press, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland] | year=1915 | issn=0035-869X | jstor=25189336 | pages=383–395 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25189336 | access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>}}
| reign = {{Nowrap|26 July 1509 – 17 October 1529}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=C. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEcAAAAMAAJ |title=Kanchipuram Through the Ages |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=1979 |isbn = 819429374X |page=200 |oclc=5834894 |accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Viranarasimha Raya]]
| successor = [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1471|01|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayanagara]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (present-day [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1529|10|17|1471|01|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Vijayanagara]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (present-day [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| issue = * Tirumalumba (from Tirumala Devi)
* Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi)
* Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivasankaranarayana |first1=Bh. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJphAAAAIAAJ |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Anantapur |last2=Rajagopal |first2=M. V. |last3=Ramesan |first3=N. |publisher=Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press, copies can be had from:Government Publication Bureau |year=1970 |oclc =
42803386|page=63}}</ref>(Crowned in 1524 at the age of 6 years, but died on 1525<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZLXAAAAMAAJ&q=son+death|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|author=T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya|page=469|year=1997}}</ref>)
| father = [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]
| mother = Nagala Devi
| signature = Krishnadevaraya signature.png
| religion = [[Sri Vaishnavism]]
| queen = [[Tirumala Devi]] Chinna Devi Annapurna Devi
| dynasty = [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluva]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| serviceyears = 1509–1529
| rank =
| battles = {{Hidden
|See list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Krishnadevaraya's Deccan Expedition]]
** [[Battle of Diwani]]
** Battle of Koilkonda
** Capture of Raichur
** Siege of Gulbarga
** Siege of Bidar
* Vijayanagara–Gajapati War
** Siege of Udayagiri
** Siege of Kondavidu
** Battle of Meduru
** Capture of Kondavidu
** Capture of Kondapalli
** Conquest of Kalinga
* [[Battle of Raichur]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}

'''Krishnadevaraya''' (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529) was emperor of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1509 to 1529 and the third ruler of the [[Tuluva dynasty]]. Widely regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history, he presided over the empire at its political and cultural zenith and is remembered as an iconic figure by many Indians.<ref>Tabasum Bhanu (2015) [https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1133330.pdf Sri krishnadevaraya 1509-1529.made vijayanagara a military power in the south an overview] ''IJCRT'' 3(4)</ref> Following the decline of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], he ruled the largest and most powerful empire in India during his time.<ref name="k302">Keay, John, India: A History, New York: [[HarperCollins|Harper Collins]], 2000, p. 302</ref>

Krishnadevaraya's reign was marked by military expansion and political consolidation. He became the dominant ruler of the Indian peninsula by defeating the sultans of [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]], the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultanate]], and the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]], making him one of the most powerful Hindu monarchs in Indian history.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Major campaigns during his reign included the [[Krishnadevaraya's Bahmani expedition|conquest]] of the [[Raichur Doab]] in 1512, the subjugation of Odisha in 1514, and a decisive victory against the Sultan of Bijapur in 1520. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory.

When the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]] surveyed the rulers of India, he considered Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, ruling over the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.<ref name="k302" /> Portuguese travellers [[Domingo Paes]] and [[Duarte Barbosa]], who visited his court, described him as an able administrator and an exceptional military commander who personally led campaigns and tended to wounded soldiers. The poet [[Nandi Thimmana|Mukku Timmana]] praised him as the "Destroyer of the Turks".<ref name="Vijayanagara Voices p.124">Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature  William Joseph Jackson: p. 124</ref> Krishnadevaraya was guided by his trusted prime minister [[Timmarusu]], whom he credited as the architect of his rise to the throne, and was also advised by the witty poet [[Tenali Rama|Tenali Ramakrishna]].

His reign is also regarded as a golden age of [[Telugu literature]], and he was a distinguished patron of arts and scholarship. Krishnadevaraya himself composed the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poetic work ''[[Amuktamalyada]]'', celebrated for its literary and devotional value. His court was home to the [[Ashtadiggajas]]—eight legendary Telugu poets—including [[Allasani Peddana]] and Mukku Timmana. Literary activity flourished not only in Telugu but also in [[Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under his patronage, making his court a major cultural hub of the era.

Krishnadevaraya was conferred with several honorific titles such as ''Andhra Bhoja'' ("[[Bhoja]] of [[Andhra]]"), ''Karnatakaratna Simhasanadeeshwara'' ("Lord of the Jewelled Throne of Karnataka"), ''Mooru Rayara Ganda'' ("Lord of Three Kings"), ''Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana'' ("Lord of the Kannada Empire"), and ''Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka'' ("Protector of Cows and Brahmins").

== Early life ==
Krishnadevaraya was the son of [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]<ref name="parents">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, pp. 250, 258</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC |title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0822349044 |location=Durham and London |page=72 |oclc=1171392877 |author-link=Sheldon Pollock}}</ref> and his queen Nagamamba.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nJDAAAAYAAJ |title=Indian Antiquary |publisher=Swati Publications |year=1985 |editor-last=Temple |editor-first=Richard Carnac |editor-link=Richard Carnac Temple |volume=27 |location=Delhi |orig-year=1899 |isbn=0548806756 |page=276 |quote=Nộisimha had two sons, Viranşisinha and Kșishộarâya, the former by one of his queens Tippâmbân, Nagamâmbâ.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallappa |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KA5AQAAIAAJ |title=Kriyasakti Vidyaranya |publisher=Department of Publications & Extension Lectures, [[Bangalore University]] |year=1974 |location=Bangalore |page=149 |oclc=2202269 |quote=In those days, king was regarded as God Vishnu, but in the case of Krishnadevaraya, such a feeling could not be expected as he was the son of an usurper of the kingdom by his concubine.}}{{ISBN missing|date=January 2022}}</ref> Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the [[Tuluva dynasty]] of the Vijayanagara Empire. He ascended the throne after the death of his half-brother Viranarasimha.<ref name="o497">{{cite web | author=M. H. RĀMA SHARMA| title=Full text of "THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.bengal.10689.12385/10689.12385_djvu.txt | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> He was married to [[Srirangapatna]]'s princess [[Tirumala Devi]] and his royal dancer from [[Kodagu]], Chinna Devi.<ref name="o497" /> He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince [[Tirumala Deva Raya|Tirumala Deva]] Raya.<ref name="o497" />

== Military career ==
His main enemies were the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], the [[Deccan Sultanates]], the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]], who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy, R. Ramakrishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09uAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |publisher=S. Chand |year=1977 |page=188}}</ref>

=== Success in the Deccan ===
{{Main|Krishnadevaraya's Deccan Expedition}}

The raid and plunder of Vijayanagara towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies [[Battle of Diwani|clashed]] with them and [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Sultan Mahmud]] was severely injured and defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=P. Sree Rama Sarma |title=A History of the Vijayanagar Empire |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |year=1992 |page=135 |quote=The invaders were checked at Diwani (Unidentified). In a hotly contested battle fought at Diwani the Sultan himself was thrown off his horse. He sustained serious injuries.}}</ref> [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] was killed and the [[Raichur Doab]] was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]], and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] into Vijayanagara and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts) |publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer |year=1993 |page=53}}</ref> The Sultan of Golconda [[Sultan Quli Qutb Shah]] was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=P. Raghunadha Rao |title=Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1993 |page=87 |quote=Timmarasu himself took command, defeated the Golconda army and captured its commander Madurl Mulk}}</ref> In 1513, Krishnadevaraya personally engaged in battle with Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah at Pangal. The Vijayanagar army suffered defeat at the hands of the Golconda forces, resulting in the capture of the Pangal fort from Vijayanagar. As a consequence, Raya was compelled to retreat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZKHDAAAQBAJ |title=Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan 1850–1948 |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60344-8 |pages=47 |language=en |quote=Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya opted to march against the Qutb Shah leader. He came with 30,000 horses and 3,000 foot soldiers. Quli Qutb responded, and the two armies met at Pangal where the Vijayanagar army had encamped. In battle, the Golconda forces were successful, forcing the retreat of Krishnadevaraya who left behind a small force to defend the fort. The fort occupants held out for nearly two months before capitulating to the besieging Qutb Shah forces.}}</ref>

=== War with Kalinga ===
[[File:Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1513 AD) at the Krishna temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|upright|Kannada inscription, dated 1513 CE, of Krishnadevaraya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of [[Odisha]].]]
The [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising parts of [[Bengal]], [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra]], and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Krishna Chandra |title=History of Orissa |pages=191, 194–196}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into the coastal Andhra region, which was under the control of the Gajapati king [[Prataparudra Deva]]. The Vijayanagara army laid siege to the [[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri]] fort in 1512.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. K. Sahu, P. K. Mishra, Jagna Kumar Sahu |title=History of Orissa |publisher=Nalanola |year=1981 |page=234 |quote=Krishnadevaraya started his expedition against Udayagiri early in A.D. 1512.}}</ref> The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka |year=2011 |page=48 |quote=Starving the defenders into surrender seemed to be the only way open to the Raya.}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]] thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka |year=2010 |page=48 |quote=A relieved Raya left for the capital and on the way visited the temple of Tirupati and gave numerous gifts to the Lord in gratefulness for the victory at Udaygiri.}}</ref> The Gajapati army was then met at [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]. The armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NZ9VmTYloC |title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka |year=2010 |page=47 |quote=The Raya's soldiers had to virtually blast their way through huge boulders to go anywhere near the foot of the fort wall … The Gajapati did such a fine job of defending the fort that the siege dragged on for fourteen months.}}</ref> [[Timmarusu]] discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack. This culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achintya Kumar Deb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s8XAAAAIAAJ |title=The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History |publisher=Kalyani Devi |year=1984 |page=27 |quote=Pratapurdradeva could not protect it [Kondaveedu Fort] and he surrendered several military and civil officers, including Virabhadra, son of Prataparudredeva were taken captives by the king of Vijayanagar.}}</ref> Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayaka took over as governor of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]] thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer 2 of India, Volume 15, pp. 393 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Krishnadevaraya planned an invasion of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], but Prataparudra learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat the former at the fort of [[Kalinganagar]]. Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to [[Cuttack]], the capital of the [[Gajapati Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhra Pradesh (India). Dept. of Archaeology |title=Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1962 |page=15 |quote=Krishnadevaraya went as far as Cuttack}}</ref> Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. Saraswathi Nanaiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AqAAAAYAAJ |title=The Position of Women During Vijayanagara Period, 1336–1646 |publisher=Southern Printers |year=1992 |page=135 |quote=When Krishnadeva Raya won against Gajapathi, he gave a lot of dowry to Krishnadeva Raya and gave his}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the [[Krishna River]]; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagara and Gajapati Kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Jayasree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQbtAAAAMAAJ |title=Agrarian Economy in Andhra under Vijayanagar |publisher=Navrang |year=1991 |isbn=978-8170130840 |page=21 |quote=Krishnadevaraya returned all the territory north of the river Krishna to Prataparudra Gajapati.}}</ref>

Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] in [[Goa]] in 1510.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowman |first=John |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0231500043 |page=272 |quote=Krishnadevaraya pursues friendly relations with Europeans, granting Portuguese trading rights in exchange for access to trade goods.}}</ref> The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powell |first=Salem |url=https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609 |title=Magill's Guide to Military History |publisher=Salem Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0893560140 |page=[https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609 1609] |quote=the importation and use of Arabian war horses and guns [by the Vijayanagara Empire]. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums |title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya |publisher=Government of Karnataka |year=2010 |page=267 |quote=The rulers of Vijayanagara and Bahmanis mainly depended on Portuguese and Arabs for the import of quality horses for military operations.}}</ref> He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to the Vijayanagara capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=I. M. Muthanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ |title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture |year=1962 |page=38 |quote=He [Krishnadevaraya] erected a huge embankement near Hosept with the assistance of the Portuguese engineers.}}</ref>

=== Final conflicts ===
{{see also|Battle of Raichur}}
[[File: Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1524 AD) at Ananthasayana temple in Ananthasayanagudi.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Kannada inscription dated 1524 A.D., of Krishnadevaraya at the Anathasayana temple in Anathasayanagudi near Hampi. The temple was built in memory of his deceased son{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}]]
The complicated alliances of the empire and the five [[Deccan sultanates]] meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated [[Golconda]] and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and its sultan [[Ismail Adil Shah]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=PSR (Standard Issue) |title=Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2 |publisher=Baywolf Press |year=2009 |page=27 |quote=In 1520, Ismail Adil Shah recaptured the Raichur Doab from Vijayanagara. In May 1520, Krishnadevaraya sent his forces to Raichur and in the battle that ensued, Adil Shah was defeated and his forces were routed.}}</ref> and restored the [[Bahmani]] sultanate to the son of {{nowrap|Muhammad Shah II}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=L.P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.) |publisher=Konark Publishers |year=1987 |isbn=978-8122000429 |quote=However, he [Krishnadevaraya] returned after placing on the throne the eldest son of Muhammad Shah II.}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}

The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured [[Raichur Fort]] from Ismail Adil Shah after a difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]] of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]], during the [[Battle of Raichur]] were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=G. Surya Prakash Rao |title=Krishnadeva Raya: The Great Poet-emperor of Vijayanagara |publisher=Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University |year=2004 |page=36 |quote=in this battle, Pemmasani Ramalinga Naidu, the Kamma chief of Gandikota family, distinguished himself from the Vijayanagara side.}}
* {{Cite book|title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature|last=Jackson|first=William|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1317001935|pages=Ramalinga Nayadu received a token gift from the king|quote=124}}
* ''Tidings of the king : a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu''. Wagoner, Phillip B., Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1993. {{ISBN|0585338191}}. {{OCLC|45885573}}. p. 59: Quote: "Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu bravely offers to counter this move of the Turks by going with his men to infiltrate their camp."
* "Journal of the Andhra Historical Society". ''Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry, Madras, Andhra Historical Research Society''. Volume 30: 91 "Ramalingatiayudu, who succeeded his father, was one of the most redoubtable warriors- in the court of Krishnadgvarlya. ... Rachuru (Raichur) and other strong places with his [Pemmasani Ramalinga] own men and prepared to proceed against the city of Golconda. ... Pemmasani Ramalinganayudu entered the thickest of the fight". 1964.
* Rajasekhara, Sindigi (2008). ''The Map Approach to Vijayanagara history''. University of Michigan and Sujatha Publications. p. 34.</ref> It is said that 700,000 foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |first=Kittu |title=History of India: A New Approach |publisher=Standard Publishers |year=2003 |page=184 |quote=It is said that his army consisted of about a million men, with over 700,000 fighting men and 550 elephants …}}</ref> A Portuguese contingent <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Adil-Shah|title=Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh | Bijāpur ruler | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|accessdate=5 December 2023}}</ref> commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2009 |title=Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSiaBAAAQBAJ&q=Raichur+Portuguese&pg=PA27}}</ref> with the use of fireweapons helped to conquer the fortress.

Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bahmani Generals of Raichur. Many [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] generals lost their lands. The other Muslim kings sent envoys to the emperor on hearing of his success and received a haughty reply.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} The king conveyed that if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and occupied it.{{sfn|Eaton|2013|p=292}}<ref>{{citation |title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ |pages=200 |year=1996 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums}}</ref> He imprisoned three sons of a former king of the [[Bahmani]] dynasty, who had been held captive by the Adil Shah and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the [[Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |title=Military History of Medieval India |publisher=Vision Books |year=2003 |page=342}}</ref>

Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of [[Gulburga]], the early capital of the [[Bahmani]] sultanate.

== Later life and death ==

In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the ''Yuvaraja'' (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long, as he was poisoned soon after.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandurang Bhimarao Desai |title=A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification |publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnataka University |year=1970 |page=371 |quote=Raya crowned his six-years-old son Tirumala as yuvaraja and introduced him to the affairs of the state But within one year the young prince died. It was reported that he was a victim of poison...}}</ref> Suspecting [[Timmarusu]], Krishnadevaraya had him blinded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=P. Raghunadha Rao |title=Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1993 |page=88 |quote=Krishnadeva Raya learnt that his son was poisoned by Timma, the son of his great minister Timmarasu. Both the son and father were captured and blinded.}}</ref> At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on [[Belgaum]], which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died on 17 October 1529, succeeded by his brother, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pran Nath Chopra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA93 |title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India |last2=B.N. Puri |last3=M.N. Das |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=9788120725089 |page=93 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Internal affairs ==
[[Image:View of dilapidated main mantapa at the Vitthala templein Hampi.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Vitthala]] temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base [[Hampi]]]]
During his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds.<ref name="India p.94">A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India by B.N. Puri, M.N. Das p. 94</ref> He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee.<ref name="India p.94" /> To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering the [[deforestation]] of some areas<ref name="India p.94" /> and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagara.<ref>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 p. 194</ref><ref>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. by Radhey Shyam Chaurasia p. 111</ref> Foreign travellers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagara spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign.<ref name="India p.94" />

The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his ''[[Amuktamalyada]]''. He was of the opinion that a king should always rule with an eye towards [[Dharma]]. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says,
<blockquote>The extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth.<ref name="reference">Medieval Indian History by Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis p. 82</ref> Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit.<ref name="reference" /> </blockquote>

== Art and literature ==
[[File:Kannada inscription (1509 AD) of Krishnadeva Raya at entrance to mantapa of Virupaksha temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|242x242px|[[Kannada]] inscription describing the coronation of Krishnadevaraya at the entrance to Virupaksha temple, Hampi]]
[[File:Sri Ranganayaka Swamy temple Srirangapur, Wanaparthy Telangana, India - 7.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Ranganayaka ([[Ranganatha]]) at [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in [[Srirangam]]. ]]
Krishnadevaraya was noted to be linguistically neutral as he ruled a multilingual empire. He is known to have patronised poets and issued inscriptions in languages as varied as [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Krishnadevaraya himself was a polyglot, fluent in [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The official language of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] court was [[Kannada]].{{sfn|Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat|2001|p=166}}

Krishnadevaraya patronized literature in various languages. The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm |title=The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Tirupati News : Krishnadevaraya was Telugu: V-C |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421082022/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Chennai / Music : Genius of Vaidyanatha Iyer |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914104423/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm |archive-date=14 September 2006}}</ref> The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem [[Amuktamalyada]]. His Sanskrit works include ''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya'', ''Rasamanjari'', and ''Jambavati Kalyana.''

The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated:
{{Blockquote|"O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror."<ref name="Vijayanagara Voices p.124" />}}

=== Telugu literature ===
{{main|Astadiggajas}}
[[File:Model of court in Sri Krishnadevaraya asthanam.jpg|thumb|277x277px|[[Ashtadiggajas]] in the court of Krishnadevaraya.]]
The rule of Krishnadevaraya is known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as [[Ashtadiggajas]]. Krishnadevaraya himself composed an epic Telugu poem ''[[Amuktamalyada]]''.<ref name="Jayapalan">{{cite book|author=N. Jayapalan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC|title=History of India|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited|year=2001|isbn=978-8171569281|page=92}}</ref>

During the reign of Krishnadevaraya, Telugu culture and literature flourished. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet due to his composition of ''Amuktamalyada''.<ref name="Chenchiah"/> In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title "Ashtadiggaja" celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam ({{Lit|Conquest of the World}}). This period of the empire is known as the "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the [[Prabandha (Telugu)|prabandha]] literature it produced.<ref name="Chenchiah">{{cite book|author=P. Chenchiah|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151098305701675.pdf|title=A History of Telugu Literature|publisher=The Association Press and the Oxford University Press|year=1928|isbn=|page=69}}</ref>
* [[Allasani Peddana]] is considered to be the greatest and given the title of ''Andhra Kavita Pitamaha'' ({{Lit|the father of Telugu poetry}}). ''Svarocisha Sambhava'' or ''Manucharita'', his popular prabandha work, was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya
* [[Nandi Thimmana]] wrote ''[[Parijatapaharanamu|Parijathapaharanam]]''
* [[Madayyagari Mallana]] wrote ''Rajasekhara Charitramu''
* [[Dhurjati]] wrote ''[[Kalahasti Mahatyamu]]'' and ''[[Kalahastisvara Satakamu]]''
* [[Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu]] wrote ''Sakalakatha Sangraha'' and ''Ramaabhyudayamu''
* [[Pingali Surana]] wrote ''Raghava Pandaviyamu'', ''Kalapurnodayam'' and ''Prabhavate Pradyamana''
::– ''Raghavapandaveeyamu'' is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]].
::– ''Kalapurnodayam'' ("full bloom of art") has been considered the first original poetic novel in [[Telugu literature]]
* Battumurthy, alias [[Ramarajabhushanudu]], wrote ''Kavyalankarasangrahamu'', ''Vasucharitra'', ''Narasabhupaliyam'' and ''Harischandranalopakhyanamu'', a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King [[Harishchandra]] and [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]]
* [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] first wrote ''Udbhataradhya Charitramu,'' a [[Shaivite]] work. However, he later converted to [[Vaishnavism]] and wrote the Vaishnava devotional texts ''Panduranga Mahatmyamu'', and ''Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu.'' [[Tenali Rama]] remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.

Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote ''Kavikarna Rasayana'',<ref name="Chenchiah"/> Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote ''Radhamadhavavilasa'' and ''Vishnumayavilasa'', the poet [[Molla (poet)|Molla]], who wrote a version of the ''[[Ramayana]]'',<ref name="Chenchiah"/> Kamsali Rudrakavi, who wrote ''Nirankusopakhyana'',<ref name="Chenchiah"/> and Addamki Gangadhara, who wrote ''Tapatlsamvarana''<ref name="Chenchiah"/> and ''[[Basava Purana|Basavapurana]]''.{{clarify|translated maybe? article on the purana says otherwise|date=December 2021}} Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work on [[veterinary science]] called ''Haya lakshanasara''.<ref name="Chenchiah"/>

=== Kannada literature ===
He patronised several Kannada poets. Among them was Mallanarya, who wrote ''Veera-shaivamruta'', ''Bhava-chinta-ratna'' and ''Satyendra Chola-kathe''; Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote ''Bhagavatha''; and Timmanna Kavi wrote a eulogy of his king in ''Krishna Raya Bharata''.<ref name="Kannada1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp. 157–189</ref><ref name="Kannada2">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp. 355–366</ref> [[Vyasatirtha]], the noted [[Dvaita]] saint from Mysore (of the [[Madhva tradition]]) was the emperor's ''Rajaguru'' ("royal guru").<ref name="rajguru">Krishna Deva Raya considered the saint his ''Kula-devata'' and highly honored him. ''A Concise History of Karnataka'' p. 178, Dr. S.U. Kamath, [http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328105033/http://dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/ |date=28 March 2016 }} ''Haridasas of Karnataka'', Madhusudana Rao CR, ''History of South India'', p. 324, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri</ref> The writing ''Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari'' in Kannada is a recently discovered work.<ref name="dina">''A Concise History of Karnataka'', Dr. S.U. Kamath, p. 157</ref> The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishnadevaraya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.

[[Purandara Dasa]], widely considered the father of Carnatic music, was closely associated with the empire. He extolled the Madhwa philosophy in his compositions and was a disciple of the ''Rajaguru'' of the emperor. According to Sambamoorthy,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015050102/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/20/stories/2006102000060300.htm Friday Review Chennai and Tamil Nadu. Columns: An authority on Purandara Dasa]. ''The Hindu''. 20 October 2006.</ref> He was born as Srinivasa, and had his formal initiation by Vyasatirtha took place around 1525 when he was about 40 years of age when he was given the name Purandara Dasa. Purandara Dasa traveled extensively in southern India composing and rendering them in praise of the deity [[Vishnu|Purandara Vittala]]. He spent his last years in Hampi where he rendered his compositions in Krishnadevaraya's court.

=== Tamil literature ===
[[File:செவரப்பூண்டி கிருஷ்ணதேவராயர் கல்வெட்டு.JPG|thumbnail|Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi]]
Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil poet [[Haridasa]], and [[Tamil literature]] soon began to flourish as the years passed by.<ref name="Tamil1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp. 157–189, ''History of South India'', pp. 331–354, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri</ref>

=== Sanskrit literature ===
In Sanskrit, [[Vyasatirtha]] wrote ''Bhedojjivana'', ''Tatparyachandrika'', ''Nyayamrita'' (a work directed against the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] philosophy) and ''Tarkatandava''. Krishnadevaraya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote ''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya'' and ''Rasamanjari'' and ''Jambavati Kalyana''.<ref name="Kannada1"/><ref name="sanskrit2">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp. 239–280</ref><ref name="sanskrit4">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp. 309–330</ref>

== Religion and culture ==
[[File:Tirumala overview.jpg|thumb|Tirumala Temple and [[Vaikuntam Queue Complex]] (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill]]
[[File:Copper Jital coin of the Vijayanagar Empire, struck during the reign of Krishnadevaraya.jpg|thumb|Copper Jital coin of the Vijayanagar Empire, struck during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, having the [[Garuda]] motif on obverse.]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 2011 - Colnect 218767 - Temple God and Coins.jpeg|thumb|[[India Post]] released a commemorative miniature sheet to mark the completion of 500 years of Krishnadevaraya's coronation.]]

Krishnadevaraya respected all sects of [[Hinduism]]. He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QymrCwAAQBAJ |title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature |date=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-00193-5 |page=175 |language=en}}</ref> He rebuilt the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]] and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala]], [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Srisailam]], [[Amararama|Amaravati]], [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]], [[Ahobilam]], and [[Arunachalesvara Temple|Tiruvannamalai]].<ref name=":0" /> He lavished on the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Pedarapu Chenna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtSgDOQp8N4C |title=Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=B. |date=2011 |publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=148 |language=en}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya made [[Venkateswara|Venkateshwara]] his patron deity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Ajay K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70uvBAAAQBAJ |title=Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-07742-7 |pages=101–102 |language=en}}</ref> He visited the temple seven times.<ref name=":1" /> Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishnadevaraya.<ref name=":1" /> A statue of Krishnadevaraya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BP5jAAAAMAAJ |title=Vijaynagar Visions: Religious Experience and Cultural Creativity in a South Indian Empire |date=2007|publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-568320-2 |page=176 |language=en}}</ref> These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the [[Srisailam]] temple complex where he had rows of [[mandapa]]s built.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Pedarapu Chenna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtSgDOQp8N4C |title=Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=B. |date=2011 |publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]]s claim that Krishnadevaraya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava tradition, which is why he wrote the Telugu work ''Amuktamalyada'' on [[Andal]], a female Tamil Sri Vaishnava saint.<ref name=":1" /> They claim that Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishnadevaraya's ''rajaguru,'' and he was considered influential.<ref name=":1" /> But the [[Dvaita Vedanta|Madhva]] text ''Vyasayogicarita'', biography of the Madhva seer [[Vyasatirtha]], says that he was the ''kulaguru'' of Krishnadevaraya. A manuscript from Madras Oriental Manuscript Library which is from a book written by Krishnadevaya himself in which Krishnadevaraya himself wrote that Vyasatirtha is his Rajaguru.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagari Script|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/nagari-script|publisher=Department of Archeology, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tuluva dynasty]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |chapter=‘Kiss My Foot,’ Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520 |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA275 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=275–298}}
* Smith, Vincent, ''Oxford History of India'', 4th ed., pp. 306–307, 312–313.
* {{citation| last=Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat| title=Concise history of Karnataka|date=2001|publisher=MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)}}
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.vepachedu.org/krishnarayalu.htm The Golden Era of Telugu Literature] from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130526232808/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_pratima.htm Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060223065439/http://www.tirumala.org/pg_history.htm Statues of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati.]
* [http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm Gold coins issued during Krishnadevaraya's reign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920085540/http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm |date=20 September 2012 }}
* [[gutenberg:3310|A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagara): a contribution to the history of India]] (Translation of the ''Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'' written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell)

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagara empire]]|before=[[Viranarasimha Raya]]|after=[[Achyuta Deva Raya]] |years=1509–1529}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tuluva dynasty]]
[[Category:1529 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]
[[Category:1471 births]]

Inland Vessels Act, 2021

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

UDsportHD: new a page with sources

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Inland Vessels Act,
2021
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to promote economical and safe transportation and trade through inland waters, to bring uniformity in application of law relating to inland waterways and navigation within the country, to provide for safety of navigation, protection of life and cargo, and prevention of pollution that may be caused by the use or navigation of inland vessels, to ensure transparency and accountability of administration of inland water transportation, to strengthen procedures governing the inland vessels, their construction, survey, registration, manning, navigation and such other matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/17048/3/A2021-24.pdf Act No. 24 of 2021]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 29 July 2021
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 2 August 2021
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 11 August 2021
| date_commenced = {{ubl|16 February 2022–Section 1 and 106|7 June 2022–Section 2 to 105 and 107 to 114}}
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-inland-vessels-bill-2021
| bill = The Inland Vessels Bill, 2021
| bill_citation = Bill No. 99 of 2021
| introduced_by = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] ([[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|MoP,S&W]])
| date_introduced = 22 July 2021
| passed = 29 July 2021
| passed_for =
| passed_against =
| passed2 = 2 August 2021
| passed2_for =
| passed2_against =
| repeals = Inland Vessels Act, 1917
| amended_by =
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Inland Vessels Act, 2021''' (Act No. 24 of 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Inland Vessels Act, 2021 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17048 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> is an [[Act of parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to replace the [[British Raj|colonial-era]] Inland Vessels Act, 1917.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Parliament passes landmark ‘Inland Vessels Bill, 2021’ to repeal and replace the existing Inland Vessels Act, 1917 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1741601 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> It was enacted for regulating inland water transport.

