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Sunil filmography

2026-05-07T16:29:03Z

Twyla48W587323: started basic article needs work

{{short description|Filmography article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

[[File:Sunil Telugu Film Actor.jpg|thumb|Sunil]]
[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] is an Indian actor and comedian who predominantly works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films alongside few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. In his career of two decades, he has appeared in over 180 films.<ref name="hmtv">{{cite web |last1=Srikanth |first1=S |title=అందాల రాముడు సునీల్ కు పుట్టినరోజు జేజేలు! |trans-title=Birthday wishes to Andala Ramudu Sunil |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/tollywood-comedian-actor-sunil-birthday-special-40514 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230152404/https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/tollywood-comedian-actor-sunil-birthday-special-40514 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==As an actor==
{{Pending films key}}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Telugu films and roles
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !!class=unsortable scope="col"| Notes !!class=unsortable scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1998|| ''[[Pape Naa Pranam ]]'' || Waiter || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2000|| ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' || rowspan="2"|Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chirunavvutho]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2001|| ''[[Family Circus (film)|Family Circus]]'' || Gang Member ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Manasistha Raa]]'' || Cab driver ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'' || Giri ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'' || Venkatesh ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' || Banthi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2002|| ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]'' || Karri Seenu ||
|
|-
|''[[Premaku Swagatam]]'' || Tenali ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalusukovalani]]'' || Achi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aaduthu Paaduthu]]'' || Papi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]'' || Balu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' || Kranthi Kumar a. k. a. Seetayya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sreeram]]'' || Megaserial Mahadeva ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]'' || Johnny ||
|
|-
| ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || Balu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' || Seshagiri ||
|
|-
| ''[[Holi (2002 film)|Holi]]'' || Raja ||
|
|-
| ''[[Okato Number Kurraadu]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' || Pandu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pilisthe Palukutha]]'' || Ajay's friend ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' || Hotel Manager ||
|
|-
| ''[[Yuva Rathna]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thotti Gang]]'' || Sathi Babu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Premalo Pavani Kalyan]]'' || Arjun ||
|
|-
| ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' || Bunk Seenu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="20" | 2003 || ''[[Naaga]]'' || Ravi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]'' || Samba ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' || Exam Supervisor ||
|
|-
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || Mohan || Telugu version
|
|-
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' || Nela Baludu ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/guide/ottesicheputunna.html|title=Ottesi Cheputunna|work=Idlebrain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604110508/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/guide/ottesicheputunna.html|archive-date=4 June 2008}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]'' || Srinivas ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ninne Istapaddanu]]'' || Bangaru Babu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]'' || Mahesh's sidekick ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vasantham]]'' || Ramesh ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' || Chari ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dongodu]]'' || Justice Chowdhary ||
|
|-
| ''[[Simhachalam (film)|Simhachalam]]'' || Raju ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]'' || Bala Raju ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' || Boost ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ela Cheppanu]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Toli Choopulone]]'' || White and White Simhachalam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu]]'' || Ganesh ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nenu Pelliki Ready]]'' || Rajesh ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]'' || Kapali a. k. a. Kapil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neeke Manasichaanu]]'' || Sattibabu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="23" | 2004 || ''[[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|Lakshmi Narasimha]]'' || Raj ||
|
|-
| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || Jagan "The Gun" ||
|
|-
| ''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]'' || Thief ||
|
|-
| ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]''|| Dharma ||
|
|-
| ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]''|| "Panchatantram" Seenu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' || Padmanabham a. k. a. Paddu ||
|
|-
| ''Mee Intikoste Em Istaaru Maa Intikoste Em Testaru'' || Teja ||
|
|-
| ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' || Seenu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nenunnanu]]'' || Tip Sundaram ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kushi Kushiga]]'' || Server Prakash ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu]]'' || Satish ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pedababu]]'' || Bapineedu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aarya (2004 film)|Aarya]]'' || Ticket Collector "Punch" Falaknama ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naani]]'' || Vishwanath a. k. a. X ||
|
|-
| ''[[Koduku]]'' || Balasubramanyam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]'' || Chef ||
|
|-
| ''[[Donga Dongadi]]'' || Rockfort Chandu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' || Sathyam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' || Prabhu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' || Gopi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aaptudu]]'' || Venkat ||
|
|-
| ''[[Suryam]]'' || Gaali Seenu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]'' || Aditya a. k. a. Adi ||
|
|-
| rowspan="22" | 2005 || ''[[Balu ABCDEFG]]'' || Shankar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || Banda ||
|
|-
| ''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' || Lakshmana Rao ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sravanamasam]]'' || Kanchu Babu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sada Mee Sevalo]]'' || Bunty ||
|
|-
| ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]'' || Venkat ||
|
|-
| ''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]'' || Chandram's sidekick ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Errababu]]'' || Erra Babu's sidekick ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hungama (2005 film)|Hungama]]'' || Balaraju ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' || Bullabbayi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' || Veerendra's nephew ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Oorilo]]'' || Seenu's servant ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]'' || Sudarshan's assistant ||
|
|-
| ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]'' || Journalist ||
|
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]'' || Ramana ||
|
|-
| ''[[Andhrudu]]'' || Thief ||
|
|-
| ''[[Allari Bullodu]]'' || Bobby ||
|
|-
| ''[[Political Rowdy]]'' || Rohit ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]'' || Nanda ||
|
|-
| ''[[Modati Cinema]]'' || Sri ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]'' || Subbarao ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || Dhanushkoti ||
|
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2006 || ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Suresh ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' || Puppy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sarada Saradaga]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Sivakasi]]'' || Kiran Kumar || Telugu version
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' || Ramana Sastry ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]'' || Pournami's elder brother || 100th film
|
|-
| ''[[Kithakithalu]]'' || Sathi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Amrithadhare|Amrutha Varsham]]'' || || Telugu version
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/amrutha-varsham-preview-telugu-movie-8523|title=Amrutha Varsham Preview|work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Game (2006 film)|Game]]'' || Kulkarni ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || Sathi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' || Ramu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Stalin's younger brother ||
|
|-
| ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gopi - Goda Meeda Pilli]]'' || Resort Manager Karunanidhi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pellaina Kothalo]]'' || Chalapathi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' || Mohan Reddy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' || Raju ||
|
|-
| rowspan="21" | 2007 || ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]'' || Ramu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pagale Vennela]]'' || Waiter ||
|
|-
| ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]'' || Athili Sathibabu's brother ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' || Kathi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]'' || Baddu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' || Srinu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' || Vicky's brother-in-law ||
|
|-
| ''[[Raju Bhai]]'' || Singer ||
|-
| ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' || Dubai Seenu's cousin ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bahumati]]'' || Lawyer ||
|
|-
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' || Kumar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' || rowspan="2"| Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thiru Ranga|Julayi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pellaindi Kaani]]'' || Subramaniam a. k. a. Subbu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]'' || Amrita's fiancé ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhajantrilu]]'' || ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-bhajantrilu.html|title=Muhurat - Bhajantrilu|date=2 July 2007|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nava Vasantham]]'' || Vijay ||
|
|-
| ''[[Godava]]'' || Train Ticket Collector ||
|
|-
| ''Navvule Navvulu'' || Police officer ||
|
|-
| rowspan="26" | 2008 || ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pourudu]]'' || Samyukta's prospective groom ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Swagatam]]'' || Sunil Honda ||
|
|-
| ''[[Krishnarjuna]]'' || Arjun's sidekick ||
|
|-
| ''[[Andamaina Manasulo]]'' || Tushar's friend || ||
|-
| ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]'' || Subbu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Idi Sangathi]]'' || Neeladri ||
|
|-
| ''[[Premabhishekam (2008 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' || Sunil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jalsa]]'' || Bunk Seenu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Dongalu]]'' || Taxi Driver ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalidasu]]'' || Basha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Michael Madana Kamaraju]]'' || Kamaraju||
|
|-
| ''[[Parugu]]'' || Krishna's sidekick ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kantri]]'' || Rajni Haasan ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' || Sathi a. k. a. Tokyo Johnny ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pandurangadu]]'' || Narasimha Sastry ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' || Janaki ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' || Instant Investor ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Shanmugam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Baladoor]]'' || Seenu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Adivishnu]]'' || Subbarao || ||
|-
| ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' || Pendurthi Babu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' || Sunil Bachchan ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]'' || Kishore ||
|
|-
| ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' || Sarath ||
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2009|| ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' || Krish's sidekick ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rechipo]]'' || Siva's friend ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aa Okkadu]]'' || Chandra ||
|
|-
| ''[[Raju Maharaju]]'' || Arjun ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu]]'' || News TV Ghajinikanth ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]'' || Advocate ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || Abhishek ||
|
|-
| ''[[Magadheera]]'' || Harsha's friend ||
|
|-
| ''[[Inbaa|Neelo Naalo]]'' || Lover || Telugu version
|
|-
| ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' || Bujji || 150th film
|
|-
| ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || Indu's uncle ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Niranjan]]'' || Chanti Babu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pravarakhyudu]]'' || Ravi ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010|| ''[[Om Shanti (film)|Om Shanti]]'' || Ranadhir ||
|
|-
| ''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]'' || Kumar||
|
|-
| ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]'' || Sarath ||
|
|-
| ''[[Varudu]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' || Kovelamudi Ramu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Khaleja]]'' || Babji ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011|| ''[[Mirapakay]]'' || Charukesha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju]]'' || Appalaraju ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dongala Mutha]]'' || Richard ||
|
|-
|| 2012|| ''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' || Ranga ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013|| ''[[Mr. Pellikoduku]]'' || Buchi Babu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tadakha]]'' || Sivarama Krishna ||
|
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]'' || Rambabu||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016|| ''[[Krishnashtami]]'' || Krishna ||
|
|-
| ''[[Eedu Gold Ehe]]'' || Bangarraju ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jakkanna]]'' || Jakkana / Ganesh||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]'' || Ram Babu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2017|title=Comedian-actor Sunil's next film titled Ungarala Rambabu. See first look poster|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/comedian-actor-sunils-next-film-titled-ungarala-rambabu-see-first-look-poster-4509189/|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323182139/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/comedian-actor-sunils-next-film-titled-ungarala-rambabu-see-first-look-poster-4509189/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|2 Countries]]'' || Ullaas Kumar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018 || ''[[Silly Fellows]]'' || Soori ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' || Neelambari ||
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Bobby ||
|
|-
| ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || Chatur Ramalingam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Operation 2019]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in the song "Life is Like a Party"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' || Michael "Mike" ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'' || Seenu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' || Sitaram ||
|
|-
| ''[[Disco Raja]]'' || Utham Kumar / Antony Das ||
|
|-
|''[[Colour Photo]]''
| [[Inspector]] Rama Raju
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2020-08-11|title='Colour Photo', the story of a 'below average' guy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/incidents-in-sai-rajeshs-life-inspired-colour-photo/article32325431.ece|access-date=2020-09-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813090338/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/incidents-in-sai-rajeshs-life-inspired-colour-photo/article32325431.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
| ''Jai Sena'' || Devadas || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/srikanths-jai-sena-teaser-is-out-592088|title=Srikanth's 'Jai Sena' Teaser Is Out|first=Ravali|last=Hymavati|date=23 December 2019|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanabadutaledu]]''
| Detective Rama Krishna
|
|
|-
|''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]''
| Actor
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Heads and Tales (film)|Heads and Tales]]'' || God || Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/heads-tales-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Heads and Tales – Telugu film on Zee 5|date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2021 film)|''Pushpaka Vimanam'']]
|Rangam
|
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|Mangalam Srinu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telugu|first=TV9|date=2020-10-11|title=సుక్కు సినిమాలో సునీల్, ఆయన రికమండేషన్ - Sunil In Pushpa Movie|url=https://tv9telugu.com/trivikram-recommends-sunil-for-pushpa-movie-327583.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=TV9 Telugu|language=en-US|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126083922/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/trivikram-recommends-sunil-for-pushpa-movie-327583.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="18" |2022|| ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
| Prisoner
| Special appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak"
|
|-
|''[[Son of India (2022 film)|Son of India]]''
| News reporter
|
|
|-
|[[F3 (film)|''F3'']]
|Katthi Seenu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-01-19|title=F3: Fun has no Holidays|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/f3-fun-has-no-holidays-667490|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306091335/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/f3-fun-has-no-holidays-667490|archive-date=6 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-07|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chor Bazaar (film)|''Chor Bazaar'']]
| Home Mister of Telangana
|
|
|-
| ''[[Darja (film)|Darja]]'' || ACP Paidipati Shiva Shankar||
|
|-
| ''[[Thank You (2022 film)|Thank You]]''
|Himself
| Special appearance in the "Farewell Song"
|
|-
| ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
|Koti
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2022 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|Chakri
|
|
|-
|''[[Wanted Pandugod]]''
|Pandugadu
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/wanted-pandugod-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Wanted PanduGod Telugu Movie Review | date=19 August 2022 | access-date=25 August 2022 | archive-date=25 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104236/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/wanted-pandugod-telugu-movie-review.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Geetha''
| Saradhi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| TC Varadhi
|
|
|-
|''[[Bujji Ila Raa]]''
|CI Mohammad Khayyam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ginna (film)|Ginna]]''
| NRI groom
| Special appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Mukhachitram (Telugu film)|Mukhachitram]]''
| Dr. Neeladri Varma
|
|
|-
|''Cheppalani Undhi''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]''
| Sree's uncle
|
|
|-
| ''[[Veerapandiyapuram|Sivudu]]''
|
|Only dubbed version released
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKMQeBLvRi0|title=SIVUDU (2022) New Released Hindi Dubbed Movie | Aadhi Pinisetty & Nikki Galrani | South Movie 2022|date=21 December 2022|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[S5 No Exit]]''
| Suleman Khan
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/s5-no-exit-telugu-movie-review.html | title=S5 No Exit Telugu Movie Review | date=30 December 2022 | access-date=31 January 2023 | archive-date=31 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131094712/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/s5-no-exit-telugu-movie-review.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
|''[[Valentines Night]]''
| Krishnamohan
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. King]]''
|Driver
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/superstar-krishna-launches-sharan-kumars-mr-kiing-first-look-151318|title=Superstar Krishna Launches Sharan Kumar's Mr Kiing First Look|date=20 February 2022|website=Sakshi Post|access-date=28 June 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628122131/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/superstar-krishna-launches-sharan-kumars-mr-kiing-first-look-151318|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]''
|Monikonda
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu Telugu Movie Review |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403054201/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/organic-mama-hybrid-alludu-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|Abbai Raju
|
|
|-
|[[Bhuvana Vijayam (film)|''Bhuvana Vijayam'']]
| ‘Feelings Star’ Preetham Kumar
|
|
|-
|''[[Katha Venuka Katha]]''
| Satya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nenu Student Sir]]''
|Techie
|
|
|-
|''[[Maya Petika]]''
| Narayana
|
|
|-
| ''[[Slum Dog Husband]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slum_dog_husband|title=Slum Dog Husband | Rotten Tomatoes|website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2024 || ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'' || Dokka Lenin Babu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Noted comedian to play key roles in NTR 30 and SSMB 28 |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/noted-comedian-to-play-key-roles-in-ntr-30-and-ssmb-28.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529140138/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/noted-comedian-to-play-key-roles-in-ntr-30-and-ssmb-28.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bootcut Balaraju]]'' || P. K. || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bootcut Balaraju - Official Trailer {{!}} Telugu Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/bootcut-balaraju-official-trailer/videoshow/105896475.cms |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vey Dharuvey]]'' || Banu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-07 |title=Vey Dharuvey trailer: Sai Raam Shankar plays a happy-go-lucky slacker in his comeback vehicle |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/07/vey-dharuvey-trailer-sai-raam-shankar-plays-a-happy-go-lucky-slacker-in-his-comeback-vehicle |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]'' || Killer Nani || ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994665402/Sunil-Takes-On-KILLER-NANI-Role-in-Horror-Sequel | title=Sunil Takes on KILLER NANI Role in Horror Sequel | website=India Herald |access-date=17 January 2024 | archive-date=6 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106073317/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994665402/Sunil-Takes-On-KILLER-NANI-Role-in-Horror-Sequel | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paarijatha Parvam]]''|| Bar Seenu || ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/parijatha-parvam/ET00393918 |title=Parijatha Parvam on Book My Show|website=bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Harom Hara]]'' || Palani Swamy || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/harom-hara/movie-review/110995507.cms|title=Harom Hara Movie Review : Sudheer Babu shines in a violent period drama|work=The Times of India|access-date=2024-06-16|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614145056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/harom-hara/movie-review/110995507.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]''
|Michael
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-30 |title=Mathu Vadalara 2's teaser promises another wild ride of snarky humour, eccentric crime and new-age energy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/30/mathu-vadalara-2s-teaser-promises-another-wild-ride-of-snarky-humour-eccentric-crime-and-new-age-energy |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Swag (film)|''Swag'']]
|Vasudeva
|
|
|-
|''[[Mechanic Rocky]]''
|Ranki Reddy
|
|
|-
|[[Zebra (film)|''Zebra'']]
|Madhan Gupta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' || Mangalam Srinu || ||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pushpa-The Rule: Here's when the sequel will go on floors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-the-rule-heres-when-the-sequel-will-go-on-floors/articleshow/88434299.cms|access-date=2022-02-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210071005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-the-rule-heres-when-the-sequel-will-go-on-floors/articleshow/88434299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'' || Side Satyam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-26 |title='Jaragandi' from Game Changer to be unveiled tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/26/jaragandi-from-game-changer-to-be-unveiled-tomorrow |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramam Raghavam]]'' || Naidu || ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcKWhgdonrc |title=Ramam Raghavam Teaser Telugu {{!}} Latest Telugu Teaser {{!}} Samuthirakhani {{!}} Dhanraj Koranani |date=2024-04-26 |last=Slate Pencil Stories |access-date=2024-11-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mad Square]]'' || Maxx || ||<ref>{{cite web | title=Mad Square review: A wacky fun sequel, but lacks the magic of Mad | date=28 March 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mad-square-review-a-wacky-fun-sequel-lacks-the-magic-of-mad-2700727-2025-03-28 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]'' || Subbanna || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-24 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu bad CG scenes to be chopped in new cut: reports |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/24/hari-hara-veera-mallu-bad-cg-scenes-to-be-chopped-in-new-cut-reports |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
|Sudharshan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi Review: Partly fun, partly familier |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-review-partly-fun-partly-familier |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=13 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi: Here's why the OTT release date is getting delayed time and again |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-heres-why-the-ott-release-date-is-getting-delayed-time-and-again/d4e07bdfb5248 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
|Satyamurthy
|
|<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-review-this-sharwanand-starrer-is-directed-by-ram-abbaraju/article70512190.ece</ref>
|-
|''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]'' || Prasad || ||<ref name="D">https://deadline.com/2025/10/dacoit-love-story-release-date-pushed-adivi-sesh-injury-1236598042/</ref>
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of other language films and roles
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable scope="col"| Notes !! class=unsortable scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' || || rowspan=6 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Uncredited role ||<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Madrasi full movie|publisher=Raj Movies|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=8 October 2024|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjLg2r6XbcM|time=53:55 to 54:00. 1.21.03 to 1.25.00}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thiru Ranga]]'' || Sunil || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' || Paramu || ||
|-
| ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' || Blast Mohan || ||
|-
| ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || Ekambaram || ||
|-
| ''[[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]'' || Sridhar || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 January 2023|title=Japan movie|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/japan/movieshow/95526644.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' || Auto Billa || [[Malayalam]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-12-22 |title=Aju Varghese's Phoenix is streaming on this OTT platform |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Dec/22/aju-vargheses-phoenix-is-streaming-on-this-ott-platform-50618.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hrashwo Deergha'' || || [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || ||<ref>{{Citation |last=Pant |first=Chandra |title=Hrashwo Deergha |date=2024-11-15 |type=Action, Comedy, Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33058210/?ref_=ext_shr |access-date=2024-10-16 |others=Sunil, Mohammad Ali, Pradeep Singh Rawat |publisher=Neeta Films}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Max (2024 film)|Max]]'' || Ganesh || [[Kannada]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-02-17 |title=Sudeep's Max premieres on ZEE5 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/17/sudeeps-max-premieres-on-zee5 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' || Baby Tyson || rowspan="4" | Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-04 |title='Good Bad Ugly' trailer: Ajith Kumar's actioner is replete with the actor's yesteryear film references |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/good-bad-ugly-trailer-ajith-kumars-actioner-is-replete-with-the-actors-yesteryear-film-references/article69414063.ece |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Indra (2025 film)|Indra]]''
|Abhimanyu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=Vasanth Ravi's Indra with Mehreen Pirzada gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/26/vasanth-ravis-indra-with-mehreen-pirzada-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Revolver Rita]]'' || Dracula Bobby || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Revolver Rita' movie review: Keerthy Suresh, Radikaa's dark comedy becomes an endurance test |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/revolver-rita-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-radikaas-dark-comedy-becomes-an-endurance-test/article70333722.ece |access-date=2025-11-28|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2026 || ''[[Pookie (film)|Pookie]]'' || Vikas Vibes swamiji || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Sunil joins the cast of Ajay Dhishan's Pookie, produced by Vijay Antony |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/04/sunil-joins-the-cast-of-ajay-dhishans-pookie-produced-by-vijay-antony |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]'' || Prasad || [[Hindi]]|| || <ref name="D"/>
|-
| {{Pending film| [[Jana Nayagan]]}} || {{TableTBA}} || Tamil || ||<ref>https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/music/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-vijay-release-date-feb-2026-knot4ki4</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Kattalan]]}} || {{TableTBA}} || [[Malayalam]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-17 |title='Majako Mallika' out: 'Pushpa' actor Sunil impresses with dance moves; 'Kattalan' song gets mixed reactions online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/majako-mallika-out-pushpa-actor-sunil-impresses-with-dance-moves-kattalan-song-gets-mixed-reactions-online/articleshow/128369278.cms |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

==As a voice actor==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Actor
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Snehithudu]]''
|[[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]]
|Silencer
|Telugu dubbed version
|-
|''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi|OKOK]]''
|[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|Partha
|Telugu dubbed version
|-
|2023 || ''[[Changure Bangaru Raja]]'' || [[German Shepherd]] || Veerabobbili ||
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]'' || Himself || [[Star Maa]] || Guest appearance
|-
| 2025 || ''[[AIR: All India Rankers]]'' || Varadhi || [[ETV Win]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-06-29 |title=AIR (All India Rankers) trailer: three students rebel against high-pressure atmosphere of coaching institutes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/29/air-all-india-rankers-trailer-three-students-rebel-against-high-pressure-atmosphere-of-coaching-institutes |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Lavangi Mirchi

2026-05-07T03:58:17Z

Twyla48W587323: started new details...

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lavangi Mirchi ZM.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Ruchi Films
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|05|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|13|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 135
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''
}}

'''''Lavangi Mirchi''''' ({{translation|Chili Pepper}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It premiered from 13 February 2023 along with ''[[Yashoda - Goshta Shyamchya Aaichi]]'' in the afternoon slot under the segment Aapli Dupar, Zee Marathi Dupar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laagira Zala Ji fame Shivani Baokar makes her television comeback with 'Lavangi Mirchi' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/laagira-zala-ji-fame-shivani-baokar-makes-her-television-comeback-with-lavangi-mirchi/articleshow/97051443.cms|access-date=2023-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007121000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/laagira-zala-ji-fame-shivani-baokar-makes-her-television-comeback-with-lavangi-mirchi/articleshow/97051443.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It starred [[Shivani Baokar]] and Tanmay Jakka in lead roles. It is produced under the banner of ''Ruchi Films''. It is an official remake of Telugu TV series ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=“I want 'Lavangi Mirchi' to succeed like Laagira Jhala Ji,” says actress Shivani Baokar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-want-lavangi-mirchi-to-succeed-like-laagira-jhala-ji-says-actress-shivani-baokar/articleshow/97972343.cms|access-date=2023-02-16|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007121001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-want-lavangi-mirchi-to-succeed-like-laagira-jhala-ji-says-actress-shivani-baokar/articleshow/97972343.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An inspirational journey of Asmi, a strong and independent girl, who looks the devil in the eye and rises to meet every challenge to protect her family and her loved ones.<ref>{{Cite web|title='लवंगी मिरची' मालिकेत अस्मी गोपीनाथला धडा शिकवणार?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/will-asmi-teach-a-lesson-to-gopinath-in-lavangi-mirchi-series-a603/|access-date=2023-02-21|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511173203/https://www.lokmat.com/television/will-asmi-teach-a-lesson-to-gopinath-in-lavangi-mirchi-series-a603/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 2 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=शितलीची तिसरीही मालिका ठरली फ्लॉप; आता ‘लवंगी मिरची’ लवकरच घेणार प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shivani-baokar-lavangi-mirchi-marathi-serial-will-be-going-off-air-pps-98-3799129/|access-date=2023-07-18|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* 14 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title='अप्पी आमची कलेक्टर' ते 'लवंगी मिरची'; मराठी मालिकांमध्ये रंगणार वटपौर्णिमा विशेष भाग|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-vatpurnima-special-episode-aired-in-marathi-serials-appi-aamchi-collector-nava-gadi-nava-rajya-lavangi-mirchi-1180183|access-date=2023-05-30|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829150346/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-vatpurnima-special-episode-aired-in-marathi-serials-appi-aamchi-collector-nava-gadi-nava-rajya-lavangi-mirchi-1180183|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shivani Baokar]] as Asmita Gopinath Patil (Asmee)
* Tanmay Jakka as Nishant Mahipat Jadhav<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavangi Mirchi Actor Tanmay Jakka On Making TV Debut: Was Nervous To Work On The Shooting Set But Co-Actors Helped Me To Overcome My Stress - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/lavangi-mirchi-actor-tanmay-jakka-on-making-tv-debut-was-nervous-to-work-on-the-shooting-set-but-co-actors-helped-me-to-overcome-my-stress/photostory/99433352.cms |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
* Shruja Prabhudesai as Radha Gopinath Patil (Akka)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shruja Prabhudesai is happy to be a part of Lavangi Mirchi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shruja-prabhudesai-is-happy-to-be-a-part-of-lavangi-mirchi/articleshow/98392516.cms|access-date=2023-03-03|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007121020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shruja-prabhudesai-is-happy-to-be-a-part-of-lavangi-mirchi/articleshow/98392516.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Mithila Patil as Archana Gopinath Patil
* Prerna Khedekar as Manava Gopinath Patil (Munnu)
* Dnyanesh Wadekar as Gopinath Patil
* Atharva Tambe as Vicky Gopinath Patil
* [[Pari Telang]] as Yamini Gopinath Patil
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Nirmala Mahipat Jadhav<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi Actress Samidha Guru To Play Negative Role In This Upcoming Serial|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marathi-actress-samidha-guru-to-play-negative-role-in-this-upcoming-serial-7058941.html|access-date=2023-02-11|website=[[News18]]|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212142939/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/marathi-actress-samidha-guru-to-play-negative-role-in-this-upcoming-serial-7058941.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Rahul Vaidya as Mahipat Jadhav
* Krushna Rajshekhar as Mugdha Mahipat Jadhav
* Rajesh Uke as Jagannath
* Shardul Apte as Soham
* Tejas Mahajan as Mohit
* [[Tushar Ghadigaonkar]] as Tambada
* Ankit Mhatre as Pandhara
* Vaishnavi Karmarkar as Purva
* Bhairavi Kulkarni as Shanta
* Deepti Lele as Tanaya
* Sushil Inamdar as Yashwant

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/lavangi-mirchi/0-6-4z5295223 ''Lavangi Mirchi''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Bhishm-class tugboat

2026-05-06T13:56:37Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}{{italic title|string=Bhishm}}

{{Short description|Indian naval class of tugboats}}
{{Infobox ship 
| infobox_caption = 
| display_title = 
| sclass = 
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Bhishm'' class
| builders = [[Titagarh Rail Systems|Titagarh Shipyard]]
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before =
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_planned =
| total_ships_on_order = 6
| total_ships_building = 4
| total_ships_completed = 3
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 2
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = General Pourpose[[Tugboat]]
| displacement =
| tonnage =
| length =
| beam =
| draught =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed =
| range =
| complement =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
The '''''Bhishm'' class''' of [[tugboat]]s are a series of six {{Convert|25|t|LT|abbr=on}} [[bollard pull]] tugboats being built by [[Titagarh Rail Systems|Titagarh Shipyard]] near [[Kolkata]], for the [[Indian Navy]].

==History==
The contract for the construction of 6 {{Convert|25|t|LT|abbr=on}} [[bollard pull]] [[Tugboat Spence|tugboats]] was signed on 12 November 2021 by [[Titagarh Rail Systems|Titagarh Shipyard]] and the [[Indian Navy]] (IN) at {{INRConvert|169.5|c|lk=on|year=2021}}. The tugboat features a high indigenous content. Secondary roles of the tugboat also includes providing firefighting services to ships at harbour and limited [[search and rescue]] operations while at anchor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Keel Laying of First and Second 25t Bollard Pull Tugs |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1871464 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The presence of tugs will support IN's operational responsibilities by making it easier for [[List of active Indian Navy ships|naval vessels and submarines]] to berth and unberth, turn, and manoeuvre in restricted waters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=LAUNCH OF 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG, ASHVA (YARD 337) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2061609 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=forceindia |date=2024-03-17 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems Launches Second 25T Bollard Pull Tug for Indian Navy - |url=https://forceindia.net/titagarh-rail-systems-launches-second-25t-bollard-pull-tug-for-indian-navy/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Ships in the class==
{| class="wikitable"
!Ship name
! Yard number ||Keel laying||Launch date|| Induction date || Home port
|-
|INS ''Bhishm''
| 335 || rowspan="2" | 27 October 2022<ref name=":0" />|| 14 January 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=LAUNCH OF 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG, BHISHM AT M/s TITAGARH RAIL SYSTEMS LTD, KOLKATA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1996014 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>|| ||
|-
|INS ''Bahubali''
| 336 ||12 March 2024<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=LAUNCH AND KEEL LAYING OF 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG BAHUBALI AND YUVAN AT M/s TITAGARH RAIL SYSTEMS LIMITED, KOLKATA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2013865 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> || ||
|-
|INS ''Ashva''
| 337 || 3 March 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keel Laid for Third of Six New Indian Navy 25T Bollard Pull Tugs |url=https://seawaves.com/keel-laid-for-third-of-six-new-indian-navy-25t-bollard-pull-tugs/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=SeaWaves Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>||3 October 2024<ref name=":1" /> || ||
|-
|INS ''Yuvan''
| 338 || 12 March 2024<ref name=":2" />|| || 26 March 2025<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=INDUCTION OF FOURTH 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG YUVAN (YARD 338) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2110906 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>|| rowspan="2" |[[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
|INS ''Ojas''
| 339|| || 2 April 2025<ref name=":3222">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=LAUNCHING OF FIFTH 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG OJAS (YARD 339) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2117821 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>|| 27 June 2025<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=INDUCTION OF FIFTH 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG OJAS (YARD 339) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2140497 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
|INS ''Sabal''
| 340|| || 27 May 2025<ref name=":32222">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=LAUNCHING OF SIXTH 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG SABAL (YARD 340) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2131982 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>|| ||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships#Tugboats|Tugboats of the Indian Navy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Tugs of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Auxiliary tugboat classes]]
[[Category:Titagarh Rail Systems]]

Ananth Babu

2026-05-06T11:28:37Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananth Babu
| birth_name = Punyamurthula Anant
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_place = [[Injaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="interview">{{cite web|title=TORI Live Show with Comedian Ananth Babu by RJ Mama Mahesh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7RHnZL48SI|website=youtube.com| date=13 July 2012 |publisher=తెలుగు వన్|accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, comedian
| relatives = [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] (brother) [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] (brother)
| yearsactive =
}}
''' Punyamurthula Anant''', known by his [[stage name]] '''Ananth Babu''' (or simply '''Ananth'''), is an Indian actor and comedian, known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is the brother of noted comedians [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] and [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/district/tollywood-actor-ananth-interview-with-sakshi-306787|title=రాజబాబు తమ్ముడిగా పుట్టడం ... | Tollywood actor Ananth interview with sakshi | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Ananth Babu acted in more than 380 films. Below are his selected filmography.
{{expand list|date= March 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|1989
|''Paila Pachessu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1990 || ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nagastram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Balachandrudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Puttinti Pattu Cheera'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Alludugaru]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991
| ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Kulamma Gunamma''
|
|
|-
|[[Rowdy Gaari Pellam|''Rowdy Gari Pellam'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 || ''[[Aapadbandhavudu]]'' ||
|
|-
|[[Teja (film)|''Teja'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Babai Hotel]]''
|Thief
|
|-
|''Prema Drohi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Valu Jada Tolu Beltu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swati Kiranam]]'' || Ananth
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993
|''[[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]''
|
|
|-
|''Konguchaatu Krishnudu''
|
|
|-
|''Paruvu Prathishta''
|
|
|-
|''Asale Pellaina Vaani''
|
|
|-
|''[[Akka Pettanam Chelleli Kapuram|Akka Pethanam Chelleli Kapuram]] ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1994 || ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Allarodu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Neram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maa Voori Maaraju]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Parugo Parugu]]'' || Kittigadu / Pingala ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1995
|''[[Ghatothkachudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pokiri Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''Real Hero''
|
|
|-
|''Desa Drohulu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sisindri]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1996 || ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' ||
|
|-
|[[Deyyam (1996 film)|''Deyyam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Maa Aavida Collector]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1997 || ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Priyaragalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Super Heroes''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]'' || Director
|
|-
|''Priyamaina Srivaru''
|
|
|-
|''[[Priya O Priya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' || Ananth
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1998 || ''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Choodalani Vundi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Auto Driver]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Love Story 1999]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pandaga]]''
|
|
|-
|''Allari Prema''
|
|
|-
|''[[Daddy Daddy]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 ||''[[Swayamvaram (1999 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
|Vasu
|
|-
|[[Swapna Lokam|''Swapnalokam'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Seenu (1999 film)|Seenu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]''
|Newcomer to the City
|
|-
|''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2001 || ''[[Family Circus (film)|Family Circus]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ramma Chilakamma]]'' || Police Inspector
|
|-
|[[Raa (film)|''Raa'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]'' || Priya's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Repallelo Radha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Student No: 1]]'' || Samba Sivam's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Subbu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || ''[[Kalusukovalani]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vachina Vaadu Suryudu]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vvs.html|title=Combining art with a cause|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184750/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vvs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manmadhudu]]''|| Subba Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2003 || ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Dhanush (film)|Dhanush]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-dhanush.html|title=Weak script|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=Idlebrain.com|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|accessdate=Sep 1, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''[[Tapana (film)|Tapana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' || Lawyer Annayya ||
|-
| ''[[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shiva Shankar]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Suryam]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|''[[Naa Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Athadu]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Priest ||
|-
|''[[Allare Allari]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Deepavali (2008 film)|Deepavali]]''
|Cellphone salesman
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' || Hotel Receptionist ||
|-
| ''Vengamamba'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Subhapradam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Khaleja]]'' || Ananth
|
|-
| ''[[Adhurs]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Julai]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam]]'' ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/svvfilmnews.html|title=Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam first schedule completed|date=19 February 2012|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014 || ''[[Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || Store worker ||
|-
| ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || Nandi's neighbour ||
|-
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || Guest in Pallavi's wedding
|
|-
| ''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongata]]'' || Hotel Manager
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Eedu Gold Ehe]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[Ami Thumi]]'' || Sarva Mangala Sastry "SMS"
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''|| Car Broker
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' || Priest
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''|| Priest
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Deyyam (2021 film)|Deyyam]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || Colony member
|
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' || Seetharamaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Anukoni Prayanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]'' || Broker
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|Priest
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2024 film)| Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]''
|Dr. Genius
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Oka Brundavanam]]''
|Vikram’s manager
|
|-
|''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''[[Premante]]''
|Sundaram Broker
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|Vishnu’s alliance’s father
|
|-
|''[[Papam Prathap]]''
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.maastars.com/anant-babu-p/ MaaStars.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pxJe35H7xY Comedian Ananth Babu Exclusive Interview]
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Ananth}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Jasmine in Karnataka

2026-05-05T23:45:27Z

Twyla48W587323: Made basic pg nd citations.

{{Short description|Overview of the flower in the Indian state}}
{{redirect|Mysore mallige|the book by K. S. Narasimhaswamy named after the flower|Mysooru Mallige|the Kannada film|Mysore Mallige (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Mysore jasmine
| image =File:Jasmine0001.JPG
| image_size =
| align = left
| alt = Mysore Jasmine (''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'')
| caption = Mysore Mallige (''[[Jasminum trifoloiatum]]'')
| alternative names = Mysore Mallige
| description = 
| type = [[Jasminum grandiflorum]]
| area = [[Mysore]] district
| country = India
| registered = 2005
| material =
| official website = http://ipindia.nic.in
}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Udupi jasmine
| image =File:Jasminum multiflorum 0002.jpg|
| image_size =
| alt = Udupi Jasmine (''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'')
| caption = Udupi Mallige (''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'')
| alternative names = Udupi Mallige
| description = 
| type = [[Jasminum sambac]]
| area = [[udupi]] district
| country = India
| registered = 2005
| material =
| official website = http://ipindia.nic.in
}}


Jasmine is considered the queen of flowers and is called the "Belle of India" or the "Queen of fragrance" as it is exquisitely scented to soothe and refresh. In different parts of India it is called by different names—[[Jasminum sambac|Mogra]], [[Motia]], [[Chameli (flower)|Chameli]], Malli puvvu, Jaati, Mulla, Mallige, Juhi, Mogra or Moonlight in the grove. It is reported that there are 300 varieties of jasmine. It is also stated that jasmine crossed the seas—from [[Asia]] to [[Europe]], landing first along the [[Mediterranean Sea]], conquering [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]], reaching [[Western Europe]] through [[Spain]], then [[France]] and [[Italy]] and finally landing in [[England]] in the latter part of the 17th century. (By the 18th century, jasmine scented gloves became popular in [[Great Britain|Britain]]).

Several species of [[jasmine]] are grown in [[Karnataka]]. Mysore Mallige [[Botanical name]]: ''[[Jasminum trifoliatum]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) of the family [[Oleaceae]] is the most popular among the three varieties of [[Jasmine]] [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Karnataka]]; the other two varieties are ''Hadagali Mallige'' (''Jasminum azoricum'' [[Martin Vahl (botanist)|Vahl]]) and ''[[Bhatkal]] Mallige'' and ''[[Udupi]] Mallige'' (''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[William Aiton|Aiton]]).<ref>Information brochure on the three varieties of mallige (jasmine) distributed by Karnataka State Horticulture department for the benefit of farmers</ref> Famed worldwide for their fragrance, all the three flower varieties have been patented and registered under Intellectual Property Right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/02/unique-southern-flowers-patented.html|title=Mysore, Bhatkal, Udupi, Hadagali Mallige flowers patented|work=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Mysore Mallige (''Jasminum sambac'')==

([[Kannada]]: {{lang|kn|ಮೈಸೂರು ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ}} This is the most well-known variety, which derives its name since it is grown mostly around [[Mysore city]] and partly in [[Srirangapatna]] taluk in [[Mandya district]] in Karnataka state. The Jasmine's association with the city of Mysore, the royal city of palaces, patronized by the [[Wodeyar]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], because its fragrance is as powerful as the famous [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festival held every year in the city during October.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/mysore-udupi-hadagali-mallige-flowers-patented_10011080.html|title=Mysore, Udupi, Hadagali Mallige flowers patented|work=Thaindian News|access-date=21 July 2008|archive-date=23 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723152034/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/mysore-udupi-hadagali-mallige-flowers-patented_10011080.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mallige grows in profusion in the open areas either in exclusive farmland, in front or at the backyard of houses.

Mysore Mallige, mostly grown in and around Mysore city is a viable crop for small farmers. Farmers reap two crops of this seasonal flower. Apart from the local market, the flower is in demand in parts of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].

===Botanical description===
The plant is a scandent, {{convert|2|to|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height, branchless terete, or slightly compressed sometimes hollow, sparsely pubescent, leaves alternate, trifoliately compound; {{convert|1|-|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, petiole is about {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and it has small channel running in the middle, leaf blade ovate to ellipse, 4-8x2-3.5 cm thick, dark green in colour and nerves slightly raised beneath. Cymes, terminal, 1 to 5 flowered bracts subulate, 4–8 mm. Flowers are very fragrant. Pedicel {{convert|0.3|-|2|cm|in|abbr=on}}. [[Calyx (botany)|Calyx]] glabrous or sparsely pubescent; lobes 8-9 linear, 5–7 mm. Corolla tube is slightly pinkish, {{convert|1.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long petals pure white, lobes oblong to sub orbicular, 5–9 mm broad,. Berry is purple black, globose, about {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter.

The sandy loam soil with comparatively high pH prevailing in the region (Mysore and surrounding areas) makes a congenial ground for growing this crop. The dry and warm weather with low humidity is good for the crop. Flowering starts during March–April and continues up to June–July, April –May being the peak season

The essential oil content in the flowers ranges from 0.24 to 0.42 per cent.<ref name=autogenerated1>Jasmine http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/Home%20page.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527192757/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/Home%20page.htm |date=27 May 2010 }}</ref>

===Principal Aromatic constituents===

The principal aromatic components are Indol, Jasmone, Benzyl Acetate, Benzyl Benzoate, Methyl Anthranilate, Linalool & Geraniol. Its modern-day applications are in perfumery, [[cosmetics]], [[Incense]], Aroma Therapy and [[Ayurveda]]. It is also used externally to soothe dry and sensitive skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incensum.in/Jasmine.aspx |title=Jasmine |access-date=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227124316/http://www.incensum.in/Jasmine.aspx |archive-date=27 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Hadagali Mallige ([[Jasminum azoricum]])==

[[Hoovina Hadagali|Hadagali]] Mallige is known for its rich fragrance and shelf life. Locally known as "Vasane Mallige", (fragrant Jasmine), it is grown mainly in Hoovina Hadagali(Hadagali Flowers)
(Especially in the regions of Thippapura, Thimlapur, Honnur Village, Now Formers Going Towards Other economy jowar, paddy, sugarcane) and surrounding areas in [[Vijayanagara district]] of Karnataka.

Espically during the period of the King Sri Krishnadevaraya the jasmine flowers were sent to [[Hampi]] (A UNESCO World Heritage site) through [[Tungabhadra River]] for the worship of lord Virupaksheshwara (the main deity of [[Vijayanagara Kingdom]]) from the jasmine farmers of Hadagali.

===Botanical description===
Plant is small shrub with little scandent nature. Leaves are simple, thick, margin folded upside, slightly pubescent. Flowers are borne in axillary chymes. Flower with long corolla tube around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Petals 7, spreading, white in colour.

The sandy red soil prevailing in this region is ideal for cultivation of Hadgali Mallige. The dry weather and good water supply also adds to the congenial environment for the cultivation of this crop. It is propagated mainly through cuttings. Planted directly in the months of July–August on the onset of monsoon. The flowering season spreads up to six months.

Flowers are highly scented and possess good essential oil recovery (0.24 to 0.42%). The flowers are used for extraction of essential oil.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== Udupi Mallige ([[Jasminum sambac]]) ==
[[File:Udupi Mallige.JPG|thumb|right|Bhatkal Mallige (''Jasminum sambac'')]]

The cultivation of Bhatkal Mallige is of relatively recent origin. Cultivation of this variety of jasmine started in Bhatkal and then Shankarapura in Udupi district about 100 years ago.

It is found extensively in [[Udupi]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Uttara Kannada]], and has been found more economically viable among all the three varieties. The flower is in high demand in places such as Mumbai, besides the coastal region.

===Botanical description===
Plant is a small and bushy with leaves of light green with yellowish shade, 5-7x2.5-3.5 cm, nerves slightly raised beneath, acute at both ends, entire, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in cymose inflorescence and borne in the axils and also terminal. Calyx 6, petals 6–8, bracteate. Fruits are small, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter.

The laterite soil condition of the region, high humidity and heavy rainfall (more than {{convert|2500|-|3000|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}} per annum) makes area suitable for growing this crop. Propagation is mainly by cuttings. Planting is done in the month August–September.

== Uses ==
[[File:Chennai jasmine vendor.jpg|thumb|right|A street vendor sells jasmine garlands in [[Chennai]], [[India]]]]

The flowers are used for garlands, especially at weddings and other auspicious occasions and for making garlands for worship of temples deities. Jasmine is widely cultivated for their flowers, enjoyed in the garden, as house plants, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia.They are exported and thus highly remunerative to the farmers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025456/http://mangalorevideos.com/news.php?newsid=73873&newstype=local Jasmine to dazzle Europe with her fragrance]</ref>
Its medician uses are as anti depressant, anti septic, anti Spasmodic, Aphrodisiac, Sedativeand Uterine.Jasmine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-27|title=Jasmine|url=http://www.incensum.in/Jasmine.aspx|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227124316/http://www.incensum.in/Jasmine.aspx|archive-date=27 February 2009}}</ref>

=== Scent industry ===

Jasmine of the family Oleaceae constitutes a group of plants, which are commercially grown for their fragrant flowers and essential oil production. Jasmine oil is said to blend with every floral scent and hence extensively used as an important perfumery item throughout the world. Indole is one of the constituent of perfumery importance present in buds. It is highly volatile. Fully opened, freshly collected flowers during early morning hours are used for extraction. On an average, the essential oil recovery ranges from 0.24 to 0.42% and the concrete yield is about {{convert|22|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per hectare. Further on processing the concrete yields absolute to the extent of about 50% of the concrete production.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

It is one of the key scents in some of the most celebrated perfumes in the world viz., the [[Chanel No. 5]], created by the legendary Coco Chanel and the famous "Joy" perfume, created by the French designer [[Jean Patou]]. A single ounce, still known as the 'costliest perfume in the world", contains 10,600 jasmine flowers.

In scent industry the two main varieties used are the Jasminum grandiflorum and Jasminum sambac.
.<ref>Jasmine Series: part 1~ genus, varieties and production https://perfumeshrine.blogspot.com/2007/05/jasmine-series-part-1-genus-varieties.html</ref>

=== Export promotion and development ===

Jasmine is part of [[floriculture]] or flower farming, which is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising the floral industry. The development plant breeding of new varieties is a major occupation of floriculturists. Floriculture crops include bedding plants, flowering plants, foliage plants or houseplants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. As distinguished from nursery crops, floriculture crops are generally herbaceous. Bedding and garden plants consist of young flowering plants (annuals and perennials) and vegetable plants. Flowers are mainly for export and this business is growing in the world at around 6-10 per cent per annum. [[India]]’s share in the international market for these flowers is still negligible. However, Karnataka is in the limelight for floriculture right from the 18th century and is now the leader in floriculture, accounting for 75% of India's total flower production. The state has the highest area under modern cut flowers, and 40 flower growing and exporting units. The country's first and only flower auction centre is located in Karnataka. As per statistics for the year 2003–04, out of a total area of {{convert|18182|ha|acre|abbr=on}} under commercial flower crops, jasmine (the three varieties) accounts for 3,451 ha (about 19%) and the average yield of flowers is reported to be 6 tons/ha with a total production of 20,244 tons.<ref>[http://www.isec.ac.in/FLORICULTURE.pdf Research Report: IX/ADRT/105] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221145112/http://www.isec.ac.in/FLORICULTURE.pdf |date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>

The floriculture fair is organized every year at [[Aalsmeer]], which is [[Netherlands]]' flower district (attracts flower growers with their flowers, from all parts of the globe). Karnataka government is reported to be deputing a team of growers of Udupi Mallige, Hadagali Mallige and Mysore Mallige flower to the Netherlands to attend the international floricultural meet. The department's strategy is to create a platform at the fair where women (three from each region) would string the flowers, thereby attracting the attention of the foreign visitors'. The act of deftly stringing jasmines flowers is an art which has been mastered by women growers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.onlinepuneflorist.com/simple-blog |title=India Flower news |access-date=2016-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061555/http://www.onlinepuneflorist.com/simple-blog |archive-date=2016-11-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-14|title=Mangalorean.Com- Serving Mangaloreans Around The World!|url=http://mangalorevideos.com/news.php?newsid=73873&newstype=local|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025456/http://mangalorevideos.com/news.php?newsid=73873&newstype=local|archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Jasmine absolute ===
Absolute is the solvent extracted product of Jasmine. It is rendered through the process explained by [[Mandy Aftel]], quoted below. The solvent extracts are supplied from the Jasmine extraction units located in South India where several thousand acres of Jasmine farms exist in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.<ref>Jasmine Series: part 2 ~the role of jasmine in perfumery, https://perfumeshrine.blogspot.com/2007/05/jasmine-series-part-1-genus-varieties.html</ref>

== Geographical Indication (GI) ==
A [[Geographical Indication]] or a GI is the protection given to a reputable product, either man-made or natural, if the applicant can conclusively prove that the unique character, reputation of the product is attributable to a specific quality attributable to only the geographical region where the product is produced and which may not be replicated to the same standard in any other region. As the French and the [[Scottish people]] would swear both these types of liquors are highly unique in their taste; the uniqueness being attributable to the soil, climate, cultivating practices of their respective geographical regions. The logic of protecting them as a GI is quite similar (but not same) to that of a trademark with the important distinction that GI protection is a community right i.e. it is given to all manufacturers/producers of a product in a certain designated area if their products meet the certifications standards laid down by a collective society. To get a GI protection reputation has to be proved before registration. GI is defined both in the TRIPS & in the Indian ‘The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999'.<ref name=autogenerated2>`Mysore mallige' may soon be adorned with GI tag http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/09/stories/2006110918020200.htm</ref>

The state of Karnataka, claimed the GI protection based on the special qualities of the Mallige flowers (jasmines) particular to the region – the "Mysore Mallige", the "Udupi Mallige" and "Hadagali Mallige"- as they fully met the criteria laid down under the Act. The criteria considered were the following.

*'''Unique quality''' – The unique factor is that the volatile oil (essential oil) content is comparatively lower in this variety.
*'''Attribution:''' The dry sandy soil prevailing in the region around Hadagali taluk is responsible for the particular aroma of this flower, while the dry climate (low/sparse rainfall) adds to the favourable environment for the crop.
*'''Reputation:''' The flower is in high demand in places such as Mumbai, besides the coastal region. It has an export potential as it is in demand in West Asia.

An expert committee headed by the Controller-General of Patents, Design and Trade Marks attached to the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India, who also act as the Registrar of GI approved the GI patent to the three flowers, varieties of jasmine, in September 2007. An entry to the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] provides exclusive rights to the local community to cultivate the crop for 10 years. With this GI tag or patent nobody outside this specific geographical region will be allowed to sell under the same name. Besides the community ownership of the crop, the Horticulture Department offers technical assistance, brand development and market assistance to the growers of the crop registered under GI.<ref>The Biological Diversity Act https://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2007_10_01_archive.html</ref> With the GI tag the bond between Mysore city and the Mallige (jasmine) flower has now grown stronger.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

<blockquote>
“Flowers are placed on racks in a hermetically sealed container. A liquid solvent, usually hexane, is circulated over the flowers to dissolve the essential oils. This produces a solid waxy paste called a “concrete”. The concrete is then repeatedly treated with pure alcohol (ethanol) which dissolves the wax and yields the highly aromatic liquid known as an absolute. This method is also used for extracting resins and balsams and for rendering the animal essences, such as civet, musk, ambergris and castoreum”.
(source: Mandy Aftel, Essence and Alchemy".
</blockquote>

== Poems and films ==
{{Main|Mysooru Mallige}}
The Jasmine flower with the name tag '[[Mysore Mallige]]' has been extolled over the past century by poets, novelists and theatre artist of Karnataka. The Late [[K S Narasimhaswamy]], well known as ''Mallige Kavi'' (poet), immortalized the name "Mysore Mallige". His poetry collection [[Mysooru Mallige]] (1942) is considered one of the best literary works in the Kannada language and has seen 27 reprints.

This collection of poems has inspired the movie made by [[T.S. Nagabharana]] and also a musical play by Kalagangothri "Mysooru Mallige". He has adopted popular singers [[P. Kalinga Rao]], Mysore Ananthaswamy and [[C. Ashwath]] who have popularised poems of Narasimhaswamy both in the movies and the theatre.

==See also==
* [[Jasmine]]
* [[Mysore Mallige (film)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Mandy Aftel]], ''Essence and Alchemy: A Natural History of Perfume'', Gibbs Smith, 2001, {{ISBN|1-58685-702-9}}

== External links ==
{{wikispecies-inline|Jasminum}}
*{{wiktionary-inline|Jasminum}}
*{{ITIS |id=32964 |taxon=Jasminum L. |accessdate=3 June 2008}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum
| title = Flora Europaea Search Results
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| work = [[Flora Europaea]]
| publisher = [[Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh]]
}}
*{{cite journal
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771
| title = ''Jasminum'' Linn.
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| journal = Flora of Pakistan
| page = 12
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=1950
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121206033019/http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=1950
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2012-12-06
| title = ''Jasminum'' L. record n° 1950
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| work = African Plants Database
| publisher = [[Natural History Museum of Geneva|South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève]] and Tela Botanica
}}
*{{PLANTS
| taxon = Jasminum
| symbol = JASMI
| accessdate = 2008-06-03
}}
*{{Cite book|title=The World in So Many Words|url=https://archive.org/details/worldinsomanywor00metc|url-access=registration|first=Allan A.|last=Metcalf|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1999|isbn=0-395-95920-9}}

[[Category:Jasminum|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Flora of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]

Parikrama

2026-04-28T17:11:39Z

Twyla48W587323: starting the data w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Religious practice}}
{{About|the religious practice|the band|Parikrama (band)}}
[[File:Pradaksina.jpg|thumb|360px|Buddhist monks performing Pradakshina ritual at [[Borobudur]], Central Java, Indonesia]]

'''Parikrama''' or '''Pradakshina''' is clockwise [[circumambulation]] of sacred entities, and the path along which this is performed, as practiced in the [[Indian religions|Indic religions]] – [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref name=ds2002/><ref name=gitlitz113>{{cite book|author1=Linda Kay Davidson|author2=David Martin Gitlitz|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA113|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|page=113}}</ref><ref name="Bowker"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Cort | first=John | title=Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=New York Oxford | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-19-979664-9 | page=176}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech| title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, UK | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 | page=439}}</ref> In Buddhism, it refers only to the path along which this is performed.<ref name="Bowker"/>
In Indic religions, the parikrama is typically done after completion of traditional worship ([[puja (disambiguation)|puja]]) and after [[Darśana|paying homage to the deity]]. Parikrama must be done with [[dhyāna (disambiguation)|dhyāna]] (spiritual contemplation and meditation).
[[File:Plan of Kandariya Mahadeva temple.jpg|thumb|360px|Clockwise parikrama inside a temple (red).]]
[[File:Parikrama.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Parikrama at the temple.]]
In Hinduism, parikrama of religious deities in a temple, sacred rivers, sacred hills and a close cluster of temples as a symbol of prayer is an integral part of [[Worship in Hinduism|Hindu worship]].<ref name="Bowker"/><ref name =hindu_net>http://www.hindunet.org/faq/fom-serv/cache/31.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115073235/http://www.hindunet.org/faq/fom-serv/cache/31.html |date=2017-01-15 }} Why do we perform Pradakshina or Parikrama?</ref><ref name="hindu">http://www.hinduism.co.za/kaabaa.htm Kaaba a Hindu Temple?Hindus invariably circumambulate around their deities</ref> [[Hindu temple architecture]] include various Pradakshina paths.<ref name=hin1/> There could a parikrama path surrounding the chief deity and several other broader paths concentric to the main path, although it is not uncommon to find non-concentric parikrama paths. At times the outermost parikrama path covers the whole village, town, city, thereby implying that the length of the path can stretch.<ref name =hindu_net/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526023645/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=May 26, 2012
|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary
|publisher=indoarch.org
|access-date=2007-01-10
}}</ref> {{anchor | Agniprikarma |Agni prikarma |Agni Prikarma}}Parikrama is also done around the sacred [[Ficus religiosa|Peepal tree]], [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulsi]] (Indian basil plant), and [[agni]] (sacred fire or the fire God),<ref name= concept>http://www.kamat.com/indica/culture/sub-cultures/pradakshina.htm The Concept of Pradaksina</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/darbhasayanam/page9.htm |title=Darbashayanam |access-date=2008-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001450/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/darbhasayanam/page9.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and agni parikrama, known as [[Mangal phera]], is a part of the [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony.

In Sikhism, the term is used in an architectural manner to refer to a circumambulatory terrace around a ''[[Temple tank|sarovar]]'' (temple-tank), such as the one found in the [[Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]].<ref name=":13a24">{{Cite book |author=Singh |first=Parkash |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date= |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=8173803498 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=III: M-R |location=Patiala |pages=239–240 |oclc=}}</ref>

==Etymology ==

''Parikrama'' means "the path surrounding something" in [[Sanskrit]], and is also known as '''Pradakshina''' ("to the right"), representing [[circumambulation]].<ref name="Bowker">{{cite book | last=Bowker | first=John | title=The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1999 | location=New York | isbn=0-19-866242-4 | page=224 }}</ref> Both words are mostly used in the context of religious practice of circumambulation of sacred entities.<ref name="Bowker"/><ref name=hindu_net/><ref name="hindu"/>

Parikrama is defined as ''"Circumbulatory or pathway around the shrine of the temples by keeping time is a common form of prayer in India. It includes Narmada, Shetrunjaya, Girnar. This pathway made of stone around the shrine is called Pradakshina path."''<ref name=hin1>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120526023645/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent — glossary]}}</ref>

==Important pilgrimage circuits of indic-faiths ==
{{anchor | Circuit | National circuit | National prikarma | Rashtriya parikarma}}


See [[Yatra#Circuit|yatra circuits]].

== Practices of Indian-origin religions ==

=== Buddhist practice ===

[[File:StupaCircumDevotees.jpg|thumb|right|[[Buddhist]] [[monks]] and devotees circumambulating a [[stupa]].]]
[[File:Labrang03.jpg|thumb|upright|Pradakhshina round a stupa in China.]]

In Buddhism circumambulation or pradakhshina has been an important ritual since early times. Sacred structures such as [[stupa]] or images have a pradakhshina path around them. The [[chaitya]] is a distinct ancient type of building that only survives in [[Indian rock-cut architecture]], a hall with a stupa at the far end, always built with a rounded [[apse]]-like end, to allow pradakhshina.<ref>Michell, George, ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', p. 66, 1989, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}</ref> A mandapa (prayer hall), added in the front transforms the original stupa into the stupa shrine — as a sacred entity which requires a circumambulatory path around it for the purpose of worship. The whole structure is planned in such a way that it becomes the centre of the mandala and symbolically represents [[Mount Meru]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Chitkara | first=M. G. | title=Tibet, a reality | publisher=APH | year=1994 | isbn=978-81-7024-639-8 | pages=37–45}}</ref>

Within [[Pure Land Buddhism]], circumambulation became closely associated with [[Nianfo|nenbutsu]] practice, especially in intensive retreat settings. Practitioners commonly circumambulate a statue or image of [[Amitābha]] Buddha while continuously reciting his name, thereby uniting physical movement, vocalization, and mental focus on rebirth in the Pure Land. This form of practice is systematized in the Tiantai tradition by [[Zhiyi]] (538–597) in his formulation of the constantly walking samādhi, one of the four samādhi types described in the ''[[Mohe Zhiguan|Mohe zhiguan]]''. In this samādhi, practitioners circumambulate an image of Amitābha for an extended period, traditionally ninety days, without sitting or lying down, while maintaining uninterrupted mindfulness of the Buddha. Through this disciplined and sustained circumambulation, the practitioner aims to stabilize concentration, purify karmic obscurations, and cultivate direct contemplative engagement with the Buddha as the object of practice.

Buddhist faithful may perform pradakhshina by [[prostration|prostrating]] themselves at every step, thus greatly prolonging the process. The most extreme pradakhshina is that of the sacred [[Mount Kailash]] in [[Tibet]], a [[Mount Kailash#Pilgrimage|mountain trek]] some 52 km (32 mi) long, at altitudes between 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and 18,200 ft (5,500 m). This may also be undertaken by Hindus and Jains, and some pilgrims progress by prostration, taking some weeks.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

===Hindu practices===

====Significance and symbolism of parikrama ====

The temple structure reflects the symbolism of the Hindu association of the spiritual transition from daily life to spiritual perfection as a journey through stages. Parikrama paths are present through which worshipers move in a clockwise direction, starting at the sanctuary doorway and moving inward toward the [[sanctum sanctorum|inner sanctum]] where the deity is enshrined. This represents translation of the spiritual concept of transition through levels in life into bodily movements by the worshipers as they move inwardly through ambulatory halls to the most sacred centre of spiritual energy of the deity.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Michell
| first =George
| title =The Hindu Temple
| publisher =University of Chicago Press
| year =1988
| location =Chicago, Illinois
| isbn = 0-226-53230-5
| page = 66 }}</ref>

====Number of Pradakshinas for various deities ====
For each deity, the minimum number of Pradakshinas to be done are specified.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

::*'''Ganesha: 1 or 3'''
::*'''Hanuman: 3'''
::*'''Shiva: half or 3'''
::*'''Vishnu: 3 or 4'''
::*'''Ayyappa: 5'''
::*'''Subrahmanya (Kartikeya): 6'''
::*'''Durga, Devi: 1, 4 or 9'''
::*'''Peepal Tree: 7'''
::*'''Surya : 2 or 7'''

The Swayambhu Agama says that doing Pradakshina 21 times to any deity is sanctified.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

====Shayana Pradakshinam====

'''Shayana Pradakshinam''' is done by [[prostration]] in a lying posture. It starts with a Sashtanga Namaskara in front of the sanctum sanctorum. In Sashtanga Namaskara, the devotees have six parts of their bodies touching the ground. Thus forehead, chest, stomach, hands, knees and toes touch the ground. The folded hands will be directed always towards the deity. In this pose, the devotees circumambulate on the Pradakshina path. The relatives and friends of the devotees help them to roll around.

