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Abdul Ahad's Patiala campaign

2026-05-08T00:39:13Z

Tudu Hommie: created a info

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Abdul Ahad's Patiala campaign
| partof = Mughal–Sikh conflicts
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 18th June– 18th October 1779
| place = [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Satluj region]]
| territory =
| result = Patiala–Sikh victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]] Sikh auxiliaries
| combatant2 = [[Patiala State]] Trans-Satluj Sikhs
| commander1 = Abdul Ahad Khan Majd-ud-Daulah Prince Mirza Jahan Shah Farkhunda Bakht Sayyid Ali Khan Taj Muhammad Khan Ghazi Khan Alam Khan Hurmat Khan Qutbuddin Khan Gajpat Singh of Jind Baghel Singh Bhag Singh of Thanesar Sahib Singh Khondah Diwan Singh Karam Singh Nirmala Sada Singh Mohar Singh Rae Singh of Buriya Bhanga Singh
| commander2 = [[Amar Singh of Patiala]] Maha Singh Diwan Nanumal [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]] [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]] Tirlok Singh Amar Singh Bagha Amar Singh Kingra Tara Singh Kakar Mohar Singh Nishanwala Anup Singh [[Khushal Singh Singhpuria]]
| strength1 = 20,000-50,000 horse and foot 200 cannons Sikh mercenaries
| strength2 = 15,000 horsemen Later Sikh reinforcements rumoured at two lakhs
| casualties1 = ''est.'':10,000-20,000 killed{{sfn|Dilagīra|2010|p=194}} 10,000 killed during retreat{{sfn|Dilagīra|2010|p=194}}
| casualties2 = ~3,000 Sikhs killed{{sfn|Dilagīra|2010|p=194}}
| notes = }}
'''Abdul Ahad's Patiala campaign''' was a Mughal expedition led by Abdul Ahad Khan Majd-ud-Daulah with Prince Mirza Jahan Shah Farkhunda Bakht against the [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Satluj Sikh chiefs]] and the [[Patiala State]] in 1779. The expedition began from Delhi on 18 June 1779 and ended with Abdul Ahad's retreat from Patiala beginning on 14 October and his return to Delhi on 5 November.

The campaign developed from Abdul Ahad's rivalry with [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] and his attempt to use Sikh support to strengthen his own position in the name of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. Raja [[Amar Singh of Patiala]] had sought imperial assistance against rival Sikh chiefs, but Abdul Ahad also relied on those same rival chiefs after reaching the Karnal region. This divided policy, combined with demands for tribute, the arrest of Sikh chiefs, unpaid troops, desertion among Sikh auxiliaries, and the arrival of Sikh forces supporting Patiala, led to the failure of the expedition.

After the retreat, the Mughal court panicked over the safety of Prince Farkhunda Bakht and recalled Mirza Najaf Khan to Delhi. Abdul Ahad briefly recovered influence with Shah Alam, but Najaf Khan entered Delhi, occupied the fort through his lieutenant Afrasiyab Khan, and secured Abdul Ahad's submission on 15 November 1779. The affair ended the divided control of the Mughal government and restored unified authority under Mirza Najaf Khan.
== Background ==
Abdul Ahad Khan Majd-ud-Daulah held the regency of the [[Mughal Empire]] but was militarily weaker than Mirza Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}} He sought an outside military partner against Najaf Khan after [[Zabita Khan]] declined to undertake such an enterprise, the Jat and Macheri powers had been checked by Najaf Khan, and the Marathas were occupied in [[First Anglo-Maratha War|conflict]] with the British and internal disputes.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=371}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}} The Sikhs were therefore treated as a possible ally in Abdul Ahad's rivalry with Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}}

In September 1778, Abdul Ahad sent Bahram Quli Khan to welcome Sahib Singh Khondah and other Sikh sardars who had encamped near the [[Shalimar Gardens, Delhi|Shalimar gardens]] north-west of Delhi.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}} He then persuaded the emperor to grant the title of Najib-ud-Daulah II to Mallu Khan, a younger son of [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daulah]] and a Sikh [[Mentorship|protégé]], as a counterweight to Zabita Khan, who had become aligned with Mirza Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}} Abdul Ahad later visited the Sikh sardars in Yaqub Ali Khan's garden and gave them robes of honour in the emperor's name.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=371}}

After Shah Alam II returned from [[Jaipur]] in April 1779, Abdul Ahad turned his attention to the region north of Delhi.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}} He had already arranged the appointment of his son-in-law Sayyid Ali Khan as faujdar of the [[Sonipat|Sonepat]]-[[Panipat]] district, but the area contained Sikh strongholds and some places held by Najaf Khan's collectors.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=122}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=371}} Abdul Ahad then summoned Sikh sardars of the [[Karnal district|Karnal region]] to discuss a pact, but the emperor refused to receive them because such an audience would conflict with Najaf Khan's policy.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=371}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=122–123}}

Raja [[Amar Singh of Patiala]] sent an envoy with presents to Abdul Ahad seeking imperial support.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=371}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}} Amar Singh was in conflict with other Cis-Satluj Sikh chiefs, especially Baghel Singh.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}} Sikh leaders present in [[Delhi]], including envoys connected with Bhai Desu Singh of [[Kaithal State|Kaithal]], encouraged Abdul Ahad to enter the [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Satluj region]] and promised support, while also holding out the possibility of recovering Lahore and Multan for the empire.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=104–105}}
== March from Delhi ==
Abdul Ahad asked Shah Alam II to accompany the expedition, but the emperor declined because of the summer heat and recent illness.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=105}} The eldest prince, Mirza Jahandar Shah, avoided participation by pleading illness, and the second prince, Mirza Jahan Shah Farkhunda Bakht, was sent with Abdul Ahad.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=105}}

According to [[Hari Ram Gupta]] and G.S. Cheema the expedition left Delhi on 18 June 1779 in, while [[Jadunath Sarkar]] places the departure on 3 June.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=105}} The force marched along the western bank of the [[Yamuna]], with halts including Barari Ghat, Bakhtawarpur in parganah Haveli, Barota in parganah Sonepat, and a position near [[Panipat]] by 29 July.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=78–79}} Abdul Ahad also displaced Mirza Najaf Khan's collectors along the route and installed his own agents and resistance to these changes was met by attacks and devastation of lands.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=371}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}

Estimates of Abdul Ahad's force strength vary considerably across sources.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=105}} One account puts his army at 50,000 horse and foot supported by 200 pieces of cannon, while [[William Francklin]] places the figure at just 20,000 men with artillery.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=79}} [[Warren Hastings]] offers an intermediate estimate of 30,000, and [[Jonathan Scott (orientalist)|Jonathan Scott]] provides the most detailed breakdown: six European-style sepoy battalions, an artillery contingent, 6,000 cavalry, 8,000 irregular infantry, and bands of mercenary Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=79}}

===Camp at Karnal===
At Karnal, Sikh chiefs including Sahib Singh Khondah, Diwan Singh, [[Baghel Singh]] and Karam Singh Nirmala waited on Abdul Ahad.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=79}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=106}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=79}} Gajpat Singh, the zamindar of Karnal, also paid homage to the prince.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=79}} Baghel Singh, who had longstanding hostility toward Gajpat Singh, advised Abdul Ahad to imprison him to extract tribute.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=106}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=79}} Gajpat Singh was confined and obtained his release by promising two lakhs of rupees.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=79}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=106}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=79}}

Tahmas Khan Miskin, who was present in the campaign, says that Gajpat Singh became Abdul Ahad's chief adviser in Karnal affairs.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1939|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=79–80}} Abdul Ahad enlisted Sikhs who sought service, gave marks of honour to Sikh chiefs who interviewed him, and placed Sikh posts in villages whose inhabitants had fled from the royal troops.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1939|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=79–80}}

Abdul Ahad remained at Karnal during the rainy season.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=123}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=107}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=80}} Between Karnal and Patiala lay the Sarasvati, Markanda, and Ghaggar streams, which are described in the supplied text as fordable.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=107}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=80}} During this period, numerous Sikh chiefs hostile to Amar Singh joined Abdul Ahad and urged him to act against Patiala, although Amar Singh had been the ruler who had originally sought imperial aid.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=107}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=80}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=124–125}}

===Arrest of Desu Singh of Kaithal===
Abdul Ahad broke camp at Karnal on 9 September after the rainy season.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=107}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=80}} He sent Gajpat Singh, Baghel Singh, and Sada Singh to bring Desu Singh of Kaithal, who had been under pressure from Amar Singh, to the imperial camp.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=107–108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=80–81}} Desu Singh was presented near Thanesar and offered five gold coins, two bows, five cotton bedsheets, and two horses as ''nazar''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=80–81}} He received a five-piece ''khilat'', a ''sarpech'', and a sword, while his companions received shawls.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=81}}

Abdul Ahad first demanded three lakhs of rupees from Desu Singh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=81}} {{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=126}} When Desu Singh agreed to two lakhs, Abdul Ahad raised the demand to five lakhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=81}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=126}}Gajpat Singh then advised Abdul Ahad to arrest the Sikh sardars in camp as a device to extract payment from Desu Singh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=81}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=125}} Abdul Ahad summoned Diwan Nanumal, Maha Singh, Ram Dayal, Desu Singh, and Gajpat Singh to his tent and detained them.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=81}} All except Desu Singh were released after offering to pay arrears, while Desu Singh and eight companions remained confined.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=81–82}}

During the discussion of tribute on 14 September, Abdul Ahad threatened to establish direct imperial administration over Desu Singh's territory and demanded the return of property taken from Abul Qasim Khan after his defeat and death in the Doab in March 1776.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=126}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=82}} Desu Singh's Diwan eventually offered five lakhs as tribute and one and a half lakhs for expenses, payable within a month, on condition that Desu Singh's estates be confirmed by imperial rescript and protected from Amar Singh's encroachments.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=126}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=108–109}} A tribute of four lakhs was later settled, three lakhs were collected immediately, and Desu Singh's son Lal Singh was taken as hostage for the balance.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=109}}
===Negotiations with Patiala ===
Rae Singh of Buria, Bhanga Singh, and Bhag Singh joined the Mughal camp at Thanesar on 12 September.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=109}} Bhag Singh and Bhanga Singh wrote to Sikh chiefs of Shahabad and Ambala asking them to join the prince's camp, but those chiefs refused.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=109}} On 14 September, Mohar Singh and other sardars came with 400 horse, offered gifts, and received robes and honours.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=109}} Karam Singh arrived the next morning and also received honours.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=109}}{{sfn|Dilagīra|2010|p=187}}

Raja Shambu Nath and Raja Daya Ram had been sent to Patiala to bring Nanumal, the Diwan of Amar Singh, to the camp.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=109}} Nanumal and Maha Singh, Amar Singh's brother-in-law, were received by the prince and Abdul Ahad.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=109–110}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=83–84}} Nanumal offered bankers' bills worth five lakhs of rupees and an additional Rs. 25,000 as ''nazarana'' for the prince on the condition that Abdul Ahad immediately withdraw.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=126}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=110}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=83}} Abdul Ahad refused to accept the payment on those terms and insisted that Amar Singh appear in person.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=110}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=83}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=126–127}}

Amar Singh had refrained from entering the imperial camp after seeing Abdul Ahad's treatment of Gajpat Singh and Desu Singh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=110}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}} He invited assistance from the Trans-Satluj Sikhs, and Abdul Ahad received news on 15 September that Tara Singh Ghaiba, Karam Singh, and other chiefs were encamped near Patiala.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=110}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}} On 17 September, Abdul Ahad moved to Seoli, where Gajpat Singh explained that Amar Singh hesitated to appear because Abdul Ahad had become friendly with Desu Singh and other Sikh chiefs whom Amar Singh had asked him to punish.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=110–111}} Nanumal also stated that Amar Singh would not come into camp and urged Abdul Ahad to accept tribute and retire.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=111}}

On 19 September, news reached the camp that Amar Singh had left Patiala, leaving its defence to his wife, who had advised him to pay tribute and avoid opposing the prince.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=111}} Gajpat Singh stood security for Amar Singh's dues and pressed Abdul Ahad to withdraw, but Abdul Ahad refused.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=111}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}} On 20 September, Abdul Ahad told Gajpat Singh that he would march to Patiala unless Amar Singh came into camp, and he refused to accept money or terms from anyone except the Raja himself.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=84}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=111}}