It establishes a unified framework for the registration, safety, and operation of inland vessels across the country, promoting uniformity, safety, and efficiency in [[Inland navigation|inland water transport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Inland Vessels Bill, 2021 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-inland-vessels-bill-2021 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{India-law-stub}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2021]]
[[Category:Water transport in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)]]

Meghna Vincent

2026-03-22T16:15:31Z

UDsportHD:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

'''Meghna Vincent''' is an Indian film and television actress who appears in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages. She is known for her lead roles of Amrutha in ''Chandanamazha'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parasparam-to-uppum-mulakum-quick-look-at-malayalam-tv-serials-that-crossed-1000-episodes/photostory/87936991.cms?picid=87937039 |title=Parasparam to Uppum Mulakum: Quick look at Malayalam TV serials that crossed 1000 episodes |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2021 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> Rohini in ''[[Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)|Ponmagal Vanthal]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ponmagal-vanthal-show-goes-off-air-syed-anwar-thanks-fans-for-the-support/articleshow/73873538.cms |title=Ponmagal Vanthal show goes off air; Syed Anwar thanks fans for the support |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2020 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> and Seetha in ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/2017/04/28/meghna-vincent-and-dimple-rose-sharing-about-their-wedding.html |title=ചന്തം ചാർത്തി നാത്തൂന്‍മാർ, കല്യാണവിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി ഡിംപിളും മേഘ്നയും |work=Manorama Online |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Meghna made her television debut through [[Malayalam]] serial ''Swamiye Saranamayyappa''.<ref name="TOI"/> Later she appeared in a supporting role in serials like ''Mohakkadal'', ''Indira'', and ''Autograph''.<ref name="PK"/> She played Sridevi in [[Malayalam]] film ''Parankimala,'' and Meghna in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''.<ref name="TOI2"/> She played the main female lead Seetha Ram Chakravarthy in the Tamil TV serial ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' which aired on [[Vijay TV]].<ref name="TOI"/> It was one of the popular Tamil serials which ended in 992 episodes. In February 2014, she started playing the lead role of Amrutha in the Malayalam serial ''Chandanamazha'' in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. She opted out of the serial in May 2017 post her marriage.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Both the above serials were remakes of [[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]], a Hindi serial. She played the main role on ATMA's serial ''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamangam]]''.<ref name="TOI3"/> She then played lead roles in the Tamil serial ''[[Ponmagal Vanthal]]'' and the Malayalam show ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-meghna-vincent-reveals-about-jyothi/articleshow/87570431.cms |title=ജ്യോതി സ്ട്രയ്റ്റ് ഫോർവേഡാണ്! പതിവ് പോലെയുള്ള രീതികളല്ല! തന്റെ കഥാപാത്രത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് മേഘ്ന വിൻസെന്റിന്റെ വാക്കുകൾ! |work=Samayam |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2002 || ''[[Krishna Paksha Kilikal]]'' || Dhanya || rowspan="4" | [[Malayalam]] || {{NA}} || <ref name="OOM"/>
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Lorry Girl]]'' ||
Kani
|-
| 2012||''[[Ezham Suryan]]'' || Gopika's sister || {{NA}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-meghna-vincent-share-dance-video-with-her-mother-sfm776|title='അമ്മ വേറെ ലെവൽ'; കിടിലൻ ഡാൻസ് വീഡിയോയുമായി മേഘ്‌ന വിൻസെന്റ്|language=ml|trans-title='Mom is another level'; Meghna Vincent with a cool dance video|date=25 June 2024|work=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Parankimala'' || Sridevi || {{NA}} || <ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-television-actress-meghna-to-act-in-kollywood/articleshow/33113493.cms |title=Malayalam television actress Meghna to act in Kollywood |work=The Times of India |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' || Meghna || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{NA}} || <ref name="TOI2"/>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' || Serial actress || [[Malayalam]] || Archive footage || {{NA}}
|-
|}

=== Television ===
;TV series
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''Swamiye Saranamayyappa'' || Sugandhi || [[Surya TV]] || rowspan="12" | [[Malayalam]] || {{NA}}|| <ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/my-husband-and-i-were-quite-amused-by-the-trolls-we-just-laughed-them-off-meghna-vincent/articleshow/59841388.cms |title=My husband and I were quite amused by the trolls, we just laughed them off! : Meghna Vincent |work=The Times of India |date=31 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kunjiyammakku Anchu Makkalane'' || {{NA}} || [[Amrita TV]] || {{NA}}|| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Karunyam'' || {{NA}} || [[DD Malayalam]] || {{NA}}|| {{NA}}
|-
| 2010-2011 || ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]'' || Nancy || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || {{NA}} || <ref name="TOI"/>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Akashadoothu]]'' || {{NA}}|| rowspan="2" | [[Surya TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''Chakravakam'' || Maria || {{NA}}|| <ref name="MO">{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/meghna-vincent.html |title=അർജ്ജുനെപ്പോലൊരു ഭർത്താവിനെ വേണ്ട: മേഘ്ന |work=Manorama Online |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''Parinayam'' || {{NA}} || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2012 || ''Vallarppadathamma'' || {{NA}} || [[Shalom (TV channel)|Shalom TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''Mohakkadal'' || Shruthi || [[Surya TV]] || {{NA}} || <ref name="PK">{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tv-actress-and-chandanamazha-fame-meghna-vincent-gets-divorced-husband-don-tony-529350 |title=TV actress and Chandanamazha fame Meghna Vincent gets divorced from husband Don Tony? |work=Pinkvilla |date=3 May 2020 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''Indira'' || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || {{NA}}|| <ref name="PK"/>
|-
| ''Swargavathil'' || Malli || [[Jaihind TV]] || {{NA}} || <ref name="MO"/>
|-
| ''[[Amala (TV series)|Amala]]'' || Nayana || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2013–17 || ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' || Seetha Ram Chakravathy || [[Star Vijay]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Replaced [[Saranya Sasi]] || <ref name="TOI"/>
|-
| 2014–17 || ''Chandanamazha'' || Amrutha Arjun Desai || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || Replaced by [[Vindhuja Vikraman]] || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/meghna-vincent-makes-comeback-to-malayalam-tv-in-an-impish-new-role/articleshow/82291050.cms |title=Meghna Vincent makes comeback to Malayalam TV in an impish new role |work=The Times of India |date=28 April 2021 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamangam]]'' || Karthika || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || {{NA}} || <ref name="TOI3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mamankam-a-new-serial-to-be-aired-soon/articleshow/60711516.cms |title=Mamankam, a new serial to be aired soon! |date=16 September 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920144225/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mamankam-a-new-serial-to-be-aired-soon/articleshow/60711516.cms |archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Avalum Naanum]]'' || rowspan="2" | Rohini Gowtham || rowspan="2" | [[Star Vijay]] || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Cameo appearance ||{{NA}}
|-
| 2018–2020 || ''[[Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)|Ponmagal Vanthal]]'' || Replaced [[Ayesha Zeenath]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-ponmagal-vanthaal-crosses-300-episodes-milestone/articleshow/68381152.cms |title=TV serial Ponmagal Vanthaal crosses 300 episodes milestone |date=1 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Aksharathettu (TV series)|Aksharathettu]]'' || Amrutha || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || rowspan="9" | [[Malayalam]] || Cameo in promo || {{NA}}
|-
| 2021–2023 || ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' || rowspan="3" | Jyothirmayi Dev Krishna a.k.a. Jyothi|| rowspan="3" | [[Zee Keralam]] || {{NA}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-meghna-vincents-re-entry-with-shanavas-shanu-on-new-serial-mrs-hitler/articleshow/81734513.cms |trans-title=Actress Meghna Vincent's Re Entry With Shanavas Shanu On New Serial Mrs. Hitler |title=കണിശക്കാരനാകാൻ ഷാനവാസ് കുസൃതിക്കാരിയായി മേഘ്നയും; പ്രേക്ഷകർ ആകാംക്ഷയിൽ! |language=Malayalam |website=samayam.com |date=28 March 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Manam Pole Mangalyam]]'' || Cameo in promo || {{NA}}
|-
| 2022||''[[Pranayavarnangal (TV series)|Pranayavarnangal]]''|| Guest|| {{NA}}
|-
|2023- present||''[[Hridayam (TV series)|Hridayam]]''||rowspan=2|Devika||rowspan="2" | [[Surya TV]]||||
|-
|2024||''Prema Pooja''||Cameo in promo||
|-
|2024- present|| ''[[Santhwanam 2]]'' || Sreedevi || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/meghna-vincent-is-back-to-asianet-with-santhwanam-2-after-seven-years-of-break/photoshow/115653104.cms|title=ഇത് പുതിയൊരു തുടക്കം, ഏഴ് വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് ശേഷമുള്ള മടങ്ങിവരവ്! ദീപന്റെ ജോഡിയായി മേഘ്‌ന വിന്‍സന്റ്, ഒരുക്കങ്ങള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കി നടി!|work=[[Samayam]]|date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''[[Constable Manju]]''||Devika||Surya TV||Special appearance
|}

====Other shows====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2011 || ''Nakshtradeepangal'' || Contestant || [[Kairali TV]] || rowspan="19" | [[Malayalam]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
|2012 || ''Hello Kerala Vision'' || Host || Kerala Vision || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''Golden Couple'' || Guest || [[Jeevan TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Munch Stars'' || Contestant || rowspan="2" | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || Guest || Along with [[Roopa Sree]] || {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''Don't Do Don't Do'' || Contestant || [[Asianet Plus]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Onamelam'' || Guest || [[Amrita TV]] || {{NA}}|| {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''Thiruvonapulari'' || Host || [[Asianet Plus]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Run Baby Run'' || Guest || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Oh My God'' || Guest || [[Kaumudy TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''Comedy Challenge'' || Guest || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]]'' || Guest || Asianet || {{NA}} || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ningalkkum-aakam-kodeeswaran-will-have-celebs-on-hot-seat-for-this-vishu/articleshow/58005614.cms |title='Ningalkkum Aakam Kodeeswaran' will have celebs on hot seat for this Vishu! |work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tamaar Padaar'' || Participant || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Comedy Stars (Season 2)'' || Guest || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Along with [[Vindhuja Vikraman]] || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chandanamazha-fame-meghna-and-vindhuja-to-visit-comedy-stars/articleshow/59286941.cms |title=Chandanamazha fame Meghna and Vindhuja to visit Comedy Stars |work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2017 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Annie's Kitchen'' || Guest || [[Amrita TV]] || Along with Dimple Rose || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/meghna-vincent-and-dimple-rose-visit-annies-kitchen/articleshow/61903754.cms |title=Meghna Vincent and Dimple Rose visit Annie's Kitchen |work=The Times of India |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]] '' || Guest || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Along with Dimple Rose || <ref name="OOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/2017/08/01/meghna-vincent-and-dimple-rose-in-onnum-onnum-moonu.html |title=മേഘ്ന അഭിനയത്തിലേക്കു തിരിച്ചു വരുമോ?, ഭർത്താവ് പറയുന്നു |work=Manorama Online |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Malayali Veettamma'' || Guest || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Swayamvaram'' || Guest || [[Kaumudy TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
|''Pachakavum Vachakavum'' || Presenter || [[Kairali TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2017-18 || ''[[Dance Jodi Dance (season 2)|Dance Jodi Dance 2.0]]'' || Contestant || [[Zee Tamil]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{NA}}|| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-jodi-dance-2-0-finale-ruth-renish-raj-bag-the-winning-trophy/articleshow/64340364.cms |title=Dance Jodi Dance 2.0 finale: Ruth- Renish Raj bag the winning trophy |work=The Times of India |date=27 May 2018 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–18 || ''Dare the Fear'' || Contestant || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || [[Malayalam]] ||{{NA}} || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aarkkund-ee-chankkoottaam-a-new-daring-reality-show-by-telly-heroines/articleshow/60732320.cms |title='Aarkkund Ee Chankkoottaam', a new daring reality show by telly heroines! |work=The Times of India |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''Jodi Fun Unlimited'' || Contestant || [[Vijay TV]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{NA}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-reality-show-jodi-fun-unlimited-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/66457815.cms |title=Dance reality show Jodi Fun Unlimited to premiere soon |date=1 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Super Jodi'' || Contestant || [[Surya TV]] || rowspan="12" | [[Malayalam]] || {{NA}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/super-jodi-a-new-show-on-surya-tv/articleshow/62837235.cms |title=Super Jodi, a new show on Surya TV |first=Arya |last=UR |date=8 February 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Laughing Villa]]'' || Guest || [[Surya TV]] || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Ennishtam'' ||Herself || ACV|| {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]'' || Guest ||rowspan="4" | [[Zee Keralam]] || Along with team ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-lil-champs-team-mrs-hitler-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/86030087.cms |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam Li'L Champs: Team Mrs. Hitler to grace the show |work=The Times of India |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Let's Rock N Roll'' || Guest || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Njanum Entalum'' || Guest || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| ''Zee Keralam Mahotsavam'' || Guest || {{NA}} || {{NA}}
|-
| 2023|| ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]]'' || Contestant || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Along with team ''Chandanamazha'' || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chandanamazha-team-reunites-after-years-fans-excited-to-see-amritha-and-arjun-desai-together/articleshow/105349800.cms|title=Chandanamazha Team Reunites After Years; Fans Excited To See Amritha And Arjun Desai Together|date=20 November 2023 |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Meghna}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

2017–18 East Bengal FC season

2026-03-21T22:03:56Z

UDsportHD: creating some article v1...

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club =[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] players before [[Aizawl FC]] away, 2017–18
| season = [[2017–18 in Indian football|'''2017–18''']]
| manager = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
| mgrtitle = Head-Coach
| chairman = Dr Pranab Dasgupta
| chrtitle = President
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[Barasat Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2017–18 I-League|4th]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''[[2017 CFL Premier Division|Champions]]'''
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Runners-Up]]'''
| International Tournament =
| International Tournament result =
| league topscorer = [[Dudu Omagbemi]] ('''8''')
| season topscorer = [[Dudu Omagbemi]] ('''9''')
| highest attendance = 52,951 vs [[Mohun Bagan]] (21.01.2018)
| lowest attendance = 8,692 vs [[Indian Arrows]] (04.02.2018)
| average attendance = 17,366
| largest win = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 7–1 [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] ([[2017–18 I-League]])
|pattern_b1 = _EastBengal1718
|pattern_sh1 = _
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|pattern_b2 = _EastBengal201718_a
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|leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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|pattern_la3 = _redyellow
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| prevseason = [[2016–17 East Bengal F.C. season|2016–17]]
| nextseason = [[2018–19 East Bengal F.C. season|2018–19]]
}}

The 2017–18 season is [[East Bengal FC]]'s 98th season in existence. The club has won the Calcutta Football League this season for the record consecutive 8th time. The Red and Gold Brigade finished 4th in the much-awaited 2017–18 I League campaign, coming ever so close once again. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] reached the final of the inaugural Indian Super Cup being held at [[Bhubaneshwar]] but lost to [[Bengaluru FC]] by 4–1.

==Preseason overview==
The club roped in [[I League]] winning coach [[Khalid Jamil]] as their head coach from [[Aizawl FC]] and physio ''Djair Miranda Garcia'' from arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] who was pivotal to Mohun Bagan's success in recent years.
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] retained their star striker [[Willis Deon Plaza]] and brought in I League winning Midfielder [[Mahmoud Amnah]] from [[Aizawl FC]]. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] also roped in 3 more players from [[Aizawl FC]], wingers [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]], [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] and Left Back [[Lalramchullova]].
The ''Red and Gold Brigade'' are hoping to seal the [[Calcutta Football League]] championship and set an octa-title record of winning it for the 8th consecutive year. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] also roped in the star midfielder [[Katsumi Yusa]] from their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] who would be playing in the [[I League]] after 4 seasons playing for the Green and Maroons.

==Team==

===First-team squad===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Position
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Date of Birth (Age)
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|[[Ubaid CK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|3|3}}
|-
|12
|[[Luis Barreto]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|10|14}}
|-
|31
|Dibyendu Sarkar
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|10|3}}
|-
|32
|[[Mirshad Michu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|2|3}}
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|3
|[[Arnab Mondal]] ([[Captain (association football)|captain]])
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|9|25}}
|-
|4
|[[Lalramchullova]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB/LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|1|14}}
|-
|14
|[[Eduardo Ferreira]]
|{{flagicon|EQG}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|10|8}}
|-
|16
|[[Gurwinder Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|4|16}}
|-
|18
|Mehtab Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|6|5}}
|-
|23
|Kanishka Mazumdar
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|CB]]
|—
|-
|24
|[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB/LB]]/[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|4}}
|-
|25
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|9|30}}
|-
|29
|Deepak Kumar
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|17}}
|-
|37
|Rahul Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|9|13}}
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;"|Midfielders
|-
|5
|[[Khalid Aucho]]
|{{flagicon|Uganda}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|8|8}}
|-
|6
|[[Mahmoud Amnah]]
|{{flagicon|SYR}}
|[[Midfielder|CM/AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|1|3}}
|-
|7
|[[Cavin Lobo]] ([[Captain (association football)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]])
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM/AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|4|4}}
|-
|8
|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|3|26}}
|-
|10
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Midfielder|AM]]/[[Winger (association football)|LW/RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|8|2}}
|-
|11
|[[Gabriel Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]/[[Midfielder|AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|4|22}}
|-
|17
|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|19}}
|-
|21
|[[Surabuddin Mollick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|5|4}}
|-
|27
|[[Nikhil Poojari]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|9|3}}
|-
|30
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|28}}
|-
|35
|Yami Longvah
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|5|15}}
|-
|38
|Prakash Sarkar
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|2|15}}
|-
|40
|[[Ansumana Kromah]]
|{{flagicon|Liberia}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|3|26}}
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|44
|[[Dudu Omagbemi]]
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|7|18}}
|-
|19
|[[Suhair V P|V P Suhair]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|7|27}}
|-
|22
|[[Jobi Justin]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|10}}
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155103/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/team.php East Bengal First team ]}} |u=28 January 2018|date=December

2017}}

===Technical staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"| Position
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"| Name
|-
|
|-
| Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|-
| Technical director
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
| Goalkeeper coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abdul Siddiqui
|-
| Physical Trainer
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Djair Miranda Garcia
|-
| Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Chowdhury
|-
| Club Doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Shantiranjan Dasgupta
|-
| Team Media Officer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Gautam Roy
|-
| Team Observer
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Rakshit]]
|-
|}
{{clear}}

==Transfers==

===Players retained===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|31
|GK
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''Dibyendu Sarkar'''</td>
|-
|12
|GK
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Luis Barreto]]'''</td>
|-
|3
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Arnab Mondal]]'''</td>
|-
|16
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Gurwinder Singh]]'''</td>
|-
|18
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]'''</td>
|-
|25
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Samad Ali Mallick]]'''</td>
|-
|26
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Koushik Sarkar]]'''</td>
|-
|8
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]'''</td>
|-
|7
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Cavin Lobo]]'''</td>
|-
|27
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Nikhil Poojari]]'''</td>
|-
|9
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} '''[[Willis Deon Plaza]]'''</td>
|}

===Transfers in===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Previous Team
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Month
|-
|5
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} '''[[Carlyle Mitchell]]'''</td>
|[[San Juan Jabloteh F.C.]]
|August
|-
|24
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]'''</td>
|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|August
|-
|6
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Syria}} '''[[Mahmoud Amnah]]'''</td>
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|August
|-
|17
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]'''</td>
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|August
|-
|30
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]'''</td>
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|August
|-
|4
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Lalramchullova]]'''</td>
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|August
|-
|11
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Gabriel Fernandes]]'''</td>
|[[Churchill Brothers]]
|August
|-
|20
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Richard Costa]]'''</td>
|[[Churchill Brothers]]
|August
|-
|21
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Surabuddin Mollick]]'''</td>
|[[Churchill Brothers]]
|August
|-
|23
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''Tanmoy Ghosh'''</td>
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|August
|-
|14
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} '''[[Eduardo Ferreira]]'''</td>
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|October
|-
|10
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Katsumi Yusa]]'''</td>
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|October
|-
|13
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} '''Armand Bazie'''</td>
|Rainbow FC
|October
|-
|15
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles Do Vale De Souza]]'''</td>
|[[Chennai City F.C.]]
|October
|-
|44
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Dudu Omagbemi]]'''</td>
|[[Chennaiyin FC]]
|January
|-
|40
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Liberia}} '''[[Ansumana Kromah]]'''</td>
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|January
|-
|5
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Uganda}} '''[[Khalid Aucho]]'''</td>
|[[OFK Beograd]]
|February
|}

===Loaned out===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Loaned To
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Till
|-
|26
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Koushik Sarkar]]'''</td>
|[[Kenkre F.C.]]
|End of Season
|}

===Released===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Month
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Remarks
|-
|5
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} '''[[Carlyle Mitchell]]'''</td>
|October
|[[Carlyle Mitchell]] suffered an injury which would make him sit out for rest of the season.
|-
|20
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Richard Costa]]'''</td>
|January
|[[Richard Costa]] was released by [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]. He joined [[Churchill Brothers]].
|-
|15
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]]'''</td>
|January
|[[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]] was released by [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] for poor performance. He was replaced by [[Dudu Omagbemi]].
|-
|9
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} '''[[Willis Plaza]]'''</td>
|January
|[[Willis Plaza]] was released by [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] after the 2nd [[Kolkata Derby]] for his poor performances. He joined [[Churchill Brothers]].
|-
|13
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|CIV}} '''Bazie Armand'''</td>
|January
|Bazie Armand was released by [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] for his poor performances. He joined [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] for the rest of the season.
|}

==Season overview==

===August===
The 7 times defending champions started the [[Calcutta Football League]] campaign in style as they defeated the newly promoted side Rainbow FC 4–1 with [[Suhair V P|V P Suhair]] scoring a hat-trick on his debut, thus becoming the 4th [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] player after ''Ashim Moulick (1963), [[Shyam Thapa]] (1966) and Bikash Narzinary (2010)'' to score a hat-trick on debut. [[Surabuddin Mollick]] scored the second hat-trick of the season for [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] as he came in from the bench to net 3 against Peerless FC in the second half.

===September===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] drew 2–2 against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] at [[Kalyani Stadium]] in the ''Mini Derby''. [[Willis Plaza]] scored the third hat-trick for the season for [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] when he took on [[Tollygunge Agragami]] just before the big Derby. Maintaining their undefeated streak, [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] went on to win the league to win the [[Calcutta Football League]] for a record consecutive 8 times, bettering their own record of 1970–75. [[Mohun Bagan]] drew 2–2 in the derby which helped [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] secure their 8th consecutive league win via Goal Difference as both teams were on 23 points from 9 games. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] was crowned champions for a record 39th time.

===October===
Following the win in the [[Calcutta Football League]], [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] decided to play few Pre Season Friendlies against [[Indian Super League|ISL]] teams. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] would play against [[Bengaluru FC]], [[FC Pune City]], [[FC Goa]] and [[Jamshedpur FC]].

[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] also roped in defensive midfielder ''Armand Bazzie'' from ''Rainbow FC'' after impressing coach [[Khalid Jamil]] in trails. [[Carlyle Mitchell]] had to be released as he sustained an injury which would keep him out of action for the rest of the season. Former [[Mohun Bagan]] defender [[Eduardo Ferreira]] was brought in as the replacement.

===November===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] drew 1–1 against [[Bengaluru FC]] in the first preseason game while lost 3–1 in the second match against the same opponents. [[FC Pune City]] won the 3rd preseason game by a close margin 2–1. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] came back in style as they won the next two preseason games, 2–1 against [[FC Goa]] and 3–1 against [[Jamshedpur FC]]. ''Armand Bazzie'' gained a lot of praise in the preseason games, while [[Mahmoud Amnah]] and [[Katsumi Yusa]] formed a formidable pair which is providing hopes for Red and Gold fans for the upcoming [[I League]], which [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] has not won since 2004. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] started off the [[I League]] campaign with a 2–2 draw against the defending champions [[Aizawl FC]]. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] squandered a 2-goal lead scored by [[Eduardo Ferreira]] and [[Katsumi Yusa]] to get equalized in the dying seconds of the match. Next up they face their arch-rivals in the first I League ''[[Kolkata Derby]]'' of the season, when they face [[Mohun Bagan]] on 3 December at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].

===December===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] lost the first [[I League]] [[Kolkata Derby]] of the season by a 1–0 margin after [[Mohun Bagan]] defender [[Kingsley Obumneme|Eze Kingsley]] scored the solitary goal in the 39th minute from a [[Sony Norde]] corner. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] fought hard in the second half but could not break the Mohun Bagan defence. This is one of the worst starts to [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'s I League campaign in recent years. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Shillong Lajong FC]] at [[Barasat Stadium]] on 9 December next. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] thumped Shillong Lajong to a 5–1 victory with a brace from ex [[Aizawl FC]] man [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] and one each [[Mahmoud Amnah]], [[Eduardo Ferreira]] and [[Katsumi Yusa]]. Lajong captain [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] scored the consolation goal for them.
 [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Churchill Brothers]] at [[Barasat Stadium]] on 16 December next where in a crunch game [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] snatched the 3 points in the dying minute of the game when [[Willis Plaza]] scored a header from a [[Katsumi Yusa]] corner to make it 3–2 for [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]. Plaza netted a brace while assisted one for [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] who scored his 3rd goal for the campaign.
 [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Chennai City FC]] on 22 December away at [[Coimbatore]] next where in tough conditions [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to win their first away game of the season by a margin of 2–1. [[Katsumi Yusa]] opened the scoring while [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]] put in the second for them. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now sit at the second spot in the league with 10 points from 5 games. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] at [[Salt Lake Stadium]] on 27 December next and in a disarrayed game in a chilly Kolkata winter evening, [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed a 1–0 win courtesy of a [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] screamer from 25 yards out in the 44th minute. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to grab hold of the lead which earned them important 3 points and took them to the top of the table via goal difference to [[Minerva Punjab FC]] who lost earlier the same day. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[NEROCA FC]] away at [[Imphal]] on 30 December next where in tough away conditions [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to get a point after conceding a late equalizer in the 89th minute. [[Katsumi Yusa]] put [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] ahead in the 12rh minute, however [[Willis Plaza]] pulled his hamstring in the 40th minute which made [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] to play defensive and hence conceded the late equalizer. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] end the calendar year 2017 on Top of the League Table.

===January===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Indian Arrows]] away at [[Delhi]] on 2 January next and fielded a squad without start man [[Willis Plaza]] who carried an injury from the last game against [[NEROCA FC]]. Young [[Jobi Justin]] started in place of [[Willis Plaza]]. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to get an early lead when [[Mahmoud Amnah]] scored from a free kick in the 13th minute. [[Katsumi Yusa]] doubled the lead in the 16th minute after receiving a ball from Amnah from the right. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to hold onto a 2–0 lead and came out with important 3 points from a tough away game. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now sit on top of the league table with 17 points from 8 games. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Churchill Brothers]] away at [[Tilak Maidan]] in [[Goa]] on 8 January next and dropped 2 valuable points after drawing 1–1 against the bottom-placed side in the league table. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] went ahead with a terrific header by young [[Jobi Justin]] from a [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] cross from the right. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] were leading the proceedings in the match when suddenly from a counter-attack Churchill's new signing [[Mechac Koffi]] scored a blinder from outside the box. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now has 18 points from 9 games with 9 more games to go. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] released their foreign import [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]] after a series of poor performances by the Brazilian. He was replaced by [[Dudu Omagbemi]] who joined for his second stint for the Red and Golds after 2014–15 Season where he scored 20 goals for [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] in all competitions. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Aizawl FC]] away at [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]] in [[Aizawl]] on 16 January next wherein tough altitude conditions [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed a goalless draw against the defending champions. A lack-luster display from the Red and Golds along with poor attacking cost [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] vital 2 points before the return [[Kolkata Derby]] of the [[I League]], which also meant [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now trail by 6 points to League leaders [[Minerva Punjab FC]] with 8 more matches to go. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Mohun Bagan]] for the second [[Kolkata Derby]] of the [[I League]] on 21 January at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] next and lost by a 2–0 margin with [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda Dicka]] netting a brace. [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] scored in the first minute after [[Akram Moghrabi]] headed down a cross from the right. [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] scored the second of the day when he acrobatically volleyed the ball into the net from a corner in the 35th minute. [[Mohun Bagan]] could have scored more if not their forwards missed sitters. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now seems out of the title race and currently sits 3rd in the league table with 19 points from 11 matches. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] released their foreign import [[Willis Plaza]] after a series of poor performances and lack of goals from the star forward who was also carrying a thigh injury along. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] roped in Liberian [[Ansumana Kromah]] who was released by [[Mohun Bagan]] earlier in the transfer window. The former Green and Maroon attacking midfielder will boost the Red and Gold attacking set up. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] on 30 January at the [[Barasat Stadium]] next where in a crunch game [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed a 2–2 draw, coming back from 0–2 at HT. [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] went ahead in the 20th minute when [[Sukhdev Singh (footballer)|Sukhdev Singh]] scored from a rebound. [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] extended their lead in the 33rd minute when their star Bhutanese man [[Chencho Gyeltshen]] scored dribbling past two defenders. After Half Time, [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] came out with renewed vigour and rallied back into the game with goals from [[Jobi Justin]] in the 59th minute from a [[Katsumi Yusa]] corner and [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] in the 88th minute. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] could have come out with all 3 points if not their star Japanese man [[Katsumi Yusa]] missed from the spot early in the second half. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now sits at 3rd spot in the League Table with 20 points from 12 games with 6 more matches to go.

===February===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] released another of their foreign import ''Armand Bazie'' for his poor performances throughout the League campaign. ''Bazie'' is the third foreign player after [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]] and [[Willis Plaza]] that [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] has released during the ongoing [[2017-18 I-League|I League]] season. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Indian Arrows]] on 4 February at the [[Barasat Stadium]] next where after a frustrating performance by the Red and Gold front line, [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to score in the dying minute of the match, when [[Dudu Omagbemi]] found the net from a glancing header in the 93rd minute, taking a 1–0 lead, ensuring 3 points for the Red and Golds who now sits 3rd in the table with 23 points from 13 games, with 5 more to go. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] on 13 February at the [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]] in [[Panchkula]] next and in a do-or-die game against the league leaders [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed a 1–0 win with a sublime strike from [[Cavin Lobo]] in the 60th minute. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to hold on to the lead and reduced the gap to just 3 points from the league leaders [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now sits at 26 points from 14 games with just 4 more to go. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] roped in [[Uganda national football team]] Defensive Midfield player [[Khalid Aucho]] as a replacement for 'Armand Bazie'. He played for [[Serbia]]n giants [[Red Star Belgrade]] before getting released in July 2017. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] on 17 February at the [[EMS Stadium]] in [[Kozhikode]] next and lost 2–1 to the home side after leading 1–0 at Half-time courtesy of a spot-kick from [[Katsumi Yusa]] in the injury time before the break. [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] came back hard in the second half and rallied to score two goals to snatch back to back wins. This loss has hurt the title ambitions for the Red and Golds, with just 3 matches to go. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Chennai City FC]] on 24 February at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] next and in a do-or-die game, the Red and Gold brigade ran riot against the southerners and clinched an all-important 7–1 win. [[Mahmoud Amnah]] opened the scoring in the 20th minute and since then the floodgates were opened. [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]] placed the ball into his own net for the second goal when he misjudged the cross from [[Lalramchullova]]. [[Dudu Omagbemi]] finally rose to the occasion and showed his class and scored in the next 4 goals, thus becoming the fourth [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] player to score a hat-trick in the season and first in this [[2017-18 I-League|I League]]. [[Gabriel Fernandes]] came on in the 80th minute for his first appearance in the [[2017-18 I-League|I League]] and in no time put his name in the scoresheet with a sublime strike from outside the box to make it 7–1 for the hosts. [[Eduardo Ferreira]] got his 4th booking and will miss the vital away game against [[Shillong Lajong]] on 5 March. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] now sits 2nd in the table with just 2 more matches to go.

===March===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Shillong Lajong]] on 5 March at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] next and in a must-win game the Red and Gold Brigade again drew 2–2 to seriously hamper their title aspirations. [[Dudu Omagbemi]] opened the scoring but [[Shillong Lajong]] rallied from behind to take a 2–1 lead. [[Dudu Omagbemi]] scored the equalized late to ensure [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] have a chance on the last round to get the title if all results go in their favour. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[NEROCA F.C.]] on 8 March at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] next in the final game of the [[2017-18 I-League]] and in a 4 way title decider final round, the Red and Golds only managed a 1–1 draw with [[Dudu Omagbemi]] scoring the equalizer after [[Felix Chidi Odili|Felix Chidi]] put [[NEROCA F.C.]] ahead. [[Minerva Punjab FC]] won their match 1-0 which meant the team from Punjab won their maiden [[I-League]] title. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] finished the [[I-League]] campaign in the 4th Position, dragging their conquest to the long-awaited title for 15 years now. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] has qualified for the Pre-Quarter-finals of the [[2018 Indian Super Cup]] that is going to start from 31 March at the [[Kalinga Stadium]], Bhubaneshwar. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] appointed veteran and club legend [[Subhash Bhowmick]] as the [[Director of football|Technical director]] to assist [[Khalid Jamil]]. This is the fourth stint for [[Subhash Bhowmick]] popularly known as ''Bhombol Da'' at [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and this one after 9 long years after he resigned as the Coach of the [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] club after the infamous ''5-3 [[Kolkata Derby]]'' on 25 October 2009.

===April===
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City F.C.]] on 5 April 2018 at the [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] in the Pre Quarter-finals of the [[2018 Indian Super Cup]]. The ISL side took the lead early in the first half from a sublime free kick from their foreign import [[Achille Emaná]] in the 22nd minute of the game. The Red and Gold brigade bounced back and equalized within 4 minutes when star man [[Katsumi Yusa]] headed in an inch-perfect cross by [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] from the right. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] rallied back in the second half when [[Mahmoud Amnah]] scored the winner in the 73rd minute with a perfect volley to win it 2–1. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Aizawl F.C.]] on 8 April 2018 at the [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] in the Quarter-finals of the [[2018 Indian Super Cup]] and in adverse hot and humid conditions, the Red and Gold brigade managed to snatch a 1–0 win against the Highlanders with an injury-time spot kick by ex [[Aizawl F.C.]] man [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] himself in the 95th minute to put [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] through to the Semi-finals of the inaugural [[2018 Indian Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]]. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[FC Goa]] on 16 April 2018 at the [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] in the Semi-final of the [[2018 Indian Super Cup]]. [[FC Goa]] missed the likes of [[Hugo Boumous]] and [[Pronay Halder]] who are carrying double Yellow Card and also [[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]], [[Brandon Fernandes]] and [[Sergio Juste|Sergio Juste Marin]] who were Sent Off in the Quarter-final match against [[Jamshedpur FC]]. In the crunch game amidst adverse hot and humid conditions the Red and Gold brigade snatched a hard-fought 1–0 win against the ISL side with the solitary goal coming at the 78th minute of the game when [[Katsumi Yusa]] put in a cross from the left which was tapped in by [[Dudu Omagbemi]] to break the deadlock. [[FC Goa]] was soon put down to 10 men as their star midfield man [[Edu Bedia]] was given marching orders after a double booking in the 82nd minute. [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] managed to hold onto the lead and reached the inaugural [[2018 Indian Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]] Final. 
[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced [[Bengaluru FC]] on 20 April 2018 at the [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] in the final of the inaugural [[2018 Indian Super Cup]]. [[Bengaluru FC]] has defeated [[Mohun Bagan]] 4–2 in the other Semi-final and lost by 4–1. [[Ansumana Kromah]] took the lead for [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in the 28th minute with an acrobatic attempt. [[Rahul Bheke]] equalised for [[Bengaluru FC]] in the 39th minute, heading in from a corner. [[Samad Ali Mallick]] was given marching orders after he elbowed an opponent which was the turning point of the game. [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored a brace while [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored another as [[Bengaluru FC]] won 4-1 and lifted the inaugural [[2018 Indian Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]].