====Shaivite Pradakshinam====

In '''Shiva''' temples, the devotees start the Pradakshina as usual from the front and go clockwise until they reach the ''gomukhi'' (the outlet for [[abhisheka]] water) from the Sanctum Sanctorum. As usual the clockwise perambulation is maintained outside of the Bali stones. The drainage outlet for the ritual ablution offered on the Shiva Linga with water, milk, curd, coconut water, ghee, ashes ('''bhasma''') etc. is not to be crossed. So the worshippers have to return in anti-clockwise direction until they reach the other side of the drainage outlet to complete the circle. During this anti-clockwise perambulation, the devotee should tread a path inside of the Bali stones. The Bali stones are always to be kept the right side of the devotees. After reaching the drainage outlet, they have to return to the front in the clockwise direction keeping the path outside the Bali stones. Thus one Pradakshina is completed.

A legend related to goddess [[Parvati]] (Shiva's wife) and her two sons illustrates the importance of Pradakshina or Parikrama. It is said that the goddess asked her two sons to circumambulate the universe to gain worldly knowledge. While her first son [[Kartikeya]]n spent decades to go round the world on his peacock, her second son [[Ganesha]] walked a full circle around his mother and justified his action by stating that the World was contained within the figure of the mother. This legend justifies the importance that Hindus attach to the practice of Parikrama, and also the importance of motherhood in Hindu psychology. Another version of the same story replaces the figure of Parvati with Shiva himself.<ref name = concept/>

=== Comparison with non-Indic religions ===

Like Parikrama in Hinduism, Muslims perform circumambulation around [[Kaaba]] during their [[Hajj]] which they call [[tawaf]].<ref>World Faiths, teach yourself – Islam by Ruqaiyyah Maqsood. {{ISBN|0-340-60901-X}} page 76</ref> The circumambulation during Hajj is done in a counterclockwise manner.<ref>{{cite book | last=Morgan | first=Diane | title=Essential Islam a comprehensive guide to belief and practice | url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg | url-access=registration | publisher=Praeger | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-313-36025-1 | page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/84 84]}}</ref> In contrast, Hindu, Buddhist as well as Jain traditions circumambulate a shrine or sacred site clockwise.<ref name=ds2002>{{cite book|author=Deepak Sanan|year=2002|title=Exploring Kinnaur in the Trans-Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-8173871313|page=234}}</ref><ref name=gitlitz113/> The only exception is during paying last respects to a dead body during a cremation or event marking a funeral, where the traditional circumambulation in Indian religions is counter-clockwise.<ref name=gitlitz113/>

==Sites==
{{anchor | Site | Sites | Location | Locations }}

===Hindu locations===


==== Ayodhya's Lord Rama parikramas ====

In the temple city of [[Ayodhya]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India, there are following 5 Parikramas all of which commence by bathing in the holy [[Sarayu River]] first and by performing [[wikt:संकल्प|sankalpa]] ritual of moral oath and the pilgrimage ends at the same place at the Sarayu by releasing this sankalpa oath. Parikramas connect the [[Hindu cosmology|three-tier Hindu cosmology]], namely the outer-most macro ([[Hindu cosmology#Brahmanda (cosmic egg)|Mandala]]), the middle-one meso ([[Kshetram|Kshetra]]), and micro ([[Oikonyms in Western and South Asia#Pur, Purī|Puri]] the [[garbhagriha]] inner sanctum), via the shrines en route. Parikramas, each forming an irregular circular loop, are listed in the order of increasing length from the innermost to the outermost:<ref name=aypr1>Singh, Rana P.B.; Kumar, Sarvesh, and Rana, Pravin S. (2021), [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ayodhya-Pilgrimage-Routes-The-Chaudahakroshi-Parikrama-route-links-over-thirty-six_fig3_319987855 Holy-Heritage cities and Pilgrimage Tourism in Purvanchal, India: Perspective, Prospects, and Sustainability. South Asian Affairs], ISSN 1349-8851, The Center for South Asian Studies, Gifu Women’s University, Gifu, Japan, Vol. 18: pp. 47-72.</ref>

* '''Antargrihi Parikrama''' (Sanctum Sanctorum Circumambulation): of the inner sanctum sanctorum of the Ram Mandir - the birthplace of Lord Rama.<ref name=aypr1/>
* '''Ramkot ki Parikrama''' (Rama Birthplace Temple Circumambulation): around the Rama Birthplace temple complex.<ref name=aypr1/>
* '''Ayodhya Panchakoshi Parikrama''' (5 [[Kos (unit)|Kos]] Circumambulation) - nearly 15 km: cover 30 most sacred places related to the birthplace of Lord Rama which can be completed within six hours,<ref name=aypr1/> through traditionally it is performed over a two-day period. Over two hundred thousand devotees including around 50 thousand [[sadhus]] from [[Allahabad|Prayag]] ([[Allahabad]]), [[Haridwar]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Varanasi|Kashi]] ([[Varanasi]]) participate in the parikrama, and full security arrangements are made for the religious occasion.<ref>[http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/44855/National/1/20/1 Ayodhya]</ref>
* '''Ayodhya Chaudahakoshi Parikrama''' (14 Kos Circumambulation) - nearly 42 km: from birthplace (Ramakot) to death-place (Guptar Ghat) linking 36 sacred places related to the life experience of Lord Rama.<ref name=aypr1/>
* '''Ayodhya Chaurasikoshi Parikrama''' (84 Kos Circumambulation) - over 275 km: the oldest and the longest route linked with 148 sacred places and 84 lakh (8.4 million) [[yoni]]s.<ref name=aypr1/> The circumambulation path has been notified as the National Highway [[National Highway 227B (India)|NH-227B]], upgraded at the cost of INR3,350 crore to the 45-meter wide, 4-lane, paved-shoulder with flood lights and pilgrim facilities along the way passing through 5 districts of [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]], [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]] connecting temples, [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirthas]], [[ashram]]s, [[pond|kundas]], [[ghat]]s, etc.<ref name=pavedh1>[https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/up-ayodhya-84-kosi-parikrama-marg-budget-released-275-km-route-divided-in-6-parts-201744768595968.html अयोध्या में रामजन्मभूमि पर भव्य राममंदिर निर्माण के बीच रामनगरी अयोध्या के इर्द-गिर्द से गुजरने वाली 84 कोसी परिक्रमा मार्ग को राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग घोषित कर फोर लेन सड़क का निर्माण कराया जा रहा है।], Live Hindustan, 16 Apr 2025.</ref>

====Braj's Lord Krishna parikramas====
[[File:Govardhan Temple.JPG|thumb|Govardhan Temple starting point of Govardhan Parikrama.]]
[[File:Shahadin 001.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] lifting the [[Govardhana hill]].]]
[[File:Navadwipa Mandala Parikrama 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Parikrama by [[ISKCON]] devotees.]]

Braj or Vraj area has several parikramas:

* '''Braj Chaurasi Kos Parikrama''' (84 Kos Yatra), 252 km long: most extensive parikrama in the Braj covering 12 forests (vanas), 24 gardens, 20 kunds (ponds), and villages like Barsana, Nandgaon, Gokul, and Baldeo, along with Mathura and Vrindavan cities and takes several days to complete.<ref>[https://mathura.nic.in/brij-parikrama/ "BRIJ PARIKRAMA."], District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh, accessed 3 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://brajyatri.com/post/spiritual-yatra-of-braj-devotional-journey "Braj Parikrama: The Spiritual Yatra of Braj - A Journey of Devotion."], Braj Yatri, 26 Nov 2023.</ref><ref>[https://vrindavantoday.in/administration-to-develop-nine-main-parikramas-in-braj/ "Administration to develop nine main Parikramas in Braj." Vrindavan Today, 17 Jan 2023.]</ref> Since 500 years [[Vraja]] Mandala Parikrama has been performed during October–November months. It is 84 Krosh long, taking 1–2 months depending on the route and speed visits twelve forests, known as ''vans'', and twenty-four groves, known as ''upavans''. The twelve forests are [[Madhuvan]], Talavan, Kumudvan, Bahulavan, Kamavan, Khadiravan, Vrindavan, Bhadravan, Bhandiravan, Belvan, Lohavan, and Mahavan. The twenty-four groves are Gokul, Govardhan, Barsana, Nandagram, Sanket, Paramadra, Aring, Sessai, Mat, Uchagram, Kelvan, Sri Kund, Gandharvavan, Parsoli, Bilchhu, Bacchavan, Adibadri, Karahla, Ajnokh, Pisaya, [[Kokilavan]], Dadhigram, Kotvan, and Raval.
* '''Mathura Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Mathura city), 15 km: covers sacred sites like Vishram Ghat, Kankali Devi Temple, Bhuteshwar Mahadev, Rangeshwar Mahadev, and Saraswati Kund.<ref name="BRIJ PARIKRAMA.">[https://mathura.nic.in/brij-parikrama/ "BRIJ PARIKRAMA."], District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh, accessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref>
* '''Vrindavan Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Vrindavan city), 10–15 km: connects many temples, ghats, and sacred spots associated with Radha and Krishna's pastimes, such as Banke Bihari Mandir, Madan Mohan Mandir, Keshi Ghat, and Imli Tala.<ref>[https://mathura.nic.in/brij-parikrama/. "BRIJ PARIKRAMA."], District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh, acsessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref><ref>[https://vrindavanonline.in/guide/vrindavan-parikrama. "Vrindavan Parikrama, Six Goswamis of Vrindavan, Parikrama Path."], Vrindavan Online, accessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref> Vrindavan Parikrama is a spiritual walk undertaken by devotees around [[Vrindavan]] town in Uttar Pradesh. It has no particular start or end place. As long as one ends at the same place one starts, the purpose is served. One possible path is to start from the famous ISKCON temple, covers a distance of {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}in about three hours. It is generally done on Ekadasi (eleventh lunar day of the [[waxing]] and [[waning]] of [[Moon]]). The route followed is from Keshi ghat with purification, walk close to the [[Krishna]] [[Balarama]] Temple, the Krishna-Balarama tree, Gautam Rishi's Ashrama (located on the left while on the right is [[Varaha]] Ghata), the Kaliya Ghata, Madana Mohana Temple with red sandstone tower, small wooden bridge, to Imli Tala, the Imli Tala tree, Sringara Vata (on the right), the Kesi Ghat (one of the famous Monuments in Vrindavan), the Tekari Rani temple, the Jagannatha temple and the small temple of Lord [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and in the final stretch cross the Mathura-Vrindavan road. After crossing this road, after another 1 km walking, reach the starting point of the Parikrama. During the Parikrama, one chants the mantras ([[Jap]]) within, uses body power (Tap) to accomplish the Parikrama and keeps a fast (not eat anything) ([[Vrata]]) until the Parikrama is completed.<ref name="Of Vrindavan">[http://www.radhavallabh.com/blog/parikrama-of-vrindavan/Parikrama Of Vrindavan]</ref>
* '''Govardhan Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Govardhan town and hill), 21 km (7 kos): commemorates Lord Krishna lifting the Govardhan Hill to protect the residents of Braj from [[Indra]]'s wrath. There is also a shorter "Chhoti 3-kosi Parikrama" of about 7–9 km.<ref>[https://mathura.nic.in/brij-parikrama/. "BRIJ PARIKRAMA."], District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh, accessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref><ref>[https://bolokrishna.com/govardhan-parbat/. "Govardhan Parbat: The Sacred Hill of Krishna's Divine Leela."], Bolokrishna, accessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref> [[Govardhan hill]] which has great religious significance in view of its association with [[Lord Krishna]], presently at its highest point is just {{convert|25|m|adj=on}} high and is a wide hill near [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] [[Vrindavan]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a narrow sandstone hill known as Giriraj which is about {{convert|8|km|0}} in length.<ref name = "giri_raj">http://www.girirajji.com/goverdhan-parikrama.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516230423/http://www.girirajji.com/goverdhan-parikrama.html |date=2008-05-16 }} Goverdhan Parikrama, Govardhan Parvat Parikrama, Govardhan Hill Parikrama, Parikrama of Goverdhan, Parikrama of Govardhan Parvat, Parikrama of Govardhan Hill</ref> After Krishna protected the inhabitants of Vraj Vridavan from the wrath of [[Indra]], he counseled them to worship [[Govardhana hill]] and they did by way of a Puja (worship) and a Parikrama (circumambulation) around the hill. Thus, a festival in commemoration of the lifting of Mount Govardhan, near [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], by [[Krishna]] came into vogue as 'Govardhan Puja' when Mount Govardhan is worshipped, the day after [[Deepawali]] (festival of lights) is celebrated. Pious people keep awake the whole night and cook 56 (or 108) different types of food for the bhog (the offering of food to God) to Krishna. This ceremony is called 'ankut' or 'annakuta' which means a mountain of food. Various types of food – cereals, pulses, fruit, vegetables, chutneys, pickles, and salads – are offered to the Deity and then distributed as 'prasada' to devotees. Thousands of devotees bring offerings for Giriraj. Followed by this pooja, the devotees perform the Govardhana Parikrama.<ref name = "giri_raj"/> Govardana Parikrama [circumambulation — going {{convert|21|km}} around the hill] is a sacred ritual performed by many believers as spiritual purification. There is no time limit for performing this Parikrama, but for those who perform the ''dandavata'' (full prostration) Parikrama, an arduous form which may take weeks and sometimes even months to complete. Dandavata Parikrama is performed by standing in one spot, offering obeisances like a stick (danda) by lying flat on the ground and then continuing, contiguously, until the entire route is covered. It is also said that some sadhus (Hindu holy men) perform 108 obeisances in one spot before moving to the next. This can take a number of months to complete.<ref name = "giri_raj"/> This ritual of Parikrama is considered to be even better if it is done with milk. A clay pot filled with milk, with a hole at the bottom, is carried by the devotees in one hand and a pot filled with dhoop (incense smoke) in another. An escort continuously fills up the pot with milk until the parikrama is completed. Parikrama is also done with candy being handed out to children, en route.<ref>[https://heenainindia.blogspot.com/2006_07_01_archive.html Know Thyself: July 2006]</ref> The divine tree 'Kalpavriksha' planted by GreenMan Vijaypal Baghel at each Kunda of this parikrma route, not only Kalpavriksha, he is planting with dedication much more others traditional & medicinal flora's species around holy Govardhan hill likely 'Tridev Vriksha', paras peepal, Rudraksha, Kadmba, pakad, vat vriksha etc. who have spiritual and religious values to make Green Parikrma. Parikrama of Govardhana hill starts at the Manasi-Ganga Kund (lake) and then after having darsan of Lord Harideva, from Radha-kunda village, where the Vrindavan road meets the parikrama path. After parikrama of 21  kilometres, covering important tanks, shilas and shrines such as Radha Kunda, Syama Kunda, Dan Ghati, Mukharavinda, Rinamochana Kunda, Kusuma Sarovara and Punchari, it ends at Mansi Ganga Kund only.<ref name = "giri_raj"/>
* '''Barsana Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Barsana), 2 kosi (7 km) and 1 kosi (4 km): birthplace of Radha Rani, includes Brahmachal Parvat, Sankari Khor, Radha Rani Temple, Priya Kund, Dangarh, Mangarh, and Vilasgarh.<ref name="BRIJ PARIKRAMA."/><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383945237_The_parikrama_of_barsana_and_nandgaon_in_braj_mandal_need_for_holistic_revival_and_rejuvenation "Mapping the Heritage Precincts of the Parikrama Region of Barsana and Nandgaon in the Braj Mandal."], ResearchGate, 2024, accessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref> Barsana Parikrama is a spiritual walk undertaken by devotees around [[Barsana]] village of Shrimati Radha Rani in Uttar Pradesh. It has no particular start or end place. As long as one ends at the same place one starts, the purpose is served. One possible path is to start from the famous Rangili Gali where people gather for world famous Lathmar Holi, covers a distance of {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}}in about one hour. It is generally done on Ekadasi (eleventh lunar day of the [[waxing]] and [[waning]] of [[Moon]]). The route followed is from Sankari Khor with purification, walk close to the [[Radha Rani Temple]], Ghavar Kund or Shri Radha Sarovar, Ghavar Van (located on the left while on the right is way to Ghavar Kund & Shri Ghavar Van Bihari Ji Temple, Maan Mandir on a height, Mor Kutir, Shri Daan Bihari, Shri Kushal Bihari Ji Temple or Jaipur Temple & the most famous temple of Shri Ladlilaal Temple from where our starting point i.e. Ragili Gali is near. During the Parikrama, one chants the mantras ([[Jap]] or Hymns) within, uses body power (Tap) to accomplish the Parikrama and keeps a fast (not eat anything) ([[Vrata]]) until the Parikrama is completed.<ref name="Of Vrindavan"/>
* '''Nandgaon Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Nandgaon village area): village where Lord Krishna spent his childhood, includes Yashoda Kund, Moti Kund, Lalita Kund, Mor Kund, Charan Pahadi, Pawan Sarovar, and the Nand Mandir.<ref name="mathura.nic.in">[https://mathura.nic.in/brij-parikrama "BRIJ PARIKRAMA."], District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh, accessed 3 Jun 2025.</ref>
* '''Gokul Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Gokul village area), 10 km: covers sacred sites connected to Krishna's early life, such as Bajrang Ghat, Putna Kund, Harihar Tila, Ramanreti, Shrikund, Gop Talai, Kamal Kund, Thakurani Ghat, and Yashoda Ghat.<ref name="mathura.nic.in"/>
* '''Baldeo Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Baldeo village), 2 kosi (5 km): the place associated with Lord Balarama, Krishna's elder brother, covers Ksheer Sagar and the Dauji Temple.<ref name="BRIJ PARIKRAMA."/>
* '''Kokilavan Parikrama''' (circumambulation of Kokilavan forest): known for its temple.<ref>[https://vrindavantoday.in/administration-to-develop-nine-main-parikramas-in-braj "Administration to develop nine main Parikramas in Braj."], Vrindavan Today, 17 Jan. 2023.</ref>

====Kurukshetra' Lord Krishna parikrama====
[[File:48_kos_parikrama.jpg|thumb| Map with description of 48 kos parikrama (approx. 96 miles circle) around the holy city of Kurukshetra, displayed at [[Kurukshetra#Places of interest|Ban Ganga/Bhishma Kund]].]]

[[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]] is a 48 [[Kos (unit)|kos]] circumambulation of over 200 [[Mahabharata]]-related and other [[vedic period|vedic era]] [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirthas]] around the holy city of [[Kurukshetra]] in the state of [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/MAPs/ReligiousMap/map.jpg |title=Kurukshetra map |website=kurukshetra.nic.in |access-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625103022/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/MAPs/ReligiousMap/map.jpg |archive-date=25 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hartour">{{cite web | url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5106 | title=Haryana Tourism | access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="cmhry">{{cite web | url=http://haryanacmoffice.gov.in/newsupdates/details/id/737 | title=Development of all pilgrimage sites located within a radius of 48 kos (miles) of Kurukshetra would be carried out |date=11 October 2015| publisher=Chief Minister's Office, Haryana | access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="harekrsna">{{cite web | url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/05-12/features2460.htm | title=The 48 Kos Kurukshetra Region | publisher=harekrsna.com | access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

==== Girnar's Jain parikrama ====
[[File:Girnar Parikrama Pilgrims.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims on Girnar Parikrama]]

Lili Parikrama or Girnar Parikrama is a seven-day festival held at Mount [[Girnar]] in [[Junagadh]] district of [[Gujarat]], India. The pilgrimage involves a climb of 10,000 steps to reach the top to the sacred Mount Girnar venerated by both Hindus and [[Jainism|Jains]]. The Jains call it Mount [[Girnar]]. Devotees from all over the country participate in the festival. Of the seven peaks of Girnar, five are important viz., Ambamata, Gorakhnath, Augadh, lord Neminatha Tonk or Guru Dattatreya as known by Hindus and Kalika. Bhavnath Shiv temple, Bhartruchari cave, Sorath Mahal, Bhim Kund and Shiv Kund. Devotees visit these sacred places during the ''parikarama''.<ref>[http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/45284/National/1/20/1Devotees throng Mount Girnar for the 7-day fest]</ref>

====Narmada parikrama====

The importance of the [[Narmada River]] as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a Parikrama or [[Circumambulation]] of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many [[sadhus]] (saints) and pilgrims walk on foot from the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Bharuch]] in [[Gujarat]], along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains ([[Amarkantak]] hills) in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a {{convert|2600|km|adj=on}} walk.<ref>[https://www.indiatravelforum.in/threads/narmada-parikrama.1926/ Narmada Parikrama]</ref> The Parikrama is also performed along the southern bank from its source (Amarkantak hills) to the mouth (Bharuch) and returning along the northern bank, and it is considered to be of the highest religious efficacy.<ref>[http://gyandoot.nic.in/dhar_district/geo.html Dhar District – Geography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015191258/http://www.gyandoot.nic.in/dhar_district/geo.html |date=2008-10-15 }}. Gyandoot.net. Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref>

During the Narmada Parikrama, devotees have to pass through a place called Shulpaneshwar ki Jhari, a religious place in Gujarat with links dating back to the [[Mahabharata]] epic story. The legend says that the [[Pandavas]] returning victorious from [[Kurukshetra]] war were intercepted at Shulpaneswar by [[Eklavya]] and his group of tribal [[Bhils]] and looted them (Pandvaas) of all their belongings. Since then it is a custom that pilgrims on a Narmada Parikrama, while passing through this place, expect to be stripped of all their belongings leaving them with the bare essentials to carry on until some philanthropists give them donations on the way to carry on. With construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat on the [[Narmada River]], the Shulpaneshwar Temple has submerged under the reservoir, necessitating the pilgrims to take a circuitous route to continue on their journey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706094154/http://www.boloji.com/spirituality/119.htm Parikrama]</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Parikrama}}

* [[The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual]]
* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[Kumbh Mela]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]]
* [[Religious tourism in India]]
* [[Tourism in India]]
* [[Yatra]]
* [[Girivalam (religious practice)|Girivalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Indian wedding}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Sri Lankan Buddhist Observances}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikrama (Religious Practice)}}
[[Category:Puja (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Hindu wedding rituals]]
[[Category:Buddhist devotion]]

Ponnur Municipality

2026-04-26T03:28:58Z

Twyla48W587323: starting new bio initial version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| image =
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| formation = 1964
| extinction =
| type = [[Governmental organization]]
| status = [[Local government]]
| purpose = Civic administration
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Ponnur]]
| coordinates =
| services =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Sajja Hemalatha
| leader_title2 = Commissioner
| leader_name2 = M.Ramesh Babu
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| main_organ = Committee
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| name = Ponnur Municipality
| native_name = పొన్నూరు పురపాలక సంస్థ
| native_name_lang = te
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| location = [[Ponnur]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
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'''Ponnur Municipality''' is the [[Self-governance|local self government]] in [[Ponnur]], a town in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is classified as a ''Grade–II'' municipality.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=29 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>

As the 2011 census of India, the municipality had a population of 59,913, with 16,138 households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-03-30 |title=Ponnur Municipality Details |url=https://aprationcard.com/ponnur-municipality/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=APRationCard |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[municipality]] was constituted in the year 1964 as ''Grade–III'' and then got upgraded in the year 1984 as a ''Grade–II'' municipality.<ref name="info">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PONNUR/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The jurisdictional area of the municipality is spread over an area of {{Convert|25.64|km2|abbr=on}} with 31 municipal and 16 revenue wards.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=http://ponnurmunicipality.com/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|title=Basic Information of Municipality|last=bliccathemes|website=ponnurmunicipality.com|access-date=2016-04-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324133936/http://ponnurmunicipality.com/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|archivedate=2016-03-24}}</ref> The ''Elected Wing'' of the municipality consists of a [[municipal council]], which has elected members and is headed by a [[Chairperson]].<ref name="composition">{{cite web |title=Composition of the Municipality |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PONNUR/Composition_of_%20the_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> Whereas, the ''Executive Wing'' is headed by a [[municipal commissioner]].<ref name="composition" /> The present chairperson of the municipality is ''Sajja Hemalatha''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ponnurmunicipality.com/chairman-contact-3/|title=Chairman Contact|last=bliccathemes|website=ponnurmunicipality.com|access-date=2016-04-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324134021/http://ponnurmunicipality.com/chairman-contact-3/|archivedate=2016-03-24}}</ref> and the present commissioner is ''M.Ramesh Babu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ponnurmunicipality.com/chairman-contact-2/|title=Commissioner Contact|last=bliccathemes|website=ponnurmunicipality.com|access-date=2016-04-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324134931/http://ponnurmunicipality.com/chairman-contact-2/|archivedate=2016-03-24}}</ref>

As per the survey conducted in 2014, there exists 60,600 households. In 2014–15, the total income generated by the municipality was {{nowrap|₹ 8.8695 [[crore]]}} and the expenditure spent was {{nowrap|₹ 7.4132 [[crore]]}}.<ref name="profile" />

== Civic works and services ==
The municipality supplies drinking and irrigation water to the town from the Kommamuru, Poondla and Alwala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PONNUR/index.html|title=:: PONNUR Municipality|website=cdma.ap.gov.in|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> channels of Krishna Western Delta system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Water woes bog down Bapatla ryots|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/water-woes-bog-down-bapatla-ryots/article7811730.ece|access-date=29 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=28 October 2015}}</ref> by means of [[borewell]]s, [[Tap water|public taps]] and [[water treatment]] plants. A total of 9 MLD ([[Litre|million liters per day]]) of drinking water is supplied every day. There are {{Convert|38.35|km|abbr=on}} of cement concrete roads and {{Convert|160.80|km|abbr=on}} of drains and {{Convert|71.05|km|abbr=on}} of storm water drains.<ref name="amenities">{{cite web|title=Public services/amenities |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PONNUR/Public%20services_amenities.html|publisher=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

The other infrastructure covers street lights, markets, and burial grounds, and recreational centers like, parks, playgrounds, auditoriums, functional halls and worship centers like temples, mosques and churches. There are both government and private educational institutions from [[primary school|primary]] to [[high schools]] including [[junior colleges]]. For public health, the municipality has a Government hospital and many other government and private nursing homes.<ref name="amenities" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PONNUR/index.html|title=:: PONNUR Municipality|website=cdma.ap.gov.in|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1964 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ostend Company

2026-04-16T17:35:31Z

Twyla48W587323: starting the stub basic info - done

{{short description|Holy Roman trading company (1722–1731)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ostend Company
| logo = Ostend Logo 1.svg
| logo_size = 100
| logo_caption = Company coat of arms
| image = Ostend company flag.png
| image_size = 120
| image_caption = Company flag
| type = [[Chartered company]]
| fate = [[Dissolution (law)|Dissolved]], in return for the signing of the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]] by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ostend-east-india-company|title=Ostend East India Company|publisher=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
| predecessor =
| foundation = {{start date|df=y|1722|12|19}}
| defunct = {{end date|df=y|1731|03|16}}
| founder = Pieter de Potter, Thomas Ray and [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]
| location_city = {{plainlist|
*[[Antwerp]], [[Austrian Netherlands|Southern Netherlands]]
*[[Banquibazar]], [[Bengal]]
*[[Covelong|Cabelon]], [[Colonial India|India]]}}
| location_country =
| locations =
| area_served = {{plainlist|
*[[Qing dynasty|China]]
*[[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]]
*India}}
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*Paul De Kimpe
*Thomas Ray
*[[Colin Campbell (Swedish East India Company)|Colin Campbell]]
*Jacques Maelcamp
*Louis-François de Coninck
*Jacques Baut}}
| industry = [[Trade]]
| products = [[Tea]], [[spice]]s, [[silk]], [[porcelain]], [[metals]], [[grain]], [[rice]], [[soybean]]s, [[sugar industry|sugarcane]]
}}

The '''Ostend Company'''<ref name="Encyclopedia.com"/><ref name="Baguet1">{{Cite web |title=De Oostendse Compagnie, haar directeurs en de Oostenrijkse Bewindvoerders. Een casuïstische analyse van hun onderlinge interactie (1722-1731)|url=https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/060/142/RUG01-002060142_2013_0001_AC.pdf |last=Baguet|first=Jelten|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> ({{langx|nl|Oostendse Compagnie}}; {{langx|fr|Compagnie d'Ostende}}), officially the '''General Company Established in the Austrian Netherlands for Commerce and Navigation in the Indies''' ({{Langx|fr|Compagnie générale établie dans les Pays-Bas Autrichiens pour le Commerce et la Navigation aux Indes|link=no}}){{efn|French was the official language of the Austrian Netherlands and the Company conducted its business in French and/or Flemish. Other names used were ''Compagnie impériale et royale établie dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens'' or the ''Compagnie générale''. M. Wanner, ''The Establishment of the General Company in Ostend in the context of the Habsburg Maritime Plans'', 2007, p. 55.}} was a [[Chartered company|chartered]] [[trading company]] in the [[Austrian Netherlands]] (modern-day Belgium) in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] which was established in 1722 to trade with the [[East Indies|East]] and [[West Indies]]. It took its name from the Flemish port city of [[Ostend]].

For a few years it provided strong competition for the more established [[East India Company|British]], [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], and [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Companies]], notably in the lucrative tea trade with [[Qing dynasty|China]].{{sfn|Butel|1997|p=198}} It established two settlements in India. Despite its profitability, the company was eventually ordered to close down in 1731 after the British government exerted diplomatic pressure on Austria, fearing the company's effects on their own traders. Its disestablishment was made a precondition for the [[Treaty of Vienna (1731)|Treaty of Vienna]] and for creating [[Anglo-Austrian Alliance|an alliance]] between the two states. The Ostend Company can be considered the first attempt by Austria to trade with the East Indies; the second being the much less successful [[Austrian East India Company]], founded in 1775.

==Background==
[[File:Ostend Company 1722.jpg|thumb|160 px|left|Title page of the Company's 1722 foundation charter]]

The success of the [[East India Company|British]], [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], and [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Companies]] led the merchants and shipowners of [[Ostend]] in the [[Austrian Netherlands]] to want to establish direct commercial relations with the Indies.{{sfn|Edmundson|1911}} The trade from Ostend to [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]], India, Bengal, and China started in 1715.{{sfn|Butel|1997|p=197}} Some private merchants from [[Antwerp]], [[Ghent]] and Ostend were granted charters for the East India trade by the Habsburg government of the [[Austrian Netherlands]], which had recently gained control of the territory from Spain. Between 1715 and 1723, 34 ships sailed from Ostend to China, the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] or [[Coromandel Coast]]s, [[Surat]], Bengal, or Mocha. Those expeditions were financed by different international syndicates composed of Flemish, British, Dutch, and French merchants and bankers.

==Establishment==
[[File:Drawing Banquibazar.jpg|thumb|right|View of the Ostend Company's factory in [[Banquibazar]]]]

The mutual rivalry among the syndicates weighed heavily upon the profits and this resulted in the foundation of the Ostend Company, chartered by the Austrian ruler [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], in December 1722. The capital of the company was fixed at 6 million [[guilder]]s, composed of 6,000 [[Share (finance)|shares]] at 1,000 guilders each. It was mainly supplied by the moneyed inhabitants of Antwerp and Ghent. The shares were issued on the Antwerp Exchange on 11 and 12 August 1723,<ref name="J. Mertens 1980 pp. 224-228">J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in ''Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis'' (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.</ref> with 3,037 of the shares coming to be held by 54 major investors, mainly Antwerp merchants.<ref>L. Michielsen, "Het einde van de Oostendsche Kompagnie", ''[[Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis]]'' 28 (1937), 128.</ref> The seven directors were chosen from leading figures in trade and finance: Jacques De Pret, Louis-François de Coninck and Pietro Proli, from Antwerp; Jacques Maelcamp, Paulo De Kimpe and Jacques Baut, from Ghent; and the [[Jacobitism#Ireland|Irish Jacobite]] Thomas Ray, a merchant and banker based in Ostend.<ref name=Baguet>{{cite journal|last=Baguet|first=Jelten|title=Politics and commerce: a close marriage? The case of the Ostend Company (1722-1731)|journal=Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis|volume=12|issue=3|pages=51–76|year=2015|doi=10.18352/tseg.63|doi-access=free}}</ref> While the ships sailed from Ostend, the company's offices were located at the [[Stock Exchange, Antwerp|Stock Exchange in Antwerp]].<ref>L. Michielsen, "Het einde van de Oostendsche Kompagnie", ''Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis'' 28 (1937), 129.</ref> One of the leading shareholders was [[Leopold Philip, 4th Duke of Arenberg]].<ref name=Baguet /> The company's shares proved exceptionally profitable, providing a 15 percent return.

[[File:Ostend Company Lion engraving 1724.jpg|thumb|160 px|left|Drawing showing the solid gold lion of Ostend]]
The company also possessed two [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] (trading posts), at Cabelon (modern-day [[Covelong]]) on the Coromandel Coast and Banquibazar ([[Ichapore]]) in Bengal.

[[File:Keyserlyche Indische Compagnie 1723.jpg|thumb|160 px|right|Share in the Ostend Company, issued 2 September 1723]]
Between 1724 and 1732, 21 company vessels were sent out, mainly to Canton in China and to Bengal. Thanks to the rise in [[tea]] prices, high profits were made in the China trade. Between 1719 and 1728, the Ostend Company transported 7 million pounds of tea from China (roughly half of the total amount brought to Western Europe), which would be about the same as [[East India Company|British East India Company]] during the same period.{{sfn|Butel|1997|p=198}}

==Suspension==
[[File:Opposition to Ostend Company.jpg|thumb|left|Pamphlet condemning the Ostend Company as "pernicious" to both British and Dutch traders (left) and a 1723 law forbidding French subjects from investing in the company (right).]]

From the outset, the new company provoked the open hostility of the other established East India companies which feared its formidable imperial patronage and the fact that many of the new company's employees in the East were former employees of the British, Dutch or French companies, who brought with them their experience in the Eastern trade. Furthermore, in order to attract foreigners with experience, the Ostend company allowed them generous allowances in terms of cargo space for private trade, something that was anathema to the existing monopolistic companies.{{sfn|Keay|1991|p=240}} Despite hostile acts from its competitors, the new company was quite profitable from the start and by 1726 was able to declare a 33 percent dividend.

However, in May 1727, the Emperor, under diplomatic pressure from the British and Dutch, suspended its charter for seven years and, in March 1731, the [[Treaty of Vienna (1731)|Second Treaty of Vienna]] ordered its final abolition.{{sfn|Butel|1997|p=198}} The flourishing Ostend Company had been sacrificed by Charles VI in order to secure the recognition of his daughter, [[Maria Theresa]], and thus his dynastic succession under the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]].{{sfn|Butel|1997|p=198}} Between 1728 and 1731 a small number of illegal expeditions were organized under borrowed flags, but the very last ships sailing for the company were the two "permission-vessels" that left in 1732 and were a concession made in the Treaty of Vienna. The factory at Banquibazar, then under direct Imperial ownership, lingered on until well into the 1740s.{{sfn|Keay|1991|p=241}} The company officially ceased trading on 16 February 1734, and was wound up on 16 February 1737.<ref name="J. Mertens 1980 pp. 224-228"/> Although officially disbanded, the shareholders secretly maintained the company as a vehicle for pooling investment until 1774.<ref>L. Michielsen, "Het einde van de Oostendsche Kompagnie", ''Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis'' 28 (1937), 128-129.</ref> Many of the company's investors also became involved in the [[Swedish East India Company]].

In the 1770s Austria re-established a colonial trading company, based on the model of the Ostend Company, to take advantage of the [[American Revolutionary War|ongoing war]] between [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] and the [[Dutch Republic]] to take over a share of these countries' trade with India and China. This was the ''Société impériale asiatique de Trieste et Anvers,'' or ''Société asiatique de Trieste,'' also known as the [[Austrian East India Company|Antwerp Company]], founded in 1775 by [[William Bolts]] and Charles Proli, which was based in Ostend and Trieste and operated until 1785.<ref>Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775-1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II", ''Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgesichte,'' Beiheft 12, Stuttgart, 1927. Jan Denuce, "Charles de Proli en de Aziatische Kompagnie", ''Antwerpsch Archievenblad,'' fasc.1, 1932, pp.3-64. Helma Houtman-De Smedt, ''Charles Proli, Antwerps zakenman en bankier, 1723-1786: een biografische en bedrijfshistorische studie,'' Brussel, Paleis der Academiën, 1983, ''Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België: Klasse der Letteren,'' no.108.</ref>

==Ships==
[[File:Impératrice Élisabeth capture.jpg|thumb|right|[[Barbary pirates]] capture the ''Impératrice Élisabeth'' of the Ostend Company, 1724]]

The ships used by the Ostend Company were medium-sized, with an average [[Displacement (ship)|water displacement]] between 200 and 600 tonnes. Many were partly, or even completely, crewed by foreign sailors from England and elsewhere.{{sfn|Furber|2001|p=299}}

===List of company ships===
{{incomplete list|date=April 2014}}
Ships operated by the Ostend Company included:
* ''L'Impératrice Élisabeth'' ("[[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|The Empress Elisabeth]]", also known as ''Impératrice'') - a 28-gun ship, crewed by British sailors{{sfn|Furber|2001|p=299}}
* ''Espérance'' ("Hope"){{sfn|Furber|2001|p=299}} - 20-gun [[ship of the line]]
* ''Ville-de-Vienne'' ("[[Vienna|City of Vienna]]") - formerly the British [[East Indiaman]] ''Heathcote''
* ''Maison-d'Austriche'' ("[[House of Habsburg|House of Austria]]")
* ''Flandria'' ("[[Flanders]]")
* ''Saint-Joseph'' ("[[Saint Joseph]]")
* ''Prince-Eugène'' ("[[Prince Eugene of Savoy|Prince Eugene]]")
* ''Aigle'' ("Eagle") - 26-gun [[frigate]]
* ''Sainte-Élisabeth'' ("Saint Elisabeth")- 22-gun frigate
* ''Saint-Charles'', formerly ''Saint-François-Xavier'' ("[[Francis Xavier|Saint Francis Xavier]]") - 26-guns
* ''Charles VI'' ([[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VI]]) - 26-gun ship of the line
* ''Paix'' ("Peace") - 28-gun frigate
* ''Marquis-de-Prié'' ("[[Hercule-Louis Turinetti, marquis of Prié|Marquis of Prié]]") - 28-gun frigate (1727-1728 operated by Guillaume (Willem) Philips de Brouwer to China)<ref>A. Staring, Chineesche Portrefiguren, 1958, p. 226</ref>
* ''Tigre'' ("Tiger") - 28-gun frigate
* ''Lion'' ("Lion") - 22-gun frigate
* ''Concorde'' ("Concord") - 30-gun ship of the line
* ''Keizerinne'' ("Empress") (1725-1726 operated by Guillaume (Willem) Philips de Brouwer to China)<ref>A. Staring, 1958, p. 226</ref>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Belgium|History}}
* [[Bankipur (Bengal)]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Siege of Bankibazar]]
* [[Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century]]
* [[:fr:Compagnies européennes fondées au XVIIe siècle|European chartered companies founded around the 17th century]] (in French)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=de Burbure de Wesembeek|first=Albert|title=Une anthologie de la Marine belge|publisher=Lloyd Anversois|location=Anvers|year=1963 |pages=251–292}}
* {{cite book|last=Butel|first=Paul|title=Européens et espaces maritimes: vers 1690-vers 1790|series=Par cours universitaires|publisher=Bordeaux University Press|location=Bordeaux|year=1997}}
* {{cite book|last=Dumont|first=Georges-Henri|title=L'épopée de la Compagnie d'Ostende 1723-1727|publisher=Le Cri|location=Bruxelles|year=2000}}
* {{EB1911 |last=Edmundson |first=George |author-link= George Edmundson| wstitle=Ostend Company|volume=20 |pages=356–357}}
* {{cite book|last=Furber|first=Holden|chapter=East India Companies|editor-last=Kratoska|editor-first=Paul H.|title=South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2001}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hertz|first=Gerald B.|title=England and the Ostend Company|journal=[[English Historical Review]]|volume=22|number=86|year=1907|pages=255–79|doi=10.1093/ehr/xxii.lxxxvi.255}}
* {{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=The Honourable Company. A History of the English East India Company|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|year=1991|isbn=978-0736630481}}
* {{cite book|last=Parmentier|first=Jan|title=De Holle Compagnie: smokkel en legale handel onder Zuidnederlandse vlag in Bengalen, ca. 1720-1744|location=Hilversum|publisher=Veloren|series=Zeven Provincien reeks (4)|year=1992|isbn=9065501118}}
* {{cite journal|last=Serruys|first=Michael-W.|title=Oostende en de Generale Indische Compagnie. De opbloei en neergang van een koloniale handelshaven (1713-1740)|journal=Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis|volume=1|year=2005|pages=43–59}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tassier|first=Suzanne|title=La compagnie d'Ostende|journal=[[Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales|Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations]]|volume=9|issue=3|year=1954|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_0395-2649_1954_num_9_3_2302|pages=378–81|doi=10.3406/ahess.1954.2302|s2cid=163060537 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dreijer |first1=Gijs |title=The Afterlife of the Ostend Company, 1727–1745 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=2019 |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=275–287 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2019.1615776|hdl=10871/37588 |s2cid=199947724 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dhondt |first1=Frederik |title=Delenda est haec Carthago. The Ostend Company as a Problem of European Great Power Politics (1722-1727) |journal=Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire |date=2015 |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=397–437 |doi=10.3406/rbph.2015.8840|hdl=1854/LU-5708224 |s2cid=153127918 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5708224 |hdl-access=free }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ostend Company}}
* [http://www.swaen.com/ostend.html The Ostend East-India Company] at Paulus Swaen auction and galleries

{{Chartered companies}}
{{Former Austrian colonies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chartered companies]]
[[Category:Colonial history of the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Belgian colonial empire]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1722]]
[[Category:1731 disestablishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:1731 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Austrian Netherlands]]
[[Category:Economy of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Ostend]]
[[Category:1722 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:1722 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Former Austrian colonies]]
[[Category:Trading companies established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Trading companies disestablished in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]

Sanis Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:01Z

Twyla48W587323: started new details initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Sanis Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Sanis
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Wokha district|Wokha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 39
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Mhathung Yanthan]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:24051}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Sanis''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.ni39c.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Wokha district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || [[Mhondamo Kithan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Mhondamo Kithan || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Mhonshan || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mhonshan Murry || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=3 | T. Nchibemo Ngullie || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Y. Sulanthung H. Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Democratic Labour Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Thomas Ngullie || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Nkhao Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Ralanthung Yanthan
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || N. Thomas Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Mhathung Yanthan]]<ref name=election2018/> || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mhathung Yanthan]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=15,076 |percentage=65.85% |change=15.88%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Senkathung Jami |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=5,563 |percentage=24.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Roland Lotha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,754 |percentage=7.66% |change=5.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Sulanthung H Lotha |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=289 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhonbemo |party=Independent politician |votes=105 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanchamo Ovung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=94 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=15 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,513 |percentage=41.55% |change=27.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,896 |percentage=95.20% |change= 0.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,051 |change =7.58% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= 15.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mhathung Yanthan]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=10,548 |percentage=49.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramongo Lotha|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=7,556|percentage=35.79%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ralanthung Yanthan|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=1,997|percentage=9.46%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Y. Renbomo Kikon|party=Naga People's Front|votes=471|percentage=2.23%|change=-16.37%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Senkathung Jami|party=Lok Janshakti Party|votes=415|percentage=1.97%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Y. Sulanthung H Lotha|party=Independent politician|votes=92|percentage=0.44%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=31|percentage=0.15%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,992 |percentage=14.17% |change=6.95% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=21,110|percentage=94.42%|change=-3.37%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,357 |change =0.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 17.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Thomas Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=6,983 |percentage=32.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nkhao Lotha |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=5,413 |percentage=24.92% |change=9.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ralanthung Yanthan |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,041 |percentage=18.60% |change=-4.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Senkathung Jami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,758 |percentage=12.70% |change=-5.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhonbemo Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,975 |percentage=9.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Sulanthung H.Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=524 |percentage=2.41% |change=-8.05% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,570 |percentage=7.23% |change=2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,723 |percentage=97.79% |change= 3.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,213 |change =-5.32% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 9.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ralanthung Yanthan |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,114 |percentage=23.05% |change=-3.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. L. Merry |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,037 |percentage=18.19% |change=14.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Sulanthung H. Lotha |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,979 |percentage=17.93% |change=-8.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nkhao Lotha |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,507 |percentage=15.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Ekyimo Kikon |party=Independent politician |votes=2,611 |percentage=11.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Thomas Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,321 |percentage=10.46% |change=1.73% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,077 |percentage=4.85% |change=4.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,189 |percentage=95.80% |change= -0.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,461 |change =15.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -3.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nkhao Lotha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,168 |percentage=26.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Sulanthung H. Lotha |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,131 |percentage=26.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. L. Merry |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=3,285 |percentage=17.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ekhyimo Kikon |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,176 |percentage=11.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Thomas Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,687 |percentage=8.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wobemo Yanthan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=803 |percentage=4.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thechamo |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=679 |percentage=3.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roland Lotha |party=Nagaland Democratic Party |votes=394 |percentage=2.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,323 |percentage=94.80% |change= 94.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,383 |change =18.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Thomas Ngullie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,203 |change =44.19% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Democratic Labour Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Sulanthung H. Lotha |party=Democratic Labour Party (India) |votes=3,245 |percentage=29.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nkhao Jami |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,938 |percentage=27.01% |change=-10.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,743 |percentage=25.22% |change=-16.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. L. Merry |party=Independent politician |votes=1,952 |percentage=17.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=307 |percentage=2.82% |change=-1.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,878 |percentage=92.68% |change= 5.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,931 |change =42.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Democratic Labour Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,960 |percentage=41.42% |change=1.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nkhao Lotha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,658 |percentage=37.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rainbow Ezung |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,528 |percentage=21.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=302 |percentage=4.23% |change=1.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,146 |percentage=86.88% |change= 5.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,370 |change =-0.74% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,715 |percentage=40.03% |change=15.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nkhoa |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,558 |percentage=37.71% |change=8.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rainbow Ezung |party=Independent politician |votes=1,374 |percentage=20.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Pius |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=136 |percentage=2.01% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=2.31% |change=-15.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,783 |percentage=81.25% |change= 5.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,432 |change =-19.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -6.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=Independent politician |votes=3,680 |percentage=46.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhonohan Murry |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,265 |percentage=28.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhondambakothan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,926 |percentage=24.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,415 |percentage=17.98% |change=15.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,871 |percentage=75.75% |change= -8.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,441 |change =40.39% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 7.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhonshan Murry |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,434 |percentage=39.10% |change=23.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=Independent politician |votes=2,282 |percentage=36.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wopansao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,509 |percentage=24.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=152 |percentage=2.44% |change=0.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,225 |percentage=84.46% |change= -3.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,437 |change =25.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Independent politician |swing= 13.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhonshan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,330 |percentage=25.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=Independent politician |votes=1,243 |percentage=24.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nsemo Ovung |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=813 |percentage=15.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Renchio |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=713 |percentage=13.86% |change=-27.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zumomo |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=8.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Tsanbemomurry |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=4.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramongo Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=3.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenio Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=3.67% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=87 |percentage=1.69% |change=-0.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,145 |percentage=87.66% |change= 0.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,924 |change =77.79% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -15.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhondamo Kithan |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,199 |percentage=41.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nchibemo Ngullie |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=1,147 |percentage=39.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zana Yanthan |party=Independent politician |votes=556 |percentage=19.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52 |percentage=1.79% |change=-13.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,902 |percentage=87.21% |change= 4.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,332 |change =25.69% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= -16.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanis}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhodamo Kithan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,267 |percentage=57.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Etssorhomo Ezung |party=Independent politician |votes=924 |percentage=42.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=343 |percentage=15.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,191 |percentage=82.99% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,651 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Wokha district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.22|94.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Wokha district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Ghosi, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:16Z

Twyla48W587323: new.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Other uses|Ghosi Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghosi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 217-Ghosi, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rituraj Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 260,927
| abolished = 
}}
'''Ghosi''' is one of the 243 assembly constituencies of the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="BLA">http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/List_Of_Members.pdf Legislative assembly constituencies and Members (in Hindi) - Bihar Vidhan Sabha</ref>
It comes under [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for parliamentary elections.

==Parts==
The constituency includes nine panchayats of Kako block, Modanganj block, Ghosi block and [[Hulasganj|Hulasganj block]] of [[Jehanabad district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Ghosi Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/ghosi.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Ram Chandra Yadav (Bihar politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Ramashray Prasad Singh|Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mithileshwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Ramashray Prasad Singh|Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Kaushlendra Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Ramashray Prasad Singh|Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Jagdish Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|2009^
|Shanti Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Rahul Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Ram Bali Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Rituraj Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: [[Ghosi]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Ghosi">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Ghosi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04217.htm |accessdate=29 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129173451/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04217.htm |archivedate=29 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Rituraj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:80740}}
|percentage = 47.05
|change = +9.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Ram Bali Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68811}}
|percentage = 40.1
|change = -8.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anuradha Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:3715}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Wasif Husnain
|votes = {{formatnum:3493}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyendra Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3073}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = +0.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Prabhat Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3070}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:1931}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Indu Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:1842}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3073}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11929}}
|percentage = 6.95
|change = -4.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171592}}
|percentage = 65.76
|change = +7.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Ghosi]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Ram Bali Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:74712}}
|percentage = 49.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Rahul Kumar (politician)|Rahul Sharma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:57379}}
|percentage = 37.68
|change = -9.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4762}}
|percentage = 3.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyendra Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2729}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nityananda
|votes = {{formatnum:2328}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arvind Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1652}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3793}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change = -1.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17333}}
|percentage = 11.39
|change = -3.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152267}}
|percentage = 58.02
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghosi<ref name="Ghosi Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Ghosi Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/ghosi |accessdate=29 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129173824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/ghosi |archivedate=29 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Krishan Nandan Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:67248}}
|percentage = 47.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:45623}}
|percentage = 32.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Rambali Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:10894}}
|percentage = 7.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:5900}}
|percentage = 4.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Janta Party (Indian)
|candidate = Vimal Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2358}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajnish Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1705}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Javed Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:1516}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5212}}
|percentage = 3.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21625}}
|percentage = 15.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:141330}}
|percentage = 57.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|25|10|19|N|85|05|57|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Abdul Haleem Chishti

2026-04-12T14:38:24Z

Twyla48W587323: Made new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2023}}
{{Short description|Pakistani Islamic scholar and writer (1929 – 2020)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|honorific-prefix = Maulana
|name = Abdul Halim Chishti Nomani
|image = Abdul Haleem Chishti.jpg
|native_name =مولانا ڈاکٹر عبدالحلیم چشتی نعمانی
|native_name_lang = ur
|religion = [[Islam]]
|institute = [[University of Karachi]] [[Radio Pakistan]] [[Bayero University Kano]] Library [[Jamia Uloom Islamia]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|04|16|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|10|12|1929|04|16|df=yes}}
|alma_mater = [[Karachi University]]
|occupation = Islamic scholar, librarian, writer
|teacher = [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Abdul Rasheed Nomani]], [[Fateh Muhammad Panipati]]
|education = MA in [[Islamic Studies]] Master in [[Library Science]] PhD in [[Library Science]]
|resting_place = [[University of Karachi]] Cemetery
}}
'''Abdul Halim Chishti Nomani''' (16 April 1929 – 12 October 2020) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, librarian, writer and the first [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[library science]]s in Pakistan. He was a disciple of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]. He was head of the Department of Hadith Studies at [[Jamia Uloom Islamia]] and the younger brother of [[Abdul Rasheed Nomani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/841310|title=مولانا ڈاکٹر عبدالحلیم چشتی نعمانیؒ|trans-title=Maulana Dr. Abdul Halim Chishti Nomani|website=jang.com.pk|lang=ur|date=15 November 2020|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnionline.us/urdu/2020/10/14798/|title=نامور محدث و محقق مولانا ڈاکٹر عبدالحلیم چشتی انتقال کرگئے، انا للہ و انا الیہ راجعون|trans-title=Eminent Muhaddith and researcher Maulana Dr. Abdul Halim Chishti passed away|date=13 October 2020|lang=ur|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abdul Haleem Chishti was born on 16 April 1929 in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan coinciding [[Zul Qaida]] 1347 [[Hijri year|AH]]. His father Abdul Rahim was a calligrapher and had memorized the Quran. Abdul Haleem received his early education at Madarsa Taleem ul Islam in Jaipur. In 1940, he entered [[Jamia Nizamia]], in Hyderabad, where he studied Arabic and joined the Munshi Fazil course.<ref name=auto>{{cite web|url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AA|title=حضرت مولانا ڈاکٹر محمد عبدالحلیم چشتی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کی رحلت | جامعہ علوم اسلامیہ علامہ محمد یوسف بنوری ٹاؤن|trans-title=Death of Hazrat Maulana Dr. Muhammad Abdul Halim Chishti | [[Jamia Uloom Islamia]]|first=جامعہ علوم اسلامیہ بنوری|last=ٹاؤن|website=www.banuri.edu.pk|lang=ur|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://alert.com.pk/archives/17512|title=مولانا ڈاکٹر عبدالحلیم چشتی کون تھے ؟|trans-title=Who was Maulana Dr. Abdul Halim Chishti|first=ویب|last=ڈیسک|date=12 October 2020|lang=ur|access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163417/https://alert.com.pk/archives/17512|url-status=dead}}</ref> He went to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1363 AH for higher education and graduated in 1369 AH; where his teachers included [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]].<ref name=auto/> He did an MA in Islamic studies from [[University of Karachi|Karachi University]] in 1967, and a Masters in [[Library science]] in 1970. In 1981, he obtained the degree of PhD.<ref name=auto/>

==Career==
Chishti migrated after the creation of Pakistan, and initially settled in the [[Ranchhor line]]. In 1949, he worked in [[Radio Pakistan]] for two years, after that he took a government job in [[Liaquat National Library]] for 14 years, after that he served in [[University of Karachi]] for a long time, and for some time he was the [[Khatib]] of Karachi University Mosque.<ref name=auto/>

After leaving the [[University of Karachi]] in 1977, he moved to [[Nigeria]], where he served for 10 years as a senior [[Cataloging (library science)|cataloger]] in the [[Bayero University Kano]] Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPPgAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdul+Haleem+Chishti|title=Educational Institutions and Library Development in Pakistan|page=171|isbn=9789698271008|last=Khan|first=Sadiq Ali|year=1994|publisher=Khurshid Nishan}}</ref> Then returned to Pakistan around 1987. In 1992–91, on the guidance and desire of [[Habibullah Mukhtar]], he came to [[Jamia Uloom Islamia]], [[Allama Banuri Town]], as a specialist in Hadith Studies and after his return, he remained associated with the Jamia. Dozens of academic and research papers of PhD level have been written on the subject of Hadith science under his supervision, which have made their mark in the field of research, many of these papers have been published.<ref name=auto/>

==Literary works==
He authored more than a dozen books.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Dr-Abdul-Haleem-Chishti-Sahib/Al-Bidaat-ul-Muzjat-Li-Man-Yutaliu-al-Mirqat-Sharh-ul-Mishkaat-Urdu/|title=Maktaba Maulana Dr Abdul Haleem Chishti Sahib}}</ref>

==Death==
Chishti died on 12 October 2020. The first funeral prayer was performed at [[Jamia Tur Rasheed]] by Mufti Muhammad and he was buried in University of Karachi cemetery.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 October 2020|url=https://www.express.pk/story/2092196/1/|title=مولانا ڈاکٹر عبدالحلیم چشتی کراچی یونیورسٹی کے قبرستان میں سپردخاک|trans-title=Maulana Dr. Abdul Halim Chishti buried at Karachi University Cemetery|lang=ur|publisher=[[Express News (TV channel)|Express News]]|access-date=20 November 2023}}
</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, Abdul Haleem}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Karachi people]]
[[Category:Pakistani librarians]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani radio people]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Jamia Nizamia alumni]]
[[Category:Bayero University Kano people]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Rajasthani descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Makrand Jadhav

2026-04-10T15:07:13Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Makrand Jadhav - Patil
| native_name =
| image =
| office = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Third Fadnavis ministry]]
| minister = [[Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)|Relief and Rehabilitation]]
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata =
*[[Eknath Shinde]]
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (till his demise in 2026) [[Sunetra Pawar]] (from 2026)
| 3blankname = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata = Buldana
| governor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] [[Acharya Devvrat]] additional charge
| predecessor = [[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Madanrao Pisal
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]
| parents = [[Laxmanrao Pandurang Patil| Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav Patil]]
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav - Patil''' is a leader of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Wai Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Wai Election Results 2019 Live Updates (वाई): Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav Patil of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/wai-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358909.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102090147/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/wai-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358909.html |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref> in [[Satara district|Satara]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav (Patil)(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency - WAI (SATARA) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102085845/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7957 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra portfolios: Fadnavis keeps Home, Shinde Urban Development; Ajit gets Finance">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Maharashtra portfolios: Fadnavis keeps Home, Shinde Urban Development; Ajit gets Finance|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-portfolios-fadnavis-keeps-home-shinde-urban-development-ajit-gets-finance/article69013705.ece|access-date=22 December 2024|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222043146/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-portfolios-fadnavis-keeps-home-shinde-urban-development-ajit-gets-finance/article69013705.ece|archive-date=22 December 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav Patil, Makrand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Kulai (Mangaluru)

2026-04-10T12:27:03Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{about|the Indian Residential locality|the Malaysia Town|Kulai|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kulai
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Residential locality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA 19
| governing_body = [[Mangalore City Corporation]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = City
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangalore]]
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes =

}}
'''Kulai''' is a locality in the northern part of [[Mangaluru]], India. It is near [[Surathkal]].

It houses two well-known temples, namely [[Shree Vishnumurthy Temple]] and Chitrapura Shree Durga Parameshwari Temple. The area was covered with paddy fields, coconut gardens and forest, but is now a residential/commercial area. Kulai comes under the [[Mangalore City North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalore City North]] constituency.

