Biology

2026-06-22T04:19:41Z

Tushar Kanti Sannigrahi: Word added

[[File:Mimicry by fly.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Animals]]: [[Hoverfly]] on a [[Compositae]] [[inflorescence]]]]
[[File:Zboże.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Plants]]: [[Wheat]]]]
[[File:Morchella esculenta 08.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Fungi]]: ''[[Morchella]] esculenta'']]
[[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Bacteria]]]]
[[File:Halobacteria.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Archaea]]: [[Haloarchaea]]]]
[[File:Gamma phage.png|thumb|150px|[[Virus]]: Gamma [[bacteriophage]]]]

'''Biology''' is the [[science]] that studies [[life]], and [[organism|living things]], and the [[evolution]] of life. Living things include [[animal]]s, [[plants]], [[fungi]] (such as [[mushroom]]s), and [[microorganisms]] such as [[bacteria]] and [[archaea]].

The term 'biology' is relatively modern. It was introduced in 1799 by a [[physician]], [[Thomas Beddoes]].<ref>"biology, n.". OED Online. 2019. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com.research.aadl.org/view/Entry/19228?redirectedFrom=biology (accessed March 23, 2019). Citation: Contrib. Physical & Med. Knowl. Introd. (1799) Chapter 4, "''Physiology therefore—or more strictly biology—by which I mean the doctrine of the living system in all its states, appears to be the foundation of ethics and pneumatology.''"</ref>

People who study biology are called [[biologists]]. Biology looks at how animals, plants and other [[Organism|living things]] behave and work, and what they are like. Biology also studies how [[organism]]s react with each other and the [[environment]]. It has existed as a [[science]] for about 200 years, and was preceded by [[natural history]]. Biology has many [[research]] fields and [[branch]]es. Like all sciences, biology uses the [[scientific method]]. This means that biologists must be able to show [[evidence]] for their ideas and that other biologists must be able to test the ideas for themselves.

Biology attempts to answer questions such as:

* "What are the characteristics of this living thing?" ([[comparative anatomy]])
* "How do the parts work?" ([[physiology]])
* "How should we group living things?" ([[Biological classification|classification]], [[taxonomy]])
* "What does this living thing do?" ([[behaviour]], [[growth]])
* "How does [[heredity|inheritance]] work?" ([[genetics]])
* "What is the [[history]] of life?" ([[palaeontology]])
* "How do [[Organism|living things]] relate to their [[environment]]?" ([[ecology]])

Modern biology is influenced by [[evolution]], which answers the question: "How has the living world come to be as it is?"

==History==
The word ''biology'' comes from the [[Greek]] word ''βίος'' (''bios''), "[[life]]", and the [[suffix]] ''-λογία'' (''logia''), "[[Research|study]] of".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://topics.info.com/Who-coined-the-term-biology_716|title=Who coined the term biology?|website=Info.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509211839/http://topics.info.com/Who-coined-the-term-biology_716|archive-date=2013-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/biology|title=biology {{!}} Origin and meaning of biology by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>

==Branches==
* [[Phycology|Algalogy]]
* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Arachnology]]
* [[Bacteriology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Biogeography]]
* [[Biophysics]]
* [[Botany]]
* [[Bryology]]
* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinology Carcinology]
* [[Cell biology]]
* [[Cytology]]
* [[Dendrology]]
* [[Developmental biology]]
* [[Ecology]]
* [[Endocrinology]]
* [[Entomology]]
* [[Embryology]]
* [[Ethology]]
* [[Evolution]] / [[Evolutionary biology]]
* [[Genetics]] / [[Genome|Genomics]]
* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrostology Grammminology/ Agrostology]
* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthology Helminthology]
* [[Herpetology]]
* [[Histology]]
* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiology Hydrobiology]
* [[Human biology]] / [[Anthropology]] / [[Primatology]]
* [[Ichthyology]]
* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenlogy Lichenlogy]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Mammal]]ology
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Microbiology]] / [[Bacteria|Bacteriology]]
* [[Molecular biology]]
* [[Morphology]]
* [[Fungi|Mycology]] / [[Lichen]]ology
* [[Ornithology]]
* [[Palaeontology]]
* [[Parasitism|Parasitology]]
* [[Phycology]]
* [[Phylogenetics]]
* [[Physiology]]
* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridology Pteridology]
* [[Taxonomy]]
* [[Virology]]
* [[Zoology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons}}