==Kit==
'''Supplier:''' PERF / '''Sponsors:''' Kingfisher Premium / '''Co-Sponsor:''' Shyam Steel
{| border-"0" style="margin:1em auto;"
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal1718
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title=Home
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal201718_a
|pattern_la = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_sh = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_so = _red_midband_color
|leftarm = FFFFFF
|body = FFFFFF
|rightarm = FFFFFF
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FFFFFF
|title=Away
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal1718t
|pattern_la = _redyellow
|pattern_ra = _redyellow
|pattern_sh = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_so = _red_midband_color
|leftarm = 000025
|body = 000025
|rightarm = 000025
|shorts = FFFFFF
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|title=Third Kit
}}
|}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Final Position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|13 August 2017
|24 September 2017
<th style="background:gold">Champions</th>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2017–18 I-League|I-League]]
|28 November 2017
|8 March 2018
!4th
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|5 April 2018
|20 April 2018
<th style="background:silver">Runners Up</th>
|-
|}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=3
|c1=[[2017 CFL Premier Division|CFL]]
|w1=7|l1=0|d1=2|f1=28|a1=7
|c2=[[2017–18 I-League|I League]]
|w2=8|l2=3|d2=7|f2=32|a2=19
|c3=[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|w3=3|l3=1|d3=0|f3=5|a3=5
|u=20 April 2018
}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|2017 CFL Premier Division}}

====Standings====

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|update=24 September 2017
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/20162017/regular-season/r38191/ Soccerway]

|team1=KEB|team2=MOH |team3=MSC |team4=PRL |team5=TOL |team6=CCU |team7=RAC
|team8=PAT |team9=SOU |team10=RAI
|result1=C |result8= |result9=R |result10=R |


|win_CCU=3 |draw_CCU=3 |loss_CCU=3 |gf_CCU=6|ga_CCU=7|status_CCU= 
|win_KEB=7 |draw_KEB=2 |loss_KEB=0 |gf_KEB=28 |ga_KEB=7|status_KEB=C 
|win_MOH=7 |draw_MOH=2 |loss_MOH=0 |gf_MOH=20|ga_MOH=5|status_MOH= 
|win_MSC=5|draw_MSC=2 |loss_MSC=2 |gf_MSC=28|ga_MSC=14 |status_MSC= 
|win_PAT=3 |draw_PAT=1 |loss_PAT=5 |gf_PAT=16 |ga_PAT=12|status_PAT= 
|win_PRL=5|draw_PRL=0 |loss_PRL=4 |gf_PRL=7|ga_PRL=10|status_PRL=1 
|win_RAI=1 |draw_RAI=0 |loss_RAI=8 |gf_RAI=0|ga_RAI=21|status_RAI= R 
|win_RAC=3 |draw_RAC=2 |loss_RAC=4 |gf_RAC=9|ga_RAC=13|status_RAC= 
|win_SOU=0 |draw_SOU=1 |loss_SOU=3 |gf_SOU=0|ga_SOU=9 |status_SOU= R 
|win_TOL=4 |draw_TOL=1 |loss_TOL=4 |gf_TOL=5|ga_TOL=13|status_TOL= 


|name_CCU=Calcutta Customs
|name_KEB=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|name_MOH=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_PAT=Pathachakra
|name_PRL=Peerless1
|name_RAI=Railway1
|name_RAC=Rainbow1
|name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]1

|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=#ccffcc |text_C=Champion
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2018 CFL Premier Division#Group B|Group B]]
}}

Note: 1=These teams got walkover against [[Southern Samity]] and they got 3 point each.

===I-League===
{{Main|2017–18 I-League}}

====Table====
{{:2017–18 I-League|showteam=KEB}}

====Result summary====
{{Fb_rs |hw=5 |hd=3 |hl=1 |hgf=22 |hga=11 |aw=3 |ad=4 |al=2 |agf=10 |aga=8}}
{{Fb rs footer|s = [http://i-league.org/ i-league.org]|u=8 March 2018|date=November 2017}}

====Results by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label1= Ground
| res1=H /A /H /H /A /H /A /A /A /A /H /H /H /A /A /H /A /H
|label2= Result
| res2=D /L /W /W /W /W /D /W /D /D /L /D /W /W /L /W /D /D
|label3= Position
| res3=4 /6 /4 /3 /2 /1 /1 /2 /2 /3 /3 /4 /3 /3 /3 /2 /4 /4

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1

|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/ Soccrway]
|updated=8 March 2018
}}

===Super Cup===
{{Main|2018 Indian Super Cup}}

====Brackets====
<onlyinclude>{{Round16
|3rdplace=no
|widescore=yes
|RD1 = [[#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|RD2 = [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD3 = [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD4 = [[#Final|Final]]


|31 March|'''[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] ([[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|pen.]])'''|'''2 (5)'''|[[Chennaiyin F.C.|Chennaiyin]]|2 (3)
|5 April|'''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'''|'''2'''|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|1
|2 April|[[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]|0 (4)|'''[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]'''|'''0 (5)'''
|3 April|'''[[FC Goa]]'''|'''3'''|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]|1
|1 April|[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]|1|'''[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]'''|'''2'''
|4 April|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]|2|'''[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]'''|'''3'''
|1 April|'''[[Bengaluru FC]]'''|'''2'''|[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]|1
|6 April|'''[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]'''|'''3'''|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|2

|8 April|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]|0|'''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'''|'''1'''
|12 April|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]|1|'''[[FC Goa]]'''|'''5'''
|11 April|'''[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]'''|'''3'''|[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]|1
|13 April|'''[[Bengaluru FC]]'''|'''3'''|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]|1

|16 April|'''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'''|'''1'''|[[FC Goa]]|0
|17 April|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]|2|'''[[Bengaluru FC]]'''|'''4'''

|20 April|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]|1|'''[[Bengaluru FC]]'''|'''4'''

|||||
}}</onlyinclude>

====Pre quarter-finals====

{{Football box
|id = Mumbai City FC vs East Bengal
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|5|df=y}}
|time = 20:00
|team1 = [[Mumbai City FC]]
|score = 1-2
|team2 = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Zakeer Mundampara]]{{yel|6}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]{{yel|9}} [[Achille Emaná]]{{goal|22}}
|goals2 = [[Katsumi Yusa]]{{goal|26}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|73}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|attendance = 4354
|referee = Venkatesh R
|report =
}}

====Quarter-finals====

{{Football box
|id = Aizawl FC vs East Bengal
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|8|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.]]
|score = 0-1
|team2 = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = Hmingthanmawia{{yel|33}} C Lalrosanga{{yel|77}} [[Masih Saighani]]{{yel|81}}
|goals2 = [[Khalid Aucho]]{{yel|62}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]{{goal|90+5|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|attendance = 3286
|referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|report =
}}

====Semi-finals====

{{Football box
|id = East Bengal vs FC Goa
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|16|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|team1 = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 1-0
|team2 = [[FC Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Gurwinder Singh]]{{yel|25}} [[Cavin Lobo]]{{yel|36}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]{{yel|67}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]{{goal|78}}
|goals2 = [[Seriton Fernandes]]{{yel|23}} [[Edu Bedia]]{{sent off|2|}} 37' 82'
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|attendance = 4200
|referee = Santosh Kumar
|report =
}}

====Final====
{{main|2018 AIFF Super Cup Final}}

{{Football box
|id = East Bengal vs Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|20|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|team1 = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 1-4
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Ansumana Kromah]]{{goal|28}} {{yel|74}} [[Gurwinder Singh]]{{yel|44}} [[Khalid Aucho]]{{yel|45}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]{{sent off|0|45+2}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{yel|74}}
|goals2 = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]{{yel|8}} [[Rahul Bheke]]{{goal|39}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]{{goal|69|pen.}}{{goal|90}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]{{goal|71}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]{{yel|88}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|attendance = 9500
|referee = Ramaswamy Srikrishna
|report =
}}

==Matches==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|2017 CFL Premier Division}}

====Fixtures and results====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=13 August 2017
|round=1
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=4–1
|report =
|team2=[[Rainbow AC|NBP Rainbow]]
|goals1=[[V.P. Suhair]]{{goal|18}}{{goal|43}}{{goal|46}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]{{goal|72}}
|goals2=Chattu Mondal{{goal|80}}
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
|motm= [[V.P. Suhair]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=16 August 2017
|round=2
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–0
|report =
|team2=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|goals1=[[Carlyle Mitchell]]{{goal|76}}{{goal|93}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
|motm= [[Carlyle Mitchell]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=19 August 2017
|round=3
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=5–1
|report =
|team2=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|goals1=[[Willis Plaza]]{{goal|28}} [[Gabriel Fernandes]]{{goal|72}} [[Surabuddin Mollick]]{{goal|75}}{{goal|76}}{{goal|94}}
|goals2=[[Syed Rahim Nabi]]{{goal|40}}
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
|motm= [[Surabuddin Mollick]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=23 August 2017
|round=4
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–0
|report =
|team2=[[Southern Samity]]
|goals1=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]{{goal|7}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]{{goal|57}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|74}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=28 August 2017
|round=5
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–0
|report =
|team2=Railway FC
|goals1=[[Jobi Justin]]{{goal|3}} [[V.P. Suhair]]{{goal|68}}{{goal|82}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=7 September 2017
|round=6
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–1
|report =
|team2=Pathachakra
|goals1=[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]{{goal|45}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|87|pen.}}
|goals2=Jagannath{{goal|21}}
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=16 September 2017
|round=7
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–2
|report =
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=[[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|3}} [[Willis Plaza]]{{goal|80}}
|goals2=[[Jiten Murmu]]{{goal|}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]{{goal|}}
|stadium=[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=19 September 2017
|round=8
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=5–0
|report =
|team2=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1=[[Willis Plaza]]{{goal|28}}{{goal|51}}{{goal|63}} [[Nikhil Poojari]]{{goal|82}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]

{{goal|84}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=24 September 2017
|round=9
|time=
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–2
|report =
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]{{goal|44}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|66|pen.}}
|goals2=[[Carlyle Mitchell]]{{own goal|}}{{goal|3}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]{{goal|46|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Kanchenjunga Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=D
}}

===Preseason friendlies===

====Fixtures and results====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=25 October 2017
|round=1
|time=
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-ileague-bengaluru-fc-east-bengal-draw-pre-season/nic7eq777e23110r8wtx6uxrv Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]{{goal|80}}
|goals2=[[Surabuddin Mollick]]{{goal|9}}
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=27 October 2017
|round=2
|time=
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score=3–1
|report=[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/bengaluru-fc-defeat-east-bengal-3-1-in-pre-season-friendly/hvnnp7ckfy391vmy15jphr4ri Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Udanta Singh]]{{goal|}}{{goal|}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]{{goal|}}
|goals2=[[Willis Plaza]]{{goal|}}
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=30 October 2017
|round=3
|time=
|team1=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|score=2–1
|report=[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-vs-i-league-fc-pune-city-defeat-east-bengal-2-1-in- pre/1r95cu0mj8no31b0ezqiwiwhw9 Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Jonatan Lucca]]{{goal| }} [[Emiliano Alfaro]]{{goal| }}
|goals2=[[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|}}
|stadium=Balewadi Stadium
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=3 November 2017
|round=4
|time=
|team1=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score=1–2
|report = [http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=124 Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Manvir{{goal|80}}
|goals2=[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]{{goal|8}} [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]]{{goal|82}}
|stadium=[[Bambolim Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=10 November 2017
|round=5
|time=
|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score=1–3
|report =
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Izu Azuka]]{{goal|}}
|goals2=[[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|}} [[Yumnam Raju]]{{own goal}}{{goal|}} [[Surabuddin Mollick]]{{goal|}}
|stadium=[[Jamshedpur Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=W
}}

===I League===
{{Main|2017–18 I-League}}

====Fixtures and results====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=28 November 2017
|round=1
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–2
|report =[http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/bjpyklpvomdleb7aqsvqwkv3e Report]
|team2=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1= [[Eduardo Ferreira]]{{goal|66}} [[Katsumi Yusa]]{{goal|72}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{yel|78}}
|goals2= [[Alfred Jaryan]] {{yel|19}} [[Lalrinzuala Khiangte]] {{yel|43}} [[Masih Saighani]] {{yel|45+1}} [[William Lalnunfela]]{{goal|74||90+4}} H. Lalmuankima {{yel|78}} [[Kareem Omolaja]] {{yel|80}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=16611
|referee= Santosh Kumar
|result=D
|motm=[[Katsumi Yusa]]([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=3 December 2017
|round=2
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–0
|report =[http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-east-bengal/report/bkbspzbue4fadrghglyzgj9ey Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{yel|34}} [[Kingsley Obumneme]]{{goal|39}} [[Ricky Lallawmawma]] {{yel|45}}
|goals2=Mehtab Singh {{yel|14}} [[Gurwinder Singh]] {{yel|37}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=64360
|referee=[[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result=L
|motm=[[Kingsley Obumneme]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=9 December 2017
|round=3
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=5–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-shillong-lajong/report/bl58l5jgdm0n5u9xsh0uj4fhm
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Mahmoud Amnah]] {{goal|14}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]] {{goal|19}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|51||62}} [[Katsumi Yusa]] {{goal|75|pen.}} Prakash Sarkar {{yel|86}}
|goals2=[[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] {{yel|82}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] {{goal|87}}
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance= 10,023
|referee=Senthil Nathan
|result=W
|motm=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])<ref>{{cite web | title =East Bengal shake off disappointment of derby loss by putting five past Shillong Lajong | url = https://thefield.scroll.in/860942/east-bengal-shake-off-disappointment-of-derby-loss-by-putting-five-past-shillong-lajong | publisher= thefirldscroll.in | accessdate =9 December 2017}}</ref>
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=16 December 2017
|round=4
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-churchill-brothers/report/bmgc6amhii8xrufmeb80tz8fe
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|51}} {{yel|54}} [[Willis Plaza]] {{goal|45+2||90+6}} {{yel|85}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]] {{yel|69}} [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]] {{yel|81}}
|goals2=[[Peter Omoduemuke]] {{goal|15}} {{yel|55}} [[Nicholas Fernandes]] {{goal|60}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna]]{{yel|89}} [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]] {{yel|90}}
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=11,182
|referee=Ajit Kumar Meitei
|result=W
|motm=James Kithan (Churchill Brothers)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=22 December 2017
|round=5
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|score=1–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/chennai-city-v-east-bengal/bny7492tqd7reogq9x7hf7t62 Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Alexander Romario Jesuraj{{goal|43}} S. Pandiyan{{yel|69}}
|goals2=[[Katsumi Yusa]]{{goal|27}} [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]]{{goal|31}} [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]

{{yel|55}} Armand Bazie{{yel|90}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=12758
|referee= Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
|result=W
|motm= [[Uros Poljanec]] (Chennai City FC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=27 December 2017
|round=6
|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-gokulam/report/bp2zg8ygm24wi2oc85s56ao2y Report]
|team2=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]{{goal|44}}
|goals2=[[Rohit Mirza]]{{sent off|0|52}} [[Emmanuel Chigozie]]{{yel|85}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=9983
|referee= Umesh Bora
|result=W
|motm=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=30 December 2017
|round=7
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NEROCA F.C.|Neroca]]
|score=1–1
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/neroca-v-east-bengal/report/bphnyunqxlqca8v847x0881nu Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Govin Singh]]{{yel|31}} Nedo Turkovic{{goal|89}} [[Aryn Williams]]{{yel|91}}
|goals2= [[Katsumi Yusa]]{{goal|12}} Bazie Armand{{yel|61}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]]{{yel|93}}
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=28243
|referee=Senthil Nathan S
|result=D
|motm=[[Eduardo Ferreira]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=2 January 2018
|round=8
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Indian Arrows]]
|score=0–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/indian-arrows-v-east-bengal/bq5ro1ddzpex78l254qgc07l6 Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Abhishek Halder]]{{yel|12}}
|goals2=[[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|13}} [[Katsumi Yusa]]{{goal|16}} [[Arnab Mondal]]{{sent off|90+5}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=5205
|referee=Umesh Bora
|result=W
|motm=[[Mahmoud Amnah]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=8 January 2018
|round=9
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score=1–1
|report =[http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/churchill-brothers-v-east-bengal/report/bqn6g8mv4sjxbudev7g9002ui Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Kalu Ogba]]{{yel|55}} [[Mechac Koffi]]{{goal|75}}
|goals2=[[Jobi Justin]]{{goal|26}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|attendance=3108
|referee=Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result=D
|motm=[[Mechac Koffi]] (Churchill Brothers)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=16 January 2018
|round=10
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score=0–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/aizawl-v-east-bengal/bv5e53trr1dir7r5g1bkmffje Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Masih Saighani]]{{yel|61}} [[Alfred Jaryan]]{{yel|64}}
|goals2=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]{{yel|10}} [[Lalramchullova]]{{yel|54}} [[Katsumi Yusa]]{{yel|61}}
|stadium=[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|attendance=7280
|referee=Rosario Fernandes
|result=D
|motm= Avilash Paul ([[Aizawl FC]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=21 January 2018
|round=11
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=0–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-mohun-bagan/brwxuxb2tk86ao7a9r6euzz3e Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= Armand Bazzie{{yel|18}}
|goals2=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]]{{goal|2}}{{goal|35}} [[Kingshuk Debnath]]{{yel|17}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=52951
|referee= [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result=L
|motm=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] ([[Mohun Bagan]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=30 January 2018
|round=12
|time=13:55 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-minerva-punjab/report/btp2bwl41j7rr5abvi3rbdkyy Report]
|team2=[[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1=[[Katsumi Yusa]]{{penmiss}}47' [[Jobi Justin]]{{goal|59}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]]{{yel|72}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]{{goal|88}}
|goals2=[[Sukhdev Singh (footballer)|Sukhdev Singh]]{{goal|20}} [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]{{goal|33}} [[Souvik Das]]{{yel|68}} [[Guy Eric Dano]]{{yel|90+2}}
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance= 11200
|referee=Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
|result=D
|motm=[[Kiran Chemjong|Kiran Kumar Limbu]] ([[Minerva Punjab F.C.]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=4 February 2018
|round=13
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-indian-arrows/bwb1xbnm3tpv9xn2x0mxt15d6 Report]
|team2=[[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1=[[Dudu Omagbemi]]{{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=8692
|referee=Om Prakash Thakur
|result=W
|motm= [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]] ([[Indian Arrows]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=13 February 2018
|round=14
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|score=0–1
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/minerva-punjab-v-east-bengal/bxy30gk2kk0ykghby61ot3d62 Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Amandeep Singh{{yel|45+1}} [[Bali Gagandeep]]{{yel|70}}
|goals2=[[Cavin Lobo]]{{goal|60}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{yel|77}} [[Ubaid CK]]{{yel|90+2}}
|stadium=[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]
|attendance=8243
|referee= Ajit Kumar Meitei
|result=W
|motm=[[Mahmoud Amnah]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=17 February 2018
|round=15
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score=2–1
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/gokulam-v-east-bengal/report/byfsmo5y55v7ni8qhxybtmcmi Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Kivi{{goal|51}} Irshad{{sent off|2}}55' 90+1' Emanuel{{yel|70}} [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]{{own goal}}{{goal|87}}
|goals2=[[Katsumi Yusa]]{{yel|39}}{{goal|45+4}}{{pen}} [[Arnab Mondal]]{{sent off|2}}90+1' 90+6' [[Lalramchullova]]{{yel|90+1}}
|stadium=[[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=3257
|referee= Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result=L
|motm=Bilal Hussain Khan ([[Gokulam Kerala FC]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=24 February 2018
|round=16
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=7–1
|report =
|team2=[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1=[[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|20}} [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]{{own goal}}{{goal|23}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]{{goal|32}}{{goal|49}}{{goal|56}}{{goal|61}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]]{{yel|36}} [[Gabriel Fernandes]]{{goal|84}}
|goals2=Mashoor Shereef{{goal|59}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=8753
|referee=Crystal John
|result=W
|motm=[[Dudu Omagbemi]]([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=5 March 2018
|round=17
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score=2–2
|report =
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Aibanbha Dohling{{goal|49}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]{{goal|69}}{{pen}}
|goals2=[[Dudu Omagbemi]]{{goal|20}} {{goal|88}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]{{yel|90+4}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=5706
|referee=Umesh Bora
|result=D
|motm=[[Nidhin Lal]] ([[Shillong Lajong]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=8 March 2018
|round=18
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1-1
|report =
|team2=[[NEROCA F.C.|Neroca]]
|goals1=[[Lalramchullova]]{{yel|45}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]{{goal|73}}{{yel|78}}
|goals2=Ngasepam Tondonba{{yel|10}} [[Felix Chidi Odili]]{{goal|42}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=26960
|referee=Rowan Arumughan
|result=D
|motm=[[Lalit Thapa]] ([[NEROCA F.C.|Neroca FC]])
}}

===Indian Super Cup===
{{Main|2018 Indian Super Cup}}

====Fixture and results====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=5 April 2018
|round=R16
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|score= 1-2
|report =
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Zakeer Mundampara]]{{yel|6}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]{{yel|9}} [[Achille Emaná]]{{goal|22}}
|goals2=[[Katsumi Yusa]]{{goal|26}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{goal|73}}
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance=4354
|referee=Venkatesh R
|result=W
|motm= [[Mahmoud Amnah]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=8 April 2018
|round=QF
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score=0-1
|report =
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Hmingthanmawia{{yel|33}} C Lalrosanga{{yel|77}} [[Masih Saighani]]{{yel|81}}
|goals2=[[Khalid Aucho]]{{yel|62}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]{{goal|90+5|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=[[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result=W
|motm=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=16 April 2018
|round=SF
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1-0
|report=
|team2=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1= [[Gurwinder Singh]]{{yel|25}} [[Cavin Lobo]]{{yel|36}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]{{yel|67}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]{{goal|78}}
|goals2= [[Seriton Fernandes]]{{yel|23}} [[Edu Bedia]]{{sent off|2|}}37' 82'
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance= 4200
|referee= Santosh Kumar
|result= W
|motm= [[Laxmikant Kattimani]] ([[FC Goa]])
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=20 April 2018
|round=Final
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1-4
|report=
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1= [[Ansumana Kromah]]{{goal|28}} {{yel|74}} [[Gurwinder Singh]]{{yel|44}} [[Khalid Aucho]]{{yel|45}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]{{sent off|0|45+2}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]{{yel|74}}
|goals2= [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]{{yel|8}} [[Rahul Bheke]]{{goal|39}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]{{goal|69|pen.}}{{goal|90}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]{{goal|71}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]{{yel|88}}
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance= 9500
|referee= Ramaswamy Srikrishna
|result= L
|motm= [[Sunil Chhetri]] ([[Bengaluru FC]])
}}

==Statistics==

===Appearances===

:Players with no appearances not included in the list.

{{updated|match played 20 April 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Sortable table
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Pos.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Nat.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:150px;" rowspan="2" |Name
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |CFL
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Indian Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
|12
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Luis Barreto]]
||9||9||8||8||0||0||'''17'''||'''17'''
|-
|32
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Mirshad Michu]]
||0||0||3||3||0||0||'''3'''||'''3'''
|-
|1
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Ubaid CK]]
||0||0||7||7||4||4||'''11'''||'''11'''
|-
|16
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Gurwinder Singh]]
||7||7||3||3||4||4||'''14'''||'''14'''
|-
|4
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Lalramchullova]]
||8||8||14||10||4||4||'''26'''||'''26'''
|-
|25
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
||8||8||4||2||4||4||'''16'''||'''16'''
|-
|3
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Arnab Mondal]]
||3||3||12||12||0||0||'''15'''||'''15'''
|-
|18
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
||2||2||6||6||0||0||'''8'''||'''8'''
|-
|24
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
||0||0||16||14||0||0||'''16'''||'''14'''
|-
|29
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|Deepak Kumar
||0||0||4||3||1||0||'''5'''||'''3'''
|-
|14
|DF
|{{flagicon|EQG}}
|align=left|[[Eduardo Ferreira]]
| colspan="2"|–
|17||17||4||4||'''21'''||'''21'''
|-
|23
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|Tanmoy Ghosh
||3||3||0||0||0||0||'''3'''||'''3'''
|-
|6
|MF
|{{flagicon|SYR}}
|align=left|[[Mahmoud Amnah]]
||9||9||16||16||4||4||'''29'''||'''29'''
|-
|30
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
||8||7||9||4||0||0||'''17'''||'''11'''
|-
|17
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
||9||9||14||13||4||4||'''27'''||'''27'''
|-
|8
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
||5||5||14||5||0||0||'''19'''||'''10'''
|-
|21
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Surabuddin Mollick]]
||9||2||6||0||0||0||'''15'''||'''2'''
|-
|7
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Cavin Lobo]]
||7||0||13||9||4||4||'''23'''||'''13'''
|-
|10
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|align=left|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
| colspan="2"|–
|18||18||4||4||'''22'''||'''22'''
|-
|27
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Nikhil Poojari]]
||2||1||0||0||0||0||'''2'''||'''1'''
|-
|38
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|Prakash Sarkar
||5||2||9||9||0||0||'''14'''||'''14'''
|-
|11
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Gabriel Fernandes]]
||7||2||2||0||1||0||'''11'''||'''2'''
|-
|40
|MF
|{{flagicon|Liberia}}
|align=left|[[Ansumana Kromah]][B]
| colspan="2"|–
|7||3||3||1||'''10'''||'''4'''
|-
|5
|MF
|{{flagicon|Uganda}}
|align=left|[[Khalid Aucho]]
| colspan="2"|–
| colspan="2" |–
|4||4||'''4'''||'''4'''
|-
|35
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|Yami Longvah
||2||0||3||3||0||0||'''5'''||'''3'''
|-
|19
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Suhair V P|V P Suhair]]
||5||5||0||0||0||0||'''5'''||'''5'''
|-
|22
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Jobi Justin]]
||4||3||9||6||2||0||'''15'''||'''9'''
|-
|44
|FW
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|align=left|[[Dudu Omagbemi]]
| colspan="2"|–
|8||8||4||3||'''12'''||'''11'''
|-
| Colspan="12"|Players who have left/released by [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] mid-season
|-
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|TRI}}
|align=left|[[Carlyle Mitchell]]
||6||6|| colspan="2" |–
| colspan="2" |–
|'''6'''||'''6'''
|-
|13
|MF
|{{flagicon|CIV}}
|align=left|[[Armand Bazie]]
| colspan="2"|–
|12||9|| colspan="2" |–
|'''12'''||'''9'''
|-
|20
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Richard Costa]]
||1||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |–
|'''1'''||'''1'''
|-
|9
|FW
|{{flagicon|TRI}}
|align=left|[[Willis Plaza]]
||7||7||10||8|| colspan="2" |–
|'''17'''||'''15'''
|-
|15
|FW
|{{flagicon|BRA}}
|align=left|[[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]]
| colspan="2"|–
|7||2|| colspan="2" |–
|'''7'''||'''2'''
|}
[B] Played for [[Mohun Bagan]] in the [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017–18 CFL]] and [[2017–18 I-League]]. Made 9 Appearances in [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017–18 CFL]] and 11 appearances in [[2017–18 I-League]] for [[Mohun Bagan]]. 

===Goal scorers===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|CFL
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|44
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}}
|[[Dudu Omagbemi]]
||–
|8||1
!scope="col"|'''9'''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2
|6
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|Syria}}
|[[Mahmoud Amnah]]
||4||3||1
!scope="col"|'''8'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|3
|10
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|Japan}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
||-||6||1
!scope="col"|'''7'''
|-
|17
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
||3||3||1
!scope="col"|'''7'''
|-
|9
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Willis Plaza]] a
||5||2||–
!scope="col"|'''7'''
|-
|rowspan="1"|6
|19
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Suhair V P|V P Suhair]]
||5||-||0
!scope="col"|'''5'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|7
|22
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Jobi Justin]]
||1||2||0
!scope="col"|'''3'''
|-
|30
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
||2||1||0
!scope="col"|'''3'''
|-
|21
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Surabuddin Mollick]]
||3||-||0
!scope="col"|'''3'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|10
|14
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}}
|[[Eduardo Ferreira]]
||-||2||0
!scope="col"|'''2'''
|-
|11
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Gabriel Fernandes]]
||1||1||0
!scope="col"|'''2'''
|-
|5
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Carlyle Mitchell]] a
||2||–
|–
!scope="col"|'''2'''
|-
|rowspan="6"|13
|15
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|Brazil}}
|[[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]] a
||–
|1||–
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|8
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
||0||1||0
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|7
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Cavin Lobo]]
||0||1||0
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|40
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|Liberia}}
|[[Ansumana Kromah]]
||0||0||1
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|27
|[[Midfield (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Nikhil Poojari]]
||1||–
|–
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|25
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
||1||0||0
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|colspan="4"|
|''Own Goals''
||–
|1||–
!scope="col"|'''1'''
|-
|colspan="4"|
|'''TOTAL'''
| '''28''' || '''32''' || '''5'''|| '''65'''
|}

a Denotes Players who left [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] mid season.

====Hat-tricks====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Player
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Against
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Result
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Date
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Competition
|-align="center"
|{{align|left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhair V P|V P Suhair]]}}
|{{align|left|Rainbow FC}}
|align="center"|4–1
|13 August 2017
|[[2017 CFL Premier Division|CFL 2017–18]]
|-align="center"
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surabuddin Mollick]]
|{{align|left|[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]}}
|align="center"|5–1
|19 August 2017
|[[2017 CFL Premier Division|CFL 2017–18]]
|-align="center"
|align="left"|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Willis Plaza]]
|{{align|left|[[Tollygunge Agragami]]}}
|align="center"|5–0
|19 September 2017
|[[2017 CFL Premier Division|CFL 2017–18]]
|-align="center"
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]] 4
|{{align|left|[[Chennai City F.C.]]}}
|align="center"|7–1
|24 February 2018
|[[2017–18 I-League]]
|}
4 Scored 4 goals in the match

===Clean sheets===

:''Correct as of matches played on 20 April 2018''

{| class="wikitable sortable alternance" ; style="text-align:center; "
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=10|'''No.'''
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;"|'''Player'''
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|CFL
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|TOTAL
|-
| 12 || align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Luis|Barreto}} || 4 || 3 || 0 || '''7'''
|-
| 32 || align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Mirshad Michu || – || 0 || 0 || '''0'''
|-
| 1 || align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ubaid CK]] || – || 2 || 2 || '''4'''
|-
|}

===Disciplinary record===
{{updated|matches played 20 April 2018}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Pos.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Name
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Indian Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| '''Total'''
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| '''Remarks'''
|-
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
|-
|30
|MF
|{{sortname|Brandon|Vanlalremdika}}
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|16
|DF
|{{sortname|Gurwinder|Singh}}
|1
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|18
|DF
|Mehtab Singh
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|38
|MF
|Prakash Sarkar
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|17
|MF
|{{sortname|Laldanmawia|Ralte}}
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|14
|DF
|{{sortname|Eduardo|Ferreira}}
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|Missed the match against [[Shillong Lajong]] on 5 March 2018.
|-
|9
|FW
|{{sortname|Willis|Plaza}}
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|15
|FW
|[[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles do Vale de Souza]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|24
|DF
|[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|13
|MF
|Armand Bazie
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|10
|MF
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|4
|DF
|[[Lalramchullova]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|6
|MF
|[[Mahmoud Amnah]]
|1
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|1
|GK
|[[Ubaid CK]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|3
|DF
|[[Arnab Mondal]]
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|Missed the match against [[Chennai City F.C.]] on 24 February 2018.
|-
|25
|DF
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
|
|-
|44
|FW
|[[Dudu Omagbemi]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|5
|MF
|[[Khalid Aucho]]
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|-
|7
|MF
|[[Cavin Lobo]]
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|-
|40
|MF
|[[Ansumana Kromah]]
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|
|}

==Honours==

===Titles won===
[[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017–18 Calcutta Premier Division]] Champions (39th time Champions)
 '''*8th consecutive Calcutta League title for [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (2010–2017)'''

==See also==
* [[2017–18 in Indian football]]
* [[2017 CFL Premier Division]]
* [[2017–18 I-League]]
* [[2018 Indian Super Cup]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2017-18 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]
[[Category:2017–18 I-League by team]]

List of Marathi films of 2021

2026-03-19T17:55:01Z

UDsportHD: enhanced layout as per guidelines for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Marathi films}}
This is a list of [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] (Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language) films that are scheduled to release or released in 2021.