There is also a Kulai Fishing Harbour close by. The project was estimated at Rs. 196.51 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |title=New Mangalore Port seeks nod to recommence stalled Kulai fishing harbour work |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/new-mangalore-port-seeks-nod-to-recommence-stalled-kulai-fishing-harbour-work/article69360931.ece |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of Kulai Fisheries Harbour |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Development-of-Kulai-Fisheries-Harbour.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> The construction of a northern breakwater for the harbour was partly completed in October 2024 before it was temporarily halted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=Breakwater works stopped at Kulai fishing harbour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kulai-fishing-harbour-breakwater-construction-halted-amid-fishermen-protests/articleshow/114357034.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-01 |title=NMPA suggests committee to study Kulai fishing harbour project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/nmpa-suggests-committee-to-study-kulai-fishing-harbour-project/articleshow/115866552.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]

{{Mangalore-geo-stub}}

Jogidas Ka Gaon

2026-04-09T09:21:50Z

Twyla48W587323: Made a post basic info

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
'''Jogidas Ka Gaon'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jogidas Ka Gaon Village Population - Fatehgarh - Jaisalmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/86586-jogidas-ka-gaon-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जोगीदास धाम में राणी भटीयाणी मंदिर से लाखों रूपए के आभूषण व नकदी चोरी,सीसीटीवी कैमरे में क़ैद हुई वारदात |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaisalmer-news/jewelry-and-cash-stolen-from-rani-bhatyani-temple-in-jogidas-dham-4008694 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> is a small village of 4659 hectares in [[Fatehgarh]] Tehsil in [[Jaisalmer district]], nicknamed '''The Golden city,''' in the State of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जैसलमेर के इस धाम पर उमड़ा आस्था का ज्वार,श्रद्धालुओं ने दर्शन कर की पूजा-अर्चना |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaisalmer-news/devotees-paid-worship-on-jogidas-dham-of-jaisalmer-3615770 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मकान की दूसरी मंजिल नहीं बना सकता यह गांव, ऐसा क्यों? |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/this-village-cannot-build-the-second-floor-of-a-house-why-6482781 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=माजीसा के जयकारे लगाते हुए जोगीदास दर्शन के लिए रवाना हुए सैकड़ों श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.patrika.com/videos/news-bulletin/hundreds-of-devotees-left-for-jogidas-darshan-chanting-majisas-praises-19803579 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaisalmer district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

List of leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

2026-04-04T06:51:08Z

Twyla48W587323: started new info

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
The article lists the leaders of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). The RSS is an Indian [[Hindutva]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]], which is widely regarded as the ideological parent of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), India's ruling political party.<ref name="McLeod2002">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=John|title=The history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAwmUphO6eAC&pg=PA209|access-date=11 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31459-9|pages=209–}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Andersen |first1=Walter K. |last2=Damle |first2=Shridhar D. |author-link1=Walter K. Andersen |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9tAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Vistaar Publications |location=Delhi |year=1987 |isbn=9788170360537 |page=111}}</ref><ref name=Horowitz>{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|year=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520224476|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244 244]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244}}</ref><ref name="Haynes2003">{{cite book |author=Haynes |first=Jeff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Democracy and Political Change in the Third World |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-54184-3 |pages=168–}}</ref> In the 21st century, it is the world's largest far-right organisation by membership.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Felix |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Neha |title=Leaving the Hindu Far Right |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=4 March 2023 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=425–444 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2023.2179817|s2cid=257565310 |doi-access=free |issn = 0085-6401}}</ref>

== Sarsanghchalak ==
{{Infobox official post
| post = Sarsanghchalak
| body = the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
| image = Dr. mohan rao Bhagwat1.jpg
| incumbent = [[Mohan Bhagwat]]
| incumbentsince = 21 March 2009
| member_of = [[Sangh Parivar]]
| appointer = Outgoing Sarsanghchalak
| termlength = No term limit
| formation = 27 September 1925
| first = [[K. B. Hedgewar]]
| type = Chief of a paramilitary organisation
| department = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
}}

The sarsanghchalak ({{Literal translation|Chief}}) serves as the leader of the RSS. The position is decided, through nomination, by the predecessor. Since the formation of the RSS in 1925, six individuals have served as the sarsanghchalak. [[K. B. Hedgewar]], the founder of the RSS, also served as its first sarsanghchalak. The sixth and current sarsanghchalak of the organisation is [[Mohan Bhagwat]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanugo |first1=Pralay |title=RSS's tryst with politics: from Hedgewar to Sudarshan |date=2002 |isbn=9788173043987 |page=76 |publisher=Manohar }}</ref>

=== List of officeholders ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Dr. Hedgevar.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[K. B. Hedgewar]]''' ({{small|1889–1940}})
| 27 September 1925
| 21 June 1940
| {{ayd|1925|9|27|1940|6|21}}
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Puniyani |first=Ram |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times |isbn=0761933387 |page=125 |date=21 July 2005}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| [[File:M S Golwalkar.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[M. S. Golwalkar]]''' ({{small|1906–1973}})
| 21 June 1940
| 5 June 1973
| {{ayd|1940|6|21|1973|6|5}}
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link =Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co. Publishers]] |page=39 }}</ref>
|-
! 3
| [[File:Balasaheb deoras.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]]''' ({{small|1915–1996}})
| 5 June 1973
| 11 March 1994
| {{ayd|1973|6|5|1994|3|11}}
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Sumanta |title=Shrinking space: minority rights in South Asia |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights |page=171}}</ref><ref name="DeorasEnd">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/3rd-rss-chief-balasaheb-deoras-organiser-strategic-thinker-who-made-swayamsevaks-introspect/779754/ |title=3rd RSS chief Balasaheb Deoras: Organiser, strategic thinker who made swayamsevaks 'introspect' |first=Arun |last=Anand |date=11 December 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>
|-
! 4
|
| '''[[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]]''' ({{small|1922–2003}})
| 11 March 1994
| 10 March 2000
| {{ayd|1994|3|11|2000|3|10}}
|<ref name="DeorasEnd" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS |date=2006 |publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors |isbn=9788174952363 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&q=Rajendra+Singh+%28RSS%29+Sarsanghchalaks&pg=PA36}}</ref>
|-
! 5
|
| '''[[K. S. Sudarshan]]''' ({{small|1931–2012}})
| 10 March 2000
| 21 March 2009
| {{ayd|2000|3|10|2009|3|21}}
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=9789380607047 |page=205 }}</ref>
|-
! 6
| [[File:Dr. mohan rao Bhagwat1.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Mohan Bhagwat]]''' ({{small|born 1950}})
| 21 March 2009
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2009|3|21}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat urges youth to follow path shown by leaders |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-urges-youth-to-follow-path-shown-by-leaders/268544 |website=Times Now |date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045415/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-urges-youth-to-follow-path-shown-by-leaders/268544}}</ref>
|}

== Sarkaryavah ==
{{Infobox official post
| post = Sarkaryavah
| body = the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
| image = Dattatreya Hosabale.jpg
| incumbent = [[Dattatreya Hosabale]]
| incumbentsince = 20 March 2021
| member_of = [[Sangh Parivar]]
| appointer = Elected by members of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| termlength = No term limit
| formation = {{Circa|1926}} or {{Circa|1928}}
| first = [[Gopal Mukund Huddar]]
| type = General secretary of a paramilitary organisation
| department = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
}}

The sarkaryavah ({{Literal translation|General Secretary}}) serves as the operational head of the RSS. The position is elected by members of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha]], in elections that occur once every three years. [[Gopal Mukund Huddar]] served as the first sarkaryavah of the organisation. [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] is the current sarkaryavah, who has been serving since 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/dattatreya-hosabale-likely-to-be-re-elected-rss-general-secretary-at-apex-body-meet-in-nagpur/1980804/ |title=Dattatreya Hosabale likely to be re-elected RSS general secretary at apex body meet in Nagpur |first=Neelam |last=Pandey |date=7 February 2024 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

=== List of officeholders ===
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Gopal Mukund Huddar in 1936.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Gopal Mukund Huddar]]''' ({{small|1902–1981}})
| {{Circa|1926}} or {{Circa|1928}}
| {{Circa|1931}}
| {{Circa|5 years}} or {{Circa|3 years}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsou |first=Nancy |last2=Tsou |first2=Len |date=25 August 2016 |title=Gopal Mukund Huddar: An Indian Volunteer in the IBs |url=https://albavolunteer.org/2016/08/gopal-mukund-huddar-an-indian-volunteer-in-the-ibs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902205206/https://albavolunteer.org/2016/08/gopal-mukund-huddar-an-indian-volunteer-in-the-ibs/ |archive-date=2 September 2016 |website=The Volunteer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |year=1987 |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=9780813373584 |page=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Nilanjan |last=Mukhopadhyay |year=2025 |title=The RSS: Icons of the Indian Right |publisher=[[Westland Books]] |isbn=9789395767415 |page=28}}</ref>
|-
!–
|
| '''H. V. Seshadri''' ({{small|1926–2005}})
| {{Circa|1987}}
| {{Circa|2000}}
| {{Circa|13 years}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2005 |title=Veteran RSS leader H V Seshadri dead |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/14rss.htm |archive-date=27 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227181301/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/14rss.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2009 |title=Mohan Bhagwat: A vet, RSS pracharak for over 30 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/mohan-bhagwat-a-vet-rss-pracharak-for-over-30-years/story-InbGPrjapapK3lOeP62dLO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023522/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/mohan-bhagwat-a-vet-rss-pracharak-for-over-30-years/story-InbGPrjapapK3lOeP62dLO.html |archive-date=17 April 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TIE">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Vivek |date=10 March 2018 |title=Bhaiyyaji Joshi re-elected RSS general secretary for fourth time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suresh-bhaiyyaji-joshi-re-elected-rss-general-secretary-for-fourth-time-5093180/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310153122/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suresh-bhaiyyaji-joshi-re-elected-rss-general-secretary-for-fourth-time-5093180/ |archive-date=10 March 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
! –
| [[File:Dr. mohan rao Bhagwat1.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Mohan Bhagwat]]''' ({{small|born 1950}})
| {{Circa|2000}}
| 21 March 2009
| {{Circa|9 years}}
|<ref name="HT" /><ref name="TIE" />
|-
! –
| [[File:Bhaiya_ji_joshi.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Suresh Joshi (RSS)|Suresh Joshi]]''' ({{small|born 1947}})
| {{circa|March 2009}}
| 20 March 2021
| {{circa|12 years}}
|<ref name="IED" />
|-
! –
| [[File:Dattatreya Hosabale.jpg|120px]]
| '''[[Dattatreya Hosabale]]''' ({{small|born 1954}})
| 20 March 2021
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2021|3|21}}
|<ref name="IED">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=20 March 2021 |title=Explained: Who is Dattatreya Hosabale, the new RSS sarkaryawah? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-dattatreya-hosabale-the-new-rss-sarkaryawah-7237234/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320104811/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-dattatreya-hosabale-the-new-rss-sarkaryawah-7237234/ |archive-date=20 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
*[[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}

[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Sarsanghchalaks| ]]
[[Category:Sarkaryavahs| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in India]]

Jasmine Sandlas

2026-03-29T17:55:37Z

Twyla48W587323: cleanup

{{Short description|American singer-songwriter and rapper (born 1985)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jasmine Sandlas
| image = Jasmine Sandlas.jpg
| caption = Sandlas in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|9|4}}<ref name="hindustantimes.com 2013"/>
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| citizenship = United States
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{flatlist|
* R&B
* [[Hindustani classical music]]
* pop
* [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk]]}}
| label = [[Warner Music India]]<ref name="TOI 2015">{{cite web | title=Jasmine Sandlas released Tere Vangu | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 December 2015 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Jasmine-Sandlas-released-Tere-Vangu/articleshow/20794292.cms | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Jasmine Sandlas''' (born 4 September 1985) is an Indian-American singer, television personality, performer, songwriter who mainly sings [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] songs.<ref name="hindustantimes.com 2013">{{cite web | title=VOICES TO RECKON WITH: 8) Jasmine Sandlas, 28, California | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=26 December 2013 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/voices-to-reckon-with/story-yYxCP3N6Rkbu09UKA2wl8H.html | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Singh 2016">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Deepali | title=Jasmine Sandlas: Meet Honey Singh's favourite 'phone' recording artist! | website=[[DNA India]] | date=16 April 2016 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jasmine-sandlas-meet-honey-singh-s-favourite-phone-recording-artist-2202706 | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Venkat 2012">{{cite web | last=Venkat | first=Vaivasvat | title=Ludhiana goes international to ring in New Year...would invite rapper Bohemia, Jasmine Sandlas and DJ Hitesh | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=29 December 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-goes-international-to-ring-in-New-Year/articleshow/17803669.cms | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Sandlas was born in [[Jalandhar, India]] and raised in [[Stockton, California]]. Sandlas's first song, "Muskan" (2007)<ref name=":0" />, became a hit. In 2014, she began her Bollywood playback singing career with the song "[[Kick (soundtrack)|Yaar Na Miley]]" for the film [[Kick (2014 film)|''Kick'']].<ref name="TNN 2014" /> Upon its release, "Yaar Na Miley" went viral, topped the charts, and earned Sandlas widespread critical acclaim for her singing style. Her latest hits are "Taras" for the film [[Munjya (film)|''Munjya'']] (2024), "Shararat", and the title track from the film ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2025-12-11 |title=Inside the Making of ‘Dhurandhar’s Explosive Soundtrack |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/dhurandhar-soundtrack-shashwat-sachdev-fa9la/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> She also received several awards, including the Most Popular Song of the Year 2016 at the [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] and [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback]]. She was also featured on the [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDx]] Talks, [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)#Coke Studio @ MTV|MTV Coke Studio]] and Spoken Word platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/22465|title=Jasmine Sandlas Speaks at TEDxSIULavale}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Jasmine Kaur Sandlas was born in 1985 in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]], to a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] [[Labana]] family.<ref name="hindustantimes.com 2013"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Jasmine Sandlas | website=Desi Hip Hop | date=15 October 2011 | url=http://www.desihiphop.com/tag/jasmine-sandlas }}</ref> Her mother put her on stage to sing at an early age. During her school days she participated in many song competitions and then that was the time when she got influenced by many Punjabi folk singers. At the age of 12 or 13, she and her family migrated to California, where she was inspired by West Coast music.<ref name="Kasmin 2017">{{cite web |last=Fernandesi |first=Kasmin S |date=18 July 2014 |title=Jasmine Sandlas: I was a little girl from Punjab with dreams larger than life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Jasmine-Sandlas-I-was-a-little-girl-from-Punjab-with-dreams-larger-than-life/articleshow/38554917.cms |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She was only 16 when she began writing songs.<ref name="Sen 2016">{{cite web | last=Sen | first=Debarati S | title=Jasmine Sandlas: Good music comes from great energy | website=The Times of India | date=6 May 2016 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Good-music-comes-from-great-energy/articleshow/52122917.cms | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/happy-birthday-jasmin-sandlas-illegal-weapon-to-laddu-top-5-songs-with-which-the-gulabi-queen-rocked-the-music-charts/etphotostory/77925588.cms|title=Happy Birthday, Jasmin Sandlas: 'Illegal Weapon' To 'Laddu', Top 5 Songs With Which The Gulabi Queen Rocked The Music Charts!|newspaper=The Times of India |quote= The ‘Gulabi Queen’ of the Punjabi music industry, who is often called the powerhouse performer, Jasmine Sandlas has ringed in her 30th birthday today.|date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

== Music career ==

=== 2007–2014: Debut with ''The Diamond'', ''Gulabi'' and Bollywood ===
Her first song, "Muskan", released in 2007,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-08 |title=Throwback tales: Jasmine Sandlas shares a clip from her debut song 'Muskan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/throwback-tales-jasmine-sandlas-shares-a-clip-from-her-debut-song-muskan/articleshow/75043569.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Rashid">{{cite web | last=Rashid | first=Zaynah | title=Jasmine Sandlas Sings Mombatti – Punjab2000.com | website=Punjab2000.com | url=http://punjab2000.com/jasmine-sandlas-sings-mombatti/ | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> from her underground debut album ''The Diamond'', which was subsequently released in 2008, written by Lalie Gill, achieved great success worldwide.<ref name="Gulf Digital News">{{cite web | title=Bohemia live-in concert with Jasmine Sandlas | website=Gulf Digital News – Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman | url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Print.aspx?storyid=346053 | access-date=25 May 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123449/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Print.aspx?storyid=346053 | url-status=dead }}</ref> After the launch of the album, she started receiving recognition from the mainstream Punjabi music industry.

In 2012, her debut studio album ''Gulabi'' was launched by [[Sony Music|Sony Music Company]]. She collaborated on the album with rapper [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]], who produced the album, and featured on the song "Adhi Rati"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi Song Adhi Rati Sung By Jasmine Sandlas Featuring Bohemia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-adhi-rati-sung-by-jasmine-sandlas-featuring-bohemia/videoshow/65208521.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>, which was released as the lead single. The album was released on November 6.<ref name="Kasmin 2017" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 6, 2012 |title=Jasmine Sandlas launches her album |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/jasmine-sandlas-launches-her-album/articleshow/17112392.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samrat |first=Ujjwal |date=2025-07-25 |title=Jasmine Sandlas reveals one trick that gave her break in a song with Bohemia; 'Couldn't have done this in Jalandhar' |url=https://www.truescoopnews.com/punjab/jasmine-sandlas-reveals-one-trick-that-gave-her-break-in-a-song-with-bohemia-couldnt-have-done-this-in-jalandhar |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=True Scoop |language=en}}</ref>

Her Bollywood playback singing career began with the soundtrack of the film ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'', on which she sung the song called "Devil-Yaar Naa Miley" with [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], in 2014.<ref name="TNN 2014">{{cite web |last=N |first=TN |date=14 July 2014 |title='Devil' song from 'Kick': Nargis Fakhri's hot item number |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Devil-song-from-Kick-Nargis-Fakhris-hot-item-number/articleshow/38359270.cms |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Indiatvnews 2014">{{cite web | title=Kick 'Yaar Na Miley' song review: Salman-Nargis dance on Honey Singh's tunes (watch video) | website=Indiatvnews | date=13 July 2014 | url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kick-yaar-na-miley-song-review-salman-nargis-honey-singh-15620.html | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>

=== 2015–16: Further singles in the film industry and ''Angels of Rock'' ===
In 2015, Jasmine Sandlas released the single "Punjab De Javak". Jasmine sung two singles, "Ishq Da Sutta" and "Raat Jashan Di", for the film soundtracks of ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]'' and ''[[Zorawar]]'', respectively.

Jasmine was also the part of the TV series, focusing on women-empowerment called ''Angels of Rock'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/angelsofrock/|title=Angels of Rock|website=MTV India}}</ref><ref name="Radioandmusic.com 2016">{{cite web | title=Singers Jasmine, Shalmali, Akasa, Anusha are MTV India's 'Angels of Rock' | website=Radioandmusic.com | date=25 May 2016 | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160419-singers-jasmine-shalmali-akasa-anusha-are | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> by [[MTV India|MTV]] India. Jasmine, along with three other artists namely, [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Akasa Singh]], [[Anusha Mani]] traveled from Mumbai to the Atarri border (travelling through Gujarat, Rajasthan, UP, Punjab along the way), covering places in rural as well as urban India. Along the way, they met some women who scripted their own success stories in varied fields and used their voice to speak up and discuss issues that urgently need attention. The pilot episode premiered on 31 July 2016.

=== 2017–2022: Successful singles, ''What's In A Name'' and debut EP ===
Starting in 2017, she released a string of commercially successful singles with singer [[Garry Sandhu]] and producer [[Intense (music producer)|Intense]], including "Illegal Weapon" and "Laddu" in 2017, and "Sip Sip" in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-20 |title=गैरी संधू-जैसमीन सैंडलस का ये पंजाबी गाना बना पार्टीज की जान, 27 करोड़ से भी ज्यादा हैं व्यूज |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/songs/article/punjabi-gana-illegal-weapon-goes-viral-on-youtube-featuring-jasmine-sandlas-garry-sandhu-watch-video/255533 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-11 |title=‘Sip Sip’ teaser: Jasmine Sandlas’ latest is high on bhangra beats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sip-sip-teaser-jasmine-sandlas-latest-is-high-on-bhangra-beats/articleshow/64543115.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-19 |title=Trending Tunes: ‘Illegal Weapon’ to ‘Nagni’, top 5 Jasmine Sandlas songs to pump up your weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/trending-tunes-illegal-weapon-to-nagni-top-5-jasmine-sandlas-songs-to-pump-up-your-weekend/photostory/77047172.cms?picid=77047208 |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "Sip Sip" and "Illegal Weapon" went on to be remixed and used in the film soundtrack of the Bollywood movie, [[Street Dancer 3D|''Street Dancer 3D'']] (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2020-01-04 |title=Street Dancer 3D song : Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor face-off in 'Illegal Weapon 2.0' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/street-dancer-3d-song-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-face-off-in-illegal-weapon-2-0-1502841100.html |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, her third album, ''What's in a Name'', was released on the day of her father's birthday. The album was produced by Intense and Hark. The illustration for the album cover was designed by Diksha and animation was designed by VFX Kalakaar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siachenstudios.com/news/jasmine-sandlas-releases-album-whats-in-a-name/|title=Jasmine Sandlas Releases Third Album "What's In A Name"|website=Siachen Studios|date=4 June 2020|access-date= 4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-04 |title=Jasmine Sandals releases her third album ‘What’s in a name?’ on her father’s birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/jasmine-sandals-releases-her-third-album-whats-in-a-name-on-her-fathers-birth-anniversary/articleshow/76192537.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''TGPE (The Great Punjabi Experiment)'' was an experimental album that Jasmine Sandlas released to observe "if her predictions, about what kind of music people like, were right or wrong". It consisted of 9 songs. The first promotional single "Gaana Challe Ya Na" was released on 8 March 2021 and the album rollout concluded with the single release of "Dil Tutteya", which was released on 10 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Ritika |date=July 29, 2021 |title=Jasmine Sandlas release her new song '36 Mere Vargiya' from the album 'The Great Punjabi Experiment'! |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/jasmine-sandlas-release-her-new-song-36-mere-vargiya-from-the-album-the-great-punjabi-experiment |archive-date= |access-date=April 6, 2025 |website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref>

Sandlas released an EP called ''Tini'' on her birthday that included 4 songs: “Yakeen”, “Kehnda Hi Nahi”, “Hava Vich” and “Kehri Gali.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasmine Sandlas – Tini - EP (2022, 256kpbs, File) - Discogs |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/24409373-Jasmine-Sandlas-Tini-EP |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Discogs}}</ref> Sandlas released a single called "Jee Jeha Karda" on 7 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasmine Sandlas – Jee Jeha Karda (2022, 256kbps, File) - Discogs |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/25090981-Jasmine-Sandlas-Jee-Jeha-Karda |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Discogs}}</ref>

=== 2023–present: Return to film soundtracks ===
Jasmine's first project of the year, "Jehri Ve" released on 30 January 2023, which also had vocals from fellow singer [[Gippy Grewal]]. The track was included on soundtrack of the Punjabi movie [[Mitran Da Naa Chalda|''Mitran Da Naa Chalda'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-31 |title=Gippy Grewal and Jasmine Sandlas croon ‘Jehri Ve’ for ‘Mitran Da Naa Chalda’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/gippy-grewal-and-jasmine-sandlas-croon-jehri-ve-for-mitran-da-naa-chalda/articleshow/97493882.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In August 2023, she dropped the ''Rude'' EP, consisting of four songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Jasmine Sandlas talks new EP 'Rude' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/singer-jasmine-sandlas-talks-new-ep-rude |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Jasmine was inducted into the [[Women Songwriters Hall of Fame|Women Songwriter's Hall of Fame]] for her impact on the music industry.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 18, 2023 |title=3rd Annual Women Songwriters Hall of Fame Awards Celebrates Icons |url=https://www.kron4.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/627842835/3rd-annual-women-songwriters-hall-of-fame-awards-celebrates-icons-jan-daley-angela-bofill-ann-hampton-callaway/ |newspaper=Ein Presswire}}</ref>

In May 2024, she returned to contribute to Bollywood music, after a gap of four years, by lending her vocals to the track "Taras", for the film soundtrack of [[Munjya (film)|''Munjya'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Munjya’ actor Sharvari reveals the one thing she always wanted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sharvaris-desire-for-big-dance-number-unveiled/articleshow/110473443.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[The Times Of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, she released the track "POLS", that she called "a rebirth in her artistic journey".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasmine Sandlas Drops POLS, Says Her New Song Feels Like A Rebirth |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/jasmine-sandlas-drops-pols-says-her-new-song-feels-like-a-rebirth-2965385.html |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref> She also collaborated with rapper Raga on the track "Brown Baddie", marking a return to her early hip-hop rooted music. She also contributed to the soundtrack of the film [[Raid 2 (film)|''Raid 2'']], on the song "Nasha".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Raid 2 song ‘Nasha’: Tamannaah Bhatia invites drunk men to get high on her beauty, asks Riteish Deshmukh to eat her up with his eyes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raid-2-song-nasha-tamannaah-bhatia-invites-drunk-men-to-get-high-on-her-9938019/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> She also released her fourth album, ''Legal Robbery'', produced by Intense in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-26 |title=Poison Baby singer Jasmine Sandlas: 'A woman can be sexy and powerful as long as she’s in control' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/poison-baby-singer-jasmine-sandlas-a-woman-can-be-sexy-and-powerful-as-long-as-she-s-in-control-101761368755825.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Akankshya |date=2025-11-16 |title=Lekka, Diljit Dosanjh To Jasmine Sandlas, 5 Singers Who Have Performed Globally And Taken Indian Culture To The World Stage |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/features/5-singers-who-have-performed-globally-and-taken-indian-culture-to-the-world-stage/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Bollywood Bubble |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the same year, she also earned widespread praise for her collaborations with composer [[Shashwat Sachdev]] for the soundtracks for the web-series [[The Ba***ds of Bollywood|''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'']] and the film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2025-09-25 |title=Inside ‘The Ba***ds of Bollywood’s’ Raucous Soundtrack |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/bads-of-bollywoods-soundtrack-karan-aujla-diljit-dosanjh-aryan-khan/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title='Shararat' singer and lyricist Jasmine Sandlas opens up about 'Dhurandhar' track; says, 'It needed to be a sultry song' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shararat-singer-and-lyricist-jasmine-sandlas-opens-up-about-dhurandhar-track-says-it-needed-to-be-a-sultry-song-exclusive/articleshow/126613805.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Ranveer Singh joins Jasmine Sandlas, Hanumankind to perform Dhurandhar title track |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/video/ranveer-singh-joins-jasmine-sandlas-hanumankind-to-perform-dhurandhar-title-track-2829044-2025-12-01 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She also appeared on the soundtrack of the sequel to the latter, ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Dhurandhar: The Revenge album breakdown — 5 songs, zero filler, pure impact |url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/dhurandhar-the-revenge-album-breakdown-5-songs-zero-filler-pure-impact-article-153873079 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography ==
===Soundtrack albums===
{{Pending films key}}

==== As a singer ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Film/Show !! Title !! Lyrics !! Music !! Co-singer(s) !! Length
|-
! colspan="7" |Hindi
|-
|2014 || ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' || "Yaar Na Miley" || colspan="3" |[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] || 4:03
|-
|2015
| ''[[Second Hand Husband]]'' || "Mitthi Meri Jaan" || Rahul Behenwal || Jatinder Singh Shah || [[Gippy Grewal]] || 2:57
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]'' || "Ishq Da Sutta" || [[Kumaar]]
| colspan="2" |[[Meet Bros]]|| 4:24
|-
| ''[[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]]'' || "Khallas Veerappan" || Manoj Yadav || [[Shaarib Sabri|Shaarib]]- [[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]|| [[Toshi Sabri]]|| 3:01
|-
| ''[[Fuddu]]'' || "Curves Mere Killerrr Killerrr" || Satya Khare
| colspan="2" |Sumeet Bellary|| 3:43
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Machine (2017 film)|Machine]]'' || "Brake'an Fail" || Jasmine Sandlas, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]|| [[Dr Zeus]] || Rajveer Singh, Ikka|| 4:38
|-
| ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' || "Baby Besharm" ||[[Kumaar]]|| [[Meet Bros]] ||[[Aditi Singh Sharma]] || 3:46
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="2" |''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''|| "Illegal Weapon 2.0"||[[Priya Saraiya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Garry Sandhu]]||3:08
|-
|"Sip Sip 2.0"||Kumaar, Garry Sandhu|| 3:39
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
||''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' || "Taras Ni Aya Tujhko" || [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]|| [[Sachin-Jigar]] ||Sumonto Mukherjee || 3:09
|-
|| ''[[Ulajh]]'' || "Aaja Oye" || Jasmine Sandlas, Sudhanshu Saria
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|Shashwat Sachdev, [[Malkit Singh]]|| 2:36
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
||''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]'' || "Nasha" || [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] ||[[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]]||[[Sachet-Parampara|Sachet Tandon]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Sumontho Mukherjee|| 3:00
|-
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]'' || "Ashiqaan"
||Jasmine Sandlas, Shashwat Sachdev
|Shashwat Sachdev|| Shashwat Sachdev||2:28
|-
|''[[Thamma]]'' || "Poison Baby"|| Amitabh Bhattacharya|| Sachin-Jigar|| Divya Kumar, Sumonto Mukherjee, Abhishek Singh, Noor Parmar, Hitesh Purani|| 3:00
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar]]'' || "Dhurandhar – Title Track" || [[Hanumankind]], Jasmine Sandlas, [[Babu Singh Maan]] || [[Shashwat Sachdev]], [[Charanjit Ahuja]] || [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadiq]], [[Ranjit Kaur]], Hanumankind, Sudhir Yaduvanshi || 2:36
|-
|"Shararat"
|Jasmine Sandlas, Shashwat Sachdev
|Shashwat Sachdev
|Madhubanti Bagchi
|3:44
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
|''[[Ikkis]]'' || "Ban Ke Dikha Ikkis" || Amitabh Bhattacharya || White Noise Collectives ||Solo
|2:53
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|"Aari Aari"
|[[Irshad Kamil]], [[Bombay Rockers]], [[Reble]], [[Token (rapper)|Token]]
| rowspan="3" |Shashwat Sachdev
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]], Navtej Singh Rehal (Bombay Rockers), Khan Saab, Sudhir Yaduvanshi, Reble, Token
|3:30
|-
|"Main Aur Tu"
|Jasmine Sandlas, Reble
|Shashwat Sachdev, Reble
|3:30
|-
|"Jaiye Sajana"
|Jasmine Sandlas, [[Satinder Sartaaj]]
|[[Satinder Sartaaj]]
|3:00
|-
|"Rang De Lal (Oye Oye)"
|Jasmine Sandlas, Reble, [[Anand Bakshi]]
|Shashwat Sachdev, [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
|[[Afsana Khan]], Reble, [[Amit Kumar]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|3:20
|-
! colspan="7" |Punjabi
|-
|2016
| ''[[Zorawar]]'' || "Raat Jashan Di" || [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Jasmine Sandlas || colspan="2" |[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] || 4:55
|-
|2017
| ''[[Jindua]]'' || "Chal Jindua" || [[Babu Singh Maan]] || [[Jaidev Kumar]] || [[Ranjit Bawa]], Akasa Singh ||2:16
|-
|2025
|''Ikk Kudi''
|"Khaand Lagdi"
|Vicky Singh
|MixSingh
| Solo
|2:08
|-
! colspan="7" |Lollywood
|-
|2014
| ''[[Hotal]]'' || "Mombatti" || colspan="2" |Jasmine Sandlas || Solo || 4:44
|-
! colspan="7" |Telugu
|-
|2017
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
|"Ratthalu"
| colspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|4:21
|}

==== As a lyricist ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film/Show
!Song
!Co-lyricist(s)
!Music
!Singer(s)
|-
! colspan="6" |Hindi
|-
|2017
|[[Machine (2017 film)|''Machine'']]
|"Brake An Fail"
|[[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|[[Dr Zeus]]
|Jasmine Sandlas, Rajveer Singh, Ikka
|-
|2024
|''[[Ulajh]]''
|"Aaja Oye"
|Sudhanshu Saria
| rowspan="7" |Shashwat Sachdev
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|"Ashiqaan"
|Shashwat Sachdev
|Jasmine Sandlas, Shashwat Sachdev
|-
|"Ruseya"
|
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]], Shashwat Sachdev
|-
|[[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)|''Dhurandhar'']]
|"Shararat"
|Shashwat Sachdev
|Jasmine Sandlas, Madhubanti Bagchi
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
| rowspan="4" |''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|"Main Aur Tu"
| rowspan="2" |Reble
|Jasmine Sandlas, Reble
|-
|"Vaari Jaavan"
|[[Jyoti Nooran]], Reble
|-
|"Jaiye Sajana"
|[[Satinder Sartaaj]]
|Jasmine Sandlas, [[Satinder Sartaaj]]
|-
|"Rang De Lal (Oye Oye)"
|Reble, [[Anand Bakshi]]
|Shashwat Sachdev, [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
|Jasmine Sandlas, [[Afsana Khan]], Reble, [[Amit Kumar]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|-
! colspan="6" |Punjabi
|-
|2016
|''[[Zorawar]]''
|"Raat Jashan Di"
| colspan="2" |[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
|[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Jasmine Sandlas
|-
! colspan="6" |Lollywood
|-
|2014
|''[[Hotal]]''
|"Mombatti"
|
| colspan="2" |Jasmine Sandlas
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Released !! Co-artist (s) !! Label !! Notes
|-
|"Famous In The Club"
| 2010 || Mix One Productions feat. Jasmine Sandlas & Rdikulus || The Diamond Lane Records || [[Collaboration]]
|-
|"End Karade"
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || || [[Universal Music India]] || [[Singles (music)|Single]]
|-
|"Mombatti"|| || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Punjab De Javak"
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Machis"|| || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Pyaar De Khamb"|| || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Tu"
| rowspan="8" | 2016 || || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Musafira"|| || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"O Laal Ni"||[[Jasbir Jassi]] || [[Zee Music Company]] || [[Collaboration]]
|-
|"Kashni – A Tribute"|| || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Sara College"|| || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Baddal"|| Intense || Jasmine Sandlas Records || Single
|-
|"Aaja Dance Floor Pe"|| Ramji Gulati || Zee Music Company || [[Collaboration]]
|-
|"The Joke"
|
|Jasmine Sandlas Records
|Single
|-
|"Laddu"
| rowspan="9" |2017
|[[Garry Sandhu]]
|Fresh Media Records
|Single
|-
|"Bamb Jatt"
| [[Amrit Maan]]
|White Hill Music
|Collaboration
|-
|"Party Nonstop"
|[[Dr Zeus|Dr. Zeus]] & [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|EMI Records India
|Collaboration
|-
|"Punjabi Mutiyaran"
|
|Yellow Music
|Single
|-
|"Salaam-e-Ishq"
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
|Saregama Music
|Collaboration
|-
|"Vachari"
|Intense
|T-Series
|Singles
|-
|"LV Di Jean"
|
|Speed Records
|Single
|-
|"Botal Khol (The Baller's Anthem)"
|[[Knox Artiste]] & Mafia
|T-Series
|Collaboration
|-
|"Illegal Weapon"
|Garry Sandhu
|Fresh Media records
|Collaboration
|-
|"Veera"
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Sumit Sethi
|T-Series
|Single
|-
|"Sip Sip"
|Intense & Garry Sandhu
|Fresh Media Records
|Single
|-
|"Patt Lai Geya"
|Ranbir Grewal & Seji Dhillon
|Jasmine Sandlas Records
|Single
|-
|"Mithi Mithi"
|2019
|Intense
|Crown Records
|with [[Amrit Maan]]
|-
|"Chunni Black"
|2019
|Ranbir Grewal
|Jasmine Sandlas Records
|
|-
|"Guglu Muglu"
| rowspan="2" |2020
|
| rowspan="11" |Jasmine Sandlas Records
|Single
|-
|Punjab De Javak
| rowspan="2" |Sharan Shergill
|Single
|-
|Gaana Challe Ya Na
| rowspan="9" |2021
|Single
|-
|Mago
|Sharan Shergill & Lil Daku
|
|-
|Royi Na
| rowspan="4" |Raaginder
|
|-
|Thug Life
|Explicit
|-
|36 Mere Wargiya
|Explicit
|-
|Uth Na Khade
|
|-
|Cali Di Babe
| rowspan="3" |Jashan Dhillon
|
|-
|Mood Sarkar Da
|
|-
|Dil Tutteya
|
|-
|Bamb Aagya
| rowspan="2" |2022
|[[Gur Sidhu]]
|Brown Town Music
|Collaboration with [[Gur Sidhu]]
|-
|Jee Jeha Karda
|Seji Dhillon (music)
|Jasmine Sandlas Records
|
|-
|Jehri Ve
| rowspan="4" |2023
|Gippy Grewal
|Gems tunes
|
|-
|Ittar
|B praak (music) Jaani (lyrics)
|
|-
|Routine
|[[Gur Sidhu]]
|Brown Town Music
|Collaboration with [[Gur Sidhu]]
|-
|Jhumka
|Dr. Zeus
|Dr Zeus Worldwide
|
|-
|Jager
| rowspan="4" |2024
|Lil Daku, Sharan Shergill
|Jasmine Sandlas Records
|
|-
|Tola
|Dilmaan (music)
Gill Machhrai, Rony Ajnali (lyrics)
| rowspan="3" |[[Warner Music India]]
|
|-
|Main Bandey
|Mani Singh
|
|-
|Guddi
|KRN Walia, LATF
|
|}

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Album details !! Music
|-
| ''The Diamond''||
* Released: 25 March 2010

* Label: The Diamond Lane Records
* Formats: CD, digital download
|| Mixman Shawn
|-
| ''Gulabi''||
* Released: 29 October 2012
* Label: [[Sony Music India]]
* Formats: CD, digital download
|| [[Bohemia (musician)|Bohemia]]
|-
| ''What's in a Name''||
* Released: 4 June 2020
* Label: Jasmine Sandlas Records
* Formats: CD, digital download
|| Intense, Hark
|-
| ''Tini (EP)''||
* Released: 4 September 2022

* Label: Jasmine Sandlas Records

* Formats: CD, digital download
|| Jashan Dhillon, Krn Walia, Raaginder
|-
|''Rude'' (EP)
|
* Released: 2023

* Label: Jasmine Sandlas Records

* Formats: CD, digital download
|Mofusion, Krn Walia
|-
|''ASAP (As Soft As Possible) (EP)''
|
* Released: 29 April 2025

* Label: [[Warner Music India]]

* Formats: CD, digital download
|Mofusion, Scxth
|-
|''Legal Robbery''
|
* Released: 17 October 2025

* Label: [[Warner Music India]]

* Formats: CD, digital download
|Intense
|}

===Collaboration albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Album details !! Album by
|Notes
|-
| ''The Diamond''|| . Released: 4 September 2012
. Label: [[Sony Music India]]

. Formats: CD
|| 7. "This Song" || Mixman Shawn
|-
| ''Desi Revolution Vol. 1''|| . Released: 13 December 2011
. Label: DHH

. Formats: CD
|| 3. "Na Suno" || feat. Bohemia
|-
| ''Ultimate Desi Hiphop Party''|| Released: 30 October 2014
. Label: [[Sony Music India]]

. Formats: CD, Digital download
|| 8. "Adhi Raati" || feat. Bohemia
|-
|}

===Coke Studio (India)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Co-artist(s) !! Music !! Episode !! Season !! Released
|-
| "Sawan Mein" || [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] || [[Sachin–Jigar]] || 2 || 4 || 12 April 2015
|}

===MTV Spoken Word===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title !! Co-artist(s) !! Music !! Year
|-
| "Pinjra" || [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] || [[Dr Zeus]] || 2015
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2025
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|Singer
|Appears as a singer in the song "Shararat"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2025 |title=After Dominating 2024–25, Madhubanti Bagchi Returns with “Shararat”: A Full-Blown Banger in Collaboration with Jasmine Sandlas |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/81420/After-Dominating--Madhubanti-Bagchi-Returns-with-Shararat-A-Full-Blown-Banger-in-Collaboration-with-Jasmine-Sandlas.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Peeping Moon |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhurandhar’s Shararat brings Ayesha Khan and Krystle D’Souza together for a fiery dance number |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/dhurandhars-shararat-brings-ayesha-khan-and-krystle-dsouza-together-for-a-fiery-dance-number/153268484 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
'''MTV INDIA "Angels Of Rock"'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Episode
!Season
!Notes
|-
|"Agar Tu"
|2
|1
|"Rudi No Radio"
|-
|"Jaagde Ke Sutte"
|8
|1
|"Ludhiana Cares"
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| "Yaar Naa Miley" from ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2014|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]] 2018
| Best Female Act
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|<ref name=BAMA2018>{{cite news |last1=Anusha |first1=Nava |title=BritAsia TV Music Awards 2018 Winners |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/britasia-tv-music-awards-2018-winners |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=www.desiblitz.com |date=11 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]] 2019
| Best International Female Act
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|<ref name=BAMA2019>{{cite news |last1=Dhiren |first1=Manga |title=BritAsia TV Music Awards 2019 Winners |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/britasia-tv-music-awards-2019-winners |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=www.desiblitz.com |date=7 December 2019}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Jasmine sandlas on Instagram
[https://www.instagram.com/jasminesandlas?igsh=MXJibmtzaWZoNWRvaw== Instagram]{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandlas, Jasmine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:American women songwriters]]
[[Category:Punjabi rappers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from California]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Expatriate musicians in India]]
[[Category:American expatriate musicians]]
[[Category:Songwriters from California]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]

M. N. Vijayan

2026-03-28T08:07:20Z

Twyla48W587323: update page based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian orator and writer (1930–2007)}}
{{overly detailed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = M. N. Vijayan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|6|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lokamaleshwaram, [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Deathdate and age|2007|10|3|1930|6|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername =
| occupation = {{Ublist|Writer|Orator}}
| alma mater = {{ublist|Government Boys High School [[Kodungallur]]|[[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]|[[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]}}
| spouse = Sharada
| years_active = 1952–2007
| domesticpartner =
| children = 3
| parents = {{ublist|Pathiyasseril Narayana Menon (father)|Mooliyil Kochammu Amma (mother)}}
| website =
| awards = 1982 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
}}
{{Indian name|Vijayan|Moolayil Narayana Menon}}'''Moolayil Narayana Vijayan''', popularly known as '''Vijayan Mash''' (8 June 1930 – 3 October 2007) was an Indian academic, orator, columnist and writer of [[Malayalam literature]]. Known for his leftist ideals and oratorical skills, Vijayan was the president of the [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]] (Progressive Association for Art and Letters) and served as the editor of [[Deshabhimani]]. He published a number of books of which ''Chithayile Velicham'' (The Light in the Pyre) received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]] in 1982.

== Biography ==
[[File:Government Boys High School Kodungallur.jpg|thumb|235px|Government Boys High School, Kodungallur, Vijayan's alma mater]]
M. N. Vijayan was born on 8 June 1930 to Pathiyasseril Narayana Menon and Mooliyil Kochammu Amma at Lokamaleshwaram, a small village near [[Kodungallur]] in [[Thrissur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="MN Vijayan - festschrift">{{Cite web |url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/mnvijayan/ |title=MN Vijayan - festschrift |date=5 February 2019 |website=archives.mathrubhumi.com |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Vijayan got his family name, ''Mooliyil'', through [[matrilineal succession]].

Vijayan's schooling was at Pathinettarayalam Lower Primary School and Government Boys High School [[Kodungallur]] after which he did his graduate and post-graduate studies at [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] to earn a master's degree in Malayalam literature from the [[University of Madras]]. He also studied law at the [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] and was associated with the [[Students Federation of India]] during his college days.<ref name="Writer M.N. Vijayan dies at press meet">{{Cite web |url=http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200710031846.htm |title=Writer M.N. Vijayan dies at press meet |date=11 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155311/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200710031846.htm |access-date=5 February 2019|url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> He started his career in 1952 as a lecturer at [[The New College, Chennai]] and later moved to [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]], but his stay at Thiruvananthapuram was short.<ref name="M.N. Vijayan : The Scholar Who Knew Too Much - Mainstream Weekly">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article386.html |title=M.N. Vijayan : The Scholar Who Knew Too Much - Mainstream Weekly |website=www.mainstreamweekly.net |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> In 1960, he joined [[Brennen College]], [[Thalassery]] as a member of faculty at its department of Malayalam and served the institution until he retired from service in 1985.<ref name="M. N. Vijayan - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/m._n._vijayan-profile-3482-25.htm |title=M. N. Vijayan - Veethi profile |date=5 February 2019 |website=veethi.com |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

== Political and journalism career ==
From 1960 to 1999 M. N. Vijayan stayed at Dharmadam, Thalassery. Vijayan worked as the editor of the cultural weekly ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' owned by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). He was President of [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]] (Progressive Association for Art and Letters) and [[Adhinivesha Prathirodha Samithi]] (Council for Resisting Imperialist Globalisation), a leftist think-tank based in [[Kerala]] which collaborated with the CPI(M).

He was removed as editor of Deshabhimani when leaders of the provincial Communist Party felt he did not adhere to the party line. He opposed the policy of some state level leaders and other leftist intellectuals to accept foreign funding of political work.<ref name="The Hindu : Mixed response to Kerala Social Forum">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/26/stories/2003122605170400.htm |title=Mixed response to Kerala Social Forum |access-date=5 February 2019|date=26 December 2003 |last1=Ramavarman |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first1=T. }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was also for a time the editor of the controversial periodical ''[[Padom]]'', notably criticising a Kerala state government program called People's Campaign for Decentralised Planning ([[People's Plan]]) and its creator [[Thomas Isaac]].<ref name="The Hindu : Padhom is the winner in CPI(M) row">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/16/stories/2004021604030400.htm |title=Padhom is the winner in CPI(M) row |access-date=5 February 2019|date=16 February 2004 |last1=Nair |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first1=C. Gouridasan }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Vijayan and [[Professor Sudheesh]]'s articles in ''Padom'' against the "people's plan", a program aimed at decentralisation of power, became a controversial issue. Later a Kerala court ruled that the allegations of foreign funding of the [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] (KSSP) had been proven by Sudheesh and Vijayan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mathrubhumi.com/php/showNews.php?news_category_id=3&Farc= |title=Mathrubhumi |website=mathrubhumi.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009120933/http://mathrubhumi.com/php/showNews.php?news_category_id=3&Farc= |archive-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vijayan and Sudheesh had started ''Paatom'' in 2000, and started to attack CPI(M)'s social democratic stands and attitude towards World Bank and IMF.<ref name="Intra-Party Differences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/1900.pdf |title=Intra-Party Differences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155539/http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/1900.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 August 2007}}</ref> He resigned from Purogamana Kala Sahithya Sangham as a result of a disagreement with [[M. A. Baby]], then in charge of the CPI(M).

The cultural programme [[Manaveeyam]] of CPI(M)-led [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] government of [[Kerala]] was criticised for the extravagance of the programmes and the elitist audience to which the ps catered, and also for the fact that the "people's art and culture" gave way to [[bourgeois]] concepts under the influence of [[neoliberalism]]. Vijayan also led an ideological debate against [[social democratic]] deviations. When the leader of [[Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad]] (a pro-[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] Science forum) [[M. P. Parameswaran]] went ahead with his "theory of the fourth world" campaign, it was alleged that a theory that had been opposed by the late ideologue of the party, [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], was now being resurrected after his death. Vijayan and his followers resisted [[P. Govinda Pillai]]'s controversial critical remarks against [[A. K. Gopalan]], Namboodiripad and others on ideological grounds. Though, initially, CPI(M) leadership was forced to expel Parameswaran<ref name="The Hindu : CPI(M) expels M.P. Parameswaran">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/16/stories/2004021602610700.htm |title=CPI(M) expels M.P. Parameswaran |access-date=5 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 February 2004 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and Depromote Pillai from the state committee because of the high reputation that Vijayan enjoyed among the party supporters, writers and the literate, later the [[social democracy|social democratic]] group got control over the CPI(M) organisation.<ref name="Comrades at each other's neck - Vicious infighting over lucrative businesses bleeds Kerala CPM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/comrades-at-each-other-s-neck-vicious-infighting-over-lucrative-businesses-bleeds-kerala-cpm/cid/860746 |title=Comrades at each other's neck - Vicious infighting over lucrative businesses bleeds Kerala CPM |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="DEBATING ON THE FUTURE">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/debating-on-the-future/cid/1025012 |title=DEBATING ON THE FUTURE |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> There were similar attacks against other left-leaning intellectuals like [[B. Ekbal|Dr. B. Ekbal]] (leading to Ekbal's expulsion from CPI(M)) who were trying to re-examine the direction of left-wing politics in Kerala.

Vijayan did not attend many public meetings during his last years as a result of his ill health, but continued to write weekly columns in ''[[Samakalina Malayalam]]'', an [[Indian Express]] group of publications, ''[[Janashakthi]]'' and ''[[Maruvakku]]''. The column was originally published weekly in ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' until he parted ways with the paper. He was also the editor of the monthly ''[[Maruvaakku]]''.

== Writings ==
Most of Vijayan's publications are compilations of his speeches and He was considered to be a powerful orator.<ref name="The Hindu : Life Kochi : Capturing a quest into essence of reality">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/01/21/stories/2005012100200200.htm |title=Life Kochi : Capturing a quest into essence of reality |date=21 January 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 February 2019}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Writer M.N. Vijayan dies at press meet"/> He used [[psychology]], [[Marxism]] and [[social science]] as tools to analyse life and literature. Some prominent writers, including [[M. Krishnan Nair (author)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and [[Thinakkal Padmanabhan]], have said that Vijayan's writings are difficult to understand, as he does not follow conventional grammatical structures. [[V. C. Sreejan]] criticizes Vijayan's style, arguing that it is densely figurative, hence vague and often meaningless. Vijayan was a pioneer of the use of psychological criticism in Malayalam literature, and influenced contemporary Kerala culture.<ref name="In M N Vijayan's death, the real teacher has gone">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/oct/08vijayan.htm |title=In M N Vijayan's death, the real teacher has gone |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

Vijayan's works were nominated on several occasions for literary awards, but in keeping with a general aversion to institutionalism, he rejected any state-sponsored awards that he won.<ref name="Writer M.N. Vijayan dies at press meet" />

=== List of published works ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78592 |title=Bhayavum Abhayavum |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2002 |publisher=Chintha Publishers |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Chithayile Velicham |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Current Books |year=1981 |asin=B007E4WEQI}}
* {{Cite book |title=Varnagalude Sangeetham |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=H & C Books |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Fascisathinte Manashasthram |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=1999 |publisher=Chintha Publishers |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Marubhoomikal Pookumbol |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Current Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-8122608281|id={{ASIN|8122608280|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |title=Chumaril Chithramezhuthumbol |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Green Books |year=2012 |isbn=979-8188582722}}
* {{Cite book |title=Vyloppilli |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2013 |isbn=9788182655508}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/basheer-essays-m-n-vijayan?author_id= |title=Basheer |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2015}}
* {{Cite book |title=Adhikaram, Anuragam, Athmarahasyangal |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2002 |publisher=Chinta Publishers |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Fascism: Prathyaya Shasthram, Prayogam, Pradhirodham |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2003 |publisher=Chintha |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Changampuzha |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2018 |isbn=9788182676138}}
* {{Cite book |title=M.N.Vijayan Sampoorna Krithikal |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Current Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-8122608502 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Manushyar Parkkunna Lokangal |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=8182642167 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kaleidoscope:: M. N. Vijayante Ormmakkurippukal |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2006 |publisher=Nishagandhi Publications |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kazhchappadu |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2001 |publisher=Chinta Publishers |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kesariyude Charithra Gaveshanangal (3 volumes) |last=M. N. Vijayan |date=2010 |publisher=State Institute of Languages, Kerala |edition=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Marar Vimarsham |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2011 |publisher=School Of Marxian Cultural Studies |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Olichu Kadathiya Ayudhangal |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2006 |publisher=Kairali Books |edition=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=M. R. B.: Jeevitham, Dharshanam, Kruthikal |last=Vijayan M.N. |date=2004 |publisher=Current Books Thrissur |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kalapathinte Utharangal |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2004 |publisher=Fabian Books |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Adhiniveshathinte Adiyozhukkukal |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2003 |publisher=Left View, Calicut |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kavithayude Nottandu (2 volumes) |last1=None |last2=Vijayan. m.n |date=2001 |publisher=National Book Stall |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kathayude Nottandu (2 volumes) |last1=Nil |last2=Vijayan. m.n |date=2008 |publisher=Sahithya Pravathaka Sahakarana |edition=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Puraykkumel Chanja Maram |last=Vijayan. M. N |date=2005 |publisher=Chinta Publishers |edition=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=82687&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520%2522Vijayan%2520M.%2520N.%2522 |title=Varnangalude sangeetham |last=Vijayan |first=M. N. |date=1992 |publisher=[[Mulberry Publications|Mulberry]] |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/doorakazhchakal-interviews-azeez-tharuvana?author_id=&page=2 |title=Doorakazhchakal (Interviews) |last=M. N. Vijayan |publisher=New Books |year=2012}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/sambhashanangal-m-n-vijayan-interview-mangad-rathnakaran?author_id=&page=2 |title=Sambhashanangal: Interviews |last=M N Vijayan |publisher=Olive Books |year=2010}}
* ''Pradhirodhangal പ്രതിരോധങ്ങൾ'' (Resistances)
* ''Kavithayum Manashastravum കവിതയും മനശാസ്ത്രവും'' (Poetry And Psychology)
* ''Sheersasanam ശീർഷാസനം'' (Standing Upside Down)
* ''Vaakkum Manassum'' (The Speech and The Thought)
* ''Puthiya Varthamanangal'' (Latest News)
* ''Noothana Lokangal നൂതന ലോകങ്ങൾ'' (New Worlds)
* ''M.N. Vijayante Prabhashanangal എം.എൻ. വിജയന്റെ പ്രഭാഷണങ്ങൾ'' (M.N. Vijayan's Speeches)
* ''Samskaravum Swathanthriavum സംസ്കാരവും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും'' (The Culture and the Freedom)
{{div col end}}

== Intellectual mentor and counselor ==
Though not a qualified medical practitioner, Vijayan worked for many years as a [[pro bono]] counsellor, using [[Freudian psychology|Freudian]] techniques. Many writers, intellectuals, journalists and political activists have described him as an intellectual mentor. The November 2007 issue of ''[[Samayam Masika]]'' was devoted to articles by a variety of public figures about Vijayan and his influence, both on them personally and upon others, including [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] (writer, film director, [[Jnanpith Award]] winner), [[N. Prabhakaran]] (writer, academic), [[Mohanan Cherukadu]] (writer), [[Appukkuttan Vallikkunnu]] (journalist), [[P Surendran|P. Surendran]] (writer), Dr. [[Abdul Azeez]] (Doctor), [[Kunhappa Pattanoor]] (poet), [[Umesh Babu K.C.]] (Poet and political activist), [[A. V. Pavitran]] (writer), [[Anil Kumar A. V.]] (journalist, political activist), [[Vatsalan Vatuseeri]] (writer), [[Prabhakaran Pazhassi]] (writer, Professor), [[Choorayi Chandran]] (Political activist, Educationalist), [[N. Shasidharan]] (writer).<ref>"Samayam Masika" Nov. 2007, Issue: 62</ref>

His studies on Vailoppilli, a well known Malayalam poet, and especially the poems "Mampazham" and "Sahyante makan", using Freudian techniques attained wide acclaim.<ref>M.N. Vijayan, ''Seershasanam'', Tellicherry: Akam Samithi, 1989</ref> He was a staunch critic of communal organisations and he used a significant part of his oratory and writings to back Communist Party of India (Marx) in their ideological and material resistance against the invasion of fascist forces with venomous separatist aims in Tellicherry and Kerala. M.N.Vijayan, his wife and his residence at Dharmadam, Thalassey, provided a haven for people who faced psychological problems. With utmost affection Vijayan mash and his wife served them. He is the general editor of Nammute Sahityam Nammute Samooham (Our Society Our Literature), a four volume research book on literature and society of Kerala.

Vijayan became a mentor for many writers, leftist politicians and journalists. He was a critic of NGOs like [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] which polluted the sensibilities of Malayalees. Vijayan died while he was addressing a press conference in Thrissur, explaining how non- governmentally funded organisations like [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] function in Kerala, camouflaging their imperialist agenda by wearing a leftist mask. Parishath and its activities lost credibility when Ernakulam Chief Judicial Magistrate dismissed the defamation case filed against [[Paatom]],<ref name="PAATOM">{{Cite web |url=https://mnvijayan-patom.blogspot.com/ |title=PAATOM |date=5 February 2019 |website=mnvijayan-patom.blogspot.com |language=en |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> a magazine which exposed the fishy trails of such organisations. "You are selling your credibility... It is hijacking democracy ...",<ref>''M.N.Vijayan Counter Discourses,'' compiled by S.Sudheesh. Kollam:M.N.Vijayan Samskarika Vedi, 2010</ref> Vijayan said about Parishath and its supporters in the last press conference. Thrissur Current Books and Akam Samithi Thalassey published the early works of M.N.Vijayan. Thrissur Current Books published the Complete Works of M.N. Vijayan in ten volumes under different titles, like literature, politics, culture, interviews, speeches, biography, memoirs, etc.<ref>M.N.Vijayan Sampoorna Krithikal (M.N.Vijayan, Complete Works), Gen.Ed. N.Prabhakaran. Thrissur: Current Books, 2009</ref> The first M.N.Vijayan library was inaugurated at Kannur. Govt. Brennen College Malayalam department has constituted the M.N.Vijayan endowment in 2010 for outstanding students of Malayalam literature.

== Personal life ==
Vijayan was married to Sharada and the couple had a son, V. S. Anilkumar, a writer and an academic working at [[Kannur University]] and two daughters, Sujatha Balachandran, a doctorate degree holder in agricultural science and Sunitha Rajagopal.<ref name="Remembering MN Vijayan">{{Cite web |title=Remembering MN Vijayan |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/current-affairs-in-malayalam/‘വിജയ‘സ്മൃതിക്ക്-ഇന്ന്-രണ്ട്-വര്‍ഷം-109100300020_1.htm |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=malayalam.webdunia.com}}</ref> He suffered a massive heart attack during a press conference at [[Thrissur Press Club]] on 3 October 2007 and though he was taken to [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]], he died the same day, at the age of 77.<ref name="പ്രൊഫസര്‍ എം.എന്‍ വിജയന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=3 October 2007 |title=പ്രൊഫസര്‍ എം.എന്‍ വിജയന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2007/10/03/kerala-mn-vijayan-obit.html |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=malayalam.oneindia.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="M.N. Vijayan mourned">{{Cite news |date=4 October 2007 |title=M.N. Vijayan mourned |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mn-vijayan-mourned/article1922996.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> His biography, written by K. Balakrishnan, was published by [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] in 2015, on the 8th anniversary of Vijayan's death.<ref name="M.N. Vijayan’s biography released">{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=13 October 2015 |title=M.N. Vijayan's biography released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mn-vijayans-biography-released/article7755637.ece |access-date=5 February 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130621143838/http://www.mnvijayan.com/ Website in the name of Prof. M.N.Vijayan run by M N Vijyan Center for Study and Research, Thrichur, Kerala.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144759/http://www.channels.com/episodes/show/6638577/Professor-M-N-Vijayan Speech by M.N.Vijayan]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, M. N.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kannur University]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Academic staff of The New College, Chennai]]

List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand

2026-03-22T12:54:48Z

Twyla48W587323: expanded content

{{short description|Parliamentary Constituencies in Uttarakhand}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

The following is the list of the [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[Uttarakhand]] as of recent-most [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation]] of the Lok Sabha constituencies in 2008.

==Lok Sabha==

===Current constituencies===
The [[Lok Sabha]] (meaning "House of the People") is the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. [[Uttarakhand]] state elects five [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|members]] and they are directly elected by the state electorates of Uttarakhand. Members are elected for five years with [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The number of seats, allocated to the [[States and union territories of India|state]]/[[union territory]] are determined by the population of the state/union territory.