Nanumal raised the proposed Patiala tribute to seven lakhs and asked Abdul Ahad to retire, but Abdul Ahad still insisted that Amar Singh appear personally at least once.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=126}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=111}} He assured Bhanga Singh, Baghel Singh, and other Sikh chiefs that a quarter of Amar Singh's tribute would be paid to them, as in the case of Desu Singh's tribute.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=111}}
==March on Patiala==
{{Main|Siege of Patiala (1779)}}
Abdul Ahad moved toward Patiala on 22 September and crossed the Sarasvati near Pehowa on 23 September.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=111–112}} His vanguard, mainly Sikh auxiliaries and some Mughal horsemen, raided Patiala territory and drove away cattle.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=112}} Nanumal made another attempt to secure a settlement by presenting bankers' bills for five lakhs, but Abdul Ahad demanded thirty lakhs and tore up the bills.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=112}} Some Mughal and Sikh troops laid waste five villages of Amar Singh's territory and besieged Saifabad and a fire in the fort's powder magazine burned or wounded 300 members of the garrison.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=112}}

On 26 September, Baghel Singh and Karam Singh discussed Amar Singh's tribute with Abdul Ahad, but no settlement was reached.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=112}} Desu Singh was also released that day after being given honours, while his son Lal Singh remained in the imperial camp as hostage.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=112}} On 28 September, Abdul Ahad reached Ghuram, south of Patiala, which became the Mughal base.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=88}} Negotiators reported that Amar Singh was willing to meet Abdul Ahad if his safety was guaranteed by an oath on the Quran.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} Abdul Ahad gave such assurances and temporarily forbade raids into Amar Singh's territory while tribute negotiations continued.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}}

On 29 September, Baghel Singh, Achal Singh, Sada Singh, Gurdit Singh, Dulaha Singh, and others waited on Abdul Ahad.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} When ordered to go to Patiala and bring Amar Singh, they demanded full payment of their arrears and settlement of pay for their new levies before obeying.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} Abdul Ahad promised payment after Amar Singh arrived.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} A Sikh force sent toward Patiala was repulsed by Amar Singh's troops and retreated to the Mughal camp.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}}

On 30 September, Amar Singh informed Abdul Ahad that he would send a trusted person to settle terms.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} A letter from Gajpat Singh then stated that he had persuaded Amar Singh to attend an audience on 3 October.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} Abdul Ahad ordered troops not to quarrel with Amar Singh's men and arranged for Sayyid Ali Khan, Taj Muhammad Khan, and Raja Daya Ram to receive him.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=113}} On 4 October, arrangements were again made for Amar Singh's interview, and a robe of honour was prepared for him.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=113–114}}

On 5 October, letters from Sayyid Ali Khan, Raja Daya Ram, and Shambu Nath stated that they had persuaded Baghel Singh, Karam Singh, Sada Singh, and other Sikh chiefs to accompany them toward Patiala.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=114}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=87–88}} Amar Singh received them with food and postponed the meeting by stating that it was the day of his father's ''shradh''.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=88}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=114}} On 7 October, Amar Singh met Taj Muhammad Khan and then went to Sayyid Ali Khan's camp, where Shambu Nath, Gajpat Singh, and others were present.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=88}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=114}} He proposed to meet the prince and Abdul Ahad the next day in the company of Rae Kalha, but he later returned after going part of the way, still suspecting how he would be treated in the Mughal camp.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=88}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=114–115}}

War followed the failed negotiations.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=88}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}} On the morning of 7 October, Abdul Ahad sent a strong detachment against Patiala.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=88}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}} A battle was fought between Amar Singh and Tara Singh Ghaiba's combined troops and the Mughal force.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=88–89}} The Mughals were victorious in the field, and Amar Singh and Tara Singh Ghaiba withdrew into the fort.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=89}} The imperial army encamped outside Patiala and laid siege to the town on 8 October.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=89}}

==Disaster and Great Mughal Retreat ==
Fighting continued on 8 and 9 October, but Abdul Ahad failed to make an impression on the fort.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}}{{sfn|Dilagīra|2010|p=192}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}} Prince Farkhunda Bakht urged an assault, but Abdul Ahad did not attempt one.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}} The delay damaged the Mughal position and troops became restless over arrears of pay, tensions developed between Mughal and Afghan elements, Ghazi Khan and Alam Khan refused to fight because their soldiers had not been paid, Hurmat Khan revolted, and many Sikh auxiliaries deserted after Tara Singh Ghaiba joined Amar Singh.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=89}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=115–116}}

Amar Singh had also called the Majha Sikhs under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]].{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=115}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|pp=89–90}} Jassa Singh, then at Batala, summoned Sikh sardars, and [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]], [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]], Tirlok Singh, Amar Singh Bagha, Amar Singh Kingra, and other [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya]] chiefs gathered at Achal.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=90}} After further movements through Sathiala, they crossed the Satluj at Talwan-ka-patan, where they were joined by Sada Singh, Tara Singh Kakar, Mohar Singh Nishanwala, and Anup Singh.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=116}} Reports of this army were enlarged by rumour to two lakhs.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}}{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=116}}

Abdul Ahad consulted Baghel Singh, who warned him of the force under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia near Malerkotla.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=116}} Abdul Ahad decided to retreat and told [[Baghel Singh]] that the emperor had called him back to Delhi.{{sfn|Cheema|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=116}} Baghel Singh advised Abdul Ahad to bribe the Majha Sikh chiefs before his withdrawal and Abdul Ahad gave him three lakhs of rupees collected from Desu Singh, of which Baghel Singh paid Rs. 10,000 to Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Rs. 5,000 to Tara Singh Ghaiba, and Rs. 7,000 to Jai Singh Kanhaiya, retaining the remainder.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=116}}

[[William Francklin]] describes, that Sikh attacks threw the king's troops into confusion and that the retreat lasted four days before the army reached Panipat on 18 October, where the Sikhs ceased pursuit.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=117}} [[Jadunath Sarkar]] states that Prince Farkhunda Bakht's presence helped prevent the destruction of the Mughal army because the Sikhs did not press their attack to the extreme against the emperor's son.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=117}} Abdul Ahad's only stated gain from the expedition was that he brought back Lal Singh, Desu Singh's son, who remained a hostage.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=117}} The army returned to Delhi on 5 November.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=372}}
== Political consequences at Delhi ==
The retreat created a crisis at the Mughal court.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=128}} When couriers reported on 16 October that Prince Farkhunda Bakht had begun the retreat from Patiala, the court feared for the prince and for Delhi's security.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=129}} [[Shah Alam II]] sent urgent orders recalling [[Mirza Najaf Khan]], who was then campaigning in the south with a large army.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=372}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=129}} Najaf Khan gathered his detachments and marched toward Delhi.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=129}}

Abdul Ahad returned to Delhi in early November in a weakened position, but he persuaded Shah Alam that Najaf Khan's return would make him dangerously powerful.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=372}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=129}} The emperor then wrote to Najaf Khan countermanding the earlier order to come to Delhi.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=372}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=129}} Najaf Khan received the second order only two marches from the capital and ignored it, reaching the Kishandas Tank in the southern suburbs on 12 November.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=372}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=129}}

On 14 November, Abdul Ahad went with Prince Akbar Shah to Najaf Khan's camp to escort him to the emperor.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=372}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=130}} Before Najaf Khan entered the fort, Afrasiyab Khan entered with 1,000 horse and two battalions of sepoys.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=130}} Abdul Ahad's troops under Qutbuddin Khan had orders not to fight, and the imperial guard eventually yielded after receiving assurances about arrears of pay.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=130}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=373}} By the time Najaf Khan arrived at court, parts of the fort were already under his control.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=130}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=373}}

After the audience, Abdul Ahad and Najaf Khan left the hall together.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=131}} Afrasiyab Khan and Maniram had urged Najaf to arrest Abdul Ahad, but Najaf did not wish to seize him inside the emperor's presence.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=373}} Latafat Ali Khan intervened physically between the two men, preventing an immediate seizure.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=131}} Najaf Khan then left Afrasiyab and his men inside the fort and withdrew to Raushan-ud-Daulah's mosque.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=131}}

Abdul Ahad spent the afternoon and night at the gate of the Diwan-i-am, watched by Najaf Khan's men and protected by his own remaining supporters and the emperor's servants.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=131}} Shah Alam initially refused to surrender him and protested against the restraint placed on his minister.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=131–132}} The city was unsettled through the night, and the emperor's family remained anxious for Abdul Ahad's safety.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=132}} As Abdul Ahad's position weakened, his followers began to desert to Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=132–133}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=374}} When Latafat Ali and Mir Sayyid Ali also defected, Abdul Ahad submitted to Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=133}}

Najaf Khan swore to protect Abdul Ahad's life and property, stating that his object was to remove him from the emperor's presence.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=133}} Abdul Ahad took leave of Shah Alam and was escorted by Afrasiyab to Najaf Khan's camp on 15 November, where he was lodged in a separate tent.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=133}}
== Aftermath ==
On 16 November, Mirza Najaf Khan was again received by Shah Alam II.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=374}} He presented a large ''nazar'' in cash along with jewels, robes, and horses, and the emperor appointed him ''[[Vakil-i-Mutlaq]]'', the highest post in the [[Mughal Empire]].{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=374}} Other offices previously held by Abdul Ahad, including command of the artillery, the second paymastership, and the diwani of the crown lands, were given to the princes, with Najaf Khan acting as their deputy.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=374}} The result was the end of dual control in the imperial government and the restoration of unified authority under Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=374}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Cheema |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.de/books/about/The_Forgotten_Mughals.html?id=lGdsq_yQBfoC&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707–1857 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |isbn=8173044163}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=FhJDAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq= |title=History of the Sikhs: Cis-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769–1799 |series=History of the Sikhs |volume=3 |publisher=S. N. Sarkar |year=1939}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=82wwAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq= |title=History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803 |series=History of the Sikhs |volume=3 |edition=2nd, illustrated |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=8121502136}}
* {{cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=eCJqswEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=de&redir_esc=y |title=Sikh History – 3: War and Peace, 1716–1860 |publisher=Sikh University Press |location=Amritsar |year=2010 |isbn=9782930247434}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1771–88 |series=Fall of the Mughal Empire |volume=3 |edition=2nd reprint |publisher=AMS Press |year=1972 |isbn=040405580X}}
{{uncategorised|date=May 2026}}

Barlaam and Josaphat

2026-05-05T09:41:20Z

Tudu Hommie: created new article!

{{short description|Legendary Christian saints}}
{{other uses|Barlaam (disambiguation){{!}}Barlaam|Josaphat (disambiguation){{!}}Josaphat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Josaphat of India
|honorific_suffix =
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|death_date =
|feast_day = {{ubl|26 August ([[Greek Orthodox Church]])}} {{ubl|19 November (Orthodox Church in Slavic tradition)}} {{ubl|27 November ([[Catholic Church]])}}
|venerated_in = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]
|image = Святые Варлаам и Иоасаф Индийский царевич ~ saints Barlaam and Josaphat prince of India.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Fragment of an icon: St. [[Athanasius the Athonite|Athanasius of Athonite]], Barlaam of India, Joasaph of India. End of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. From the [[Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]]
|birth_place = [[Indian subcontinent|India]]
|death_place =
|titles = Prince
|beatified_date =
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|canonized_date =
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}}

{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Barlaam of India
|honorific_suffix =
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|death_date =
|feast_day = {{ubl|26 August ([[Greek Orthodox Church]])}} {{ubl|19 November (Orthodox Church in Slavic tradition)}} {{ubl|27 November ([[Catholic Church]])}}
|venerated_in = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] [[Catholic Church]]
|image = Varlaam and Joasath, based on Simon Ushakov.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Barlaam and Joasaph, a 1680 Russian engraving
|birth_place =
|death_place =
|titles = [[Hieromonk]]
|beatified_date =
|beatified_place =
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}}

[[File:Josaphat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A Christian depiction of Josaphat, 12th century manuscript]]

'''Barlaam and Josaphat''', also known as '''Bilawhar and Budhasaf''', are [[Christian saint]]s. Their story tells of the conversion of Josaphat to [[Christianity]]. According to tradition, an Indian king persecuted the Christian Church in his realm. After astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, the king imprisoned the young prince Josaphat, who nevertheless met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. After much tribulation the young prince's father accepted the Christian faith, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.<ref name="catholic-forum.com">[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden329.htm The Golden Legend: The Story of Barlaam and Josaphat] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216150745/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden329.htm |date=16 December 2006 }}</ref> The story is thought to be a [[Christianity|Christianized]] and later version of the story of [[Siddhartha Gautama]], who became the [[buddhahood|Buddha]].<ref name="CatholicEncyclopedia">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==
[[File:Battistero di parma, portale sud 03 leggenda di barlaam.JPG|thumb|Depiction of a parable from Barlaam and Josaphat at the [[Baptistery of Parma]], Italy]]
The tale derives from a second to fourth century [[Sanskrit]] [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] text, via a [[Manichaean]] version,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Joseph|last=Wilson|date=2009|title=The Life of the Saint and the Animal: Asian Religious Influence in the Medieval Christian West|journal=The Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture|volume=3|issue=2|pages=169–194|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v3i2.169|url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JSRNC/article/view/5782|access-date=30 July 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> then the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Kitāb Bilawhar wa-Būd̠āsaf'' (Book of Bilawhar and Budhasaf), current in [[Baghdad]] in the eighth century, from where it entered into Middle Eastern Christian circles before appearing in European versions.