==January - June==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10%;" | '''Ref.'''
|- January
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''22'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Peter (2021 film)|Peter]]''||Amol Arvind Bhave|| Manisha Bhor, Amol Pansare ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/peter/movieshow/80361231.cms|title= Peter (2021) – Marathi Movie|date=22 January 2021|access-date=5 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''29'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Basta (2021 film)|Basta]]''||Tanaji Ghadge|| [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]], [[Parth Bhalerao]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/basta/movieshow/80666838.cms|title= Basta (2021) – Marathi Movie|date=29 January 2021|access-date=5 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|- February
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Oh My Ghost''|| Wasim Khan || [[Prathamesh Parab]], Kajal Sharma, Pankaj Vishnu ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/oh-my-ghost/movieshow/80780017.cms|title=
Oh My Ghost|date=12 February 2021|website=Times of India|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ek Ti''|| Amar Parkhe || Vijay Kadam, [[Prema Kiran]], Rupali Jadhav ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/ek-ti/movieshow/80826223.cms|title=
Ek Ti|date=12 February 2021|website=Times of India|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''19'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Kaanbhatt''||Aparana S Hosing|| Bhavya Shinde, Rugved Mule, Sanjeev Tandel, Vipin Borate||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kaanbhatt/movie-review/81115734.cms|title=Kaanbhatt|date=19 February 2021|website=Times of India|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Preetam''||Sijo Rocky|| Pranav Raorane, Nakshatra Medhekar, Upendra Limaye, Ajit Devle ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/preetam/movieshow/81038873.cms|title= Preetam |date=19 February 2021|website=Times of India|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Befaam''||Krishna Kamble|| [[Siddharth Chandekar]], [[Sakhi Gokhale]], Vidhyadhar Joshi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/befaam/movieshow/81190301.cms|title=Befaam|date=25 February 2021|website=Times of India|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''27'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Pension''||Pundalilik Y.L Dhumal|| [[Sonali Kulkarni]], Sumit Gutte, Nilambari Khamkar, Narayan Jadhav ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/pension/movieshow/81203071.cms|title=Pension|date=27 February 2021|website=Times of India|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;textcolor:#000;"|'''28'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Gast (film)|Gast]]''
|Amit Koli
|[[Tanaji Galgunde]], [[Monalisa Bagal]], [[Shashank Shende]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=जेव्हा 'सैराट' फेम तानाजी गालगुंडेला मिळाली मुख्य नायकाची भूमिका, पाहा अभिनेत्याची प्रतिक्रिया |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/tanaji-galgunde-upcoming-marathi-movie-gast-speical-interview/articleshow/81190423.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|- March
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''19'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Hashtag Prem''
|Rajesh Jadhav
|[[Mitali Mayekar]], [[Suyash Tilak]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/hashtag-premready-with-trailer-to-be-released-on-19th-march.php|title= ‘Hashtag Prem’ready with trailer, to be released on 19th March|website=Marathi Movie World|date=1 March 2021|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|- April
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Well Done Baby]]''
|Priyanka Tanwar
|[[Pushkar Jog]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Vandana Gupte]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/well-done-baby/movieshow/82017244.cms|title=Well Done Baby|date=9 April 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7" |'''30'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[The Disciple (2020 film)|The Disciple]]''
|[[Chaitanya Tamhane]]
| Aditya Modak, Arun Dravid
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/disciple-movie-netflix-trailer-release-date-april-30-chaitanya-tamhane-2402051|title=Watch the New Trailer for The Disciple, Out April 30 on Netflix|website=NDTV Gadgets 360}}</ref>
|- June
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U N E'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |'''30'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[June (2021 film)]]''
| Vaibhav Khisti
Suhrud Godbole
|[[Nehha Pendse]] [[Siddharth Menon]]
|
|-
|}

== July - December ==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:25%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:20%;"|'''Director'''
! style="width:34%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:4%;" | '''{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}'''
|-
|- November
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Jayanti (film)|Jayanti]]''
| Shailesh Narwade
| Ruturaj Wankhede, Titeeksha Tawde, [[Milind Shinde]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/jayanti/moviereview/87666019.cms |title=Muvie Review- जयंती|date= 12 November 2021 |publisher= Maharashtratimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/jayanti-movie-review-staring-ruturaj-wankhede-and-titksha-tawde-nrsr-202415/ |title=Jayanti Movie Review- महापुरुषांच्या वैचारिक मंथनाची ‘जयंती’|date= 14 November 2021 |publisher= Navrashtra}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8" |'''19'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Jhimma]]''
| Hemant Dhome
| [[Nirmiti Sawant]], [[Siddharth Chandekar]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/hemant-dhomes-multi-starrer-jhimma-to-hit-the-screens-on-19th-november-2021/articleshow/86674336.cms |title= Hemant Dhome's multi-starrer 'Jhimma' to hit the screens on November 19, 2021 |date=1 October 2021|access-date= 1 October 2021 |website= Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|- December!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|Nikhil Mahajan
|[[Neena Kulkarni]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Vikram Gokhale]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jitendra-joshi-and-gauri-nalawades-godavari-to-hit-the-screens-on-december-3-2021/articleshow/86606485.cms |title= Jitendra Joshi and Gauri Nalawade's 'Godavari' to hit the screens on December 3, 2021 |date=29 September 2021|access-date= 2 October 2021 |website= Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]''
|[[Viju Mane]]
|[[Bhalchandra Kadam]] & [[Kushal Badrike]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Bali (2021 film)|Bali]]''
|Vishal Furia
| [[Swwapnil Joshi]], [[Pooja Sawant]], Samarth Jadhav
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1465988372669734914?| title= #Bali premieres 9 Dec 2021 on #AmazonPrime… Stars #SwwapnilJoshi and #PoojaSawant… Directed by #VishalFuria [of #Chhorii fame]. #BaliOnPrime |author=Taran Adarsh|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Darling (2021 film)|Darling]]''
|Sameer Asha Patil
|[[Prathamesh Parab]], [[Ritika Shrotri]] and [[Nikhil Chavan]]
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date = 1 October 2021|number=1443901136159739905|title=IN CINEMAS 10 DEC 2021... #Marathi film #Darling stars #PrathameshParab, #RitikaShrotri and #NikkhhilChavaan... Directed by Sameer Asha Patil... Produced by 7 Horse Entertainment P Ltd, V Patke Films and Kathakar Motion Pictures... Releasing partner Pickle Entertainment. https://t.co/Dh0e96YXuV}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''17'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Free Hit Danka]]''
|Sunil Govind Magare
|Somnath Avghade, Apurva Shelgaongkar, Tanaji Galgunde and Arbaz Shaikh
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/somnath-avghade-and-apoorva-shelgaonkar-starrer-free-hit-danka-trailer-is-out/articleshow/87907763.cms |title= Somnath Avghade and Apoorva Shelgaonkar starrer 'Free Hit Danka' trailer is out! |date=25 November 2021|access-date= 26 November 2021 |website= Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Marathi films of 2020]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{portalbar|Film|Lists}}
{{2021 films}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi films of 2021}}
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|2021]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2020s Marathi-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of 2021 films by language|Marathi]]

Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi

2026-03-13T17:03:06Z

UDsportHD: started new data!

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi
| authority = [[Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal]], [[Stephen Mahony|Mahony]], [[Varad B. Giri|Giri]], [[R. Chaitanya|Chaitanya]] & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2018
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi''''' is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Gekkonidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''bhupathyi'', is in honor of Indian herpetologist [[Subramaniam Bhupathy]].<ref name=RDB/>

==Geographic range==
''C. bhupathyi'' is found in [[West Bengal]], [[East India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Cyrtodactylus|species= bhupathyi|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref>

==Description==
Small for its [[genus]], ''C. bhupathyi'' may attain a [[Snout-vent length|snout-to-vent length]] (SVL) of {{convert|6|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal I]], [[Stephen Mahony|Mahony S]], [[Varad B. Giri|Giri VB]], Chaitanya R, [[:fr:Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer AM]] (2018). "Two new species of bent-toed geckos, ''Cyrtodactylus'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region". ''Zootaxa'' '''4420''' (3): 334–356. (''Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi'', new species).

{{Taxonbar|from=Q55608742}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Gaya Prasad Katiyar

2026-03-12T11:15:20Z

UDsportHD: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|Member of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Army}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaya Prasad Katiyar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1900|06|20}}
| birth_place = Jagadishpur, Cawnpore [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Jagadishpur]],[[Shivrajpur]],[[Kanpur Nagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|02|10|1900|06|20}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| employer = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA)
| other_names = Gaya Prasad
}}
'''Gaya Prasad Katiyar''' (20 June 1900 – 10 February 1993) was an Indian revolutionary and member of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]. He worked for [[India's independence]] and joined hands with [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Chandrasekhar Azad]].

== Early life ==
Gaya Prasad was born on 20 June 1900 in the village of Jagadishpur, [[Bilhaur]] tehsil, [[Kanpur]] to Nandarani and Mauji Ram. After completing his high school studies, he enrolled himself in the medicinal practice course in Kanpur. He joined the [[Arya Samaj]], Kanpur branch where he got acquainted with [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]].

== Revolutionary activities ==
Like most of the revolutionaries of HSRA, Prasad participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation Movement]] in 1921. He formed a strong bond with [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]], who visited Prasad in Jagadishpur to celebrate Holi on  20 March 1926.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/kanpur-news/when-bhagat-singh-played-holi-in-kanpur-1250059/|title=भगत सिंह, राजगुरु ने कानपुर के जगदीशपुर गांव में खेली थी होली|work=www.patrika.com|access-date=2018-08-23|language=hi-IN}}</ref>

Prasad's main responsibility was to provide cover for the bomb manufacturing factories of HSRA. The modus operandi was simple - Prasad would start a dispensary under a proxy name<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/siwan-15514875.html|title=पुण्यतिथि पर नमन किया गया क्रांतिकारी डॉ. गया प्रसाद कटियार को|work=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2018-08-23|language=hi}}</ref> and the other revolutionaries would work as staff e.g.: compounders, housekeeping, etc. The dispensary had hidden places where the bombs were manufactured. The odor of the chemicals could easily be justified to the locals and neighbors as arising during the preparation of medicines.

In one case a bomb factory in Turi Bazaar, [[Firozpur|Ferozpur]] that was started by Prasad under the name Dr. B S Nigam was operational from 10 August 1928, to 9 February 1929. The other revolutionaries had the following aliases:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/ujjwal+prabhat-epaper-ujjwalp/panjab+ki+is+imarat+me+daphan+hai+aajadi+ke+matavalae+ke+raj-newsid-94532156|title=पंजाब की इस इमारत में दफन है आजादी के मतवालाें के राज - Ujjwal Prabhat {{!}} DailyHunt|work=DailyHunt|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shiv Verma]]: Ram Narayan Kapoor
* Bijoy Kumar Sinha: Bacchu
* [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahabir Singh]]: Pratap Singh
* [[Chandra Shekhar Azad|Chandrasekhar Azad]]: Panditji
* [[Sukhdev Thapar]]: Balejar
* Jaigopal: Gopal

The bomb factory was shifted to [[Saharanpur]] after the arrests mounted and [[Indian Imperial Police|police]] actions became intensive. They were soon out of funds and could not convert the rented place into a dispensary. Kashiram, an HSRA associate was supposed to arrive from Delhi with money, but he hadn't reached it, hence it was decided that Prasad would travel to Kanpur and return with some money. Meanwhile (after 1–1.5 months of moving the factory), a Ferozpur-based barber named Kalu Ram who visited Saharanpur for some personal work recognized the supposed Dr. Nigam as Prasad and immediately reported this to the local police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ajitsamachar.com/news/26019.cms|title=अजीत समाचार {{!}} फिरोजपुर शहर के कालू राम की सूचना पर पकड़े गए थे क्रांतिकारी|last=Samachar|first=Ajit|website=news.ajitsamachar.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> It was later revealed that Kalu Ram had been keeping a close eye on HSRA movements, at the behest of the police. On 13 May 1929, the police raided this factory located in the Chaube parish locality and arrested Shiv Verma and [[Jaidev Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dainiksaveratimes.com/news/kalu-ram-was-caught-on-the-information-revolutionary-hindi-news-81700|title=कालू राम की सूचना पर पकड़े गए थे क्रांतिकारी|work=Dainik Savera Times|access-date=2018-08-23|language=hi}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Prasad could not arrange any funds and returned empty-handed on 15 May 1929. He evaded the police at the Saharanpur station and reached the base in the early hours while it was still dark. He knocked on the door, expecting Shiv or Jaidev. Instead, he was embraced by a policeman. Prasad didn't recognize the policeman as it was dark, and the friendly affection made him believe that it was Kashiram who had arrived with funds. The policeman then shouted for backup and within minutes, several more policemen rushed inside, overpowered Prasad, and handcuffed him. On the way towards the police station, the doctor realized that in his pocket was a paper with the names of two lawyers based in Lucknow, Chandra Bhanu Gupta and Mohanlal Saxena, both of whom had pleaded the [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori conspiracy case]] from the side of the revolutionaries. Prasad thought that this paper must be destroyed to avoid implicating the lawyers. He asked the constable to stop and allow him to urinate. After some argument, one of his hands was freed and the constables stood with their backs to him. He immediately put the paper in his mouth and tried to swallow it but started to cough uncontrollably. He demanded water from the constable and gulped it down his throat, swallowing the paper.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian revolutionaries : a comprehensive study, 1757-1961. Vol. 3|author=Sarala, Śrīkr̥shṇa|date=1999|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-8187100157|location=New Delhi|oclc=47354233}}</ref>

Prasad was sent to [[Lahore]] where, along with the other HSRA revolutionaries, he participated in the [[Jatindra Nath Das#Hunger strike|hunger strike]]. He was tried under the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case (disambiguation)|Lahore Conspiracy Case]], sentenced to life imprisonment, and deported to the Andaman [[Cellular Jail|Kala Pani]]. Even in Andaman, he conducted a 46-day-long hunger strike to protest against the unfair and inhuman treatment of prisoners.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Andaman and Nicobar islands: a saga of freedom struggle|author=Murthy, R. V. R.|date=2011|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=9788178359038|location=Delhi|oclc=747944694}}</ref> His HSRA compatriot, [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahabir Singh]] died in this same strike as a result of [[forced feeding]], He was expatriated in 1937 but again sent to Kala Pani.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Later life ==
In accordance with his socialist ideals cemented during the HSRA era, he struggled for the rights of workers and farmers. During this juncture, he was sent to jail twice – for 6 months in 1958 and for 1.5 years between 1966 and 1968).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buddhadarshan.com/revolutionary-gaya-prasad-katiyar-created-a-bomb-for-bhagat-singh/|title=बाहर दवाखाना-अंदर बम बनाने की फैक्ट्री चलाते थें क्रांतिकारी डॉ.गया प्रसाद कटियार, खजूरी खुर्द|website=www.buddhadarshan.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 10 February 1993 at [[Delhi]] due to an age-related illness.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Legacy ==
On 26 December 2016, Minister of State for Health & Family Welfare, Ms. [[Anupriya Patel]] headed a program to introduce an Indian Postal stamp in the name of Dr. Gaya Prasad Katiyar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/centre-releases-special-stamp-on-freedom-fighter-shri-gaya-prasad-katiyar-116122600925_1.html|title=Centre releases special stamp on freedom fighter Shri Gaya Prasad Katiyar" and a set of eight Commemorative Postage Stamps on Personalities Series: Bihar" & a stamp on Hardayal Municipal Heritage Public Library"|last=Delhi|date=2016-12-26|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the movie ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'', Niraj Shah<ref>{{Citation|title=The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319736/fullcredits|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> portrayed Prasad.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katiyar}}
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

Madhavi (Silappatikaram)

2026-03-11T06:19:55Z

UDsportHD: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| image = Silappatikaram (11).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Madhavi (left) with [[Kovalan]]
| creator = [[Ilango Adigal]]
| first = [[Cilappatikaram]]
| gender = Female
| occupation = Courtesan and dancer
| children = [[Manimekalai]]
| home = [[Poompuhar|Puhar]], [[Early Cholas|Chola Kingdom]]
}}
'''Madhavi''' is a central character in [[Ilango Adigal]]'s ''[[Cilappatikaram]],'' one of the [[Five Great Epics]] in [[Tamil literature]]. As per the literature, [[Kovalan]], the husband of [[Kannagi]], briefly leaves Kannagi to be with Madhavi. After squandering his wealth, Kovalan returns to Kannagi, and their tragic story form the rest of the epic.

==Literature==
''[[Cilappatikāram]]'' ("the Tale of an Anklet"), is the one of the [[Five Great Epics]]s in [[Tamil literature]].{{sfn|Parthasarathy|2004|p=1-3}} It is attributed to a [[Ilango Adigal]], a [[Chera]] prince turned monk, and was probably composed between 2nd to 6th centuries CE.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=397}}{{sfn|Alain Danielou|1965|p=viii}} The epic consists of 5,730 lines,{{sfn|Parthasarathy|2004|p=5-6}} and narrates the tragic story of [[Kannagi]] and her husband [[Kovalan]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=296–298}}

==Legend==
Madhavi was born in a lineage of [[courtesans]], and was an accomplished [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer.{{sfn|Thompson|2005|p=158}}{{sfn|Srinivasan|2009|p=53-75}} She was the daughter of Chitrapathi, a senior courtesan, who was responsible for arranging Madhavi's debut in the king's court and overseeing her wealth and relationships.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=54–55}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=172}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jaiganesh |first=B |date=9 July 2021 |title=The Psychological Acumens in the Construction of the Two Characters Manimegalai and Kayasandigai |url=https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/8824 |journal=Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=16100–16106}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Menon |first=Suseela |date=2011 |title=Empowerment of Women and Children Through Performance of Indian Classical Art Form – A Case Study with Special Reference to Mohiniyattam of Kerala |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1867831 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1867831 |s2cid=141228534 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Madhavi performs in the Chola court and wins royal patronage, which brings her fame and wealth.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=43–45}}{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=59–60}} [[Kovalan]] is the son of a wealthy merchant Machattuvan, and lives in the [[Chola]] port city of [[Poompuhar|Puhar]] along with his newly married wife [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]].{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=60}} Kovalan meets Madhavi during a festival in the city.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=61}} Enamoured of her beauty, he falls in love with her. Eventually, Kovalan leaves his wife Kannagi and moves in with Madhavi.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=173-174}}{{sfn|Danielou|1965|p=28–30}} Chitrapathi negotiates gifts and patronage from nobles and the wealthy on behalf of her daughter, and manages to accumulate large amount of wealth through Madhavi’s artistic success. When Kovalan becomes involved with Madhavi, Chitrapati initially supports the relationship because Kovalan is a wealthy merchant.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=44–46}} However, Kovalan subsequently spends much of his wealth on Madhavi, which ultimately leads to his financial ruin.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=173-174}}{{sfn|Danielou|1965|p=28–30}}{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=73–86}}

After several years of living with Madhavi, Kovalan has a misunderstanding with Madhavi. During a festival performance where Madhavi performs, she sings verses connected with love and separation, which Kovalan misinterprets as referring to another lover of her.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=173-174}}{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=63–65}} Kovalan assumes that Madhavi is being unfaithful and emotionally detached, and abandons Madhavi, despite her attempts to reconcile.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=63–65}} Later, Kovalan realises his mistake and returns to his wife Kannagi.{{sfn|Bhanu|1997|p=14–19}}{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=87–90}} After Kovalan leaves Madhavi, Chitrapati becomes angry and disappointed, as the relationship had brought prestige and wealth.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=66}}

Kovalan and Madhavi have a daughter Manimekalai, who is the protagonist of the epic ''[[Manimekalai]]''.{{sfn|Vanita|2022|p=153-164}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sebastian |first=Tania |date=22 November 2021 |title=Invisibility of Female Street Names in India |journal=McGill GLSA Research Series |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.26443/glsars.v1i1.144 |issn=2564-3843|doi-access=free }}</ref> Later, Kovalan is killed in [[Madurai]] on the orders of king [[Neduncheziyan]].{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=217–221}}{{Sfn|Bhanu|1997|p=7-9}} Hence, Madhavi renounces her life as a courtesan and adopts an ascetic life influenced by [[Buddhist]] teachings.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=176}}{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=280}}

==Character==
According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], Madhavi's character is considered to be reflection of the life of elite courtesans in the early Tamil society, who were often connected to royals and merchant elites.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=173-174}} As per [[R. Parthasarathy]], her role in the epic illustrates the cosmopolitan and artistic culture of the early Tamil cities.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=52–55}} Zvelebil also opines that Madhavi was true to Kovalan, and the quarrel was a result of a misunderstanding driven by Kovalan’s emotional instability rather than her betrayal.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=173-174}} Some commentators contrast the life of Madhavi with Kannagi, considering them as contrasting symbols, with Madhavi symbolising pleasure and artistic life, and Kannagi symbolising chastity and moral justice.{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=279-281}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=178}} However, as per [[Sheldon Pollock]], Madhavi is a complex literary figure rather than a moral foil, and the epic highlights the social roles of women performers of early South India.{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=279-281}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India – Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=978-0-333-93076-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Alain |last=Danielou|author-link=Alain Daniélou|title=Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) by Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC|year =1965|publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8112-0001-1}}
* {{cite book|first=V. R. Ramachandra |last=Dikshitar |author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar |title=The Silappadikaram |year=1939 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5 |isbn=978-9-390-03592-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEwFjKKFfIC&pg=PA279 | title=The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India| first=R. | last=Parthasarathy |author-link=R. Parthasarathy | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]| year=1993 |isbn = 978-0-231-07848-1}}
*{{cite book|first=R |last=Parthasarathy |author-link=R. Parthasarathy |title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet (Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC|year=2004|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-303196-3}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC | title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia| last=Pollock| first=Sheldon |author-link=Sheldon Pollock | publisher=[[University of California Press]]| year=2003|isbn = 0-520-22821-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Priya |title=A 'Material'-ist Reading of the Bharata Natyam Dancing Body: The Possibility of the 'Unruly Spectator' |date=2009 |place=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-349-30230-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta |author-link=Nilakanta Sastri |orig-year=1955 |title=A History of South India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |edition=Reprinted |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-195-60686-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=James |title=Digging Up Stories: Applied Theatre, Performance and War |date=2005 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-0-719-07315-1 }}
* {{cite book|last=Vanita |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Vanita|title=Gender, Masculinity, and the Dharma of Parenting |date=2022 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-192-85982-2 }}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-9-004-03591-1 }}

{{refend}}

{{Cilappatikaram}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in Silappatikaram]]
[[Category:Fictional Buddhist nuns]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Fictional courtesans]]

Narsinh Mehta (film)

2026-03-10T13:32:37Z

UDsportHD: done!

{{short description|1932 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Narsinh Mehta
| image = Narshinh Mehta 1932 the first Gujarati film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Nanubhai Vakil]]
| producer = Chimanbhai Desai
| writer = [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]]
| starring = Master Manhar, Umakant Desai, [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]]
| based_on = [[Narsinh Mehta]]
| music = S. P. Rane<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| cinematography = [[Faredoon Irani]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Sagar Movietone]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1932|4|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = [[British Raj|India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Narsinh Mehta''''' ({{langx|gu|નરસિંહ મહેતા}}) is a 1932 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] film directed by [[Nanubhai Vakil]]. It was the first Gujarati talkie film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960|title=Gujarati cinema: A battle for relevance|date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NEWS: Limping at 75 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=4 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=22 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|last2=Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA275|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=1994}}</ref><ref name="DwyerDwyer2006">{{cite book|author1=Rachel Dwyer|title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA50|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-38070-1|pages=84–86}}</ref><ref name="Ro2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|pages=88–99}}</ref><ref name="dnac2012">{{cite web | title=Gujarati cinema: A battle for relevance | website=dna | date=16 December 2012 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960 | access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on the life of the saint-poet [[Narsinh Mehta]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>

==Cast==
The cast was:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Bansidhar |date=1998-01-01 |title=નરસિંહ મહેતા |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B9-%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref>
* Marutirao as [[Narsinh Mehta]]
* Umakant Desai as [[Krishna]]
* Mohan Lala as Ra Mandlik
* Khatun as Kunwarbai
* Master Bachu as Kunwarbai's husband
* Miss Jamna as Manekbai
* Miss [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]] as Rukmini

Master Manhar, Trikam Das and Miss Devi appeared in other roles.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/><ref name=":0" />

==Production==
The film produced in 15 days at the cost of {{INRconvert|17000|year=1932}}.<ref name=":0" /> The sets were designed by [[Ravishankar Raval]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/><ref name=":0" />

==Soundtrack==
Total 15 songs are in the film. The soundtrack is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=1 |edition=First}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Narsinh Mehta
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1932
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label =
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics =
| total_length =
| all_music=
| all_lyrics=

| title1 = Pragat Thashe Purush Shreshth Gurjarine Khole
| extra1 =
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =

| title2 = Kan Khelto Bansi Dhun
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =

| title3 = Oshiyala Avata amaro...
| extra3 =
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =

| title4 = Sukhdukh Manma Na Aanie Re
| extra4 =
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =

| title5 = Aapya Thaki Kadi Koina Khajana
| extra5 =
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =

| title6 = Harini Bhakti Vina Je Jive
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =

| title7 = Parameshvare Banavya Saune Ek j Sarkha
| extra7 =
| lyrics7 =
| length7 =

| title8 = Mamata Saghali Melo Re, Maya Saghali
| extra8 =
| lyrics8 =
| length8 =

| title9 = Krishna Krihsna Sau Kaho Re Bhaio
| extra9 =
| lyrics9 =
| length9 =

| title10 = Mari Hundi Svikaro Maharaj Re...
| extra10 =
| lyrics10 =
| length10 =

| title11 = Bhar tu Ange Ang Umang
| extra11 =
| lyrics11 =
| length11 =

| title12 = Lakho Aafat Chho PAde Ma Koini
| extra12 =
| lyrics12 =
| length12 =

| title13 = Viththalvar Varsavo Varasad Prithvi
| extra13 =
| lyrics13 =
| length13 =

| title14 = Pidhi Pyali Ane Duniya Badhi
| extra14 =
| lyrics14 =
| length14 =

| title15 = Karo Karm Nishkam Tyaji Do
| extra15 =
| lyrics15 =
| length15 =

}}

==Reception==
The film was successful and was followed by release of the film ''Sati Savitri'' in same genre.<ref name=":0" />

According to [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], the film adhered to a [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian]] interpretation of Narsinh Mehta. The film was devoid of miracles associated with him.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1932 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1930s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nanubhai Vakil]]
[[Category:Biographical films about poets]]

{{Gujarati-film-stub}}

FusionCharts

2026-03-09T17:50:22Z

UDsportHD: started page

{{Short description|Data visualization software company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{advert|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = FusionCharts
| logo =
| image = Fusioncharts company logo.png
| image_caption = Company logo
| type = [[private company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country =
| founder = Pallav Nadhani
| foundation = 2003
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = [[Data visualization]]
| services =
| revenue = {{profit}} [[United States dollar|US$]] 4.5 million (2011)<ref name=mixergy>{{cite web
|url=http://mixergy.com/pallav-nadhani-fusioncharts-interview/
|title=FusionCharts: Bootstrapped And (Very) Profitable Charting Company
|first=Andrew|last=Warner
|date=13 December 2010
|publisher=[[Mixergy]]}}
</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| divisions =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.fusioncharts.com}}
}}

'''FusionCharts''', part of '''InfoSoft Global (P) Ltd''', is a privately held software provider of [[data visualization]] products (JavaScript Charts, Maps, Widgets and Dashboards) with offices in [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. FusionCharts serves customers in over 110 countries across various industries.<ref name=wp>{{cite news
|last=Wadhwa
|first=Vivek
|title=Why Silicon Valley Should Fear India
|date=30 November 2011
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/why-india-should-scare-silicon-valley/2011/09/14/gIQALjiolN_story_1.html}}</ref><ref name="fusioncharts">{{cite web |title=Who uses FusionCharts. Retrieved 6 April 2024. |date=24 September 2008 |url=https://www.fusioncharts.com/blog/who-uses-fusioncharts/}}</ref><ref name="et3">{{cite news |last=Copparapu |first=Padmini |date=11 October 2010 |title=Obama and team rely on made-in-India software. Archived on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024. |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-11/news/27619478_1_product-forum-nasscom-som-mittal |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044727/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-11/news/27619478_1_product-forum-nasscom-som-mittal |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=toi2>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Power-of-ideas-2012-Start-up-InterviewStreet-wins-US-government-order-to-build-tech-platform/articleshow/13861200.cms
|title=Power of ideas 2012: Start-up InterviewStreet wins US government order to build tech platform
|first=Peerzada|last=Abrar
|date=6 Jun 2012
|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Obama testing the Federal Government IT Dashboard.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States]] [[Barack Obama]] using FusionCharts on the [[Vivek Kundra#IT dashboard|Federal IT Dashboard]].<ref name="tia1">{{cite news|last=Wee|first=Willis|date=22 June 2011|title=FusionCharts: From Start-up To Serving Google, LinkedIn, and Barack Obama|publisher=[[Tech in Asia]]|url=http://www.techinasia.com/fusioncharts/}}</ref>]]
The idea behind FusionCharts was born in 2001 when 16-year-old Pallav Nadhani found himself dissatisfied with [[Microsoft Excel]]'s charting capabilities while using the program to complete high school class assignments. Nadhani subsequently authored an article on [[Wrox Press]]'s ASPToday.com technology website which examined the thesis that [[Adobe Flash|Macromedia Flash]], then used mainly for [[web banner]]s and [[pop-up ad]], could be used to build an interactive charting solution for business applications such as [[dashboard (business)|dashboard]]s and reports. The article earned him $1,500 and feedback from developers, which together acted as [[seed money]] and motivation for establishing the FusionCharts concept.<ref name=sbt>{{cite web
|url=http://smallbiztrends.com/2012/07/bootstrapping-global-software-company-kolkata-india.html
|title=Bootstrapping a Global $7M Software Company from Kolkata, India
|first=Sramana|last=Mitra
|date=31 July 2012
|publisher=Small Business Trends}}</ref>

In 2002 at 17, Nadhani founded Infosoft Global. The initial product had six charts and was built using [[ActionScript]]. Nadhani worked alone developing the product, website, documents, sales and marketing and customer support for the first three years. As the company began to take off in 2005, he acquired office space in [[Bangur]], Kolkata and hired 20 employees over the following 2–3 years. The venture grew during this period without raising external funding by [[bootstrapping (business)|bootstrapping]].<ref name="et2">{{cite news|author=Titash Roy Choudhury|date=3 July 2012|title=How Pallav Nadhani charts global fame with FusionCharts Technologies|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news/32525089_1_bangur-new-office-charting-growth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818235803/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news/32525089_1_bangur-new-office-charting-growth|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

By 2009, the company had moved to [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata]], and had grown to over 50 employees. Since moving to Salt Lake, the staff has expanded significantly, and in 2011 FusionCharts opened their second office in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=et2/> FusionCharts serves customers across multiple countries and business sectors.

Co-founder Pallav Nadhani is the CEO of FusionCharts and also runs a [[seed funding]] [[venture capital]] fund named Seeders Inc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seeders Inc.|url=http://www.seeders.in/}}</ref>

In March 2020, the company was acquired by [[Idera, Inc.]], a U.S.-based software company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/fusioncharts-acquired-by-idera-inc/74660767|title=FusionCharts acquired by Idera Inc|last=|first=|date=16 March 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

==Products==
[[File:FusionCharts JavaScript Charting Library.png|thumb|400px|90+ Interactive Charts and 960+ Maps]]

Pallav Nadhani's original ASPToday.com article called for creating a charting library using [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], combined with [[Active Server Pages|ASP]] to power it with data. Developers responded positively and shared ideas on how to increase its power and functionality. Subsequently, Pallav coded this idea into a charting application, which led to the birth of the FusionCharts software.<ref name="tia1" />

FusionCharts has since transitioned to use JavaScript, SVG and VML to render charts, widgets and maps. FusionCharts components are compatible with multiple mobile devices and web browsers with optional rendering using Flash. FusionCharts Suite XT can today be used with various web scripting languages to create interactive charts.