[[File:Uttarakhand Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|275x275px|Constituencies of the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[Uttarakhand]]]]

'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
 Source: Parliament of India (Lok Sabha)<ref>[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/StateDetail.aspx?state_code=Uttarakhand Current Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand]</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3"|[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Constituency]]
! rowspan="2"| Electors (2024)
! colspan="3"| [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency segment]]
! rowspan="2"| [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|Current member]]
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Party
! rowspan="2"| Current house
! rowspan="2"| [[List of Indian general elections|Election]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! [[Reserved political positions in India|Reserved for]] (SC/ST/None)
! No.
! Name
! Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
|-
| rowspan="14"; align="center"| 1
| rowspan="14"| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
| rowspan="28"; align="center"| None
| rowspan="14"|
| align="center"| 1
| [[Purola (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Purola]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
| rowspan="14"| [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
| rowspan="14"; bgcolor="#FF9933"|
| rowspan="14"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="70"; align="center"| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| rowspan="70"; align="center"| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
| align="center"| 2
| [[Yamunotri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamunotri]]
| rowspan="2"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 3
| [[Gangotri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gangotri]]
|-
| align="center"| 9
| [[Ghansali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ghansali]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 12
| [[Pratapnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pratapnagar]]
| rowspan="3"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 13
| [[Tehri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tehri]]
|-
| align="center"| 14
| [[Dhanaulti (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhanaulti]]
|-
| align="center"| 15
| [[Chakrata (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chakrata]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|-
| align="center"| 16
| [[Vikasnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Vikasnagar]]
| rowspan="3"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 17
| [[Sahaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sahaspur]]
|-
| align="center"| 19
| [[Raipur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Raipur]]
|-
| align="center"| 20
| [[Rajpur Road (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rajpur Road]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 21
| [[Dehradun Cantonment (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun Cantonment]]
| rowspan="3"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 22
| [[Mussoorie (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mussoorie]]
|-
| rowspan="14"; align="center"| 2
| rowspan="14"| [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| rowspan="14"|
| align="center"| 4
| [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]]
| rowspan="14"| [[Anil Baluni]]
| rowspan="14"; bgcolor="#FF9933"|
| rowspan="14"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center"| 5
| [[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tharali]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 6
| [[Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Karnaprayag]]
| rowspan="6"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 7
| [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]]
|-
| align="center"| 8
| [[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudraprayag]]
|-
| align="center"| 10
| [[Devprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Devprayag]]
|-
| align="center"| 11
| [[Narendranagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Narendranagar]]
|-
| align="center"| 36
| [[Yamkeshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamkeshwar]]
|-
| align="center"| 37
| [[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 38
| [[Srinagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Srinagar]]
| rowspan="8"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 39
| [[Chaubattakhal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chaubattakhal]]
|-
| align="center"| 40
| [[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne]]
|-
| align="center"| 41
| [[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]]
|-
| align="center"| 61
| [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]
|-
| rowspan="14"; align="center"| 3
| rowspan="14"| [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
| rowspan="14"; align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
| rowspan="14"|
| align="center"| 42
| [[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]
| rowspan="14"| [[Ajay Tamta]]
| rowspan="14"; bgcolor="#FF9933"|
| rowspan="14"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center"| 43
| [[Didihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Didihat]]
|-
| align="center"| 44
| [[Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pithoragarh]]
|-
| align="center"| 45
| [[Gangolihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gangolihat]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 46
| [[Kapkot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kapkot]]
| align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 47
| [[Bageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bageshwar]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 48
| [[Dwarahat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dwarahat]]
| rowspan="3"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 49
| [[Salt (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Salt]]
|-
| align="center"| 50
| [[Ranikhet (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ranikhet]]
|-
| align="center"| 51
| [[Someshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Someshwar]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 52
| [[Almora (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Almora]]
| rowspan="6"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 53
| [[Jageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jageshwar]]
|-
| align="center"| 54
| [[Lohaghat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lohaghat]]
|-
| align="center"| 55
| [[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]]
|-
| rowspan="14"; align="center"| 4
| rowspan="14"| [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| rowspan="28"; align="center"| None
| rowspan="14"|
| align="center"| 56
| [[Lalkuan (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lalkuan]]
| rowspan="14"| [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
| rowspan="14"; bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|rowspan="14"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center"| 57
| [[Bhimtal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhimtal]]
|-
| align="center"| 58
| [[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 59
| [[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]]
| rowspan="4"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 60
| [[Kaladhungi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kaladhungi]]
|-
| align="center"| 62
| [[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]]
|-
| align="center"| 63
| [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|-
| align="center"| 64
| [[Bajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bajpur]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 65
| [[Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gadarpur]]
| rowspan="4"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 66
| [[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]]
|-
| align="center"| 67
| [[Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kichha]]
|-
| align="center"| 68
| [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
|-
| align="center"| 69
| [[Nanakmatta (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nanakmatta]]
| align="center"| [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|-
| align="center"| 70
| [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]
| rowspan="6"; align="center"| None
|-
| rowspan="14"; align="center"| 5
| rowspan="14"| [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]]
| rowspan="14"|
| align="center"| 18
| [[Dharampur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharampur]]
| rowspan="14"| [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
| rowspan="14"; bgcolor="#FF9933"|
| rowspan="14"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center"| 23
| [[Doiwala (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Doiwala]]
|-
| align="center"| 24
| [[Rishikesh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rishikesh]]
|-
| align="center"| 25
| [[Haridwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar]]
|-
| align="center"| 26
| [[BHEL Ranipur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|BHEL Ranipur]]
|-
| align="center"| 27
| [[Jwalapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jwalapur]]
| rowspan="3"; align="center"| [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center"| 28
| [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]]
|-
| align="center"| 29
| [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jhabrera]]
|-
| align="center"| 30
| [[Piran Kaliyar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Piran Kaliyar]]
| rowspan="6"; align="center"| None
|-
| align="center"| 31
| [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]]
|-
| align="center"| 32
| [[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]]
|-
| align="center"| 33
| [[Manglaur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Manglaur]]
|-
| align="center"| 34
| [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
|-
| align="center"| 35
| [[Haridwar Rural (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar Rural]]
|-
|}

===Former constituency===
*''[[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital]] (2000–2009)''

==Rajya Sabha==
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (meaning "Council of States") is the [[upper house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. [[Uttarakhand]] state elects three [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|members]] and they are indirectly elected by the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. Members are elected for six years and one-third of members are [[Staggered elections|retired after every two years]]. Elections within the [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislatures]] are held using [[Single transferable vote|single transferable voting]] with [[proportional representation]].

===Current members===
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
 Source: Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha)<ref>[https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/memberstatewise.aspx Current Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand]</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!style="width:100px" | [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Current member]]<ref name="members">{{cite web|title=Statewise List|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
!Date of appointment
!Date of retirement
![[List of Rajya Sabha elections|Election]]
|-
|1
|[[Naresh Bansal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26 November 2020
|25 November 2026
|[[2020 Rajya Sabha elections|2020]]
|-
|2
|[[Kalpana Saini]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5 July 2022
|4 July 2028
|[[2022 Rajya Sabha elections|2022]]
|-
|3
|[[Mahendra Bhatt]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3 April 2024
|2 April 2030
|[[2024 Rajya Sabha elections|2024]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parliament of India}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists|Parliamentary constituencies]]
[[Category:Elections in Uttarakhand]]

Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud

2026-03-21T15:04:16Z

Twyla48W587323: cleaned up citations and corrected details

{{short description|Semi-legendary Muslim figure from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Salar Masud Ghazi
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_date = 10 February 1014
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1034|06|15|1014|02|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bahraich]]
| resting_place = Dargah Syed Salar Masud Ghazi Bahraich
| nationality =
| other_names = Ghazi Miyan, Ghazi Baba, Baale Miyan
| known_for = [[Sufism]] and Nephew to [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]]
| occupation = Military leader, religious figure, [[Sufi]] [[Wali|Saint]]
| relations = Nephew of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| parents = [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu]](father)
| spouse = 
| children = 
| website = 
}}
[[File:Ghazi_Syed_Masud_Salar_Dargah_gage_Bahraich.jpg|thumb|Ghazi Syed Masud Salar Dargah]]
'''Syed Salar Masud Ghazi''' (10 February 1014 – 15 June 1034), also known as '''Ghazi Miyan''', was a semi-legendary Muslim figure and military leader associated with the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] invasions of India in the early 11th century. According to the Persian hagiography ''Mirat-i-Masudi'' ("Mirror of Masud"), written in the 17th century, Masud accompanied his uncle [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] during the conquest of India and led military campaigns across regions such as [[Multan]], [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], and [[Kannauj]]. His campaigns aimed to expand the Ghaznavid influence and spread Islam in the Indian subcontinent.

== ''Mirat-i-Masudi'' legend ==
The ''Mirat-i-Masudi'' narrates the legend of Salar Masud as follows:

=== Early life ===
In 1011 CE, the Muslims of [[Jalgaon]], whose rights were being infringed upon by the local Hindu rulers, appealed Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] for help. Mahmud agreed to help them on the condition that they would mention his name in the Friday sermons ([[Khutbah]]), which would signify their acknowledgment of his suzerainty. Mahmud's general [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu|Salar Sahu]] defeated the Hindu rulers of Ajmer and surrounding regions. As a reward, Mahmud married his sister to Salar Sahu; Masud was the result of this marriage.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=157}} Masud was born on 10 February 1014 CE,{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=13}} in [[Ajmer]].{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=xiii}}

=== Military career ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
Syed Salar Masud Ghazi was a military commander who played a significant role in the [[Ghaznavid]] campaigns in India during the early 11th century. According to historical accounts, Masud accompanied his uncle, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], during his invasions of the Indian subcontinent. After Mahmud’s departure, Masud continued military campaigns, primarily in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], aiming to expand Ghaznavid influence.

'''Early Campaigns'''

Masud is believed to have led forces into regions such as [[Multan]], [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], and [[Kannauj]], encountering resistance from local Hindu rulers (Elliot & Dowson, 1867). His campaigns involved battles with various [[Rajput]] and other indigenous dynasties who opposed the Ghaznavid expansion (Habib, 1992).

'''Battle of Bahraich (1033–1034 CE)'''

One of the most significant military events associated with Masud was his campaign in [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh. In 1033 CE, he advanced into the region with a large army, facing opposition from a confederation of Hindu rulers led by Bhar King Maharaja [[Suhaldev Bhar]] (Elliot & Dowson, 1867). After prolonged skirmishes, the decisive battle took place in 1034 CE, where Masud’s forces were overwhelmed. He was ultimately killed in combat.

'''Legacy as a Warrior-Saint'''

Despite his military defeat, Masud’s legacy endured in Islamic traditions. He was later venerated as a warrior-saint, in spite of the title "Ghazi" which betrays his purpose, with his Dargah of Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud in [[Bahraich]] becoming an important pilgrimage site (Kumar, 2002). His campaigns, though unsuccessful in establishing lasting Ghaznavid control in the region, played a role in shaping the early encounters between Islamic and indigenous Indian forces.

=== Death ===
Syed Salar Masud Ghazi was killed in 1034 CE during the Battle of Bahraich against a confederation of Hindu rulers led by Bhar King Maharaja[[Suhaldev]][[Bhar (caste)|Bhar]]. According to historical accounts, Masud had led military campaigns across [[Uttar Pradesh]], where he initially won battles against local rulers, expanding the influence of the [[Ghaznavid]] Empire.

'''Early Successes and the Battle of Bahraich'''

Masud's early military successes were marked by the defeat of several smaller Hindu chieftains, allowing him to advance into the region. When the local Hindu kings united under Maharaja Suhaldev Bhar to resist the Ghaznavid expansion, they brought together a much larger and more organized force than Masud's. In 1033 CE, the decisive [[Battle of Bahraich]], on the bank of Chittora lake, took place, where Masud’s army was overwhelmed by the united local forces. The battle ended in a crushing defeat for Masud. Masud was shot by an arrow, and then beheaded by Maharaja Suhaldev Bhar. This crushing defeat of the Turkic forces, put a stop to Turkic invasions into India, for the next about hundred and fifty years.

'''Burial and Legacy'''

After his death, Masud’s body was buried in Bahraich, where his Dargah of Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud was later established. Over time, the site became a major religious and cultural center, attracting both Muslim and Hindu devotees. His annual Urs (death anniversary) continues to be observed, with thousands of pilgrims visiting the shrine each year (Elliot & Dowson, 1867).

== Other legends ==
According to one legend, not attested by ''Mirat-i-Masudi'', Masud cured one Zuhra (or Zohra) Bibi of blindness. Zuhra Bibi, who came from a noble family of [[Rudauli]], married him. But before this marriage could be consummated, Masud was killed. Zuhra Bibi was also buried in Bahraich after her death. Later, a stone from her burial-vault was taken to Rudauli, where a [[cenotaph]] was built in her memory. In Rudauli, an annual fair called ''Zohra-[[Mela]]'', attracted Hindus and Muslims of lower castes. During this festival, the pilgrims used to bring offerings called "Zuhra's [[dowry]]" to the cenotaph. Zuhra Bibi was also commemorated in a ritual during the Bahraich ''urs'', which involved dressing two boys as Masud and Zuhra Bibi respectively.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=159}}

== Legacy ==

=== Delhi Sultanate period ===
The contemporary 11th century Ghaznavid chronicles do not mention Masud at all.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=9}} However, he had become a well-known figure in [[Delhi Sultanate]] by the 12th century, when the pilgrimage to his tomb in Bahraich appears to have started, during the [[Ghurid]] rule.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=155}} In 1250, the Delhi Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] constructed an architectural complex around the tomb, during his stay in Bahraich.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}} The 13th century poet [[Amir Khusro]] appears to mention Masud's tomb (''[[dargah]]'') in a 1290 CE letter. According to this letter, the "fragrant tomb of martyred commander" at Bahraich spread the "perfume of odorous wood" throughout [[Hindustan]]. In 1341, the Delhi Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] and the Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] visited the Bahraich ''dargah''.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=10}} Ibn Battuta narrates the legends of the saints, and also provides some information about his cult, including the ritual veneration of his banner and spear.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}}

The earliest source that connects Masud to the Ghaznavids is [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'' (1357), written nearly three hundred years later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/12544/how-india-turned-a-turkish-invader-into-a-saint-revered-by-hindus-and-muslms-alike/ |title=How India Turned a Turkish Invader into a Saint Revered by Hindus and Muslims Alike |author=Seema Alvi |date=11 November 2015 }}</ref> Barani mentions Masud as one of the heroes of Mahmud's campaigns in India.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=9}} The text was composed during the reign of the Delhi Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], who considered himself to be a spiritual disciple of Masud.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}} In 1353, the ruler of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] ([[Bengal]]) invaded Bahraich, purportedly because he believed that a visit to Masud's ''dargah'' could cure him of [[vitiligo]]. In response, Firuz Shah Tughluq invaded Bengal.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=10}} He also visited the Bahraich ''dargah'' in 1372. According to the Sultan's court historian Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, Masud appeared in the Sultan's dream, and asked him to prepare for the day of the [[Last Judgment#Islam|Last Judgment]], and to propagate [[Islam]] by adopting a tougher policy against the non-Muslims. The next day, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq got his head shaved like a [[Sufi]] neophyte, and started spending his nights in prayers. Not all Sultans of Delhi held Masud in same reverence: in 1490, Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]] banned the ''[[urs]]'' (death anniversary) at the ''dargah'', because of the "unseemliness of the rites being performed there".{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}}

In the 16th century, the Indo-Afghan soldier Dattu Sarvani claimed to have seen Masud in his dream.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|pp=10–13}}

=== Mughal period ===
The earliest source that mentions Masud as a relative of Mahmud is [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court historian [[Abul Fazl]]'s ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' (16th century). The text states, "Salar Masud... was connected by blood with Mahmud Ghazni... sold his life bravely in battle and left an imperishable name."{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=9}} According to Abul Fazl, the cult of Masud was very popular: his ''dargah'' attracted pilgrims from remote districts. These pilgrims carried offerings and multi-coloured flags to the ''dargah'', and encamped at the Mughal capital [[Agra]] on their way to Bahraich. Abul Fazl further states that in 1561 CE, the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] himself walked among these pilgrims, disguised as an ordinary merchant visiting the ''urs'' celebrations at the ''dargah''.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}} In 1571 CE, Akbar made a grant for the Bahraich shrine.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=10}}

The 17th century [[Persian language]] text ''Mirat-i-Masudi'', written by the Sufi scholar Abdur Rahman Chishti, is the most comprehensive biography of Masud.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}} The text is a [[historical romance]],{{sfn|W.C. Benett|1877|p=111–113}} and the biography has a "gossipy feel".<ref name="MiratiMasudi">[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_mirati_frameset.htm Mirati Mas’udi by ‘Abdur Rahman Chishti]</ref> The author claims that Masud appeared in his dreams, and describes Masud's various achievements and miracles.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=156}} He states that his work is based on an "Old History" written by one Mulla Mahmud Ghazanavi.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=20}} The author further claims that the 11th century Masud was a disciple of the 12th century Sufi saint [[Moinuddin Chishti]]: the later historians have completely rejected this clear [[anachronism]].{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=157}} According to [[Muzaffar Alam]], Abdur Rahman Chishti's objective was to glorify the Chishtiya branch of Sufisim, as a counter to the rising influence of the [[Naqshbandi]] branch at the Mughal court.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=19}}

In 1765, Akbar's grant was renewed by [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]]. His successor [[Asaf-ud-Daula]] visited the Bahraich shrine several times.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=13}} Mirza Muhammad Qateel's ''Haft Tamasha'' (1811–12) and Cazim Ali's ''Barah Masa'' (1812) describe the ceremonies held to commemorate Masud. The ''Haft Tamasha'' mentions that an annual ceremony was held in Rudauli to mark Masud's death on the night of his wedding. A replica of Masud's nuptial bed was made and brought out for ceremonial viewing. The ''Barah Masa'' provides a description of the Bahraich shrine, and the ceremony held there. However, neither of these texts describe his life.{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=13}}

Gradually, Masud came to be known as a warrior-saint among the Muslims, who revered him as "Ghazi Miyan". Over time, the pilgrimage to his ''dargah'' increased so much that the site was not able to accommodate all the pilgrims. Consequently, his shrines were erected in other towns of the [[Awadh]] region, including Salargarh (named in his honour), [[Faizabad]], [[Satrikh]] and [[Rudauli]].{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=158}} The ''mazar'' of his father Salar Sahu (called "Birdha Baba" by Hindus) in Satrikh also became a pilgrimage site. Several tombs of people purported to be his fellow fighters were also erected; most of these tombs are fabricated. These tombs include the ''[[mazar (mausoleum)|mazar]]'' of Makhdum Azizuddin (or Lal Pir) in [[Kannauj]], the grave of the ''kotwal'' Miyan Rajab in [[Kannauj]], and the mausoleum of Burhanuddin in [[Tambaur Ahmadabad|Tambaur]]. People claimed to have seen ghosts of Miyan Rajab as a headless horseman. Some people in Faizabad claimed to have seen the whole army of Masud in form of ghosts.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=161}}

Masud's followers also venerated him as a saint who miraculously cured [[leprosy]]. The most prominent among his followers were [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo Muslims]] (Mewatis), who are said to have been converted to Islam by him.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=158}} Although the [[Naqshbandi]]s, [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]] and some Islamic reformers criticized his cult, his popularity did not decline in the 18th century. The [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] Sufi poet Waris Shah named him among the five most venerated Sufi [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]] (saints).{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=160}}

=== British period ===

In the 19th century, the British administrators were bewildered at the Hindu veneration of Masud.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=160}} [[William Henry Sleeman]], the British Resident in Awadh, remarked:{{sfn|P. D. Reeves|2010|p=69}}

{{cquote|Strange to say, Hindoos as well as Mahommedans make offerings to this shrine, and implore the favours of this military ruffian, whose only recorded merit consists of having destroyed a great many Hindoos in a wanton and unprovoked invasion of their territory. They say, that he did what he did against Hindoos in the conscientious discharge of his duties, and could not have done it without God's permission—that God must then have been angry with them for their transgressions, and used this man, and all the other Mahommedan invaders of their country, as instruments of his vengeance, and means to bring about his purposes: that is, the thinking portion of the Hindoos say this. The mass think that the old man must still have a good deal of interest in heaven, which he may be induced to exercise in their favour, by suitable offerings and personal applications to his shrine.}}

Russian orientalist [[Anna Suvorova]] notes that the rituals of the Masud's cult show some indigenous Hindu influence.{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=160}} The local Hindus revered Masud as "Bade Miyan" (Revered Boy), "Bale Pir" (Boy Saint), "Hathile Pir" (Obstinate Saint), "Pir Bahlim" and "Gajan Dulha".{{sfn|Anna Suvorova|2004|p=158}}{{sfn|Shahid Amin|2016|p=9}}

=== Independent India ===

In the 2000s, the majority of the visitors to the annual fair held at Masud's ''dargah'' were Hindus.{{sfn|Badri Narayan|2009|pp=83–84}} According to the local legends glorifying Salar Masud, his killer [[Suhaldev]] was a cruel king who oppressed his subjects.{{sfn|Badri Narayan|2009|p=84}} However, the [[Hindu]] organizations have attempted to portray Suahldev as a Hindu icon who fought against a Muslim invader.{{sfn|Badri Narayan|2009|p=82}} In these narratives, Masud is portrayed as a cruel ruler who ravaged Hindu women.{{sfn|Badri Narayan|2009|p=89}}

According to local Hindus, [[Chittaura Jheel|Chittora]] near modern Bahraich is the place where he died in a battle. [[Hindu nationalist]] organizations have characterized Suhaldev as a saviour of Hindus against the Muslim invader Masud (popularly known as "Ghazi Mian"). They have constructed a temple dedicated to Suhaldev in Chittora.{{sfn|Badri Narayan|2009|p=95}}

==See also==
*[[Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=W.C. Benett |title=Gazetteer of the province of Oudh |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA111 |year=1877 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press }}
* {{cite book |author=Anna Suvorova |title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0aLjQtX2cC&pg=PA156 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37006-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Badri Narayan |title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bmGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0105-5 }}
* {{cite book |editor=P. D. Reeves |title=Sleeman in Oudh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK8sbjtgBREC&pg=PA69 |date=10 June 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15309-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shahid Amin |title=Conquest and Community: The Afterlife of Warrior Saint Ghazi Miyan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edMZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |year=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-37274-7 }}
{{refend}}

=== External links ===
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite news|last1=Vinay|first1=Lal|title=The Ghazi of Peace|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-ghazi-of-peace/|access-date=17 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=10 October 2015}}
* {{cite news|last1=Alavi|first1=Seema|title=How India Turned a Turkish Invader into a Saint Revered by Hindus and Muslims Alike - The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/12544/how-india-turned-a-turkish-invader-into-a-saint-revered-by-hindus-and-muslms-alike/|access-date=17 July 2017|work=thewire.in|issue=11 November 2015}}
* {{cite news|last1=Kuldeep|first1=Kumar|title=Of a sufi and magical realism|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/of-a-sufi-and-magical-realism/article7873372.ece|access-date=17 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=13 November 2015|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Ajaz|first1=Ashraf|title=How Amit Shah and the BJP have twisted the story of Salar Masud and Raja Suheldev|url=https://scroll.in/article/841590/how-amit-shah-and-the-bjp-have-twisted-the-story-of-salar-masud-and-raja-suheldev|access-date=17 July 2017|work=scroll.in|date=17 July 2017}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=N1JkLL7HYEkC&pg=PA513 Mirat-i-Masudi], English translation in ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]''

[[Category:People from the Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1014 births]]
[[Category:1034 deaths]]

Why loiter?

2026-03-20T17:37:46Z

Twyla48W587323: started new stub v1

{{Short description|Indian social movement}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=August 2023}}
{{Fan POV|date=August 2023}}
{{POV|date=August 2023}}
}}
'''Why loiter?''' is a women-led campaign in India that aims to reclaim public spaces for women and challenge patriarchal societal norms. It was initiated in 2014 by Devina Kapoor and [[Neha Singh]] in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-14 |title=Wandering Souls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/wandering-souls-3/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-21 |title=Who's afraid of women loitering? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/Who-s-afraid-of-women-loitering--15856193 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> The campaign draws inspiration from the book ''Why Loiter?: Women and Risk on Mumbai Streets'' authored by Shilpa Phadke, Sameera Khan, and Shilpa Ranade, published in 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2016-03-04 |title=Indian women reclaim public spaces, defying male critics |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-women-campaign-idUSKCN0W61AX |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> It emerged as a response to the prevalent risks faced by women while navigating the streets of Mumbai, particularly in light of highly publicized cases of sexual violence such as the 2012 gang rape in Delhi and the 2014 rape of a woman by her Uber taxi driver in Delhi.<ref name=":4" />

The campaign advocates for women 'loitering' – reclaiming public spaces by accessing them for leisure. As a part of the campaign, groups of women have walked the streets of Mumbai at midnight,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2016-12-05 |title=100 Women 2016: Indian women 'loiter' in public places at night |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38031598 |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> performed singing activities in public transports,<ref name="Virani">{{Cite web |last=Virani |first=Sabah |date=2022-12-23 |title=Antakshari in the metro: A novel approach to women's ownership of public spaces |url=https://mumbai.citizenmatters.in/do-you-dare-play-antakshari-in-the-metro-42500 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Citizen Matters, Mumbai |language=en-GB}}</ref> and participated in an elaborate social media campaign using the hashtag #whyloiter. The campaign was featured in BBC 100 women in 2016,<ref name=":3" /> an annual list celebrating the achievements of women internationally, from grassroots volunteers to global leaders. The campaign has also inspired similar campaigns in other countries such as [[Girls at Dhabas]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=May 31 |last2=International |first2=2016 {{!}} Anuradha Sengupta {{!}} |title=Tea and selfies driving a revolution in Pakistan - Women's Media Center |url=https://womensmediacenter.com/news-features/tea-and-selfies-driving-a-revolution-in-pakistan |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=womensmediacenter.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==

In 2012 and 2014, the #Why Loiter movement was inspired by the book '''Why Loiter?: Women and Risks on Mumbai Street''<nowiki/>' written in 2011. It was ignited by the spotlight on the crimes against women that had triggered massive protests at the time.<ref name=":4" /> [[Neha Singh]], a founding member of the movement, states that the idea is to encourage women to take to the streets to explore the city and have fun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-30 |title=Indian Women Are 'Loitering' At Night To Prove A Powerful Point |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-loiter-indian-women-public-space-pri_n_560b0568e4b0af3706de6c50 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

== ''Why Loiter?: Women and Risks on Mumbai Streets'' ==
The Why Loiter? campaign was inspired by a book of the same name, co-authored by Shilpa Phadke, Sameera Khan and Shilpa Ranade and first published by Penguin Books in 2011. The book presents a manifesto for transformative change in the way [[public space]]s are being perceived and reclaimed by women and marginalised identities in India.

''Why Loiter?'' is a result of three years of research called the gender and space research project under the aegis of Partners for Urban Knowledge, Action and Research.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Matter |date=2014-09-14 |title=Book: Why Loiter? |url=https://thinkmatter.in/2014/09/14/why-loiter/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=MATTER |language=en}}</ref> It is considered an essential piece of [[feminist literature]] that not only examines the risks for women on [[Mumbai]]'s streets, but also asks important questions on loitering as a form of [[pleasure]] and fun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-30 |title=Watch: Attention ladies! Nap in a park, drink that midnight chai because you have every right to loiter |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-attention-ladies-nap-in-a-park-drink-that-midnight-chai-because-you-have-every-right-to-loiter-2806566.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

The authors argue that though women's access to urban public space has increased, they still do not have an equal claim to public space in Mumbai city. While the numbers of working women and female students are on the rise in India, it is unusual to see women out by themselves at night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=92% women feel insecure at night: Survey - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/92--women-feel-insecure-at-night-survey/1048361/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> The book draws on feminist theory to argue that only by celebrating loitering – a radical act for most Indian women – can an equal, global city be created.

''Why Loiter?'' interrogates gender access to public space and the politics of risk through the act of loitering. The book argues that sitting around, enjoying leisure space as a woman and doing nothing is a simple yet transformational idea due to its controversial reception.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} The book asks: Why is the female body so readily attacked by prejudices, stereotypes and constrained to normative modes of femininity and being? In questioning the visibility of women in modern cosmopolitan cities, the authors further ask: "Who's having fun? Can girls really have fun? Do Muslim girls have less fun? Do rich girls have more fun? How do slum girls have fun? Can girls buy fun?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberoi |first=Shamolie |date=2015-06-01 |title=Why Loiter? Book Review: Imagining Our Streets Full Of Women |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2015/06/01/why-loiter-book-review-imaging-our-streets-full-of-women/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The book also explores the ways the concept of the veil transforms the vision of the global city and interrogates how female bodies belong in said cities today: Are global cities really as 'open' as they relay? Has the female body and mind really been 'unveiled' and freed from patriarchal oppression? Loitering is thus the demonstration of 'unveiling' the woman – freeing her for an agency that embodies the right to inhabit and be in public space. For the authors, loitering serves as a "strategy of dissent" against the "gendered spatiality in Mumbai", a subversion of how [[gender role]]s are typically performed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Let us Loiter: The visual presence of the woman remains a contested practice in global cities |url=https://www.missionstatementmagazine.co.uk/post/let-us-loiter-the-visual-presence-of-the-woman-remains-a-contested-practice-in-global-cities |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=MISSION STATEMENT |language=en}}</ref>

The book examines how the city is not designed or grown with any considerations for women. It traces instances from Mumbai's contemporary past on how women seek to occupy space as men in the same way. Women identified by caste, class, age, (dis)abilities, sexual orientation or ambiguities each have their own minefields to cross in a city that clearly does not offer any concessions, and prefers (as much as possible) that they were not on the street at all. At its core, it centers the normalization of loitering as a feminist act that is worth the risk and is central to citizenship. It describes loitering as a fundamental right to be reclaimed.<ref name=":5" />

The authors also argue that the gatekeeping of public spaces in lieu of women's safety belies the dangerous hypocrisy of portraying homes as safe spaces for women, when research across the world suggests that women's homes are the most unsafe places for them.

In the context of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 fatal gang rape]] of a student on a bus in Delhi and the 2014 rape of a woman by her Uber taxi driver in Delhi,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-15 |title=Uber rape case: Delhi HC upholds life term of convict Shiv Kumar Yadav |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uber-rape-case-delhi-hc-upholds-life-term-of-convict-shiv-kumar-yadav/article24953654.ece |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> women's rights to occupy public spaces were salient. The book's central questions were: Why is it okay for women to only be out at certain times or for certain reasons? Why should anyone question a woman's right to be in a public space at any time? These questions aimed to articulate anxieties stemming from a culture of [[victim blaming]] and also to reframe the national debate and protests around women's safety in the 2010s.

== Activities ==

=== Midnight walks ===
"If more women take up space and are recognised for doing so, it will become normal", said [[Neha Singh]].<ref name="Virani"/> This activity began in 2014<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=The team of Why Loiter is bucking gender norms one antakshri session at a time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/the-team-of-why-loiter-is-bucking-gender-norms-one-antakshri-session-at-a-time-101661185500085.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> when Neha would take walks late at night and post about it on social media. Soon, she was joined by friends and other women who heard of her initiative. This gave birth to a more widely organized attempt to normalize women's presence and claiming of public spaces. Every Sunday, Why Loiter? organised<ref name=":3" /> walks for groups of women and girls to gather and roam around parks, streets and other public spaces in [[Mumbai]] from midnight to three a.m. This activity is considered unusual and often met with stares and uncomfortable exchanges,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Why Loiter Reclaims Public -- and Inner -- space for Indian Women |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2015-09-17/whyloiter-reclaims-public-and-inner-space-indian-women}}</ref> including ones where auto and cab drivers slow down around them in hopes that they will hop in. In addition to walking at midnight, the group has also cycled in the rains, visited tea stalls at midnight and napped in public parks.<ref name=":1" />

=== Antakshri on public transportation ===
On 29 May, 2016, the Why loiter campaign marked 2 years by organizing an [[Antakshari|Antakshri]] session in Mumbai.<ref name=":1" /> Neha Singh says "We started because we wanted to have a creative session for women in a public transport where they could sing, be loud and visible and occupy as much space as they can." The group of women took a metro ride from [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] to [[Ghatkopar]] and back.<ref name=":2" /> On the [[Mumbai Metro|metro]], they sang [[Hindi film music|Hindi songs]], which attracted attention and even encouraged other passengers to join them.

=== Male involvement ===
Why Loiter? also organized a session to encourage men to join their cause.<ref name=":1" /> Nearly 20 men wore feminine clothing like [[Sari|sarees]], high waist skirts, [[Shalwar kameez|salwar kameez]] and dresses to walk alongside women from [[Prithvi Theatre]] to [[Juhu|Juhu beach]] in [[Mumbai]] on April 4, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattanpal |first=Divyani |date=2015-04-08 |title=When Men 'Loitered' in Skirts on Mumbai Streets #FreeYourMind |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/freeyourmind-when-men-loitered-in-skirts-on-mumbai-streets |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> "I believe that no women's rights movements are complete with the involvement of men," says Neha Singh.<ref name=":2" />

== Media coverage and international recognition ==
The campaign received recognition on various media platforms such as ''[[Forbes]]'',<ref name=":1"/> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref name=":2" /> ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', [[Scroll.in]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anandi |date=2021-05-03 |title='Why Loiter?' Ten years have passed since the seminal book on women alone in cities was published |url=https://scroll.in/article/993810/why-loiter-ten-years-have-passed-since-the-seminal-book-on-women-alone-in-cities-was-published |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' and others. It also received recognition from beyond the country, with people following the footsteps of the campaign and starting their own version of Why Loiter? [[Girls at Dhabas]] was primarily an initiative of Karachi-based journalist Sadia Khatri photographed herself at a ''dhaba'' and then uploaded the image on the Internet, thus challenging the traditional role of women in public spaces. Nida Mushtaq, from [[the Fearless Collective]], painted murals on the subject in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-03 |title=India, Pakistan women unite for their right to loiter |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-women-unite-for-their-right-to-loiter/articleshow/50420327.cms |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Neha Singh]] was also featured under BBC 100 Women.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[Pinjra Tod]]
* [[Reclaim the Night|Reclaim the night]]
* [[Take Back the Night (organization)|Take back the night]]
* [[Pink Chaddi Campaign]]
* [[Aravani Art Project]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Articles titled with a question]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi

2026-03-15T14:38:47Z

Twyla48W587323: adjust section additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This is a list of [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]] (ASI) as officially recognized by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[India]]n union territory [[Delhi]].<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 174 Monuments of National Importance have been recognized by the ASI in Delhi.<ref name="ASI MNI" />

"Inventory of monuments and sites of national importance vol.1; pt.3 (Delhi circle)" was published by Archaeological Survey of India in 2004, with details about 154 monuments.<ref name="Inventory">{{cite web |title=Inventory of monuments and sites of national importance vol.1; pt.3 (Delhi circle) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.87960/page/n5/mode/2up |website=Archive.org |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

Ministry of Culture has on 12 FEB 2026 delisted 3 monuments from this list.<ref name="Delisted">{{cite web |title=DELISTING OF MONUMENTS FROM PROTECTED LIST Posted On: 12 FEB 2026 1:47PM by PIB Delhi |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226920&reg=3&lang=1 |website=Ministry of Culture |publisher=Government of India |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments of national importance ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-DL}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-1
| description = Bastion, where a wall of [[Jahanpanah]] meets the wall of [[Rai Pithora]] fort.
| location = Adchini
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.5276
| lon = 77.20252
| image =Bastion, where a wall of Jahanpanah meets the wall of Rai Pithora fort.jpg
|commonscat=Qila Rai Pithora
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-2
| description = Ramp and gateway of [[Rai Pithora]]'s Fort
| location = [[Adchini]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.52022
| lon = 77.19973
| image =Ramp Outer Wall of Lal kot and Rai Pithora.jpg
|commonscat=Qila Rai Pithora
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-3
| description = Marble Tomb reputed to be that of Newab Bahadur Jawid Khan
| location = [[Aliganj]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.58086
| lon = 77.21617
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-4
| description = [[Lal Bangla]], c. 1780
| location = Babarpur (Kaka Nagar)
| address = at the entrance of [[Delhi Golf Club]]
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.60027
| lon = 77.23816
| image =Lal Bangla pict..JPG
|commonscat=Lal Bangla
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-5
| description = Khair-ul-Manzil (also: [[Khairul Manazil]] or Khair-ul-Manajil). Built 1561 A.D.
| location = Babarpur Bazipur (Kakanagar), opposite [[Purana Qila, Delhi]]
| address = Near Old Fort, Mathura Road
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.6074778
| lon = 77.2393073
| image =Khairul Manazil, Purana Qila, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Khair-ul-Manzil
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-6
| description = [[Kos Minar]] or Mughal Mile stone
| location = Babarpur Bazipur( Kakanagar)
| address = [[Delhi Zoo]], [[Indrapat]]
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.602424
| lon = 77.245417
| image =Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg
|commonscat=Kos Minar, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-7
| description = The Moti Gate of [[Sher Shah Suri]], [[Delhi]]. Currently missing <ref name="missingmonuments">{{cite web|last1=Sakorkar|first1=Aditya|title=12 historic monuments go missing in Delhi|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/12-historic-monuments-go-missing-in-delhi|website=The Sunday Guardian|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="monumentstatus">{{cite web|title=Present Status Of The Centrally Protected Monument/Sites Till 1950 in Delhi|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2006/aug06/r2006082238.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau Government Of India|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>
| location = Babarpur Bazipur (Kakanagar)
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-8
| description = [[Jahanpanah#Begampur Mosque|Begampuri Masjid]]
| location = Begampur, in historic [[Jahanpanah]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.521
| lon = 77.246
| image =Begampur Masjid.jpg
|commonscat=Begumpuri Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-9
| description = Phool Chadar aqueduct near [[Najafgarh jhil]] aqueduct. Demolished in the 1970's.<ref name="missingmonuments" /><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = Chaukri Mubarakabad
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-10
| description = Lal Gumbad Maulana Abdul Hakim Tomb
| location = Chirag [[Delhi]] in [[Jahanpanah]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.545888020000
| lon = 77.226296383
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-11
| description = [[Tomb of Bahlol Lodi]]. Built 1451 - 1488 A.D.
| location = Chirag [[Delhi]], in [[Jahanpanah]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.5387
| lon = 77.2265
| image = Tomb of Bahlol Lodi.JPG
|commonscat= Bahlul Lodi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-12
| description = [[Ajmeri Gate]]
| location = Bazar Ajmeri Gate
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.6462
| lon = 77.2239
| image =View of Ajmeri gate.JPG
|commonscat=Ajmeri Gate
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-13
| description = Alipur Cemetery. Destroyed in 1980's.<ref name="missingmonuments" /><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = [[Delhi]]-Alipur Camping group.
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-14
| description = Ashoka'a pillar
| location = Ferozabad (Ferozshah Kila ([[Feroz Shah Kotla]] or Vikram Nagar Colony)
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.635826
| lon = 77.245388
| image = Ashokan pillar building.jpg
|commonscat=Ashoka pillar, Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-15
| description = [[Barakhamba]] Cemetery. ('''Delisted''')<ref name="Delisted"/>
| location = Imperial City
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-16
| description = Chauburji. Built 1651 - 1388 A.D.
| location = [[Delhi ridge]] near Hindu Rao Hospital
| address = Chauburja Marg, Delhi Ridge
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.6816
| lon = 77.2152
| image =Chauburji. Built on top.JPG
|commonscat=Chauburji, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-17
| description = Eremo Cemetery
| location = near [[Kishanaganj Railway Station]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.63855
| lon = 77.21219
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-18
| description = [[Red Fort]], which includes [[Naubat Khana (Red Fort)|Naubat Khana]], [[Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Am]], [[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]], [[Rang Mahal (Red Fort)|Rang Mahal]], Baithak, [[Muthamman Burj (Red Fort)|Muthamman Burj]], [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]], [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]], [[Hayat Bakhsh Bagh (Red Fort)|Sawan and Bhadon]], [[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]], [[Hammam (Red Fort)|Hammam]] with all surrounding including the gardens, paths, terraces and water courses. Built 1638 - 1648 CE
| location = [[Red Fort]]
| address =
| district = [[Old Delhi]]
| lat = 28.655890
| lon = 77.242016
| image =Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg
|commonscat=Red Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-19
| description = [[Delhi Gate (Delhi)|Delhi Gate]]
| location = Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, [[Daryaganj]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.6411
| lon = 77.2404
| image = Delhi Gate.JPG
|commonscat=Delhi Gate, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-20
| description = Enclosure containing the grave of Lt. Edwards and others, killed in 1857.
| location = North [[Delhi ridge]] near [[Flag Staff Tower]], [[Civil Lines]].
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.68897
| lon = 77.21902
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-21
| description = Enclosure wall with Tomb of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]]
| location =
| address = Safdarjang Fly over, near [[Safdarjung Airport]], [[Jor Bagh]]
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.58087
| lon = 77.21353
| image =Najaf Khan Tomb entrance.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Mirza Najaf Khan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-22
| description = [[Flagstaff Tower]]
| location = 400 yards North of Cheuburji Mosque
| address = [[Delhi ridge]] (Kamla Nehru Ridge Forest)
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.6880
| lon = 77.2181
| image =Flag Staff Tower.JPG
|commonscat=Flagstaff Tower
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-23
| description = [[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]]
| location = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]
| address = Sansad Marg
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.627172
| lon = 77.216463
|image=India Delhi Jantar Mantar observatory 1.jpg
|commonscat=Jantar Mantar (Delhi)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-24
| description = [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]] and portion of the City Wall on either side of the Kashmiri Gate on the side and on the other up to and including the water Bastions at the Northern corner of the wall and also including the dith outside the City wall where this is exposed.
| location = Kashmiri Gate
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.66644
| lon = 77.22900
| image =Kashmiri Gate( front view).JPG
|commonscat=Kashmere Gate Monument, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-25
| description = Kotla Ferozabad, or [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] (with the remaining walls, bastions and gateways and gardens, the old Mosque, and well and all other ruins buildings it contains.
| location = Two furlongs east of jail and three furlongs due south of S.E. Corner of [[Shahjahanabad]], [[Delhi]].
| address = Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.635208
| lon = 77.245546
| image =Feroz shah kotla02 by ashish.jpg
|commonscat=Feroz Shah Kotla
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-26
| description = [[Khooni Darwaza|Lal Darwaza]], the northern gate of the outer walls of the [[Delhi]] of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Also known as Khooni Darwaza.
| location = Three furlongs due south of [[Delhi Gate (Delhi)|Delhi Gate]],
| address = Near Kotla Feroz Shah ([[Feroz Shah Kotla]])
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.635891
| lon = 77.240897
| image =Khuni Darwaza (3546431862).jpg
|commonscat=Khooni Darwaza
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-27
| description = [[Lothian Cemetery]]
| location = [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.66127
| lon = 77.23622
| image = Lothian Cemetery 11.jpg
|commonscat=Lothian Cemetery
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-28
| description = Qudsia Mosque
| location = Qudsia Garden ([[Qudsia Bagh]])
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.67056
| lon = 77.23087
| image =Qudsia Mosque.JPG
|commonscat=Qudsia Bagh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-29
| description = [[Mutiny Memorial]]
| location = In front of Old Telegraph Building, [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]],
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.662186
| lon = 77.234479
| image =DSC 0167 Mutiny Gate.jpg
|commonscat=Mutiny Memorial at Kashmiri Gate
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-30
| description = Nicholson (Or Kashmiri Gate) Cemetery
| location = [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]]
| address =
| district = [[Delhi]]
| lat = 28.66874
| lon = 77.22468
| image =Nicholson Cemetery.JPG
|commonscat=Nicholson Cemetery
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-31
| description = Nicholson statue and its platform and the surrounding gardens paths and enclosure wall. Removed in 1970's and subsequently '''on Dec3 2024 deleted from this list'''.<ref name="missingmonuments" /><ref name="monumentstatus" /><ref name="Delisted" /><ref>{{cite web |title=After 111 yrs, John Nicholson's statue stripped of national monument status |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/centre-strips-john-nicholson-statue-in-delhi-of-national-importance-status-124120300860_1.html |website=Business Standard |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=20 February 2026}}></ref>
| location =
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-32
| description = Old Baoli immediately to the west of Hindu Rao's House.
| location = On the [[Delhi ridge]]
| address = Inside Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi Ridge
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6760
| lon = 77.2122
| image = Old Baoli.JPG
|commonscat=Old Baoli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-33
| description = The Old Entrance Gateway of the Qudsia Garden ([[Qudsia Bagh]]).
| location = Qudsia Delhi
| address = Qudsia Garden
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.67055
| lon = 77.23120
| image =Back_Gateway_Qudsia_Garden.JPG
|commonscat= Qudsia Bagh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-34
| description = The Pirghaib to the north and near [[Hindu Rao]]'s House
| location = On the [[Delhi ridge]], Delhi
| address = Inside [[Hindu Rao Hospital]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.67642
| lon = 77.21324
| image =Pir Ghaib.JPG
|commonscat=Pir Ghaib, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-35
| description = Portion of City wall near which Brig.Gen. [[John Nicholson (East India Company officer)|John Nicholson]] was mortally Wounded on 14th Sept., 1857.
| location = On the [[Delhi ridge]]
| address = Near [[Kabuli Gate]]
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =Portion which was mortally Wounded John Nicholson.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-36
| description = The Punjabi gate in the [[Roshanara Bagh]]
| location = Opposite Municipal Board school, [[Subji Mandi]]
| address = [[Roshanara Bagh]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.67362
| lon = 77.20161
| image =Panjabi Gate.JPG
|commonscat=Roshanara Bagh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-37
| description = [[Purana Quila]] (Inderpat) or Delhi With all its walls Arcades, gateways and Bastions, gardens, the Mosque of Sher Shah (Kila Kohna Masjid - [[Purana Quila#Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque|Qila-i-Kuhna mosque]]). The Sher Mandala and entrances to Subterranean passages.
| location = Two miles south of the Delhi Gate of [[Shahjahanabad]], Delhi
| address = Indrapath, Mathura Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.609531
| lon = 77.243207
| image = Qila Kuhna Masjid inside Puran Qila, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Purana Qila, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-38
| description = Rajpur (Mutiny cemetery) gateway, rest now built over by residential buildings
| location = Old Rajpur Cantonment, North District.
| address = opposite Maurice Nagar police station, near Patel Chest Hospital.
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Rajpur Cemetery.JPG
|commonscat=Rajpur Cemetery, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-39
| description = The remaining gateways of the old 'Magazine' with their adjoining buildings.
| location = The Post office, Delhi
| address = South of [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmere Gate]] Post office
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6322
| lon = 77.2194
| image = Magazine Gateway.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-40
| description = [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s gate with the adjoining curon walls and Bastions and the remains of the double line of structure to its front
| location = Opposite [[purana Qila]] immediately North-east of the Khairul Manazil Mosque
| address = Near Old Fort, Mathura Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.608692
| lon = 77.239060
| image =Sher Shah Suri Gate, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Lal Darwaza
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-41
| description = Site of Siege battery Known as the Sammy House Battery bearing the following Inscriptions Battery, Sammy house, Major Remington Tank, RA Commanding armament 89 pounds. To command ground near Mori Bastion.
| location = 300 Yards East of [[Mutiny Memorial]]
| address = East of the Hospital in police line, Police Lines
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6322
| lon = 77.2194
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-42
| description = Site of siege Battery with inscription. Demolished in 1995.<ref name="missingmonuments" /><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = East of the Hospital in police Line
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-43
| description = Site of siege Battery with inscription. Demolished in 1980's.<ref name="missingmonuments" /><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = Compound of Curzon House
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-44
| description = Site of siege Battery with inscription.
| location = In the garden near south west entrance to [[Delhi Golf Club]] Ground
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-45
| description = [[Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort)]]
| location = [[Red Fort]]
| address = near Delhi Fort
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6504529
| lon = 77.2394253
| image = Sunehri Masjid in Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-46
| description = Tomb of Capt. Mac. Barnatt & others who fall in an attack on Kishanganj. Demolished.<ref name="missingmonuments" /><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = Kishan Ganj
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-47
| description = Tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan
| location = Ajmeri Gate
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.64577
| lon = 77.22204
| image = Tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan.jpg
|commonscat=Ghaziuddin Khan complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-48
| description = Tomb of [[Roshanara Begum]] & Baradari
| location = Roshnara Bagh, [[Roshanara Bagh|Sabzi Mandi]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6736
| lon = 77.2002
| image =Front and left side view of tomb of Roshanara Begum.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-49
| description = Tomb of Razia Begum ([[Razia Sultana]]) in Mohalla Bulbuli Khana
|location = [[Shahjahanabad]]
| address = [[Turkman Gate]], Old Delhi
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.646234872
| lon = 77.231437754
| image = Tomb of Razia Begum.JPG
|commonscat= Roshanara's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-50
| description = [[Tomb of Safdarjung]] (Mirza Muqim Mansur Ali Khan) with all the enclosure walls, gateways, gardens and the mosque on the eastern side of the garden.
| location = Lodhi Road, New Delhi
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.589383
| lon = 77.210589
| image = Safdarjung Tomb, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Safdarjung's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-51
| description = [[Tripolia Gateways]]
| location = Delhi-[[Karnal]] Road
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.68533
| lon = 77.19580
| image =Tripolia Gateways.JPG
|commonscat=Tripolia Gates, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-52
| description = [[Agrasen ki Baoli]]
| location = Near [[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)]]
| address = Hailey Road, Connought Place
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.62622484
| lon = 77.22502191
| image =Agrasen_ki_Baoli,_New_Delhi,_India_-_20070127.jpg
|commonscat=Agrasen ki Baoli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-53
| description = Tomb of Darya Khan
| location = Kidwai Nagar East
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5722
| lon = 77.2168
| image =Tomb of Darya Khan Lohani.JPG
|commonscat=Darya Khan Lohani's tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-54
| description = Baoli at Ghiaspur, also known as Nizamuddin Baoli
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5919
| lon = 77.2419
| image =Nizamudin Baoli after Cleanup.JPG
|commonscat=Nizamuddin Baoli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-55
| description = Tomb of Mirza Muzaffer, Chota Batasha No. 153, Ghiaspur
| location = Nizammuddin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5960
| lon = 77.2496
| image =Chota Batasha taken from unknown tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Chhota Batashewala
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-56
| description = Tomb of [[Amir Khusro]], Ghiaspur
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5911
| lon = 77.2419
| image =Tomb of Amir Khusro from a roof.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Amir Khusraw
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-57
| description = Tomb of Mirza Muzaffer, Bara Batasha (Bara Batashewala) No. 151 Ghiaspur
| location = Nizammuddin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59578
| lon = 77.24897
| image =Bara Batashewala.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Mirza Muzaffar Hussain
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-58
| description = [[Nizamuddin Dargah|Tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya]], Ghiaspur No. 197
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5913
| lon = 77.2419
| image = Nizamuddin Dargah and Jamaat Khana Masjid, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Nizamuddin Dargah
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-59
| description = Unknown tomb Ghiaspur 153,
| location = Nizammuddin
| address = Across the North Gate of the [[Humayun's Tomb]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59596
| lon = 77.25056
| image =Unknown Tomb, Ghaispur -just across the North Gate of the Humayun Tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Unknown Tomb, Ghaispur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-60
| description = i. The tomb of Ferozshah ii ([[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]). Domed Building to the west of No.1 iii. Dalan between 1&2 iv. Domed Building & its court to the south of No. 3, v. Dalans and all ruined Buildings to the north of no. 1 and existing up to No.10 vi. Five Chhatris to the case of No. 1& No.5 vii. Old Gate to the north of No.6 viii. Three Chhatris to the north-west of No.7
ix. Ruined courtyard and its Dalans with the Domed building to the north-west to the No.8
x. Old wall running east from No.4 xi. 2.23 Acres of land surrounding the above monuments and bounded on the North by house of Chhange and Mehra Chand sons of Hansram and house of Uderam, son of Kusha South Ghairmunkan Resta East By village site belonging to village community house of Nots Zadar sons of Jai Singh Chhamar and field Nos. 338 & 331 belonging to Naider and others West By field no. 185 belonging to Udaram, son of Kusal Jat and field No. 186 belonging to Jagins and Sajawal Rajput, No. 195 Ghairmunkin Johar, common of Jats and Musalmans and filed no. 196, Ghairmunkin Pall.
| location = [[Hauz Khas]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5530
| lon = 77.1934
| image =Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Feroz Shah Tughlaq
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-61
| description = Bag-i-Alam Gumbad with a Mosque
| location = [[Humayunpur]]
| address = Deer Park, [[Hauz Khas]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5561
| lon = 77.1984
| image =Bag-i-Alam_Gumbad.jpg
|commonscat=Bag-i-Alam Gumbad with a mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-62
| description = Kali Gumti
| location = [[Humayunpur]] ([[Hauz Khas]])
| address = Near Deer Park, Hauz Khas
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55668
| lon = 77.19802
| image =Kali Gumti.JPG
|commonscat=Kali Gumti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-63
| description = Tohfewala Gumbad
| location = [[Humayunpur]] Deer Park (Hauz Khas)
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55743
| lon = 77.19898
| image = Tefewala Gumbad.JPG
|commonscat=Tafewala Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-64
| description = [[Arab Serai]]
| location = Patti, Ghiapur in Hauz Inderpat
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59123
| lon = 77.24833
| image =ARAB SARAI.jpg
|commonscat=Arab Serai, Humayun's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-65
| description = The Gate way of Arab Sarai facing North towards Purana Qila
| location =Arab Sarai
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59144
| lon = 77.24796
| image =Gateway into Arab Sarai, near Humayun's tomb complex, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Arab Serai Gate (Humayun's Tomb complex)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-66
| description = The Gate way of Arab Sarai facing East towards the [[tomb of Humayun]]
| location = Arab Sarai
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5912
| lon = 77.2488
| image =Arab Ki Sarai East Gate.jpg
|commonscat=Arab Sarai Gateway, East facing
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-67
| description = Remaining Gateways of Arab Sarai and of Abadi-Bagh-Buhalima
| location = Near Arab Sarai Village
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59125
| lon = 77.24769
| image =Abadi-Bagh-Buhalima.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-68
| description = Lakhar wal Gumbad (Tomb)
| location = Inderpat Estate ([[Sunder Nursery]]), Near [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]]
| address = Mathura Road, Nizamuddin
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59790
| lon = 77.24384
| image =Lakharwal Gumbab in the Sunder Nursery Lawns.jpg
|commonscat=Lakhar wal Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-69
| description = Sunderwala Burj
| location = Inderpat Estate ([[Sunder Nursery]])
| address = Near Humayun's Tomb, Nizamuddin
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.596127
| lon = 77.245277
| image =Sunderwala Burj in the Sunder Nursery Gardens.JPG
|commonscat=Sunderwala Burj
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-70
| description = Sunderwala Mahal
| location = Inderpat Estate ([[Sunder Nursery]])
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59607
| lon = 77.24658
| image =Bagh-e-Azeem 01.jpg
|commonscat=Sunderwala Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-71
| description = [[Jahanpanah#Bijay Mandal|Bijay Mandal]], neighbouring domes, buildings and dalan to north of Begumpur
| location = In village [[Kalusarai]] ([[Sarvapriya Vihar]]), part of historic [[Jahanpanah]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.54081
| lon = 77.20552
| image =Bijaymandal of Jahanpanah.JPG
|commonscat=Bijay Mandal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-72
| description = Old Lodhi Bridge (Athpula aka Khairpur ka Pul) with approaches. Built 1556 - 1605 A.D.
| location = Near [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi]], Khairpur
| address = [[Lodhi Gardens]], Lodhi Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5964
| lon = 77.2227
| image =Athpula (eight piered) Bridge in Lodi gardens.JPG
|commonscat=Athpula
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-73
| description = Mosque with the dalans and courtyard and the [[Bara Gumbad]] (the domed entrance to the mosque)
| location = Khairpur
| address = [[Lodhi Gardens]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59293
| lon = 77.22016
| image =Bara Gumbad and Bara Gumbad Masjid.JPG
|commonscat=Bara Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-74
| description = The tomb of Mohammed Shah known as Mubarak Khan- Ka-Gumbaz
| location = Khairpur
| address = [[Lodhi Gardens]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59094
| lon = 77.21828
| image =Tomb of Mohammed Shah (Lodhi Garden).JPG
|commonscat=Mohammed Shah's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-75
| description = [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi]] with its enclosure wall and bastions, gates & compound. Built 1494 A.D.
| location = Khairpur
| address = [[Lodhi Gardens]], Lodhi Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59628
| lon = 77.22155
| image =Lodhi Gardens 0013.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Sikandar Lodi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-76
| description = Unknown tomb with blue tiles decoration known as [[Shisha Gumbad]]
| location = Khairpur
| address = [[Lodhi Gardens]], Lodhi Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5937392
| lon = 77.2201724
| image =Shish Gumbad, Lodhi Gardens, Delhi.JPG
|commonscat=Shish Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-77
| description = Bandi or Poti ka Gumbad III-280
| location = Kharera village between [[Hauz Khas]] and Qutab road
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55338
| lon = 77.20387
| image =Hauz Khas Village 0002 179.jpg
|commonscat= Dadi-Poti ka Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-78
| description = Biran-Ka-Gumbad-282
| location = Kharera village between [[Hauz Khas]] and Qutab road
| address = [[Green Park, Delhi]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5555
| lon = 77.2028
| image =Biran-Ka-Gumbad-282.JPG
|commonscat=Biran ka Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-79
| description = Biwi or Dadi-ka-Gumbad-281
| location = Kharera village between [[Hauz Khas]] and Qutab road
| address = [[Green Park, Delhi]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55335
| lon = 77.20355
| image = Dadi Poti Tomb ka Gumbad 3.jpg
|commonscat=Dadi-Poti ka Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-80
| description = [[Chor Minar]] No. 289 Vol III
| location = Kharehra ([[Hauz Khas]] Enclave)
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.54768
| lon = 77.20562
| image =Tower of Thieves.JPG
|commonscat=Chor Minar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-81
| description = Choti Gunti
| location = Kharehra village [[Green Park, Delhi]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55335382831868
| lon = 77.20130600231847
| image = Chhoti Gumti.JPG
|commonscat= Choti Gumti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-82
| description = Idgah of Kharehra No. 287, Vol III
| location = [[Kharehra village]], Hauz Khas Enclave
| address = north west of Chor Minar
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5485
| lon = 77.2051
| image =Idgah Padmani Enclave.JPG
|commonscat=Idgah of Kharehra
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-83
| description = Nili Mosque (Neeli Masjid)
| location = [[Kharehra]] village, [[Hauz Khas]] Enclave
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55354
| lon = 77.20705
| image =Neeli Masjid Delhi Pallav-Journo.jpg
|commonscat=Nili Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-84
| description = Sakri Gumti-284
| location = [[Kharehra]] village
| address = [[Green Park, Delhi]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55323
| lon = 77.20188
| image =Sakri Gumti.JPG
|commonscat=Sakri Gumti
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-85
| description = [[Khirki Masjid]] (Khirkee Masjid)
| location = Village [[Khirkee]]
| address = Near [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket, Delhi]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.53120
| lon = 77.21945
| image =Main south entrance.jpg
|commonscat=Khirki Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-86
| description = [[Satpula]]-III –216
| location = Village Khirkee
| address = Opposite Select City Walk, [[Khirki]] Village
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.53166946
| lon = 77.22346622
| image =Satpula from it's "lake".jpg
|commonscat=Satpula
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-87
| description = Tomb of Usuf-Quttal (Yusuf Qattaal's Tomb)
| location = At Khirkee village in field no.81 min, Property of Shamlat deh.
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.53393
| lon = 77.21904
| image =Tomb of Usuf-Quttal 4.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Yusuf Qattaal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-88
| description = [[Jahaz Mahal]]
| location = [[Mehrauli]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5142
| lon = 77.1784
| image = Jahaz Mahal on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi.jpg
|commonscat=Jahaz Mahal, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-89
| description = [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] (Shamsid Tallab) together with platform entrance gates.
| location = Mehrauli
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5134
| lon = 77.1774
| image = Tower at the location of prophet's horse's hoop.jpg
|commonscat=Hauz-i-Shamsi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-90
| description = [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]]
| location = [[Mehrauli]]
| address = With [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] dargah complex
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.519165
| lon = 77.180180
| image = Moti Masjid, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Moti Mosque, Mehrauli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-91
| description = Old Palace ([[Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)|Zafar Mahal]]) of [[Bahadur Shah II]] alias Lal Mahal in Mehrauli
| location = Mehrauli
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.51904
| lon = 77.17972
| image =Zafar_Mahal_Naubat_Khana.jpg
|commonscat=Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-92
| description = Bara Khamba -285
| location = Kherera village tombs between Hauz Khas, Qutab road
| address = [[Green Park, Delhi]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5528
| lon = 77.2022
| image =BaraKhamba new.JPG
|commonscat=Bara Khamba
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-93
| description = The Qutab Archaeological area ([[Qutb complex]]) as now fenced in, including the Mosque, Iron Pillar, Minar of Qutab-din, unfinished Minar, all colonnads, screen arches, tomb of Altmash, college, buildings of Aluddin, Tomb of Imam Zamin and all carved stones in the above area with gardens, paths and water channels, and all gateways including the Alai-Darwaza, also all graves in the above area. Built 1193 - 1245 A.D.
| location = Mehrauli
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.524468
| lon = 77.185451
| image = Q Minar.jpg
|commonscat=Qutb Minar and its monuments, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-94
| description = [[Tomb of Adham Khan]] (Rest House), built 1561 A.D.
| location = [[Mehrauli]]
| address = Near Bus Depot, Mehrauli
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5231
| lon = 77.1820
| image =Adam Khan's Tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Adham Khan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-95
| description = [[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb]] of Maulana Jamali Kamali ([[Jamali Kamboh]]). Built ~1526 - 1535 A.D.
| location = [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5193
| lon = 77.1870
| image =Jamali Kamali mosque1.jpg
|commonscat=Jamali Kamali mosque and tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-96
| description = Wall mosque
| location = Mehrauli
| address = [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.520
| lon = 77.183
| image =Wall mosque.jpg
|commonscat=Wall Mosque, Mehrauli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-97
| description = Walls of [[Lal Kot]] and [[Qila Rai Pithora]]'s fort from [[Sohan Gate]] to Adam Khan's tomb including the ditch where there is an outer wall
| location = Mehrauli Kh. No. 1783, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1772, 1773, 1798 & 1764
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5231
| lon = 77.1820
| image = Qila Rai Pithora wall.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-98
| description = Walls of Lal Kot and [[Rai Pithora]]'s fort at the point where they meet together
| location = Near Jamali Kamali's Mosque Mehrauli Kh. No. 1754, Loddho Sarai Kh.No. 86,87
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =Walls of Lal Kot and Rai Pithora's fort at the point where they meet together.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-99
| description = Wall of [[Rai Pithora]]'s fort including gateways and bastions
| location = Mehrauli
| address = [[Lado Sarai]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.51957
| lon = 77.19352
| image =Wall of Rai Pithora.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-100
| description = Gates and walls of Mubarakpur, Kotla in village Mubarakpur
| location = village Mubarakpur, Kotla
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Gates and walls of Mubarakpur Kotla.JPG
|commonscat=Gates and walls of Mubarakpur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-101
| description = Moti-ki-Masjid ([[Moth Ki Masjid]])
| location = Behind [[South Extension]] Part II.
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.562501
| lon = 77.217704
|image=Moth Ki Masjid (3547501703).jpg
|commonscat=Moth Ki Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-102
| description = Inchla Wali Gunti ('''Delisted''')<ref name="Delisted" />
| location = village [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]], Kotla
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6322
| lon = 77.2194
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-103
| description = Kala Gumbad
| location = village Mubarakpur, Kotla
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5701
| lon = 77.2188
| image =Kala Gumbad at sunset.JPG
|commonscat=Kala Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-104
| description = Tombs of Bade-Khan, and Mubarakpur Kotla, Kotla
| location = village Mubarakpur, Kotla
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5731
| lon = 77.2201
| image = Tomb of Bade Khan.jpg
|commonscat=Bade Khan ka Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-105
| description = Tombs of Chote Khan, Mubarakpur
| location = Kotla
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5731
| lon = 77.2205
| image =Chote Khan ka Gumbad.jpg
|commonscat=Chote Khan ka Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-106
| description = [[Kotla Mubarakpur Complex#Mubarak Shah's tomb|Tomb of Mubarak Shah]] in Mubarakpur, Kotla. Built 1434 A.D.
| location = village Mubarakpur, Kotla
| address = [[Kotla Mubarakpur Complex]], near South Ex I
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.57267
| lon = 77.22290
| image = Mubarak Shah's tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Mubarak Shah
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-107
| description = Mosque attached to Mubarak shah Tomb
| location = village Mubarakpur, Kotla
| address = [[Kotla Mubarakpur]], South Ex (Part 1)
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.572322
| lon = 77.222245
| image =Kotla Mubarakpur mosque.jpg
|commonscat=Kotla Mubarakpur mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-108
| description = Tomb of Bhura Khan
| location = village Mubarakpur, Kotla
| address = [[Kotla Mubarakpur]], South Ex (Part 1)
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5723
| lon = 77.2208
| image =Bhura gumbad.jpg
|commonscat=Bhura gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-109
| description = Tin Burji Walla Gumbad
| location = Mohammed pur village II, 304
| address = Near Bhikaji Cama Place
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.566101
| lon = 77.188350
| image =Teen burji gumbad.jpg
|commonscat=Tin Burji Walla Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-110
| description = Unnamed tomb
| location = Mohammed pur village, 305
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image = N-DL-110 - (1d) Unnamed tomb in Mohammed pur village , 305.JPG
|commonscat=Unnamed tomb in Mohammedpur village
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-111
| description = Baoli. Built 1451 - 1526 A.D.
| location = [[Munirka]] II. 318.
| address = In front of Wazirpur ka Gumbad
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56224
| lon = 77.17501
| image = Boali Munirka.JPG
|commonscat=Baoli Munirka
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-112
| description = Munda Gumbad<ref name="Inventory" />
| location = [[Munirka]]
| address = sector 4 R K Puram
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56109
| lon = 77.17878
| image = Munda Gumbad.JPG
|commonscat=Munda Gumbad Munirka
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-113
| description = Unnamed Mosque from 15th century A.D.<ref name="Inventory" />
| location = [[Munirka]] 314.
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56272
| lon = 77.17476
| image = Wall Mosque R K Puram.JPG
|commonscat=Unnamed Mosque Munirka
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-114
| description = Unnamed Tomb (At the center of image)<ref name="Inventory" />
| location = Munirka 313.
| address = Sector 5 [[R. K. Puram]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56273
| lon = 77.17523
| image =Wazirpur Ka gumbad and Unnamed Tombs.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-115
| description = Unnamed Tomb<ref name="Inventory" />
| location = Munirka 315.
| address = [[R. K. Puram]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56275
| lon = 77.17486
| image =Unnamed Tomb RK Puram.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-116
| description = Unnamed Tomb (At the right of Image)<ref name="Inventory" />
| location = Munirka 316.
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56276
| lon = 77.17535
| image = Wazirpur Ka gumbad and Unnamed Tombs.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-117
| description = Unnamed Tomb (Small tomb on right)<ref name="Inventory" />
| location = Munirka 317.
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.56266
| lon = 77.17515
| image = Wazirpur ka Gumbad.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-118
| description = i Unnamed Mosque ii Unnamed Tomb (At the left of Image)
| location = Munirka 321& Munirka 322
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5622
| lon = 77.17506
| image = Baori Tomb.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-119
| description = Wajirpur ka Gumbad
| location = Munirka 312.
| address = [[R. K. Puram]], Sector 5
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.562756
| lon = 77.175009
| image =Wazirpur ka Gumbad.JPG
|commonscat=Wazirpur ka Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-120
| description = The Afsah-walla-ki-Masjid (Assarwala mosque) situated outside the west gate of [[Humayun's tomb]] with its dalans and paved court bounded on the east by Humayun's tomb on the west by Abadi Arab Sarai on the north by road and Khasra No. 252 and on the south by Abadi Arab Sarai
| location = Nizammudin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5928
| lon = 77.2478
| image =Afsarwala Mosque Front View.jpg
|commonscat=Afsah-walla-ki-Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-121
| description = Bara Khamba ([[Barakhamba]]) outside north entrance to shrine
| location = [[Nizammudin]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5925
| lon = 77.2425
| image = Barakhamba Monument.JPG
|commonscat=Barakhamba Monument Nizammudin
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-122
| description = Bara Pulah bridge near Nizammudin. Built 1621-1622 A.D.
| location = South of [[Nizammudin]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5840
| lon = 77.2533
| image = Barahpulla (3544950003).jpg
|commonscat=Barah Pullah Bridge
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-123
| description = [[Chausath Khamba]] and tomb of Mirza Nizammudin Aziz-ka-Kokaltash (son of [[Ataga Khan]])
| location = [[Nizammudin]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5912
| lon = 77.2430
| image = Chaunsath_Khamba_06.jpg
|commonscat=Chausath Khamba
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-124
| description = Grave of [[Jahanara Begum]]
| location = Nizammudin
| address = Nizamuddin Dargah Complex
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5912
| lon = 77.2419
| image = Jahanara Begum's Tomb- Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah- Delhi-MVIMG 20200318 150326-01.jpg
|commonscat=Grave of Jahanara Begum
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-125
| description = Grave of Mohammed Shah
| location = Nizammudin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59125
| lon = 77.24202
| image ="Nizam-oo-deen's Tomb, Delhi," by John Edward Saché, c.1860.jpg
|commonscat=Grave of Mohammed Shah Nizammudin
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-126
| description = Grave of Mirza Jahangir
| location = Nizammudin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59125
| lon = 77.24202
| image = Mirza Jahangir Grave Delhi 1.jpg
|commonscat=Grave of Mohammed Shah Nizammudin
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-127
| description = [[Humayun's tomb]], its platforms, garden, enclosure walls and gateways Khasra No. 258 bounded on the east by Khasra No.180&181&244 of Miri Singh and on west by Kh. No. 268&253 on the north by Khasra No. 266, on the south by Kh No. 245 of Miri Singh & Kh. No. 248 & 249 of Sayyed Mohummad
| location = [[Nizammudin]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59334
| lon = 77.250602
| image = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-128
| description = Nila Gumbad outside the south corner of the enclosure of Humayun's tomb (Kh. No. 243) bounded on the east by Kh. No. 182, on the west by Humayun's tomb, on the north by Kh. No. 181 & on the south by Kh. No. 244 of Miri Singh
| location = Nizammudin
| address = Near [[Nizamuddin Railway Station]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59194
| lon = 77.25309
| image =Nila Gumbad or Blue Dome, adjacent to the Humayun's tomb complex, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Nila Gumbad, Humayun's Tomb Complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-129
| description = Nili Chhatri or Subz Burz.
| location = Nizammudin East
| address = Traffic circle
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59317
| lon = 77.24362
| image =Sabz Burj in Delhi 03-2016.jpg
|commonscat=Subz Burz
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-130
| description = Tomb of Afsar-wala immediately near to the south of Afsar-wala-ki-Masjid
| location = Nizammudin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5926
| lon = 77.2479
| image =Afsarwala tomb, adjoining the Afsarwala mosque, near the Humayun's tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Afsarwala Tomb, Humayun's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-131
| description = [[Tomb of Ataga Khan]]
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5915
| lon = 77.2422
| image =Atgha Khan's tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Atgha Khan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-132
| description = The tomb of [[Isa Khan Niyazi]] with its surrounding enclosure walls and turrest garden gateways and mosque (Kh. No. 281 ) bounded on the east by Arab Sarai Kh. No.236 on the west by Kh. No. 283 graveyard of Piare Lal and K.No. 283 of Bddon on the north by Kh. No. 236 of Pandit Brij Vallabh and on the south by Arab Sarai Kh. No. 238.
| location = Nizammudin
| address = Humayun's Tomb Complex
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5922
| lon = 77.2461
| image =Isa Khan Niyazi's mausoleum, within Humayun's Tomb complex, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Isa Khan Niyazi's tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-133
| description = Tomb of [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana|Khan-i-Khana]]
| location = Nizammudin
| address = Near Humayun's Tomb
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.587997
| lon = 77.247791
| image = Tomb of Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Rahim's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-134
| description = Tomb with three domes near Rly. Station. Missing.<ref name="missingmonuments"/><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = Nizammudin
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-135
| description = Sikargah Kushak-II -327, built by Feroze Shah Tughlaq between 1321 - 1414 A.D.
| location = [[Old Kushak]] Village
| address = Within [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] complex, adjacent to [[Nehru Planetarium]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.603309
| lon = 77.198081
| image =Firoze Shah hunting lounge 3.JPG
|commonscat=Kushak Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-136
| description = Gateways of Badli-Ki-Sarai
| location = Village [[Pipalthala]]
| address = Grand Trunk Road towards Karnal, near Adarsh Nagar
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.71903
| lon = 77.16767
| image =Badli ki Sarai Gateways.JPG
|commonscat=Badli-ki-Serai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-137
| description = Tomb of Sheikh Kaburuddin also known as Rakabwala Gumbad (Lal Gumbad) in field no.84 min. situated at Sarai Shah 31 property of Thoks Shahpur and Adhchini
| location = [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malaviya Nagar]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5401052
| lon = 77.2136278
| image =Lal Gumbad Malviya Nagar.JPG
|commonscat=Lal Gumbad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-138
| description = Ruined line of walls, bastions & gateways of [[Siri Fort]], Kh. No. 88, 265 &447 at village Shahpur Jat
| location = [[Shahpur Jat]]
| address = Asiad Village, Panchsheel Park
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55358
| lon = 77.21561
| image =Ruins_of_Siri_Fort_wall,_New_Delhi,_India_-_20090517.jpg
|commonscat=Siri Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-139
| description = Thana wala Shahpur Jat: Internal buildings of
Siri Mehammadi wali-Kh. No. 14 Shahpur Jat
Bul-Bul-Ki-Kh. No. 256 Shahpur Jat
Makhdum ki Kh. No. 255 Shahpur Jat Baradari [[Shahpur Jat]], Motiyan wala dome Shahpur Jat<ref>{{cite web |last1=Standage |first1=Kevin |title=The Forgotten Mazar of Makhdum Sahib in Delhi’s Mayfair Gardens |url=https://kevinstandagephotography.wordpress.com/2025/01/16/mazar-of-makhdum-sahib-in-delhis-mayfair-gardens/ |website=Kevin Standage An Indian travel photography blog |publisher=wordpress.com |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
| location = Shahpur Jat
| address = Opposite Siri Fort Road, [[Hauz Khas]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.547039
| lon = 77.208491
| image =Baradari in Shahpur Jat.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-140
| description = Nai-ka-kot.
| location = [[Tughlaqabad]] Kotla
| address = 2 km beyond [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] on [[Mehrauli-Badarpur Road]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.50432
| lon = 77.27595
| image =Nai Ka Kot.JPG
|commonscat=Nai ka kot Tughlaqabad
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-141
| description = Tomb of [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]]. walls and bastions, gates and cause way including the tomb of Daud Khan.
| location = M.B. Road, [[Tughlaqabad]].
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5093
| lon = 77.2613
| image =Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-142
| description = Tomb of Mohammed Tughlaq Shah at Tughlaqabad
| location = Badarpur Zail
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5093
| lon = 77.2613
| image = Tomb of Mohammed with son.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-143
| description = Walls of old city of [[Tughlaqabad]].
| location = Badarpur Zail
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.50779
| lon = 77.27291
| image =Citadels of Tughlaqabad fort 020.jpg
|commonscat=Tughlaqabad Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-144
| description = Walls, gateways bastions and internal buildings of both inner and outer citadels of [[Tughlaqabad Fort]]
| location = Tughlaqabad.
| address = M.B. Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.51459
| lon = 77.26046
| image = A King's View.JPG
|commonscat=Tughlaqabad Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-145
| description = Walls, gate and bastions of [[Adilabad]] (Mohammadbad) and causeway leading to there from Tughlaqabad.
| location = [[Tughlaqabad]].
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5054
| lon = 77.2678
| image = Gate of Adilbad Fort, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Adilabad Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-146
| description = Wazirabad Tomb, (Tomb of [[Shah Alam I]])
| location = [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.71176
| lon = 77.22807
| image =Central pavilion of Shah Alam's tomb (3546872203).jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Shah Alam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-147
| description = Wazirabad mosque
| location = [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.7117609
| lon = 77.2281842
| image =Wazirabad mosque.jpg
|commonscat=Wazirabad Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-148
| description = Wazirabad Bridge
| location = [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.71214
| lon = 77.22816
| image =Wazirabad bridge on sahibi river.jpg
|commonscat=Wazirabad Bridge
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-149
| description = Mound known as Jaga Bai comprise in part of surve plot no. 167. Missing.<ref name="missingmonuments"/><ref name="monumentstatus" />
| location = Jamia nagar
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-150
| description = [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Ashoka rock Edict]]
| location = [[Kailash Hill]], East of [[Kailash colony]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.55856
| lon = 77.25664
| image =Ashoka Rock Edict in Delhi surrounded by steel cage.jpg
|commonscat=Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Bahapur, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-151
| description = Madhi Masjid
| location = Ladho Sarai, near [[Mehrauli]]
| address = Near Jain Dada Badi, Mehrauli
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.514696
| lon = 77.184601
| image =Madhi Masjid qibla wall and side rooms (3701092241).jpg
|commonscat=Madhi Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-152
| description = Rajon-ki-Bain ([[Rajon Ki Baoli]]) with Mosque and Chhatri
| location = Ladho Sarai
| address = [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.52035
| lon = 77.18342
| image =Rajon ki Bain.jpg
|commonscat=Rajon Ki Baoli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-153
| description = Badun Gate
| location = Ladho Sarai, [[Mehrauli]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.52398
| lon = 77.20159
| image =Badun Gate view.JPG
|commonscat=Badun Gate
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-154
| description = Gateways of Lal kot
| location = Ladho Sarai
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.53012
| lon = 77.1798
| image =Gateway 2 of Lal kot.JPG
|commonscat=Lal Kot
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-155
| description = Gateway of Rai Pithoria's fort
| location = Ladho Sarai
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Gateway of Rai Pithora 's Fort.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-156
| description = Walls of Rai Pithora's fort and Jahan Panah at the point where they meet together
| location = Hauz Rani abd Lado Sarai
| address = Adchini
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5385
| lon = 77.2132
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-157
| description = Tomb of [[Sultan Ghari]]
| location = Nalikpur Kohi
| address = near [[Vasant Kunj]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5334273
| lon = 77.1370025
| image =Octogal tomb with Mihrab on the west side.JPG
|commonscat=Sultan Ghari
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-158
| description = [[Baoli]] known as diving well locally known as (Candak-ki-baoli or Gandhak-ki-baoli)
| location = Behind [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]], [[Mehrauli]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5208
| lon = 77.1815
| image = Gandhak ki Baoli, Mehrauli.jpg
|commonscat=Gandhak ki Baoli
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-159
| description = Enclosure containing the tomb of [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam Bahadur Shah]], [[Shah Alam II]] and [[Akbar Shah II]]
| location = Mehrauli / [[Wazirabad]]
| address = within Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] dargah complex
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.519
| lon = 77.18025
| image = Tombs of the Kings of Delhi 1858.jpg
|commonscat=Royal Tombs at Zafar Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-160
| description = [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] with central red stone pavilion situated at Mehrauli in field No. 157-81, 1586-97, 1614 &1624
| location = Adjacent to [[Jahaz Mahal]], [[Mehrauli]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.51321
| lon = 77.17693
| image =Hauz Shamsi pavilion (3701664490).jpg
|commonscat=Hauz-i-Shamsi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-161
| description = [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Iron Pillar]] Hindu
| location = [[Mehrauli]]
| address = In the forecourt of [[Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]], [[Qutb complex]]
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5247
| lon = 77.1849
| image = Iron Pillar, Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Iron pillar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-162
| description = Ancient Mosque (Babur’s Period) together with adjacent area comprised in part of Survey plot No. 177
| location = [[Palam]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5927
| lon = 77.0781
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-163
| description = Sheesh Mahal. Built 1653 A.D.
| location = Village Hyderpur
| address = Shalimar Garden ([[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi)|Shalimar Bagh]])
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.72011648
| lon = 77.15425450
| image =Sheesh Mahal, also know as Daalaan, Shalimar Bagh,New Delhi.jpg
|commonscat=Sheesh Mahal, Delhi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-164
| description = Ashokan Pillar
| location = On the [[Delhi ridge]] near [[Hindu Rao Hospital]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.6739
| lon = 77.2118
| image =Ashokan Pillar 006.jpg
|commonscat=Delhi-Meerut pillar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-165
| description = Sarai Shahji
| location = [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malaviya Nagar]]
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5415378
| lon = 77.2060586
| image = Sarai-Shahji.jpg
|commonscat=Sarai Shahji
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-166
| description = [[Azim Khan's Tomb|Azim Khan Tomb]]
| location = Lado Sarai, across Mehrauli Archaeological Park
| address = Delhi-[[Gurgaon]] Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.5218
| lon = 77.1905
| image =Azim Khan Tomb after Renovation by ASI.JPG
|commonscat=Azim Khan's Tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-167
| description = Mazar of Sheikh [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq]]
| location = ChindBagh,[[Qadam Sharif (Delhi)|Kadam Sharif]], [[Paharganj]], Delhi
| address = Chinyot Basti
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.64839
| lon = 77.21399
| image =Mazaar of Sheikh Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq.jpg
|commonscat=Mazaar of Sheikh Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-168
| description = Fortification Wall Asad Burj, Water gate, Delhi Gate, Lahori Gate, Jahangiri Gate, Chhatta Bazar, Baoli
| location = [[Red Fort]], Delhi
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =Chatta bazzar.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-169
| description = Fortification walls, Gates, Bastions and Ancient Buildings of [[Salimgarh Fort]]
| location =
| address = Bela Road
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.66052
| lon = 77.24354
| image =Entry to salimgarh Fort.JPG
|commonscat=Salimgarh Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-170
| description = Portion of the City Wall of [[Shahjahanabad]]
| location = [[Daryaganj]]
| address = Ansari Road near [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmere Gate]], Old Delhi
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.64098
| lon = 77.24434
| image =City Wall Darya Gunj.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-171
| description = Sat Narain Bhawan
| location = Delhi Sadhora Khurd, Dina Nath Marg, Roshanara Road, New Delhi.
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Satya Narayan Bhawan.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-172
| description = [[Balban's tomb|Balban Khan's Tomb]] & [[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb|Jamali Kamali mosque]]
| location = Lado Sarai, [[Mehrauli]], Delhi
| address = Mehrauli Archaeological Park Trail near Anuvrat Marg
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.519714
| lon = 77.188713
| image =Grave in Balban's tomb enclosure.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-173
| description = Unknown Tomb in the vicinity of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = Pragati Vihar, New Delhi
| address =
| district = Delhi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =Unknown Tomb near JN stadium.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-DL-174
| description = Mazar (tomb) of [[Mirza Ghalib]]
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]]
| address = Near Chausath Khamba
| district = Delhi
| lat = 28.59140
| lon = 77.24300
| image =Mirza Ghalib Tomb.JPG
|commonscat=
}}