The first Christianized adaptation was the [[Georgian language|Georgian]] epic ''Balavariani'' dating back to the 10th century. A Georgian monk, [[Euthymius of Athos]], translated the story into [[Greek language|Greek]], some time before he died in an accident while visiting [[Constantinople]] in 1028.<ref name=oca>[https://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/05/13/103846-st-euthymius-of-athos-the-translator "St. Euthymius of Athos the translator", Orthodox Church in America]</ref> There the Greek adaptation was translated into [[Latin language|Latin]] in 1048 and soon became well known in Western Europe as ''Barlaam and Josaphat''.<ref>William Cantwell Smith, "Towards a World Theology" (1981)</ref> The Greek legend of "Barlaam and Ioasaph" is sometimes attributed to the 8th century [[John of Damascus]], but [[Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare|F. C. Conybeare]] argued it was transcribed by Euthymius in the 11th century.<ref>F.C. Conybeare, "The Barlaam and Josaphat Legend in the Ancient Georgian and Armenian Literatures" (Gorgias Press)</ref>

The story of Barlaam and Josaphat was popular in the [[Middle Ages]], appearing in such works as the ''[[Golden Legend]]'', and a scene there involving three caskets eventually appeared, via [[William Caxton|Caxton]]'s English translation of a Latin version, in [[Shakespeare]]'s "[[The Merchant of Venice]]".<ref>Sangharakshita, "From Genesis to the Diamond Sutra – A Western Buddhist's Encounters with Christianity" (Windhorse Publications, 2005), p.165</ref> The poet [[Chardri]] produced an [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] version, ''La vie de seint Josaphaz'', in the 13th century. The story of Josaphat and Barlaam also occupies a great part of book xv of the ''[[Speculum historiale|Speculum Historiale]]'' (Mirror of History) by the 13th century French encyclopedist [[Vincent of Beauvais]].

One of the [[Marco Polo]] manuscripts notes the remarkable similarity between the tale of "Sergamoni Borcan" (i.e. ''Sakyamuni Burkhan''; the name that Polo recorded the Mongols using for [[the Buddha]]) and St. Josaphat, apparently unaware of the origins of the Josaphat story.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Penguin| isbn = 978-0-14-044057-7| last1 = Polo| first1 = Marco| translator-last = Latham| translator-first = R. E.| title = The travels of Marco Polo| location = Harmondsworth| series = Penguin classics| date = 1958|page=257}}</ref>

Two [[Middle High German]] versions were produced: one, the "Laubacher ''Barlaam''", by Bishop [[Otto II of Freising]] and another, ''Barlaam und Josaphat'', a [[Chivalric romance|romance]] in verse, by [[Rudolf von Ems]]. The latter was described as "perhaps the flower of religious literary creativity in the German Middle Ages" by [[Heinrich Heine]].<ref>''Die Blüte der heiligen Dichtkunst im deutschen Mittelalter ist vielleicht »Barlaam und Josaphat«...'' See Heinrich Heine, [https://www.heinrich-heine.net/schule/schuled1.htm Die romantische Schule (Erstes Buch)] at heinrich-heine.net. {{in lang|de}}.</ref>

In the 16th century, the story of Josaphat was re-told as a defence of monastic life during the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] and of [[free will]] against [[Protestant]] doctrines regarding [[predestination]].<ref name="Cañizares">{{cite journal |last1=Cañizares Ferriz |first1=Patricia |title=La ''Historia de los dos soldados de Cristo, Barlaan y Josafat'' (Madrid 1608). |trans-title=Story of the two soldiers of Christ, Barlaan and Josafat |translator-first=Juan |translator-last=De Arce Solorzeno |journal=Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos |date=1 January 2000 |volume=19 |page=260 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38829954.pdf |access-date=21 February 2021 |language=es |issn=1988-2343 |quote=y que ya en el s. XVI se convirtiera en un arma defensora de la validez de la vida monástica y del libre albedrío frente a la doctrina luterana.
|trans-quote=and that, already in the 16th century, it would become a weapon defending the validity of monastic life and free will against Lutheran doctrine.}}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Leprosorium.jpg|thumb|Prince Josaphat greets the leper and the crippled. Illustration from a 14th-century copy of Vincent de Beauvais' Speculum Historiale.]]

According to the legend, King Abenner in India persecuted the [[St. Thomas Christians|Christian Church in his realm]], founded by the [[Apostle Thomas]]. When astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, Abenner had the young prince Josaphat isolated from external contact. Despite the imprisonment, Josaphat met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. Josaphat kept his faith even in the face of his father's anger and persuasion. Eventually, Abenner converted, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.<ref name="catholic-forum.com"/>

== Names ==
In this context, the name Josaphat is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[bodhisattva]]''.<ref name="Macdonell1900"/><ref name="CatholicEncyclopedia">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Trainor |editor1-first=Kevin |title=Buddhism |publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers |year=2001 |page=24}}</ref> The Sanskrit word was changed to ''{{lang|pal|Bodisav}}'' in [[Middle Persian]] texts in the 6th or 7th century, then to ''{{transliteration|ar|Būdhasaf}}'' or ''{{transliteration|ar|Yūdhasaf}}'' in an 8th-century Arabic document (Arabic initial "b" {{script|Arab|ﺑ}} changed to "y" {{script|Arab|ﻳ}} by [[Arabic diacritics|duplication of a dot]] in handwriting).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choisnel |first1=Emmanuel |title=Les Parthes et la Route de la soie |year=2004 |page=202 |language=fr |quote="{{lang|fr|Le nom de Josaphat dérive, tout comme son associé Barlaam dans la légende, du mot Bodhisattva. Le terme Bodhisattva passa d'abord en pehlevi, puis en arabe, où il devint Budasaf. Étant donné qu'en arabe le "b" et le "y" ne different que ...}}"}}</ref> This became ''{{transliteration|ka|Iodasaph}}'' in [[Georgian language|Georgian]] in the 10th century, and that name was adapted as ''Ioasaph'' ({{lang|grc|Ἰωάσαφ}}) in Greece in the 11th century, and then was assimilated to ''[[Jehoshaphat|Iosaphat/Josaphat]]'' in Latin.<ref name="D.M. Lang 1957">D.M. Lang, The Life of the Blessed Iodasaph: A New Oriental Christian Version of the Barlaam and Ioasaph Romance (Jerusalem, Greek Patriarchal Library: Georgian MS 140), BSOAS 20.1/3 (1957):</ref>

The name Barlaam derives from the Arabic name ''Bilawhar'' ({{lang|ar|بِلَوْهَر}}) borrowed through [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ({{lang|ka|ბალაჰვარ}} {{transliteration|ka|Balahvar}}) into [[Byzantine Greek]] ({{lang|grc|Βαρλαάμ}} {{transliteration|grc|Barlaám}}). The Arabic ''Bilawhar'' has historically been thought to derive from the Sanskrit [[Bhagavan#Buddhism|''bhagavan'']], an [[epithet]] of the Buddha, but this derivation is unproven and others have been proposed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=Regula |title=Acteurs des transferts culturels en Méditerranée médiévale |chapter=Buddha in Disguise: Problems in the Transmission of »Barlaam and Josaphat« |date=24 October 2013 |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |doi=10.1524/9783486989342.180 |isbn=978-3-486-98934-2 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486989342.180/ |language=fr}}</ref> Almuth Degener suggests derivation from Sanskrit ''[[purohita]]'' through a hypothetical [[Middle Persian]] intermediate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Degener |first1=Almuth |title=Barlaam the Priest |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |date=2014 |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=527–530 |jstor=10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.2.0527 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297970563 |issn=0341-0137}}</ref>

The name of Josaphat's father, King Abenner, derives from the Greek name ''Abenner'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀβεννήρ}}), although another Greek version of the legend gives this name as ''Avenir'' ({{lang|grc|Ἄβενιρ}}). These Greek names were adapted from the Georgian ''Abeneser'' ({{lang|ka|აბენესერ}}; later shortened to {{lang|ka|აბენეს}}, {{transliteration|ka|Abenes}}), which was itself derived from the Arabic version of the legend where he is named King ''Junaysar'' ({{lang|ar|جُنَيسَر}}). According to I.V. Abuladze, during borrowing from Arabic to Georgian, misplaced [[Arabic diacritics#I'jām (phonetic distinctions of consonants)|''i'jām'']] resulted in the misreading of ''Junaysar'' as ''Habeneser'', after which the initial ''H''- was omitted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald S. Jr. |title=In search of the Christian Buddha: how an Asian sage became a medieval saint |date=2014 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-08915-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taniguchi |first1=Isamu |title=Story of Barlaam and Josaphat as Crucible of Intercultural Communication |journal=Journal of Human Sciences |publisher=St. Andrew's University |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=1985 |pages=45–57}}</ref> The origin of the Arabic name is unclear.

== Sainthood ==
=== Feast days ===
Barlaam and Josaphat were included in earlier editions of the [[Roman Martyrology]] with a joint [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] on 27 November,<ref name="Macdonell1900">{{cite book |first=Arthur Anthony |last=Macdonnel |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |year=1900 |page=420 |publisher=D. Appleton and Co. |location=New York |chapter={{ws |[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature/Chapter 16|Sanskrit Literature and the West]]}}}}</ref><ref>[http://www.liturgialatina.org/martyrologium/21.htm Martyrologium Romanum 27 Novembris] Apud Indos, Persis finitimos, sanctorum Barlaam et Josaphat, quorum actus mirandos sanctus Joannes Damascenus conscripsit.</ref><ref>Emmanuel Choisnel Les Parthes et la Route de la soie 2004 – Page 202 "Dans l'Église grecque orthodoxe, Saint Josaphat a été fêté le 26 août et, dans l'Église romaine, le 27 novembre a été la ... D. M. Lang, auteur du chapitre « Iran, Armenia and Georgia » dans la Cambridge History of Iran, estime pour sa part ..."</ref> however, they were not included in the [[Roman Missal]]. Since 1960, a different Saint Josaphat - the bishop and martyr [[Josaphat Kuntsevych|Josephat Kuntsevych]] - has been commemorated on 16 November.

Barlaam and Josaphat were entered into the [[Greek Orthodox]] liturgical calendar on 26 August [[Julian calendar#Eastern Orthodox|''Julian'']] ([[September 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|8 September]] [[Gregorian calendar|''Gregorian'']]),<ref name="Macdonell1900"/><ref name=SYNAXARISTES>Great [[Synaxarium|Synaxaristes]] {{in lang|el}}: ''[https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/466/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωάσαφ γιὸς τοῦ βασιλιὰ τῆς Ἰνδίας Ἄβενιρ].'' 26 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Αιώνια Ορθόδοξο ημερολόγιο |url=https://www.crkvenikalendar.com/datumgr-2021-9-8 |website=Αιώνια Ορθόδοξο ημερολόγιο |language=el}}</ref> and into liturgical calendar of the Slavic tradition of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], on 19 November ''Julian'' ([[December 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|2 December]] ''Gregorian'').<ref name=PRAVOSLAVIE>''[http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20121119.htm November 19/December 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301081443/http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20121119.htm |date=1 March 2014 }}.'' Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).</ref><ref name=OCA>''[http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103329 Venerable Joasaph the Prince of India].'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.</ref>

== Texts ==
[[File:Barlaam and Josaphat. English lives of Buddha.djvu|page=9|thumb|A page from the 1896 edition by Joseph Jacobs at the University of Toronto (Click on image to read the book)]]
There are a large number of different books in various languages, all dealing with the lives of Saints Barlaam and Josaphat in [[India]]. In this hagiographic tradition, the life and teachings of Josaphat have many parallels with those of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]]. "But not till the mid-nineteenth century was it recognised that, in Josaphat, the Buddha had been venerated as a Christian saint for about a thousand years."<ref>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674990388 Barlaam and Ioasaph, John Damascene, Loeb Classical Library 34, Introduction by David M. Lang ]</ref> This was ascertained through the researches of Edouard de Laboulaye and Felix Liebrecht in 1859-1860. The authorship of the work is disputed. The origins of the story may be a Central Asian manuscript written in the [[Manichaean]] tradition. This book was translated into [[Georgian language|Georgian]] and [[Arabic]].