FusionCharts Suite XT supports XML and JSON data formats and uses [[HTML5]] technologies to create interactive charts.<ref name="pluggd1" /><ref name="ro">{{cite web
|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1112551320/go_from_nothing_to_delightful_reports_in_your_web_applications/
|title=Go from nothing to delightful reports in your web applications quickly using Packt's FusionCharts Suite book
|date=8 June 2012
|publisher=RedOrbit.com}}</ref>

===FusionCharts Suite XT===
{{Infobox software
| name = FusionCharts Suite XT
| developer = Pallav Nadhani
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2002}}
| latest release version = 3.5.1
| latest release date = {{release date|df=yes|2014|12|03}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language = [[JavaScript]], [[jQuery]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], [[Vector Markup Language|VML]] & [[ActionScript]]
| genre = [[JavaScript library]]
| license = [[Commercial software|commercial]]
| website = {{url|www.fusioncharts.com/tour/}}
| size = 553 KB
}}

===Book===
British book publisher [[Packt|Packt Publishing]] has released a [[guidebook]] aimed at helping new users learn the basics of the FusionCharts Suite XT.<ref name="pluggd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pluggd.in/fusioncharts-book-297/|title=Congratulations FusionCharts for the book written on the product Product Success Story from India|author=Ashish Sinha|access-date=13 September 2012|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814034106/http://www.pluggd.in/fusioncharts-book-297/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ro" /><ref name="packt">{{cite web
|url=http://www.packtpub.com/fusion-charts-the-official-beginners-guide/book
|title=FusionCharts Beginner's Guide: The Official Guide for FusionCharts Suite
|publisher=[[Packt]]}}</ref><ref name="safari">{{cite web
|url=http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9781849691765
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201200011/http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9781849691765
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=1 February 2013
|title=FusionCharts
|publisher=[[Safari Books Online]]
}}</ref>

==Achievements==
In 2009, the company was included in the [[NASSCOM]] EMERGE 50 Leaders for 2009 due to its success in establishing its data visualization software globally.<ref name="nasscom">{{cite web|date=16 October 2009|title=Charting a growth story – Featuring EMERGE 50 Leader company (InfoSoft Global)|url=http://emerge.nasscom.in/2009/10/charting-a-growth-story-featuring-emerge-50-leader-company-infosoft-global/|publisher=[[NASSCOM]]|access-date=13 September 2012|archive-date=11 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111120804/http://emerge.nasscom.in/2009/10/charting-a-growth-story-featuring-emerge-50-leader-company-infosoft-global/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year it was also awarded the [[Deloitte]] Technology Fast50 India award in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India 2009|url=http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Winners_report_Technology_Fast_50_2009.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190343/http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Winners_report_Technology_Fast_50_2009.pdf|archivedate=1 February 2014|df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="deloitte">{{cite web|title=Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India|url=http://www.fusioncharts.com/success-stories/awards/}}</ref>


The chart-gadget within [[Google Docs]] is powered by FusionCharts. Internally, [[Google]] employees also employ FusionCharts software for reporting.<ref name="tia1" /> FusionCharts says that it powers numerous charts every month globally.<ref name=mixergy/><ref name="tia2">{{cite news|last=Wee|first=Willis|date=27 June 2011|title=Becoming a CEO and Founder at Age 17|publisher=[[Tech in Asia]]|url=http://www.techinasia.com/fusioncharts-ceo-and-founder-at-age-17/}}</ref><ref name="tia3">{{cite news|last=Wee|first=Willis|date=14 May 2012|title=FusionCharts Powers 1 Million Charts A Year, Launches Beginners Guide|publisher=[[Tech in Asia]]|url=http://www.techinasia.com/fusioncharts-1-billion-charts/}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[JavaScript framework]]
* [[JavaScript library]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Data and information visualization software]]
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:Infographics]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2003]]

All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health

2026-03-09T06:05:14Z

UDsportHD:

{{short description|Public Health School in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health
| image = All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health Logo.png
| motto =
| type = [[Public health|Public Health School]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1932|12|30}}
| academic_affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| top_free_label = Recognition
| top_free = [[National Medical Commission]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|69.63|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2023–24 est.)}}
| director = Dr. Manas Kumar Kundu
| students = '''Total Seats'''
* MD - 20
* MPH - 7
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5761885|N|88.3586926|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Metropolis|Large city]]
| language = English
| free_label1 = Acronym
| free1 = AIIH&PH
| free_label2 = Newspaper
| free2 = ''Indian Journal of Hygiene and Public Health''
| website = {{official URL}}
|}}

'''All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health''' ('''AIIH&PH''') is a pioneering [[India]]n institute for research and training in [[public health]] and allied sciences in [[Kolkata]]. It was established on 30 December 1932 with assistance from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. It functions under Director General of Health Services, New Delhi, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]] and is now affiliated with [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]], established in 2003. It also has a rural training centre in Singur and urban training centre in Chetla.<ref>[http://www.aiihph.gov.in/pages/view/18-about-us About us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730234110/http://www.aiihph.gov.in/pages/view/18-about-us |date=2012-07-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health |url=http://dgfasli.nic.in/org_profile/masterdetail2.asp?orgid=1002 |publisher=DGFASLI, Mumbai, Ministry of Labour, Government of India |access-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075221/http://dgfasli.nic.in/org_profile/masterdetail2.asp?orgid=1002 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1943, the [[borehole]] [[latrine]] was developed by AIIH&PH in collaboration with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bindeshwar Pathak|title=Road to Freedom: A Sociological Study on the Abolition of Scavenging in India|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120812581|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2A13gSHm770C&q=All+India+Institute+of+Hygiene+and+Public+Health+latrine&pg=PA46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=B. N. Srivastava|title=Manual Scavenging in India: A Disgrace to the Country|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170226390|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c6mNYorw7QC&q=All+India+Institute+of+Hygiene+and+Public+Health+latrine&pg=PA56}}</ref>

==History==
Established with the aid of [[Rockefeller Foundation]], AIIH&PH was inaugurated by [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|Sir John Anderson]], the [[Governor of Bengal]] on 30 December 1932.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Opens Health Institute Given by Rockefeller Interests |publisher=The New York Times, Page 1 |date=31 December 1932 }}</ref> The AIIH&PH was a constituent college of the [[University of Calcutta]]. Since its inception, the college has collaborated with the [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine]]. In 1953, the institute was accredited by WHO and UNICEF as an International Training Centre. The institute carried out the first village health survey in India in 1944–1945, in which a general health survey of nearly 1200 families comprising 7000 members in West Bengal was done.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Village Health Survey In India|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4sU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=5810,2902369 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=3 February 1948 | page=7 | accessdate=13 July 2018 }}</ref> After independence, extension plans were drawn in 1950, at a cost of 90 lakhs, shared equally by Union Health Ministry and [[United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund]], to build a Child and Maternity Health section at the institute.<ref>{{cite news |title= 90-lakh Plan For Training In Maternity Child Health|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lrw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4591,3627737&dq=all+india+institute+of+hygiene+%26+public+health&hl=en |publisher=Indian Express |date=3 May 1950 }}</ref>

In 1995, a public health scientist Dr. Smarajit Jana of AIIH&PH for ''[[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]]'', sex worker's organisation which works for prevention of HIV/AIDS amongst its 65,000 sex workers.<ref name=mint2012>{{cite news |title=The new rhythms of Sonagachi: As the city's sex workers collective turns 20...|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/24202846/The-new-rhythms-of-Sonagachi.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=24 February 2012 }}</ref> In 2004, the AIIH&PH became affiliated to the newly formed [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] (WBUHS).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In March 2023 [[Government of India|Government]] planning to revive The institute, transforming it into a world-class ‘School of Public Health’ also plans to convert it into a [[Deemed university]]/Deemed Public Health University.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |date=5 March 2023 |title=Govt to make Kolkata health institute top forum for policy discourse |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] 05 Mar 2023, 11:07 PM IST |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-to-make-kolkata-health-institute-top-forum-for-policy-discourse-11678037846020.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 Mar 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306075620/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-to-make-kolkata-health-institute-top-forum-for-policy-discourse-11678037846020.html |archive-date=Mar 6, 2023}}</ref>

==Departments==
{{clear}}

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Departments of AIIH&PH'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
* [[Biochemistry]] and [[Nutrition]]
* [[Epidemiology]]
* [[Health Promotion]] and [[Health education|education]]
|
* [[Maternity]] and [[Child health]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Occupational Health]]
|
* Public Health Administration
* [[Public health nursing|Nursing]]
* [[Sanitary Engineering]]
|
* [[Preventive and social medicine]]
* [[Statistics]]

|}

It is also one of the nine institutions in India, which offer Post-Graduate Diploma in Public Health Management.<ref>{{cite web |title=Post-Graduate Diploma In Public Health Management |url=http://nihfw.org/courses/pg_diploma_in_phm.html |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307200629/http://www.nihfw.org/Courses/PG_Diploma_In_PHM.html |archive-date=2012-03-07 }}</ref> While the main campus is at [[Chittaranjan Avenue]], in 2011 its second campus at [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata]] also became operational.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==Notable faculty==
* [[Chidambara Chandrasekaran]], Indian demographer and statistician{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.aiihph.gov.in/}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Public health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1932]]
[[Category:Schools of public health]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1932]]

Ram Prakash Bambah

2026-03-07T16:57:30Z

UDsportHD: put up basic stub v1

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (1925–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
'''Ram Prakash Bambah''' (17 September 1925 – 26 May 2025) was an Indian mathematician working in [[number theory]] and [[discrete geometry]].

==Life and career==
Bambah was born on 17 September 1925.<ref name="ias">[http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Bambah&intials=Ram&year=30-09-1925 Fellow profile], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], retrieved 14 March 2013.</ref><ref name="insa"/> He earned a bachelor's degree from [[Government College University, Lahore]], and a master's degree from the [[University of the Punjab, Lahore]].<ref name="insa"/>
He then went to England for his doctoral studies, earning his Ph.D. in 1950 from [[St John's College, Cambridge]] under the supervision of [[Louis J. Mordell]].<ref name="insa"/><ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=10254}}</ref> Returning to India, he became a reader at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]], in 1952, and was promoted to professor there in 1957.<ref name="insa"/> Maintaining his position at Panjab University, he also held a position as professor at [[Ohio State University]] in the US from 1964 to 1969.<ref name="insa"/> He retired from Panjab University in 1993.<ref name="insa"/>

He was married to Saudamini, whose father was the well known Indian botanist [[Prana_Krushna_Parija|Prana Krushna Parija]]. Their daughter Bindu Bambah is a well-known Theoretical Physicist.

He was president of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]] in 1969, and [[vice chancellor]] of Panjab University from 1985 to 1991.<ref name="insa"/>

Bambah died on 26 May 2025, at the age of 99.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eminent mathematician and former Panjab University V-C RP Bambah passes away at 99 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/eminent-mathematician-and-former-panjab-university-v-c-rp-bambah-passes-away-at-99/ |access-date=26 May 2025 |publisher=The Tribune |date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Bambah was elected to the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1955.<ref name="insa">[http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N55-0045 Fellow profile] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415084943/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N55-0045 |date=15 April 2013 }}, [[Indian National Science Academy]], retrieved 14 March 2013.</ref>
In 1979 he was awarded the [[Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal]],<ref name="insa"/> and in 1974 was elected to the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="ias"/> In 1988 he received the Aryabhata Medal of the Indian National Science Academy<ref name="insa"/> and the [[Padma Bhushan]] award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bambah, Ram Prakash}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian number theorists]]
[[Category:Geometers]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Ohio State University faculty]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian Mathematical Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]

Kaukab Quder Meerza

2026-03-06T17:44:03Z

UDsportHD: new the details added tags

{{Short description|Indian scholar of the Urdu language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{infobox person
| birth_date = 1933
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|09|13|1933}} 
}}
'''Kaukab Quder Sajjad Ali Meerza''' (also '''Dr M Kaukab''') (1933 – September 13, 2020) was an Indian scholar of the [[Urdu]] language<ref name=telegraph-india-chaudhury>{{citation|last=Chaudhuri |first= Moumita|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] | location=Kolkata | title=Jab chhor chale ... Nakhlau nagari: A portraiture of the recently departed Kaukab Quder, a man who lived his heritage, loved it, and never tried to ride it|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/a-portraiture-of-the-recently-departed-kaukab-quder-a-man-who-lived-his-heritage-loved-it-and-never-tried-to-ride-it/cid/1793776|access-date=7 September 2021|date=10 October 2020}}</ref>

A specialist in the literature of [[Oudh State|Awadh State]] during the reign of his great-grandfather and Awadh's last [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab]], [[Wajid Ali Shah]] (1822–1887), Meerza taught Urdu at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], retiring in 1993.<ref name=telegraph-india-chaudhury/> The Indian filmmaker, [[Satyajit Ray]] consulted with Meerza over many months during the writing of the screenplay for his 1977 award-winning film [[The Chess Players (film)|''Shatranj ke Khilari'']] (''The Chess Players''), which was set in [[Awadh]] in the period immediately preceding the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref name=indian-express-banka>{{citation|last=Banka |first= Neha|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]| title=The real Prince of Awadh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-real-prince-of-awadh-6179168/|access-date=7 September 2021|date=4 January 2020}}</ref>

Meerza was an enthusiast of [[snooker]]; he refereed many tournaments and was the founder-secretary of the [[Billiards and Snooker Federation of India]].<ref name=telegraph-india-chaudhury/>

The last pensioner in the [[Awadh Pension Book of 1897]] established by the [[British Raj]] and honoured by the [[Government of India]] after 1947, and the only surviving great-grandson of Wajid Ali Shah, Meerza died of complications from [[COVID-19]] at age 87 in [[Kolkata]] on 14 September 2020.<ref name=indian-express-banka/><ref name=telegraph-india-chaudhury/>

==See also==
*[[Company rule in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meerza, Kaukab Quder}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Oudh State]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Snooker referees and officials]]
[[Category:Indian referees and umpires]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]

Black Butterfly (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:43:22Z

UDsportHD: update references further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Other uses|Black Butterfly (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black Butterfly
| image = Black butterfly malayalam movie.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = M. Renjith
| based_on = ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' (2012) by [[Balaji Sakthivel]]
| producer = [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]
| writer = J. Pallassery [[Balaji Shakthivel]]
| starring = [[Mithun Murali]] [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]] [[Samskruthy Shenoy]]
| music = [[M. G. Sreekumar]] [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = Alagappan
| editing = V. Sajan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Black Butterfly''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by M. Renjith.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121006035558/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajaputhra-ranjith-to-direct-black-butterflies/267644-71-210.html Rajaputhra Ranjith to direct Black Butterflies]. ''[[In.com]]''.</ref> The film was produced by [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] and stars [[Mithun Murali]], [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]], [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]] and [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] in the lead roles. It is written by [[J. Pallassery]], with [[M. G. Sreekumar]] as the music director, and is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=No glitz, no gimmicks|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/no-glitz-no-gimmicks/article4424089.ece|work=The Hindu|date=17 February 2013|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Black Butterfly|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/black-butterfly-review-malayalam-15020578.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316005425/http://www.sify.com/movies/black-butterfly-review-malayalam-15020578.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2013|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
Benny, a young man who is questioned by [[Inspector|CI]] Nandakumaran Nadar explains his life story. He started working as a cook at a roadside store in Tamil Nadu at a young age, due to debts accumulated by his father, who committed suicide. He works at the store for eight years and was never able to see his mother, who died in a quarry accident. He later attacks the owner of the store who hid the information on his mother's death and flees back to his home state of Kerala, where he starts working at a [[petrol station]]. While working at the petrol station, Benny encounters Reena, who is a maidservant at a nearby apartment buildings. Benny falls in love with Reena.

Aarathy is a student who lives in one of the apartment buildings where Reena works. Deepak is also a student who resides in the same apartment. Deepak is a spoilt brat, and the first time they meet and start interacting at Aarathy's flat, Deepak records Aarathy's under using his phone without her being aware. Aarathy falls for him without knowing his true intentions and Deepak too is attracted to Aarathy.

Deepak seizes the opportunity and invites her to a beach resort. During this time, he shoots video clips of her private moments on the beach and also hides his phone in the bedroom of their room at the resort, where it also records her exposing her body. Then Deepak and Aarathy head back home. When she was going to propose her love to Deepak, his car breaks down on the road. As he leaves the car to get a mechanic, Aarathy unknowingly gains access to Deepak's phone and is aghast when she sees the videos. She deletes it and takes away his phone's [[memory card]] and cuts all forms of friendship with him. Deepak gets frustrated when he realises that Aarathy knows about the videos and she threatens to approach the police regarding Deepak's acts.

Deepak plans to kill Aarathy in a car accident but she manages to escape. Then he plans to [[Acid attack|throw acid]] on her face but Reena accidentally intervenes and thus, sustains serious injuries in the process. The movie picks up speed as Nadar begins investigations. Nadar negotiates with Deepak's mother Sethulakshmi, but refuses later due to her stubborn character. He completes the investigation with Deepak as the culprit and charges him with the murder attempt. But Sethulakshmi approaches a high-ranking minister with whom Nadar has close relationship and asks him to intervene. The minister and Nadar negotiate, with Nadar agreeing to release of Deepak from the investigation. They then try to frame Benny for the murder attempt.

Benny is arrested, but refuses to accept that he was responsible for the murder attempt. Benny still refuses even though the police violently beat him up, in order to force him into accepting that he was responsible. Nandakumar Nadar then blackmails Benny into standing in the shoes of the accused in front of the court, if he wants to cure Reena. Benny accepts and is sentenced for several years in prison. Later, Benny's friend Sameer reveals to Reena that Benny fell in love with her and he is falsely accused in order for her to be cured. She realises that Nadar has cheated Benny. Angry, she gets to the court and sees Benny being taken back to the prison in a [[police bus]]. After Nadar celebrates the closing of the case in a call to Sethulakshmi, he is handed a note by Reena where she vows to punish him for cheating Benny and her. When Nadar reacts, Reena [[Acid attack|throws acid]] on him. She is immediately attacked by police officers on the scene, but was rescued by lawyers nearby who pulls her to safety.

Reena was arrested and as enquiries run course, the judiciary finds Benny innocent and releases him. Reena is sentenced to seven years in prison for the [[acid attack]] on Nadar. In the final scene, Benny meets Reena in prison and proposes his love and tells her in tears that he will be waiting for her. The movie ends as he leaves the cell and with the disfigured face of Reena shown on screen.

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Murali]] as Benny
**[[Master Dhananjay|Dhananjay]] as Young Benny
*[[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] as Reena (voiceover by [[Devi S.]])
*[[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Deepak (voiceover by [[Sarath Das]])
*[[Samskruthy Shenoy]] as Aarathy
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Lazer
*[[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad]] as Benny's father
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Benny's mother
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Mahadevan, Aarathy's father
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Aarathy's mother (voiceover by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Mary, Reena's mother
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Ramani
*[[Nelson Sooranad]] as Kanjavu Vaasu
*[[Sukumari]] as old orphan lady who was cared by Reena
*[[Ganapathi S Poduval]] as Sameer
*Muthuraman as [[Inspector|CI]] Nandakumaran Nadar (voiceover by [[Shammi Thilakan]])
*[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]] as Director (uncredited)

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "A tender romance goes unfulfilled, a promise is unkept, trust is betrayed and much more happens in this seemingly simple film. It is sweetly depressing and it never forces itself upon the viewer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/black-butterfly/movie-review/18540646.cms|title=BLACK BUTTERFLY MOVIE REVIEW|first=Aswin J|last=Kumar|date=15 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{crime-thriller-film-stub}}

Manoharam (2019 film)

2026-03-03T20:29:58Z

UDsportHD: new

{{short description|2019 Malayalam film written and Directed by Anvar Sadik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manoharam
| image = Manoharam 2019 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anvar Sadik
| producer = Jose Chakkalakal A.K. Sunil
| starring = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] [[Aparna Das]] [[Basil Joseph]]
| music = Sanjeev T [[Samuel Aby]]
| cinematography = Jebin Jacob
| editing = Nidhin Raj Arol
| studio = Chakkalakal Films New Surya Fims
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|9|27}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Manoharam''''' ({{Translation|Beautiful}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by Anvar Sadik and produced by Jose Chakkalakal and A. K. Sunil .<ref name=thehindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manoharam-movie-review-inherently-good-just-like-its-hero/article29542345.ece|title='Manoharam' movie review: Inherently good, just like its hero |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> The film stars [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Aparna Das]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Deepak Parambol]] and [[Indrans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9906644/|title=Manoharam|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Sanjeev T]] and background score was done by [[Samuel Aby]].

The movie follows Manoharan (Vineeth Sreenivasan), a struggling artist, who tries to prove his worth and gain respect for his profession. With painted posters losing their charm and flex printing gaining fast popularity, he is forced to venture into the digital world and learn new technology. The film made with a budget of 2.60 crores and collected 6 crores from the theatres. Disney [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]], [[Amazon Prime|Amazon prime]] and Goodwill entertainment bought the satellite, OTT and digital rights respectively for an aggregate amount of 4 crores.

The film was released on 27 September 2019.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/manoharam/movie-review/71327635.cms|title=Manoharam Movie Review: A sweet story that fills us with hope|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Plot==

Manoharan, the protagonist of the story, is a talented and earnest artist. He hails from the lively town of [[Chittilamchery]] in [[Palakkad district]], where no one takes his skill seriously. He earns a measly salary from painting walls and posters and consequently, on the day before his wedding, his fiancé elopes as she thinks Manu (as he is fondly called) does not provide any financial security.

Manu later finds out that his ex-fiancé had eloped with Vijay, who is the cousin of his childhood rival, Rahul. When he gets to know that Rahul is planning to start a printing unit in their village, Manu decides to get back his own. With the support of his mother and friends Prabhu and Varghese, Manu sets out to master the software needed for designing and open the first flex printing unit in his village before Rahul does. At the computer institute, Manu meets Sreeja, the newly appointed teacher who promises to teach him Photoshop. However, while Sreeja knows how to teach and use other advanced computer applications, Photoshop is uncharted territory for her.

She takes advantage of Manu's naivety in using a computer and stalls teaching him Photoshop. He gets suspicious and confronts her, which leads her to resign from the institute. When Manu gets to know about her not knowing Photoshop, they reconcile and she takes up the job again. Just as they start learning the software with textbooks and videos online together, Rahul offers to teach Sreeja the software, much to Manu's annoyance. Realising his opportunity of gathering intel about Rahul's plans of opening the printing unit, he decides to join Sreeja in learning Photoshop from Rahul, where Manu and Sreeja slowly develop a fondness for each other.

He simultaneously arranges for buying flex printing machines from Coimbatore, where he meets Ali ''bhai'' who promises to give him the machine at a cheap price. After thunder destroys the machines, Ali ''bhai'' flees which leads Manu to presume that he cheated him. He fears that he lost everything he invested in and that he would become the laughing stock of his village. He loads the machine onto his truck and gets it to his hometown despite it being unable to use.

Desperate to prove himself, he opens the flex printing unit in his hometown nevertheless and tricks people into believing that he prints the flex posters himself, when in reality he prints them in Coimbatore. Rahul and Vijay detect something fishy, and eventually his scam gets exposed and he loses his shop. To add insult to injury, Rahul sets up a new shop at the same place where Manu had his. Rahul's lack of creativity in designing the posters leaves his customers unsatisfied and hence, he is forced to ask Manu to work for him as a designer. Manu puts aside his pride and accepts the job. The local temple festival is a huge event, and Rahul gets the order for printing all the posters but Sreeja, who also works as a designer at Rahul's unit, causes a short circuit on the day of printing due to which the machine fails to work. Overwhelmed by the pressure of delivering the prints on time, Rahul gets furious at her folly.

Meanwhile, Ali ''bhai'' turns up on Manu's front yard. Although Manu rejects his offer to repair the machine as he believes he is not cut out for business, Ali ''bhai'' is adamant that Manu keeps the new parts in case Manu changes his mind.

None of the other printing units in the vicinity are ready to take up the work since they have work lined-up for the festival as well. Manu realises he could print them with his printer as long as he repairs it. Assuring Rahul that he would get the prints in good time, he calls Ali ''bhai'' and asks him to return. Ali ''bhai'', however, is stuck in a traffic jam. Manu sets out to repair it himself, with Ali ''bhai'' guiding him through the phone, but the phone gets disconnected and he is forced to finish repairing it on his own. Rahul gets wind of Manu's undertaking and goes ballistic at the scene, remarking that Manu's complex has driven Manu insane. Rahul's use of the word 'complex' prompts him to recognise his mistake - he had forgotten to connect the combolux cables. This time, he succeeds and the prints are delivered on time. At the festival, the client, who had commissioned Rahul for the posters, is happy with the quality of the prints that Manu produced and asserts that he will give all the future projects to him. He humbly declines the offer and asks the client to give Rahul the projects.

When asked of his future plans, Manu reveals that he got a job at Lei Jing Multimedia, a leading game developing company and coincidentally, the place where Sreeja gets her new job. The film ends on a humorous note with Sreeja asking a co-worker whether their boss is married as the boss is seen flirting around Manu.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Manoharan (Manu)
**Gourav A Nair as Young Manu
* [[Aparna Das]] as Sreeja, Manu's love interest
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Prabhu
**[[Adish Praveen]] as Young Prabhu
* [[Indrans]] as Varghese
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as Rahul
* [[Sreelakshmi]] as Thangam, Manu's mother
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Ottathara Prabhakaran, Manoharan's uncle
* [[Nandini Sree]] as Malathi
* Nisthar Sait as Vishwan
* [[Ahmed Sidhique]] as Vijay
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ali Bhai
* Nathasha Shanavas as Lilly
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Sreeja's mother
* [[Neena Kurup]] as Manu's aunt
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Joy
* [[V. K. Prakash]] as Rahul's Father
* [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Sudheendran
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Sudhi
* Veena Nair as Herself
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manoharam
| artist = Sanjeev T
| type = Soundtrack
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| length = 12:38
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| misc = {{Singles
| type = single
| single1 = Kinavo (''sung by Sanjeev T and Swetha Mohan'')
| single2 = Munnotithaa (''sung by Sanjeev T'')
| single3 = Thaaro (''sung by Vineeth Sreenivasan'')
| single4 = Akale (''sung by Sid Sriram'')
}}
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Sanjeev T]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]]. Background score was done by [[Samuel Aby]] along with a rap song in the climax scene featuring Rzee.<ref>{{youTube|id=pzngh1BTNAY}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:59

| title1 = Kinavo
| extra1 = Sanjeev T, Swetha Mohan
| length1 = 3:25

| title2 = Munnotithaa
| extra2 = Sanjeev T
| length2 = 3:21

| title3 = Thaaro
| extra3 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| length3 = 4:12

| title4 = Akkale
| extra4 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length4 = 3:01
}}

== Release ==
Being a low budget, film had a limited release. It had its initial release in [[Kerala]] and few other centers outside the state on 27 September 2019. The movie is currently streaming on Amazon Prime OTT Platform.

== Reception ==

Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 3.5 stars out of five. She praised the movie being Manoharam as its title while applauding [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] for his portrayal.<ref name=ToI/>

Navamy of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the film calling it "inherently good just like its hero".<ref name=thehindu/>

Sajin Shrijith critic of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and stated that "Go for it if you want to see something simple and uplifting--something that doesn't bore you with preachiness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoharam Movie Review: A compelling film powered by earnest performances |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2019/sep/28/manoharam-movie-review-a-compelling-film-powered-by-earnest-performances-14583.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted that "Vineeth Sreenivasan plays a struggling artist in a nice though tame film" and gave 2.5 rating out of 5<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-13 |title=Manoharam movie review: Vineeth Sreenivasan plays a struggling artist in a nice though tame film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manoharam-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-plays-a-struggling-artist-in-a-nice-though-tame-film-7490881.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9906644}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]

Sinhala language

2026-03-02T01:02:02Z

UDsportHD: reworked citations further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sinhala
| image = සිංහල in Noto Serif Sinhala Black.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| nativename = <div style="text-align: center;">
{{lang|si|සිංහල භාෂාව}} 
{{transliteration|si|ISO|Siṁhala Bhāṣāva}} 
also ''Sinhala Bhashawa'' or ''Sinhala Bhashava''
</div>
| pronunciation = {{IPA|si|ˈsiŋɦələ|IPA}}
| states = [[Languages of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| ethnicity = [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|16.211690|2}} million
| date = 2021
| ref = <ref name="e28|sin">{{e28|sin}}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|4.011100|1}} million (2021)<ref name="e28|sin">{{e28|sin}}</ref> Total: {{sigfig|20.222790|2}} million (2021)<ref name="e28|sin">{{e28|sin}}</ref>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]]
| fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Sinhalese–Maldivian]]<ref name="e28|sin">{{e28|sin}}</ref>
| dia1 = [[Vedda language|Vedda]]? (perhaps a [[Creole language]])
| dia2 = [[Rodiya dialect|Rodiya]] {{Extinct}}
| script = {{plainlist|
*[[Sinhala script]]
*[[Sinhala Braille]] ([[Bharati Braille]])}}
| nation = [[Sri Lanka]]
| iso1 = si
| iso2 = sin
| iso3 = sin
| lingua = 59-ABB-a
| glotto = sinh1246
| glottorefname = Sinhala
| notice = Indic
| notice2 = IPA
| map = Sinhala language distribution.svg
| mapcaption = {{Legend | #0062FF | Sinhala is the majority language where the vast majority are [[first language]] speakers}}
{{Legend striped|#0062FF |#74B4FF| Sinhalese is the majority language, with other languages being spoken largely or as a second language (such as [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]])}}
}}

'''Sinhala''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|h|ə|l|ə|,_|ˈ|s|ɪ|ŋ|ə|l|ə}} {{respell|SIN|hə|lə|,_|SING|ə|lə}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> Sinhala: {{lang|si|සිංහල}}, {{transliteration|si|ISO|siṁhala}}, {{IPA|si|ˈsiŋɦələ|}}),<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook''</ref> sometimes called '''Sinhalese''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɪ|n|(|h|)|ə|ˈ|l|iː|z|,_|ˌ|s|ɪ|ŋ|(|ɡ|)|ə|ˈ|l|iː|z|}} {{respell|SIN|(h)ə|LEEZ|,_|SING|(g)ə|LEEZ|}}), is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] primarily spoken by the [[Sinhalese people]] of [[Sri Lanka]], who make up the largest [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]] on the island, numbering about 16 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|title=Census of Population and Housing 2011|website=www.statistics.gov.lk|access-date=2017-04-06|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="e28|sin">{{e28|sin}}</ref> It is also the first language of about 2 million other Sri Lankans, as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |title=Census of Population and Housing 2001 |publisher=Statistics.gov.lk |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712053634/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is written in the [[Sinhala script|Sinhalese script]], a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic script]] closely related to the [[Grantha script]] of [[South India]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcQSAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Evolution of the Sinhala Alphabet|last=Jayarajan|first=Paul M.|date=1976-01-01|publisher=Colombo Apothecaries' Company, Limited|language=en}}</ref> The language has two main varieties, written and spoken, and is a notable example of the linguistic [[phenomenon]] known as [[diglossia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paolillo |first=John C. |date=1997 |title=Sinhala Diglossia: Discrete or Continuous Variation? |journal=Language in Society |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=269–296 |doi=10.1017/S0047404500020935 |issn=0047-4045 |jstor=4168764 |s2cid=144123299}}</ref>

Sinhala is one of the official and [[Languages of Sri Lanka|national languages of Sri Lanka]]. Along with [[Pali]], it played a major role in the development of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhist]] literature.<ref name="e28|sin">{{e28|sin}}</ref>

Early forms of the Sinhalese language are attested to as early as the [[3rd century BC|3rd century BCE]].<ref>Prof. Senarat Paranavithana (1970), Inscriptions of Ceylon Volume I – Early Brāhmī Inscriptions</ref> The language of these inscriptions, still retaining [[Vowel length|long vowels]] and [[aspirated consonant]]s, is a [[Prakrit]] similar to [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]], a regional associate of the [[Middle kingdoms of India|Middle-Indian]] Prakrits that had been spoken during the lifetime of the [[The Buddha|Buddha]].<ref name="malini">{{cite book|last1=Dias|first1=Malini|title=The language of the Early Brahmi inscriptions of Sri Lanka# Epigraphical Notes Nos.22-23|date=2020|publisher=Department of Archaeology|isbn=978-955-7457-30-7|pages=12–19}}</ref> The most closely related languages to Sinhalese are the [[Vedda language]] and the [[Maldivian language]]s; the former is an endangered indigenous [[Creole language|creole]] still spoken by a minority of Sri Lankans, which mixes Sinhalese with an isolate of unknown origin. Old Sinhalese borrowed various aspects of Vedda into its main Indo-Aryan substrate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gair|first=James W.|date=1968|title=Sinhalese Diglossia|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1–15|issn=0003-5483|jstor=30029181}}</ref>
[[File:Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg|thumb|There are 1,500 poems written in the 6th–10th centuries on the [[Sigiriya]] Mirror Wall. These poems are believed to have been composed by pilgrims who came to visit the [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monastery]] of Sigiriya, which was active at this time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigiri Graffiti: poetry on the mirror-wall |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/heritage/sigiriya/graffiti.htm |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Lanka Library}}</ref>]]
[[File:New Sinhala Alphabet.jpg|thumb|Letters of the [[Sinhala script|Sinhalese script]]]]

== Etymology ==
{{main|Names of Sri Lanka#Sinhala}}
''Sinhala'' ({{transliteration|sa|iso|Siṅhala}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] term; the corresponding [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]] ([[Elu|Eḷu]]) word is {{Lang|mis|Sīhala}}.
The name is a derivative of the Sanskrit word for 'lion' {{IAST|siṁha}}.<ref>{{Citation | last=Caldwell | first=Robert | author-link=Robert Caldwell | title=A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages | publisher=Trübner & Co. | place=London|year=1875|page=86}}</ref> The name is sometimes glossed as 'abode of lions', and attributed to a [[Panthera leo sinhaleyus|supposed former abundance]] of [[lion]]s on the island.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCsYAAAAYAAJ&q=%22abode%20of%20lions%22 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |year=1836 |volume=20 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
According to the chronicle {{translit|pi|IAST|[[Mahāvaṃsa]]}}, written in Pali, [[Prince Vijaya]] of the [[Vanga Kingdom]] and his entourage merged in Sri Lanka with later settlers from the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/06-coming-vijaya/ |title=The Coming of Vijaya |work=The Mahavamsa|date=8 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/|title=The Consecrating of Vijaya - the island of Lanka - Kuvani|date=8 October 2011 |website=The Mahavamsa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620071000/https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/ |archive-date= Jun 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>Gananath Obeyesekere, "[https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/04/Obeyesekere.pdf Buddhism, ethnicity and Identity: A problem of Buddhist History]", in ''Journal of Buddhist Ethics'', 10, (2003): 46.</ref> In the following centuries, there was substantial immigration from Eastern India, including additional migration from the Vanga Kingdom (Bengal), as well as [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala_history.htm |title= Sri Lanka: A Short History of Sinhala Language |publisher=WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228185554/http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala_history.htm |archive-date= Dec 28, 2013 }}</ref> This influx led to an admixture of features of Eastern Prakrits.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

=== Stages of historical development ===
The development of Sinhala is divided into four epochs:<ref>Geiger, Wilhelm. "Chronological Summary of the Development of the Sinhalese Language". Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Sprachforschung Auf Dem Gebiete Der Indogermanischen Sprachen 76, no. 1/2 (1959): 52–59. {{JSTOR|40848039}}.</ref>

* [[Elu|Elu Prakrit]] (3rd c. BCE to 4th c. CE)
* Proto-Sinhala (4th c. CE to 8th c. CE)
* Medieval Sinhala (8th c. CE to 13th c. CE)
* Modern Sinhala (13th c. CE to the present)

=== Phonetic development ===
The most important phonetic developments of Sinhala include:
* the loss of [[aspirated consonant#phonemic|aspiration]] as a distinction for [[plosive consonants]] (e.g. {{transliteration|si|ISO|kanavā}} "eating" corresponds to Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|IAST|khādati}}, Hindustani {{transliteration|inc|ISO|khānā}})
* the loss of original [[vowel length]] distinction; long vowels in the modern language are found in [[loanword]]s (e.g. {{transliteration|si|ISO|vibāgaya}} "exam" < Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|IAST|vibhāga}}) or as a result of [[sandhi]], either after [[elision]] of [[intervocalic consonant]]s (e.g. {{transliteration|si|ISO|dānavā}} "to put" < {{transliteration|si|ISO|damanavā}}) or in originally [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] words.
* the simplification of [[consonant cluster]]s and [[Gemination|geminate consonants]] into geminates and single consonants respectively (e.g. Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|IAST|viṣṭā}} "time" > Helu {{transliteration|si|ISO|viṭṭa}} > Modern Sinhala {{transliteration|si|ISO|viṭa}})
* development of {{IPA|/tʃ/}} to {{IPA|/s/}} and/or {{IPA|/ɦ/}} (e.g. {{transliteration|si|ISO|san̆da}}/{{transliteration|si|ISO|han̆da}} "moon" corresponds to Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|IAST|candra}}) and development of {{IPA|/dʒ/}} to {{IPA|/d/}} (e.g. {{transliteration|si|ISO|dæla}} "web" corresponds to Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|IAST|jāla}})
* development of [[prenasalized consonant]]s from Sanskrit nasal + voiced stops (as in {{transliteration|si|ISO|han̆da}})<ref>{{harvnb|Geiger|1938|p=68}}</ref>
* retention of initial {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, the latter only shared with [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] (as in {{transliteration|si|ISO|viṭa}} and {{transliteration|si|ISO|yutu}} "fit, proper" < Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|ISO|yukta}})<ref>{{harvnb|Geiger|1938|p=79}}</ref>

=== Western vs. Eastern Prakrit features ===
According to [[Wilhelm Geiger]], an example of a possible Western feature in Sinhala is the retention of initial {{IPA|/v/}} which developed into {{IPA|/b/}} in the Eastern languages (e.g. Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|iso|viṁśati}} "twenty", Sinhala {{transliteration|si|ISO|visi-}}, Hindi {{transliteration|hi|ISO|bīs}}). This is disputed by [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] who says that Helu Prakrit branched off from the Eastern Prakrits prior to this change. He cites the [[edicts of Ashoka]], no copy of which shows this sound change.<ref>Shahidullah, Muhammad. "The Origin of the Sinhalesé Language". The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 8, no. 1 (1962): 108–11. {{JSTOR|45377492}}.</ref>

An example of an Eastern feature is the ending {{transliteration|inc|ISO|-e}} for masculine nominative singular (instead of Western {{transliteration|inc|ISO|-o}}) in Helu. There are several cases of vocabulary [[Doublet (linguistics)|doublets]], one example being the words {{transliteration|si|ISO|mæssā}} ("fly") and {{transliteration|si|ISO|mækkā}} ("flea"), which both correspond to Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|ISO|makṣikā}} but stem from two regionally different Prakrit words {{transliteration|inc|ISO|macchiā}} (Western Prakrits) and {{transliteration|inc|ISO|makkhikā}} (as in Eastern Prakrits like [[Pali]]).