|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Delhi]]

== Footnotes and references ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320190049/http://ignca.nic.in/img_0002_as_delhi.htm Archaeological Sites of Delhi] [[IGNCA]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ Qutub Minar]

{{Commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Delhi}}
{{Monuments of NI in India}}

[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance (India)|Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi|*]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Delhi|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Delhi|Monuments of National Importance]]

Political faction

2026-03-12T13:25:34Z

Twyla48W587323: slightly improve article for consistency additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Group within a political party}}
{{about| divisions within political parties | organisations with both political and military subdivisions | paramilitary group}}
{{party politics}}

A '''political faction''' is a group of people with a common [[politics|political]] purpose. More specifically, '''political faction''' denotes a subgroup of a [[political party]], where the former may be distinguished by having one or more opinions or interests that differ from the latter's.<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203715208-2/factions-ralph-nicholas Nicholas, R. W. (2012). Factions: a comparative analysis. In Political systems and the distribution of power (pp. 21-61). Routledge.]</ref><ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/faction "faction"] entry at ''[[dictionary.com]]''</ref> [[Intragroup conflict|Intra-party conflict]] between factions can lead to [[schism]] of the party into two or more political parties. The ''[[ley de lemas]]'' electoral system allows the voters to indicate on the [[ballot]] their support for a specific faction of their preference within a political party. Political factions can represent [[voting bloc]]s. Political factions require a [[Party discipline#Weaker party discipline|weaker party discipline]]. Research indicates that factions can play an important role in moving their host party along the [[Political spectrum|ideological spectrum]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blum |first1=Rachel M. |last2=Cowburn |first2=Mike |title=How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era |journal=British Journal of Political Science |date=23 June 2023 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0007123423000224 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/how-local-factions-pressure-parties-activist-groups-and-primary-contests-in-the-tea-party-era/0F901491A0684F481B11525CF477B286|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==George Washington's Farewell Address==
The first president of the United States, [[George Washington]], warned of political factions in his famous [[George Washington's Farewell Address|farewell address]] from 1796. He warned of political parties generally, as according to Washington, political party loyalty when prioritized over [[Patriotism|duty to the nation]] and commitment to principles, was considered to be a major threat to the survival of a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[constitutional republic]]:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=The Founding Fathers Feared Political Factions Would Tear the Nation Apart |url=https://www.history.com/news/founding-fathers-political-parties-opinion |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Avlon |first=John |date=2017-01-10 |title=George Washington’s Farewell Warning |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/washingtons-farewell-address-warned-us-about-hyper-partisanship-214616/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=POLITICO Magazine |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it [the formation and loyalty to partisan interests, over loyalty to principles or one's country].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==By country==

===Australia===
* Factions in the [[Australian Labor Party]]
** [[Labor Left]]
** [[Labor Right]]

* Factions in the [[Liberal Party of Australia]]
** [[Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)|Moderates]]
** [[Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)|Centre Right]]
** [[National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)|National Right]]

===France===
* [[Factions in the Socialist Party (France)]]

===Italy===
* [[Factions in the Communist Refoundation Party]]
* [[Factions in the Democratic Party (Italy)]]
* [[Factions in Forza Italia]]
* [[Factions in The People of Freedom]]

===Japan===
* [[Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)]]

===Russia/Soviet Union===
* [[Factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]
* {{ill|List of Oppositions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|ru|Список оппозиций в ВКП(б)}}

===South Korea===
* [[Chilseonghoe]]
* [[Hanahoe]]
* [[Chungam Faction|Chungam]]

===United Kingdom===
* [[List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)]]
* [[List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)]]

===United States===
* [[Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)]]
* [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)]]
* [[Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)]]

==See also==
* [[Ginger group]], formal or informal group within an organisation seeking to influence its direction and activity
* [[Partisan (politics)]]

==Further reading==

* Blum, Rachel M.; Noel, Hans C. (2024). ''[[doi:10.1017/9781009495615|Cooperating Factions: A Network Analysis of Party Divisions in U.S. Presidential Nominations]]''. Cambridge University Press.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Politics|faction]]
[[Category:Political party factions| ]]

Sooraj Dooba Hain

2026-03-09T11:57:07Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{short description|Song performed by Arijit Singh, Aditi Singh Sharma}}
{{advert|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Sooraj Dooba Hain
| cover = Sooraj Dooba Hain.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the song, featuring actors [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Arjun Rampal]]
| type = single
| artist = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| album = [[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|22}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* Pop
}}
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=24}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer = [[Kumaar]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|nJZcbidTutE|"Sooraj Dooba Hain"}}|type=single}}
}}

"'''Sooraj Dooba Hain'''" ({{Translation|The sun has set}}) is a [[Music of Bollywood|Hindi song]] from the [[List of Bollywood films of 2015|2015 Bollywood]] film, ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2014 |title=Roy's first song out: Jacqueline romances with Ranbir, Arjun in Sooraj Dooba Hai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/roy-jacqueline-romances-with-ranbir-and-arjun-in-sooraj-dooba-hai-232210-2014-12-21 |access-date=4 January 2015 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The song was composed by [[Amaal Mallik]] with lyrics by [[Kumaar]], and is sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Aditi Singh Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Roy: Watch Ranbir, Jacqueline in the new song 'Sooraj dooba hain' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/roy-watch-ranbir-jacqueline-in-the-new-song-sooraj-dooba-hain/article1-1299081.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222125710/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/roy-watch-ranbir-jacqueline-in-the-new-song-sooraj-dooba-hain/article1-1299081.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The music video features actors [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], and [[Arjun Rampal]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=Sooraj Dooba Hain Song – Roy – Feat. Ranbir Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez, Arjun Rampal |url=http://www.koimoi.com/videos/sooraj-dooba-hain-roy-feat-ranbir-kapoor-jacqueline-fernandez-arjun-rampal/ |accessdate=4 January 2015 |work=Koimoi}}</ref>

The music video for the song was officially released on 19 December 2014 and was exclusively released on [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama.com]]. The single of the song was digitally released on 22 December 2014. Commercially, the song fared well, topping the [[iTunes]] charts in [[India]] and [[Cambodia]], along with the [[Friends FM|91.9 Friends FM]] weekly chart.

== Background ==
The song was composed by [[Amaal Mallik]] who made his debut in [[Bollywood]] as a music director with the 2014 film ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armaan Malik: 2014 was about an overall development of mine |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/armaan-malik-2014-was-about-overall-development-mine-141231 |work=Radio and Music |date=31 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> Initially, producer [[Bhushan Kumar]] told Mallik that he was looking for a youthful party song for the film. He offered the chance to five other music composers, intending to select the best track.<ref name="Amaal's TOI interview">{{cite web |title=Amaal Mallik: The hook line sealed the deal for me |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Amaal-Mallik-The-hook-line-sealed-the-deal-for-me/articleshow/45809191.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 January 2015 |accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Mallik finalized a rough version of "Sooraj Dooba Hain" with a few lines written, which he had originally composed three years ago and had been rejected by many film producers.<ref name="reject">{{cite web |title=On a Song: How a rejected tune turned into a chart topper |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/On-a-Song-How-a-rejected-tune-turned-into-a-chart-topper-/articleshow/46130119.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=5 February 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> Kumar, associated with producing the film, had heard the version along with other tracks Mallik had composed and wanted to hear the final version of the song, for which [[Kumaar]] wrote the lyrics. Mallik was not aware that the song was intended for the film ''Roy'' until Kumar showed him the poster of the film for which he had composed the song.<ref name="Amaal's attitude">{{cite web |title=Amaal Mallik's 'Sooraj Dooba Hai' from 'Roy' has his attitude and Arijit's style |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/amaal-malliks-sooraj-dooba-hai-roy-has-his-attitude-and-arijits-style-141224 |work=Radio and Music |date=24 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref>

== Writing and recording ==
The director of the film, Vikramjit Singh, gave Mallik an insight into [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s character, a carefree person who believes one should forget everything and live freely. Singh wanted the track to be about being young and carefree, similar to songs played in [[Nightclub|clubs]]. With the first verse of the song written by Kumaar, which was "cracked" in fifteen minutes, Mallik realized that they "hit upon something really special". According to him the song is something everyone in the world can relate to and it is "a party song with a simple melody, [[Electronic dance music|Electronic Dance Music]] beats and non-crass lyrics".<ref name="Amaal's TOI interview" /><ref name="reject" /> The song is all about living the present moment with someone special.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=Roy: Watch out for Jacqueline in 'Sooraj Dooba Hai'! |url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/64441-roy-watch-jacqueline-%E2%80%98sooraj-dooba-hai%E2%80%99.html |accessdate=4 January 2015 |work=[[News Nation]]}}</ref>

The song is sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Aditi Singh Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming romantic thriller Roy to be high on music |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Upcoming-romantic-thriller-Roy-to-be-high-on-music/articleshow/45617138.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Kasmin Fernandes |date=23 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> For the male vocals of the song, Mallik wanted a voice that does not sing many peppy numbers. Regarding the vocals by Singh, Mallik stated: "Arjit was one name that came to my mind, and he too was extremely happy when he heard the song. He told me that he wished to maintain his style and will add my attitude to the song".<ref name="Amaal's attitude" /> Mallik called Sharma and informed her of the song, and mentioned that he would email it to her before recording it at the studio; "Knowing that Amaal is an absolute king at EDM, I remember opening the email with immense excitement as he had mentioned it's a dance track [and] it's a duet with Arijit Singh". According to Sharma, she fell in love with the track instantly, and kept listening to it over and over again. At the studio Mallik briefed her to do improvisations as per her wish; "After my solo parts were done, we worked on ideas for suitable harmonies for Arijit's lines, for the chorus as well".<ref>{{cite web |title=Aditi Singh Sharma: I am lucky to have so many friends here |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aditi-Singh-Sharma-I-am-lucky-to-have-so-many-friends-here/articleshow/46054169.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Kasmin Fernandes |date=30 January 2014 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> The song marks the first time Sharma sings for the lead actress of the film, [[Jacqueline Fernandez]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fast 5 with Aditi Singh Sharma |url=http://www.asianage.com/music/fast-5-aditi-singh-sharma-865 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |author=Pramita Bose |date=29 December 2014 |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105170209/http://www.asianage.com/music/fast-5-aditi-singh-sharma-865 |archive-date=5 January 2015 }}</ref>

The song is noted as the first time Fernandez has been paired against Kapoor and Rampal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Check out: Jacqueline Fernandez romancing Arjun Rampal and Ranbir Kapoor in Roy |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7659 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225035737/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7659 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2014 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> It is choreographed by [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy song Sooraj dooba hai making: Arjun Rampal-Jacqueline Fernandez learn the dance steps; while Ranbir Kapoor gives it a miss!|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/roy-song-sooraj-dooba-hai-making-arjun-rampal-jacqueline-fernandez-learn-the-dance-steps-while-ranbir-kapoor-gives-it-a-miss/ |work=Bollywood Life|author=Prateek Sur |date=4 February 2014 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

== Picturization and marketing ==
The released music video features the three leading actors from the film [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]], although the film version of the song features Rampal and Fernandez only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-arjun-jacqueline-in-roy-song-sooraj-dooba-hain--19340.html |title=Ranbir, Arjun, Jacqueline's peppy track 'Sooraj dooba hain' from Roy |work=[[India TV]] |date=21 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> On 18 December 2014, stills of the video, which show Fernandez romancing both Kapoor and Rampal, were released.<ref name="first look">{{cite web |title=Jacqueline gets to romance both Ranbir and Arjun in Roy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jacqueline-gets-to-romance-both-Ranbir-and-Arjun-in-Roy/articleshow/45561339.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> The song is picturized on a contrast of locations from long drives, to quaint beaches to energetic clubs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy song Sooraj Dooba Hain: Ranbir Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez and Arjun Rampal party to the peppy club number! |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/roy-song-sooraj-dooba-hain-ranbir-kapoor-jacqueline-fernandez-and-arjun-rampal-party-to-the-peppy-club-number/ |work=Bollywood Life |author=Subramanian Harikumar |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> The song is shot in scenic locations from [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2014 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez starrer Roy runs into weather trouble |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/2690012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108231625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/2690012 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The music video shows Fernandez shaking her leg on the dance floor. She is accompanied by Rampal, who matches dance steps with her while Kapoor "looks intense and cut off" in the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/roy-watch-ranbir-jacqueline-romance-in-sooraj-dooba-hai/16461/ |title=Roy: Watch Ranbir, Jacqueline romance in 'Sooraj Dooba Hai' |work=Bollywood Mantra |date=21 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> It also shows Fernandez romance with Rampal and Kapoor through various snippets from the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-parties-to-sooraj-dooba-hain-song-from-roy/article_f1691226-87ae-11e4-bbdc-3ba5aacd542c.html |title=Jacqueline Fernandez Parties to 'Sooraj Dooba Hain' Song from 'Roy': Video |work=India-West |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> In the video, Rampal is seen donning a [[fedora]] hat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/watch-roys-new-song-sooraj-dooba-hai-deserves-pinterest-board-2002043.html |title=Watch: Roy's new song Sooraj Dooba Hai, which deserves a Pinterest board |work=Firstpost |date=22 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> while Fernandez dons two avatars, as she plays a dual role in the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch 'Roy' song: Jacqueline Fernandez lives it up beautifully in 'Sooraj Dooba Hai' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-roy-song-jacqueline-fernandez-lives-it-up-beautifully-in-sooraj-dooba-hai/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> When in the same frame with Kapoor, she is seen sporting a [[Bob cut|faux bob]] hair style, but she is dressed very casually with long tresses, accessories including bands and [[bracelet]]s, and a tattoo on her neck and wrist when in the company of Rampal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Roy New Song: 'Sooraj Dooba Hai' |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2014/watch-video-roy-new-song-sooraj-dooba-hai-168359.html |work=Filmibeat |date=22 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> In one scene, Fernandez is seen wearing a "long chain" on her neck which was designed by herself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacqueline Fernandez designed her own jegling for 'Sooraj Dooba Hai' in 'Roy' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jacqueline-fernandez-designed-her-own-jegling-for-sooraj-dooba-hai-in-roy-2049626 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Nayandeep Rakshit |date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref>

Since June 2014, Kapoor has been the brand ambassador for the AskMe mobile application. As one of their marketing strategy, AskMe signed a marketing and promotion deal with [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] for "Sooraj Dooba Hain" which also features Kapoor in the video, has the words 'Ask Me' incorporated in the lyrics at four places.<ref>{{cite web |title=AskMe launches marketing blitz with Ranbir Kapoor's 'Roy' |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/askme-launches-marketing-blitz-with-ranbir-kapoors-roy/37410/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=31 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> Apart from the lyrics, the video also shows product placement for the company in the background, when Fernandez and Rampal dance to the beats of the song in an uptown club.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy starring Ranbir Kapoor and AskMe launch unprecedented marketing strategy|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/roy-starring-ranbir-kapoor-and-askme-launch-unprecedented-marketing-strategy-268075/ |work=India.com |author=Rishabh Chakravorty |date=2 February 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

== Release and response ==
A first look at the song was published on 18 December 2014 by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="first look"/> The music video was officially released on 19 December 2014, through the YouTube channel of [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sooraj Dooba Hain Video Song – Roy – Arijit singh – Ranbir Kapoor – Arjun Rampal – Jacqueline |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVl3om0-GFE |publisher=YouTube |work=[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> The song was exclusively released on [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama.com]] and was available for the next three days from the time of release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sooraj Dooba from Roy available exclusively only on Hungama App |url=http://www.oyetimes.com/cinema/masala/75712-sooraj-dooba-from-roy-available-exclusively-only-on-hungama-app |work=Oye! Times |date=22 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> On 22 December, the full song was released digitally as a single,<ref name="iTunes single">{{cite web |title=Sooraj Dooba Hain (From "Roy") – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooraj-dooba-hain-from-roy/id952761039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212212701/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooraj-dooba-hain-from-roy/id952761039 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2015 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |work=Amaal Mallik, Arijit Singh & Aditi Singh Sharma |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> becoming available on various online music-streaming platforms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Listen to Sooraj Dooba Hain Yaaron Song Online |url=http://www.saavn.com/p/song/hindi/Roy/Sooraj-Dooba-Hain-Yaaron/MiwuZUJBBWU |work=[[Saavn]] |date=22 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> The music video of the song was the first track released from the [[Roy (2015 film)|film]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Peppy dance number 'Sooraj Dooba' from 'Roy'! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/watch-peppy-dance-number-sooraj-dooba-from-roy_1517446.html |work=[[Zee News]] |author=Aparna Mudi |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref>

Apart from topping the music charts, the song was considered as "the party anthem of the season".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Jacqueline's 'Roy' topping music charts |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-jacquelines-roy-topping-music-charts/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Arun Nair |date=31 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> Within 24 hours of release, the song received 650,000 views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy: Jacqueline romances Ranbir, Arjun in 'Sooraj Dooba hain' |url=http://www.eni.network24.co/entertainment/roy-jacqueline-romances-ranbir-arjun-in-sooraj-dooba-hain-25409_9 |work=Network 24 |author=Arun Nair |date=20 December 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Chart performance ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:centr"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-

!scope="row"| ''[[The Times of India]]'' [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 20 Chart<ref>{{cite news|title=Music Chart – The Times of India – Mirchi Top 20 Week Ending 16 January 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/1081479906.cms?chartid=1&periodtype=4&date=2015-01-16 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 January 2015 |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>
| 1
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Hits FM (Nepal)]] Hits X-press Top 10 Chart''<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Chart – Hits X-press Hits 91.2 FM Nepal|url=http://www.hitsfm.com.np/charts|publisher=[[Hits FM (Nepal)|Hits FM]]|date=15 April 2015|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref>
| 1
|-
|}

== Critical reception ==
The song received mostly positive responses from music critics.

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'''s Rajiv Vijayakar calling it a "nice celebratory song" appraised the "interesting and meaningful lyrics" by Kumaar and the vocals by Singh, though felt that; "it needed a lively and full-throated singer rather than Aditi Singh Sharma crooning with a put-on Westernized accent, and that too very superficially from her mouth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/606296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102042337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/606296 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2015 |title=Roy (2015) – Music Review |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=Rajiv Vijayakar |date=21 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> According to Joginder Tuteja from [[Rediff.com]], Mallik deserves full marks for the track; "It's a beautiful tune with a good mix of rhythm and melody [...] and has a club sound but still makes for pleasant listening".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-roys-music-rocks/20150118.htm |title=Review: Roy's music rocks! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |author=Joginder Tuteja |date=18 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Sankhayan Ghosh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' was impressed with the arrangement of the tune, though he felt the song "shows a serious lack of imagination".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/tried-tested-3/ |title='Roy' music review: Impossible to like without getting a sense of déjà vu |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sankhayan Ghosh |date=13 February 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> Rucha Sharma from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' wrote: "For a change, it's good to hear Arijit Singh singing happy tunes. Aditi Singh Sharma complements his voice very well".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-music-review-roy-2060350 |title=Roy Music Review |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Rucha Sharma |date=12 February 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Surabhi Redkar from Koimoi described the song as "an amazingly upbeat number that hooks you in right from the start". Redkar opining that "it is surely going to be one of the party songs of the year", complimented that Mallik composition has a lot of energy to "drive" to the dance floor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/roy-music-review/ |title=Roy Music Review |work=Koimoi |author=Surabhi Redkar |date=19 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Kasmin Fernandes of ''[[The Times of India]]'' was entertained with the composition of the song and commented: "Singh's singing is endearing and Aditi Singh Sharma supports him ably. She takes over the reins in the alternate version which shows off her singing chops".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Roy/articleshow/46133250.cms |title=Music Review: Roy |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Kasmin Fernandes |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Reference(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of the Year]]
| –
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of the Year]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of the Year]]
|[[Amaal Mallik]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
|Amaal Mallik
| {{won}}
|}

==Track listing and formats==
*'''Digital single'''<ref name="iTunes single"/>
# "Sooraj Dooba Hain" – 4:24

*'''Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'''<ref name="album iTunes">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/roy-original-motion-picture/id956746915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216132125/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/roy-original-motion-picture/id956746915 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2015 |title=Roy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |work=Amaal Mallik, Ankit Tiwari & Meet Bros Anjjan |date=9 January 2015 |accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref>
# "Sooraj Dooba Hain" – 4:24
# "Sooraj Dooba Hain (Duet Version)" – 4:24

*'''Remix – EP'''<ref name="remix iTunes">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooraj-dooba-hain-remix-from/id961999263?i=962000315 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304052652/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooraj-dooba-hain-remix-from/id961999263?i=962000315 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2015 |title=Sooraj Dooba Hain (Remix) [From "Roy"] – Roy Remix – EP |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=27 January 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>
# "Sooraj Dooba Hain (Remix)" – 4:35

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Arijit Singh}}

[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Arijit Singh songs]]
[[Category:2014 songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kumaar]]

Simbargaon (Jainari)

2026-03-06T18:42:00Z

Twyla48W587323: started some entry needs work

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}{{One source|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simbargaon (Jainari)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Public Bihu Celebration in Simbargaon (Jainari Village).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bihu celebration in Simbargaon (Jainari)
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = '''SIMBARGAON VCDC'''

| governing_body= ([[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency]])

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 297
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 640
| population_as_of = As 2011 census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = [[Bodo people|Boro]]-[[Rabas]]
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]-[[Assamese language|Assamese]]-[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 783370
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS-16]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simbargon (Jainari)''' is a village located in Kokrajhar subdivision of [[Kokrajhar district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It sits 19km from [[Kokrajhar Town]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Simbargaon Village Detailed Information |url=https://villagedatabase.com/village-info/india/assam/kokrajhar/kokrajhar/simbargaon#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=Village Database}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: STI Hub Kokrajhar Conducts Malaria Awareness & Health Campaign in Simbargaon|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-sti-hub-kokrajhar-conducts-malaria-awareness-health-campaign-in-simbargaon|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
==Demographics==
Simbargaon village has a population of 640 of which 317 are males while 323 are females as per the Population Census 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simbargaon Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/280180-simbargaon-assam.html |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

Children aged 0-6 number 57, or 8.91 % of the total. The average sex ratio is 1019, greater than Assam's state average of 958. The child [[Sex Ratio |sex ratio]]<nowiki/>is 1036, higher than Assam's average of 962.

In 2011, the literacy rate was 82.16 % compared to 72.19 % of Assam. Male literacy stands at 89.62 %, while the female literacy rate was 74.83 %.

[[Schedule Tribe|Scheduled tribes]] (ST) make up 95.16 % of the population. No members of [[Schedule Caste|Schedule Castes]] (SC) live in Simbargaon village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simbargaon, Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, Assam, India |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/as/kokrajhar/kokrajhar/simbargaon |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

== Administration ==
As per the constitution of India and the Panchyati Raaj Act, Simbargaon village is administrated by a [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village), who is an elected representative.

== Economy ==
228 were occupied in work activities. 89.47 % of workers describe their work as main work (employment or earning more than 6 months) while 10.53 % were involved in marginal activity offering livelihood for under 6 months. Of 228 workers engaged in main work, 107 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 11 were agricultural laborers.

==Educational institutions==
* Jainary ME & High School
* Simbargaon High School
* Mainao Swrnag Foaisali

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|[[File:IJainary ME & High School.jpg|thumb]]
|[[File:Women of jainri village.jpg|thumb]]
|[[File:Jainary ME & High School view.jpg|thumb]]
}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Kokrajhar district]]

List of ministers of finance of Bihar

2026-03-04T03:22:47Z

Twyla48W587323: started a info

{{Short description|Finance ministers of Bihar}}
{{unreferenced|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}

'''[[Finance minister]]s of [[Bihar]], [[India]]'''

{| class="wikitable"
! #
!Portrait
! Name
! colspan="3" | Tenure
![[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
| 1
|[[File:Bihar Vibhuti Dr Anugrah Narayan Sinha,first Bihar Dy Chief Minister.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]
| 2 April 1946
| 5 July 1957
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Shri Krishna Sinha]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
| 2
|[[File:Shri Krishna Singh 2016 stamp of India.jpg|101x101px]]
| [[Shri Krishna Sinha]]
| 5 July 1957
| 31 January 1961
|
|- align="center"
| 3
|
| [[Deep Narayan Singh]]
| 1 February 1961
| 18 February 1961
|
|[[Deep Narayan Singh]]
|- align="center"
| 4
|
| Beer Chand Patel
| 1963
| 1967
|
|
|- align="center"
| 5
|[[File:Karpoori Thakur 1991 stamp of India.jpg|99x99px]]
| [[Karpoori Thakur]]
| 5 March 1967
| 28 January 1968
|
|[[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]
|[[Socialist Party (India, 2011)|Socialist Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|- align="center"
| 6
|
| [[Satish Prasad Singh]]
| 28 January 1968
| 1 February 1968
|
|[[Satish Prasad Singh]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
| 7
|
| Krishna Kant Singh
| 22 March 1968
| 29 June 1968
|
|[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
|- align="center"
| 8
|[[File:NitishKumarPayingTributeToDPRai.jpg|84x84px]]
| [[Daroga Prasad Rai]]
| March 1972
| April 1975
|
|
|- align="center"
| 9
|
| Zawar Hussain
| April 1975
| November 1975
|
|
|- align="center"
| 10
|[[File:Kailashpati Mishra 2016 stamp of India.jpg|101x101px]]
| [[Kailashpati Mishra]]
| April 1977
| April 1979
|
|[[Karpuri Thakur]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
| 11
| [[File:Jagannath Mishra.jpg|93x93px]]
| [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| June 1980
| April 1983
|
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
| 12
|[[File:B.dubey(3).jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
| March 1985
| Feb 1988
|
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|- align="center"
| (11)
| [[File:Jagannath Mishra.jpg|93x93px]]
| [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| December 1989
| March 1990
|
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
|- align="center"
| rowspan="2" | 13
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Lalu Prasad addressing the Media to announce a policy matter in New Delhi on September 12, 2004.jpg|94x94px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| March 1990
| March 1995
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
| April 1995
| July 1997
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
| rowspan="2" | 14
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Rabri Devi presenting a cheque for Rs. 10 crore on behalf of the State Government to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund, in New Delhi on January 04, 2005 (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rabri Devi]]
| July 1997
| February 1999
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Rabri Devi]]
|- align="center"
| March 1999
| March 2000
|
|- align="center"
| 15
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize Annual Plan 2007-08 of the State, in New Delhi on February 14, 2007 (Nitish Kumar) (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 3 March 2000
| 10 March 2000
|
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[Samata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
| (14)
|[[File:Rabri Devi presenting a cheque for Rs. 10 crore on behalf of the State Government to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund, in New Delhi on January 04, 2005 (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Rabri Devi]]
| March 2000
| February 2005
|
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
| 16
|[[File:The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped).jpg|127x127px]]
| [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| 24 November 2005
| 16 June 2013
|{{Age in years and days|24 November 2005|16 June 2013}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
| (15)
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize Annual Plan 2007-08 of the State, in New Delhi on February 14, 2007 (Nitish Kumar) (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 17 June 2013
| 20 May 2014
|{{Age in years and days|17 June 2013|20 May 2014}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|- align="center"
| 17
|[[File:The Director (Commercial), NTPC, Shri A.K. Gupta and the MD, South Bihar Power Distribution Company Ltd. (SBPDCL) (cropped).JPG|75x75px]]
| [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
| 20 May 2014
| 20 November 2015
|{{Age in years and days|20 May 2014|20 November 2015}}
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|- align="center"
| 18
|
| [[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
| 20 November 2015
| 27 July 2017
|{{Age in years and days|20 November 2015|27 July 2017}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
| (16)
|[[File:The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped).jpg|127x127px]]
| [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| 27 July 2017
| 16 November 2020
|{{Age in years and days|27 July 2017|16 November 2020}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
| 19
|[[File:Tarkishore Prasad.jpeg|75x75px]]
| [[Tarkishore Prasad]]
| 16 November 2020
| 9 August 2022
|{{Age in years and days|16 November 2020|9 August 2022}}
|- align="center"
| 20
| [[File:Vijay Kumar Chaudhary with Umesh kushwaha, khiru Mahto, Nitish Kumar (cropped).jpeg|80x80px]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| 16 August 2022
| 28 January 2024
|{{Age in years and days|16 August 2022|28 January 2024}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|-align="center"
| 21
| [[File:Nitish Kumar, Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Sinha boarding on Patna Metro (cropped).jpg|103x103px]]
| [[Samrat Chaudhary]]
| 28 January 2024
| 20 November 2025
|{{Age in years and days|28 January 2024|20 November 2025}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
| (17)
|[[File:The Director (Commercial), NTPC, Shri A.K. Gupta and the MD, South Bihar Power Distribution Company Ltd. (SBPDCL) (cropped).JPG|75x75px]]
| [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
| 20 November 2025
| Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|20 November 2025}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|- align="center"
|}

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of home of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of law of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of health of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of sports of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of education of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of transport of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finance Ministers of Bihar}}
[[Category:Finance ministers of Bihar|*]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|Finance Ministers]]
[[Category:State government finances in India|Bihar]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Bihar]]

Zakhmi Sipahi

2026-03-03T23:46:49Z

Twyla48W587323: refined citations to improve readability and updated info

{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Zakhmi Sipahi
| image = Zakhmi Sipahi.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[T L V Prasad]]
| producer = [[K.C. Bokadia]]
| studio = BMB Pictures
| writer = T L V Prasad Anirudh Tiwari (dialogues)
| cinematography = Navkant
| editing = Shyam Mukherjee Govind Dalwadi
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Om Puri]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Puneet Issar]]
| music = Rais Bhartiya
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|5|26}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Zakhmi Sipahi''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi-language]] film directed by [[T L V Prasad]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Om Puri]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]] and [[Puneet Issar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/zakhmi-siphai-15141|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823062244/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/zakhmi-siphai-15141|url-status=live|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Zakhmi Siphai (1995) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Zakhmi Sipahi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/zakhmi-sipahi/movieshow/62523371.cms|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osianama.com/film-titles/zakhmi-sipahi-1995|title=Zakhmi Sipahi|website=www.osianama.com|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823060440/https://www.osianama.com/film-titles/zakhmi-sipahi-1995|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
An honest officer is forced to deliver a wrong verdict, spiralling his reputation & so commits suicide; his wife subsequently becomes mad. His son takes it upon him to bring the perpetuators to justice. A 3-way classic combo of Chakraborty, TLV Prasad & KC Bokadia.<ref>{{Citation|title=Zakhmi Sipahi (1995)| date=16 September 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZvki5nD5Es|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police |DSP]] Shakti Khanna
*[[Om Puri]] as Om Chaudhary
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Jyoti, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Shakti's Love❤-interest, [[Inspector]] Kiran Kumar's sister
*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Priya, one-sided love❤ to [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Shakti
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Com. Gautam Gorakhnath, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Shakti's father
*[[Puneet Issar]] as Chhota Chaudhary
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Amar Sharma
*[[Kunika]] as Cameo, in song "O Chaila"
*Ram Mohan as [[Chief Minister|C.M.]] Baburao Deshmukh
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Usha , Shakti's grandmother
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as [[Inspector]] Kiran Kumar and [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Jyoti's brother
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Rajesh (son of [[ Member of the Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]])
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Narayan, Priya's brother

==Music==
#"NakhreWali Ghar Se Nikli"  — [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
#"Hothon Se Chahat Ka Izhar" - [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
#"Lips To Lips"  — [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
#"Tum Sharma Ke Dekho"  — [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Kumar Sanu]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-birthday-know-the-top-10-songs-from-the-famous-actor-s-film-896550 | title=একনজরে মিঠুন চক্রবর্তীর ছবির সেরা ১০ গান | date=16 June 2022 }}</ref>
#"O Laila O Laila"  — [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Ila Arun]]
#"Mere Yaar Pe Jawani"  — [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
#"Kudi Pataka"  — [[Ila Arun]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0314938|Zakhmi Sipahi}}

{{T. L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. L. V. Prasad]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Swayamvaram (1972 film)

2026-03-03T20:55:40Z

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{{About|the 1972 Malayalam film|the 1999 Telugu film|Swayamvaram (1999 film)|the 1999 Tamil film|Suyamvaram|the 2009 Malayalam film|Utharaswayamvaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swayamvaram
| image = Swayamvaram 1972.jpg
| alt = The film's poster showcasing the lead actress, Sharada, and film's title in Malayalam
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| producer =
| writer = Adoor Gopalakrishnan [[K. P. Kumaran]]
| screenplay =
| story = Adoor Gopalakrishnan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]|[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]|[[Adoor Bhavani]]|[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]|[[Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair]]|[[Bharath Gopi]]}}
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = [[Mankada Ravi Varma]]
| editing = Ramesan
| studio = Chitralekha Film Co-operative
| distributor = Chitralekha Film Co-operative
| released = {{Film date|1972|11|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INRConvert|250000}}<ref name="40years">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/universal-and-timeless/article4123362.ece |title=Universal and timeless |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |date=22 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217161045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/universal-and-timeless/article4123362.ece |archive-date=17 December 2017 |author-link=C. S. Venkiteswaran |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}

'''''Swayamvaram''''' ({{langx|en|One's Own Choice|italic=yes}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], starring [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] and [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] in the lead roles. Notable smaller roles were played by [[Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair]], [[Adoor Bhavani]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], and [[Bharath Gopi]]. The film depicts the life of a couple—Vishwam (Madhu) and Sita (Sharada)—who have married against their parents' wishes and want to start a new life at a new place. The title is an allusion to the ancient Indian practice of a girl of marriageable age choosing a husband from among a list of suitors.

''Swayamvaram'' marked several debuts—directorial of Gopalakrishnan, acting of the Malayalam star Bharath Gopi, and film producing of the Chitralekha Film Cooperative, an organisation cofounded by Gopalakrishnan himself. The film features an original score by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]], camerawork by [[Mankada Ravi Varma]], and film editing by Ramesan. Writer-director [[K. P. Kumaran]] co-scripted the film with Gopalakrishnan. It took seven years for Gopalakrishnan to get the project rolling when his initial proposal for a loan to make a film was turned down by the Film Finance Corporation (FFC). The FFC later partially financed the film when Chitralekha provided the rest.

The film received widespread critical acclaim. It pioneered the [[Parallel Cinema|new wave cinema movement]] in [[Malayalam cinema]] and became one of the first Malayalam films to use synchronised sound and outdoor locales. The film also became the first Indian film to use sound as a [[leitmotif]]. It was shown at various film festivals around the world like [[Moscow International Film Festival]], and won four [[National Film Awards]] at the [[20th National Film Awards]] in 1973, including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] for Gopalakrishnan, and [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Sharada.

==Plot==
A newly wed couple, Vishwam and Sita, have married against the preference of their families, and left their hometown. Both want to start a new life at a new place. Initially, they stay in a decent hotel but soon due to financial reasons they move to another, ordinary hotel.

Vishwam, an educated, unemployed youth, is an aspiring writer and had some of his short stories published in the newspapers earlier. He dreams of having his novel, titled ''Nirvriti'' (''Ecstasy''), published in the newspaper. He meets one of the newspaper editors, who agrees to read his novel but declines to publish it, stating the novel is too sentimental. Sita is offered a job as a sales girl but cannot accept it because she is unable to pay the required security deposit of {{INR}} 1,000. With several unsuccessful attempts to get a job, the increasing financial pressure forces them to shift to a slum. With an old lady named Janaki and a prostitute named Kalyani as their neighbours, things do not work as desired for the couple and they end up selling Sita's jewellery.

Vishwam takes a job as a zoology teacher in college but soon loses it. He then accepts a job as a clerk in a timber shop with a meager salary, replacing one of the dismissed employees. Vishwam and Sita try to set up a happy home with their newborn baby, but soon their dreams fade as they struggle on precariously. When Vishwam falls ill, Sita tries for his betterment with all her capabilities but is unable to afford the medicines. She finally decides to call a doctor. However, Vishwam dies, leaving her alone with their infant baby. When Sita is advised to return to her parents after Vishwam's death, she declines. The film ends with Sita feeding her baby and gazing at a painting on the from an Indian [[Hindu epic]], ''[[Ramayana]]'', depicting [[Sita#Marriage to Rama|Sita Swayamvara]] and determinedly at the closed door of their house.

==Cast==
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Vishwam
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Sita
* [[Adoor Bhavani]] as Janaki
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Kalyani, a prostitute
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as a college principal
* [[P. K. Venukuttan Nair]] as Vasu, a small-time smuggler
* [[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]] as an editor
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Thommachan
* [[Bharath Gopi]] as a dismissed employee

==Production==

===Title===
{{Further|Swayamvara}}
The title refers to the ancient Indian practice of a girl of marriageable age choosing a husband from among a list of suitors.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf | title=IFFI: 2007 | publisher=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau (India)]] | year=2007 | page=168 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202142941/http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf | archive-date=2 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was also an affirmation to one of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]'s beliefs about an individual's right to make own choices.{{sfn|Bhaskaran|2010|p=44}} The film's English title for international release was mainly ''One's Own Choice'', however it was shown at the [[Moscow International Film Festival]] under the title, ''On Own Will''.<ref name="MIFF2">{{cite web |year=1973 |title=8th Moscow International Film Festival |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff37/eng/archives/?year=1973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083418/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff37/eng/archives/?year=1973 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[Moscow International Film Festival]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other translations of the Malayalam title have also been used, such as ''By Choice'',{{sfn|NFDC|1991|p=38}} ''Her Own Choice'',{{sfn|Thoraval|2002|p=411}} ''Marriage by Choice'',<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Gulf in the imagination: Migration, Malayalam cinema and regional identity | last=Radhakrishnan | first=R. | author-link=R. Radhakrishnan (literary critic) | journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology | year=2009 | volume=43 | issue=2 | pages=217–245| doi=10.1177/006996670904300202| s2cid=145594307 }}</ref> ''Betrothal by Choice'',{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=387}} ''The Betrothal'',{{sfn|Dharap|1973|p=311}} and ''The Selection''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/swayamvaram.html | title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: Swayamvaram | publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=13 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121002910/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/swayamvaram.html | archive-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>

===Development===
While studying in the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]], Gopalakrishnan was influenced by the [[Parallel Cinema|New Wave]] movement of global cinema and formed a film society in [[Kerala]], named "Chitralekha Film Cooperative", with his classmates in 1965.<ref name="Time"/> Gopalakrishnan had initially submitted a romantic script ''Kamuki'' to the Film Finance Corporation (now [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] or NFDC) which they declined to finance.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/14196/ |title=Low-key Mumbai film festival ends on high note |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 December 1997 |access-date=24 February 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709092656/http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/14196/ |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he submitted the script for ''Swayamvaram'', which Film Finance Corporation accepted and approved the loan of a {{INRConvert|150000}}. However, it took seven years for him to get the film rolling, after he passed out of the Film and Television Institute of India.<ref name=40years/> Gopalakrishnan co-scripted the film with writer-director [[K. P. Kumaran]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mohanlal-to-star-in-screen-adaptation-of-the-master-builder_1061316 | title=Mohanlal to star in screen adaptation of 'The Master Builder' | newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=31 October 2006 | access-date=11 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004021420/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mohanlal-to-star-in-screen-adaptation-of-the-master-builder_1061316 | archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> The film was produced by Chitralekha Film Co-operative, Kerala's first film co-operative society for film production, with ''Swayamvaram'' being their first feature film production.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102819290300.htm | title=Good films open up unfamiliar worlds: Adoor | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=28 October 2005 | access-date=12 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110054532/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102819290300.htm | archive-date=10 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.dishumdishum.com/BollyPresentation/GLOBALIZATION.PDF | title=Bollywood and Globalization | publisher=[[San Francisco State University]] | author=Acharya, Sharmistha | page=15 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182016/http://www.dishumdishum.com/BollyPresentation/GLOBALIZATION.PDF | archive-date=3 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film's total budget was {{INRConvert|250000}} and Gopalakrishnan used the money he had collected from his documentary productions. Initially, Chitralekha Film Co-operative, the producer of the film had trouble distributing the film, so they decided to do it by themselves.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}}

Ritwik Ghatak's 1965 film ''[[Subarnarekha (1962 film)|Subarnarekha]]'' was an influence to Gopalakrishnan. The Bengali film dealt with post Partition and tells the story of a Hindu Brahmin refugee Ishwar who raises his sister Sita and Abhiram, the son of a low-caste woman from a refugee camp. When the two fall in love, he rejects the relation. Abhiram and Sita elope to Calcutta. Years later. Ishwar on a binge drinking spree in Calcutta, visits a brothel; where Sita recognizes him and kills herself. Gopalakrishnan wondered what would have happened to the couple that eloped to the city and developed his story.