[[Category:Biology| ]]
[[Category:Science-related lists]]

Saeed Akhtar Mirza

2026-06-22T03:43:57Z

Tushar Kanti Sannigrahi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saeed Akhtar Mirza
| image = Saeed Mirza.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|06|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[screenwriter]]
| awards=[[National Film Award for Best Direction]]: '''''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]] ''''' (1995)
}}
'''Saeed Akhtar Mirza''' (born: 30 June 1943) is an Indian screenwriter and [[Film director|director]] in [[Hindi films]] and television. He is the maker of notable [[Parallel cinema|parallel films]] such as ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' (1984), ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' (1980), ''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]'' (1989) and ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]'' (1995), which won two [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]s in 1996.<ref name=enc/><ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9980 Muslim Ethos In Indian Cinema] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414033121/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9980 |date=14 April 2009 }} Iqbal Masud, [[Screen (magazine)]], 4 March 2005.</ref> Saeed Mirza Was Honored with Lifetime Achievement Award at ICA - International Cultural Artifact Film Festival in 2020.

He is director of the popular TV serials ''[[Nukkad]]'' (Street Corner) (1986) and ''Intezaar'' (Wait) (1988), along with various documentary films on social welfare and cultural activism. He is also a trustee of [[ANHAD]], a Delhi-based NGO working for communal harmony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anhadin.net/article1.html|title=The Origin , Structure, Constitution of Governing Board of Anhad |date=25 September 2007 |publisher=ANHAD}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Saeed was born in 1943, in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to [[Akhtar Mirza]], noted screenwriter himself in the 1960s.

After working in advertising for some time, Mirza joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), Pune, India, from where he graduated in 1976. Subsequently, later in his career, he also taught at the institute, going on to become chairman of the premier institute.<ref name=enc>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT613&dq=%22Saeed+Akhtar+Mirza%22+-inpublisher:icon&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=%22Saeed%20Akhtar%20Mirza%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false Saeed Akhtar Mirza] ''Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema'', by Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd, [[Gulzar]], [[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee. Popular Prakashan, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}. ''Pp 589''.</ref>

==Career==
Saeed Akhtar Mirza started his career as a documentary film maker in 1976, graduating to films with the acclaimed ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]'' (1978), about the frustrations of an idealistic youth caught in the trap of a feudal money culture. It won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]] for the year. This was followed by ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' (1980), about an angry youth, in search of his class and ethnic identifications. This too won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]. Next in this series of his based on the urban middle class, came his satire on the Indian judicial system, ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' (1984), an old couple which struggles for years in their legal case that runs for years under a corrupt judiciary, in nexus with real-estate developer. Set in the urban ‘middle class’, his film chronicled their struggles and search of identity in a rapidly changing landscape and economic conditions. Then finally in his angst-ridden movies came, ''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]'' (1989), starring [[Pawan Malhotra]], an archetypal Muslim youth caught in the circle of crime and recrimination, and their collective state amidst growing communalism, ghetto mentality, and a search for an ethnic identity which does not clash with a national identity.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/thinking-aloud/273238/ Thinking Aloud] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930181333/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/thinking-aloud/273238/ |date=30 September 2012 }} [[The Indian Express]], 15 February 2008.</ref>

Meanwhile, he directed and produced popular TV serials ''[[Nukkad]]'' (Street Corner) (1986) and ''Intezaar'' (Wait) (1988), the first was set in lower middle class of various communities, which meet at a street corner in Mumbai suburb, shared their struggle of everyday survival in a harsh world, and was a big hit. He has lectured widely on Indian cinema at universities in India and The US. He contributes regularly to Indian newspapers and magazines on current political debates and through film reviews.