=== Pre-1815 Sinhalese literature ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2024}}



In 1815, the island of Ceylon came under [[Sri Lanka#British rule|British rule]]. During the career of [[Christopher Reynolds (linguist)|Christopher Reynolds]] as a Sinhalese lecturer at the [[SOAS University of London|School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London]], he extensively researched the Sinhalese language and its pre-1815 literature. The Sri Lankan government awarded him the [[Sri Lanka Ranjana]] medal for his work. He wrote the 377-page ''An anthology of Sinhalese literature up to 1815'', selected by the [[UNESCO]] National Commission of Ceylon<ref>{{cite journal|title=UNESCO Collection of Representative Works, Sinhalese Series|journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|publisher= George Allen and Unwin Limited|location= London|date= 1970 |volume= 34|issue= 3|pages= 623–624|doi= 10.1017/S0041977X00128812|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4090792|last1= Gombrich|first1= Richard|url-access= subscription}}</ref>

=== Substratum influence in Sinhala ===
According to [[Wilhelm Geiger]], Sinhala has features that set it apart from other Indo-Aryan languages. Some of the differences can be explained by the substrate influence of the parent stock of the [[Vedda language]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gair|1998|page=4}}</ref> Sinhala has many words that are only found in Sinhala, or shared between Sinhala and Vedda and not etymologically derivable from Middle or Old Indo-Aryan. Possible examples include {{transliteration|si|ISO|kola}} for leaf in Sinhala and Vedda (although others suggest a Dravidian origin for this word.<ref>M.H. Peter Silva, Influence of Dravida on Sinhalese, University of Oxford. Faculty of Oriental Studies 1961, Thesis (D.Phil.) p. 152</ref><ref>University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tamil-lex_query.py?qs=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact குழை kuḻai]".</ref><ref>TamilNet, ''Know the Etymology'': 334, ''Place Name of the Day'': 23 March 2014, "[https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=37130&catid=98 Kola-munna, Anguna-kola-pelessa]".</ref>), {{translit|si|iso|dola}} for pig in Vedda and offering in Sinhala. Other common words are {{translit|si|iso|rera}} for wild duck, and {{translit|si|iso|gala}} for stones (in [[toponyms]] used throughout the island, although others have also suggested a Dravidian origin).<ref>{{cite web |website=A Dravidian Etymology Dictionary |title=kal (kaṟ-, kaṉ-) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=kal%20(kaṟ-,%20kaṉ-)&searchhws=yes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044038/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=kal%20(ka%E1%B9%9F-,%20ka%E1%B9%89-)&searchhws=yes |archive-date= Feb 2, 2022 }}</ref><ref>Tuttle, Edwin H. "Dravidian Researches". ''The American Journal of Philology'', vol. 50, no. 2, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929, pp. 138–55, {{doi|10.2307/290412}}.</ref><ref name=v230>{{Harvnb|Van Driem|2002|page=230}}</ref> There are also high frequency words denoting body parts in Sinhala, such as {{transliteration|si|ISO|olluva}} for head, {{transliteration|si|ISO|kakula}} for leg, {{transliteration|si|ISO|bella}} for neck and {{transliteration|si|ISO|kalava}} for thighs, that are derived from pre-Sinhalese languages of Sri Lanka.<ref name=I45>{{Harvnb|Indrapala|2007|page=45}}</ref> The oldest known Sinhala grammar, [[Sidatsangarā|Sidatsan̆garavā]], written in the 13th century CE, recognised a category of words that exclusively belonged to early Sinhala. The grammar lists {{transliteration|si|ISO|naram̆ba}} (to see) and {{transliteration|si|ISO|koḷom̆ba}} (fort or harbour) as belonging to an indigenous source. {{transliteration|si|ISO|Koḷom̆ba}} is the source of the name of the commercial capital [[Colombo]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Indrapala|2007|page=70}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Gair|1998|page=5}}</ref>

===South Dravidian substratum influence===

The consistent left branching syntax and the loss of aspirated stops in Sinhala is attributed to a probable [[South Dravidian]] substratum effect.<ref>James W Gair - Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan isolate (1996) https://archive.org/details/sinhala-an-indo-aryan-isolate-prof.-james-w.-gair pp.5-11</ref> This has been explained by a period of prior bilingualism:

{{Blockquote
|text="The earliest type of contact in Sri Lanka, not considering the aboriginal Vedda languages, was that which occurred between South Dravidian and Sinhala. It seems plausible to assume prolonged contact between these two populations as well as a high degree of bilingualism. This explains why
Sinhala looks deeply South Dravidian for an Indo-Aryan language. There is corroboration in genetic findings."<ref>Umberto Ansaldo, Sri Lanka and South India, The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (2017), pp.575-585</ref>
}}

=== Influences from neighbouring languages ===
In addition to many [[List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin|Tamil loanwords]], several phonetic and grammatical features also present in neighbouring [[Dravidian languages]] set modern spoken Sinhala apart from its Northern Indo-Aryan relatives. These features are evidence of close interactions with Dravidian speakers. Some of the features that may be traced to Dravidian influence are:
* the loss of aspiration
* the use of the [[attributive verb]] of {{lang|si|kiyana}} "to say" as a subordinating [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]] with the meanings "that" and "if", e.g.:

{{fs interlinear|lang=si|indent=4
|ඒක අලුත් කියලා මම දන්නවා
|ēka aḷut kiyalā mama dannavā
| it new having-said I know
|"I know that it is new."}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=si|indent=4
|ඒක අලුත් ද කියලා මම දන්නේ නැහැ
|ēka aḷut da kiyalā mama dannē næhæ
|it new Q having-said I know-EMP not
|"I do not know whether it is new."}}

=== European influence ===
As a result of about 3 centuries of colonial rule, interaction, settlement and assimilation, modern Sinhala contains some [[List of Portuguese words in Sinhala|Portuguese]], [[List of Dutch words in Sinhala|Dutch]] and [[List of Sinhala words of English origin|English loanwords]].

=== Influences on other languages ===
[[Macanese Patois]] or Macau Creole (known as {{lang|mzs|Patuá}} to its speakers) is a [[creole language]] derived mainly from [[Malay language|Malay]], Sinhala, [[Cantonese]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], which was originally spoken by the [[Macanese people]] of the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] colony of [[Macau]]. It is now spoken by a few families in Macau and in the Macanese [[diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kristalinskaya |first=Maria |date=2011-03-24 |title=Patuá, The Sweet Language of Macau |url=https://blog.busuu.com/patua-the-sweet-language-of-macau/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Busuu Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

The language developed first mainly among the descendants of Portuguese settlers who often married women from [[Malacca]] and [[Sri Lanka]] rather than from neighbouring [[China]], so the language had strong Malay and Sinhala influence from the beginning.


== Accents and dialects ==
The Sinhala language has different types of variations which are commonly identified as dialects and accents. Among those variations, regional variations are prominent. Some of the well-known regional variations of Sinhala language are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gove basa|last=Kahandgamage|first=Sandya|publisher=Sarasavi|year=2011|location=Nugegoda}}</ref>

# The [[Uva Province]] variation (Monaragala, Badulla).
# The southern variation (Matara, Galle).
# The up-country variation (Kandy, Matale).
# The Sabaragamu variation (Kegalle, Balangoda).

===Uva regional variation in relation to grammar===
People from Uva province also have a unique linguistic variation in relation to the pronunciation of words. In general, Sinhala singular words are pluralized by adding suffixes like {{translit|si|iso|-o}}, {{translit|si|iso|-hu}}, {{translit|si|iso|-wal}} or {{translit|si|iso|-waru}}. But when it comes to Monaragala, the situation is somewhat different as when nouns are pluralized a nasal sound is added.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
!General way of pluralizing Sinhala words
!The way Uva people pluralize words
|-
|{{interlinear|lang=si|spacing=3|kàntawǝ kantàw'''ò'''|ǝ ò|woman women|}}
|{{interlinear|lang=si|spacing=3|lindha lindha'''+n'''|{} lindh'''an'''|well wells|}}
|-
|{{interlinear|lang=si|spacing=3|glossing=no|potǝ pot|ǝ Ø|book books|}}
|{{interlinear|lang=si|spacing=3|oya oya+'''n'''|{} oy'''an'''|stream streams|}}
|-
|{{interlinear|lang=si|spacing=3|lindhǝ lindhǝ+'''wal'''|ǝ {+ wal}|well wells|}}
|
|}

===Southern variation===
The Kamath language (an indigenous language of paddy culture) used by the Southerners is somewhat different from the 'Kamath language' used in other parts (Uva, Kandy) of Sri Lanka as it is marked with a systematic variation; 'boya' at the end of the majority of nouns as the examples below show.<ref name=":0" />

:'''Crops:''' {{lang|si|Kurakkan '''boya'''}} (bran)
:           {{lang|si|Rambakan '''boya'''}} (banana)
:'''Tools:''' {{lang|si|Thattu '''boya'''}} (bucket)
:'''Other words:''' {{lang|si|Nivahan '''boya'''}} (home)

Here the particular word 'boya' means 'a little' in the Southern region and at the end of most of nouns, 'boya' is added regularly. This particular word 'boya' is added to most words by the Southern villages as a token of respect towards the things (those things can be crops, tools etc.) they are referring to.

===Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The contrast among the regional variations used by Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people in relation to pronunciation<ref name=":0" />
!The common Sinhala variation
!Different regional variations of Sinhala language
!Notes
|-
|Ayye heta wapuranna enwada?

(Elder Brother, Are you coming to sow tomorrow?)
|'''Ayya''' heta '''wapuranta''' enawada? (Kandy)

'''Ayye''' heta '''wapuranda''' enawada? (Kegalle)

'''Ayye''' heta wapuranna '''enawai'''? (Galle)
|Here the Kandy people say 'Ayya' while the Kegalle and Galle people say 'Ayye'.

Also, Kandy people add a '''{{'}}ta{{'}}''' sound at the end of verbs while the Kegalle people add a '''{{'}}da{{'}}''' sound. But Galle people's regional variation is not visible in relation to this particular verb; 'wapuranawa' (to sow). Yet their unique regional variation is visible in relation to the second verb which is 'enawai' (coming) as they add {{'}}'''ai'''{{'}} at the end of most verbs. A point to remember the '''‘ai’''' at the end of a word could also be used in the context of future tense
|}

Even though the Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people pronounce words with slight differences, the Sinhalese can understand the majority of the sentences.

===Diglossia===
In Sinhala there is distinctive [[diglossia]], where the [[literary language]] and the [[spoken language]] differ from each other in significant ways. While the lexicon can vary continuously between formal and informal contexts, there is a sharp contrast between two distinct systems for syntax and morphology. The literary language is used in writing for all forms of [[prose]], [[poetry]], and for official documents, but also orally for TV and radio news broadcasts. The spoken language is used in everyday life and spans informal and formal contexts. Religious sermons, university lectures, political speeches, and personal letters occupy an intermediate space where features from both spoken and literary Sinhala are used together, and choices about which to include give different impressions of the text.<ref name="diglossia">{{cite journal |last1=Paolillo |first1=John C. |title=Sinhala Diglossia: Discrete or Continuous Variation? |journal=Language in Society |date=1997 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=269–296 |doi=10.1017/S0047404500020935 |jstor=4168764 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168764 |access-date=2024-08-18 |issn=0047-4045|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A number of syntactic and morphological differences exist between the two varieties. The most apparent difference is the absence of subject-verb agreement in spoken Sinhala. Agreement is the hallmark of literary Sinhala, and is the sole characteristic used in determining whether a given example of Sinhala is in the spoken or literary variety. Other distinctions include:
* The [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] {{lang|si|ව‌ෙනවා}} ({{translit|si|iso|venavā}}), {{Lit|happening}} in equational sentences is required in literary but prohibited in spoken Sinhala.
* The accusative and locative cases are missing in colloquial spoken Sinhala (but recovered in formal speech).<ref name="formalizing">{{cite journal |last1=Paolillo |first1=John C. |title=Formalizing Formality: An Analysis of Register Variation in Sinhala |journal=Journal of Linguistics |date=2000 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=215–259 |doi=10.1017/S0022226700008148 |jstor=4176592 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176592 |access-date=2024-08-18 |issn=0022-2267|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Writing system==
{{Main|Sinhala script|Sinhala Braille}}

[[File:ආයුබෝවන් in Noto Sans Sinhala.svg|thumb|{{Lang|si|ආයුබෝවන්}} ({{Transliteration|si|āyubōwan}}) means "welcome", literally wishing one a long life]]

The [[Sinhala script]], ({{transliteration|si|Sinhala hodiya}}), is based on the ancient [[Brahmi script]], and is thus a [[Brahmic script]] along with most Indian scripts and many Southeast Asian scripts. The Sinhala script is closely related to [[Grantha script]] and [[Khmer script]], but it has also taken some elements from the related [[Kadamba script]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/sinhala.html|title=Ancient Scripts: Sinhala|website=www.ancientscripts.com|access-date=2016-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310021115/http://www.ancientscripts.com/sinhala.html |archive-date=2016-03-10}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>

The writing system for Sinhala is an [[abugida]], where the consonants are written with letters while the vowels are indicated with [[diacritic]]s ({{transliteration|si|ISO|pilla}}) on those consonants, unlike [[alphabet]]s like English where both consonants and vowels are full letters, or [[abjad]]s like Urdu where vowels need not be written at all. Also, when a diacritic is not used, an "inherent vowel", either {{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}}, is understood, depending on the position of the consonant within the word. For example, the letter ක {{transliteration|si|ISO|k}} on its own indicates {{transliteration|si|ISO|ka}}, realized as {{IPA|/ka/}} in stressed syllables and {{IPA|/kə/}} in unstressed syllables. The other [[monophthong]] vowels are written: කා {{IPA|/kaː/}}, කැ {{IPA|/kæ/}}, and කෑ {{IPA|/kæː/}} (after the consonant); කි {{IPA|/ki/}} and කී {{IPA|/kiː/}} (above the consonant); කු {{IPA|/ku/}} and කූ {{IPA|/kuː/}} (below the consonant); කෙ {{IPA|/ke/}} and කේ {{IPA|/keː/}} (before the consonant); and lastly, කො {{IPA|/ko/}} and කෝ {{IPA|/koː/}} (surrounding the consonant). For simple {{IPA|/k/}} without a following vowel, a [[virama|vowel-cancelling diacritic]] called {{lang|si|හල් කිරීම}} ({{IPA|/hal kiriːmə/}}, {{transliteration|si|hal kirima}}) is used, creating ක් {{IPA|/k/}}.

There are also a few diacritics for consonants, such as {{IPA|/r/}} in special circumstances, although the tendency now is to spell words with the full letter ර {{IPA|/r/}}, with a {{transliteration|si|hal kirima}} on whichever consonant has no vowel following it. One word that is still spelt with an "r" diacritic is ශ්‍රී, as in {{lang|si|ශ්‍රී ලංකාව}} ({{transliteration|si|ISO|Śri Lankāwa}}). The "r" diacritic is the curved line under the first letter ("ශ" → "ශ්‍ර"). A second diacritic representing the vowel sound {{IPA|/iː/}} completes the word ("ශ්‍ර" → "ශ්‍රී").

Several of these diacritics occur in two or more forms, and the form used depends on the shape of the consonant letter. Vowels also have independent letters, but these are only used at the beginning of words where there is no preceding consonant to add a diacritic to.

The complete script consists of about 60 letters, 18 for vowels and 42 for consonants. However, only 57 (16 vowels and 41 consonants) are required for writing colloquial spoken Sinhala ({{transliteration|si|iso|śuddha Sinhala}}).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} The rest indicate sounds that have been merged in the course of linguistic change, such as the aspirates, and are restricted to [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] loan words. One letter ({{lang|si|ඦ}}), representing the sound {{IPA|/ⁿd͡ʒa/}}, is attested in the script, although only a few words using this letter are known ({{lang|si|වෑංඦන, ඉඦූ}}).

The Sinhala script is written from left to right, and is mainly used for Sinhala. It is also used for the liturgical languages [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]], which are important in Buddhism and academic works. The alphabetic sequence is similar to those of other Brahmic scripts:

{{block indent|{{transliteration|si|ISO|a/ā æ/ǣ i/ī u/ū [ŗ] e/ē [ai] o/ō [au] k [kh] g [gh] ṅ c [ch] j [jh] [ñ] ṭ [ṭh] ḍ [ḍh] [ṇ] t [th] d [dh] n p [ph] b [bh] m y r l v/w [ś ṣ] s h [ḷ] f}}}}

== Phonology ==

{{external media
| float = right
| audio1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgOVg0hsGVM "The Sound of the Sinhala language" (ILoveLanguages!)]
}}

Sinhala has a smaller consonant inventory than most Indo-Aryan languages, but simultaneously has a larger vowel inventory than most. As an [[insular Indo-Aryan]] language, it and [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] have features divergent from rest of the Indo-Aryan languages. Sinhala's nasal consonants are unusual among Indo-Aryan languages for lacking the retroflex nasal {{IPAslink|ɳ}} while retaining nasals in the other four positions. Sinhala and Dhivehi are together unique for having prenasalised consonants, which are not found in any other Indo-Aryan language.

=== Consonants ===
Sinhala has [[prenasalised consonant]]s, or 'half nasal' consonants, but has lost the distinction between [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and unaspirated stops. It still has the distinction between dental/alveolar and [[retroflex]] stops. A short [[Homorganic consonants|homorganic]] nasal occurs before a voiced stop, it is both shorter than a nasal alone and shorter than a sequence of nasal plus stop.<ref name="Karunatillake"/> The nasal is syllabified with the onset of the following syllable, which means that the [[mora (linguistics)|moraic weight]] of the preceding syllable is left unchanged. For example, {{Transliteration|si|tam̆ba}} 'copper' contrasts with {{Transliteration|si|tamba}} 'boil'.
Sinhala is one of only three languages reported to have a [[contrast (linguistics)|contrast]] between prenasalized consonants and their corresponding clusters, along with [[Fula language|Fula]] and [[Selayarese]], although the nature of this contrast is debated.<ref name="Feinstein syllable">{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Mark |title=Prenasalization and Syllable Structure |journal=Linguistic Inquiry |date=1979 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=245–278 |jstor=4178108 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4178108 |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref><ref name="Riehl thesis">{{cite thesis |last=Riehl |first=Anastasia |date=January 2008 |title=The Phonology and Phonetics of Nasal Obstruent Sequences |url=https://conf.ling.cornell.edu/pdfs/Riehl-2008.pdf |degree=PhD |chapter=NC type combination patterns |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref> For example,
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Four-way contrast in Sinhala<ref name="Feinstein syllable"/>
|-
! Sinhala script !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[ISO 15919]] !! Translation
|-
| {{lang|si|කද}} || {{IPA|si|ka.d̪ə|}} || kada || shoulder pole
|-
| {{lang|si|කඳ}} || {{IPA|si|ka.ⁿd̪ə|}} || kan̆da|| trunk
|-
| {{lang|si|කන්ද}} || {{IPA|si|kan̪.d̪ə|}} || kanda || hill
|-
| {{lang|si|කන}} || {{IPA|si|ka.nə|}} || kana || earhill
|}

[[Image:spectrogram-prenasalized-consonant.png|frame|right|A prenasalized consonant {{IPA|[ᵐb]|cat=no}} in Sri Lanka Malay ''ga.mbar'' has a shorter nasal segment and a longer preceding vowel.]]
[[Image:spectrogram-non-prenasalized-consonant.png|frame|right|An {{IPA|[mb]|cat=no}} cluster in Sri Lanka Malay ''sam.bal'' has a longer nasal and a shorter preceding vowel.]]

[[Sri Lankan Malay language|Sri Lankan Malay]] has been in contact with Sinhala a long time and has also developed prenasalized stops. The spectrograms on the right show the word ''gambar'' with a prenasalized stop and the word ''sambal'' with a sequence of nasal+voiced stop, yet not prenasalized. The difference in the length of the [m] part is clearly visible. The nasal in the prenasalized word is much shorter than the nasal in the other word.

All consonants other than the prenasalised consonants, {{ipa|/ŋ/}}, {{ipa|/ɸ/}}, {{ipa|/h/}}, and {{ipa|/ʃ/}} can be [[geminated]] (occur as double consonants), but only between vowels.<ref name="Karunatillake"/> In contexts that otherwise trigger gemination, prenasalised consonants become the corresponding nasal-voiced consonant sequence (e.g. {{IPA|/ⁿd/}} is replaced with {{IPA|nd}}).<ref name="pannakitti"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || {{IPA link|ɲ}}|| {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate]] || voiceless
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t̪|t}} || {{IPA link|ʈ}} || {{IPA link|tʃ}} || {{IPA link|k}} ||
|-
! voiced
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d̪|d}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}} || {{IPA link|dʒ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|-
! prenasalised
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} || {{IPA link|ⁿd}} || {{IPA link|ᶯɖ}} || ({{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}}){{Clarify|reason=why is ⁿʤ parenthesized?|date=February 2026}}|| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
| ({{IPA link|f}}~{{IPA link|ɸ}}) || {{IPA link|s}} || || ({{IPA link|ʃ}}) || || {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || {{IPA link|r}} || || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} || {{IPA link|l̪|l}} ||
| {{IPA link|j}} || ||
|}

{{IPA|/ʃ/}} is found in learned borrowings from Sanskrit, including in the honorific {{lang|si|ශ්‍රී}} ({{translit|si|iso|śrī}}), found in phrases including the country's name, [[Sri Lanka]] ({{lang|si|ශ්‍රී ලංකා}}, {{IPA|/ʃriː laŋkaː/}}). {{IPA|/f~ɸ/}} is restricted to loans, typically for English. They are commonly sometimes replaced by {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} respectively. Some speakers use {{IPAblink|f}}, as in English, and some use {{IPAblink|ɸ}} due to its similarity to the native {{IPAslink|p}}.

=== Vowels ===

[[File:Sinhalese vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|Sinhala vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Perera|Jones|1919|p=5}}]]

Sinhala has seven vowel qualities, with a phonemic [[vowel length]] distinction between long and short for all qualities, giving a total inventory of 14 vowels. The long vowel {{IPA|/əː/}} is not present in native Sinhala words, but instead is found in certain English loanwords. Like in non-rhotic dialects of English, this long vowel can be represented graphically by the short vowel followed by an {{angbr|r}} ({{lang|si|ර්}}), as in {{lang|si|ෂර්ට්}} {{IPA|/ʃəːʈ/}} ("shirt").<ref name="Karunatillake">{{cite book |last1=Karunatillake |first1=W. S. |title=An Introduction to Spoken Sinhala |date=1998 |publisher=M. D. Gunasena & Company Ltd. |location=Colombo |isbn=955-21-0878-0 |edition=2}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i̞|i}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|u̞|u}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e̞|e}}
| {{IPA link|e̞|eː}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| ({{IPA link|ə|əː}})
| {{IPA link|o̞|o}}
| {{IPA link|o̞|oː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|æ}}
| {{IPA link|æː}}
| {{IPA link|a}}
| {{IPA link|ä|aː}}
|
|
|}

{{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} have a largely [[complementary distribution]], found primarily in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. However, there are certain contrasting pairs between the two phonemes, particularly between homographs {{lang|si|කර}} {{IPA|/karə/}} ("shoulder") and {{lang|si|කර}} {{IPA|/kərə/}} ("to do"). In writing, {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are both spelt without a vowel sign attached to the consonant letter, so the patterns of stress in the language must be used to determine the correct pronunciation. Stress is largely predictable and only contrastive between words in relatively few cases, so this does not present a problem for determining the pronunciation of a given word.<ref name="wasala">{{cite tech report |last1=Wasala |first1=Asanka |last2=Gamage |first2=Kumudu |date=1996 |title=Research Report on Phonetics and Phonology of Sinhala |institution=Language Technology Research Laboratory, University of Colombo School of Computing |work=Working Papers 2004-2007 |pages=473-484 |url=https://www.columbia.edu/~kf2119/SPLTE1014/Day%203%20slides%20and%20readings/SinhalaPhoneticsandPhonology.pdf}}</ref>

Nasalisation of vowels is common in certain environments, particularly before a prenasalised consonant. Nasalised {{IPA|/ãː/}} and {{IPA|/æ̃ː/}} exist as [[marginal phonemes]], only present in certain interjections.<ref name="Karunatillake"/>

=== Phonotactics ===

Most Sinhala syllables are of the form CV. Native Sinhalese words are limited in syllable structure to (C)V(C), V̄, and CV̄(C), where V is a short vowel, V̄ is a long vowel, and C is a consonant. Exceptions exist for the marginal segment CC.<ref name="pannakitti"/> Prenasalised plosives are restricted to occurring intervocalically, and cannot end a syllable. Much more complicated consonant clusters are allowed in loan words, particularly from Sanskrit and English, an example being {{lang|si|ප්‍රශ්‍නය}} {{translit|si|iso|praśnaya}} ("question").<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Rajapaksa Mudiyanselage Wilson Rajapaksa | title=Aspects of the Phonology of the Sinhalese Verb; A Prosodic Analysis |date=July 1988 |publisher=University of London |degree=PhD}}</ref> Words cannot end in nasals other than {{ipa|/ŋ/}}.<ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Crothers |first1=John H. |last2=Lorentz |first2=James P. |last3=Sherman |first3=Donald A. |last4=Vihman |first4=Marilyn M. |date=1979 |title=Handbook of Phonological Data from a Sample of the World's Languages |institution=Stanford Phonology Archive |pages=160-162}}</ref> Because of historical loss of the fricative {{ipa|/h/}} in the suffix {{ipa|/-hu/}}, {{ipa|/-u/}} at the end of a word behaves as its own syllable.<ref name="pannakitti">{{cite thesis |last=Parawahera |first=Nimal Pannakitti |date=1990-04-25 |title=Phonology and Morphology of Modern Sinhala |url=https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/items/6686548b-5506-49b5-bf2a-39e5cf54ecca |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Victoria |access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref>

===Stress===

The first syllable of each word is stressed, with the exception of the verb {{lang|si|කරනවා}} {{IPA|/kərənəˈwaː/}} ("to do") and all of its inflected forms where the first syllable is unstressed. Syllables using long vowels are always stressed. The remainder of the syllables are unstressed if they use a short vowel, unless they are immediately followed by one of: a CCV syllable, final {{IPA|/j(i)/}} ({{lang|si|-යි}}), final {{IPA|/wu/}} ({{lang|si|-වු}}), or a final consonant without a following vowel. The sound sequence {{IPA|/ha/}} is always stressed, except after the vowel sound {{IPA|/i/}} ({{lang|si|-ඉ}}) and not before a consonant without a following vowel.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-955-96926-0-7|title=Teach Yourself Sinhalese|date=2008|language=en|last1=Silva|first1=A.W.L.|publisher=A.W.L. Silva }}</ref>

== Morphology ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}

=== Nominal morphology ===
The main features marked on Sinhala nouns are case, number, definiteness and [[animacy]].

==== Cases ====
Sinhala distinguishes several cases. The five primary cases are the [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]], and [[ablative]]. Some scholars also suggest that it has a [[locative case|locative]] and [[instrumental case|instrumental]] case. However, for inanimate nouns the locative and genitive, and instrumental and ablative, are identical. In addition, for animate nouns these cases formed by placing {{Transliteration|si|atiŋ}} ("with the hand") and {{Transliteration|si|laᵑgə}} ("near") directly after the nominative.

The brackets with most of the vowel length symbols indicate the optional shortening of long vowels in certain [[Stress (linguistics)|unstressed]] syllables.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | animate
! colspan="2" | inanimate
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! [[Nominative case|nominative]]
| miniha(ː)
| minissu
| rowspan="2" | potə
| rowspan="2" | pot
|-
! [[Accusative case|accusative]]
| miniha(ː)wə
| minissu(nwə)
|-
! [[Dative case|dative]]
| miniha(ː)ʈə
| minissu(ɳ)ʈə
| potəʈə
| potwələʈə
|-
! [[Genitive case|genitive]]
| miniha(ː)ge(ː)
| minissu(ŋ)ge(ː)
| rowspan="2" | pote(ː)
| rowspan="2" | potwələ
|-
! [[Locative case|locative]]
| miniha(ː) laᵑgə
| minissu(n) laᵑgə
|-
! [[Ablative case|ablative]]
| miniha(ː)geŋ
| minissu(n)geŋ
| rowspan="2" | poteŋ
| rowspan="2" | potwaliŋ
|-
! [[Instrumental case|instrumental]]
| miniha(ː) atiŋ
| minissu(n) atiŋ
|-
! [[Vocative case|vocative]]
| miniho(ː)
| minissuneː
| -
| -
|-
! Gloss
| 'man'
| 'men'
| 'book'
| 'books'
|}

==== Number marking ====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
Forming plurals in Sinhala is unpredictable. In Sinhala animate nouns, the plural is marked with ''-o(ː)'', a [[Gemination|long consonant]] plus ''-u'', or with ''-la(ː)''. Most inanimates mark the plural through [[disfix]]ation. [[Loanword]]s from English mark the singular with ''ekə'', and do not mark the plural. This can be interpreted as a [[singulative number]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SG
| ammaː || deviyaː || horaː || potə || reddə || kantoːruvə || satiyə || bus ekə || paːrə
|-
!PL
| amməla(ː) || deviyo(ː) || horu || pot || redi || kantoːru || sati || bus || paːrəval
|-
!Gloss
| 'mother(s)'|| 'god(s)'|| 'thie(f/ves)'|| 'book(s)'|| 'cloth(es)'|| 'office(s)'|| 'week(s)'|| 'bus(es)'||'street(s)'
|}

On the left hand side of the table, plurals are longer than singulars. On the right hand side, it is the other way round, with the exception of paːrə "street". [+Animate] lexemes are mostly in the classes on the left-hand side, while [-animate] lexemes are most often in the classes on the right hand.