===Casting===

Gopalakrishan wanted fresh faces for both the lead roles and he had written letters to various heads of colleges and universities for the auditions. However, he did not receive any response from anywhere.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} For the female lead, Gopalakrishnan approached [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], one of the most successful actresses of her time. She was acting in commercial films when Gopalakrishnan asked her to star in ''Swayamvaram''. Sharada was initially reluctant to commit herself to an [[art film]], but agreed when Gopalakrishnan narrated the complete story to her at [[Prasad Studios]], in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Sharada on Swayamvaram">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08sarada.htm | title=Adoor made us forget our identities | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=8 September 2005 | access-date=13 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | author-link=Shobha Warrier | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081832/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08sarada.htm | archive-date=26 October 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The male lead for the film, [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], was an old friend of Gopalakrishnan and had expressed a desire to act in one of his films. By the time Gopalakrishnan finished his studies and returned from [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]], Madhu was already a star in Malayalam cinema. Gopalakrishnan then decided to cast him opposite Sharada. Mentioning about his experience working with Gopalakrishnan and ''Swayamvaram'', Madhu recollected in an interview that "[...] when Gopalakrishnan narrated the story of ''Swayamvaram'', I knew it was going to be different."<ref name="Madhu about Swayamvaram"/> Years later he also mentioned that he "sometimes wished [[Prem Nazir]] had acted in Adoor's ''Swayamvaram''. He might have won a Bharath award. But he was very busy those days."<ref name="Madhu">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/03/stories/2005100318250300.htm | title=Nostalgia spices up Gurupuja | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=3 October 2005 | access-date=9 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123165944/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/03/stories/2005100318250300.htm | archive-date=23 November 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Malayalam actor-director [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] was cast as a college principal. [[Bharath Gopi]], who later became a major actor in the Malayalam film industry, made his film debut in ''Swayamvaram'', doing a minor role as the dismissed factory employee who gets replaced by Madhu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200801291862.htm | title=Gopi, a versatile actor | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=29 January 2008 | access-date=12 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110054719/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200801291862.htm | archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> Gopi was a noted stage actor before ''Swayamvaram'' and would later play the lead role in Gopalakrishnan's second feature film, ''[[Kodiyettam]]'', which earned him a reputation as one of the finest actors in Indian cinema<ref name="Bharath Gopi">{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/29gopi.htm | title=Goodbye, Mr Bharat Gopi | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=29 January 2008 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721234517/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/29gopi.htm | archive-date=21 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and also inspired his screen name as "Bharath Gopi" or "Kodiyettam Gopi".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/They-carry-the-gene-for-success/articleshow/14181771.cms |title=They carry the gene for success |last=Prakash, Asha |date=17 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126161953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-17/news-and-interviews/32269855_1_malayalam-films-mollywood-mohanlal |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He won a [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] award, then known as "Bharat Award", for the role at the [[25th National Film Awards]] in 1977.<ref name="1978awards ">{{cite web | url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf | title=25th National Film Festival (1978) | publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] | access-date=30 July 2011 | page=7 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170417/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf | archive-date=21 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], who would later play notable characters in many of Gopalakrishnan's films, played a small role as a prostitute in ''Swayamvaram''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sense-and-sensibility/article96096.ece | title=Sense and Sensibility | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=29 January 2010 | access-date=10 July 2011 | author=Nagarajan, Saraswathy | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015836/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sense-and-sensibility/article96096.ece | archive-date=22 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Noted Malayalam writer and journalist [[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]] played a newspaper editor in the film. Gopalakrishnan praised him for his performance, expressing the difficulties of performing as oneself onscreen.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://hindu.com/2005/05/24/stories/2005052418210300.htm | title=Vaikom remembered | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=24 May 2005 | access-date=11 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105012317/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/24/stories/2005052418210300.htm | archive-date=5 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Filming===
Due to financial crises, it took more than one and a half years for Gopalakrishnan to finish the film.<ref name="MankadaRaviVarma"/> ''Swayamvaram'' was one of the first Malayalam films to use synchronised sound and to be filmed in outdoor locales, for which Gopalakrishnan used his [[Nagra]] audio recorder.<ref name="restoration">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/adoor-s-swayamvaram-on-brand-new-print/story-cPec7Qi3VOnoYaMpa3D4XP.html | title=Adoor's Swayamvaram on brand new print | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=26 November 2012 | access-date=11 December 2015 | author=Bhaskaran, Gautaman | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094807/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/adoor-s-swayamvaram-on-brand-new-print/story-cPec7Qi3VOnoYaMpa3D4XP.html | archive-date=22 December 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film was shot in two schedules. It was delayed due to scheduling conflicts of the lead actress, Sharada. She was working in several films at that time, so Gopalakrishnan had to arrange the schedule to suit her convenience.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} The lead actor, Madhu, mentioned in an interview that Gopalakrishnan was clear about his characters and their behaviour. Gopalakrishnan also used to discuss the shoot with his crew before the shooting.<ref name="Madhu about Swayamvaram">{{cite web | url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/06madhu.htm | title=Adoor's first leading man | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=6 September 2005 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085739/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/06madhu.htm | archive-date=27 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The film marked the beginning of a collaboration between Gopalakrishnan and cinematographer [[Mankada Ravi Varma]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750230100.htm | title=Painting with light | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=7 September 2007 | access-date=21 June 2011 | author=Nagarajan, Saraswathy | location=Chennai, India | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108124228/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750230100.htm | archive-date=8 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Gopalakrishnan had seen Varma's work in his second film as a cinematographer, ''[[Olavum Theeravum]]'' (1970), and when he decided to work on ''Swayamvaram'', Gopalakrishnan approached Varma with the script. Initially reluctant, Varma agreed to do the film due to its "extensive" and "very well written" script.<ref name="MankadaRaviVarma">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-obit-mankada-ravi-varma/20101123.htm | title=Goodbye, Mankada Ravi Varma | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=23 November 2010 | access-date=21 June 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118214536/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-obit-mankada-ravi-varma/20101123.htm | archive-date=18 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/16ravi.htm | title=I can't say no to Adoor | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=16 October 2000 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/16ravi.htm | archive-date=26 October 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Incidentally, Varma won his only [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]], with a career spanned over thirty years, for ''Swayamvaram''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/10ravi.htm | title=We have a long way to go | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=10 January 2001 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105135834/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/10ravi.htm | archive-date=5 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film featured no songs and has only an [[Soundtrack|original score]] by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]. The editing of the film was done by Ramesan, whereas S. S. Nair and Devadathan worked together on the production design. Sound mixing was done by P. Devadas. The total budget of the film was {{INRConvert|250000}}, where the Film Finance Corporation provided {{INR}} 150,000 as a loan.<ref name=40years/>

== Themes ==
[[Nirad Mohapatra]] in the book, ''Cinema in India'' wrote, "Adoor, coming as he does from a small-town middle class milieu in [[Kerala]] – made his first film, ''Swayamvaram'' on the moral crisis of the middle class. It is about an unmarried young couple, intensely in love, escaping to a small town to live together, defying the conventional norms and coming to grips with the harsh realities of life and living, which turns their dream into a [[nightmare]]. The struggle between the [[Idealism|ideal]] and the [[Realism (arts)|real]], [[love]] and the fear of losing the object of love, the crisis of conscience caused by the pressure of mundane needs, bring to the fore the human predicament, the spiritual degeneration of man – a theme which recurs in his later films too. ''Swayamvaram'' means choice, but the choice in this case is between the devil and the deep sea- a devastating commentary on the socio-economic situation of the [[middle class]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSvOMAAACAAJ |title=The Cinema of India |date=2009 |publisher=Wallflower Press |isbn=978-1-905674-92-3 |language=en}}</ref> In an interview Gopalakrishnan said, "''Swayamvaram'' is a trip from illusion to [[reality]]. It is a typical case of the moral crisis of the middle class."

Some critics have pointed out its resemblance to [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s ''[[Subarnarekha (film)|Subarnarekha]]'' (1965). Gopalakrishnan agreed on influences of Ghatak and [[Satyajit Ray]] but pointed that ''Swayamvaram'''s treatment is different from Ghatak's ''Subarnarekha'' as ''Swayamvaram'' is more about the trip.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} In an interview Gopalakrishnan said, "''Swayamvaram'' is a trip from illusion to [[reality]]. It is a typical case of the moral crisis of the middle class."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicler |first=Bharat |date=2012-11-22 |title=Revisiting Swayamvaram 40 years on, with its director |url=https://bharatgopy.com/revisiting-swayamvaram-40-years-on-with-its-director/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330124004/https://bharatgopy.com/revisiting-swayamvaram-40-years-on-with-its-director/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A reviewer from ''Soviet Culture'' wrote, "The film ''Swayamvaram'' directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan shows in all its starkness, the plight of the educated unemployed in India. It dwells on the trials and tribulations of a young couple and their persistent efforts to find a place of their own in the society.The Hero is an idealist and an upright character.In the end, the hardships of life claim his life itself. This competition film that comes from India is a true reflection of the life of the common man in India."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Swayamvaram (1972) |url=https://bharatgopy.com/filmography/swayamvaram-1972/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US}}</ref>

Suranjan Ganguly, in his book, ''The Films of Adoor Gopalakrishnan'', wrote, "It was a call to arms against the crude, melodramatic, formulaic films of the south, especially Kerala. It bristled with innovative visual and auditory effects and boasted a complex narrative form—a mix of documentary, fiction, and fantasy—that sought to interrogate film as film. It also subscribed to an evocative poetic realism drawing on metaphor and symbol, which was unprecedented in the history of southern cinema. ''Swayamvaram'', like ''[[Elippathayam]]'' (1981) and ''[[Vidheyan]]'' (1994), focuses on the politics of dislocation and survival (both physical and moral) in which the search for home, self and identity becomes a key issue."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Films of Adoor Gopalakrishnan |url=https://anthempress.com/the-films-of-adoor-gopalakrishnan-pb |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=AnthemPress |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330124004/https://anthempress.com/the-films-of-adoor-gopalakrishnan-pb |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The previews of the film were held at various places, where it was well received by critics and audiences. Noted writer [[M. Govindan]] wrote a cover story in his magazine ''Sameeksha'', and organized a seminar on the film in [[Chennai]], then known as Madras.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} Various intellectuals and writers took part in it, including noted film experts like [[P. Bhaskaran]] and director [[Balu Mahendra]].{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}}

==Reception==

===Critical response===
A reviewer from ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote, "Gopalakrishnan has laid bare the realities of a village society, a reality which has hitherto lain buried under the tinsel of commercial cinema." Dilys Powel from ''[[The Times]]'' wrote, "The theme is human and social. Adoor Gopalakrishnan's “Swayamvaram” has a touching performance by an actress called Sharada as the radiant girl who elopes, only to see her fight against convention end in poverty and despair. One detects a kind of sober passion."<ref name=":0" /> George Melly from ''[[The Observer]]'' wrote, "''Swayamvaram'' directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan is the story about a young couple who decide to live together and run into disaster. Beautifully photographed."<ref name=":0" /> Verina Glaessner from ''[[Time Out (magazine)|TimeOut]]'' wrote, "The film concentrates on describing the life together of the man and the woman who are unmarried and without the usual supportive network of family relationships. The Director constantly works to extend the film's area of concern outward to the situation they find themselves in, through their attempts to get work – she as a sales lady, he first as a teacher and then as a clerk in a saw mill. But he does this without any heavy handed over-emphasis."<ref name=":0" /> A reviewer from ''[[Pravda]]'' wrote, "The film Swayamvaram made in Kerala by Adoor Gopalakrishnan deserves special attention for the reason that it is a film far removed from the conventional song and dance extravaganza of Bombay Studios.The film's main concern is with the everyday life of the common man.The heart-beats of a complex and problem-ridden society are heard and felt in the tragic story of Sita and Viswam."<ref name=":0" />

A reviewer from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Adoor Gopalakrishnan's ''Swayamvaram'' is a brilliant study of a run-away couple's trials and tribulations in making both ends meet. And quite naturally, one finds the stamp of the documentary in the film. The black and white photography is excellent, so is the music.”<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote, "In Swayamvaram, Adoor Gopalakrishnan manages that rare feat investing the visuals with such eloquence that language of the spoken word hardly remains a barrier." A critic from the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' termed it a "Chekovian film" and wrote, " Life's minor details are carefully studied, discretely and meaningfully portrayed."<ref name=":0" /> A critic of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' wrote, "The Kerala that Adoor Gopalakrishnan (who has both written the story and directed the film) shows is quite ruthlessly shorn of all the picturesque cliches that one is accustomed to associate with it. Another quality of the film which in the Indian context is remarkable is the handling of humor. In ''Swayamvaram'', the humor is entirely natural."<ref name=":0" /> ''Link'' wrote, "The accent is solely on visuals. And these visuals are rarely interfered with, by verbosity.The extreme economy of words dramatises the picturisation of commonplace events."<ref name=":0" />

Although most of the reviews were positive, some film experts were critical about the film. Amaresh Datta, in his book ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'', criticised the film for "following the neo-realistic style" and showcasing "same old love story without any freshness added".{{sfn|Datta|2006|pp=752–753}} Poet and journalist [[C. P. Surendran]] called the film "disturbing" in one of his articles, criticising Gopalakrishnan and his films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=hub092405The_Arbiter.asp | title=The Arbiter of Sanity | work=[[Tehelka]] | date=24 September 2005 | access-date=13 July 2011 | last=Surendran | first=C. P. | author-link=C. P. Surendran | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154944/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=hub092405The_Arbiter.asp | archive-date=21 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Shyam Benegal]], a film director and a well-known admirer of Gopalakrishnan's films, also mentioned that he was not particularly pleased with ''Swayamvaram''.{{sfn|Datta|2002|pp=217}}

Despite the overwhelming critical acclaim the film received, the film was largely ignored in [[Kerala]], which Gopalakrishnan referred to as "more of a question of insensitivity rather than personal enmity." However, some noted critics like [[Moorkoth Kunhappa]] and T. M. P. Nedungadi praised the movie, with Nedungadi writing a response titled "''Swayamvaram'' over, what next in Malayalam cinema?"{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}}

===Box office===
The film had a lukewarm initial theatrical response. Gopalakrishnan was told that "If only he had some songs in it, it would have done well".{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} After the announcement of the [[National Film Awards]], the film was re-released in theatres and gathered better response this time, which also helped Gopalakrishnan repay the loan to FFC, the main producer of the film.{{sfn|Jayaram|1996}} The film participated in the competition section of the 8th [[Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1973.<ref name="MIFF2"/>

==Legacy==
''Swayamvaram'' pioneered the new wave cinema movement in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,447254,00.html | title=Knee Deep in the New Wave | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=28 April 2003 | access-date=12 July 2011 | last=Walsh | first=Bryan | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120211009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,447254,00.html | archive-date=20 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Hakemulder|de Jonge|Singh|1998|pp=118}} The film did not feature any dance numbers, comedy or melodramatic scenes, which were "usual ingredients" of films at that time, but it introduced viewers to then unknown techniques of film presentation, in which it was not merely used for "story-telling".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300970300.htm | title=Wide range of films | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 June 2006 | access-date=9 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204030551/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300970300.htm | archive-date=4 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/12/02/stories/2007120250130500.htm | title=Strength in the face of adversity | date=2 December 2007 | access-date=11 July 2011 | author=Gopalakrishnan, K. K. | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105162152/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/12/02/stories/2007120250130500.htm | archive-date=5 November 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was an inevitable development for Malayalam cinema, as the film focused mainly on cinema rather than its story. The film also introduced film-goers to a new cinematic art through the impulses generated by the film, which in turn were more important than the film itself.{{sfn|Datta|2006|pp=752–753}} The film is also said to have divided Malayalam films into three different categories, "uncompromising art films", "compromising films" which aimed at commercial success but tried maintaining a good deal of the artistic qualities, and the "commercial films" which purely aimed at box office success.{{sfn|Menon|1998|p=26}} Film critic [[Kozhikodan]] included ''Swayamvaram'' on his list of the 10 best Malayalam movies of all time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kozhikodan |author-link=Kozhikodan |year=2001 |title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ [Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal: 10 Best Films of All Time in Malayalam Cinema] |location=[[Calicut]], India |publisher=Poorna Publications }}</ref>

Through ''Swayamvaram'', Gopalakrishnan became the first Indian director to use sound as a [[leitmotif]] (a recurring musical theme).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/02adoor-gopalakrishnan-on-resul-pookutty-sound.htm | title=Before Resul Pookutty, there was Adoor Gopalakrishnan | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=20 March 2009 | access-date=19 July 2011 | author=Vilakudy, Rajaneesh | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085807/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/02adoor-gopalakrishnan-on-resul-pookutty-sound.htm | archive-date=27 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film provided a new experience to Indian cinema-goers, as it used ample amounts of natural sounds with a minimalistic background score.{{sfn|Vijayakrishnan|1987|p=135}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/edit-page/28309869_1_national-film-awards-regional-cinemas-indian-cinemas |title=No need for a two-tier system |date=14 August 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726092356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/edit-page/28309869_1_national-film-awards-regional-cinemas-indian-cinemas |archive-date=26 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Sound in Moving Pictures | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] | author=Krishnanunny, T. | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8265-022-0}}</ref>

Noted critic and film director [[Vijayakrishnan]] mentioned that Devadas's sound mixing work was one of the major attractions of the film. Considerable use of natural sound, apart from background music, was new for [[Malayalam cinema]].{{sfn|Vijayakrishnan|1987|p=135}} Cast performances were also praised by critics. [[Bharath Gopi]] received considerable attention even for his minimal screen appearance.<ref name="Bharath Gopi" /> Though Madhu had acted previously in several films, including Ramu Kariat's [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|National Award-winning]] film, ''[[Chemmeen]]'' (1965), ''Swayamvaram'' marked a turning point in his career.<ref name="Madhu about Swayamvaram" />

The [[National Film Archive of India]] has digitally restored the film, and the restored version with improved subtitles in English was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in November 2012. Also, the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] has acquired all of Gopalakrishnan's features, including ''Swayamvaram'', to restore and preserve.<ref name=restoration/>

==Awards==
;[[8th Moscow International Film Festival|1973 Moscow International Film Festival]] (Russia)<ref name="MIFF2"/>
* [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] – ''Nominated''

;[[20th National Film Awards|1973]] [[National Film Awards]] (India)<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web | url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx | title=20th National Film Awards | publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] | access-date=26 September 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx | archive-date=5 November 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Direction|National Film Award for Best Director]]: [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]: [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]: [[Mankada Ravi Varma]]

;1973 [[Kerala State Film Awards]] (India)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm | title=State Film Awards 1969–2008 | publisher=Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala | access-date=8 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Photography]] (Black-and-white): [[Mankada Ravi Varma]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Direction]]: Devadathan

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j_SiHxCkDM&t=796s Interview with Adoor Swayamvaram 50

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: 25 years of film making|last=Jayaram|first=S. B.|publisher=[[Chalachithram (magazine)|Chalachithram]]|year=1996|oclc=47954603}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhaskaran|first=Gautaman|title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: A Life in Cinema|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-08171-4|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last=NFDC|title=Cinema in India, Volume 2|publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]]|year=1991|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Thoraval|first=Yves|title=The Cinemas of India (1896–2000)|publisher=Macmillan India|year=2002|isbn=0-333-93410-5|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0-85170-455-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature|chapter=Cinema Malayalam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA752|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2006|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hakemulder|first1=Jan R.|last2=de Jonge|first2=Fay A. C.|last3=Singh|first3=Prabhash P.|title=Future of journalism, mass communication and public relations|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-261-0067-5|oclc=46886511}}
* {{cite book|last=Dharap|first=B. V.|title=Indian films|publisher=National Film Archive of India|year=1973|issn=0377-7359|oclc=692141264}}
* {{cite interview|title=Of Life...On Films...:Adoor on Swayamvaram|date=2001|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Adoor|subject-link=Adoor Gopalakrishnan|publisher=Deep Focus|edition=Oct 2001 – Jan 2002|interviewer=[[C. S. Venkiteswaran]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Malayala Cinemayude Katha|author=Vijayakrishnan|author-link=Vijayakrishnan|year=1987|publisher=[[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]]|isbn=978-81-8264-070-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Menon|first=Dhanya|title=Malayalam Literary Survey (Journal)|volume=20|issue=1–21|year=1998|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Datta|first=Sangeeta|title=Shyam Benegal|url=https://archive.org/details/shyambenegal00datt|url-access=registration|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-85170-907-9}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Babu Subramanian |title=In The Forests of The Plight: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute To Adoor Gopalakrishnan's First Film SWAYAMVARAM (1972) |journal=Journal of Indian Cinema |date=November 2022 |url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/anantaram/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127140117/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/anantaram/ |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0069334}}

{{Adoor Gopalakrishnan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

Neal 'n' Nikki

2026-03-03T11:56:46Z

Twyla48W587323: started a data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neal 'n' Nikki
| image = Neal n nikki poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arjun Sablok
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| writer = Arjun Sablok [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Uday Chopra]] [[Tanishaa]]
| music = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[P. S. Vinod]]
| editing = Ritesh Soni
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}10.43 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neal-n-nikki/|title=Neal 'n' Nikki Box Office Collection|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=9 December 2005|access-date=6 November 2022|archive-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130162532/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65072|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Neal 'n' Nikki''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Arjun Sablok and produced by [[Yash Chopra]] under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{cite interview |last=Sablok |first=Arjun |interviewer=Patcy N |title=Neal 'N' Nikki: "Not a regular love story." |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/07arjun.htm |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106160722/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/07arjun.htm |archive-date=6 November 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai |date=7 December 2005}}</ref> The film stars [[Uday Chopra]] and [[Tanishaa]], with a special appearance by [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. Set primarily in [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], the narrative follows Neal, a carefree [[Indian Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] man who agrees to meet potential brides at his parents' request but ends up entangled with the free-spirited Nikki during a series of comedic misadventures.

The film marked Sablok's second directorial venture with Yash Raj Films after ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]'' (2002). [[Principal photography]] took place across various locations in Canada, including [[Vancouver]] and [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]]. The music was composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]], with lyrics by [[Anvita Dutt|Anvita Dutt Guptan]].

Released theatrically on 9 December 2005, ''Neal 'n' Nikki'' received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics, who criticized its screenplay, humor, and excessive focus on skin-show, though some praised its production values and soundtrack.<ref name="NNNIT">{{cite web |last=Bhowal |first=Tiasa |date=9 December 2020 |title=15 years later, we are still clueless why Neal n Nikki was made. On Wahiyat Wednesday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/15-years-later-we-are-still-clueless-why-neal-n-nikki-was-made-on-wahiyat-wednesday-1748098-2020-12-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621194758/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/15-years-later-we-are-still-clueless-why-neal-n-nikki-was-made-on-wahiyat-wednesday-1748098-2020-12-09 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=9 December 2005 |title=Neal 'N' Nikki better not be a hit! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/09neal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183231/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/09neal.htm |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=rediff.com}}</ref> The film underperformed at the domestic box office but fared comparatively better in overseas markets due to its Westernized tone and diaspora appeal.

==Plot==
Gurneal "Neal" Ahluwalia and Nikita "Nikki" Bakshi are two [[Indian Canadians]] raised in [[British Columbia]]. Despite their shared cultural background, they are polar opposites in personality. Prior to his [[arranged marriage]], Neal decides to spend 21 days meeting 21 different women. During this time, he encounters Nikki at a [[nightclub]], where she disrupts his date. After she becomes heavily intoxicated, Neal takes her to a hotel room where she falls asleep. The next morning, Nikki mistakenly believes that Neal assaulted her and begins to blackmail him, frequently interrupting his romantic pursuits.

As Neal continues his escapades, Nikki repeatedly interferes, including sabotaging a moment of intimacy with another woman. Eventually, Neal reveals his real reason for being in Canada—to explore his freedom before settling down—which angers Nikki. She invites Neal to [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]] under the pretense of introducing him to other women, but her true intention is to make her ex-boyfriend, Trish, jealous. Neal initially resists but later agrees to help. Their plan succeeds, but when Neal confesses his feelings, Nikki rejects him. Despite spending a night together camping, they are unable to openly admit their love.

Neal returns home for his engagement, only to discover that his fiancée, Sweety, is Nikki's cousin. As the ceremony begins, Nikki arrives to stop it, but it is revealed that Sweety has already committed to her true love, Happy Singh, through an online ceremony. Sweety elopes with Happy, and Neal proposes to Nikki, realizing that they are truly meant for each other.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Uday Chopra]] as Gurneal 'Neal' Ahluwalia
*[[Tanishaa]] as Nikita 'Nikki' Bakshi
*[[Richa Pallod]] as Satwinder 'Sweety' Kaur
*[[Gaurav Gera]] as Happy Singh
*[[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Raj Singh (special appearance)
*Kamini Khanna as Baldev
*[[Susheel Parashara]] as Gyaniji
*Sanaa Abdu Khazal as Katrina
*Kristy McQuade as Kristy
*Samantha McLeod as Chanel
*Alexandre Montez as Trish
*[[Serinda Swan]] as Amanda
*Simmy Cheema as Nikki's mother
*[[Pawan Chopra]] as Nikki's father
*Kanika Dang as Sweety's mother
*Michelle Wright as Police Officer
*[[Sahar Biniaz]] as Teacher}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Neal 'n' Nikki'' was developed as a contemporary romantic comedy directed by Canada-based filmmaker Arjun Sablok and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]]. The screenplay and dialogues were written by Sablok in collaboration with [[Anvita Dutt|Anvita Dutt Guptan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neal 'n' Nikki |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/neal-n-nikki |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.yashrajfilms.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sexist Bollywood Films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/neal-n-nikki-to-garam-masala-sexist-bollywood-films-1752660-2020-12-24}}</ref> The film aimed to present a youthful pairing suited to its Westernized setting and tone.<ref name=":0" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took place in [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], including locations in [[Vancouver]] and [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]]. The Canadian backdrop was integral to the film’s [[Indian Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] storyline.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=India's biggest flop film, released in 2005, had two star kids, produced by Yash Raj, made for Rs 7 crore, earned just.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-india-biggest-flop-film-neal-n-nikki-released-2005-two-star-kids-produced-yash-raj-made-rs-7-crore-earned-just-3082251 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Neal 'n' Nikki
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 November 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Main Hoon Na]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Vivah]]
| next_year = 2006
}}
The music was composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]]. It consisted of 5 songs and 1 remix. The lyrics were penned by [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]], [[Irshad Kamil]], and Asif Ali Beg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music/20051103.htm|title=Neal 'N' Nikki has a Kaal hangover|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|author-link=Sukanya Verma|date=3 November 2005|website=Rediff.com|access-date=6 November 2022|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106160837/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music/20051103.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Neal 'n' Nikki
| extra1 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Shweta Pandit]]
| lyrics1 = [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Halla Re
| extra2 = [[Salim Merchant]], Shweta Pandit
| lyrics2 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = I'm In Love
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics3 = Anvita Dutt Guptan
| length3 = 5:24
| title4 = Ankh Ladiye
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Javed Ali]], Shweta Pandit
| lyrics4 = Anvita Dutt Guptan
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = I Just Wanna Spend My Life With You
| extra5 = Clinton Cerejo, [[Dominique Cerejo]]
| lyrics5 = Asif Ali Beg, Pike Winchurkar
| length5 = 5:25
| title6 = Neal 'n' Nikki
| note6 = The Naughty Mix
| extra6 = KK, Shweta Pandit
| lyrics6 = Anvita Dutt Guptan
| length6 = 5:06
}}

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
''Neal 'n' Nikki'' underperformed at the domestic box office. According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the film had a budget of ₹7 crore and collected approximately ₹8.61 crore gross in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neal N Nikki - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=1263 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reported a net collection of ₹6.06 crore in India, with an overseas gross of ₹2.21 crore, bringing the worldwide total to ₹10.63 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2005-12-09 |title=Neal 'n' Nikki Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neal-n-nikki/box-office/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en}}</ref>

In the United States and Canada, the film earned $111,551, with an opening weekend gross of $75,005. Internationally, it grossed $207,309, leading to a worldwide total of $318,860.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sablok |first=Arjun |title=Neal 'N' Nikki |date=2005-12-09 |type=Comedy, Musical, Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0470869/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |others=Uday Chopra, Tanishaa Mukerji, Abhishek Bachchan |publisher=Yash Raj Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neal 'n' Nikki |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0470869/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>

Despite its modest overseas performance, the film was declared a flop due to its inability to recover its production costs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=India's biggest flop film, released in 2005, had two star kids, produced by Yash Raj, made for Rs 7 crore, earned just.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-india-biggest-flop-film-neal-n-nikki-released-2005-two-star-kids-produced-yash-raj-made-rs-7-crore-earned-just-3082251 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Neal 'n' Nikki'' received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics upon its release, with criticism directed at its screenplay, excessive focus on skin exposure, and lack of emotional depth.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''IndiaFM'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars, writing, "On the whole, ''Neal 'n' Nikki'' concentrates more on sex, skin show, sleaze, and vulgarity than a sound story. A terrible letdown in terms of content, the film has precious little to offer to moviegoers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=9 December 2005 |title=Neal 'n' Nikki Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neal-n-nikki/critic-review/neal-n-nikki-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106143347/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neal-n-nikki/critic-review/neal-n-nikki-movie-review/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described it as "a mismatched romantic comedy that makes most Bollywood twosomes look like art movies" and criticized it as "candy-floss entertainment" from an otherwise reliable production house.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Elley |first1=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=13 December 2005 |title=Neal 'N' Nikki |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/neal-n-nikki-1200519707/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106143347/https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/neal-n-nikki-1200519707/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' also gave the film a negative review, calling it a "mindless" product and writing, "If ''Neal 'n' Nikki'' is a hit, it'll just mean we can crank out mindless films where the leading actors aren't important at all. Which is a terrifying thought."<ref name="Rediff" /> Jaspreet Pandohar of ''[[BBC]]'' was more positive, giving the film 3 out of 5 stars. While acknowledging its "verging on vulgar" approach, she praised the lead pair’s chemistry and wrote that the film "drags Bollywood's prudish attitudes kicking and screaming into the 21st century."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=5 December 2005 |title=BBC - Movies - review - Neal 'N' Nikki |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/12/14/neal_n_nikki_2005_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106143347/https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/12/14/neal_n_nikki_2005_review.shtml |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=[[BBC.co.uk]]}}</ref>

In a retrospective review, Tiasa Bhowal of ''[[India Today]]'' observed that the film, despite its initial appeal during promotion, was criticized for being "a sleazefest" and featuring "sexist dialogues." She concluded that the film’s content would likely have received even harsher criticism if released in a later era.<ref name="NNNIT" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0470869}}
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20061111113717/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/nealnnikki/nnnmicro/microflash.htm/}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films set in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Films set in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salim–Sulaiman]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

Gummalam

2026-03-03T04:39:20Z

Twyla48W587323: quick fixed lead for consistency additionally and added references

{{short description|2002 Tamil-language film}}
{{No plot|date=December 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sugi S. Moorthy
| producer = Kanthasamy
| writer = Sugi S. Moorthy
| starring = [[Mithun Tejaswi]] Adithya Ganesh Zakeer [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]
| music = Gandhidasan
| cinematography = Krishna
| studio = Sharmadha Productions
| released = {{Film date|2002|11|29|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Gummalam''''' ({{translation|Excitement}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[teen film]]. Sugi S. Moorthy directed this film featuring newcomers Mithun Tejaswi, [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]], Akash, Ganesh and Zakeer.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mithun Tejaswi]] as Dinesh
*R. Ganesh as Sekhar
*Adithya as Uncle
*Zakeer as Iyyappan
*[[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] as Anu
*[[Kazan Khan]]
*[[Vineetha]]
*[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Vasu Vikram]]
*[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]
*Selvam
*[[A. C. Murali Mohan|Murali Mohan]]
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*Gowthami Vembunathan
}}

== Production ==
This was the second film produced by Kandhasamy after ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999) and it marked the directorial debut of Suki S. Murthy who earlier assisted [[Selva (director)|Selva]]. The film was primarily shot at Ooty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=14 July 2002 |title=Kummalam |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kummalam.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326201022/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kummalam.asp |archive-date=26 March 2004 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The cinematographer Krishna previously worked as an assistant to [[Santosh Sivan]].<ref name="C" /> Two of the songs were shot at Rameswaram and Ooty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2002 |title=All about teenage love |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210201842/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501030200.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Gandhidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gummalam |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/gummalam/1913807/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gummalam- Thulluvatho Ilamai Tamil FIlm Audio CD by Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://mossymart.com/shop/gummalam-thulluvatho-ilamai-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>

*"Thitranga" – [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*"Kaatre" – [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
*"Yaaro" – Unni Menon
*"Dhimsukattai" – Timmy
*"Ovvoru Naalum" – [[P. Unnikrishnan]]

==Reception==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "if the story hardly affects you at any point, it is the treatment which leaves much to be desired".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2002 |title=Gummalam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/06/stories/2002120601070200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030418023408/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/06/stories/2002120601070200.htm |archive-date=18 April 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote while the refugee camp flashback at the end of the vibrant film has more density and depth, Vinita's character and the imposed songs are occasional reminders that Kummalam is commercial cinema.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=15 December 2002 |title=கும்மாளம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2002-12-15/page/n97/mode/2up |access-date=29 October 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "That the director is a debutant is no excuse, he should have been better prepared before he ventured. Surprising, that it's the same banner that produced a film like 'Sethu'!".<ref name="C">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 December 2002 |title=Gummalam |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov231.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311222601/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov231.asp |archive-date=11 March 2005 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "It is absolutely a lamebrained film as the story and situations are totally corny. However the new comers Mithun, Rati, Tejaswini and Ganesh have come out with decent performances. The songs are below average".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kummalam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=12181707 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117135505/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=12181707 |archive-date=17 November 2003 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s teen films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian teen films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thalaivaa

2026-03-03T03:29:08Z

Twyla48W587323: fixed issues

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by A. L. Vijay}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalaivaa
| image = Thalaivaa poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. L. Vijay]]
| producer = S. Chandraprakash Jain
| writer = A. L. Vijay Raj Krishnan Anil Jain (dialogues)
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Amala Paul]] [[Sathyaraj]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Sri Mishri Productions
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|08|09}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 179 minutes
| budget = {{INR}}60 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film industry-politics link: After Kamal Haasan's Vishwaroopam, Vijay starrer-Thalaivaa faces delay |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125174713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/?from=mdr |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|77 crore}}<ref name="tamil.cinemaprofile.com">{{Cite web |title=Thalaivaa Total Box Office Collections |url=https://tamil.cinemaprofile.com/movie-boxoffice/thalaivaa-movie.html |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Cinema Profile}}</ref>
}}

'''''Thalaivaa''''' ({{translation|The Leader}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2013 |title='Thalaivaa' Box Office Collection: Has Vijay Starrer Earned ₹144 Crore at BO? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaivaa039-box-office-collection-has-vijay-starrer-earned-144-crore-at-bo-501131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116002224/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaivaa039-box-office-collection-has-vijay-starrer-earned-144-crore-at-bo-501131 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivaa - Time To Lead |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thalaivaa-time-to-lead-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzmwntu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116091638/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thalaivaa-time-to-lead-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzmwntu |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed by [[A. L. Vijay]] (credited as Vijay) and produced by [[Vendhar Movies]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the titular role, alongside [[Amala Paul]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Ragini Nandwani]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Rajeev Pillai]]. In the film, a dancer in [[Australia]] takes over his father's duty as a [[crime boss]] in [[Mumbai]] after his death.

The film, which commenced production in November 2012 in Mumbai, was released on 8 August 2013 on the occasion of [[Eid-ul Fitr]]. The film received mostly positive reviews from the critics. The film upon its early release was successful at the overseas box office,<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Ghilli to Theri: 10 Ilayathalapathy Vijay action blockbusters one should know! |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/list-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-action-packed-films-actor-vijay-filmography-theri-movie-box-office-records-top-south-indian-action-films-from-ghilli-to-theri-movie-news-1463648578.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213072110/https://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/list-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-action-packed-films-actor-vijay-filmography-theri-movie-box-office-records-top-south-indian-action-films-from-ghilli-to-theri-movie-news-1463648578.html |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=CatchNews.com |language=en}}</ref> and also successful in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |title='Thalaivaa' Box Office Collection: How Has Vijay-Starrer Performed in Other States? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaivaa039-box-office-collection-how-has-vijay-starrer-performed-in-other-states-500699 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221505/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaivaa039-box-office-collection-how-has-vijay-starrer-performed-in-other-states-500699 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en}}</ref> Due to opposition from the ruling [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] as insisted by the then Chief minister [[J Jayalalithaa]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title=Throwback Thursday: When Thalapathy Vijay's Thalaivaa tagline offended AIADMK and Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/throwback-thursday-when-thalapathy-vijay-s-thalaivaa-tagline-offended-aiadmk-and-jayalalithaa-1713307-2020-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019164451/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/throwback-thursday-when-thalapathy-vijay-s-thalaivaa-tagline-offended-aiadmk-and-jayalalithaa-1713307-2020-08-20 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> the film had a delayed release in Tamil Nadu on 20 August 2013 and its performance was affected at the Tamil Nadu box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Box Office – sify.com (1970) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupxdhggfhjf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013426/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupxdhggfhjf |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=Vijay's Thalaiva to release in Tamil Nadu on August 20 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vijays-thalaiva-to-release-in-tamil-nadu-on-august-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034455/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vijays-thalaiva-to-release-in-tamil-nadu-on-august-20/ |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> The film went on to be remade in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] as ''[[Sardar Saab]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-27 |title=Thalaivaa {{!}} Sardar Saab {{!}} 10 Vijay super-hits that were remade in other languages |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-vijay-super-hits-that-were-remaked-in-other-languages-oriyakannada/thalaivaa-sardar-saab.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205044231/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-vijay-super-hits-that-were-remaked-in-other-languages-oriyakannada/thalaivaa-sardar-saab.html |archive-date=5 December 2018 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> It was also screened in [[Japan]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=『インディアンムービーウィーク2020リターンズ』公式サイト｜インド映画、無双のラインナップ！ |url=https://imwjapan.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211165522/https://imwjapan.com/ |archive-date=2020-12-11 |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=『インディアンムービーウィーク2020リターンズ』公式サイト｜インド映画、無双のラインナップ！ |language=ja |ref={{sfnref|『インディアンムービーウィーク2020リターンズ』公式サイト｜インド映画、無双のラインナップ！|2020}}}}</ref>

==Plot==
'''1988''': A riot occurs in [[Bombay]] where a group attacks Ratnam and his son, Logu. However, Ramadurai arrives and saves them. After the riot, Ratnam decides to leave for [[Chennai|Madras]] and start a new life somewhere abroad. Ramadurai asks him to stay, but Ratnam tells Ramadurai that he should move away. Suddenly, that night, Ramadurai's house gets attacked by his opposite gang, run by a politician named Bhadra. While trying to save him, Ramadurai's wife, Ganga, gets shot and dies suddenly. Enraged, Ramadurai goes to Bhadra's house, beats up Bhadra's goons and kills Bhadra. Ramadurai takes his son Vishwa to Ratnam, who is on a train and asks him to take Vishwa with him because he doesn't want his actions to waste Vishwa's life and sends him away with Ratnam to [[Australia]].

'''2013''': Vishwa is a dancer who lives in [[Sydney]] and manages a water distribution business in the name of his mother Ganga with his childhood friend Logu and his dance team members. Ramadurai is a crime boss who fights for the rights of migrated Tamils and also keeps in contact with Vishwa as he grows up and lies to him about his profession. Vishwa falls in love with Meera, the daughter of a [[restaurateur]], who is one of his customers. Meera reciprocates Vishwa's feelings and joins his dance team, helping them win a dance competition. She soon proposes to Vishwa, who agrees. Meera's father accepts the marriage but wants to discuss the matter formally with Ramadurai.

They leave for Mumbai, where Vishwa finds out about Ramadurai's true profession and that he is hiding due to several false cases registered against him by his arch-enemy Bhima, Bhadra's son. Vishwa also finds out that Meera and her father are [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Branch officers]] who lured him to Mumbai so that they could arrest Ramadurai. Ramadurai gets arrested, but just after he enters the police van, a bomb planted by Bhima in the vehicle explodes, killing him. Distraught over his father's death, Vishwa decides to stay back in Mumbai and take over his father's syndicate. He dons the title of ''Thalaivaa'' and provides his brand of justice for the helpless and downtrodden.

Meanwhile, Bhima initiates a riot in Mumbai, which leads to the deaths and injuries of several people. Vishwa arrives at the scene and saves several others, including a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] woman named Gowri, whose marriage became nullified due to the riots. Although there is seemingly inadequate evidence that Bhima is responsible, a video recorded by a cameraman, Kumar, highlighting Bhima's involvement in the riots, is stolen by a Bhojpuri-speaking [[pickpocketing|pickpocketer]]. Vishwa and his gang manage to reclaim the tape from the pickpocketer and make it public, leading to Bhima's arrest. Vishwa also kills the corrupt [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|CM of Maharashtra]], who had given Bhima and his gang free rein and blames it on Bhima.

However, Bhima soon escapes from prison and kills most of Vishwa's henchmen on the night of [[Maha Shivaratri]], including Gowri. When Vishwa enters a fort after hearing his uncle Rangaa and his second-in-command is being "held hostage" there by Bhima, Ranga stabs him. it gets revealed that Ranga helped Bhima to kill Gowri and Vishwa's henchmen. Taking his son, who is also the driver and cousin of Vishwa, he leaves the fort. He immediately informs the police that Vishwa is "dead". Ranga also reveals to have aided Bhima in killing Ramadurai to replace him as the leader. When Ranga's son hears about his father's betrayal, he becomes enraged and drives the car into a [[petroleum tanker]], killing them both.

Though injured, Vishwa fights with Bhima's goons and kills them individually. After a bitter fight, he kills Bhima by stabbing his throat. Meera soon arrives at the fort and realises that Vishwa killed Bhima, but she acts quickly and shoots the corpses of Bhima and his goons to imply that she killed them, thus saving Vishwa from prison. Meera eventually quits her job after realising her love for Vishwa, and the two get married. With Bhima and his gang out of the way, Vishwa is now the unchallenged crime boss in Mumbai.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Vishwa Ramadurai (Vishwa Bhai), a dancer in Australia and Anna's son. He later becomes a [[Mumbai]] based Tamilian don known as "Thalaivaa".
* [[Amala Paul]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Meera Narayanan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], a crime branch officer who wants to find Anna with the help of Vishwa by falling in love with him and later becomes Vishwa's wife
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Ramadurai (Anna), Vishwa's father and a [[Mumbai Underworld]] Don
* [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] as Logu, Vishwa's best friend and Ratnam's son
* [[Ragini Nandwani]] as Gowri Mohan, a Bhojpuri woman who falls for Vishwa after he saves her from the rioters. She is later killed by Bhima's men
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Bhima Bhai, Anna's enemy from his childhood, and later Vishwa's enemy
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ratnam, Logu's father.
* [[Rajiv Pillai]] as Raju, Anna's henchman
* N. L. Srinivasan as Anand, Anna's henchman
* [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] as Video Kumar
* Tanu Vidyarthi as Video Kumar's wife
* [[Ponvannan]] as Ranga, Anna's brother, Vishwa's uncle and second-in-command who betrays Vishwa but later dies.
* M. R. Kishore Kumar as Santhosh, Ranga's physically handicapped son and Vishwa's cousin who acts as Vishwa's driver.
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Ganga Ramadurai (Guest Appearance), Vishwa's deceased mother under whose name he manages a water distribution business.
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Crime Branch officer who acts as Meera's father
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Lawyer Radhakrishnan
* [[Manobala]] as Sathish, Anna's assistant
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Ravi Kiran
* Mathivanan Sakthivel as Krishnaswamy, a doctor in Australia
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Kesav
* [[Varun (actor)|Varun]] as Vishwa's friend
* [[Sathish Krishnan]] as Vishwa's friend
* K. Bujji Babu as Chef Thodaikari Maarthandam
* Prabhu as Vishwa's friend
* [[Pooran Kiri]] as Jadhav
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Bhima's henchman
* Ranjeev Verma as Mumbai Police Inspector
* Japan Kumar as Japan
* Nishikant Dixit as Advocate
* Vijay Varma as one of Vishwa's friends and a dancer in Tamil Pasanga
* [[Stunt Silva]] in a special appearance as himself
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] (special appearance in the song "Vaanganna Vanakkanganna")
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] (special appearance in the song "Tamil Pasanga")
* [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] (special appearance in the song "Vaanganna Vanakkanganna")
}}

==Production==

===Casting===
[[File:Tamil-movies-vijay-thalaiva-movie-on-location-stills08.jpg|thumbnail|Vijay on the sets of ''Thalaivaa'' with stunt choreographers]]
After watching [[A. L. Vijay]]'s period drama film ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010), Vijay was impressed by the film and contacted the film director for a new project. A. L. Vijay later narrated the ''Thalaivaa'' story to Vijay and he agreed to play the role within 15 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2013 |title=Every scene in Thalaivaa will be like RDX |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/every-scene-in-thalaivaa-will-be-like-rdx-vijay-al-vijay-28-03-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052249/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/every-scene-in-thalaivaa-will-be-like-rdx-vijay-al-vijay-28-03-13.html |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=13 April 2013 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Priya Anand]], and [[Yami Gautam]] were initially considered for the lead female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2012 |title=Samantha in Vijay's next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Samantha-in-Vijays-next/articleshow/16336438.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-11/news-interviews/33738094_1_samantha-director-vijay-g-v-prakash |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=I'm a private person: Yami |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Im-a-private-person-Yami/articleshow/17074991.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-04/news-interviews/34893010_1_yami-gautham-gauravam-busy-bee |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later [[Amala Paul]] with
[[Television|TV]] actress [[Ragini Nandwani]] was selected as the main female leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2012 |title=Amala to pair opposite Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Amala-to-pair-opposite-Vijay/articleshow/17019066.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221124622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/news-interviews/34818036_1_amala-paul-vijay-film |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=It's official: Amala Paul opposite Vijay |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87740.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101175711/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87740.html |archive-date=1 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Vijay Yesudas]] was reported to be finalized for the antagonist role in this film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2012 |title=Director Vijay, hero Vijay and villain Vijay |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-02/vijay-al-vijay-14-08-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026060002/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-02/vijay-al-vijay-14-08-12.html |archive-date=26 October 2016 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> but he denied it as rumour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2013 |title=There won't be a third Vijay in Thalaivaa |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/there-wont-be-a-third-vijay-in-thalaivaa-vijay-director-a-l-vijay-01-03-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604105241/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/there-wont-be-a-third-vijay-in-thalaivaa-vijay-director-a-l-vijay-01-03-13.html |archive-date=4 June 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=I want to focus on my music for now, says Vijay Yesudas |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/i-want-focus-my-music-now-says-vijay-yesudas-343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919142738/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/i-want-focus-my-music-now-says-vijay-yesudas-343 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Sathyaraj]] was also selected to be a part of this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=Sathyaraj with Vijay again |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87031.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012020159/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87031.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> A. L. Vijay's brother [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] has been selected to feature in a prominent role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udhaya in 'Thalaivaa' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90864.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214072939/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90864.html |archive-date=14 February 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] will be the music director, while [[Nirav Shah]] will crank the camera. R. K. Naguraj has been enrolled as [[art director]]. Rumors about a [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] star portraying a singer, were refuted by Vijay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2013 |title=Vijay trashes Hollywood star act rumour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-trashes-Hollywood-star-act-rumour/articleshow/18379263.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news-interviews/36971471_1_vijay-and-amala-paul-director-vijay-hollywood-star |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
The muhurta of the film was held in Chennai on 16 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2012 |title=Vijay-Vijay project pooja held! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Vijay-project-pooja-held/articleshow/17241035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212081417/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-16/news-interviews/35156132_1_actor-vijay-ilayathalapathy-vijay-pooja |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule began in Mumbai from 23 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2012 |title=Vijay-Vijay start shoot in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Vijay-start-shoot-in-Mumbai/articleshow/17334283.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212082100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-interviews/35317860_1_vijay-and-amala-paul-al-vijay-ilayathalapathy-vijay |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=23 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The title song "Thalaivaa Thalaivaa" was shot in Mumbai with 500 junior artists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2012 |title=Vijay's new Tamil film titled Thalaiva |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/vijay-s-new-tamil-film-titled-i-thalaiva-i-317555 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208015949/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/vijay-s-new-tamil-film-titled-i-thalaiva-i-317555 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |work=NDTV}}</ref> A major portion of the film was shot in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2012 |title=Vijay & Amala does photoshoot! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-amala-does-photoshoot-news-tamil-mlvlvndhagb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121194147/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-amala-does-photoshoot-news-tamil-mlvlvndhagb.html |archive-date=21 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The first look and title was revealed on 14 January 2013. Additional posters were released on 26 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivaa new look |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-images/photo-galleries-q1-09/tamil-photo-gallery/thalaivaa-02/thalaivaa-02-thalaivaa-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127231447/http://behindwoods.com/new-images/photo-galleries-q1-09/tamil-photo-gallery/thalaivaa-02/thalaivaa-02-thalaivaa-01.html |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

As of 8 February 2013, 50% of total shootings were completed, with stunt scenes conducted by [[Stunt Silva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Thalaivaa' paces fast |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90792.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211065128/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90792.html |archive-date=11 February 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Ragini Nandwani]], who plays a North Indian, stated that all of her film sequences were shot in Mumbai over 25–30 days. They moved to Chennai and shot a song at Binny Mills.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Super 6 for Vijay's Thalaivaa ! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/super-6-for-vijays-thalaivaa--vijay-a-l--vijay-14-03-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234619/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/super-6-for-vijays-thalaivaa--vijay-a-l--vijay-14-03-13.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2013 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> A last shooting schedule in Australia was completed by 24 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2013 |title=It was delightful working with Vijay in Thalaivaa: Ragini |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/ragini-nandwani-delightful-thalaivaa-vijay-104651.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212193946/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/ragini-nandwani-delightful-thalaivaa-vijay-104651.html |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=OneIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivaa wrapped up |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/93044.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426020701/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/93044.html |archive-date=26 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> They shot scenes at the [[Bondi Beach, New South Wales|Bondi Beach]] in [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Australian spot which the Thalaivaa team cherishes |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/the-australian-spot-which-the-thalaivaa-team-cherishes-vijay-thalaivaa-08-05-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065644/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/the-australian-spot-which-the-thalaivaa-team-cherishes-vijay-thalaivaa-08-05-13.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> It was revealed that Vijay would portray a leader of a dance group based in Australia, performing dance styles of different genres including [[tap dancing]] with [[Sathish Krishnan]] (''June Ponal'' from ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' song fame), Karthik (Ungalil yaar [[Prabhu Deva]] winner), and their dance schoolmates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik, Janani |title=Vijay tap dances in Thalaivaa! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-tap-dances-in-Thalaivaa/articleshow/19881530.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212075713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/news-interviews/39027404_1_dance-group-dance-floor-kollywood-films |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><nowiki/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thalaivaa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 June 2013<ref>{{Cite news |title=GV confirms Thalaivaa audio launch date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/GV-confirms-Thalaivaa-audio-launch-date/articleshow/20242942.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/news-interviews/39501532_1_audio-launch-date-gv-theatrical-rights |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=24 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:25
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Udhayam NH4]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] with lyrics by [[Na. Muthukumar]], both teaming with [[A. L. Vijay]] for the fifth time. The soundtrack features five songs and two [[theme music]] tracks.<ref name="soundt">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shiva |date=11 February 2013 |title=Vijay's Thalaivaa scores 3 out of 5 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijays-Thalaivaa-scores-3-out-of-5/articleshow/18442448.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221125433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37038381_1_g-v-prakash-young-composer-songs |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As of 21 November 2012, he had composed two songs for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2012 |title=Vijay chooses Spain as milieu for his Vijay film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-chooses-spain-as-milieu-for-his-vijay-film-news-tamil-mkikrribhbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010024552/http://www.sify.com/movies/Vijay-chooses-Spain-as-milieu-for-his-Vijay-film-news-tamil-mkikrribhbf.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> One song had been sung by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] alongside [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=GV Prakash to do Ilayathalapathy film! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-to-do-ilayathalapathy-film-news-tamil-lmhnbvaegjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231447/http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-to-do-ilayathalapathy-film-news-tamil-lmhnbvaegjf.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A third song was completed on 11 February 2013.<ref name="soundt" /> The audio launch took place on 21 June 2013 in Hotel Connemara.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thalaiva Audio Release Posters |url=http://moviegalleri.net/2013/06/thalaiva-audio-release-posters-vijay-amala-paul.html?pid=494862 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116064750/https://moviegalleri.net/2013/06/thalaiva-audio-release-posters-vijay-amala-paul.html?pid=494862 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=19 June 2013 |publisher=moviegalleri.net}}</ref> The audio rights of Thalaivaa were bought by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilayathalapthy Vijay's Thalaivaa – Audio Launch |url=http://badhil.com/ilayathalapthy-vijays-thalaivaa-audio-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030408/http://badhil.com/ilayathalapthy-vijays-thalaivaa-audio-launch/ |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=Badhil}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:25
| all_lyrics = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title1 = Tamil Pasanga
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], Sheezay.Psycho Unit
| length1 = 5:06
| title2 = Yaar Indha Saalai Oram
| extra2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length2 = 5:12
| title3 = Vaanganna Vanakkanganna
| extra3 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[M. M. Manasi]] (Uncredited)
| length3 = 5:31
| title4 = Sol Sol
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Megha, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length4 = 5:46
| title5 = The Ecstacy of Dance
| extra5 = Kiran, Chennai Symphony
| length5 = 2:08
| title6 = Thalapathy Thalapathy
| extra6 = [[Haricharan]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]], Zia Ulhaq
| length6 = 5:36
| title7 = Thalaivaa Theme
| extra7 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length7 = 2:46
}}

==Release==
''Thalaivaa'' distribution rights for the United States and Canada were bought by Bharat Creations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2013 |title=Thalaivaa snapped by Bharath Creations! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thalaivaa-snapped-by-Bharath-Creations/articleshow/18807791.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426195453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/news-interviews/37469334_1_vijay-s-thalaivaa-chandraprakash-jain-amala-paul |archive-date=26 April 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ayngaran International acquired the overseas rights for ''Thalaivaa''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayngaran International acquired the overseas rights for Thalaivaa |url=https://twitter.com/Ayngaran_Intl/status/311881400041226240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213214809/https://twitter.com/Ayngaran_Intl/status/311881400041226240 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Ayngaran}}</ref> Tamil Nadu rights were bought by [[Vendhar Movies]] and Kerala rights by Thameens via [[Vendhar Movies]]. The music rights were sold to [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2013 |title=Vijay's New film 'Thalaiva' Audio and Film Rights Sold |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/94170.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609024000/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/94170.html |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Prior to Vijay's birthday on 21 June a theatrical film trailer was released by [[Sony Music India]] on their [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hYS1PoM4XM |title=Thalaivaa — Official Theatrical Trailer |type=YouTube |publisher=Sony Music India}}</ref> Trailer got 1.2 million in 32 hours and 2 million views within 2 days on YouTube after its release. The film garnered totally 3.4 million hits on YouTube. The satellite rights of the film were secured by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] for a record sum of {{INRConvert|15|c}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132025/http://www.cinemakaramkapi.com/2014/10/deepawali-2014-movies-on-tv.html Deepawali 2014 Movies on Tv]. cinemakaramkapi.com. 19 October 2014</ref> The film's running length is 3 hours 2 minutes and was given a "U" certificate by the [[Indian Censor Board]]. The film has been released on Friday, 9 August 2013 worldwide.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Reception==
===Box office===
Thalaivaa earned {{INR|63.50 crore}} in India and {{INR|13.46 crore}} overseas, for a worldwide total of {{INR|76.96 crore}}.<ref name="tamil.cinemaprofile.com">{{Cite web |title=Thalaivaa Total Box Office Collections |url=https://tamil.cinemaprofile.com/movie-boxoffice/thalaivaa-movie.html |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Cinema Profile}}</ref>

Thalaivaa opened well at international markets, especially in the US and UK.<ref name="cinemalead.com">[http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-thalaivaa-usa-and-uk-box-office-report-box-office-analysis-12-08-133080.htm Thalaivaa USA and UK Box Office report – Thalaivaa USA And UK Box Office Report- Box Office Analysis- Thalaivaa- Kerala- Karnataka- Tamil NAdu- Thalaivaa Box Office- Thalaivaa Box Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029200826/http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-thalaivaa-usa-and-uk-box-office-report-box-office-analysis-12-08-133080.htm |date=29 October 2014 }}. Cinemalead.com (12 August 2013). Retrieved on 12 October 2015.</ref> In UK From the paid previews on Thursday till Saturday, Thalaivaa's gross in the UK is {{INRConvert|78|l}} approximate from 34 locations and it is seen as a very impressive opening. [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s films generally embark on a great start in the UK, and Thalaivaa is no exception.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/how-has-thalaiva-opened-outside-tamil-nadu-thalaivaa-thalaiva-12-08-13.html Thalaiva release | Box office release report of Thalaiva (aka) Thalaivaa outside Tamil nadu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801063642/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/how-has-thalaiva-opened-outside-tamil-nadu-thalaivaa-thalaiva-12-08-13.html |date=1 August 2014 }}. Behindwoods.com (12 August 2013). Retrieved on 12 October 2015.</ref> The film's UK collection is said to be {{INRConvert|1.14|c}} in its opening weekend.<ref name="cinemalead.com" /> In UK "Thalaivaa" made an impressive start earning {{INRConvert|1.14|c}} (£1,21,249) from 36 screens in the opening weekend. The film has made higher collections than Suriya's "Singam 2" in the UK. "Singam 2" earned around {{INRConvert|99|l}} in the first week of its release. But [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s "Thalaivaa" crossed "Singam 2" collections in its debut weekend. The film continued its dream run at the UK box office even in its second weekend. Its total UK collections are now pegged at {{INRConvert|2.09|c}}.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaivaa039-box-office-collection-vijay-starrer-a-hit-in-uk-earns-over-2-crore-500110 'Thalaivaa' Box Office Collection: Vijay Starrer a Hit in UK, Earns Over ₹2 Crore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821110732/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaivaa039-box-office-collection-vijay-starrer-a-hit-in-uk-earns-over-2-crore-500110 |date=21 August 2014 }}. Ibtimes.co.in (20 August 2013). Retrieved on 12 October 2015.</ref>

At the end of the first weekend, the US gross of Thalaivaa from 44 reported locations is US$212,000 {{INRConvert|1.29|c}}. A record total of 70 locations are screening Thalaivaa and the total gross for the first weekend is expected to be in the US$250,000 range<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Thalaivaa fared well in Malaysia too. Thalaivaa has maintained exceptionally well in its second weekend in Malaysia. The film has become ninth highest grosser of all time in Malaysia's box office in just 10 days collection. In its second weekend the film has collected {{INRConvert|1.14|c}} (MYR 579,153) on 60 screens and average working out per screens {{INRConvert|1.90|l}} (MYR 9,654).<ref>[http://www.glintcinemas.com/2013/08/thalaivaa-2nd-weekend-collection-in-malaysia.html Account Suspended]. Glintcinemas.com. Retrieved on 12 October 2015. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219102026/http://www.glintcinemas.com/2013/08/thalaivaa-2nd-weekend-collection-in-malaysia.html |date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> Thalaivaa collected around {{INRConvert|8.34|c}} in just 10 days at the Malaysian box office.<ref>[http://www.glintcinemas.com/2013/09/malaysia-thalaivaa-5th-weekend-collection.html Account Suspended]. Glintcinemas.com. Retrieved on 12 October 2015. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819130352/http://www.glintcinemas.com/2013/09/malaysia-thalaivaa-5th-weekend-collection.html |date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of the Hindu wrote "The director gets a lot of things right...this film has been made with some integrity, with respect for the story being told (and, to some extent, the audience too). After Vishwa's transformation, he's rarely shown smiling. Even when Santhanam makes a re-entry, there is no joyous reunion. Even after the heroine is separated from the hero for a while, there are no "dream songs".
"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=24 August 2013 |title=Thalaivaa: Replete with masala moments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thalaivaa-replete-with-masala-moments/article5055589.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805153501/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thalaivaa-replete-with-masala-moments/article5055589.ece |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Critical response ===
''[[IBN Live]]'' gave it a 3/5 rating, stating that the film is a full-baked product. ''[[Sify]]'' stated "Thalaivaa is good and the movie was racy and shorter".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019052704/http://www.sify.com/movies/thalaivaa-review-tamil-15036024.html Thalaivaa]. sify.com</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it a 3/5, stating [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] is in top form when he's normal and menacing. [[Sathyaraj]] as the don is effective. But the one who makes this arduous journey enjoyable is [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], whose poker-faced humour provides relief in a largely grim story.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Thalaivaa/movie-review/21706107.cms/ Thalaivaa movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 29 December 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028120545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Thalaivaa/movie-review/21706107.cms/ |date=28 October 2013 }}</ref> ''MovieCrow'' rated it a 3/5, stating that the movie is a typical entertainer.<ref>[http://www.moviecrow.com/News/2643/thalaivaa-review---rehashed-godfather 'Thalaivaa Review – Rehashed Godfather' Tamil Movie, Music Reviews and News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826121009/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/2643/thalaivaa-review---rehashed-godfather |date=26 August 2013 }}. Moviecrow.com. Retrieved on 29 December 2013.</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 42 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 103%;"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
|''Thalaivaa''
|{{Won}}
|-
||[[Techofes Awards]]
|Favourite Actor
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2617676}}

{{A. L. Vijay}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sydney]]
[[Category:2013 action drama films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. L. Vijay]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Sydney]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]

Pillai College of Engineering (Autonomous)

2026-02-26T19:42:07Z

Twyla48W587323: starting basic details first draft

{{Short description|Engineering college in New Panvel, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pillus College of Engineering (Autonomous)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = PCE
| image = PCECroppedLogo.png
| image_upright = 0.7
| image_alt = scroll atop shield outline
| caption = Logo of Pillai College of Engineering
| latin_name =
| former_name = Pillai Institute of Information Technology, Engineering, Media Studies and Research
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|1998}}
| closed =
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| academic_affiliations ={{hlist|[[All India Council of Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[University of Mumbai|UoM]]|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]}}
| religious_affiliation =
| parent =[[Mahatma Education Society]]
| founder=[[K. M. Vasudevan Pillai]]
| endowment =
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC Grade:A+]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]}}
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| head_label = Principal
| head = Dr. Sandeep Joshi
| academic_staff =
| total_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other_students =
| city = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.9904|73.1281|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline}}
| campus_type = Urban/Metro
| campus_size = {{Convert|7.15|acre}}
| colours =
| sports_nickname =
| mascot =
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|www.pce.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes = <hr />
}}
'''Pillai College of Engineering (Autonomous)''' is an engineering college in [[New Panvel]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] was established in 1999 (commencement of courses from A.Y. 2000–2001) as a self financed [[Malayalam]] [[Linguistic minority|Linguistic Minority]] autonomous Institute affiliated to [[University of Mumbai]], approved by [[All India Council of Technical Education|AICTE]] and Recognized by [[Government of Maharashtra|Govt. of Maharashtra]].<ref name="DTE">{{cite web |last1=Directorate of Technical Education |first1=Maharashtra |title=Institute Profile |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3207 |website=DTE Maharashtra |publisher=Directorate of Technical Education |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> The college is recognized by [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] under section 12(b) and 2(f).<ref>{{cite web |last1=UGC |first1=Website |title=List of Institutes with 2f 12b |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/List-of-colleges-as-on-30-04-2022.pdf |website=University Grants Commission |publisher=University Grants Commission |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> It is operating under the banner of [[Mahatma Education Society]] (MES).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mes.ac.in/|title=MES {{!}} Mahatma Education Society|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> It is commonly referred to as '''Pillai College''', '''PCE''' also as '''PIIT''', also as '''PIITE'''.