===Greek manuscripts===
The best-known version in Europe comes from a separate, but not wholly independent, source, written in [[Koine Greek|Greek]], and, although anonymous, attributed to "John the monk". It was first attributed to [[John of Damascus]] in the 12th century. Although this attribution was attacked in the 19th century, [[George Ratcliffe Woodward]] and [[Harold Mattingly]] sum up the arguments in favor of John of Damascus' authorship as follows: The work's doctrine is remarkably similar to St. John's, to the point where "in many passages the resemblance amounts almost to verbal identity"; there are frequent quotations from St. John's favorite authors, such as St. Gregory of Nazianus and St. Basil; "The defence of images, coupled with the denunciation of Idolatry, the enthusiasm for the monastic ideal, and the scant regard shown for the bishops and the secular clergy, almost compel us to place the work in the time of the [[Iconoclastic Controversy]]. The position, taken up and defended, is exactly that of the Icon-venerators; and we regard this fact alone as conclusive evidence for an eighth century date."; that St. John was often known as "John the Monk", so the fact that he was not specifically named in the earliest manuscripts does not rule him out.<ref> Barlaam and Ioasaph, p. xi-xiv Loeb Classical Library, 1962, trans. G.R Woodward and H. Mattingly </ref>

Nonetheless, many modern scholars do not accept this attribution, citing much evidence pointing to [[Euthymius of Athos]], a Georgian who died in 1028.<ref name=loeb>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674990388 Barlaam and Ioasaph, John Damascene], Loeb Classical Library 34, at LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY</ref>

The modern edition of the Greek text, from the 160 surviving variant manuscripts (2006), with introduction (German, 2009) is published as Volume 6 of the works of John the Damascene by the monks of the [[Abbey of Scheyern]], edited by Robert Volk. It was included in the edition due to the traditional ascription, but marked "''spuria''" as the translator is the Georgian monk [[Euthymius the Hagiorite]] (ca. 955–1028) at [[Mount Athos]] and not John the Damascene of the [[monastery of Saint Sabas]] in the [[Judaean Desert]]. The 2009 introduction includes an overview.<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-06-04.html Pieter W. van der Horst, Utrecht – Review of 2006/2009 Robert Volk edition]</ref>

===English manuscripts===
Among the manuscripts in English, two of the most important are the [[British Library]] MS Egerton 876 (the basis for Ikegami's book) and ''MS Peterhouse 257'' (the basis for Hirsh's book) at the [[University of Cambridge]]. The book contains a tale similar to The Three Caskets found in the ''[[Gesta Romanorum]]'' and later in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''.<ref name=loeb/>

===Editions===

====Arabic====
*[[E. Rehatsek]] – ''The Book of the King's Son and the Ascetic'' – English translation (1888) based on the Halle Arabic manuscript
* Gimaret – ''Le livre de Bilawhar et Budasaf'' – French translation of Bombay Arabic manuscript

====Georgian====
*[[David Marshall Lang]]: ''The Balavariani: A Tale from the Christian East'' California University Press: Los Angeles, 1966. Translation of the long version Georgian work that probably served as a basis for the Greek text. Jerusalem MS140
*David Marshall Lang: ''Wisdom of Balahvar'' – the short Georgian version. Jerusalem MS36, 1960
*[https://jalilnozari.blogspot.com/2009/01/balavarian.html The Balavariani (Georgian and Arabic ბალავარიანი, بلوریانی)]

====Greek====
[[File:Barlaam y Josafat.jpg|thumb|180px|First page of the Barlam and Josephat manuscript at the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]], 14th or 15th century]]
*Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/1: Historia animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Patristische Texte und Studien Bd. 61. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. Pp. xlii, 596. {{ISBN|978-3-11-019462-3}}.
*Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/2: Historia animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Text und zehn Appendices. Patristische Texte und Studien Bd. 60. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006. Pp. xiv, 512. {{ISBN|978-3-11-018134-0}}.
*Boissonade – older edition of the Greek
*G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly – older English translation of the Greek [http://mcllibrary.org/Barlaam/ Online Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914]
* S. Ioannis Damasceni {{lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitae, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} Iacobo Billio Prunæo, S. Michaëlis in eremo Cœnobiarcha interprete. Coloniae, In Officina Birckmannica, sumptibus Arnoldi Mylij. Anno M. D. XCIII. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.
* ''Vitæ et res gestæ SS. Barlaam eremitæ, et Iosaphat Indiæ regis.'' S. Io. Damasceno avctores, Iac. Billio Prunæo interprete. Antverpiæ, Sumptibus Viduæ & hæredum Ioannis Belleri. 1602. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.
* S. Ioannis Damasceni {{lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitæ, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} Iacobo Billio Prvnæo, S. Michaëlis in eremo Cœnobiarcha, interprete. Nune denuò accuratissimè à P. Societate Iesv revisa & correcta. Coloniæ Agrippinæ, Apud Iodocvm Kalcoven, M. DC. XLIII. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.

====Latin====
* Codex VIII B10, Naples
* ''Reading Medieval Latin with the Legend of Barlaam and Josaphat'', ed. by Donka D. Marcus (2018) (an edition of [[Jacobus de Voragine]]'s shortened, Latin version)

====Ethiopic====
*''Baralâm and Yĕwâsĕf''. [[Budge, E.A. Wallis]]. ''Baralam and Yewasef: Being the Ethiopic Version of a Christianized Recension of the Buddhist Legend of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva''. Published: London; New York: Kegan Paul; Biggleswade, UK: Distributed by Extenza-Turpin Distribution; New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, 2004.

====Old French====
* Jean Sonet, ''Le roman de Barlaam et Josaphat'' (Namur, 1949–52) after Tours MS949
* Leonard Mills, after Vatican MS660
* Zotenberg and Meyer, after Gui de Cambrai MS1153

====Catalan====
* Gerhard Moldenhauer Vida de Barlan MS174

====Provençal====
* Ferdinand Heuckenkamp, version in langue d'Oc
* Jeanroy, Provençal version, after Heuckenkamp
* Nelli, Troubadours, after Heuckenkamp
* Occitan, BN1049

====Italian====
* G.B. Bottari, edition of various old Italian MS.
* Georg Maas, old Italian MS3383

====Portuguese====
*Hilário da Lourinhã. ''Vida do honorado Infante Josaphate, filho del Rey Avenir, versão de frei Hilário da Lourinhã: e a identificação, por Diogo do Couto (1542–1616), de Josaphate com o Buda''. Introduction and notes by Margarida Corrêa de Lacerda. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1963.

====Serbian====
* "Barlaam and Josaphat" in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] version comes from [[John of Damascus]], copied and translated into [[Old Church Slavonic]] by anonymous monk-[[scribes]] from the 9th-11th centuries, and in modern Serbian by Ava [[Justin Popović]] ("Lives of the Saints" for November, pp. 563–590), an abridged version of which is given in the Ohrid Prologue of Bishop [[Nikolaj Velimirović]].

====Croatian====
Three Croatian versions exist, all translations from Italian.<ref name="Karásek96">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3q8ktQEACAAJ|title=Dubrovačke legende|last=Karásek|first=Josip|publisher=Dora Krupićeva|year=1996|isbn=953-96680-1-8|location=Zagreb|pages=180–197}}</ref> The older [[Shtokavian]] untitled version originated in the [[Republic of Ragusa]] and was transcribed to a codex from an earlier source in the 17th century, while the later [[Chakavian]] translations, one manuscript and one printed, originated in the beginning of the 18th century.<ref name="Karásek96" /> The book was published by Petar Maçukat in [[Venice]] in 1708 and titled ''Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama'' (Life of S[aint] Josaphat, converted by Barlaam) and is currently held in the [[National and University Library in Zagreb]].<ref name="Karásek96" /> Both manuscripts were published in 1913 by Czech [[Slavist]] Josef Karásek and Croatian philologist Franjo Fancev and reprinted in 1996.<ref name="Karásek96" /> The [[Chakavian]] translations had a common source while the older [[Shtokavian]] one used an earlier Italian version as well as the ''[[Golden Legend]]''.<ref name="Karásek96" />
*Petar Maçukat (translator). ''Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama s yednim verscem nadostavglien radi xena bitti osudyen''. Venice: Published by Domenico Lovisa, 1708.
*Josip Karásek and Franjo Fancev (editors). ''Dubrovačke legende''. Prague: Published for Hohen Unterrichtsministeriums in Wien and the Hlávka family fond by Edvard Leschinger, 1913.
*Branimir Donat (editor). ''Dubrovačke legende''. Zagreb: Published for Zorka Zane by Dora Krupićeva, 1996 (Reprint). {{ISBN|953-96680-1-8}}
*Vesna Badurina Stipčević (editor). ''Hrvatska srednjovjekovna proza''. Zagreb: Published for Igor Zidić by Matica hrvatska, 2013. {{ISBN|978-953-150-319-8}}

'''Hungarian'''

* Translation from the [[Golden Legend]] in the Kazincy codex between 1526 and 1541.[https://nyelvemlekek.oszk.hu/adatlap/kazinczykodex]

====English====
*Hirsh, John C. (editor). ''Barlam and Iosaphat: A Middle English Life of Buddha''. Edited from MS Peterhouse 257. London; New York: Published for the [[Early English Text Society]] by the Oxford University Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-19-722292-7}}
*Ikegami, Keiko. ''Barlaam and Josaphat: A Transcription of MS Egerton 876 With Notes, Glossary, and Comparative Study of the Middle English and Japanese Versions'', New York: AMS Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-404-64161-X}}
*John Damascene, ''Barlaam and Ioasaph'' (Loeb Classical Library). David M. Lang (introduction), G. R. Woodward (translator), Harold Mattingly (translator)· Publisher: Loeb Classical Library, W. Heinemann; 1967, 1914. {{ISBN|0-674-99038-2}}
*MacDonald, K.S. (editor). ''The Story of Barlaam and Joasaph: Buddhism and Christianity''. With philological introduction and notes to the Vernon, Harleian and Bodleian versions, by John Morrison. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1895.

====Old Norse====
''Barlaams saga ok Jósafats'' is an [[Old Norse]] (specifically [[Old Norwegian]]) rendering of the story of ''Barlaam and Josaphat''.<ref name="Rindal93">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC&q=medieval%20scandinavia%20encyclopedia&pg=PA36|title=Medieval Scandinavia: An encyclopedia|last=Rindal|first=Magnus|publisher=Garland|year=1993|isbn=0-8240-4787-7|editor-last=Pulsiano|editor-first=Phillip|location=New York|page=36|chapter=Barlaams ok Josaphats saga|editor-last2=Wolf|editor-first2=Kirsten}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWUCAQAAQBAJ&q=mar%C3%ADu&pg=PA47|title=The legends of the saints in Old Norse-Icelandic prose|last=Wolf|first=Kirsten|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4426-4621-6|location=Toronto, Buffalo, London|pages=46–51}}</ref> This Old Norwegian version is based on a Latin translation from the 12th century; the saga of [[Guðmundur Arason]] records that it was translated by [[Haakon III of Norway|King Haakon III Sverresson]] (died 1204).<ref name="Rindal93" /> There are several other Old Norse versions of the same story, translated independently from different sources. There are two [[Old Swedish]] versions, the older of which draws on the ''[[Golden Legend]]'', while the younger uses the ''[[Speculum historiale]]'' as its main source.<ref name="Rindal93" /> The early sixteenth-century Icelandic [[Legendary (hagiography)|legendary]] ''[[Reykjahólarbók]]'' includes a version translated from Low German.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelpstead |first=Carl |date=2022 |title=Kringla Heimsins: Old Norse Sagas, World Literature and the Global Turn in Medieval Studies |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/151433/ |journal=Saga-Book |volume=46 |pages=155–78}}</ref>{{rp|170}}
*Magnus Rindal (editor). ''Barlaams ok Josaphats saga''. Oslo: Published for Kjeldeskriftfondet by Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-insitutt, 1981. {{ISBN|82-7061-275-8}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/barlaamsokjosaph00keysuoft|title=Barlaams ok Josaphats saga: En religiös romantisk fortælling om Barlaam og Josaphat|last1=Keyser|first1=R.|last2=Unger|first2=C. R.|year=1851|publisher=Christiania, Trykt paa Feilberg & Landmark|location=Christiania|author-link=Rudolf Keyser|author-link2=Carl Richard Unger}}

====Tibetan====
* Rgya Tch'er Rol Pa – ou: Développement des jeux, [[Philippe Édouard Foucaux]] (1811–1894) 1847. Lalitavistara

====Hebrew====
* Avraham ben Shmuel ha-Levi Ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hammelekh vehannazir'' (13th century)
* Habermann, Avraham Meir (ed.), Avraham ben Hasdai, Ben hammelekh vehannazir, Jerusalem: Mahberot lesifrut – Mossad haRav Kook 1950 (in Hebrew).
* Abraham ben Shemuel Halevi ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hamelekh vehanazir'', Ed. by Ayelet Oettinger, Universitat Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 2011 (in Hebrew).