==== Indefinite article ====
The indefinite article is {{translit|si|iso|-ek}} for animates and {{translit|si|iso|-ak}} for inanimates. The indefinite article exists only in the singular, where its absence marks definiteness. In the plural, (in)definiteness does not receive special marking.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

=== Verbal morphology ===
Sinhala distinguishes three conjugation classes.
Spoken Sinhala does not mark person, number or gender on the verb (literary Sinhala does). In other words, there is no subject–verb agreement.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| 1st class
!colspan=2| 2nd class
!colspan=2| 3rd class
|-
! verb !! verbal adjective
! verb !! verbal adjective
! verb !! verbal adjective
|-
! present (future)
| kanəwaː
| kanə
| arinəwaː
| arinə
| pipenəwaː
| pipenə
|-
! past
| kæːwaː
| kæːwə
| æriyaː
| æriyə
| pipunaː
| pipunə
|-
! anterior
| kaːlaː
| kaːpu
| ærəlaː
| ærəpu
| pipilaː
| pipicca
|-
! simultaneous
| kanə kanə / ka kaa(spoken)
|
| arinə arinə / æra æra(spoken)
|
| pipenə pipenə/ pipi pipi(spoken)
|
|-
! infinitive
| kannə/kanḍə
|
| arinnə/arinḍə
|
| pipennə/pipenḍə
|
|-
! emphatic form
| kanneː
|
| arinneː
|
| pipenneː
|
|-
! gloss
| eat
|
| open
|
| blossom
|
|}

== Syntax ==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}
* Left-branching language (see [[Branching (linguistics)|branching]]), which means that determining elements are usually put in front of what they determine (see example below).
* An exception to this is formed by statements of quantity which usually stand behind what they define.
{{fs interlinear|lang=si|number=ex.
|මල් හතර
|/mal hatərə/
|flowers four
|"the four flowers" (it can be argued that the numeral is the head in this construction, and the flowers the modifier, so that a more literal English rendering would be "a floral foursome")}}
* SOV ([[subject–object–verb]]) [[word order]], common to most left-branching languages.
* As is common in left-branching languages, it has no prepositions, only postpositions (see [[Adposition]]).
{{fs interlinear|lang=si|number=ex.
|පොත යට
|/potə jaʈə/
|book under
|"under the book"}}
* Sinhala has no [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]]. There are two [[existential verb]]s, which are used for [[locative predication]]s, but these verbs are not used for predications of class-membership or property-assignment, unlike English ''is''.
{{fs interlinear|lang=si|number=ex.
|මම පොහොසත්
|/mamə poːsat/
|I rich
|"I am rich"}}
* There are almost no [[Conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] as English ''that'' or ''whether'', but only [[non-finite clause]]s that are formed by the means of [[participle]]s and [[verbal adjective]]s.
{{fs interlinear|lang=si|number=ex.
|පොත් ලියන මිනිසා
|/pot liənə minisa/
|books writing man
|"The man who writes books"}}

== Semantics ==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}
There is a four-way [[deictic]] system (which is rare): There are four demonstrative [[Word stem|stems]] (see [[demonstrative pronoun]]s):
# {{lang|si|මේ}} {{IPA|/meː/}} "here, close to the speaker"
# {{lang|si|ඕ}} {{IPA|/oː/}} "there, close to the person addressed"
# {{lang|si|අර}} {{IPA|/arə/}} "there, close to a third person, visible"
# {{lang|si|ඒ}} {{IPA|/eː/}} "there, close to a third person, not visible"

===Use of {{Lang|si|තුමා}} ({{Transliteration|si|thuma}})===
Sinhalese has an all-purpose odd suffix {{Lang|si|තුමා}} ({{Transliteration|si|thuma}}) which when suffixed to a pronoun creates a formal and respectful tone in reference to a person. This is usually used in referring to politicians, nobles, and priests.

e.g. {{Transliteration|si|oba thuma}} ({{lang|si|ඔබ තුමා}}) – you (vocative, when addressing a minister, high-ranking official, or generally showing respect in public etc.)

{{fs interlinear|lang=si|number=ex.
|ජනාධිපති තුමා
|janadhipathi thuma
|the president (third person)}}

===Discourse===

Sinhala is a [[pro-drop language]]: any arguments of a sentence can be omitted when they can be inferred from context. This is not only true for [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] – as in Italian, for instance – but also objects and other parts of the sentence can be "dropped" in Sinhala if they can be inferred. In that sense, Sinhala can be called a "super pro-drop language", like [[Japanese language|Japanese]].

{{fs interlinear|lang=si|number=ex.
|කොහෙද ගියේ
|koɦedə ɡie
|where went
|can mean "where did I/you/he/she/we... go"}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sri Lanka|Languages}}
* [[Sinhala honorifics]]
* [[Sinhala idioms and proverbs]]
* [[Sinhala keyboard]]
* [[Sinhala numerals]]
* [[Sinhala slang]]
* [[Madura English–Sinhala Dictionary]]
* [[List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Gair, James: ''Sinhala and Other South Asian Languages'', New York 1998.
*{{cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Perera|first1=H.S.|last2=Jones|first2=D.|year=1919|title=A colloquial Sinhalese reader in phonetic transcription|place=Manchester|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co|url=https://archive.org/stream/colloquialsinhal00pererich}}
*{{cite book|last=Van Driem |first=George|title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=15 Jan 2002|isbn=978-90-04-10390-0}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last = Clough | first = B. | title = Sinhala English Dictionary | publisher = Asian Educational Services | location = New Delhi | edition = 2nd | year = 1997}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Gair | first1 = James | last2 = Paolillo | first2 = John C. | title = Sinhala | publisher = München | location = Newcastle | year = 1997}}
*{{cite book | last = Gair | first = James | title = Studies in South Asian Linguistics| publisher = Oxford University Press |year=1998 | location = [[New York City|New York]] | isbn = 978-0-19-509521-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Geiger | first = Wilhelm | title = A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language | publisher = Colombo | year = 1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/geiger-sinhala_grammar/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book | last = Karunatillake | first = W.S. | title = An Introduction to Spoken Sinhala | publisher = Colombo | year = 1992}} [several new editions].
* {{Cite journal |last=Zubair |first=Cala Ann |title=Sexual violence and the creation of an empowered female voice |journal=[[Gender and Language]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=279–317 |doi=10.1558/genl.v9i2.17909 |year=2015 }} (''Article on the use of slang amongst Sinhalese Raggers.'')

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|सिंहल|Sinhala}}
{{InterWiki|code=si}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sinhala phrasebook|Sinhala|a phrasebook}}
* [[Charles Henry Carter]]. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/carter/ A Sinhalese-English dictionary.] Colombo: The "Ceylon Observer" Printing Works; London: Probsthain & Co., 1924.
* Simhala Sabdakosa Karyamsaya. [http://www.dictionary.gov.lk/ Sanksipta Simhala Sabdakosaya.] Kolamba: Samskrtika Katayutu Pilibanda Departamentuva, 2007–2009.
* [http://www.maduraonline.com/ Sinhala Dictionary and Language Translator] – Madura Online English
* [http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp Kapruka Sinhala dictionary]
* {{Cite web |title=Sigiri Graffiti: poetry on the mirror-wall |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/heritage/sigiriya/graffiti.htm |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Lanka Library}}

{{Sinhala language}}
{{Languages of Sri Lanka}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinhala Language}}
[[Category:Sinhala language| ]]
[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]

Girish A. Koushik

2026-03-01T15:37:48Z

UDsportHD: started new data!

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1997)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Girish|Koushik}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|8|31}}<ref name="FIDE">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main227917.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sringeri]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2019)
| peakrating = 2506 (November 2019)
| FideID = 5038448
}}
'''Girish Arun Koushik''' (born August 31, 1997) is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster from [[Karnataka]]. He won the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] under-10 in 2006. He has also been a medalist in the Asian Youth Chess Championships under 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16. He became India's 63rd [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] on 2019, at the age of 22.<ref name=CBIndia63>{{cite web |title=Girish Koushik becomes India's 63rd GM and Karnataka's third! - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Girih-Koushik-becomes-Indias-63rd-GM |website=www.chessbase.in |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=25 June 2019}}</ref>

== Chess career ==
In 2005, Girish won the Asian Youth Chess Championship under 8 years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young guns mature beyond their years |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/young-guns-mature-beyond-their-years/cid/547607 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In next year, 2006, he won the World Youth Chess Championship Under-10, taking place in [[Batumi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], scoring 9.5 points in 11 rounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - World Youth Chess Championship 2006 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr4606.aspx?lan=1&art=1&flag=30 |website=chess-results.com |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> In 2008, Girish won the Asian Youth Chess Championships Under 12 taking place in [[Teheran]], [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Youth Championship in Teheran |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/asian-youth-championship-in-teheran |website=Chess News - Chessbase |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en |date=24 July 2008}}</ref> and in 2011, he won the Asian Youth Chess Championships Under 14.<ref>{{cite web |title=My best win, says Girish Koushik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/my-best-win-says-girish-koushik/articleshow/8559625.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=24 May 2011}}</ref> In 2013, Girish tied in first place of the World Youth Chess Championship Under 16 in [[Al Ain]] with 9 points in 11 rounds, eventually receiving the silver medal based on the [[Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments|tiebreaks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Youth Championship: The champions |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/world-youth-championship-the-champions |website=Chess News |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en |date=31 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian youngsters win three golds at World Youth Chess Championships |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/indian-youngsters-win-three-golds-at-world-youth-chess-championships |website=Sportskeeda |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>

Until May 2019, Girish had one [[Grandmaster norm]] and a peak [[Chess rating system|rating]] of 2444. After playing in the Llucmajor Open in [[Mallorca]] and two norm tournaments in [[Hungary]], he scored his second and third Grandmaster norms and achieved a rating of 2500.7, fulfilling all the requirements for the Grandmaster title.<ref name=CBIndia63/>

== Personal life ==
In May 2019, Girish graduated from [[R.V. College of Engineering]] completing an [[Electronics and Communications Engineering]] degree.<ref name=CBIndia63/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chidananda |first1=Shreedutta |title=Girish Koushik is India's 63rd Grandmaster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/girish-koushik-is-indias-63rd-grandmaster/article28137945.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en-IN |date=25 June 2019}}</ref>

After his undergraduate degree, he completed his master's degree in computer science with AI at the [[University of Strathclyde]] in 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Girish Arun Koushik|url=https://gak97.github.io |website=GitHub page|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> and is currently undertaking a PhD in Computer Science at the [[University of Surrey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Girish Arun Koushik University of Surrey|url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/people/girish-arun-koushik |website=University of Surrey|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

In April 2025 Girish attended a conference hosted in Sydney Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linkedin |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/girish-arun-koushik_mm4sg2025-thewebconference2025-mm4sg2025-activity-7328562686395408385-dn7c?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAADF8VowB26_asf0T2nhEAT6kJW_T8kxBtWM |url-status=}}</ref> Having brought back TimTams for his colleagues, they have appeared in supermarkets in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waitrose & Partners |url=https://www.waitrose.com/ecom/shop/search?&searchTerm=tim%20tams |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Waitrose.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tesco tim tams |url=https://www.tesco.com/groceries/en-GB/search?query=tim+tams&inputType=free+text}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{FIDE|5038448}}
*{{Chessgames player|117413}}
*{{365Chess.com player|A_Koushnik_Girish}}
{{Indian GMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koushik, Girish}}

[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Karnataka]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Ishwarsena

2026-02-26T12:10:37Z

UDsportHD: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Rajan Mathariputra Mahaksatrapa
| image = File:Map of the Abhira Empire.png
| caption = Map of the Abhira Empire
| succession = 2nd or 3rd [[Abhira dynasty|Abhira king]]
| reign =
| predecessor = Sakasena ''alias'' Saka Satakarni
| successor = Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena
| father = Abhira Sivadatta
| mother = Mathari
| issue = Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena?
| dynasty = [[Abhira dynasty|Abhira]]
}}

'''Mathariputra''' '''Ishwarsena''' or '''Mahaksatrapa''' '''Ishwarsena'''<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref> was the founder of the [[Abhira dynasty]]. He and his descendants, whose names occur in the [[Puranas]], seem to have ruled over a large territory in the Deccan.<ref name="Arun Kumar Sharma">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDluAAAAMAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Heritage of Tansa Valley | publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan | author=Arun Kumar Sharma | year=2004 | pages=33, 92 | isbn=9788180900297}}</ref> He took the title of [[Raja]]n and an era was named after him. His descendants ruled for nine generations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Buldhana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1EbAAAAIAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State, 1976 | author=Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Department |page=52 |quote=About A.D. 250 the Satavahanas were supplanted by the Abhiras in Western Maharashtra and by the Vakatakas in Vidarbha. The founder of the Abhira Dynasty was Rajan Ishvarasena, the son of Shivadatta, who has left an inscription in Cave IX at Nasik.}}</ref>

==Early life and ascension to the throne==
Ishwarsena was the son of Abhira Sivadatta and his wife Mathari.<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref> Another king claiming to be a son of Mathari is Sakasena. He is identified with Saka Satakarni, whose coins have been found over [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is taken to be a [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana king]] and successor of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]].<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings Volume 51 |date=1990 |publisher=Indian History Congress}}</ref> However, K.Gopalchari thinks that Sakasena was a Abhira king. Reasons:
* The name of Sakasena or Saka Satakarni does not occur in the Puranic genealogies of the Andhra-[[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] kings. He claimed to be th son of Mathari, the wife of Abhira Sivadatta, as indicated by his epithet ''Mathariputra''.<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>

* The traditional title of ''Siri'' which is found on most coins and inscriptions of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] is significantly absent in the case of this ruler.<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>

* Considering the dynastic rivalry between the [[western Satraps|Saka Kshatrapas]], the naming of a Satavahana prince with its main content as ''Saka'' is very unnatural and unlikely.<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>

* The Abhiras were earlier in the service of the [[Western Satraps|Saka rulers of Ujjaini]], and in those days, [[Vassal|feudatory chiefs]] used to name their sons after the names of their overlords. The name of Sakasena was probably a result of this practice. The suffix of ''Sena'' in his name also suggests that he was an Abhira king and related to Ishwarsena.<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings Volume 51 |date=1990 |publisher=Indian History Congress}}</ref>

So this concludes that Ishwarsena's predecessor was his elder brother Sakasena, and he ascended the throne after his death.<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings Volume 51 |date=1990 |publisher=Indian History Congress}}</ref> However, historian Ashvini Agrawal thinks he was a general in the service of [[Rudrasimha I]] who deposed his master in 188 A.D and ascended the throne. Ashvini Agrawal further says that [[Rudrasimha I]] soon deposed him and regained the throne in 190 A.D.<ref name="imperial">{{cite book |author1=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120805927 |page=58 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Imperial_Guptas/hRjC5IaJ2zcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Rishabhdatta&pg=PA58&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Hardcover}}</ref>

==Reign==
Ishwarsena is the only confirmed ruler [[Abhira dynasty|of his dynasty]]. He is mentioned in the Nasik cave inscription dated in his ninth regnal year. In the inscription, he is referred to have made two investments of 1,000 and 500 [[Karshapana|Karshapanas]] in trade guilds at [[Nashik|Govardhana]] (Old [[Nashik|Nasik]]), for the purpose of providing medicines for the sick monks living in the monasteries of the Nasik hills.<ref name="Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India">{{cite book |last1=Singh Nijjar |first1=Bakhshish |title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788126909087 |pages=434 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Origins_and_History_of_Jats_and_Other_Al/xQM9voN21ekC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Abhira+dynasty&pg=PA171&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name="5 Post Maurya Dynasties (In South India)">{{cite web |title=5 Post Maurya Dynasties (In South India) |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/mauryas/5-post-maurya-dynasties-in-southern-india/5718 |website=History discussion |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya: Some Early Dynasties of South India">{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Sudhakar |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |date=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120829411 |pages=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA128 |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> The areas which he controlled included [[Lata]], [[Aparanta]], [[Khandesh]], [[Ashmaka]] ([[History of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]), with [[Nashik|Nasik]] and its adjoining areas as the core territory.<ref name="auto">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA129| title= Some Early Dynasties of South India| publisher= Motilal| work= History | date= 1974 | author= Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya| pages=129| isbn= 9788120829411}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yScbAAAAIAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Sholapur Gazetteer of India Volume 24 of Maharashtra State Gazetteers, Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept | publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State | author=Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept | year=1977 | pages=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JggZAQAAIAAJ&q=Khandesa| title= Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 1 | publisher= Cosmo Publications | work= Geography | author= Subodh Kapoor | pages=2| isbn= 9788177552980 | year= 2002 }}</ref><ref name="Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya: Some Early Dynasties of South India"/><ref name="5 Post Maurya Dynasties (In South India)"/>

Ishwarsena started an era to commemorate his ascension in 284 or 249 AD,<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref> which later became known as the [[Kalachuri Era|Kalachuri -Chedi era]].<ref name="Arun Kumar Sharma"/><ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>

===Numismatics and epigraphics===

Coins of Ishwarsena are dated only in the first and second years of his reign and are found only in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and Southern [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="India. Dept. of Archaeology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB4LAQAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+of+rajputana | title=Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Part 1 | publisher=Government Epigraphist for India Original from the University of Michigan | author=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi contributor-India. Dept. of Archaeology | year=1955 | pages=xxx}}</ref><ref>Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi era, Part 1</ref>

A number of feudatories of the Abhiras ruled in various parts of [[Maharashtra]]. One such dynasty founded by Ishwarsena is known from an inscription in cave XVII at Ajanta which mentions Ashmaka in verse 10.<ref name="Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yScbAAAAIAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Sholapur Gazetteer of India Volume 24 of Maharashtra State Gazetteers, Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept | publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State | author=Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept | year=1977 | pages=40}}</ref><ref>Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Sholapur-page-40</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Nettipattom

2026-02-22T09:09:59Z

UDsportHD: put up initial pg initial version - done

{{Short description|Decorative ornament for elephants in India}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Nettippattam]], a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language film}}
[[File:നെറ്റിപ്പട്ടം-പ്രദർശനം.JPG|thumb|333x333px]]
'''Nettipattam''' is an ornament used in Kerala to adorn the forehead of temple Elephants during Temple festivals and other auspicious events. Nettipattam is often translated into English as an elephant caparison. Nettipattam is made with [[Gold]] and [[Copper]]. It is an integral part of Kerala culture. The Legend has it that Lord [[Brahma]] was the first divinity to design a forehead embellishment for Lord Indra's white war elephant, the Airavata.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/64 64]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/elephant-regalia-living-tradition | title=Elephant Regalia: A Living Tradition }}</ref>

Each bubble depicts pancha-bhoothas, thrimoorthies, navagrahas, ashta-vasus, saptarishis, moola-ganapathi etc. It is widely used on auspicious occasions since its believed that Nettipattam brings prosperity, peace and blessings. There are different types of Nettipattam like Chooralpoli, Nagapadam, Vendod, etc. Nettipattam are mainly of three types—chooralpoli, nagapadam and vandodu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/the-gold-standard-in-nettippattam-making-for-4-generations-and-counting-1.3765113 | title=The gold-standard in nettippattam making for 4 generations and counting | date=30 April 2019 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
'Nettipattam' is a combination of two [[Malayali language|Malayali]] words: 'Netti' (forehead) and 'Pattom' (band).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|first=T. K. Krishna|last=Menon|date=1939|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120606036|via=Google Books|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091742/https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gundert|first=Hermann|title=A Malayalam and English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog|year=1872|publisher=C. Stolz for Basel Mission Book Tract Depository|location=Mangalore|page=[https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n50 14]}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Nettipattom-Details.jpg|thumb|Elephant Caparison - Nettipattam Details]]
[[File:നെറ്റിപ്പട്ടം.JPG|thumb|385x385px|An elephant wearing Nettipattom]]
According to the legend, in [[Hindu mythology]], Lord Brahma was the first divinity to design a forehead Ornament for Lord Indra's war elephant, the [[Airavata]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/elephant-regalia-living-tradition | title=Elephant Regalia: A Living Tradition }}</ref>

== Production ==
Nettipattom is mostly made in [[Thrissur]]. [[Thrippunithura]] is another place where it is made. It is made by stitching metals balls in special shapes into cotton and jute sacks. Mostly it is made in [[Copper]]. [[Brass]] is also used although rarely. Be it copper or brass, it is later painted with gold for the yellow shine.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Nettipattom is a complex ornament. It has 11 objects in the shape of half moon, a pointed object called Koomban kinnam, 2 round ones, 37 half balls, 40 full balls, 1 kalanji and 5000 small bubbles inside it.

== References ==
<references />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Nettipattam.JPG|
File:നെറ്റിപട്ടം-സ്വർണ്ണം.JPG|Nettipattom made out of Gold
File:നെറ്റിപട്ടം-വെള്ളി.JPG|Nettipattom made in Silver
File:നെറ്റിപ്പട്ടം കെട്ടിക്കുന്ന പാപ്പാൻ.jpg|Mahout helping an elephant wear Nettipattom
File:നെറ്റിപ്പട്ടം1.jpg|
File:വട്ടക്കിണ്ണം-നെറ്റിപ്പട്ടം.JPG|Vannakkinnam
File:Nettipattom.jpg|Koomban kinnam
</gallery>

[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]

Indira Nagar

2026-02-17T01:29:59Z

UDsportHD: stub

'''Indira Nagar''' may refer to several places in India named after [[Indira Gandhi]]:

* [[Indiranagar, Mysore]], Karnataka
* [[Indiranagar, Bengaluru]], Karnataka
* [[Indira Nagar, Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
** [[Indira Nagar railway station]]
* [[Indira Nagar, Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
** [[Indira Nagar metro station (Lucknow)]]
* [[Indira Nagar, Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir
* [[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency]], Pondicherry
* [[Indira Nagar (Vile Parle) metro station]], Mumbai Metro


==See also==
* [[Indira (disambiguation)]]
* [[Indira Nagar metro station (disambiguation)]]
* [[Nagar (disambiguation)]]
{{dab|geodis}}

Shubhashish Jha

2026-02-12T02:42:57Z

UDsportHD: added the info initial version.

{{Short description|Indian actor }}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shubhashish Jha
| image =
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India<ref name="bp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shubhashish-jha-we-do-plan-but-eventually-it-is-god-s-master-plan-that-works-101628277783439.html|title=Shubhashish Jha: We do plan but eventually it is God's master plan that works|last=Saxena|first=Deep|date=7 August 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en-GB|access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>
| education = [[B.Tech]] in Computer Science and Technology
| alma_mater = [[Manipal Institute of Technology]], [[Manipal]], India
| years active = 2015–present
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]}}
| spouse =
| relatives =
| family =
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Hurdang]]''|''[[Jiji Maa]]''|''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]''}}
| height = 183 cm
}}

'''Shubhashish Jha''' is an Indian actor <ref name="dob">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/entertainment/actor-shubhashish-jha-in-an-exclusive-conversation-with-india-tv-715332|title=Actor Shubhashish Jha in an EXCLUSIVE conversation with INDIA TV|website=[[India TV]]|date=28 June 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="bp"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/jijaji-chhat-parr-koii-hais-shubhashish-jha-its-a-god-sent-opportunity-that-ive-got-to-do-comedy/videoshow/81411438.cms|title=Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai's Shubhashish Jha: It's a God sent opportunity that I've got to do comedy|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=9 March 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> who is best known as Vidhaan Rawat in ''[[Jiji Maa]]'' <ref name="bp"/><ref name="jm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/experienced-varied-emotions-vidhaan-yet-taste-real-life-shubhashish-jha/2018/06/02|title=I have experienced varied emotions as Vidhaan, which I am yet to taste in real life: Shubhashish Jha|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|date=2018-06-02|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref> and then notably as Jijaji in ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/im-funny-when-im-nervous-says-shubhashish-jha-220390|title=I'm funny when I'm nervous, says Shubhashish Jha|website=[[The Tribune]]|date=4 March 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/subhashish-jha-is-missing-his-two-grounding-factors-of-his-life-amid-the-lockdown/articleshow/83144305.cms|title=Subhashish Jha is missing his two "grounding factors" of his life amid the lockdown|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=1 June 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shubhashish Jha was born on 8 March 1995 in [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]]. Jha attended Don Bosco, Patna and [[Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj]], [[New Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} Then, he pursued [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in Computer Science and Technology from [[Manipal Institute of Technology]] (MIT), [[Manipal|Manipal, India]].<ref name="dob"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jijaji-chhat-parr-koii-hais-hiba-nawab-and-others-unveil-horror-and-spooky-instances-from-their-real-life/articleshow/81426325.cms|title=Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai's Hiba Nawab and others unveil horror and spooky instances from their real life|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=10 March 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jha started his acting career as a boxer in [[Channel V India]] show ''Twist Wala Love'' opposite Twinkle Patel. In the same year, he was roped in to play the parallel lead role of Sameer in [[Zee TV]] popular show ''[[Qubool Hai]]'', for which he was much appreciated.<ref name="qh">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/47497504.cms?picid=49056911|title=In & Out: TV celebs onboard, quit or kicked out; topic:72/269;Shubhashish Jha to enter Zee TV's Qubool Hai|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=1 January 2016|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In 2017, Jha was roped in to play the parallel lead of Vidhaan Rawat opposite Bhavika Sharma in ''[[Jiji Maa]]'' and rise to fame with this role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-bhavika-sharma-also-open-up-on-kissing-scene-controversy-1858405.html|title=जन्न्त के बाद इस एक्ट्रेस ने किसिंग सीन को मना करते हुए कहा-'गले से नीचे छुआ तो|last=|first=|date=2018-03-19|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=hi|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>

Jha was last seen playing the main lead and titular role of Jijaji in [[SAB TV]] series ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]'' opposite [[Hiba Nawab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jijaji-chhat-parr-koii-hais-shubhashish-jha-aka-jijaji-i-would-love-to-have-a-friend-like-jijaji-in-my-real-life/articleshow/82117984.cms|title=Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai's Shubhashish Jha aka Jijaji: I would love to have a friend like Jijaji in my real life|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=17 April 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> Jha would also be making his film debut with the upcoming film ''[[Hurdang]]''.<ref name="hg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/shubhashish-jha-will-be-seen-in-the-film-with-nushrat-bharucha-tmov-1258289-2021-05-20|title=नुसरत भरूचा की हुड़दंग में नजर आएंगे शो 'जीजाजी छत पर कोई है' के एक्टर शुभाशीष झा|language=hi|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|date=20 May 2021|access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row"| 2015
| ''Twist Wala Love''
| Samar
| Debut / Lead role
|<ref>{{cite episode|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/twistwala-love/3611/tanvi-befriends-samar/1000060554|title=Tanvi befriends Samar|series=Twist Wala Love|date=1 June 2015|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2015–2016
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Sameer
|Parallel Lead
| <ref name="qh"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[MTV Big F]]''
| Kabir (S2, Episode 8)
| Lead role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.femina.in/life/tv/mtv-big-f-season-2-gives-voice-to-sexual-molestation-victims%3B-encourages-them-to-stand-up-for-themselves-45697.html|title=MTV Big F Season 2 gives voice to sexual molestation victims; encourages them to stand up for themselves|publisher=[[Times Now News]]|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSaYa8fAIM8|title=The Death Of Innocence|series=[[MTV Big F]]|date=26 April 2017|access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2017–2019
| ''[[Jiji Maa]]''
| Vidhaan Rawat
|Parallel Lead
| <ref name="jm"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Venu (Episode 75)
| Lead role
|<ref>{{cite episode|url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq-episode-75-april-13-2019-full-episode/0-1-200737_2253133961000060554|title=Pretkalyanam|series=[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]|date=14 April 2019|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]''
| Jijaji / Jitendra Jamvant Jindal
| Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pariva-pranati-aka-vandana-wagle-from-wagle-ki-duniya-and-shubhashish-jha-aka-jijaji-from-jijaji-chhat-parr-koii-hai-share-their-favourite-holi-memories/articleshow/81748621.cms|title=Pariva Pranati aka Vandana Wagle from Wagle Ki Duniya and Shubhashish Jha aka Jijaji from Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai share their favourite Holi memories|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=29 March 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-

|2022
| ''[[Hurdang]]''
| Ranjan
|
|<ref name="hg"/>
|-

|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=12337859}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Shubhashish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]

Sajan K. Mathew

2026-02-10T03:16:05Z

UDsportHD: added basic post w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajan Alummoottil
| image = Sajan K Mathew.jpg
| image_size = 
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| birth_date = 12 March 1981
| birth_place = [[Pathanapuram]], Kerala, India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Film Director
| years_active = 2010- present
| known_for =
| notable_works =  }}

'''Sajan K Mathew''' (born 12 March 1981) is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam films. He began his film career as an ad-film maker; later worked in some movies as Assistant director.<ref name="Soman Deepa">{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |date=4 October 2017 |title=Sajan K Mathew's next is '21 Baker Street' and it has a Japanese connection |publisher=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sajan-k-mathews-next-is-21-baker-street-and-it-has-a-japanese-connection/articleshow/60934233.cms}}</ref><ref name="Rana" /> Sajan Mathew made his directorial debut [[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|''Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya'']] in 2016.<ref name="Sudhish Navami">{{cite news|last1=Sudhish|first1=Navami|title=A Merry Triangle|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/may/26/a-merry-triangle-908083.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sajan K Mathew about his film Oru Murai Vanthu Paarthaya|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/26268/sajan-k-mathew-about-his-film-oru-murai-vanthu-paarthaya/E|publisher=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>

==Career==
Sajan Alummoottil started his career in films with director [[Deepu Karunakaran]]. He assisted Vasudev Sanal in ''God's own Country'' (2014) and [[Dileesh Nair]] in ''Tamaar Padaar'' (2014).<ref name="Rana">{{cite news|last1=Rana|first1=Sahiba|title=There Is No Stopping For Oru Murai Vanthu Paarthaya's Maker Sajan K. Mathew|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/there-is-no-stopping-for-oru-murai-vanthu-paarthayas-maker-sajan-k-mathew-article45026.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110200115/https://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/there-is-no-stopping-for-oru-murai-vanthu-paarthayas-maker-sajan-k-mathew-article45026.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2018|publisher=Desimartini|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
''Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya''(2016) was his directoral debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Films directed by Sajan K Mathew|url=https://letterboxd.com/director/sajan-k-mathew/|website=www.letterboxd.com}}</ref><ref name="Sudhish Navami" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Chat with Director Sajan Mathew|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8oYSokZlkE|publisher=Manorama News|date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Credited as
|-
| 2014 || ''God's Own Country'' || Malayalam || Assistant Director
|-
| 2014 || ''Tamaar Padaar'' || Malayalam || Assistant Director
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' || Malayalam || Director
|-
| 2022 || ''Vivaha Aavahanam'' || Malayalam || Director
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vivaha-avahanam-teaser-niranj-maniyanpilla-raju-starrer-promises-a-fun-family-entertainer/articleshow/95178069.cms]

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/sajan.k.mathew.1 Sajan K Mathew- facebook profile]
*[https://twitter.com/skmathew S K Mathew on twitter]
*{{IMDb name|7917674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Sajan K.}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kollam district]]

A. R. Krishnashastry

2026-02-06T05:57:46Z

UDsportHD: quick update

{{Short description|Indian writer, researcher and translator in the Kannada language (1890–1968)}}
{{More citations needed|date= March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = A. R. Krishnashastry
| image = A. R. Krishnashastry.jpg 
| caption =
| birth_name = Ambale Ramakrishna Krishnashastry
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|2|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Amble, Chamarajanagar|Amble]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|2|1|1890|2|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|professor|journalist}}
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Fiction, Mythology
| movement = [[Kannada literature#Navodaya (New birth)|Navodaya]]
| website = [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/a-r-krishna-sastry A. R. Krishnashastry]
}}

'''Ambale Ramakrishna Krishnashastry''' (1890–1968) was an Indian writer, [[researcher]] and [[Translation|translator]] in the [[Kannada language]]. Krishnashastry has remained popular four decades after his death through his work ''Vachana Bharata'', and his narration of the [[Hindu]] epic [[Mahabharata]] in the Kannada.