His last film ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]'' was released way in 1995 set in collapsing secular structure post [[Babri Masjid]] demolition era. The film was featured in Avijit Ghosh's book, 40 Retakes, Bollywood Classics you May Have Missed. After that as he put it, "The demolition of the Babri Masjid was the last straw. Naseem was almost like an epitaph. After the film, I had really nothing to say. I needed to regain my faith and retain my sanity. So I decided to travel around India and document it on a video camera".<ref name=ek/> Subsequently he devoted his time to travelling, writing and making documentaries. Later started on his autobiographical work,<ref>[http://movies.indiainfo.com/2007/05/29/saeed.html Saeed Akhtar Mirza to release his autobiography] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120718054721/http://movies.indiainfo.com/2007/05/29/saeed.html |date=18 July 2012 }} India.info.com. 29 May 2007.</ref> finally released in 2008, as his maiden novel named ''[[Ammi: Letter to a Democratic Mother]]'' which is about the memories of his mother who died in 1990 and a series of vignettes comprising Sufi fables, childhood memories.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080214064601/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/11/stories/2008021158580300.htm Saeed Akthar Mirza’s novel launched] [[The Hindu]], 11 February 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105121927/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/26/stories/2008012651570400.htm For you, Ammi] [[The Hindu]], 26 January 2008.</ref>

Saeed Akhtar Mirza is the life member of International Film And Television Club of [[Asian Academy of Film & Television]]. Currently he is making film, ''Ek Tho Chance'' <ref name=ek>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Once-again--I-feel-I-have-something-to-say-/471304 ‘Once again, I feel I have something to say’] [[The Indian Express]], 7 June 2009.</ref>

==Personal life==
His father [[Akhtar Mirza]] was a noted film script writer, with credits like ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'' and ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]''. His brother is [[Aziz Mirza]], the Bollywood Director responsible for launching [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], after directing the 1989 television serial ''[[Circus (TV series)|Circus]]''.

He lives in Mumbai and Goa with his wife Jennifer. His sons Safdar and Zahir live in New York and Dubai, respectively.

==Filmography==
* ''Slum Eviction'' (1976)
* ''Murder'' (1976)
* ''[[Ghashiram Kotwal (film)|Ghashiram Kotwal]]'' (1976)
* ''An Actor Prepares'' (1976)
* ''Urban Housing'' (1977)
* ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' (1980)
* ''Piparsod'' (1982)
* ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' (1984)
* ''The Rickshaw Pullers of Jabalpur'' (1984) (V)
* ''[[Nukkad]]'' (1986) TV series
* ''Is Anybody Listening?'' (1987) (V)
* ''We Shall Overcome'' (1988) (V)
* ''Intezzar''(1988) TV series
* ''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]'' (1989)
* ''Ajanta and Ellora'' (1992)
* ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]] '' (1995)
* ''[[Ek Tho Chance]]'' awaiting release

===Writer===
* ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]'' (1978) (story)
* ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' (1984) (screenplay and story)
* ''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]'' (1989) (screenplay and story)
* ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]] '' (1995)
* ''Choo Lenge Akash'' (2001)
*''Karma Cafe'' (short) (2018)<ref>{{Citation|title=Karma Café|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8537474/|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref>

===Producer===
* ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' (1980)

''Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi'' (2016), a documentary film on Mirza and his works directed by Kireet Khurana and Padmakumar Narasimhamurthy, was released in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankhayan |title=The life and times of Saeed Mirza |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/CBIP18c7hD1Whtbe6s8zcJ/The-life-and-times-of-Saeed-Mirza.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1979 [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]: ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]'' (1978)
* 1981 [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]: ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' (1980) <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0592595/awards Awards] [[IMDb]].</ref>
* 1984 [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]]: ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' (1984)
* 1996 [[National Film Award for Best Direction]]: ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]''
* 1996 [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]: ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]'' (1995)

== Novels ==
*''[[Ammi: Letter to a Democratic Mother]]'' (2008)
*''[[The Monk, the Moor & Moses Ben Jalloun]]'' (2012)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|0592595}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080505161317/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/216630 Mirza on BFI]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Saeed Akhtar}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]

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Biology

Saeed Akhtar Mirza