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Gautama Buddha in world religions]]
* [[Thomas the Apostle]]
* [[Buddhism and Christianity]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* ''[[Life is a Dream]]'', Spanish play incorporating the theme of the imprisoned prince
}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/anonymous/barlaam-and-ioasaph/george-ratcliffe-woodward_harold-mattingly|Display Name=Barlaam and Ioasaph}}{{gutenberg|no=749}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = BARLAAM AND IOSAPH | last = Asmussen | first = J. P. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barlaam-and-iosaph-persian-belawhar-o-budasaf-a-greek-christian-or-christianized-novel-of-buddhist-origins-which-througho | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8 | page = 801 | year = 1988 }}
* {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat |short=x}}
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=296&letter=B Barlaam and Josaphat] in Jewish Encyclopedia
* [https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/Rosenwald.0063.1 Barlaam et Josaphat.] Augsburg, Günther Zainer, ca. 1476. From the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]]
* [https://multilingual.sdu.dk/index.php/texts/#Barlaam_and_Josaphat Barlaam and Josaphat narrative in the Arabic, Georgian, Greek, Latin, and French] at Medieval Literature Across Languages from the Centre for Medieval Literature
* [https://www.calameo.com/read/0072136665d72793a975f Barlaam et Josaphat dans l'histoire des religions] G. Ducoeur & M. Tardieu (ed.), University of Strasbourg, 2024

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greek literature]]
[[Category:Medieval Arabic literature]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:Groups of Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:Byzantine literature]]
[[Category:Buddhism and Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian Christian saints]]
[[Category:10th-century literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Saints duos]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Indian Christian missionaries]]

2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand

2026-05-02T20:18:20Z

Tudu Hommie:

{{Short description|Election in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{For|Vidhan Sabha elections|2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Jharkhand
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Jharkhand
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 13 May - 01 June 2024
| seats_for_election = All 14 Jharkhand seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 66.77% ({{decrease}} 0.03%)
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand#Opinion polls
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Jharkhand
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Jharkhand
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arjun_Munda.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=130|oLeft=17|oTop=6}}
| leader1 = [[Arjun Munda]]
| color1 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| leaders_seat1 = [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] ''(lost)''
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| seats_before1 =
| leader_since1 = 2019
| last_election1 = 56.00%, 12 seats
| seats1 = '''9'''
| seat_change1 = {{Decrease}} 3
| percentage1 = '''47.17%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 8.78%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalpana_Soren.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=130|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Kalpana Soren]]
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| alliance2 = Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
| leader_since2 = 2024
| last_election2 = 34.58%, 2 seat
| seats2 = 5
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 3
| percentage2 = 39.05%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 4.39%
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Jharkhand Result Map.svg|300px]]|Partywise result map of the 2024 general election in Jharkhand|[[File:2024 Jharkhand Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]]|Alliance-wise result map of the 2024 general election in Jharkhand}}
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| popular_vote1 = '''81,33,129'''
| popular_vote2 = 67,33,099
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Jharkhand from 13 May 2024 to 1 June 2024 to elect 14 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].

==Election schedule==
[[File:2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand schedule.svg|230x230px|thumb|left|Phase wise schedule of [[2024 Indian general election]] in [[Jharkhand]]
]]
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
! colspan="4" |Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#E9967A|IV
|bgcolor=#DB7093|V
|bgcolor=#6495ED|VI
|bgcolor=#9ACD32|VII
|-
!Notification date
|18 April
|26 April
|29 April
|7 May
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|25 April
|3 May
|6 May
|14 May
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|26 April
|4 May
|7 May
|15 May
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|29 April
|6 May
|9 May
|17 May
|-
!Date of poll
|'''13 May'''
|'''20 May'''
|'''25 May'''
|'''1 June'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
| colspan="4" |'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|4
|3
|4
|3
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
[[File:Jharkhand NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|350px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|13
|-
|{{party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|[[File:ANSU Party flag.jpg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Banana.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Sudesh Mahto]]
|1
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!14
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
[[File:Jharkhand INDIA Seat Sharing 2024 Election.jpg|350px]]
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Rajesh Thakur]]
|7
|-
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Champai Soren]]
|5
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|[[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[File:RJD Flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50x50px|centre]]
|Abhay Kumar Singh
|1
|-
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!14<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=LS Polls 2024: INDIA bloc finalises seat-sharing for Jharkhand, Congress to contest on 7 seats, JMM 5 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/ls-polls-2024-india-bloc-finalises-seat-sharing-for-jharkhand-congress-to-contest-on-7-seats-jmm-5-422204-2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
! Symbolic
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|Mahendra Pathak
|4<ref>https://www.news18.com/elections/cpi-announces-names-of-candidates-in-4-ls-constituencies-in-jharkhand-8835285.html</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px|centre]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px|centre]]
|
|1
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tala Marandi]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Vijay Kumar Hansdak]]
|-
!2
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sita Soren]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Nalin Soren]]
|-
!3
|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nishikant Dubey]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|-
!4
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kalicharan Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Krishna Nand Tripathi]]
|-
!5
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Annpurna Devi]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh]]
|-
!6
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|{{party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Mathura Prasad Mahto]]
|-
!7
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dulu Mahato
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anupama Singh
|-
!8
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Yashashwini Sahay
|-
!9
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Samir Mohanty]]
|-
!10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Geeta Koda]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Joba Majhi]]
|-
!11
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalicharan Munda
|-
!12
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sameer Oraon]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]]
|-
!13
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|Mamta Bhuiyan
|-
!14
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manish Jaiswal
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Jharkhand (14)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Jharkhand}}

==Voter turnout==
===Phase wise===

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
!Phase
!Poll date
!Constituencies
!Voter turnout (%)
|-
!IV
|13 May 2024
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum (ST)]], [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti (ST)]], [[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga (ST)]], [[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu (SC)]]
|66.01%
|-
!V
|20 May 2024
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]], [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]], [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|63.21%
|-
!VI
|25 May 2024
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]], [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]], [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|65.39%
|-
!VII
|1 June 2024
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal (ST)]], [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka (ST)]], [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|
|-
!colspan="3"|Total
!
|}

===Constituency wise===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Constituency
! Poll date
! Turnout
! Swing
|-
!1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
|rowspan="3" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|70.78%
|{{Decrease}} 1.27%
|-
!2
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
|73.87%
|{{Increase}} 0.44%
|-
!3
|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|68.63%
|{{Decrease}} 0.94%
|-
!4
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|63.69%
|{{Decrease}} 1.28%
|-
!5
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|61.81%
|{{Decrease}} 4.87%
|-
!6
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|67.23%
|{{Increase}} 0.11%
|-
!7
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|62.06%
|{{Increase}} 1.59%
|-
!8
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|65.36%
|{{Increase}} 0.87%
|-
!9
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|67.68%
|{{Increase}} 0.49%
|-
!10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
|rowspan="4" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|69.32%
|{{Increase}} 0.06%
|-
!11
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|69.93%
|{{Increase}} 0.68%
|-
!12
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
|66.45%
|{{Increase}} 0.15%
|-
!13
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]] (SC)
|61.27%
|{{Decrease}} 3.07%
|-
!14
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|64.39%
|{{Decrease}} 0.46%
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|76,81,990
|44.60
|{{Decrease}} 7.00
|13
|8
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]
|4,51,139
|2.62
|{{Decrease}} 1.78
|1
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|81,33,129
|style="background:#fef3e8"|47.22
|style="background:#fef3e8"|{{Decrease}} 8.78
|style="background:#fef3e8"|14
|style="background:#fef3e8"|9
|style="background:#fef3e8"|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="5"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|33,19,345
|19.19
|{{Increase}} 3.39
|7
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|25,17,556
|14.60
|{{Increase}} 2.90
|5
|3
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|4,81,555
|2.77
|{{Decrease}} 0.33
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(M-L)L]]
|4,14,643
|2.41
|{{Decrease}} 1.91
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|67,33,099
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|38.97
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Increase}} 4.39
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|14
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|5
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand#Others|Others]]
|6,28,519
|3.65
|{{Increase}} 0.28
|114
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|15,51,763
|9.00
|{{Increase}} 4.80
|102
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|1,95,472
|1.13
|{{Decrease}} 0.13
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!1,72,41,982
!100%
!{{Steady}}
!244
! 14
!{{Steady}}
|-
| colspan="4" |Votes Cast
|1,72,41,982
|66.74%
! colspan="4" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Total Electors
|2,58,33,046
! colspan="5" |
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
|70.78% {{decrease}}
|[[Vijay Kumar Hansdak]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|6,13,371
|50.35%
|[[Tala Marandi]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,35,107
|35.72%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,78,264
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|14.63%
|-
!2
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
|73.87% {{increase}}
|[[Nalin Soren]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|5,47,370
|46.23%
|[[Sita Soren]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5,24,843
|44.32%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|22,527
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1.91%
|-
!3
|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|68.63% {{decrease}}
|[[Nishikant Dubey]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6,93,140
|49.57%
|[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,91,327
|42.29%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,01,813
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|7.28%
|-
!4
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|63.69%{{decrease}}
|[[Kalicharan Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5,74,556
|52.89%
|[[Krishna Nand Tripathi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,53,597
|32.55%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,20,959
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|20.34%
|-
!5
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|61.81%{{decrease}}
|[[Annpurna Devi]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7,91,657
|57.79%
|[[Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(M-L)L]]
|4,14,643
|30.27%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3,77,014
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|27.52%
|-
!6
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|67.23% {{increase}}
|[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|{{Party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]
|4,51,139
|35.67%
|[[Mathura Prasad Mahto]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|3,70,259
|29.27%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|80,880
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|6.40%
|-
!7
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|62.06% {{increase}}
|[[Dulu Mahato]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7,89,172
|55.26%
|Anupama Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,57,589
|32.04%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3,31,583
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|23.22%
|-
!8
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|65.36% {{increase}}
|[[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6,64,732
|45.91%
|Yashashwini Sahay
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,44,220
|37.59%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,20,512
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|8.32%
|-
!9
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|67.68% {{increase}}
|[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7,26,174
|56.84%
|[[Samir Mohanty]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|4,66,392
|36.5%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,59,782
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|20.34%
|-
!10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
|69.32% {{Increase}}
|[[Joba Majhi]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|5,20,164
|51.62%
|[[Geeta Koda]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,51,762
|34.91%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,68,402
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|16.71%
|-
!11
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|69.93% {{Increase}}
|[[Kali Charan Munda]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,11,647
|54.62%
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,61,972
|38.64%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,49,675
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|15.98%
|-
!12
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
|66.45% {{Increase}}
|[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,83,038
|49.95%
|[[Sameer Oraon]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,43,900
|35.56%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,39,138
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|14.39%
|-
!13
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]] (SC)
|61.27% {{Decrease}}
|[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7,70,362
|55.39%
|Mamta Bhuiyan
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|4,81,555
|34.63%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,88,807
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|20.76%
|-
!14
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|64.39% {{decrease}}
|[[Manish Jaiswal]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6,54,163
|51.76%
|[[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,77,927
|29.88%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,76,686
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|21.88%
|}

=== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ===
[[File:2024 Jharkhand Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|2024 Jharkhand Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|thumb|300px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Party
!Assembly segments
!Current Position in the Assembly (as of 2024 election)
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="5"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|47
|21
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}"|
! [[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]
|5
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|rowspan=2|''Did Not Contest''
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|1
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|52
|style="background:#fef3e8"|24
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="5"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|15
|16
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
! [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|14
|34
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
! [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|0
|4
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|0
|2
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|29
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|56
|-
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
!rowspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA"|Others
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}"|
! [[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|JLKM]]
|0
|1
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA"|Total
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|0
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|1
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!colspan=2|81
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Jharkhand elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2020s in Jharkhand]]

S. Jayachandran Nair

2026-04-30T00:44:09Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting info

{{Short description|Indian journalist (1939–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = S. Jayachandran Nair
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_upright =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1939}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[Travancore]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2025|1|2|85}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Journalist, writer, script writer
| years_active = 1957−2012
| era =
| known_for = Journalistic achievements
| notable_works = [[Piravi]] [[Swaham]] Ente Pradakshina Vazhikal Mouna Prathanapole
| spouse = Saraswathi Amma
| children = Two children
| parents = 
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]] [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] K. Balakrishnan Memorial Award K. C. Sebastian Award [[M. V. Pylee]] Jornalism Award K. Vijayaraghavan Smaraka Puraskaram [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] Journalism Award
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''S. Jayachandran Nair''' (1939 – 2 January 2025) was an Indian journalist, writer and screenwriter from the south Indian state of Kerala. He was known for his journalistic activities which included the founding of [[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]], a [[Malayalam]] language newsweekly and website published by [[The New Indian Express]] group as well as for his association with the award winning films, [[Piravi]] and [[Swaham]], both directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]]. He was the author of a number of literary works in Malayalam for which he received honors such as [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]], [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]], ''K. Balakrishnan Award'', ''K. C. Sebastian Award'', ''[[M. V. Pylee]] Journalism Award'', ''K. Vijayaraghavan Smaraka Puraskaram'' and ''[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] Journalism Award''.