It is the first autonomous Engineering College in Navi Mumbai, it was granted autonomous status by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] in 2021-22.<ref>{{cite web |title='List of Autonomous Colleges'| url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/0062368_Latest-832-Auto-Colleges16-06-2021.pdf?_gl=1*1y2zjpl*_ga*MzgyMTU3MjQ3LjE2NTQzNTM3MzM.*_ga_FGHYECNLXB*MTY1NDM1NjcyNC4yLjEuMTY1NDM1NzA2NS4w |website=UGC Autonomous Colleges |publisher=University Grants Commission |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> It is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]]. Pillai College of Engineering was started as Pillai Institute of Information Technology, Engineering, [[Media studies|Media Studies]] and Research, and popularly known as PIIT in the year 2000. The name of the institute was changed as Pillai College of Engineering in the year 2016 and is recognized by the [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Government of India]]. Pillai College of Engineering is accredited '''A+ grade''' by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=NAAC |first1=Website |title=NAAC Results January 8th 2020 |url=http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/AccreditationResults/48SC/48-SC--Cycle-1.pdf |website=National Assessment and Accreditation Council |publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>

Department of Automobile Engineering, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Mechanical Engineering of PCE are accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]]. All 5 departments are accredited till 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=NBA Accredited Colleges |url=https://www.nbaind.org/accreditationprogram/AccreditedProgram?ID=qwlMeKvvRFkROOUyYkKt0g==&lbl=eDu5wWlpPACyA1pvdpp7mw==&tier=/L+fxyhb6EPZUvjtT2wypA==&name=wMNR/LxT4iwXWKhiAHUUp9MV2RwOOtuSMr+o0oar5ZZF8b30fA1b0pIchfncoJFfd+x27dqejBKTrbUkOgANAT/5WkJESnr14S3cAEqTVuM= |website=National Board of Accreditation |publisher=National Board of Accreditation |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

PCE was ranked in Band B 26-50 in 2020 by the [[Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements]] (ARIIA) and in the performer band in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ARIIA |title=Atal Ranking Results |url=https://www.ariia.gov.in/Ranking/2021/Index.html |website=www.ariia.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229184727/https://www.ariia.gov.in/Ranking/2021/Index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academics==
PCE offers a four-year [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech.) courses in Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Automobile Engineering, and Electronics and Computer Science streams. In addition, it offers a two-year master's degree (M.Tech) courses in Electronics Engineering, Mechanical (CAD/CAM And ROBOTICS), Mechanical (Thermal Engineering), Computer Engineering, Information Technology and MTech in Defense Technology.<ref name="DTE" /> It also offers numerous value added and skill courses to enhance the employability of its students.

* '''Automobile Engineering''': PCE offers a bachelor's degree in Automobile Engineering where students can specialize in Electric Vehicles, Additive Manufacturing, Motor Sports Engineering, Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chain, Automotive Design and Autonomous Vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Course Syllabus Automobile |url=https://www.pce.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/BTech-in-AUTO-Engg-Scheme-FE-SE-Syllabus.pdf |website=PCE |publisher=Pillai College of Engineering |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>
* '''Information Technology''': PCE offers a bachelor's degree in Information Technology where students can specialize in AI and Computing, Big Data and [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]], Computer Network and Security, Web and Mobile Applications and UI / UX Design.<ref>{{cite web |title=IT Curriculum |url=https://www.pce.ac.in/academics/bachelors/information-technology/curriculum/ |website=Pillai College of Engineering |publisher=Pillai College of Engineering |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> The college also offers MTech in Information Technology as well as PhD in Information Technology.
* '''Computer Engineering''': PCE offers a bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering where students can specialize in Data Analytics and Language Processing, Network and Information Security, Computational Intelligence and Automation and Systems and Computing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Course Syllabus Computer Engineering |url=https://www.pce.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Syllabus-B.-Tech-in-Computer-Engineering-March-2022.pdf |website=Pillai College of Engineering |publisher=PCE |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> The college also offers MTech in Computer Engineering as well as PhD in Computer Engineering.
* '''Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering''': PCE offers a bachelor's degree in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering where students can specialize in Internet of Things, Product Design, Advanced Communication Systems and Cloud Platforms.<ref>{{cite web |title=EXTC Curriculum |url=https://www.pce.ac.in/academics/bachelors/electronics-and-telecommunication-engineering/curriculum/ |website=Pillai College of Engineering |publisher=Pillai College of Engineering |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
* '''Mechanical Engineering''': PCE offers a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering where students can specialize in Thermal Engineering, Design, [[Materials science|Materials Science]] and Nanotechnology, Energy Science, Automotive Systems, Manufacturing and Software development.<ref>{{cite web |title=MECH Curriculum |url=https://www.pce.ac.in/academics/bachelors/mechanical-engineering/curriculum/ |website=Pillai College of Engineering |publisher=Pillai College of Engineering |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> The college also offers MTech in Mechanical Engineering as well as PhD in Mechanical Engineering.
* '''Electronics and Computer Science Engineering''': PCE offers a bachelor's degree in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering where students can specialize in AI, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, IOE, VLSI Design and Embedded Systems, Network Security and Data Analytics, High Performance Computing and Product Design.<ref>{{cite web |title=ECS Curriculum |url=https://www.pce.ac.in/academics/bachelors/electronics-computer-science/curriculum/ |website=Pillai College of Engineering |publisher=Pillai College of Engineering |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> The college also offers MTech in Electronics Engineering as well as PhD in Electronics Engineering.

The college has postgraduate (MTech) as well as PhD courses in Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Information Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pce.ac.in/|title=PCE {{!}} Pillai College of Engineering|website=PCE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

==Research==
=== Urban Expansion Observatory ===
[[Mahatma Education Society]] and PCE have jointly developed the Urban Expansion Observatory (UXO) in collaboration with [[New York University]], Marron Institute of Urban Management.<ref>{{cite news |title=A research centre on urban development comes up at Panvel |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-research-centre-on-urban-development-comes-up-at-panvel-2051466 |access-date=5 June 2022 |agency=DNA |date=11 January 2015}}</ref> The observatory seeks to study cities around the world using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The UXO combines analysis of remote sensing along with state of the art data analytics and machine learning techniques to give cities and companies insights about their growth and development. The goal of the UXO is to ensure that cities around the world grow in equitable and sustainable ways.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patrick |first1=Lampson Hall |title=EXPLORING URBAN EXPANSION FROM NAVI MUMBAI |url=https://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/blog/exploring-urban-expansion-from-navi-mumbai |website=NYU Marron Institute of Urban Management |publisher=New York University |access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref> The UXO has contributed to the Atlas of Urban Expansion 2016, which was presented at UN Habitat 3 in Quito,<ref>{{cite news |title=Quit it, Quito: Habitat III |agency= The Economist|url=https://espresso.economist.com/b5ecbbf5782cc7fe9e453f3a2f26f24b |access-date=5 June 2022 |date=26 October 2016}}</ref> the Economic Survey of India 2016 Volume II presented as part of 2016 budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Survey of India |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/es2016-17/echapter_vol2.pdf |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Finance Government of India |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> During Covid-19 Lockdowns the center studied the declining economic activity due to decreasing nightlights.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nahata |first1=Pallavi |title=Night Lights Tell The Story Of Dimming Economic Activity Across India |url=https://www.bqprime.com/business/night-lights-tell-the-story-of-dimming-economic-activity-across-india |access-date=5 June 2022 |agency=Bloomberg Quint |date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Avishkar ===
PCE faculty and students won the Gold Medal and Overall Championship in '''Avishkar 2021''', the inter University Research Competition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DNA |title=Pillai College students gather laurels at state-level research convention |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-navi-mumbai-pillai-college-students-gather-laurels-at-state-level-research-convention-1955692 |access-date=5 June 2022 |agency=DNA}}</ref>

==Festival==

''Alegria – The Festival Of Joy'' is held annually at PCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alegria.co.in/|title=Home {{!}} Alegria 2020 {{!}} The Festival Of Joy {{!}} | website=Alegria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> This annual college festival is one of the biggest college festivals in Navi Mumbai. It is held in the first week of February. It attracts a footfall of more than 50,000 students every year and is a star studded affair which has witnessed famous Bollywood actors to Sporting Celebrities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebs at Pillais |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aiyaary-sidharth-malhotra-rakul-preet-shoot-a-song-amid-college-students-see-pics-video/story-Uz8Vc6CEaVMqfPGDip4p0K.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> Numerous events and workshops which are conducted for the students. Technical workshops to creative competitions and events are lined up for the students for a week
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-exclusive-all-eyes-on-pillai-s-rs2-crore-college-fest-alegria-1954868 |title= All Eyes on Alegria|website=DNA India |publisher=Daily New and Analysis |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>

==Alumni==
[[Ayonika Paul]]: Olympic Rifle Shooter,<ref>{{cite news |last1=The |first1=Hindu |title=Ayonika Paul, the big shot from Panvel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/Ayonika-Paul-the-big-shot-from-Panvel/article14580566.ece |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> she is a recipient of the Maharashtra government's [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]].

'''Poornima Seetharaman:''' Woman Leading Gaming Award Winner by BW Gaming World.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zynga's Poornima Seetharaman Awarded ‘Woman Leading Gaming |url=https://bwgamingworld.com/zyngas-poornima-seetharaman-awarded-woman-leading-gaming/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |agency=BW Gaming World |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Mumbai Colleges]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.piit.ac.in// Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai's Institute of Information Technology Engineering, Media Studies and Research}}
[[Category:Education in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ukshi railway station

2026-02-24T19:42:59Z

Twyla48W587323: add article as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{one source| date = September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name =
| type =
| style =
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1302|73.4569|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Konkan Railway]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = UKC
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Konkan Railway|left=Sangameshwar Road|right=Bhoke|type=[[Konkan Railway]]}}
| route_map = {{Konkan Railway Map|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Ukshi
}}

'''Ukshi railway station''' is a station on the [[Konkan Railway]] in India. It is located between {{stnlnk|Sangameshwar Road}} and {{stnlnk|Bhoke}}<ref name="KonkanRailway-20140331">{{cite web|url=http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg|title=Konkan railway system map|last=Prakash|first=L.|date=31 March 2014|publisher=Konkan Railway|access-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045017/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg|archivedate=4 March 2016}} [https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/3/1/6/683316/0/p0408110816.jpg Alt URL]</ref> 5 km east of District headquarters, 19 km from [[Ratnagiri]], and 256 km from Mumbai. Ranpat Falls is nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-10|title=Ranpat Waterfall, Ukshi, Ratnagiri|url=https://ratnagiritourism.in/en/waterfalls/ranpat-waterfalls-ratnagiri/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Ratnagiri Tourism}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Ukshi railway station is located 183.962 kilometre south of Roha railway station which is starting point for Konkan railway jurisdiction.

== Karbude tunnel ==
A 6.5 km-long tunnel known as the Karbude Tunnel is part of the railway. It is situated between Ukshi and Bhoke Stations. It is the line's longest tunnel. The Karbude Tunnel remained India's longest rail tunnel until the [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]] surpassed it.<ref name="wifi">{{cite news |title=Govt launches free WiFi facility at 28 Konkan railway stations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/govt-launches-free-wifi-facility-28-konkan-railway-stations-62418 |access-date=6 February 2019 |publisher=The NEWS Minute |date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations along Konkan Railway line]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri railway division]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

1981 Meenakshipuram conversion

2026-02-19T15:39:20Z

Twyla48W587323: improve references based on references

{{Short description|Mass conversion of Hindus to Islam in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Islamization}}
The '''1981 Meenakshipuram Conversion''' was a mass [[religious conversion]] that took place in the [[India|Indian]] village of Meenakshipuram, [[Tamil Nadu]], in which hundreds of "oppressed" caste [[Hindus]] converted to [[Islam]], most of them forcibly. This incident sparked debate over [[freedom of religion in India]] and the government decided to introduce anti-conversion legislation.<ref name="nov2013">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810915-sudden-spurt-in-conversions-of-harijans-to-islam-forces-govt-to-study-the-issue-773219-2013-11-11 | title=Sudden spurt in conversions of Harijans to Islam forces govt to study the 'issue' | work=India Today | date=11 November 2013 | access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> Later, many converts [[Ghar Wapsi|converted back]] to [[Hinduism]], citing the lack of fulfillment of promises made during the conversions.<ref name="flip"/><ref name="battleground"/>

==Conversion==
Meenakshipuram is a village in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The [[scheduled caste]] members in the village were segregated by the other [[caste]]s, who referred to them as [[Dalit|untouchables]] on the basis of the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]].<ref name="Desai1991">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vekq6s2RyYC&pg=PA12|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2|pages=12–13}}</ref> The district had a long history of [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]].<ref name="Katju2003">{{cite book|author=Manjari Katju|title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2476-7|page=32}}</ref> They embraced Islam, tired of upper caste atrocities, mostly by the landed [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] [[Thevar]] community in the village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India Briefind, 1991|first=Philip|last=Oldenburg|year=1991|page=119|publisher=Avalon |isbn=9780813382548|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bWRDxm8ObUC}}</ref> The scheduled caste members, who belonging to the [[Pallar]] community, had historically tussled with the majority [[Maravar]] community. The Pallars were considered untouchable by the majority community. They were predominantly employed as farm labour and their income and education was lower. During the time of conversion, there was reportedly 40 per cent of Pallar youths were educated who induced the conversion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Subaltern revolts in Tamilnadu|last=B.S.|first=Chandrababu|publisher= JJ Publications|location=Madurai|year=2001|pages=53–6}}</ref> Though originally 220 families were registered for conversions, about 40 of them changed their mind and 180 families attended the ceremony held on 19 February 1981.<ref>{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/346 346]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990|isbn=9780822310297}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After the incident, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] set up an inquiry commission to investigate the conversion. The commission in its report suggested an anti-conversion bill to be passed by the state government, but the government put it on hold.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20021118-jayalalithaas-anti-conversion-law-causes-political-polarisation-in-tamil-nadu-794296-2002-11-17 | title=Jayalalithaa's anti-conversion law causes political polarisation in Tamil Nadu | work=India Today | date=18 November 2002 | access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>

The media reported that the conversion took place by force, using foreign funding.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultures of Conversions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-W-wOgKI9cC&dq=press&pg=PA2|author1=Jan N. Bremmer|author2=Wout Jac. van Bekkum|author3=Arie L. Molendijk|year = 2006|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn = 9789042917538}}</ref><ref name="averting">{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/347 347]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990|isbn=9780822310297}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|page=162|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|publisher=Primus Books}}</ref> While some converts denied the allegations,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/05/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-chapter-three/ | title=Ayodhya, the Battle for India's Soul: Chapter Three | work=WSJ | date=5 December 2012 | accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> others said that they had been bribed. Ayyappan, a resident of Meenakshipuram, said that he had declined an offer of Rs. 500 in cash to convince him to renounce his faith.<ref>{{cite book|title=Politics of Conversion|page=30|first=Devendra|last=Swarup|publisher=Deendayal Research Institute|year=1986}}</ref> One news paper had also printed a photo of a currency note from a [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf country]].<ref name="averting"/>

The official report of SC / ST, the Government of India on the conversions said: "Dalits were those who contacted Muslims for the first time ... they went to Tirunelveli to ask Muslim leaders to join Islam; Their elders have considered converting to Islam for 20 years. Converts contributed Rs 41,000 for their conversion ceremony. An estimated of 1,100 scheduled caste members from the village had converted to Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] was reportedly unhappy, and Home Minister [[Zail Singh]] questioned if "''a conspiracy or political motivation''" was involved in these conversions.<ref name="averting"/> A number of press reporters and politicians such as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Mass-conversions of Meenakshipuram: a sociological enquiry|page=49|author=Mumtaz Ali Khan|year=1983|publisher=Christian Literature Society}}</ref> and [[Yogendra Makwana]]<ref>{{cite book|title=MGR: A Life|page=276|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2017}}</ref> visited the village.

Most of the converted Dalits became supporters of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), while the upper caste Thevars have aligned with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref>

The BJP later took the issue of Meenakshipuram conversion to the Parliament when it reached the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1984 with two seats. Its cause gathered momentum over the years and culminated with the [[Babri Masjid demolition]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/11/10041638/1196679/Meenakshipuram-TNs-link-to-Babri-demolition-now-prays-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216055411/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/11/10041638/1196679/Meenakshipuram-TNs-link-to-Babri-demolition-now-prays-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2021|title = Meenakshipuram, TN's link to Babri demolition, now prays for harmony|website=[[DT Next]] |date = 10 November 2019}}</ref>

Many of the converts left Islam later on.<ref name="battleground">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19830315-meenakshipuram-in-tamil-nadu-becomes-battleground-of-hindu-zealots-and-muslim-fanatics-770499-2013-07-24|title=Meenakshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes battleground of Hindu zealots and Muslim fanatics|date=15 March 1983|publisher=India Today|accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> By July 1981, some of the converts returned to [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Demolition: India at the Crossroads|quote=Meenakshipuram. In July 1981, some of the converts to Islam had re-converted to Hinduism.|page=129|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461144}}</ref> In 1991, a decade later, 900 out of 1,100 converts returned to Hinduism, citing the lack of fulfillment of promises made during the conversions.<ref name="flip">{{cite news|title=Meenakshipuram Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism|date=1991|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19910430-meenakshipuram-harijans-flip-flop-between-islam-and-hinduism-814434-1991-04-29}}</ref> In 2015, 33 years after the incident, [[Rediff.com]] conducted a survey in the village and reported that those who converted to Islam said they were happy.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/meenakshipuram-33-years-on-muslims-happy-hindus-not/20150112.htm | title=Meenakshipuram, 33 years on: Muslims happy, Hindus not | publisher=Rediff | date=12 January 2015 | accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref> In 2019, The Muslims insist that they are now being accorded dignity and respect.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/in-meenakshipuram-conversions-continue-in-hope-of-social-dignity/articleshow/68913456.cms|title=In Meenakshipuram, conversions continue in hope of social dignity | Chennai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2019 }}</ref> Of the many who continue to remain Muslims, almost all have reconverted to Hinduism after conversion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19910430-meenakshipuram-harijans-flip-flop-between-islam-and-hinduism-814434-1991-04-30|title = Meenakshipuram: Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Conversion to Islam]]
[[Category:1981 in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]

Kevada Mosque

2026-02-04T21:05:51Z

Twyla48W587323: small corrected structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Former mosque in Champaner, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Kevada Mosque
| image = Kevda Masjid 07.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Gujarat]]
| location = [[Champaner]], [[Panchmahal]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4859|73.5371|type:landmark_region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = {{ubl|'''Abandoned''';|Preserved}}
| rite =
| heritage_designation = [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
| funded_by = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}}
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 15th century
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Five
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Rubble [[masonry]]
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Kevada Mosque and Canatoph of Kevda Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-GJ-93 and 95 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value =
| designation2 = WHS | designation2_offname = [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]] | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) | designation2_date = 2004 | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = | designation2_number = 1101 | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value =
}}
}}
The '''Kevada Mosque''' (also known as '''Kewda''' or '''Kevda''') is a former [[mosque]], now a [[World Heritage Site|heritage site]], in [[Champaner]], in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The mosque and its [[cenotaph]] are [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-gujarat/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> and, together with other structures, are part of the [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].They are among the 114 monuments listed by the Baroda Heritage Trust.<ref name="Bombay1879">{{cite book |author=Bombay (India: State) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLUBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA308 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kaira and Panch Maháls |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1879 |edition=Public domain |pages=308– |accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref> The mosque has [[Minaret|minarets]], globe-like [[Dome|domes]], and narrow stairs.<ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarina|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA742|accessdate=29 September 2012|date=1 September 2009|publisher=LP|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8|pages=742–}}</ref> According to Ruggles (2008), the "built temple reified natural form" and nature was integrated into the Kevada Mosque's architecture in a way that was unusual elsewhere in the Islamic world.<ref name="RugglesSilverman2009">{{cite book|last1=Ruggles|first1=D. Fairchild |authorlink=D. Fairchild Ruggles |last2=Silverman|first2=Helaine|title=Intangible Heritage Embodied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmicDzxG0NoC&pg=PA90|accessdate=29 September 2012|date=15 June 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0071-5|pages=90–}}</ref>
== History ==
The mosque was built in Champaner during the time of [[Mahmud Begada]], as were several other mosques within the Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, including the [[Bawaman Mosque|Bawaman]], [[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Jama]], [[Lila Gumbaj Ki Mosque|Lila Gumbaj Ki]], and [[Nagina Mosque|Nagina]] mosques, and the Ek Minar, Khajuri, and Shahar Ki mosques.<ref name="Congress2003">{{cite book|author=Congress|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=29 September 2012|year=2003|publisher=Indian History Congress|page=342}}</ref> After James Burgess and Henry Cousens wrote descriptions of the Kevada, Jama, and Nagina Mosques, roads were built to reach them.<ref name="Khanna1992">{{cite book|last=Khanna|first=Amar Nath|title=Archaeology of India: retrospect and prospect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwhuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=29 September 2012|date=1 February 1992|publisher=Clarion Books|isbn=978-81-85120-17-1|page=223}}</ref> The Kevada is notable because of its [[mausoleum]]. The Kathra Mosque is west of the Kevada.<ref name="Gujarat1972">{{cite book|author=Gujarat (India)|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Panchmahals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx8bAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=29 September 2012|year=1972|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|pages=95, 762, 768}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque has many intricately carved [[mihrab]]s. There is a damaged brick [[Temple tank|tank]] for [[Ritual purification|ablution]]s before prayers are offered at the mosque. The [[centotaph|cenotaph]], located next to the tank, is square in shape with a fluted central dome and four corner domes. The layout of the mosque is rectangular. Floral and geometrical designs adorn the niches. The trabeate inter-columns are considered attractive. The prayer hall, a double-storied structure, had three domes, but the central dome has since disappeared. The windows have balconies built over pillars with intricate carved decorations. There are two minarets, which are also decorated with intricate carvings.<ref name=Tour>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=73&webpartid=75|title=Mosques of Champaner|accessdate=29 September 2012|publisher=Official Web site of Government of Gujarat Tourism|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016003238/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=73&webpartid=75|archivedate=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Survey>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner_monuments.asp|title=World Heritage Sites - Champaner - Monuments at Champaner|accessdate=28 September 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151106/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner_monuments.asp|archive-date=1 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_1BE01ADA16E57D45AE12B1BAA3A6840B7ABF0A00/filename/B+B+Goud.pdf|title=Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh|author=B. Busa Goud|accessdate=29 September 2012|publisher= UNESCO. Org}}</ref> Restoration works were carried out in the 1890s.<ref name="CircleDept1897">{{cite book|author=Bombay (India : State). General Dept|title=Archaeology, Progress Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MksAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 October 2012|year=1897|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India. Western Circle|location=Bombay|page=8}}</ref>

The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) reports of 2006 indicate that extensive restoration works were carried out at the Kevada Mosque and also at many other monuments in Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, the Jami Mosque, fort walls, Bawana Mosque, Lila Gubaz, Sikandar Shah Tomb and Sikander tomb, which resulted in a slight increase in tourist traffic to the sites. ASI had already spent Rs 2.25 crores (about US$0.45 million) on conservation in a four-year period and a further Rs 1.15 crores (US$0.23 million) was allotted for more restoration work at the sites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2006/11/11/world-heritage-site-champaner-pavagadh-neglected-environmentalists-1163241246.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108053835/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/11/11/world-heritage-site-champaner-pavagadh-neglected-environmentalists-1163241246.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|title=World heritage site Champaner-Pavagadh neglected|accessdate =7 October 2012|date=11 November 2006|publisher=News Online}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Kevda Masjid Cenotaph - Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park - Gujarat - DSC002.jpg|Cenotaph in front of the mosque
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam|Architecture}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
* [[Monuments of Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
* [[Jain temples, Pavagadh]]
* [[Palitana temples]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Kevada Mosque}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Champaner]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]

Pruthvi Ambaar

2026-02-03T13:38:27Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pruthvi Ambaar
| image =
| caption = Pruthvi Ambaar
| other_names = Nagaraj Ambaar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|08|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], India
| education = St. Aloysius College, [[Mangaluru]], India
| occupation = Radio jockey, Actor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Parul Shukla|2019}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=D |first1=Deepa L. |title=PRUTHVI AMBER |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/realistic-actor-pruthvi-amber/ |accessdate=23 May 2020 |date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012145352/https://www.tulucinema.com/realistic-actor-pruthvi-amber/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parents =
}}

'''Pruthvi Ambaar''' (born 17 August 1988) is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Tulu cinema|Tulu]] cinema, with notable appearances in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. He began his career as a [[radio jockey]] in [[Mangaluru]] under the name '''RJ Nagaraj''', before transitioning to acting through short films and television serials.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NK TV: Pruthvi Amber is Mangaluru's new sensation|language=en|work=NewsKarnataka|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/nk-tv-pruthvi-amber-is-mangalurus-new-sensation|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120949/https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/nk-tv-pruthvi-amber-is-mangalurus-new-sensation|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ambaar made his film debut in the Tulu film ''[[Barke (film)|Barke]]'' (2014) and gained early recognition with ''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]'' (2016), directed by K Sooraj Shetty, which became a hit in the Tulu film industry. His breakthrough came with the Kannada romantic drama ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]'' (2020), directed by K S Ashoka, where his portrayal of Adi earned widespread critical acclaim. The film’s success established him as one of the most promising actors in South Indian cinema. For ''Dia'', Ambaar won the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada]] and the [[Santosham Film Awards|Santhosham Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]], along with nominations from critics’ associations.

Over the years, Ambaar has starred in films such as ''[[Sugarless (film)|Sugarless]]'' (2022), ''[[Dooradarshana]]'' (2023), and ''[[Kothalavadi]]'' (2025).

== Early life ==
Pruthvi Ambaar was born on 17 August 1988 in [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], India, into a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking family. He completed his schooling in Udupi and pursued higher education in [[Mangaluru]], where he developed an interest in performing arts. Before entering films, Ambaar worked as a radio jockey and appeared in short films and television serials, which helped him gain visibility and refine his acting skills. His early exposure to media and stage performances laid the foundation for his film career.

== Career ==
=== 2014-2020: Early Work and Tulu cinema ===
Ambaar made his acting debut in the Tulu film ''[[Barke (film)|Barke]]'' (2014). Though the film had a modest release, it marked his entry into cinema after working as a radio jockey and appearing in short films. He rose to prominence with ''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]'', directed by K Sooraj Shetty, co-starring [[Sonal Monteiro]]. The film was a major hit in the Tulu belt, earning him the Red FM Tulu Film Award for Best Actor. He continued to appear in regional hits like ''Appe Teacher'' and ''Rambarooti'', earning praise for his comic timing and relatable performances.

=== 2020-Present: Breakthrough in Kannada cinema and career expansion ===
He made his Kannada film debut with ''Rajaru'' (2017), followed by ''DK Bose'' (2019), directed by Anil Kumar.

Ambaar’s career-defining moment came with ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]'' (2020), directed by [[K S Ashoka]], opposite [[Kushee Ravi]] and [[Dheekshith Shetty]]. He portrayed Adi, a selfless lover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Jul/29/pruthvi-ambaar-i-still-havent-discovered-my-full-potential|title=Pruthvi Ambaar: 'I still haven’t discovered my full potential'|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=10 July 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film became a hit and earned Ambaar the SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada. Ambaar reprised his role in the Hindi remake ''[[Dear Dia]]'' (2022), marking his Bollywood debut and its Marathi adaptation ''[[Sari (film)|Sari]]'' (2023).

He also appeared in Kannada films like ''[[Sugarless (film)|Sugarless]]'' (2022), directed by Shashidhar KM, opposite [[Priyanka Thimmesh]]. His other noteworthy role came through ''[[Bairagee]]'' alongside [[Shivarajkumar]]. Ambaar starred in ''[[Dooradarshana]]'' (2023), directed by Arvind Kuplikar, opposite [[Meghana Gaonkar]], a nostalgic comedy set in the 1980s. He also featured in the anthology ''[[Pentagon (film)|Pentagon]]'' (segment Karma).

He appeared in ''[[Juni (film)|Juni]]'', directed by Vaibhav, playing Partha in a romantic drama, and in ''Matsyagandha''. His Tamil debut came with ''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]''. His film ''Happily Married'' had a direct OTT release.

In 2025, Ambaar continued his successful run with ''[[Kothalavadi]]'', an action drama directed by Lohith,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-have-wanted-to-do-a-rugged-action-role-for-years-pruthvi-ambaar/articleshow/122993893.cms|title=I have wanted to do a rugged action role for years: Pruthvi Ambaar|work=The Times of India|date=31 July 2025}}</ref> and ''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]''. He also signed ''[[Dear Uma]]'' (Telugu) and ''Life Is Beautiful'', expanding his multilingual footprint.

== Personal life ==
Pruthvi married Parul Shukla on 3 November 2019 in a traditional ceremony held in [[Uppala]], [[Kasaragod]] district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tulucinema.com/pruthvi-ambar-marries-parul-shuklatake-a-look-at-their-wedding-pics/|title='Pruthvi Ambar’ marries Parul Shukla,Take A Look at Their Wedding Pics|first=Tulu|last=Cinema|date=5 November 2019}}</ref> The couple first met over a decade earlier on the set of the dance reality show ''Great Karnataka Dance League'' in Bengaluru, where they were contestants on different teams. The couple welcomed their first child, a daughter named Charvie, on 12 March 2022.

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
! scope="col" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Barke (film)|Barke]]''
|
|[[Tulu language|Tulu]]
|Debut film; credited as Nagaraj Ambar
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=D |first=Deepa L. |date=29 August 2016 |title=PRUTHVI AMBER |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/realistic-actor-pruthvi-amber/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012145352/https://www.tulucinema.com/realistic-actor-pruthvi-amber/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''The Flow''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |Short films; Credited as Nagraj Ambaar
|
|-
|''Yenchi Saav Maare''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]''
| Gautham
|Tulu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=ಭರಪೂರ ಹಾಸ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕೊರತೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ 'ಪಿಲಿಬೈಲ್ ಯಮುನಕ್ಕ' ಅರುಣಾ ಚಿತ್ರಮಂದಿರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರನೇ ವಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಲಗ್ಗೆ |work=ಸುದ್ದಿ ಪುತ್ತೂರು |url=https://puttur.suddinews.com/archives/285858 |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120947/https://puttur.suddinews.com/archives/285858 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karvva]]''
| Rahul
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
| Uncredited role
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2018|title=ಪ್ರಯೋಗಮುಖಿ ಪೃಥ್ವಿ ಅಂಬರ್‌|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/prutvi-ambar-591665.html|access-date=29 May 2020|website=Prajavani|language=kn|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005642/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/prutvi-ambar-591665.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2017
|''Rajaru''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2016|title=ಕೋಸ್ಟಲ್ ವುಡ್ ನ ಸಕಲಕಲಾವಲ್ಲಭ...|url=http://www.newskannada.com/entertainment/46166|access-date=29 May 2020|website=NewsKannada|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603062007/https://newskannada.com/entertainment/46166|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Ammer Polisa]]''
|Himself
| rowspan="2" |Tulu
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=AMMER POLISA MOVIE REVIEW: NO POLY TRICKS, ONLY FUNNY TRICKS |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/ammer-polisa-movie-review-no-poly-tricks-only-funny-tricks/ |work=Tulu Cinema |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809192157/https://www.tulucinema.com/ammer-polisa-movie-review-no-poly-tricks-only-funny-tricks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Pammanne The Great''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=ಪಮ್ಮಣೆ ದಿ ಗ್ರೇಟ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ: ಕರಾವಳಿಯಾದ್ಯಂತ 14 ಟಾಕೀಸ್‍ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೆರೆಗೆ - BUNTS NEWS WORLD |work=www.buntsnews.com |url=https://www.buntsnews.com/2018/08/pammanne-tulu-cinema.html |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''DK Bose''
|Bharath
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2019|title=ಕನ್ನಡ-ತುಳು ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದ ಸಕಲಕಲಾವಲ್ಲಭ ನಮ್ಮ ಈ ಕೀರ್ತನ್ ಭಂಡಾರಿ|url=https://kalpa.news/this-is-keerthan-bhandari-the-director-of-kannada-tulu-film-industry-special-article-by-swathi-suraj/|access-date=29 May 2020|website=Kalpa.news|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603063503/https://kalpa.news/this-is-keerthan-bhandari-the-director-of-kannada-tulu-film-industry-special-article-by-swathi-suraj/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Golmaal''
|
| rowspan="3" |Tulu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |work=Tulu Cinema|date=19 April 2019 |title="Golmaal" Tulu Movie Review |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/golmaal-tulu-movie-review/ |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Aati Donji Dina''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='ದಿಯಾ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಹೀರೋ ಪೃಥ್ವಿ ಅಂಬರ್‌ ಕೈಹಿಡಿದ ಉತ್ತರ ಭಾರತದ ಬೆಡಗಿ! ಇವರದ್ದು 10 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಲವ್‌ಸ್ಟೋರಿ! |language=kn |work=Vijaya Karnataka |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dia-kannada-movie-hero-pruthvi-ambar-marriage-with-parul-shukla/articleshow/74900526.cms |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120948/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dia-kannada-movie-hero-pruthvi-ambar-marriage-with-parul-shukla/articleshow/74900526.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='ಆಟಿಡೊಂಜಿ ದಿನ' ತುಳು ಸಿನೆಮಾ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ತೆರೆಗೆ |work=canaranews.com |url=http://canaranews.com/kannada/6439 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120951/http://canaranews.com/kannada/6439 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''English''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pruthvi Ambar in English titled movie |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=669540 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=www.daijiworld.com |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603061956/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=669540 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
|Adi
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangaluru: Tulu actor Pruthvi Ambar starrer Kannada movie 'Diya' to release on Feb 7|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=669540|access-date=28 May 2020|website=www.daijiworld.com|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603061956/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=669540|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Kudkana Madme''
|
| rowspan="3" |Tulu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2020 |title='ಕುದ್ಕನ ಮದ್ಮೆ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ತುಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ರೆಸ್ಪಾನ್ಸ್‌ |work=CitizenLive News |url=https://citizenlive.news/cinima/best-response-to-kudukana-madime-tulu-movie/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120951/https://citizenlive.news/cinima/best-response-to-kudukana-madime-tulu-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''Enna''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಎನ್ನ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪೃಥ್ವಿ |url=https://www.gloriousangelore.com/more/news-events/news-events1/106-yenna-feb14-release |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120950/https://www.gloriousangelore.com/more/news-events/news-events1/106-yenna-feb14-release |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''2 Ekre''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kapikad |first=Sathish |title='ರಡ್ಡ್ ಎಕ್ರೆ' ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪೃಥ್ವಿ ಅಂಬರ್ |work=KANNADIGA WORLD |url=https://www.kannadigaworld.com/news/topnews/411971.html |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120947/https://www.kannadigaworld.com/news/topnews/411971.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Dear Dia]]''
|Adi
| [[Hindi]]
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pruthvi Ambaar unveils the first look of 'Dia' Hindi remake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pruthvi-ambaar-unveil-the-first-look-of-dia-hindi-remake/articleshow/90077461.cms |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312133323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pruthvi-ambaar-unveil-the-first-look-of-dia-hindi-remake/articleshow/90077461.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bairagee]]''
|Vaatapi
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|
|
|-
|''[[Sugarless (film)|Sugarless]]''
|Venkatesh
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pruthvi Ambaar on board 'Sugarless' - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Aug/18/pruthvi-ambaar-on-board-sugarless-2184676.html|access-date=2020-10-09|website=www.newindianexpress.com|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209093404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/18/pruthvi-ambaar-on-board-sugarless-2184676.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''VIP'S Last Bench''
|
|Tulu
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |work=Tulu Cinema |date=27 December 2017 |title=Young talents to make youth based Tulu film "Last Bench" |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/young-guns-to-make-tulu-film-last-bench/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120954/https://www.tulucinema.com/young-guns-to-make-tulu-film-last-bench/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[Dooradarshana]]''
| Manu
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|
| <ref>{{cite web| title= Dooradarshana gets a release date| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dooradarshana-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97837329.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=Kannada%20film%20Dooradarshana%20is%20set,set%20in%20the%201980's%20period.| access-date= 16 February 2023| website= Times of India| archive-date= 17 February 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230217065908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dooradarshana-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97837329.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=Kannada%20film%20Dooradarshana%20is%20set,set%20in%20the%201980's%20period.| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dooradarshana Movie Review: ದೂರ ಆದವರನ್ನು ಹತ್ತಿರವಾಗಿಸುವ 'ದೂರದರ್ಶನ' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/pruthvi-ambaar-ugramm-manju-ayaana-starrer-doordarshan-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/98396836.cms |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305114211/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/pruthvi-ambaar-ugramm-manju-ayaana-starrer-doordarshan-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/98396836.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pentagon (film)|Pentagon]]''
|
|Anthology film; segment ''Karma''||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-18 |title=Guru Deshpande’s Pentagon trailer, starring Kantara Kishore and Pruthvi Ambaar, is about shades of a Kannada activist |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/guru-deshpandes-pentagon-trailer-starring-kantara-kishore-and-pruthvi-ambaar-is-about-shades-of-a-kannada-activist/articleshow/97097910.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509051545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/guru-deshpandes-pentagon-trailer-starring-kantara-kishore-and-pruthvi-ambaar-is-about-shades-of-a-kannada-activist/articleshow/97097910.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sari (film)|Sari]]''
|Adi
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='वेड' नंतर बरसणार प्रेमाच्या 'सरी', Mrinal Kulkarni आणि Ajinkya Raut चा नवा रोमँटिक सिनेमा |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/after-ved-another-marathi-romantic-movie-sari-released-soon-drj96 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063632/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/after-ved-another-marathi-romantic-movie-sari-released-soon-drj96 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2024
| ''[[Juni (film)|Juni]]''
|Partha
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|
|
|-
| ''[[For Regn]]''
|Akshay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milana Nagaraj to star opposite Pruthvi Ambaar in new film, For Regn - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/milana-nagaraj-to-star-opposite-pruthvi-ambaar-in-new-film-for-regn/articleshow/78555233.cms|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230140757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/milana-nagaraj-to-star-opposite-pruthvi-ambaar-in-new-film-for-regn/articleshow/78555233.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Matsyagandha''
|Param
|
|
|-
|''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]''
|Burma
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/27/bairageeshoot-became-more-memorable-due-to-emotional-bond-with-shivarajkumarpruthvi-ambaar-2470027.html | title=Bairagee shoot became more memorable due to emotional bond with Shivarajkumar: Pruthvi Ambaar }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2025
| ''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]''
| Ram
| Kannada
|
|
|-
| [[Dear Uma|''Dear Uma'']]
| Dev
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dear Uma gets a release date|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Apr/05/dear-uma-gets-a-release-date|date=5 April 2025|website=TheNewIndianExpress.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kothalavadi]]''
| Mohana
|rowspan="3"| Kannada
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
| ''[[Chowkidar (2026 film)|Chowkidar]]''
|Siddharth
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/25/pruthvi-ambaar-dhanya-ramkumars-chowkidar-clears-censorship-formalities|title=Pruthvi Ambaar-Dhanya Ramkumar's Chowkidar clears censorship formalities|work=Cinema Express|date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''Life Is Beautiful'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|TBA
|Post-production
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pruthvi Ambaar next film 'Life is Beautiful' to begin shooting in September - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Aug/25/pruthvi-ambaar-next-film-life-is-beautiful-to-begin-shooting-in-september-2187690.html|access-date=2020-10-09|website=www.newindianexpress.com|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209094640/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/25/pruthvi-ambaar-next-film-life-is-beautiful-to-begin-shooting-in-september-2187690.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Name
! scope="col" |Role
!Network
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
|2008
|''[[Radha Kalyana]]''
| Sheelam
| rowspan="4" | [[Zee Kannada]]
|
|-
|2014
|''Sagara Sangama''
|Sanju
|
|-
|2015
|''Love Lavike''
|Manu
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]''
|Neel
|Special appearance
|-
|2023
|''[[Farzi]]''
|Sunny
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Dubbed for Kannada version; webseries
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class=wikitable
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]''
|[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=501512|title=Mangaluru: Red FM Tulu Film Awards - 'Pilibail Yamunakka' wins top honours|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
|rowspan=1|Chandanavana Film Critics Academy
| Best Actor in a Leading Role-Male
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-2020-dia-popcorn-monkey-tiger-gentleman-walk-away-maximum-833452|title=Winners: Chandanavana Film Critics Academy 2020: Dia, Popcorn Monkey Tiger, Gentleman Walk Away with Maximum Honours|newspaper=ibtimes|date=23 February 2021|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426144612/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-2020-dia-popcorn-monkey-tiger-gentleman-walk-away-maximum-833452|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Male Debut – Kannada]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Leading Role
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1" />

==External links==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambaar, Pruthvi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Mahashakti

2026-01-27T18:12:02Z

Twyla48W587323: small enhanced details for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|1995 Indian television mini-series}}
{{Other uses|Adi Parashakti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Aditya Pancholi]] [[Juhi Chawla]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| runtime =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1995}}
| channel = [[DD Metro]]
}}

'''''Mahashakti''''' is a mini-series, which was made for television and aired on [[DD Metro]] in 1995. It stars [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-m-not-going-to-be-a-cadbury-chocolate/story-KCsyemhC7mGJ7VhGaxpTWJ.html|title='I'm not going to be a Cadbury chocolate'|date=16 February 2009|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Plot==

Sanjay is the son of a wealthy businessman, he has everything that a guy could dream of, but his life is not easy as everyone thinks. From his childhood, Sanjay keep seeing dreams and visions that disturbs him and the name of a girl Kanchan keeps haunts him. His family thinks that Sanjay has some mental problems, but the truth is that Sanjay is not imagining these things. His search for his answers lead him to a village, where he found out the truth of his visions.

==Cast==

*''[[Aditya Pancholi]]'' as Sanjay
*''[[Juhi Chawla]]'' as Kanchan
*''[[Alok Nath]]'' as Kailash
*''[[Sonu Walia]]'' as Jyoti
*''[[Prem Chopra]]'' as Sardiman Ramesh
*''[[Gulshan Grover]]'' as Virendra

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1990s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:1995 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:DD Metro original programming]]

Basupur

2026-01-18T01:26:22Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basupur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Bāsupur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Chhatoh block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Basupur (#402) in Chhatoh CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.166803|N|81.495966|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.282
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 902
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basupur''' is a village in [[Chhatoh]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=410–26 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 32 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Basupur has a population of 902 people, in 184 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of Chhatoh.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Basupur as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 417 people (230 male and 187 female), in 98 households and 89 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=158–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 329 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 4 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Rokha]] and the [[thana]] of [[Nasirabad, Raebareli|Nasirabad]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Basupur as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 452 people (210 male and 242 female), in 113 households and 113 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cii-ciii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 329 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Basupur as having a population of 519 people, in 115 households, and having an area of 133.34 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=206–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Basupur as having a total population of 613 people (309 male and 304 female), in 154 households and 154 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 254–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 232 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 120, or 19.6% of the total; this group was 46% male (55) and 54% female (65).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 36.5% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 13% (76 men and 6 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 162 people were classified as main workers (149 men and 13 women), while 20 people were classified as marginal workers (all women); the remaining 431 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 123 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 38 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 0 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 3 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

The Private Life of an Indian Prince

2026-01-16T05:21:57Z

Twyla48W587323: reworked citations additionally and corrected details

{{short description|1953 novel by Mulk Raj An}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = The Private Life of an Indian Prince
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:ThePrivateLifeOfAnIndianPrince.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Mulk Raj Anand]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]]
| release_date = 1953
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| oclc = 9746197
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Private Life of an Indian Prince''''' is a [[novel]] by [[Mulk Raj Anand]] first published in 1953.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/351705.cms|title=Mulk Raj Anand draws closer to 100|date=December 11, 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> The book is classified as one of Anand's most impressive and important works.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13537854_ITM|title=Author Mulk Raj Anand dead.|date=September 29, 2004|publisher=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> In keeping with his other writings dealing with the topic of social and political reform, this book deals with the abolition of the princely states system in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2005/12/04/stories/2005120400090200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208053621/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2005/12/04/stories/2005120400090200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2005|title=Poetics of protest |date=December 4, 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> While the novel is not an autobiography, like many of his earlier novels, it follows an autobiographical tone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehrotra|first=Arvind Krishna|title=An illustrated history of Indian literature in English|year=2003|publisher=Permanent Black|pages=178|isbn=978-81-7824-031-2|oclc=51586373}}</ref>

In 2004, a commemorative edition including this book was launched by Indian [[Manmohan Singh|Prime Minister Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=5591|title=PM releases special commemorative edition on Mulk Raj Anand |date=December 11, 2004|publisher=Govt of India, Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mulk Raj Anand}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Private Life of an Indian Prince}}
[[Category:Novels by Mulk Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Hutchinson (publisher) books]]
[[Category:1953 Indian novels]]

{{India-lit-stub}}
{{1950s-novel-stub}}

Diptirekha Padhi

2026-01-08T00:12:32Z

Twyla48W587323: done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dipti Rekha
| native_name =
| image = Diptirekha Padhi.jpg
| alt = Diptirekha Padhi
| caption = Diptirekha Padhi at Delhi during Odisha day celebration at Delhi in 2025
| image_size =
| birth_name = Diptirekha Padhi
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Pop music|Pop]]
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2009–present
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Diptirekha Padhi''', also known as '''Dipti Rekha''', is an Indian [[Odia people|Odia]] playback singer and actress from [[Odisha]].<ref name="dipti">{{cite web |title=Singing Superstar: Dipti Rekha Padhi |publisher=Orissapost |url=https://www.orissapost.com/singing-superstar-dipti-rekha-padhi/ |last=Das |first=Rashmi Rekha |date=19 October 2019 }}</ref> In 2023, she won the 31st [[Odisha State Film Awards]] for the Best Female Playback Singer for the year 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha State Film Awards 2019: Ghanashyam Mohapatra receives Jayadev Award |publisher=Odisha TV |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/odisha-state-film-awards-2019-ghanashyam-mohapatra-receives-jayadev-award-196933 |last=Pattanayak |first=Pradeep |date=13 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Career==
Diptirekha has mostly worked in many [[Ollywood|Odia language films]] as a [[playback singer]] since 2009.<ref name="dipti"/> She has also acted as an actress in Tele-Serials such as Raja Kanya, where she was the lead actress. She has lent her voice in films like [[4 Idiots]], [[Tu Mo Love Story]], [[Kabula Barabula]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/4-idiots-music-launch-amid-fanfare/articleshow/64341704.cms |title=4 Idiots music launch amid fanfare - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=29 May 2018 |language=en |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>.She has sung the theme song in voter awareness campaign "My Vote My Country: My Vote not for Sale" for the Odisha Election Watch (OEW).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/oew-launches-voter-awareness-campaign.html |title=OEW launches voter awareness campaign |last=Pioneer |first=The |website=The Pioneer |language=en |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orissadiary.com/voters-chetna-avijan-blue-button-express-campaign-odisha-election-watch-launched/ |title=Voters Chetna Avijan : "Blue Button Express" campaign of Odisha Election Watch launched |last=bureau |first=Odisha Diary |date=2019-02-12 |website=OdishaDiary |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

She won the ninth [[Tarang Music]] award in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ollywood Singer Diptirekha Ties Knot; Listen To Some Her Popular Songs |publisher=Sambad |url=https://sambadenglish.com/ollywood-singer-diptirekha-ties-know-listen-to-some-her-popular-songs/ |last=Mohanty |first=Dikhya |date=14 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Song(s) !! Album(s) !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="5"|2017 || "Tu mo love story" "Jadi Ae Jibanare" "Tike Tike Achinha"|| ''[[Tu Mo Love Story]]''<ref name=G1>{{Citation |title=Tu Mo Love Story |url=https://gaana.com/album/tu-mo-love-story |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130452/https://gaana.com/album/tu-mo-love-story |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| [[Prem Anand]] || [[Humane Sagar]] and [[Biswajit Mohapatra]]
|-
| "Tu Mo Darling"|| ''[[Hero No 1]]'' || [[Prem Anand]] || Abhijit Mazumdar
|-
| "Tike Tike Achinha Tu"||''[[Tu Mo Love Story]]''<ref name=G1 /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tarangmusic.in/albums/tu-mo-love-story/ |title=Tarang Music |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>||[[Prem Anand]] || [[Humane Sagar]]
|-
| ""Bele Bele""||''[[Romeo Juliet (2017 film)|Romeo Juliet]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Romeo Juliet Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/oriya/movie-details/romeo-juliet/movieshow/61218331.cms |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>||[[Prem Anand]]||Humane Sagar
|-
| "O sajana" || ''[[Kabula Barabula]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Kabula Barabula Searching Laila (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Prem Anand |date=6 September 2017 |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila-original-motion-picture/1279742575 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130134/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila-original-motion-picture/1279742575 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2019 |language=en-us |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kabula Barabula Searching Laila |url=https://gaana.com/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Array |title=Kabula Barabula Searching Laila - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=7 September 2017 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila/a8r4y5j96Ts_ |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>|| [[Prem Anand]] || Humane Sagar and Sibasis
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || "Jhumka Tike" "First Time To Pain"|| ''[[Prem Kumar: Salesman of the year]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Prem Kumar |url=https://gaana.com/album/prem-kumar |access-date=2019-02-28 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130430/https://gaana.com/album/prem-kumar |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| [[Prem Anand]] || [[Ashutosh Mohanty]]
|-
| "Bula Kukura" || ''[[Ole Ole Dil Bole]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.odishabytes.com/ollywood-2018-odia-songs-followed-by-millions-on-internet/ |title=Ollywood 2018: Odia Songs Followed By Millions On Internet |last=Prachitara |date=2018-12-29 |website=ODISHA BYTES |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref> || [[Prem Anand]] || [[Ashutosh Mohanty]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2020 || "Toh prema lage sa ra ra" ||''[[Toh prema lage sa ra ra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=IcLknaXVOvE |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-01|title=To Prema Sa ra ra ra || Diptirekha Padhi & Debesh Pati |Odia Romantic Full Song 2020 |Arjayan Music - YouTube Music }}</ref> || [[Sushil Dalai]] || [[Debesh Pati]]
|}

==Live performances==
* Dipti has performed live on Khandagiri Mela in [[Bhubaneswar]] on the occasion of ‘[[Ratha Saptami]]’.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.odisha360.com/2019/02/13/khandagiri-mela-kicks-off-in-bhubaneswar/ |title=Khandagiri Mela Kicks off in Bhubaneswar |last=Bureau |first=Odisha360 com |date=2019-02-13 |website=Odisha 360 - News, Events and Complete Information About the State |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=2019-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215122623/https://www.odisha360.com/2019/02/13/khandagiri-mela-kicks-off-in-bhubaneswar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/khandagiri-mela-begins-in-odisha/ |title=Khandagiri Mela begins in Odisha |date=2019-02-12 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>
* She has performed in the ‘[[Dola Yatra]]’ – the festival of colours at the lawns of [[India Gate]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishasuntimes.com/delhi-all-set-to-drench-in-dola-yatra-festivity-at-second-edition-of-odisha-parba/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094008/http://odishasuntimes.com/delhi-all-set-to-drench-in-dola-yatra-festivity-at-second-edition-of-odisha-parba/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 February 2018 |title=Delhi all set to drench in Dola Yatra festivity at second edition of Odisha Parba {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com |last=Bureau |first=Odisha Sun Times |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Platform!! Language !! Ref.
|-
| 2014–2017 || ''Rajakanya'' || Purbi
|[[Viacom18|ETV Odia]]|| Odia || <ref name="dipti"/>
|-
|2024
|''Sandya Ragini''
|Debaki
|[[Zee Sarthak]]
|Odia
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{url|https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/dipti-rekha-padhi/1161731107/|Apple iTunes}}
* {{url|https://www.hungama.com/artist/diptirekha-padhi/152829504|Hungama}}
* {{url|https://gaana.com/artist/dipti-rekha-padhi/|Gaana}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diptirekha Padhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Artists from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Singers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital

2025-12-30T00:30:18Z

Twyla48W587323: page updated

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=December 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital
| org_group = Andhra Mahila Sabha
| image =
| caption = 
| logo = 
| location = [[Vidyanagar]], [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare =
| type =
| speciality =
| emergency = yes
| affiliation = [[National Board of Examinations]]
| beds = ~ 200
| founded = 1962
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.durgabaideshmukhhospitals.com/}}
| other_links = 
}}
'''Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital and Research Centre''' is a multispeciality [[hospital]] in [[Vidyanagar]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in Telangana.

Veteran freedom fighter [[Durgabai Deshmukh]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/children/she-blazed-a-trail/article17892868.ece| title = She blazed a trail - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}} </ref> started it as a nursing home with 15 beds in 1962 with the objective to serve the poor. It has grown into a full-fledged hospital with more than 200 beds. It works under the umbrella of [[Andhra Mahila Sabha]].

In 2015 the management handed over one building to Care Hospital for Cardiology services.

==Academics==
* This hospital is accredited to [[National Board of Examinations]], Ministry of Health and Family welfare, [[Government of India]] for the award of [[Diplomate of National Board]] in [[Gynecology]] and [[Obstetrics]], General Medicine, [[General surgery|General Surgery]], [[Cardiology]], ENT, Orthopedics, [[Anesthesia]], [[Pediatrics]] and [[Family medicine|Family Medicine]]. It is the first hospital in Andhra Pradesh to start the DNB programme.
* Paramedical courses in Cath Laboratory Technician Training, Respiratory Therapy Training,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.navhindtimes.in/helping-patients-breathe-easy/| title = Site Unavailable}}</ref> Perfusion Technician Training, ECT Technician Training and Anesthesiology Technician Training are offered from the year 1999.
* College of [[Physiotherapy]] was established in 1999 with intake of 50 students annually for the Degree of Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) under Dr NTR University of Health Sciences.
* College of Nursing is established in the academic year 2004 with an intake of 50 students every year. It is recognized by Indian Council of Nursing, New Delhi.
* School of Nursing is established with 31/2 years duration course in General Nursing and [[Midwifery]] is conducted with an intake of 60 students per year.
* Multipurpose Health Workers Training is a programme for duration of 18 months duration. The annual intake is 40 students in each centre.
* College of Biomedical Engineering is associated with [[Osmania University]] for the teaching and training of its Biomedical Engineering students.

==Facilities==
The hospital has 24 hours diagnostic facilities, [[Blood Bank]], [[Family Planning]] Unit, [[Immunization]] programme, 24 hours [[Pharmacy]], Spacious [[Library]] and [[Hostel]] Facility.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/aug/14/ktr-to-launch-sishu-aadhar-in-25-more-hospitals-by-month-end-1509049.html| title = KTR to launch Sishu Aadhar in 25 more hospitals by month-end- The New Indian Express}} </ref>

==Departments==
*[[Pediatrics]]
*[[General Medicine]]
*[[Otorhinolaryngology]] E.N.T
*[[Orthopaedics]]
*[[Ophthalmology]]
*[[General Surgery]]

==DDH, Chennai==
'''Durgabai Deshmukh General Hospital and Research Centre''' of Andhra Mahila Sabha was established at [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]] near [[Chennai]] in the year 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andhramahilasabha.org.in/DDHRC_Chennai.htm |title=AMS Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital at Chennai |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180413/http://www.andhramahilasabha.org.in/DDHRC_Chennai.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institution was started by Durgabai Deshmukh as milk distribution centre. It has grown into a modern Multi-Specialty hospital, over last 53 years.