==Early life==
Krishnashastry was born on 12 February 1890, in [[Ambale, Chamarajanagar|Ambale]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (in present-day [[Karnataka]], India), into a [[Smarta]] Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin family.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}} His parents were Ramakrishna Shastry, grammarian and principal of Sanskrit school in [[Mysore]] and Shankaramma, a homemaker; she died of disease when he was ten. Due to poverty, he was compelled to study [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] for his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree (1914) though he wanted to pursue a career as a [[scientist]]. His career started as a clerk in the ''[[Attara Kacheri]]'' (secretariat) in Mysore. He worked as a [[tutor]] and a [[researcher]] at Oriental Library (later renamed the Oriental Research Institute) at [[Mysore]] before enrolling for his [[Master of Arts]] degree at the [[University of Madras|Madras University]]. He later served as a professor in Kannada and researcher at the [[Mysore University]] until his retirement. Krishnashastry married at the age of sixteen to Venkatalakshamma who was only ten at that time.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

Krishnashastry was called as Kannada Senani by writer and folklorist [[H. M. Nayak]]). He was the first to start a Karnataka association at the [[Central College, Bangalore]]. Later, similar associations spread throughout Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

Some of Krishnashastry's notable disciples include [[Kuvempu]], [[T. N. Srikantaiah]], [[M. V. Seetharamiah]], [[S. Srikanta Sastri]] and [[G. P. Rajarathnam]].{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

==Literary works==
Prof KrishnaShastry was a polyglot. Apart from his mother tongue Kannada, he could speak fluently in [[Sanskrit]] and English.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}} He was also proficient in [[Pali]], Bengali (self taught), Hindi, and German. He had a good working knowledge of [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]] and this helped him to work and translate some of the great works from those languages to [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. Krishnashastry brought out many of nuances of great [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] plays of [[Kālidāsa]], [[Bhavabhuti]] and [[Bhasa]] during his translations to Kannada. Krishnashastry's biography of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra Chattarjee]], a noted [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[novelist]] earned him a Central [[Sahitya Academy|Sahitya Academy award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=10 |date=1 April 1962}}</ref> Krishnashastri wrote numerous other [[short stories]] and novels including ''Vachana bharata'', ''Nirmalabharati'' and ''Kathaamruta''. ''Vachanabharata'' and ''Nirmalabharati'' are an abridged versions of the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. ''Kathaamruta'' is a collection of stories from [[Kathasaritsagara]], huge anthology of hundreds of fables, parables and other stories in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]. ''Kathaamruta'' has a well written introduction to [[Culture of India|Indian]] and [[Western culture|western]] cultural traditions. In 1918, Krishnashastry started ''Prabuddha Karnataka'', a Kannada language newspaper and worked as its [[editing|editor]].{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

==Awards and honors==
* [[Sahitya Academy|Sahitya Academy award]]
* D. Lit of [[Mysore University]]

==Writings==
===Novels===
* ''Vachana bharata''
* ''Nirmalabharati''

===Biographies===
* ''Sri [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] charitre''
* ''[[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bannkim Chandra]]''

===Short story collections===
* ''Shreepatiya Kategalu''
* ''Kathaamrutha - Kannada translation of [[Kathasaritsagara]]''

===Plays===
* ''Samskruta Nataka''
* ''Harischandrakavya Sangraha''

===Other===
* ''Alankara ( kannada handbook on Alankara shastra - 1927, Mysore university)''
* ''Bhasa Kavi ( A critique on Sanskrit playwright [[Bhasa]] - Central college Karnataka Sangha - 1922)''
* ''Sarvajnana Kavi''
* ''Bhashanagalu Mattu Lekhanagalu ( Speeches and Writings )''
* ''Nagamahashaya (Author: [[Sarat Chandra Chakravarty]]) translated from Bengali to Kannada - 1937''

==See also==
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* [[Kannada literature]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/post/a-r-krishnashastry A. R. Krishnashastry - A Biography]
* [https://ark.sirinudi.org Complete works of Prof. A R Krishnasastri]
*[https://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/a_r_krishnasastry.htm Prof. Krishnashastry on Kamat's potpourri]
* A.R.KrishnaShastry, Kathaamrita (1952) (Kannada: ಕಥಾಮೃತ), Geetha Book House, K.R. Circle, Mysore 570 001, India
* A.R. Krishna Shastri - A monograph in Kannada by T.V. Venkatachala Sastry, Sahitya Akademi, Year 2000, {{ISBN|978-81-260-0721-9}}
* [https://www.hindupedia.com/en/Ala%E1%B9%85k%C4%81ra-%C5%9B%C4%81stra Alaṅkāra-śāstra]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnashastry, A. R}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]

Boinda railway station

2026-02-03T09:34:38Z

UDsportHD:

{{short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Boinda
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[Boinda]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.919270|84.750816|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BONA
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sambalpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label = Boinda railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Boinda railway station''' is a railway station on the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] network in the state of [[Odisha]], India. It serves [[Boinda]] town. Its code is '''BONA'''. It has two platforms. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt at Boinda railway station.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/boinda-bona/242| title=BONA/Boinda| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BONA| title=BONA:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Sambalpur| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=BONA| title=BONA/Boinda| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Train-services-were-disrupted-for-nearly-seven-hours-following-a-rail-roko-agitation-by-the-local-people-at-Boinda-under-Orissas-Angul-district-on-Friday-Under-the-banner-of-Athamallick-Nagarika-Mancha-ANM-the-villagers-demanded-Rourkela-Bhubaneswar-Intercity-Express-to-halt-at-Boinda-and-construction-of-an-over-bridge-As-the-rail-roko-agitation-started-authorities-detained-Amritsar-Vishakhapatnam-Hirakud-Express-Sambalpur-Puri-Intercity-Bhubaneswara-Balangir-and-Howrah-Sambalpur-Express-trains-for-long-hours-at-different-stations-in-the-Angul-Sambalpur-route-The-agitation-was-called-off-after-the-railway-authorities-promised-to-look-into-the-matter-/articleshow/6486344.cms| title=Train services were disrupted for nearly seven hours following a rail roko agitation by the local people at Boinda under Orissa's Angul district on Friday.| website=Times of India| date=3 September 2010}}</ref>

==Major trains==

* [[Puri–Durg Express]]
* [[Tapaswini Express]]
* [[Puri–Ahmedabad Weekly Express]]
* [[Rourkela–Gunupur Rajya Rani Express]]
* [[Puri–Sainagar Shirdi Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Puri Express]]
* [[Howrah–Sambalpur Superfast Express]]
* [[Sambalpur–Puri Intercity Express]]
* [[Rourkela–Bhubaneswar Intercity Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Bolangir Intercity Superfast Express]]
* [[Hirakud Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Angul district]]

{{Railway stations in Odisha|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Angul district]]
[[Category:Sambalpur railway division]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

List of airports in Kerala

2026-01-30T01:14:56Z

UDsportHD:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
[[Kerala]] state has four operational international airports as of 2024, which makes it an Indian state with most [[international airport]]s alongside [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kerala-set-to-get-a-fourth-international-airport-in-kannur/story-zInASfuLhVHM1mg5w8PM2M.html |title=Kerala set to get a fourth international airport in Kannur |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2015-12-29 |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> Kerala is also the only state with the closest proximity to multiple international/domestic airports in the country. All four international airports lie in very close proximity, which makes it easy for the people in Kerala to access air travel. The state also has four defence airports that are widely used by the Indian Armed Forces. Airports in Kerala<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irisholidays.com/keralatourism/airports-in-kerala/ |title=Airports in Kerala |publisher=Iris Holidays |date=2019-11-29 |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> provide domestic transport, support tourism in Kerala and also serve the high number of expatriates belonging to the state. The presently operating airports in the state of Kerala are as follows:

*[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Trivandrum International Airport]] in [[Shankumugham Beach|Shankumugham]] in state capital of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district
*[[Cochin International Airport]] in [[Nedumbassery]] in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district
*[[Kozhikode International Airport|Calicut International Airport]] in [[Karipur]] in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] district
*[[Kannur International Airport]] in [[Mattanur]] in [[Kannur district|Kannur]] district
*[[Sabarimala Greenfield Airport|Sabarimala Greenfield International Airport]] in [[Cheruvally]] in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] district

The first airport was started in [[Quilon]] during the 1920s but ceased operation when an accident involving a training aircraft at the boundary of the aerodrome resulted in the death of the pilot and the trainee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article252269.ece |title=Aviation school proposal evokes mixed response |work=The Hindu |date=2009-06-08 |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> There are two defence airports also situated in Kerala, each being operated by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- valign=baseline
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Cities served
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | ICAO
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | IATA

! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Airport name
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Category
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Ownership
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Passenger terminals
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Runway length (m)
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Status
!Image
|- valign="top"
| rowspan=3| [[Kannur]], [[Wayanad]], [[Madikeri]] ([[Karnataka]])
| VOKN
| CNN
| [[Kannur International Airport]]
| style="background:#9F8170;" | International
|PPP
|1
|3,050
| {{yes|Operational}}
|[[File:KIAL PTB.jpg|200px]]
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| VOCI
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| [[Cochin International Airport]]
| style="background:#9F8170;" | International
|PPP
|4
|3,445
| {{yes|Operational}}
|[[File:Cochin International Airport Limited.jpg|200px]]
|- valign="top"
| VOCC
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| style="background:#CEF2E0;"|Defence
| [[Indian Navy]]
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| {{yes|Operational}}
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|- valign="top"
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| {{mdash}}
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| [[Kollam Airport]]
| style="background:#2F847C;" | Domestic
| [[Travancore Kingdom]]
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| {{no|Closed}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article105423.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107020711/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article105423.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2014 |title=Runway: Team visits Asramam Maidan |publisher=TNIE |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article107040.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727055933/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article107040.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2014 |title='Asramam Maidan not suitable for airport' |publisher=TNIE |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>
|[[File:Old Airport, Kollam.jpg|200px]]
|- valign="top"
| [[Kottayam]],
[[Pathanamthitta]]
| {{mdash}}
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|- valign="top"
|[[Malappuram]],
[[Kozhikode]],
[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| VOCL
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| [[Kozhikode International Airport]]
| style="background:#9F8170;" | International
| [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]
|1
|2,860
| {{yes|Operational}}
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|- valign="top"
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| style="background:#0ff;" | Future
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| [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]
| style="background:#9F8170;" | International
| PPP (Owner: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] Operator: ATIAL [[Adani Group]])
|2
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|[[File:Trivandrum International Airport Terminal 3 (International Terminal) - panoramio.jpg|200px]]
|-
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| style="background:#CEF2E0;"|Defence
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| {{mdash}}
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| style="background:#0ff;" | Future
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|- valign="top"
| [[Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram]]
| {{mdash}}
| {{mdash}}
| [[Chelari Airport]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/facebook-riyas-aboobacker-post-about-chelari-airport-constructed-in-1962-nj-270623.html | title=കരിപ്പൂരിനുമുമ്പ് യന്ത്രപക്ഷികളിറങ്ങിയ ചേളാരി; ചേളാരിയിലെ വിമാനത്താവളവും 1969 ലെ അപകടവും | date=8 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/flight-crash-in-chelari-548599 | title=1969ലും വിമാനം തകർന്നു; ചേളാരി 'വിമാനത്താവളത്തിൽ'... | Madhyamam | date=8 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://nalamidam.net/these-are-the-historical-routes-from-which-the-chelari-airport-took-off/ | title=ചേളാരി 'വിമാന താവളം'; പറന്നിറങ്ങിയ ചരിത്ര നാൾവഴികൾ ഇതാണ് | date=14 August 2024 }}</ref>
| style="background:#2F847C;" | Domestic
| [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Group]]
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| {{no|Closed}}
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|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam }}
{{refend}}

{{Portal bar|Aviation|India}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Kerala|*]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Kerala|Airports]]

Everest Anchuna

2026-01-19T18:17:49Z

UDsportHD: started new article!

{{Short description|2019 song by Devi Sri Prasad, Hemachandra and Vishnupriya Ravi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Everest Anchuna
| cover = Everest Anchuna song cover.jpeg
| caption = Song cover featuring [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]
| type = single
| artist = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]
| album = [[Maharshi (soundtrack)|Maharshi]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 20 April 2019
| recorded = 2019
| studio = DSP Studio, [[Chennai]] Brindavan-The Garden Of Music, Chennai New Edge Studios, [[Mumbai]]
| genre = [[Dance music|Dance]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[jazz]], [[Electronic dance music]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=16}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| composer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyricist = [[Sri Mani]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| tracks =
# "Padara Padara"
# "Choti Choti Baatein"
# "Nuvve Samastham"
# "'''Everest Anchuna'''"
# "Phir Shuru"
# "Paala Pitta"
# "Idhe Kadha Nee Kadha–The Soul of Rishi"
# "Nuvvani Idhi Needani"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|t1cit5p1RcI|"Everest Anchuna"}}
}}
}}

"'''Everest Anchuna'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with lyrics by [[Sri Mani]] and recorded by [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Vishnupriya Ravi]] for the [[Maharshi (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2019 film [[Maharshi (2019 film)|''Maharshi'']]. It was released on 20 April 2019 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the third single from the album, through [[Aditya Music]]. The full video song, featuring scenes directly from the film, was released on 1 July 2019 on [[YouTube]].

The song was also released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and was included in the dubbed version of the film. The song received positive response upon its release. The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-will-blow-your-mind-when-youll-see-it-on-screen/articleshow/68974169.cms|title='Everest Anchuna will blow your mind when you'll see it on screen'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 April 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515220419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-will-blow-your-mind-when-youll-see-it-on-screen/articleshow/68974169.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raju Sundaram]] won [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] and [[Vishnupriya Ravi]] won [[Santosham Film Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-national-film-awards-telugu-films-maharshi-and-jersey-bag-four-awards-for-the-year-2019/articleshow/81634285.cms|title=67th National Film Awards: Telugu films Maharshi and Jersey bag four awards for the year 2019|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 March 2021|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-national-film-awards-telugu-films-maharshi-and-jersey-bag-four-awards-for-the-year-2019/articleshow/81634285.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babu-on-his-film-maharshi-winning-the-national-award-babu-7240928/|title=Mahesh Babu on Maharshi winning National Award: Honoured and humbled|date=23 March 2021|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105337/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babu-on-his-film-maharshi-winning-the-national-award-babu-7240928/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Production ==
The song was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] in early 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/devi-sri-prasad-on-sets-of-mahesh-babu-and-pooja-hegdes-maharshi/articleshow/68352611.cms|title=Devi Sri Prasad on sets of Mahesh Babu and Pooja Hegde's 'Maharshi'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 March 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716110921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/devi-sri-prasad-on-sets-of-mahesh-babu-and-pooja-hegdes-maharshi/articleshow/68352611.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Lyricist [[Sri Mani]] worked on lyrics of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jan/29/shreemani-a-lyricist-should-be-able-to-write-all-king-of-songs-16778.html|title='Director C Prem Kumar wanted me to write a soul-stirring song for Jaanu'|first=Murali Krishna|last=CH|date=29 January 2020|website=Cinema Express|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105420/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jan/29/shreemani-a-lyricist-should-be-able-to-write-all-king-of-songs-16778.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was recorded by [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]] and [[Vishnupriya Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/maharshi-song-everest-anchuna/videoshow/69096482.cms|title=Maharshi | Song - 'Everest Anchuna' | Telugu Video Songs - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/maharshi-song-everest-anchuna/videoshow/69096482.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Vishnupriya said "DSP Devi Sri Prasad sir once called me for a recording and I had no idea at that time that it was for a Mahesh Babu film".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/vishnupriya-opens-up-on-maharshi/article27116447.ece|title=Vishnupriya on her latest song from Mahesh Babu-starrer 'Everest Anchuna'|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujam|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 May 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117111426/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/vishnupriya-opens-up-on-maharshi/article27116447.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vishnupriya said that she was excited to sing the song in Babu's 25th film as lead actor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/quite-excited-to-have-sung-in-mahesh-babus-25th-film-vishnupriya/articleshow/69784544.cms|title=Quite excited to have sung in Mahesh Babu's 25th film: Vishnupriya|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 June 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117111457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/quite-excited-to-have-sung-in-mahesh-babus-25th-film-vishnupriya/articleshow/69784544.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> About the song Vishnupriya said "I enjoy fast-paced, peppy numbers. That's my kind of genre. But it's important for every song to have a melody, otherwise it just doesn't work".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/singing-for-mahesh-babus-maharshi-is-an-experience-ill-cherish-forever-vishnupriya/articleshow/69343392.cms|title=Singing for Mahesh Babu's Maharshi is an experience I'll cherish forever: Vishnupriya|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127031529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/singing-for-mahesh-babus-maharshi-is-an-experience-ill-cherish-forever-vishnupriya/articleshow/69343392.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vamshi Paidipally]] said that the song is placed when Mahesh Babu's character Rishi is a carefree college student.<ref name=":1"/> According to Vamshi, Babu and Pooja Hegde's dance steps and [[K. U. Mohanan|KU Mohanan]]'s cinematography make "Everest Anchuna" the perfect dance number.<ref name=":1"/>

== Music video ==

=== Background and production ===
The music video was choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maharshi-will-remain-special-writes-mahesh-babu-after-national-award-win-1782560-2021-03-23|title=Maharshi will remain special, writes Mahesh Babu after National Award win|date=23 March 2021|website=India Today|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105546/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maharshi-will-remain-special-writes-mahesh-babu-after-national-award-win-1782560-2021-03-23|url-status=live}}</ref> The video song was shot in early-April 2019 in a lavish set at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maharshi-mahesh-babu-starrer-moves-to-the-last-leg-of-its-shoot/articleshow/68683246.cms|title='Maharshi': Mahesh Babu-starrer moves to the last leg of its shoot|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 April 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916020658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maharshi-mahesh-babu-starrer-moves-to-the-last-leg-of-its-shoot/articleshow/68683246.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tfpc.in/everest-anchuna-video-preview-from-maharshi/|title=Everest Anchuna Video Preview from Maharshi|date=20 April 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105549/https://tfpc.in/everest-anchuna-video-preview-from-maharshi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vamshi revealed that the duet song will appear in the first half of the film, when Babu's character Rishi is a carefree college student. "Whether it is the sets full of neon lights, the playful light melody or the merry vibe, they all add up to encapsulate that particular phase of Rishi's life", he added.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''. The video feature [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] dancing for the single.

== Marketing and release ==
On 17 April 2019, the makers of the film announced that the third single would release in two days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-song-promo-from-mahesh-babu-pooja-hegde-and-allari-nareshs-maharshi-to-release-soon/articleshow/68922960.cms|title='Everest Anchuna' song promo from Mahesh Babu, Pooja Hegde and Allari Naresh's 'Maharshi' to release soon|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-song-promo-from-mahesh-babu-pooja-hegde-and-allari-nareshs-maharshi-to-release-soon/articleshow/68922960.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The video song teaser was also released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2019/maharshi-next-single-everest-anchuna-song-video-preview-to-release-on-april-2019-285055.html|title=Maharshi Next Single, Everest Anchuna Song Video Song Preview Is Out - Filmibeat|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105700/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2019/maharshi-next-single-everest-anchuna-song-video-preview-to-release-on-april-2019-285055.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Everest Anchuna" was released on 20 April 2019 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the third single from the album, through [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-lyrical-video-from-maharshi-out-now/articleshow/68966824.cms|title='Everest Anchuna' lyrical video from 'Maharshi' out now!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 April 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330131743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-lyrical-video-from-maharshi-out-now/articleshow/68966824.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the release of video teaser, Vamshi said "After we heard the song, we knew we wanted something on-screen that would suit it. Whatever mood the song promo evokes is a result of months of planning and pre-production. But what the promo shows is only a small portion of what's in store. You need to see the song play on-screen, it will truly blow your mind."<ref name=":1"/> The full video song was released on 1 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1cit5p1RcI|title=Everest Anchuna Full Video Song || Maharshi Songs || MaheshBabu, PoojaHegde || VamshiPaidipally|date=1 July 2019|via=YouTube|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1cit5p1RcI&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Reviewing the song, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Hemachandra and Vishnupriya Ravi's Everest Anchuna is the token duet number between the protagonists. This number is yet another crowd favourite with Vishnupriya's vocals truly standing out amidst the subpar lyrics and music that keeps switching tracks."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-maharshi/articleshow/69270460.cms|title=Music Review: Maharshi|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 May 2019|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415075931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-maharshi/articleshow/69270460.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his review, Ramesh S Kannan of ''MovieCrow'' wrote "Everest Anchuna is another song where DSP hits high on techno sounds and Vishnupriya Ravi's husky vocals work effectually but Hemachandra's vocals sound more like DSP's vocals himself. However, the tune takes its own time to establish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/23048/maharshi-songs---music-review|title=Maharshi Songs - Music Review|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105842/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/23048/maharshi-songs---music-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic of ''Indiaglitz'' wrote "Shree Mani's lyrics concoct imaginative ideas. The lyrics are not as ordinary and lifeless as the non-exhilarating music suggests. Hemanchandra is outcompeted by Vishnupriya Ravi's splendid rendition. The voices of the singers are enticing; they invite you to the lyrical world of roses and sexy curves."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maharshi-songs-review-telugu-movie-22485|title=Maharshi Music review songs lyrics|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716105904/https://www.indiaglitz.com/maharshi-songs-review-telugu-movie-22485|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Upon the release, the song received positive response and eventually became a chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/views-of-singers-on-how-technology-impacts-the-music-industry-791929|title=Views of singers on how technology impacts the music industry|first=Rashmi Bhumi|last=Reddy|date=9 April 2023|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716111321/https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/views-of-singers-on-how-technology-impacts-the-music-industry-791929|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://popnable.com/stories/2612-hemachandra-popular-songs |title=Hemachandra Popular Songs | Popnable |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716111322/https://popnable.com/stories/2612-hemachandra-popular-songs |url-status=live }}</ref> The song went on to become #1 on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/everest-anchuna-from-maharshi-trends-at-1-and-padara-padara-to-release-tomorrow/articleshow/69010070.cms|title='Everest Anchuna' from 'Maharshi' trends at #1 and 'Padara Padara' to release tomorrow|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Mahesh Babu and Pooja Hegde's rolling step in the music video went viral and became a signature hook step and was recreated by many, in many short-video and social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/everest-anchuna-cover-song-by-valentina-shiva-kona/videoshow/69566501.cms|title='మహర్షి' ఎవరెస్ట్ అంచున కవర్ సాంగ్|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716111320/https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/everest-anchuna-cover-song-by-valentina-shiva-kona/videoshow/69566501.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vishnupriya Ravi]], the singer of the track revealed that she started getting several singing offers after the song's success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/maharshi-everest-anchuna-singer-vishnupriya-ravi-elated-with-response/|title=Maharshi - Everest Anchuna Singer Vishnupriya Ravi Elated With Response|first=TEAM|last=TFN|date=16 May 2019|website=Telugu Filmnagar}}</ref> [[Raju Sundaram]] won his second [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] for creating completely new and eye-pleasing dance steps while taking the story forward.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2yearsformaharshi-vamshi-paidipally-gets-nostalgic-about-the-mahesh-babu-and-pooja-hegde-starrer/articleshow/82498843.cms|title=#2YearsForMaharshi: Vamshi Paidipally gets nostalgic about the Mahesh Babu and Pooja Hegde-starrer|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 May 2021|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716111817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2yearsformaharshi-vamshi-paidipally-gets-nostalgic-about-the-mahesh-babu-and-pooja-hegde-starrer/articleshow/82498843.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maharshi-at-67th-national-film-awards-producer-dil-raju-director-vamshi-paidipally-at-the-presentation-ceremony/ab87693cc4755|title=Maharshi at 67th National Film Awards: Producer Dil Raju, director Vamshi Paidipally at the presentation ceremony|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Live performances ==
[[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]] and [[Vishnupriya Ravi]] performed the song at the film's pre-release event held at People's Plaza, [[Necklace Road]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-26|title=Here are some details of Mahesh Babu starrer Maharshi pre-release event|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/here-are-some-details-of-mahesh-babu-starrer-maharshi-pre-release-event-2198732.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015102352/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/here-are-some-details-of-mahesh-babu-starrer-maharshi-pre-release-event-2198732.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|date=2019-05-01|title=Details about Mahesh Babu's massive pre-release event of 'Maharshi' for his fans REVEALED!|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-details-about-mahesh-babu-s-massive-pre-release-event-of-maharshi-for-his-fans-revealed-2744752|access-date=2021-09-27|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028214830/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-details-about-mahesh-babu-s-massive-pre-release-event-of-maharshi-for-his-fans-revealed-2744752|url-status=live}}</ref> Vishnupriya said "I got a chance to perform in front of a huge crowd, and the who's who of the Telugu film industry were there. I could not meet the hero (Mahesh Babu), but he was sitting right there in the front row when I performed."<ref name=":2"/>

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Everest Anchuna"
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| India (''[[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi Top 20]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Telugu songs on Tamil Mirchi Top20 countdown.|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/more/telugu-top-20/|access-date=2019-04-29|website=[[Radio Mirchi]]|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008173526/https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/telugu-top-20/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|9
|-
! scope="row"| India (''[[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi Top 100]]'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Mirchi Top 100|url= http://www.radiomirchi.com/mirchi-top100/|access-date=2019-07-06|website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>
|31
|}

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].
{{div col}}
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]]{{spaced ndash}} composer
* [[Sri Mani]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Raju Sundaram]]{{spaced ndash}} choreographer
* Vikas Badisa{{spaced ndash}} keyboards
* Kalyan{{spaced ndash}} rhythm
* Kiran Kumar{{spaced ndash}} flute
* A. Uday Kumar{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer, programmer
{{div col end}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[67th National Film Awards|25 October 2021]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-national-film-awards-mahesh-babus-maharshi-and-nanis-jersey-win-big-at-the-award-ceremony/photostory/87262120.cms|title=67th National Film Awards: Mahesh Babu's 'Maharshi' and Nani's 'Jersey' win big at the award ceremony|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
|[[Raju Sundaram]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[20th Santosham Film Awards|14 November 2021]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Vishnupriya Ravi]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=t1cit5p1RcI|title=''Everest Anchuna'' (full video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=Uvj_bnAv_w4|title=''Everest Anchuna'' (lyrical version)}}

{{Devi Sri Prasad}}
[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

Starry Nights

2026-01-15T06:07:56Z

UDsportHD: added a post added tags

{{Other uses|Starry Night (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Starry Nights
| title_orig = Starry Nights
| translator =
| image = StarryNights.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Shobha De]]
| cover_artist = Sunil Sil (cover design), Gautam Rajadhyaksha (cover and author photographs)
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| release_date = 1991
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 234 pp
| isbn = 0-14-015456-6
| dewey= 823 20
| congress= PR9499.3.D4 S56 1991
| oclc= 27082797
| preceded_by = [[Socialite Evenings]]
| followed_by = [[Shooting From the Hip]]
}}

'''''Starry Nights''''' is [[Shobha De|Shobha De's]] second novel. It was a best seller in [[India]] and cemented its authors reputation as being a provocative and daring author. The novel's frank portrayal of the sexploitation and intrigue of [[Bollywood]] contributed to its success.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khare |first=Sheela Rani |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Contemporary_Indian_Writing_in_English/JQ7GmfyH6K8C?hl |title=Contemporary Indian Writing in English: Critical Perceptions |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-481-6 |editor-last=Chandra |editor-first=N. D. R. |pages=147–149 |language=en |chapter=Inner World of a Film Star: Shobha De's Starry Nights}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==

The protagonist of the book is Aasha Rani, a dark, chubby girl from [[Madras]] who has striven for seven years to become a famous Bollywood starlet. Her mother, Amma, has pushed her to attain this status by selling herself into the world of [[Amateur pornography|blue films]] before she was twelve years old, and when she was fifteen to Kishenbhai, a once-famous producer who was encouraged by Amma to take her as a lover in exchange for a film role. Kishenbhai, unable to secure a role for her any other way, finances a film with his own money after promoting her as the newest Bollywood starlet and having her sleep with the appropriate people to secure her attention and renaming her from Viji to Aasha Rani. He then proceeds to fall madly in love with her, who abandons him as she strives to get ahead in the [[filmi]] world, fully aware that she was just being used by him at first and is thus unable to return the affection of the older man.

She falls in love with Akshay Arora, a famous Bollywood sex symbol who stars in a string of hits with her. Amma, who had been living with her in Mumbai, was sent away to Madras by Aasha for objecting to Akshay beating her one day. Eventually Akshay gets bored with her and after his wife confronts her unsuccessfully about her affair with her husband, he reveals to ''Showbiz'' magazine that she was a former [[Pornographic film actor|pornographic actress]], and effectively has her blackballed from making further films. When she accosts him at a society party about this, he beats her. Sheth Amirchand, a Member of Parliament and the [[gangster]] that controls most of the Mumbai [[underworld]], then takes an interest in Aasha Rani and she becomes his lover and restarts her career under his protection. She then has an affair with Linda, a [[gossip columnist]] for ''Showbiz'' magazine and Abhijit Mehra, the son of an industrialist, who is about to be married. Linda advises her to go to the south and do an [[art film]], which she does, where she tries to seduce the director only to find that he is impotent. Her interest in her work declines as she continue to obsess over Akshay Arora. She confronts him at a [[traffic light]] as their cars are next to each other and their affair is rekindled for a short time. She attempts to get Akshay to marry her, but when it becomes apparent that his interest in her is only due to his flagging stardom and not out of affection for her, she attempts [[suicide]].

Her lesbian lover Linda, meanwhile, writes a juicy scoop on her suicide attempt. After she recovers she rekindles her affair with Abhijit Mehra, but Malini, Akshay's wife, reports this to his father and he has his weak-willed son Abhijit cut the affair off and sends Aasha to New Zealand with instructions to keep out of Abhijit's life. Aasha then retires to [[New Zealand]] and decided to leave the film business. She marries a New Zealander named Jamie Phillips (Jay) and has a child with him. Since Jay is not Indian and not in the film business, it occurs to her that she does not have to retire once she is married as is the custom in India. It is then revealed that Akshay has succumbed to [[AIDS]] as a result of his promiscuous lifestyle. Sudha Rani claims that Jay tried to seduce her and in revenge, Aasha Rani initiates an affair with Jojo, the producer of her next film.

Aasha Rani is forced out of the film industry by Jojo's wife, who sends ''goondahs'' to threaten her. She flies back to New Zealand and meets a man called Gopalakrishnan who she has sex with in the bathroom of the plane. She discovers that her husband is having an affair with her babysitter and they decide that their marriage is over. Her daughter, Sasha rejects her and begins to have her own identity crisis as a [[multiracial]] child. Aasha then meets a young lady named Shonali who she begins to spend a lot of time with. She is a London [[socialite]] and [[call girl]] and introduces Aasha to London [[Upper class|High Society]]. At a party, Aasha notices Gopalakrishnan, the man she had sex with on the flight to London. He turns out to be an arms dealer. She accosts him and later he has an [[assassination|assassin]] quartered at her house and threatens to have her daughter murdered if she tells. Shonali murders the assassin and ushers Aasha Rani out of the country.

Sudha Rani has meanwhile had a film financed by the mob and she begins to doctor the books instead of repaying her debts. The gangsters have her assaulted by some thugs and they set her on fire. Sudha Rani is badly burned and is forced out of the film industry, and Aasha reconciles with her. As Appa weakens, he reveals that he has kept position of a studio that Aasha can use to support herself by preparing her daughter, Sasha, to take her place as Bollywood's next starlet.

== Characters ==
* Aasha Rani, (Viji Iyengar), the [[South India]]n protagonist.
* Akshay Arora, a famous Bollywood heartthrob and libertine, Aasha's lover.
* Kishenbhai, has-been film producer, Aasha's jilted lover.
* Malini Arora, Akshay's wife.
* Shethji, (Sheth Amirchand), a Mumbai gangster and [[Indian Parliament|M. P.]]
* Amma, (Geetha Devi), Aasha's mother and [[madam]].
* Linda, a gossip columnist and Aasha's [[lesbian]] lover.
* Abhijit Mehra, son of an industrialist and Aasha's lover.
* Jamie (Jay) Phillips, Aasha's husband from New Zealand.
* Sudha Rani, Aasha's younger sister.
* Appa, Aasha's [[alcoholic]] father, a former [[Kollywood]] film producer.
* Jojo (Jitendra) Mehta, film producer and Aasha's lover.
* Gopalakrishnan, arms dealer and Aasha's lover.
* Shonali Leclerc, a socialite call-girl whom Aasha met in London.
* Sasha, Aasha's daughter.

==Release details==

*1991, India, Penguin, New Delhi {{ISBN|0-14-015456-6}}, Pub date ? ? 1991, paperback
*1995, India, Penguin, New Delhi ISBN ?, Pub date ? ? 1995, paperback (as part of ''The Shobha De Omnibus'')

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Novels by Shobhaa De]]
[[Category:Indian romance novels]]
[[Category:1991 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels about actors]]
[[Category:Novels about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Novels set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Novels about pornography]]
[[Category:Novels set in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Novels about Indian prostitution]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]

Diário de Noite

2025-12-13T17:07:15Z

UDsportHD: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Diário de Noite
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type =
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher =
| editor =
| president =
| chief_editor = [[Luís de Menezes]]
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| advertisingdirector =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{Start date|1919|12|01|df=yes}}
| political_position =
| language = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| ceased_publication = December 1967
| relaunched =
| headquarters = São Tomé, [[Panjim]], [[Portuguese India]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
}}

'''''Diário de Noite''''' (''Evening Diary'') was a [[Portuguese language]] daily newspaper published from [[Panjim]], [[Goa]]. The first issue was published on 1 December 1919. [[Luís de Menezes]] (1878-1938) was the founding editor of the newspaper.<ref name="a1">Das, Sisir Kumar. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA543 A History of Indian Literature. 2.]''. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1995. p. 543</ref> ''Diário de Noite'' had its offices in São Tomé, Panjim.<ref>Noronha, Frederick. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=11rRjnzhJQIC&pg=PA2 Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press]''. Panjim: Broadway Book Centre, 2008. p. 2</ref><ref>Vaz, J. Clement. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&pg=PA180 Profiles of Eminent Goans: Past and Present]''. New Delhi: Concept Publ. Co, 1997. p. 180</ref> It gained a wide Goan readership, and dealt with the events in the Indian mainland as well as Goan cultural issues.<ref name="a1"/>

''Diário de Noite'' continued publication after the annexation of Goa by India.<ref name="b2">Priolkar, Anant Kakba. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AbR99ym3E_EC Goa Re-Discovered]''. Bombay: [chief distributors: Bhatkal Books International], 1967. p. 70</ref> In the later period, it began carrying a page in English.<ref name="b2"/><ref name="c3">Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), and Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA603 Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies]''. Paris: Karthala, 2000. p. 603</ref> The newspaper was closed down in December 1967.<ref name="c3"/>

==References==
{{Portal|Journalism|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diario de Noite}}
[[Category:1919 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1919]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Goa]]