== Biography ==
S. Jayachandran Nair was born in 1939 at Sreevaraham, a residential area in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Jayachandran Nair.S - Kerala Media Academy">{{Cite web |title=Jayachandran Nair.S - Kerala Media Academy |url=http://keralamediaacademy.org/archives/?q=content/jayachandran-nairs |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=keralamediaacademy.org}}</ref> After graduating from the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]], he joined [[Kerala Kaumudi]] as an editorial staff in 1957.<ref name="Former editor of Samakalika Malayalam S Jayachandran Nair passes away">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2 January 2025 |title=Former editor of Samakalika Malayalam S Jayachandran Nair passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/02/former-editor-of-samakalika-malayalam-s-jayachandran-nair-passes-away |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Though he moved to ''Malayalashabdham'', a weekly published from [[Kollam]], in 1967, he returned to Kaumudi group and became the associate editor of [[Kalakaumudi]], when the weekly was launched in 1975.<ref name="Senior journalist S Jayachandran Nair passes away">{{Cite web |title=Senior journalist S Jayachandran Nair passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/senior-journalist-s-jayachandran-nair-passes-away-3339429 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Later, he became the editor of the weekly where he served until 1997 and moved to [[The New Indian Express Group]] to become the founder editor of [[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]], a weekly started by the Group.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam founder-editor S Jayachandran Nair passes away">{{Cite web |title=Samakalika Malayalam founder-editor S Jayachandran Nair passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/02/samakalika-malayalam-founder-s-jayachandran-nair-passed-away.html |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Samakalika Malayalam founder-editor S Jayachandran Nair passes away |language=en}}</ref> He worked there till 2012 when he retired from active service.<ref name="Jayachandran Nair resigns">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2012 |title=Jayachandran Nair resigns |url=https://www.kvartha.com/news/kerala/jayachandran-nair-resign-from-malayalamhtml/cid14503775.htm |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=KERALA VARTHA |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Veteran Malayalam journalist and award-winning author S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Veteran Malayalam journalist and award-winning author S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/kerala/story/renowned-malayalam-journalist-and-writer-s-jayachandran-nair-dies-at-85-2658866-2025-01-02 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
Jayachandran Nair was known to have been instrumental in bringing the literary column, ''Sahithya Varaphalam'', written by [[M. Krishnan Nair (author)|M. Krishnan Nair]] to Kalakaumudi and [[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]], when he was serving as the editor of those weeklies.<ref name="Former editor of Samakalika Malayalam S Jayachandran Nair passes away" /> He has written a number of books, covering the genres of biography, literary criticism, cinema, prose and literature.<ref name="Kerala University Library catalog">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=S. Jayachandran |date=3 January 2025 |title=Kerala University Library catalog |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> His autobiography, ''Ente Pradhakshina Vazhikal'', won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]] in 2012.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/awardukal/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Kerala Sahithya Academi}}</ref> He was closely associated with the new wave Malayalam cinema and he entered the field in 1989, by producing the debut film of [[Shaji N. Karun]], [[Piravi]] for which he also wrote the story. The film went on to win a number of awards, including the [[Caméra d'Or|Caméra d'Or — Mention Spéciale]] at the 1989 [[Cannes Film Festival]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name="A look back at Shaji N Karun’s masterpiece Piravi">{{Cite web |title=A look back at Shaji N Karun's masterpiece Piravi |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/keralaspora/2021/02/07/shaji-n-karun-piravi-movie-depition-of-1975-emergency.html |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Column A look back at Shaji N Karun’s masterpiece Piravi |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Birth (1988)">{{Cite web |title=The Birth (1988) |url=https://mubi.com/en/in/films/piravi |access-date=3 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Later, in 1989. he wrote the screenplay for another Shaji N. Karun venture, the award winning movie, [[Swaham]].<ref name="SWAHAM">{{Cite web |title=SWAHAM |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/swaham/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Shaji Karun on Amitabh Bachchan winning National award for Paa over Mammootty in Kutty Srank: ‘They probably didn’t want a single film to win 6-7 awards’">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2024 |title=Shaji Karun on Amitabh Bachchan winning National award for Paa over Mammootty in Kutty Srank: 'They probably didn't want a single film to win 6-7 awards' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/shaji-karun-on-amitabh-bachchan-winning-national-award-for-paa-over-mammootty-in-kutty-srank-9701628/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He published a work on the filmmaker [[G. Aravindan]] under the title, ''Mounaprararthana Pole'' in 2018 which won the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] in 2018.<ref name="Veteran journalist S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85">{{Cite web |title=Veteran journalist S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85 |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/01/02/mes8-kl-jayachandran-nair-demise.html |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> His career came to an end in 2012, following a controversy involving his decision to stop publishing a poem written by [[Prabha Varma]] in his weekly. This is known to have caused a friction between him and the owners of the publication.<ref name="Jayachandran Nair resigns" />

== Personal life and death ==
Nair was married to Saraswathi Amma and the couple had a son, Jaydeep, and a daughter, Deepa.<ref name="Jayachandran Nair.S - Kerala Media Academy" /><ref name="To My Editor With Gratitude - Balachandran Chullikkad">{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=സമകാലിക മലയാളം |date=2 January 2025 |title=To My Editor With Gratitude - Balachandran Chullikkad |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2025/Jan/02/balachandran-chullikkadu-remembers |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

Nair died from age-related illnesses in Bengaluru, on 2 January 2025, at the age of 85.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam founder-editor S Jayachandran Nair passes away" /><ref name="Senior journalist S Jayachandran Nair passes away" /><ref name="Veteran journalist passes away">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Veteran journalist passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/veteran-journalist-passes-away/article69054339.ece |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]]
* K. Balakrishnan Memorial Award<ref name="Veteran journalist S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85" />
* K. C. Sebastian Award<ref name="Veteran journalist and writer S Jayachandran Nair passes away">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Veteran journalist and writer S Jayachandran Nair passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1454170&u=veteran-journalist-and-writer-s-jayachandran-nair-passes-away |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
* [[M. V. Pylee]] Journalism Award<ref name="Veteran journalist S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85" />
* K. Vijayaraghavan Smaraka Puraskaram<ref name="Veteran journalist and writer S Jayachandran Nair passes away" />
* [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] Journalism Award<ref name="Veteran journalist S Jayachandran Nair dies at 85" />
{{Div col end}}

== Books ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=148001&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Therolikal |date=2011 |publisher=Olive |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=155097&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Rosadalangal |date=2012 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=978-81-8265-387-0 |edition=2nd |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=194974&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Kazhchayude Satyam: Cinema Niroopanam |date=2013 |publisher=Sign Books |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=153881&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Kazhchayude satyam |date=2013 |publisher=Sign Books |isbn=978-81-926086-3-1 |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |last=JAYACHANDRAN NAIR |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=270429&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ: Jeevithavum Ezhuthum |date=2014 |publisher=Prism |location=Kochi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215770&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Godsekkum prathima |date=2015 |publisher=Chintha |location=TVPM}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=154566&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Nizhal veezhaatha veilthundukal |date=2015 |publisher=Current Books |isbn=978-81-226-1302-5 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=156340&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Ilakal kozhiyatha marangal |date=2015 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=978-81-8266-565-1 |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jayachandran Nair |first1=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=687744&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Andre Tarkovsky: Life and Work |last2=ജയചന്ദ്രൻനായർ |first2=എസ് |date=2016 |publisher=Kairali books private limited |isbn=978-93-86197-44-3 |location=Kannur}}
* {{Cite book |last=JAYACHANDRAN NAIR |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=189523&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Bakkipathram |date=2017 |publisher=Green Books Pvt. Ltd |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayachandran Nair |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=688926&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Swathanthryathinu 21 Divasam |date=2018 |publisher=Kairali books private limited |isbn=978-93-86822-90-1 |location=Kannur}}
* {{Cite book |last=JAYACHANDRAN NAIR |first=S. |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=191418&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |title=Marakkuthira |date=2019 |publisher=Green books |isbn=978-93-88830-32-4 |location=Thrissur}}
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai]]
* [[Sukumar Azhikode]]
* [[Babu Bharadwaj]]
* [[V. K. Madhavan Kutty]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|Journalism|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Results of search for 'au:"Jayachandran Nair, S."' ›Kerala University Library catalog |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%2522Jayachandran%2520Nair%252C%2520S.%2522 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=കബീർ |first=പി എ |date=2 January 2025 |title=M. V. Govindan on S Jayachandran Nair |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/s-jayachandran-nair-death-condolence-by-mv-govindan-master-cpim-kb1 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Kairali News |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title='Senior editor writer S Jayachandran Nair - interview' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/interviews/senior-editor-writer-s-jayachandran-nair-interview-republish-1.10217384 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, S. Jayachandran}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

ISBN

2026-04-29T10:24:36Z

Tudu Hommie: Started new data...

{{Short description|Unique numeric book identifier since 1970}}
{{Distinguish|ISSN|ISDN}}
{{For|the use of ISBNs on Bharatpedia|Bharatpedia:ISBN|selfref=y}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox identifier
| name = International Standard Book Number
| image = EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg
| image_caption = A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an [[International Article Number|EAN-13 bar code]]
| image_class = notheme
| image_style = background-color: #f8f9fa;
| acronym = ISBN
| start_date = {{Start date and age|1970}}<ref name="history"/>
| organisation = International ISBN Agency
| digits = 13 (formerly 10)
| check_digit = Weighted sum
| example = 978-3-16-148410-0
| website = {{URL|https://isbn-international.org/}}
}}

The '''International Standard Book Number''' ('''ISBN''') is a numeric commercial [[book]] [[identifier]] that is intended to be unique.{{efn|Occasionally, publishers erroneously assign an ISBN to more than one title—the first edition of ''[[The Ultimate Alphabet]]'' and ''The Ultimate Alphabet Workbook'' have the same ISBN, 0-8050-0076-3. Conversely, the same book can be published with several ISBNs: A German second-language edition of {{lang|de|[[Emil and the Detectives|Emil und die Detektive]]}} has the ISBNs 87-23-90157-8 (Denmark), 0-8219-1069-8 (United States), 91-21-15628-X (Sweden), 0-85048-548-7 (United Kingdom) and 3-12-675495-3 (Germany).}}{{efn|In some cases, books sold only as a set share the same ISBN. For example, the [[Jack Vance#The Vance Integral Edition|Vance Integral Edition]] used only two ISBNs for 44 books.}} Publishers purchase or receive ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International ISBN Agency|url=https://www.isbn-international.org/|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224032510/https://www.isbn-international.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An ISBN cannot be used as a generic identifier for a work or title. A different ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation of a publication, but not to a simple reprinting of an existing item. For example, an [[e-book]], a [[paperback]] and a [[hardcover]] edition of the same [[book]] must each have a different ISBN, but an unchanged reprint of the hardcover edition keeps the same ISBN. The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007.{{efn|name=conversion|Publishers were required to convert existing ISBNs from the 10-digit format to the 13-digit format (in their publication records) by 1 January 2007. For ''existing'' publications, the new 13-digit ISBN would only need to be added if (and when) a publication was reprinted. During the transition period, publishers were recommended to print ''both'' the 10-digit and 13-digit ISBNs on the verso of a publication's title page, but they were required to print ''only'' the 13-digit ISBN after 1 January 2007.<ref name="LAC FAQ" />}} The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country.