The hospital has facilities in General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pediatrics, [[Neonatology]] and [[Geriatrics]]. Specialists consultants in Dentistry, ENT, Cardiology, [[Diabetes|Diabetology]], [[Endocrinology]], [[Urology]], [[Psychiatry]], [[Pulmonology]], [[Pediatric surgery|Pediatric Surgery]], [[Gastroenterology]] are available.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.durgabaideshmukhhospitals.com/ Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital Official Website]

{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Durgabai Deshmukh]]

Manju Choudhary

2025-12-14T15:19:58Z

Twyla48W587323: started new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Abhe Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Manju Choudhary''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2024-10-08 |title=Amid BJP's historic win, seven out of 10 Ministers defeated in Haryana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/amid-bjps-historic-win-seven-out-of-10-ministers-defeated-in-haryana/article68733688.ece |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Nagal Chaudhry Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nagal-chaudhry-election-result-2024-live-update-9077358.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Manju}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Rama Subbaiah

2025-12-08T04:30:15Z

Twyla48W587323: brief cleaned up structure as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician (1908-1997)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Subbaiah|Rama}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 20 April 1972
| term_end = 19 April 1978
| name = Rama Subbaiah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|11|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Arimalam]], [[Pudukkottai State]], [[British India]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|05|21|1908|11|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education =
| occupation = Social activist Politician
| party = [[Image:Flag DMK.svg|24px]] [[Dravida Munnettra Kazhagam]] (1949-1997; his death)
| otherparty = [[Self Respect Movement]] (1930-1944) [[Image:Flag of Dravidar Kazagam.svg|24px]] [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944-1949)
| spouse = {{marriage|Visalatchi |1933|1987|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
| children = Lenin (1934-38/39) [[S. P. Muthuraman]] (1935-) Kanagalakshmi (1936-) Selvamani (1939-) Indhira (1942-74) Swaminathan (1946-) [[Suba Veerapandian]] (1952-)
| parents = Pazhaniyappan {{small|(father)}}
| 1blankname = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council#Presiding Officers|Chairmen]]
| 1namedata = [[C. P. Chitrarasu]] (1970-76) [[M. P. Sivagnanam]] (1976-86)
}}
'''Karaikudi Rama Subbaiah''' (14 November 1908 - 21 May 1997) was an Indian politician and a forerunner of the [[Dravidian movement]]. He served as a member of the erstwhile [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] from 1972 to 1978.<ref>{{Citation |title=1976 வரை எம்.ஜி.ஆரின் தீவிர ரசிகனாக இருந்தேன் - Suba Veerapandian {{!}} Part - 1 {{!}} CWC Social Talks | date=19 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XN9VZMt6QU |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Subbaiah was born on 14 November 1908 in a [[Nattukottai Nagarathar]] family in [[Arimalam]] (in [[Pudukkottai district]]). Despite his family's religiousness, he was attracted by the [[Rationalism|rationalist]] thoughts of [[Periyar|"Periyar" E.V. Ramasamy]], to whom he got introduced during 1924–25.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=சமதர்மம் சுப்பையா - காரைக்குடி இராம.சுப்பையா நினைவலைகள் / எழுத்தும் குரலும் இரா. உமா| date=21 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK5plbh9gGo|language=en|access-date=2021-10-26}}</ref>

== Politics ==

=== Self-Respect Movement (1930-44) ===
Subbaiah joined the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in 1930 and was instrumental in developing the movement in [[Karaikudi]] region. He became a close confidant of Tamil poet [[Bharathidasan]], who had joined the Self-Respect movement the same time as he did. Others who were close to Subbaiah's family included [[Kunjitham Gurusamy]], [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]], [[N. D. Sundaravadivelu]], [[Moovalur Ramamirtham]] and [[Poovalur Ponnambalanar]].<ref name=":0" />

In the 1930s Subbaiah successfully conducted "[[Adi Dravida]]r Welfare Conference". He also gained the friendship of [[Communism|communist]] icons like [[Malayapuram Singaravelu|M. Singaravelu]], [[P. Jeevanandham]] and [[P. Ramamurthi]]. In 1935, Singaravelu suggested that Subbaiah name his house as "சமதர்ம விலாஸ்" (translit. "''camatarma vilās''"; meaning "[[Socialism|Socialist]] Villa"),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=தமிழ்நாடு முதலமைச்சர் சமூகநீதிக்கான சரித்திர நாயகரின் மேலான பரிசீலனைக்கு!|url=https://www.viduthalai.page/2021/09/blog-post_157.html|access-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> and even provided a marble plaque with the name etched on it. From that point, some of Subbaiah's friends called him as "Samadharmam Subbaiah".<ref name=":0" />

In 1932, amidst much opposition, Subbaiah conducted "[[Ramanathapuram district]]'s "Self-Respect Movement Conference" in Karaikudi.<ref name=":0" />

During the [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40|1937-40 Anti-Hindi agitation]], Subbaiah mobilized hundreds of people into participating, though he himself did not partake (Periyar advised him not to get arrested but to strengthen the agitations as an outside participant).<ref name=":0" />

On 27 December 1938, the Self-Respect movement held the [[Madras province|Madras Province]]'s fourth "Tamils Conference", during which 28 people got elected as members of the organisation's state working committee. Subbaiah was one of them, along with two others from Ramanathapuram - namely M. Kasi Viswanatham and [[W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar|W. P. A. Soundarapandian]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Dravidar Kazhagam (1944-49) ===
Subbaiah stayed with the Self-Respect movement as it metamorphosed into the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK) on 27 August 1944. The DK held its first state conference (called "Blackshirt Conference") in [[Madurai]] during 11–12 May 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|last=மா.செங்குட்டுவன்|first=கவிக்கொண்டல்|title=திராவிட இயக்க வரலாற்றில் கருஞ்சட்டைப் படை|url=https://keetru.com/index.php/2016-10-05-08-08-14/nimirvom-jan19/36546-2019-01-28-10-01-44|access-date=2021-11-11|website=keetru.com|language=ta-in}}</ref> On 12 May, some miscreants set fire to the conference [[Shamiana|''pandal'']] set up in the sandy banks of [[Vaigai River]], as part of a few other violent incidents (which the DK later claimed happened at the behest of [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=இயக்கத்தில் கட்டுப்பாடான ஒற்றுமையையும் கூட்டுப் பொறுப்பையும் உண்டாக்க வேண்டியது மிகவும் அவசியம்|url=https://www.viduthalai.page/2020/07/ujHmSr.html|access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref>). Following the chaos, Subbaiah, [[K. Anbazhagan]] and a few other participants fled Madurai. After crossing [[Manamadurai]] and [[Thirukoshtiyur]], they reached Karaikudi. On 14 May, Subbaiah arranged a meeting in a village near Karaikudi. There too, some unidentified people pelted stones.<ref name=":3" />

=== Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (1949-97) ===
Subbaiah left the DK in 1949 along with [[C.N. Annadurai]] as the latter had differences with Periyar. Subbaiah joined Annadurai's new party [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He then gained the friendship of [[M. Karunanidhi]], then a second rung leader in the party. Karunanidhi introduced poet [[Kannadasan]] to Subbaiah.<ref name=":0" />

Subbaiah also played an important role in drawing many youth to the DMK in the Karaikudi region. Those mentored by him include [[R. M. Veerappan]] (later founder of [[MGR Kazhagam]]) and poet Sami Palaniappan (Tamil lyricist [[Palani Bharathi]]'s father).<ref name=":0" />

In 1953, Subbaiah became involved in the protests against the [[Chief Ministership of C. Rajagopalachari|Rajagopalachari government's]] [[Modified Scheme of Elementary education 1953|Modified Scheme of Elementary education]], a short-lived initiative that gained notoriety as the "Kula kalvi thittam (Hereditary/Caste Education Scheme)". Around the same time, he led the second batch of protesters [[Kallakudi demonstration|against the renaming of Kallakudi as Dalmiapuram]], the first and third batch being led by Karunanidhi and Kannadasan respectively. He was arrested and sentenced to three months of imprisonment at [[Tiruchirappalli Central Prison]]. Karunanidhi was among his prison-mates. After release, Subbaiah became a member of the DMK's general council. In the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 Madras Assembly election]], he unsuccessfully contested against [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]] (of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]]) in [[Karaikudi (state assembly constituency)|Karaikudi constituency]].<ref name=":0" />

On 20 April 1972, Subbaiah was appointed by Karunanidhi (then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]) as a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] (MLC). He served in that position till 19 April 1978.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Subbaiah married Visalatchi, who was also a member of the Self Respect Movement since 1930. They had seven children. Owing to his interest in socialist ideals, Subbaiah named his eldest child (b. 17 January 1934) after [[Lenin]]. The boy died of fever when he was just four or five years old. Indhira (Subbaiah's daughter; b. September 1942) too died early aged 32, leaving behind two sons.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bs_yILhtmrAC|title=Bs_yILhtmrAC}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Visalatchi died on 19 September 1987 due to chronic [[diabetes]].<ref>{{Citation |title=பேராசிரியர் சுப.வீரபாண்டியன் | date=11 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ME1gH8SHfng |access-date=2023-03-18 |language=en}}</ref> Selvamani (b.1939), one of Subbaiah's sons, died sometime between 2015 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=yYan2-2o9ssVdcvW&v=pFyCqYX-hio&feature=youtu.be |title=Suba Veerapandian Interview {{!}} MGR, கலைஞரின் மறுபக்கம்.. உடைத்த சுபவீ {{!}} Subavee {{!}} Naan {{!}} The Debate |date=2024-12-23 |last=The Debate |access-date=2024-12-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

As of 2025, four children of Subbaiah were alive: Tamil film director [[S. P. Muthuraman]] (b.1935), Kanagalaksmi (b. December 1936), Swaminathan (b.1946) and Dravidian ideologue [[Suba Veerapandian]] aka '''Subavee'''.(b.1952).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRNHmp2RsFA |title=பெரியார் பெருந்தொண்டர் காரைக்குடி இராம.சுப்பையா 118-ஆவது பிறந்த நாள் விழா {{!}} #udhayanidhistalin |language=en |access-date=2025-11-16 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
Subbaiah died at 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 21 May 1997.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> His body was first garlanded by the then Chief Minister Karunanidhi as per the former's wish. Later, the body was cremated without any orthodox Hindu rituals as per Subavee's suggestions. As a defiance of customs, women too participated in the funeral. Advocate and Dravidian ideologue Arulmozhi delivered the condolence speech.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Shankar|date=2015-04-02|title=என்றும் ஒரே எஸ்பி.எம்!|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/subha-veerapandian/spm-80-subavee-specioal-article-223907.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref> Tamil scholar [[Su. Chellappan|"Silamboli" Su. Chellappan]] was present among the mourners.<ref>{{Citation |title=ஸ்ரீரங்கம் கோயிலில் எனக்கு ஏற்பட்ட வித்தியாசமான அனுபவம் - Suba Veerapandian {{!}} Part - 2 | date=20 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDccgKvi4SU |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 1985, Subbaiah's biography titled நானும் என் திராவிட இயக்க நினைவுகளும் [translit.''Nāṉum eṉ Tirāviṭa Iyakka niṉaivukaḷum''; meaning ''Me and my Dravidian Movement Memories''] came out after being edited by Subavee. Kanimuthup Pathipagam (Chennai) was the publisher.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Cuppaiyā|first=Kāraikkuṭi Irāma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRu5AAAAIAAJ|title=Nāṉum eṉ Tirāviṭa Iyakka niṉaivukaḷum|date=1985|publisher=Kaṉimuttu Patippakam|language=ta}}</ref> It was launched by Karunanidhi (then an MLC) at [[Periyar Thidal]].

{{hidden begin|title = Translation of Subavee's preface to ''Nāṉum eṉ Tirāviṭa Iyakka niṉaivukaḷum''|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;}}
"Dear Father,

I have some reasons for pride.

That I'm your child is the chief one among them.

You are the eldest in our house;

You're the last child too!

I still remember your shoulders that lifted me towards the ''thinnai'' ''pallikkoodam''.

I have a regret that you have not beaten me since the day I remember.

Had it not been for mother's sternness, waves would have gone astray.

I have often heard my mother tell stories of you disappearing and returning home five or six months later.

It is because of the work you have done that all of us children are well today.

You plucked [fruits]; we quenched our appetites.

You walked; we rested.

Few are the days in which I saw money in your pockets. You never hid wealth in a box.

My little pen could not measure the 78-year-journey of your feet.

But still

It was only when I finished writing this book that a meaning came to my writing skill.

As I have written this book in colloquial tongue just as you spoke to me, I have recorded in it not only your opinions, but also your voice.

Your opinion, your work, your voice, your appearance, your handwriting can all be seen in this book.

I have been careful not to let any of my opinion and language style come in.

It is a shortfall that old photos and letters could not be added more. This shortfall will vanish in the next edition !

I will always be thankful to Mr. Subasundaram and Mr. Govindan who helped me [to write this book] upon mentioning your name.

This book

We think is a property you and Mother are leaving to us.

Love,

- Suba Veerapandian "

{{hidden end}}
{{quote box|" Have you ever seen the miraculous sight of 'Toil' taking a shape and working [enthusiastically]? If you haven't seen it, see Rama Subbaiah!...

...The one with a motherly heart, the one who speaks so [eloquently] that even a diabolic heart may be moved. He has impressed not only me, but the frontline warriors of the movement, not today or yesterday, but [since the very beginning]...

The force under his command fought a virtuous battle just like us on the field and was captured by the ruling class. "
| source = — M.Karunanidhi, writing about Subbaiah in his autobiography '''''Nenjukku Needhi'''''
| width = 23em
| salign = right
}}

Karunanidhi held the birth centenary celebration of Subbaiah on 10 May 2008, during his fifth term as Chief Minister.<ref name=":0" /> The event was held at [[Kalaivanar Arangam]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Citation |title=எம்.ஆர்.ராதாவுக்கு உரிய அங்கீகாரத்தை தி.க வோ தி.மு க வோ வழங்காதது ஏன் - Suba Veerapandian {{!}} Part - 4 | date=22 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0ORkTpG20s |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en}}</ref>

In a statement dated 8 September 2021, Dravidar Kazhagam president [[K.Veeramani]] requested Chief Minister [[M.K.Stalin]] to name a proposed college in Karaikudi after Subbaiah.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suba Veerapandian}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian rationalists]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]

Triguna Sen

2025-11-13T07:19:55Z

Twyla48W587323: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]]
| predecessor1 = [[Natwarlal H. Bhagwati]]
| successor1 = [[A C Joshi]]
| appointer1 = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| termstart1 = 9 October 1966
| termend1 = 15 March 1967
| image = Triguna Sen 2010 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| name = Triguna Kumar Sen
| native_name = ত্রিগুণা কুমার সেন
| birth_date = 24 December 1905
| birth_place = [[Zakiganj Upazila|Zakiganj]], [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 11 January 1998 (aged 92)
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| nationality = [[India]]n
| occupation = Academics, Professor, Educators, politician, activists
| alma_mater = [[Jadavpur University]], [[Munich University]], [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]]
| parents = Golok Chandra Sen (Father), Sushilasundari Debi (Mother)
| awards = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] (1965)
| office = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]
| term_start = 16 March 1967
| term_end = 14 February 1969
| preceded = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| succeeded = [[V. K. R. V. Rao]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
}}

'''Triguna Sen''' (24 December 1905 – 11 January 1998) was the 6th [[Ministry of Education (India)|Union Minister for Education]] for the [[Government of India]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> He was first Vice-Chancellor of [[Jadavpur University]] (from 1956 to 1966) and 11th Vice-Chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]]. He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1967 to 1974.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tripuraassembly.nic.in/rajyasabha.html | title=List of members of Rajya Sabha elected from Tripura 1952–2010 | publisher=Tripura Legislative Assembly | access-date=7 November 2018 }}</ref> He was a member of Governing Body as a Guest lecturer for [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]] ( Jadavpur).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Triguna}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tripura]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]

Bagdogra

2025-10-28T16:51:25Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{Short description|Census town in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagdogra
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Settlement
| image_skyline = TEA GARDEN 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tea estate in Bagdogra
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|42|N|88|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative subdivision|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Siliguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1991
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Upper Bagdogra Gram Panchayet / Lower Bagdogra Gram Panchayet
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 136
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=15 January 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 734014 $734421
| postal2_code_type =
| area_code = 0353
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = WB 73/74
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bagdogra''' ({{IPA|bn|baɡdoɡra}}), is a settlement in the [[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Siliguri subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]], in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the Greater [[Siliguri]] Metropolitan Area. Bagdogra is well connected by air to six major cities of India – [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]] through the [[Bagdogra Airport]]. The [[Bagdogra railway station]] is also well connected.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pilgrimage Centers of India |last=Kumar |first=Brajesh |year=2003 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |location=New York |isbn=81-7182-185-5 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC&pg=PA |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=270| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|38|20|N|88|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the south-western portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|42|40|N|88|19|34|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Dumriguri| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Dumriguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|30|N|88|11|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhimram | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bhimram]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|40|0|N|88|18|40|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=Dakshin|labela3= Bagdogra | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dakshin Bagdogra]]
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|40|20|N|88|12|35|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4= Geni | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Geni, Siliguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|33|43|N|88|11|22|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5= Kharibari | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kharibari]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6= Lalman | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Lalman]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|35|42|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Shyamdhan | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Shyamdhan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= Uttar Bagdogra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Uttar Bagdogra]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|40|55|N|88|19|5|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Bagdogra| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Bagdogra (R)| shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|40|N|88|18|22|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Bengdubi| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bengdubi]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|40|15|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11= Naxalbari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Naxalbari]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|10|12|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12= Panitanki| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Panitanki]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|35|10|N|88|22|16|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Phansidewa| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Phansidewa, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|36|40|N|88|10|49|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Batasi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Batasi]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|40|10|N|88|19|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bagdogra Airport| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Bagdogra Airport]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|44|20|N|88|12|20|E}}|label16= Mechi| labela16= River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-80| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|45|40|N|88|16|30|E}}|label17= Balason River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=30| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|25|30|E}}|label18= Mahananda |labela18 = River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-70| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|29|30|N|88|22|0|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-20| arc-gapB=3.0| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Bagdogra is located at {{Coord|26.42|N|88.19|E}}. It is 11km away from [[Siliguri]].
It has two National Highways:- AH 2 and NH 31C. It also has [[AH2|Asian Highway (AH2)]].
[[File:Bagdogra International Airport.jpg|thumb|Bagdogra International Airport]]

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the Dooars region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in the rural areas, 44.89% resides in the urban areas. On the western side the [[Mechi River]] forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the [[Mahananda River]] forms a short border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Pages 15-17: Drainage| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Climate===
{{Siliguri weatherbox}}

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Bagdogra police station has jurisdiction over parts of [[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html|title = District Profile - Darjeeling|publisher = District administration|access-date = 22 February 2020|archive-date = 17 August 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Airway===
[[File:Bagdogra International Airport - during LGFC - Bhutan 2019 (24).jpg|thumb|[[Bagdogra Airport]]]]
The [[Bagdogra International Airport]] (IATA: IXB, ICAO: VEBD) is located in about 16 km (9.9 mi) west of the city of Siliguri in the Darjeeling district in northern West Bengal, India. It is operated as a civil enclave at Air Force Station Bagdogra. It is the gateway airport to the hill station towns of Darjeeling, Kurseong, Mirik, and Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim, and sees thousands of tourists annually. Permits for Foreign tourists intending to journey to Sikkim are issued at this airport. And airport is a major stop in the region with flights connecting Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Paro and Bangkok. The airport also has regular helicopter flights to Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim. The central government of India conferred international airport status to the airport in 2002 with limited international operations.

===Railway===
{{Railways in Siliguri|collapse=y}}
[[File:BORA.1.png|thumb|Bagdogra Railway Station]]
[[Bagdogra railway station|Bagdogra Railway Station]] comes under [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] (NFR) and [[Katihar–Siliguri line|Siliguri-Katihar Railway Line]]. The station code of Bagdogra is (BORA).

===Roadway===
It has two National Highways :- NH 31 and NH 31C. It also has Asian Highway (AH2) which is connected with Nepal and Bangladesh. It provides a gateway to North - East India.

==Education==
The [[University of North Bengal]] was established at Raja Rammohunpur in 1962.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nbu.ac.in/ | title = University of North Bengal | publisher = NBU |access-date = 24 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Bagdogra in 1988. Affiliated with the [[University of North Bengal]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English, geography, history, political science, sociology, accountancy, management, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kgtm.in/index.php | title = Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya| publisher = KGTM|access-date = 24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/kalipada-ghosh-tarai-mahavidyalaya-bagdogra | title = Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya| publisher = Careers360 |access-date = 24 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Darjeeling District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Siliguri]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district]]

Haft Gumbaz

2025-10-08T02:17:42Z

Twyla48W587323: Made the stub added tags.

{{short description|Group of tombs in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox historic site
| image = Haft Gumbad.jpg
| location = Gulbarga
| caption = The tomb of sultan Firuz Shah, the largest of the tombs. An unnamed tomb is also seen in the background.
| coordinates = {{coord|17|20|31|N|76|50|43|E|display=title, inline}}
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], [[tomb]]
| built = 14th and 15th centuries of [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| name = Haft Gumbaz
}}

The '''Haft Gumbaz''', also spelt '''Haft Gumbad''' are a group of tombs of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani dynasty]] situated in [[Gulbarga]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=L. D.|date=1929|title=Review of Report of the Archæological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25193957|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=3|pages=627–628|jstor=25193957|issn=0035-869X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Sivanandan|first=T. V.|date=2013-12-18|title=ASI finally takes up restoration of Haft Gumbaz|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/asi-finally-takes-up-restoration-of-haft-gumbaz/article5472424.ece|access-date=2021-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Built during the 14th and 15th centuries, the tombs are examples of early [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. There are seven tombs in total, with four being tombs of the rulers of the Bahmani dynasty. The tomb complex is a [[Monuments of National Importance of India|monument of national importance]], maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Karnataka – Dharwad|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-karnataka-dharwad/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722141659/https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-karnataka-dharwad/|archive-date=2020-07-22|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Archeological Survey of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ASI spends ₹1.38 cr. on restoration of Haft Gumbaz|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/asi-spends-138-cr-on-restoration-of-haft-gumbaz/article25533415.ece|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref>
The tomb complex is part of the "Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate", which is an ensemble of various structures added to the tentative list of the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The tomb complex was built between the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&q=haft+gumbaz&pg=PA340|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11004-4|pages=340|language=en}}</ref> The capital shifted to [[Bidar]] in 1425, and the later Bahmani sultans are buried in the [[Bahmani Tombs|Bahmani tombs]] complex in Bidar.
The tomb complex has been encroached by local businesses and institutions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Sivanandan|first=T. V.|date=2013-09-24|title=A social activist's fight to protect the Haft Gumbaz|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/A-social-activist%E2%80%99s-fight-to-protect-the-Haft-Gumbaz/article11882603.ece|access-date=2021-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A social activist, K.M. Mujeebuddin, has filed an [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] query regarding the upkeep of the tombs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-01-21|title=ASI uses just 7% of funds granted for restoration in Hyderabad Karnataka|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/asi-uses-just-7-of-funds-granted-for-restoration-in-hyderabad-karnataka/article26044726.ece|access-date=2021-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:HAFT_GUMBAD.jpeg|thumb|The tombs are situated in a garden]]
The architectural style is reminiscent of [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] architecture. A unique feature seen only in the Haft Gumbaz is the double-chambered tomb, with one chamber for the king and the other for his family members.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Percy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCF9CgAAQBAJ&q=haft+gumbaz&pg=PT209|title=Indian Architecture (The Islamic Period)|date=2013-04-16|publisher=Read Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-4474-9482-9|language=en|authorlink=Percy Brown (art historian)}}</ref>

There are seven tombs in total, with four being Sultan's tombs. The tombs are situated in a garden.

=== Tomb of Mujahid Shah ===
This was the first tomb to be built.<ref name=":0" /> It is a single-chambered square tomb, free of any elaborate embellishments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iyer|first=Meera|date=2019-07-27|title=Alluring Bahmani architecture|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/alluring-bahmani-architecture-749973.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> It is on the West end of the tomb complex.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Gulbarga|url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/gulbarga-eng.htm|website=Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia}}</ref>

=== Tomb of Daud Shah ===
It is a double-chambered tomb.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haft Gumbad|url=https://archnet.org/sites/8475|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[ArchNet]]}}</ref>

=== Tomb of Shams al-Din and Ghiyath al-Din ===
The two tombs share the same basement.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Merklinger|first=Elizabeth Schotten|title=Indian Islamic architecture: the Deccan 1347-1686}}</ref>

=== Tomb of Firuz Shah Bahmani ===
The tomb of [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]] is the largest, and is considered the most important of the complex.<ref name=":0" /> It is also a double-chambered tomb. The external and internal elevation is divided into two tiers, adorned by double-recessed arches. The arches of the upper tier have [[jali]]-style decorations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mausoleum of Firuz Shah Bahmani|url=https://archnet.org/sites/3987|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[ArchNet]]}}</ref>

== Gallery ==

<gallery widths="160" heights="190" perrow="4">

File:Largest tomb of Haft gumbaz.jpg|Largest tomb of Haft gumbaz

File:Grave Ghumat tomb in Gulbarga Kalaburagi.jpg|Grave Ghumat tomb
File:Haft Gumbaz complex.jpg|Haft Gumbaz complex
File:Carving on tomb entrance of Haft gumbaz.jpg|Carving on tomb entrance of Haft gumbaz

</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bahmani architecture]]

Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University

2025-09-27T01:10:28Z

Twyla48W587323: stub.

{{short description|Public university in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University
| image = File:Delhi_Skill_and_Entrepreneurship_logo.png
| image_size = 125px
| established = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| motto = Crafting Excellence
| mottoeng =
| chancellor = [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| vice_chancellor = Ashok Kumar Nagawat <ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Management – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/board-of-management/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref>
| students =
| head_label =
| head =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| state =
| country = [[India]]
| endowment =
| coor = {{Coord|28.582589|N|77.063721|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colours = Blue and Orange {{color box|blue}} {{color box|orange}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=DSEU Logo – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/dseu-logo/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref>
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|dseu.ac.in}}
| logo =
}}

'''Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University''' ('''DSEU'''), is a collegiate public state university located in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. In 2020, the Government of the NCT of Delhi reorganised several existing government educational institutions, including the Integrated Institute of Technology (previously affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University), designating it as one of the primary campuses of the newly established university.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Government merges 13 institutes to create Delhi Skills and Entrepreneurship University – Skill Reporter |url=https://www.skillreporter.com/news/skilldevelopment/delhi-government-merges-13-institutes-to-create-delhi-skills-and-entrepreneurship-university/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=SkillReporter |date=29 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329041352/https://www.skillreporter.com/news/skilldevelopment/delhi-government-merges-13-institutes-to-create-delhi-skills-and-entrepreneurship-university/ |archive-date=29 March 2025 }}</ref> A total of 13 government institutes and colleges formerly affiliated with GGSIPU were restructured to function as constituent campuses of DSEU.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi govt merges 13 institutes to create Delhi Skills & Entrepreneurship University |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/delhi-govt-merges-13-institutes-to-create-delhi-skills-entrepreneurship-university-1774998-2021-03-03 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=India Today |date=3 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It offer 15 diploma, 18 undergraduate and 2 postgraduate courses, and has a total of 19 campus in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bhanj|first=Jaideep Deo|date=2021-07-06|title=Delhi's new skill university to incubate future job providers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhis-new-skill-university-to-incubate-future-job-providers/article35159979.ece|access-date=2021-09-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University (DSEU) was established by the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] as an unitary and teaching university in August 2020 by [[Government of Delhi|Government of NCT of Delhi]] under the provisions of Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University Act, 2019.<ref name=":0" /> The university is recognised by [[University Grants Commission (India)]], under section 12B of the [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|UGC Act]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=UGC Recognition Letter |url=https://dseu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Ugc-recogination-letter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212958/https://dseu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Ugc-recogination-letter.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=DSEU}}</ref>

DSEU was merged with 15 existing government institutes and colleges such as [[Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering]] (Wazirpur and Okhla Campus), GB Pant College of Engineering, Integrated Institute of Technology, 10 polytechnics of the Delhi government, and 6 Skill Centres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University may start academic session from September|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/jul/01/delhi-skill-and-entrepreneurship-university-may-start-academic-session-from-september-2323895.html|access-date=2021-09-20|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-03|title=Cabinet decides to bring govt. institutes under DSEU's ambit|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/cabinet-decides-to-bring-govt-institutes-under-dseus-ambit/article33974835.ece|access-date=2021-09-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Campuses==
DSEU consists of 19 campuses located across Delhi.
[[File:DSEU Vivek Vihar campus.jpg|thumb|DSEU Vivek Vihar Campus|alt=DSEU Vivek Vihar Campus Image]]

* Okhla-I Campus was established in 1961 as the Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Technology. When it became affiliated with DSEU it became the Okhla-I Campus. It is located in [[Okhla]], [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Edufever|date=2021-08-02|title=DSEU Okhla-I Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Placement & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-okhla-i-campus/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-I Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/okhla-i/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Students on floor, say all they want is a campus|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/students-on-floor-say-all-they-want-is-a-campus/articleshow/57564669.cms|work=The Times of India|date=10 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Integrated campus for GB Pant Engineering College and Polytechnic in Okhla Industrial Estate|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68326612.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 March 2019 }}</ref>

* Ashok Vihar campus was established in 1962 as Aryabhatt Institute of Technology. it is located in [[Ashok Vihar]], [[North West Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aryabhatt DSEU Ashok Vihar Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/ashok-vihar/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanwar|first=Mayank|date=2021-08-02|title=DSEU Ashok Vihar Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Placement & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-ashok-vihar-campus/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Maharani Bagh Campus was established in 1962 as Meerabai Institute of Technology. It is located in [[Maharani Bagh]], South East Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerabai DSEU Maharani Bagh Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University |url=https://dseu.ac.in/maharani-bagh/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Mayank |date=2021-08-02 |title=DSEU Maharani Bagh 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Seats& More! |url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-maharani-bagh/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Edufever |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Pusa Campus was established in 1962 as Pusa Institute of Technology (PIT), It is located in Pusa, [[Central Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DSEU Pusa Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University |url=https://dseu.ac.in/pusa/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Mayank |date=2021-07-30 |title=DSEU Pusa 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fee, Seats & More! |url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-pusa/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Edufever |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Bhai Parmanand Shakarpur Campus - II was established in 1965, as Govt of NCT of Delhi College, [[Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]] affiliated with [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]; but after establishment of Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University, the institute was merged with Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://bpibs.in/about/ |website=Bhai Parmanand DSEU Shakarpur Campus-II |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>
* Ambedkar Shakarpur Campus - I was established in 1986 as the Ambedkar Institute of Technology. It is located in Shakarpur, [[East Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambedkar DSEU Shakarpur Campus – I – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/shakarpur-i/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jadon|first=Ashok|date=2021-08-01|title=DSEU Shakarpur Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Placement & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-shakarpur-campus/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Pitampura Campus was established in 1986 as Kasturba Institute of Technology for Women. It is located in [[Pitam Pura|Pitampura]], North West Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Vishu |date=2021-08-03 |title=DSEU Pitampura Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Seats & More! |url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-pitampura/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Edufever |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Rohini Campus was established it in 1995 as Guru Nanak Dev Institute of Technology. It is located in [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]], [[North West Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Nanak Dev DSEU Rohini Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University |url=https://dseu.ac.in/rohini/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Edufever |date=2021-08-02 |title=DSEU Rohini Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Placement, Review & More! |url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-rohini-campus/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Edufever |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Wazirpur Campus was established in 2007 as Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering. It is located in [[Wazirpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wazirpur]], North West Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DSEU Wazirpur-I Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University |url=https://dseu.ac.in/wazirpur/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Sohil |date=2021-08-01 |title=DSEU Wazirpur Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fee, Seats & More! |url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-wazirpur/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Edufever |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Okhla-II Campus was established in 2007 as the Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering. It is located in Okhla, South East Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DSEU Okhla-II Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/okhla-ii/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Pooja|date=2021-08-04|title=DSEU Okhla-II Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fee, Seats & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-okhla-ii-campus/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Dwarka Campus was established in 2008 as the Integrated Institute of Technology Dwarka. It is located in [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]], [[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DSEU Dwarka Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/dwarka/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jadon|first=Ashok|date=2021-08-03|title=DSEU Dwarka Campus (IIT Dwarka) 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fees, Placement & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/integrated-institute-of-technology/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Siri Fort Campus was established in 2013 as the World Class Skill Centre. It is located in [[Siri Fort]], [[South Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DSEU Siri Fort Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/siri-fort/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=dseu.ac.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Shivangi|date=2021-08-04|title=DSEU Siri Fort Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fee, Seats & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-siri-fort/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Vivek Vihar Campus was established in 2013 as World Class Skill Centre. It is located in [[Vivek Vihar subdivision|Vivek Vihar]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DSEU Vivek Vihar Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/vivek-vihar/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=dseu.ac.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanwar|first=Mayank|date=2021-08-01|title=DSEU Vivek Vihar Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fee, Seats & More!|url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-vivek-vihar/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Edufever|language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Rajokri Campus was established in 2016 as the Rajokari Institute of Technology. It is located in [[Rajokri]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DSEU Rajokri Campus – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University |url=https://dseu.ac.in/rajokri/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajokari Institute of Technology, Delhi: Admission 2021, Courses, Fee, Cutoff, Ranking, Placements & Scholarship |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/rajokari-institute-of-technology-delhi |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=www.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Vishu |date=2021-07-31 |title=DSEU Rajokri Campus 2021-22: Admission, Courses, Fee, Seats & More! |url=https://www.edufever.com/dseu-rajokri/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Edufever |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
The governing officials of the university include the [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]], the [[Vice-chancellor|Vice Chancellor]], the [[Pro-vice-chancellor|Pro-Vice Chancellors]], the first members of the Court, the [[Board of management|Board of Management]], the [[Academic council|Academic Council]] and the Finance Committee of the university.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University Act 2019|url=https://dseu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Delhi-Skill-University-Act.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-22|website=DSEU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922060726/https://dseu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Delhi-Skill-University-Act.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2021 }}</ref>

The [[President of India]] is the [[Visitor]] of the Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University. The [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] is the Chancellor of the university. The Vice-Chancellor is appointed by the Chancellor. The Chancellor is the nominal head of the university and the Vice-Chancellor is the executive head of the university.<ref name=":2" />

===Schools===
DSEU has its courses divided over 12 schools which are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schools – Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University|url=https://dseu.ac.in/allschools/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=dseu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University: Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking, Admission 2021|url=https://www.shiksha.com/university/delhi-skill-and-entrepreneurship-university-153671|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref>
*School of Retail Management
*School of Engineering Sciences/ Applied Engineering
*School of Sustainability
*School of Beauty and Wellness
*School of Languages
*School of Logistics and Supply Chain
*School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
*School of Allied Medical Services
*School of Creative Economy
*School of IT & ITeS
*School of Employability and Wholistic Development
*School of Banking, Financial Services and Insurance

==See also==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://dseu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities and colleges in Delhi}}
{{Universities in the Delhi}}
{{Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2020]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities in Delhi| ]]

Mukunda Kakati

2025-08-01T16:07:49Z

Twyla48W587323: started new post

{{Short description|Indian socialist revolutionary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukunda Kakati
| image = File:Bronze statues of Swahid Kanaklata and Mukunda Kakati in front of Gohpur police station where they were shot dead.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bronze statues of Swahid Kanaklata and Mukunda Kakati in front of Gohpur police station where they were shot dead
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Assam
| other_names = Mukund
| birth_date = March 1919
| birth_place = [[Nalbari]], [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] ([[British Raj|British India]])
| death_date = 20 September, 1942
| death_place = [[Gohpur]]
| death_cause = Shot by police
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| mother =
| father =
}}
'''Mukunda Kakati''' (1919-1942) was an Indian revolutionary who participated [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Quit India Movement]] and was shot dead by officers of the [[Indian Imperial Police]] in Gohpur Police Station on 20 September 1942.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2021|title=Mukunda Kakati remembered|url=https://assamtribune.com/mukunda-kakati-remembered|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001091656/https://assamtribune.com/mukunda-kakati-remembered|archive-date=1 October 2021|website=The Assam Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|title=Who's who of Indian Martyrs, Volume 2|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India|year=1969|isbn=9788123021805|pages=1933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=Shiri Ram |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Contemporary_Political_Leadership_in_Ind/L1i51KFUyzIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mukunda+Kakati&pg=PA161&printsec=frontcover |title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy |last2=Sharma |first2=Sita Ram |last3=Gajrani |first3=S. |page=161 |date=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-008-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
On 20 September 1942, the Mrityu Bahini, a death squad comprising groups of youth from the [[Gohpur]] sub-division of Assam, decided that independence activist [[Kanaklata Barua]] would hoist the nationalist flag at the local police station. Barua led a procession of unarmed villagers to do so. The police under Rebati Mahan Som, the officer in charge of the police station, warned the procession of dire consequences if they proceeded with their plan. Even after the warning, the procession continued marching ahead when the police fired upon the procession. Barua was shot and the flag she was carrying with her was taken up by Mukunda Kakoti who too was shot at. Both Barua and Kakoti were killed in the police action.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assam (India) |title=Assam District Gazetteers |publisher=Govt. of Assam |year=1967 |volume=2 |location=Shillong |pages=86 |language=English}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
In [[Gohpur]], there is a tank named Borpukhuri which was named for Mukunda Kakati and Kanaklata Baruah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Prasanta |title=Tourism in Assam : Trend and Potentialities |publisher=Bani Mandir |year=2004 |location=Guwahati |pages=260 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1994, the Assam State Government named Nalbari Civil Hospital as 'Swahid Mukunda Kakati Civil Hospital' honouring Mukunda Kakati's sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2021|title=SMK CIVIL HOSPITAL|url=http://nalbari.nic.in/files/departments_pdf_files/Health/office_of_the_superintendent_smk_civil_hospital.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:People killed by law enforcement officers]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari]]

P. C. Rohlupuia

2025-07-27T08:21:44Z

Twyla48W587323:

{{update|date=March 2023}}
{{short description|Indian professional footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{Infobox football biography
| name = PC Rohlupuia
| image =
| fullname =
| height = {{height|m=1.77}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| currentclub = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2016–2018
| youthclubs1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
| years1 = 2018–2020
| clubs1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps1 = 8
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020–2022
| clubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City II]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2020–2024
| clubs3 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps3 = 1
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2022
| clubs4 = → [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]] (loan)
| caps4 = 10
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2024–
| clubs5 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| caps5 = 0
| goals5 = 0
| club-update = 21:50, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''PC Rohlupuia''' (born 16 January 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[central midfielder]] for [[I-League 2]] club [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]].

==Career==
Rohlupuia started his career with the youth academy of [[East Bengal FC]] and played for the [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC U-18]] side. The Academy coach, Ranjan Chowdhury, scouted Rohlupuia from [[Mizoram]] and brought him to East Bengal, where he developed as a ball-playing central midfielder. He reached the semi-finals of the [[2017–18 I-League U18]], where he impressed throughout the campaign and scored 2 goals, but the team lost to [[Shillong Lajong FC]] in the semi-finals by 2-0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/lajong-blanks-east-bengal-to-reach-maiden-u-18-youth-league-final/article23981852.ece|title=Lajong blanks East Bengal to reach maiden U-18 Youth League final|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=25 May 2018|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803211144/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/lajong-blanks-east-bengal-to-reach-maiden-u-18-youth-league-final/article23981852.ece|archive-date=3 August 2021|location=Shillong}}</ref>

===East Bengal FC===
====2018–19====
In 2018-19, under coach [[Alejandro Menendez]], Rohlupuia was promoted to the senior side and was part of the team which toured [[Malaysia]] for the pre-season and played 4 friendlies as a part of the preparation for the [[2018-19 I-League]]. He joined the team as a central midfielder but spent most of the season on the reserve bench and played only in one game as he made his senior debut when he came on from the bench against [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] away at [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]], on 3 March 2019, which East Bengal FC won 1-0. Rohlupuia played just 8 minutes in the game.<ref name="Matches">{{cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/p-rohlupuia/598153/matches/|title=MATCHES OF PC ROHLUPUIA|work=Soccerway|accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref>

====2019–20====
At the start of 2019-20 season, Rohlupuia signed a three-years contract extension with East Bengal, along with [[Manoj Mohammed]] and [[Prakash Sarkar]], keeping him at the club until 2022.<ref name="contract">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-extend-contract-of-three-youngsters/articleshow/69997879.cms|title=East Bengal extend contract of three youngsters|work= The Times of India|accessdate=8 November 2019}}</ref>

{{East Bengal F.C. centenary season first match team}}
He was started in the very first game of the Centenary Season as a central midfielder beside [[Lalrindika Ralte]], against [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]] in the [[2019 Durand Cup]] which East Bengal won 2-0 with goals from [[Jaime Santos Colado]] and [[Bidyashagar Singh]].<ref name="Matches"/>{{needs update|date=March 2023}}

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|4 May 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|p-rohlupuia/598153}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|[[2018–19 East Bengal FC season|2018–19]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0
|-
|[[2019–20 East Bengal FC season|2019–20]]
|7||0||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||8||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2020–21 Mumbai City FC season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|10||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||10||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!18!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!19!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
===Club===
'''East Bengal''':
*[[I-League]]: runner-up: [[2018-19 I-League|2018-19]]
'''Mumbai City''':
*[[Indian Super League]] (Premiership): [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerway|p-rohlupuia/598153}}

{{Mumbai City FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohlupuia, PC}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]

2007 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)

2025-06-14T13:07:05Z

Twyla48W587323: Made a stub

{{Short description|International kabaddi tournament in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sport tournament
| name = 2007 Kabaddi World Cup
| image =
| caption =
| start_date = 24 January
| end_date = 26 January
| administrator = Karnala Sports Academy [[International Kabaddi Federation]]<ref name="org">{{Cite web |title=2nd World Cup Kabaddi Tournament |url=https://www.kabaddiikf.com/organisers2007.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031039/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/organisers2007.htm |archive-date=2016-08-20 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=www.kabaddiikf.com |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| format = Standard style
| tournament_format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = India
| venues = [[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
| participants = 14
| champions = {{kabaddi|IND}} (2nd title)
| runners-up1 = {{Kabaddi|IRN}}
| runners-up2 = {{Kabaddi|BAN}} {{Kabaddi|JPN}}
| matches = 25
| stat1_label = Best Raider
| stat1 =
| stat2_label = Best Stopper
| stat2 =
| previous = [[2004 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|2004]]
| next = [[2016 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|2016]]
}}

'''2007 Kabaddi World Cup''' was the second edition of the [[Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|Kabaddi World Cup]] held by the [[International Kabaddi Federation]] (IKF). It was organised by Karnala Sports Academy in [[India]].<ref name="org"/> Host [[India]] won the World Cup a second time by defeating [[Iran]] 29-19 in the final. A total of 14 originally 16 teams took part in the competition out of which 11 were Asian.

==Teams==
* {{Kabaddi|AFG|2013}}
* {{Kabaddi|BAN}}
* {{Kabaddi|IND}}
* {{Kabaddi|IRN}}
* {{Kabaddi|ITA}}
* {{Kabaddi|JPN}}
* <s>{{Kabaddi|KGZ}}</s>
* {{Kabaddi|KOR}}
* {{Kabaddi|MAS}}
* {{Kabaddi|NEP}}
* {{Kabaddi|SRI}}
* {{Kabaddi|THA}}
* {{Kabaddi|TKM}}
* <s>{{Kabaddi|PAK}}</s>
* {{Kabaddi|UK}}
* {{Kabaddi|West Indies}}

==Pools==
The teams were divided into four pools of four teams each.
However, Pakistan and [[Kyrgyzstan]] never took part in the tournament.
{| class="wikitable" width=80%
|-
!width=20%|Pool A
!width=20%|Pool B
!width=20%|Pool C
!width=20%|Pool D
|-
|
{{Kabaddi|IND}} 
<s>{{Kabaddi|KGZ}}</s> 
{{Kabaddi|SRI}} 
<s>{{Kabaddi|PAK}}</s> 
|
{{Kabaddi|IRI}} 
{{Kabaddi|KOR}} 
{{Kabaddi|NEP}} 
{{Kabaddi|UK}} 
|
{{Kabaddi|AFG|2013}} 
{{BAN}} 
{{Kabaddi|ITA}} 
{{Kabaddi|THA}} 
|
{{Kabaddi|JPN}} 
{{Kabaddi|MAS}} 
{{Kabaddi|TKM}} 
{{Kabaddi|West Indies}}
|}

==Competition format==
Sixteen teams competed in tournament consisting of two rounds. In the first round, teams were divided into four pools of four teams each, and followed [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format with each of the team playing all other teams in the pool once.
Following the completion of the league matches, teams placed first and second in each pool advanced to a [[single elimination]] round consisting of four quarterfinals, two semifinal games, and a final.

==Schedule==
All matches' timings were according to [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC +5:30).

===Knockout stage===
{{Round8


|25 January|'''{{Kabaddi|IND}}'''|'''68'''|{{Kabaddi|MAS}}|21
|25 January|'''{{Kabaddi|BAN}}'''|'''30'''|{{Kabaddi|NEP}}|15
|25 January|'''{{Kabaddi|IRN}}'''|'''34'''|{{Kabaddi|THA}}|4
|25 January|{{Kabaddi|SRI}}|20|'''{{Kabaddi|JPN}}'''|'''31'''

|26 January|'''{{Kabaddi|IND}}'''|'''48'''|{{Kabaddi|BAN}}|22
|26 January|'''{{Kabaddi|IRN}}'''|'''43'''|{{Kabaddi|JPN}}|14

|26 January|'''{{Kabaddi|IND}}'''|'''29'''|{{Kabaddi|IRN}}|19}}

----

===Quarter-finals===
{{kabaddibox
|date=25 January 2007
|time=18:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|IND}}
|score= 68 – 21
|team2={{Kabaddi|MAS}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
{{kabaddibox
|date=25 January 2007
|time=19:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|BAN}}
|score= 30 – 15
|team2={{Kabaddi|NEP}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
{{kabaddibox
|date=25 January 2007
|time=18:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|IRN}}
|score= 34 – 04
|team2={{Kabaddi|THA}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
{{kabaddibox
|date=25 January 2007
|time=18:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|SRI}}
|score= 20 – 31
|team2={{Kabaddi|JPN}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----

===Semi-final===
{{kabaddibox
|date=26 January 2007
|time=09:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|IND}}
|score= 48 – 22
|team2={{Kabaddi|BAN}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
{{kabaddibox
|date=26 January 2007
|time=10:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|IRN}}
|score= 43 – 14
|team2={{Kabaddi|JPN}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----

===Final===
{{kabaddibox
|date=26 January 2007
|time=18:00
|team1={{Kabaddi|IND}}
|score= 29 – 19
|team2={{Kabaddi|IRN}}
|stadium=[[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
<div class="center">
----
{| class="wikitable" width=55%; style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4"|2007 Kabaddi World Cup
|-
|style="background:silver;"|'''1st Runner-up'''
|style="background:gold;"|'''Champions'''
|colspan="4" style="background:#c96;"|'''2nd Runner-up'''
|-
|{{Kabaddi|IRN|size=100px}}
|{{Kabaddi|IND|size=135px}}
 '''(2nd Title)'''
|{{Kabaddi|BAN|size=80px}}
|{{Kabaddi|JPN|size=80px}}
|}
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713131447/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/results2007.htm Results of Kabaddi World Cup 2007]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101129050221/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/schedule2007.htm Schedule of Kabaddi World Cup 2007]

{{Kabaddi World Cup}}
{{International Kabaddi}}

[[Category:2007 in Indian sport|Kabaddi World Cup, 2007]]
[[Category:Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)]]
[[Category:International kabaddi competitions in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:January 2007 sports events in India]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Itahar

2025-06-09T11:31:20Z

Twyla48W587323: updated article based on references and corrected details based on references

{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake census town|Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Itahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itahar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Itahar in Uttar Dinajpur (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.45|N|88.16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 362.40
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 303,678
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Itahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Itahar]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Itahar''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Historically the western frontier of ancient [[Pundravardhana]] kingdom, bordering ancient [[Anga]] of Mahabharat fame, the Dinajpur area remained somewhat obscure in the major empires that held sway over the region and beyond till the rise of the Dinajpur Raj during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. Some areas later forming a part of Uttar Dinajpur were parts of kingdoms in Nepal. Dinajpur district was constituted by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1786, with a portion of the estate of Dinajpur Raj. Subsequent to the [[Permanent Settlement]] in 1793, the semi-independent Dinajpur Raj was further broken down and some of its tracts were transferred to the neighbouring British districts of Purnea, Malda, Rajshahi and Bogra. In 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal. Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948.<ref name=history>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 2-5: Administrative History of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], and on the recommendations of the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of [[Kishanganj]] and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. Islampur subdivision was formed in March 1959. At the same time, the portion of Chopra PS lying to the north of the Mahananda river covering an area that now comprises Bidhannagar-1 gram panchayat, Bidhannagar-2 GP, Chathat-Bansgaon GP and the southern half of Phansidewa-Bansgaon Kismat GP in Darjeeling district, was transferred from West Dinajpur to the jurisdiction of Phansidewa PS in Darjeling district. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960-61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | title = Islampur Municipality | work = History | publisher = IM | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 3 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190103112955/http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Uttar Dinajpur district was established.<ref name=history/>

==Geography==
Itahar is located at {{coord|25.45|N|88.16|E|}}.

Uttar Dinajpur district has a flat topography and slopes gently from north to south. All rivers flow in that direction. Except for the eastern fringes of Chopra CD Block, most of the district is a part of the catchment area of the Mahanada and also a part of the larger [[Barind Tract]]. The soil is composed of different varieties of [[alluvium]]. The main rivers are: [[Nagar River (Rangpur)|Nagar]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], Kulik, Gamari, Chhiramati (Srimati) and [[Tangon River|Tangon]]. The rivers have little water in the dry season but with heavy rains, during [[monsoon]], overflow the banks. The Mahananda river flows along the western boundary of Itahar CD Block. The Chhiramati river covers a portion of the eastern boundary and the Gamari river flows through Itahar CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-14: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 499: Map of Itahar CD Block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 17-21: The Regional Setting | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Itahar CD Block is bounded by [[Raiganj (community development block)|Raiganj]] and [[Kaliaganj (community development block)|Kaliaganj]] CD Blocks on the north, [[Harirampur (community development block)|Harirampur]] CD Block, in Dakshin Dinajpur district, on the east, [[Gazole (community development block)|Gazole]] CD Block, in Malda district, on the south, [[Chanchal II]], [[Chanchal I]] CD Blocks in Malda district and Barsoi CD Block in [[Katihar district]] of Bihar on the west.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 14, Map: Locational Setting of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/dakshin-dinajpur.html |title = CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Dakshin Dinajpur |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/maldah.html|title = CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Malda |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/katihar.html |title = CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Katihar |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

Approximately 206 km of the [[Bangladesh-India border|India-Bangladesh border]] is in Uttar Dinajpur district. It covers the eastern boundary of the district. On the western side Uttar Dinajpur district has 227 km boundary with Bihar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/district_profile.html |title = Egiye Bangla Uttar Dinajpur district | work= Demographic Profile at a Glance |publisher= Uttar Dinajpur district administration | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

Itahar CD Block has an area of 362.40 km2.It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 12 [[gram panchayat]]s, 194 gram sansads (village councils), 217 [[mouza]]s and 219 inhabited villages. [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur#Police station|Itahar]] police station serves this block.<ref name=statisticalhandbook1>{{cite web|url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur|work = Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3|publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|access-date = 26 December 2018|archive-date = 21 January 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Itahar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Uttar Dinajpur district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | title = BDO Offices under Uttar Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119063429/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | archive-date = 19 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the smaller districts in the state and stands 15th in terms of area (3,140.00 km2) in the state.<ref name=sizegrowth>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Itahar block/ panchayat samiti are: Chhayghara, Durgapur, Durlovpur, Gulandar I, Gulandar II, Itahar, Jayhat, Kapasia, Marnai, Patirajpur, Sarun I and Sarun II.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbprd.nic.in/html/asp/writereaddata/Notifications/01070032.doc | title = BRGF Allotment Order No. 5 | publisher = Government of West Bengal - Department of Panchayats & Rural Development | access-date = 2011-03-12}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Itahar CD Block had a total population of 303,678, of which 297,656 were rural and 6,022 were urban. There were 155,777 (51%) males and 147,901 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 43,549. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 78.177 (25.74%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 25,134 (8.28%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 December 2018}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Itahar block had a total population of 249,500, out of which 127,332 were males and 122,168 were females. Itahar block registered a population growth of 26.58 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 28.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Uttar Dinajpur district (04) |access-date=2011-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040124/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

The only census town in Itahar CD Block was (2011 population in brackets): [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur|Itahar]] (6,022).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Itahar CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Gorahar (4,823), Keotal (4,655), Dhulahar (5,681), Gulandar (4,105), Kapsia (10,159), Barot (4,394), Bangar (4,512) and Khesra (5,617).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Itahar CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Jayhat (3,957), Chhayghara (2001) and Durgapur (2,191).<ref name=census2011/>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 27.39,24.63,10.03,19.28
|y2 = 30.2,34.0,28.7,23.2
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Itahar CD Block
|y2Title= Uttar Dinajpur district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}
Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Itahar PS covering the block

The decadal growth of population in Itahar CD Block in 2001-2011 was 19.28%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 47 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Itahar PS in 1991-2001 was 10.03%, in 1981-91 was 24.63% and in 1971-81 was 27.39%.<ref name="humandev1">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Uttar Dinajpur | work = page 24 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in Uttar Dinajpur district was as follows: 30.2% in 1971-81, 34.0% in 1981-91, 28.7% in 1991-2001 and 23.2% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Page 39: Table 3: Decadal Growth Rate of Population in Uttar Dinajpur district |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93% in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref> 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 26 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal population growth rate in West Bengal with a figure of 23.2% for the decade 2001-2011 and is much higher than the state average of 13.8%.<ref name=sizegrowth/>

According to the [[Human Development Report]] for Uttar Dinajpur district, population growth in the area that later became Uttar Dinajpur district was low in the pre-independence era and started picking up with the waves of [[East Bengali refugees]] coming in from erstwhile East Pakistan. "A spurt in population growth rates first became evident between 1951-1961, and was further magnified between 1971-81 after the creation of Bangladesh when population growth in most districts bordering the Bangladesh-West Bengal frontier showed similar escalation. However, after 1981, when population growth in most other West Bengal districts had tapered off, growth rates in Uttar Dinajpur again showed a fresh spurt. Thus, no deceleration in population growth rates occurred in the district until after 1991… In addition to [[Illegal immigration in India|Hindu and tribal migrants]] from across the international border, a sizeable number of migrant Muslims have also settled in the district, mainly driven by economic reasons… migrants from other states comprised 23% of the total migrants residing in Uttar Dinajpur." The large number of migrants from other states is mainly from the neighbouring areas in Bihar.<ref name=population>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 25: Decennial Densist Increment, Pages 292-311: Chapter 6: Migration and Resettlement in Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

A study by North Bengal University has observed that "Immigrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh have arrived in Uttar Dinajpur in almost equal numbers before and after 1971." The Human Development Report opines, "The overall post-Partition impact on the rates of demographic growth has been particularly strong in all North Bengal districts. Despite its smaller relative size, the region has received more migration in pro rata terms than the West Bengal districts lying south of the Ganga."<ref name=population/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Itahar CD Block was 153,345 (58.95% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 86,345 (64.68% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 67,000 (52.90% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.78%.<ref name=census2011/>

The [[literacy rate]] in Uttar Dinajpur district at 60.13% in 2011, up from 47.89% in 2001, was the lowest amongst all districts of West Bengal. The highest literacy rate amongst the districts of West Bengal was that of Purba Medinipur district at 87.66% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Uttar Dinajpur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Itahar CD Block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|51.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|47.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.16}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 157,855 and formed 51.98% of the population in Itahar CD Block. Hindus numbered 144,049 and formed 47.43% of the population. Christians numbered 1,295 and formed 0.43% of the population. Others numbered 479 and formed 0.16% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In Itahar CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 47.17% in 1991 to 48.18% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 52.61% in 1991 to 50.04% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In the 2011 census, Uttar Dinajpur district had 1,501,170 Muslims who formed 49.92% of the population, 1,482,943 Hindus who formed 49.31% of the population, 16,702 Christians who formed 0.56% of the population and 6,319 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.23% of the population. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 45.3% in 1991 to 49.9% in 2011, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 54.2% in 1991 to 49.2% in 2011.<ref name=censusreligion2011/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 43-44: Table 9: Religion |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Itahar CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 90.85 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 6.35 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = 'Other' Bengali |value3 = 0.99 |color3 = mediumpurple
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.81 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.85% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 6.35% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language. 0.99% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali in the census.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the Rural Household Survey conducted in 2002, 64.9% of the rural families in Itahar CD Block belonged to the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category, against 46.7% of rural families in Uttar Dinajpur district being in the BPL category. As per the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, poverty and exclusion levels are very high in Itahar, which ranks fifth in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) but ascends to the second rank in terms of Human Poverty Index (HPI).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 358-360: Poverty & Deprivation within Uttar Dinajpur district | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Itahar CD Block'''
|value1 = 30.52
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 52.14
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.88
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 15.45
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Itahar CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 35,419 and formed 30.52%, agricultural labourers numbered 60,512 and formed 52.14%, household industry workers numbered 2,187 and formed 1.88% and other workers numbered 17,930 and formed 15.45%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 66, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 116,048 and formed 38.21% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 187,630 and formed 61.79% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 62, Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 219 inhabited villages in Itahar CD Block. All 219 villages (100%) have power supply. 218 villages (99.54%) have drinking water supply. 21 villages (9.59%) have post offices. 213 villages (97.26%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 106 (48.4%) villages have a pucca (paved) approach road and 92 villages (42.01%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (5.94%) have agricultural credit societies. 5 villages (2.28%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 71 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
"With its distinctive physiographic and agroclimatic features, the Dinajpur region has been a bread-basket area of Bengal for many centuries, growing multiple varieties of fine and coarse rice in vast quantities, along with major economic crops like jute. The livelihood profile of Uttar Dinajpur district has evolved in association with these old agricultural patterns, and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihoods directly from agriculture and related occupations."<ref name=livelihood>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 143-218: Chapter 4: Economic Livelihood in Uttar Dinajpur district | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Agricultural potential has been uneven across Uttar Dinajpur based on soil conditions and irrigation potential. This has generated considerable internal migration within the district, as areas with higher agricultural potential and higher labour demand has attracted large number of people. The impact of [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] has also varied. As the Islampur subdivision blocks evolved initially under the Bihar administration, the land estates were larger in size and the extent of land acquired under ceiling laws were higher. The cultivator population in Islampur subdivision was also thinner. Such conditions have been favourable for migrants. The movement of people from agricultural activities to non-agricultural activities has been low in Uttar Dinajpur district except for some pockets.<ref name=livelihood/>

Itahar CD Block had 360 fertiliser depots, 14 seed stores and 60 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Itahar CD Block produced 69,331 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 24,672 hectares, 32,654 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 13,655 hectares, 13,912 tonnes of wheat from 5,412 hectares, 70,949 tonnes of jute from 5,517 hectares, 36,083 tonnes of potatoes from 857 hectares, 26,978 tonnes of sugar cane from 258 hectares. It also produced maskalai and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Itahar CD Block was 934 hectares, out of which 345 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 589 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Craft based activities===
"More than eleven hundred rural households across the district are engaged in traditional crafts based industries, among which [[dhokra]], mat making, terracotta, village pottery and bamboo craft in the Goalpokhar-1 and Kaliaganj regions are notable."<ref name=craft>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 200: Non-farm livelihoods in Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012-13, Itahar CD Block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 5 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Uttar Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Itahar CD Block has 8 ferry services, 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 22 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

New broad gauge lines – Gazole-Itahar (27.20 km), Itahar-Raiganj (22.16 km) and Itahar-Buniadpur (27.095 km) – as a material modification of the Eklakhi-Balurghat project (commissioned in 2004) was included in the budget 1983-84. Initial work for the lines has been taken up by Northeast Frontier Railway. 431.973 ha of land is to be acquired. Land acquisition has commenced in the Gazole-Itahar sector with initial fund sanctions. As of August 2018, further sanctions are awaited.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/project-details/ProjectDetails_August.pdf | title = Brief of all projects (as of 31st August 2018) | work = Page 14: New BG Line: Gazole-Itahar (27.20 Km), Itahar-Raiganj (22.16 Km) & Iatahar-Buniadpur (27.095 Km) as a Material Modification of Eklakhi to Balurghat (86.76Km) New Line project: (Total=163.215Km) | publisher = Northeast Frontier Railway (Construction) | access-date = 2 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202616/https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/project-details/ProjectDetails_August.pdf | archive-date = 2 December 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nfrlyconstruction.org/test/generalinfo_eng.asp | title = Projects commissioned up to 30.11.2007 | access-date = 2008-02-02 | work = Construction | publisher = North-Eastern Frontier Railway | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214182519/http://www.nfrlyconstruction.org/test/generalinfo_eng.asp | archive-date = 2007-12-14 }}</ref> The [[Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line]] was taken up in 1983-84.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rapr2003/10042003/r100420033.html
| title = Balurghat-Eklakhi Railway Line| access-date = 2008-02-05 | work = Press Release, 10 April 2003| publisher = Press Information Bureau }}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through Itahar town and Itahar CD Block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

Construction of a bridge on the Mahananda connecting Itahar in Uttar Dinajpur district with [[Chanchal I (Community development block)|Chanchal]] in Malda was taken up in 1999 but has been delayed.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=209192&catid=88&year=2007&month=11&day=9&Itemid=66
| title = Bridge construction hangs in balance | access-date = 2011-03-14 | work = North Bengal and Sikkim Plus | publisher = The Statesman, 9 November 2007 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012-13, Itahar CD Block had 174 primary schools with 25,417 students, 24 middle schools with 1,737 students, 4 high schools with 3,312 students and 28 higher secondary schools with 31,321 students. Kaliaganj CD Block had 1 general degree college with 2,799 students,1 technical /professional institutions with 100 students and 562 institutions for special and non-formal education with 36,786 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Itahar CD Block, amongst the 219 inhabited villages, 30 villages did not have a school, 147 villages had 1 or more primary schools, 42 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 18 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref>

The [[Midday Meal Scheme|mid-day meal programme]] for rural school children was launched in 2005 in Uttar Dinajpur district. As on 30 April 2015, 602,557 children in 3,006 schools were covered under this programme.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/middaymeal.html |title = Cooked Mid day meal programme |publisher= Uttar Dinajpur district administration | access-date = 30 December 2018 }}</ref>

===College===
*[[Dr. Meghnad Saha College]] was established in 2000 at Village: Ranipur, PO Tilna, PS Itahar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.drmscollege.ac.in/ |title = Dr. Meghnad Saha College |publisher= DMSC | access-date = 10 January 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Durgapur Women's College]], (affiliated to Raiganj University). Durgapur, Itahar
* [[Itahar Government Polytechnic]], near Porsha, Itahar.
* Itahar Government ITI, near Durgapur, Itahar.
* Itahar Ideal Teachers Training (Dl.Ed. & B.Ed.) College.
* Moulana Abul Kalam Azad B.Ed. College was established in 2005 at Village: Bagbari, PO Itahar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/moulana-abul-kalam-azad-b-ed-college/32896/2 |title = Moulana Abul Kalam Azad B.Ed. College |publisher= College Admission | access-date = 10 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
During the [[2008 bird flu outbreak in West Bengal]], 16,000 birds were destroyed in Gualadar and Surun gram panchayats, which fall under the jurisdiction of Itahar police station. Some villagers refused to kill their birds and health workers had to retreat from those villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bird flu spreads|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2008-01-18&usrsess=1&clid=1&id=213243|access-date=2008-02-05|work=North Bengal and Sikkim Plus|publisher=The Statesman, 18 January 2008}}{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=10&id=214948&usrsess=1 | title = 16,000 birds culled in | access-date = 2008-02-05 | work = North Bengal and Sikkim Plus | publisher = The Statesman, 31 January 2008 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2013, Itahar CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 52 beds and 3 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 42 family welfare subcentres. 3,038 patients were treated indoor and 308,871 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Itahar rural hospital at [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur|Itahar]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Itahar CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Marani (with 10 beds), Churaman (with 6 beds), Paraharipur (Surun PHC) (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Raiganj}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Uttar Dinajpur district]]