The first version of the ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit '''Standard Book Numbering''' ('''SBN''') created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 (any 9-digit SBN can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero).

Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns ISBNs to such books on its own initiative.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Philip |year=1992 |url=http://www.theindexer.org/files/18-1/18-1_025.pdf |title=Book numbering: The importance of the ISBN |format=PDF [245KB] |journal=The Indexer |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.3828/indexer.1992.18.1.11 |s2cid=193442570 |access-date=4 September 2009 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221021131/https://www.theindexer.org/files/18-1/18-1_025.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A separate identifier code of a similar kind, the [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as [[magazine]]s and [[newspaper]]s. The [[International Standard Music Number]] (ISMN) covers [[Sheet music|musical scores]].

== History==
The Standard Book Number (SBN) is a commercial system using nine-digit [[code]] numbers to identify books. In 1965, British bookseller and stationers [[WHSmith]] announced plans to implement a standard numbering system for its books.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url= http://www.isbn.org/ISBN_history |title=ISBN History |publisher=isbn.org |date=20 April 2014 |access-date= 20 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140420232459/http://www.isbn.org/ISBN_history |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> They hired consultants to work on their behalf, and the system was devised by [[Gordon Foster]], emeritus professor of statistics at [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref name="From Archive.org-4646971">{{cite web |url= http://www.informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net/isbn.html |title= International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN) System original 1966 report |publisher=informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net |year=1966 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024722/http://www.informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net/isbn.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead |first= Gordon |last=Foster}}</ref> The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) Technical Committee on Documentation sought to adapt the British SBN for international use. The ISBN identification format was conceived in 1967 in the United Kingdom by [[David Whitaker (publisher)|David Whitaker]]<ref name="ktieb">{{cite book |title=Manwal ghall-Utenti tal-ISBN |url=http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf |publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb |edition=6th |language=mt |location=[[Malta]] |date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN |archive-date=17 August 2016 |page=5 |isbn=978-99957-889-4-0 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://internationalpublishers.org/it-was-an-idea-whose-time-had-come-david-whitaker-on-the-birth-of-isbn/|title='It was an idea whose time had come.' David Whitaker on the birth of ISBN|last=Charkin|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Charkin|date=17 July 2015|website=[[International Publishers Association]]|language=en-GB|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806111624/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/standards-news/318-it-was-an-idea-whose-time-had-come-david-whitaker-on-the-birth-of-isbn|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (regarded as the "Father of the ISBN")<ref name="niso.org">{{citation |url= http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf |title=Emery Koltay, David Whitaker Named NISO Fellows |journal=Information Standards Quarterly |date=July 1996 |pages=12–13 |volume=8 |number=3 |publisher=National Information Standards Organization |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804153745/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf | archive-date= 4 August 2014 }}</ref> and in 1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay<ref name="ktieb" /> (who later became director of the U.S. ISBN agency [[R. R. Bowker]]).<ref name="niso.org" /><ref>{{cite web |author=US ISBN Agency |url=http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.asp |title=Bowker.com – Products |publisher=Commerce.bowker.com |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-date=19 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219215516/http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Gregory |url= http://www.printrs.com/isbn.htm |title=ISBN |publisher=PrintRS |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516011735/http%3A//www.printrs.com/isbn.htm |archive-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref>

The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the ISO and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.<ref name="history" /><ref name="ktieb" /> The United Kingdom continued to use the nine-digit SBN code until 1974. ISO has appointed the International ISBN Agency as the [[registration authority]] for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN Standard is developed under the control of ISO Technical Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 [[TC 46/SC 9]]. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978.<ref>{{citation |format= PDF |url= https://www.iso.org/standard/6898.html |title= ISO 2108:1978 |publisher= ISO |access-date= 12 June 2020 |archive-date= 10 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221010155546/https://www.iso.org/standard/6898.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
[[File:Total Number of Registration ISBN 2020.png|thumb|Total number of ISBN registrations. 2020.]]
An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit "0". For example, the second edition of ''[[The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories|Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns]]'', published by Hodder in 1965, has {{Nowrap|"SBN 340 01381 8"}}, where "340" indicates the [[Publishing|publisher]], "01381" is the serial number assigned by the publisher, and "8" is the [[check digit]]. By prefixing a zero, this can be converted to {{ISBN|0-340-01381-8}}; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated. Some publishers, such as [[Ballantine Books]], would sometimes use 12-digit SBNs where the last three digits indicated the price of the book;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22SBN+345%22&sin=TXT|title=Internet Archive Search: "SBN 345"|website=archive.org}}</ref> for example, ''Woodstock Handmade Houses'' had a 12-digit Standard Book Number of 345-24223-8-595 (valid SBN: 345-24223-8, {{text|ISBN}}: {{not a typo|0-345-24223-8}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haney |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/woodstockhandmad00robe |title=Woodstock handmade houses |date=1974 |publisher=Ballantine Books |others=David Ballantine, Jonathan Elliott |isbn=0-345-24223-8 |location=New York |oclc=2057258 |access-date=26 May 2021 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625225043/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2057258 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and it cost {{USD|5.95}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haney |first1=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/woodstockhandmad00robe/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Woodstock Handmade Houses |last2=Ballantine |first2=David |last3=Elliott |first3=Jonathan |via=web.archive.org |publisher=Ballantine |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-345-24223-5 |edition=1st |access-date=May 26, 2021 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained thirteen digits, a format that is compatible with "[[Bookland]]" [[European Article Number]]s, which have 13 digits.<ref name="LAC FAQ">{{cite web | url=http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm | title=Frequently Asked Questions about the new ISBN standard |website=ISO TC 46/SC 9 | publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |date=May 31, 2005 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160919/http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm | archive-date=10 June 2007 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since 2016, ISBNs have also been used to identify [[mobile game]]s by China's [[General Administration of Press and Publication|Administration of Press and Publication]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tang |first=AnJie Broad Law Firm-Tracey |date=2020-03-09 |title=China Game Regulatory Authority Seeks to Tighten Game License Rules |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9bd9f253-2a5e-4a35-8130-4bf1e6876e3c |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Lexology |language=en}}</ref>

The [[United States]], with 3.9 million registered ISBNs in 2020, was by far the biggest user of the ISBN identifier in 2020, followed by [[South Korea]] (329,582), [[Germany]] (284,000), [[China]] (263,066), the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (188,553) and [[Indonesia]] (144,793). Lifetime ISBNs registered in the United States are over 39 million as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2020 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4616&plang=EN |access-date=2023-11-13 |date=2022 |doi=10.34667/tind.46277 |publisher=[[WIPO]] |language=en |author1=International Publishers Association (IPa) |author2=World Intellectual Property Organization |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917125219/https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4616&plang=EN |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Overview ==
A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an ebook, [[audiobook]], paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book must each have a different ISBN assigned to it.<ref name="7th edition Users' Manual" />{{rp|12}} The ISBN of an electronic publication is often colloquially called "[[wikt:eISBN|eISBN]]",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinsher |first=Philip |date=2023-06-28 |title=Do You Need an ISBN for an eBook? |url=https://blog.bookbaby.com/how-to-self-publish/ebooks/do-you-need-an-isbn-for-an-ebook |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=BookBaby Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=eISBN |url=https://support.google.com/books/partner/answer/3394229?hl=en |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Google Play Books Partner Center Help}}</ref> however no such notation is present in the documentation. Whether a publication is electronic or print cannot be inferred from the ISBN only. The ISBN is thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and ten digits long if assigned before 2007.{{efn|name=conversion}}<ref name="LAC FAQ" /> An International Standard Book Number consists of four parts (if it is a 10-digit ISBN) or five parts (for a 13-digit ISBN).

Section 5 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual<ref name="7th edition Users' Manual" />{{rp|11}} describes the structure of the 13-digit ISBN, as follows:
[[File:ISBN Details.svg|thumb|The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN‑13 and barcode. Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN‑13 labeled "EAN" is the [[Bookland]] country code.]]

# for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – a ''[[GS1]] prefix'': so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,
# the ''registration group element'' (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory),{{efn|Some books have several codes in the first block: e.g. A. M. Yaglom's ''Correlation Theory...'', published by [[Springer Verlag]], has two ISBNs, {{ISBNT|0-387-96331-6|3-540-96331-6|leadout=and}}. Though Springer's 387 and 540 codes are different for English (0) and German (3); the same item number 96331 produces the same check digit for both (6). Springer uses 431 as the publisher code for Japanese (4), and 4-431-96331-? also has a check digit of 6. Other Springer books in English have publisher code 817, and 0-817-96331-? would also have a check digit of 6. This suggests that special considerations were made for assigning Springer's publisher codes, as random assignments of different publisher codes would not be expected to lead by coincidence to the same check digit every time for the same item number. Finding publisher codes for English and German, say, with this effect would amount to solving a linear equation in modular arithmetic.{{Original research inline|This note may contain original research|date=May 2019}}}}
# the ''registrant'' element,
# the ''publication element'', and
# a ''[[checksum]] character'' or [[check digit]].

A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts (''prefix element'', ''registration group'', ''registrant'', ''publication'' and ''check digit''), and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with [[hyphen]]s or spaces. Separating the parts (''registration group'', ''registrant'', ''publication'' and ''check digit'') of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces. Figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits.{{efn|The International ISBN Agency's ''ISBN User's Manual'' says: "The ten-digit number is divided into four parts of variable length, which must be separated clearly, by hyphens or spaces", although omission of separators is permitted for internal data processing. If present, hyphens must be correctly placed.<ref name="range_file_generation">{{cite web|url=https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation|title=ISBN Ranges|year=2014|publisher=International ISBN Agency|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429101326/https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual definition for hyphenation contains more than 220 different registration group elements with each one broken down into a few to several ranges for the length of the registrant element (more than 1,000 total). The document defining the ranges, listed by agency, is 29 pages.}} Online tools such the ISBN Converter provided by the [[Library of Congress]] and ISBNBarcode.org can assist with hyphenation and generate standard barcodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISBN Converter |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/preassigned-control-number/isbn-converter/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISBN Barcode Generator - Professional ISBN Barcodes |url=https://isbnbarcode.org/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=isbnbarcode.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Issuing process ===
ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for that country or territory regardless of the publication language. The ranges of ISBNs assigned to any particular country are based on the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so the ranges will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type, and size of publishers that are active. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture and thus may receive direct funding from the government to support their services. In other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organizations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ISBN Canada|url = http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/isbn-canada/Pages/isbn-canada.aspx |date = 17 April 2013|access-date = 19 January 2016|publisher = [[Library and Archives Canada|LAC]]|archive-date = 21 April 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200421235618/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/isbn-canada/Pages/isbn-canada.aspx|url-status = dead }}</ref>

A full directory of ISBN agencies is available on the International ISBN Agency website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isbn-international.org/agencies|title=Find an agency |website=International ISBN Agency |access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420020626/https://www.isbn-international.org/agencies|url-status=live}}</ref> A list for a few countries is given below:
* Australia – Thorpe-Bowker<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/US_isbn_agency|title=About the Australian ISBN Agency |publisher=[[R. R. Bowker|THORPE-Bowker]] | Identifier Services |access-date=23 January 2016|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416201605/https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/US_isbn_agency|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = ISBN| publisher = Thorpe-Bowker Identifier Services | url = https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/main| access-date = 29 March 2012| archive-date = 2 April 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074747/https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/main| url-status = live}}</ref>
* Brazil – The [[National Library of Brazil]];<ref name="ISBN BR OLD">{{cite web|title=Tabela de preços dos serviços|trans-title=Table of service prices|url=http://www.isbn.bn.br/website/tabela-de-precos|url-status=dead|access-date=8 September 2015|publisher=[[National Library of Brazil|Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil]]|language=pt|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018035854/http://www.isbn.bn.br/website/tabela-de-precos}}</ref> (Up to 28 February 2020)<ref name="isbn-international.org">{{cite web|title=Changes in arrangements for ISBN in Brazil|url=https://www.isbn-international.org/content/changes-arrangements-isbn-brazil/333|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220210/https://www.isbn-international.org/content/changes-arrangements-isbn-brazil/333}}</ref>
* Brazil – [[Câmara Brasileira do Livro]]<ref name="ISBN BR">{{cite web|url=http://www.isbn.org.br/|title=ISBN Brasil|language=pt|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508084634/https://servicos.cbl.org.br/isbn/|url-status=live}}</ref> (From 1 March 2020)<ref name="isbn-international.org"/>
* Canada – English [[Library and Archives Canada]], a government agency; French {{Lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec]]|italic=no}};
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM) secretariat<ref name="ISBN in CARICOM">{{cite web |author=Staff writer |author-link1= |year=2016 |title=Regional ISBN Agency – CARICOM |url=https://isbn.caricom.org/ |url-access= |department= |website=www.caricom.org |language= |publication-place=Georgetown, Guyana |publisher=[[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM) |publication-date=2016 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |mode= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.isbn-international.org/agencies Find an agency], International ISBN Agency</ref> maintains a shared ISBN of '976' for several member states of the Caribbean region.
* Colombia – Cámara Colombiana del Libro, an NGO
* Hong Kong – Books Registration Office (BRO), under the [[Hong Kong Public Libraries]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Books Registration|url=https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-us/services/book-registration/introduction.html|publisher=[[Hong Kong Public Libraries|HKPL]]|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420065651/https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-us/services/book-registration/introduction.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Hungary – Országos Széchényi Könyvtár ([[National Széchényi Library]])
* Iceland – Landsbókasafn ([[National and University Library of Iceland]])
* India – The [[Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency for ISBN]] (Book Promotion and Copyright Division), under Department of Higher Education, a constituent of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138686|title=Union HRD Minister Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani Launches ISBN Portal|date=7 April 2016|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]]|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626201908/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138686|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Israel – The Israel Center for Libraries<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icl.org.il/isbn-eng|title=What is an ISBN ?|date=7 April 2015|website=ICL – מרכז הספר והספריות|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232205/https://www.icl.org.il/isbn-eng|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Italy – ''EDISER srl'', owned by ''Associazione Italiana Editori'' (Italian Publishers Association)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.isbn.it/LAGENZIA.aspx | title = ISBN – Chi siamo e contatti | publisher = EDISER srl | access-date = 3 January 2015 | language = it | trans-title = ISBN – Who we are and contacts | archive-date = 24 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524222541/http://www.isbn.it/LAGENZIA.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="ediser-tariffs">{{cite web|title=ISBN – Tariffe Servizi ISBN|trans-title=ISBN Service Tariffs|url=https://www.isbn.it/TARIFFE.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=3 January 2015|publisher=EDISER srl|language=it|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103161540/http://www.isbn.it/TARIFFE.aspx}}</ref>
* Kenya – [[National Library Service of Kenya|National Library of Kenya]]
* Latvia – [[Latvian ISBN Agency]]
* Lebanon – [[Lebanese ISBN Agency]]
* Maldives – The [[National Bureau of Classification (NBC)]]
* Malta – The [[National Book Council]] ({{langx|mt|Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb|link=no}})<ref>{{cite web|title=ISBN|url=http://ktieb.org.mt/?page_id=22|year=2016|publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023123140/http://ktieb.org.mt/?page_id=22|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf |title=Manwal ghall-Utenti tal-ISBN |date=2016 |publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb |isbn=978-99957-889-4-0 |edition=6th |location=[[Malta]] |pages=1–40 |language=mt |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta|url=https://govcms.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20Gazette/Documents/2015/01/Government%20Gazette%20-%2023%20January.pdf|work=Government Gazette|date=23 January 2015|page=582|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123220053/https://govcms.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20Gazette/Documents/2015/01/Government%20Gazette%20-%2023%20January.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
* Morocco – The National Library of Morocco
* New Zealand – The [[National Library of New Zealand]]<ref name=NLNZ>{{cite web|title=ISBNs, ISSNs, and ISMNs|url=http://natlib.govt.nz/publishers-and-authors/isbns-issns-and-ismns|publisher=[[National Library of New Zealand]]|access-date=19 January 2016|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423113348/https://natlib.govt.nz/publishers-and-authors/isbns-issns-and-ismns|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Nigeria – [[National Library of Nigeria]]
* Pakistan – [[National Library of Pakistan]]
* Philippines – [[National Library of the Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node%2F645|title=International Standard Book Number|publisher=[[National Library of the Philippines|NLP]]|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419212749/http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node%2F645|url-status=live}}</ref>
* South Africa – [[National Library of South Africa]]
* Spain – Spanish ISBN Agency (Spanish: ''Agencia del ISBN'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agencia del ISBN |url=https://www.agenciaisbn.es/web/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231201714/https://www.agenciaisbn.es/web/index.php |archive-date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.agenciaisbn.es}}</ref>
* Turkey – General Directorate of Libraries and Publications, a branch of the [[Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)|Ministry of Culture]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ekygm.gov.tr/isbn.html|title=ISBN – Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü OS|website=ekygm.gov.tr|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419234147/http://ekygm.gov.tr/isbn.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland – ''Nielsen Book Services Ltd'', part of [[NielsenIQ|NIQ]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nielsenisbnstore.com/ | title = Nielsen UK ISBN Agency | publisher = Nielsen UK ISBN Agency | access-date = 2 January 2015 | archive-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029082349/http://www.nielsenisbnstore.com/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
* United States – [[R. R. Bowker]]<ref name="ktieb"/><ref>{{cite web| title = Bowker – ISBN| date = 8 March 2013| publisher = R. R. Bowker| url = http://www.bowker.com/en-US/products/servident_isbn.shtml| access-date = 8 March 2013| archive-date = 31 March 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331032631/http://www.bowker.com/en-US/products/servident_isbn.shtml| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Registration group element ===
{{anchor|Registration Group identifier}}
{{anchor|ISBN format}}
The ISBN [[list of ISBN identifier groups|registration group element]] is a 1-to-5-digit number that is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979),<ref name="7th edition Users' Manual" />{{rp|11}} and can be separated between hyphens, such as {{nobr|"978-1-..."}}. Registration groups have primarily been allocated within the 978 prefix element – many inherited from the 10 digit ISBN.<ref name="ISBN Ranges">{{cite web |url= https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation |title= ISBN Ranges |website=isbn-international.org |at=Select the format you desire and click on the Generate button |date= 29 April 2014 |access-date= 29 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140429101326/https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation |archive-date= 29 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The single-digit registration groups within the 978-prefix element are: 0 or 1 for English-speaking countries; 2 for French-speaking countries; 3 for German-speaking countries; 4 for Japan; 5 for Russian-speaking countries; and 7 for People's Republic of China. Example 5-digit registration groups are 99936 and 99980, for Bhutan.
As of March 2026, the allocated registration groups are: 0–5, 600–634,  65 , 69990, 7, 80–94, 950–989, 9905–9989, and 99901–99998.<ref>See [https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation a complete list of group identifiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429101326/https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation |date=29 April 2014 }}.
ISBN.org sometimes calls them ''group numbers''. Their table of identifiers now refers to ''ISBN prefix ranges'', which must be assumed to be group identifier ranges.</ref> Books published in rare languages typically have longer group elements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hailman |first=Jack Parker |date=2008 |title=Coding and redundancy: man-made and animal-evolved signals |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=209 |isbn=978-0-674-02795-4}}</ref>

Within the 979 prefix element, the registration group 0 is reserved for compatibility with [[International Standard Music Number]]s (ISMNs), but such material is not actually assigned an ISBN.<ref name="6th edition Users' Manual">{{cite book |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/sites/default/files/ISBN%20Manual%202012%20-corr.pdf |title=ISBN Users' Manual, International Edition |edition=6th |date=2012 |page=23 |publisher=International ISBN Agency |location=London |isbn=978-92-95055-02-5 |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429101742/https://www.isbn-international.org/sites/default/files/ISBN%20Manual%202012%20-corr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The registration groups within prefix element 979 that have been assigned are 8 for the United States of America, 10 for France, 11 for the Republic of Korea, and 12 for Italy.<ref name="C4WDefault-5691881">{{cite web |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/export_rangemessagebyprefix.pdf |title=International ISBN Agency – Range Message (pdf sorted by prefix) |page=29 |website=isbn-international.org |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |author=International ISBN Agency |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229084400/https://www.isbn-international.org/export_rangemessagebyprefix.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN.

=== Registrant element ===
The national ISBN agency assigns the registrant element ([[cf.]] [[:Category:ISBN agencies]]) and an accompanying series of ISBNs within that registrant element to the publisher; the publisher then allocates one of the ISBNs to each of its books. In most countries, a book publisher is not legally required to assign an ISBN, although most large bookstores only handle publications that have ISBNs assigned to them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Independent Publishers |url=https://www.waterstones.com/help/independent-publishers/48 |website=Waterstones |access-date=2 February 2020 |quote=Before submitting any titles to our central buying team for consideration, your book must have the following: An ISBN... |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109085858/https://www.waterstones.com/help/independent-publishers/48 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to obtain an ISBN |url=https://help.barnesandnoble.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1262/~/how-to-obtain-an-isbn |website=Barnes & Noble |access-date=2 February 2020 |quote=We use ISBNs to track inventory and sales information. All books Barnes & Noble transacts on must have an ISBN. |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202204227/https://help.barnesandnoble.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1262/~/how-to-obtain-an-isbn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Product ID (GTIN) requirements for Books |url=https://sellercentral.amazon.com/gp/help/external/200786200 |publisher=Amazon.com |access-date=2 February 2020 |quote=Effective June 1, 2017, you must provide an ISBN, EAN, or JAN to list a book in the Amazon catalog, regardless of the book's publication date. |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202211553/https://sellercentral.amazon.com/gp/help/external/200786200 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The International ISBN Agency maintains the details of over one million ISBN prefixes and publishers in the Global Register of Publishers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/content/global-register-publishers |title=Global Register of Publishers |author= |publisher=International ISBN Agency |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115070135/https://www.isbn-international.org/content/global-register-publishers |url-status=dead }}</ref> This database is freely searchable over the internet.

Publishers receive blocks of ISBNs, with larger blocks allotted to publishers expecting to need them; a small publisher may receive ISBNs of one or more digits for the registration group identifier, several digits for the registrant, and a single digit for the publication element. Once that block of ISBNs is used, the publisher may receive another block of ISBNs, with a different registrant element. Consequently, a publisher may have different allotted registrant elements. There also may be more than one registration group identifier used in a country. This might occur once all the registrant elements from a particular registration group have been allocated to publishers.

By using variable block lengths, registration agencies are able to customize the allocations of ISBNs that they make to publishers. For example, a large publisher may be given a block of ISBNs where fewer digits are allocated for the registrant element and many digits are allocated for the publication element; likewise, countries publishing many titles have few allocated digits for the registration group identifier and many for the registrant and publication elements.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Splane|first=Lily|title=The book book : a complete guide to creating a book on your computer|date=2002|publisher=Anaphase II|isbn=0-945962-14-2|edition=2nd|location=San Diego, Calif.|oclc=54527545}}</ref> Here are some sample ISBN-10 codes, illustrating block length variations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; max-width:40em;"
|-
! ISBN || Country or area || Publisher
|-
| <code>99921-58-10-7</code> || Qatar || NCCAH, Doha
|-
| <code>9971-5-0210-0</code> || Singapore || World Scientific
|-
| <code>960-425-059-0</code> || Greece || Sigma Publications
|-
| <code>80-902734-1-6</code> || Czech Republic; Slovakia || Taita Publishers
|-
| <code>85-359-0277-5</code> || Brazil || Companhia das Letras
|-
| <code>1-84356-028-3</code> || English-speaking area || Simon Wallenberg Press
|-
| <code>0-684-84328-5</code> || English-speaking area || Scribner
|-
| <code>0-8044-2957-X</code> || English-speaking area || Frederick Ungar
|-
| <code>0-85131-041-9</code> || English-speaking area || J. A. Allen & Co.
|-
| <code>93-86954-21-4</code> || English-speaking area || Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.
|-
| <code>0-943396-04-2</code> || English-speaking area || Willmann–Bell
|-
| <code>0-9752298-0-X</code> || English-speaking area || KT Publishing
|}

==== English-language pattern ====
English-language registration group elements are 0 and 1 (2 of more than 220 registration group elements). These two registration group elements are divided into registrant elements in a systematic pattern, which allows their length to be determined, as follows:<ref name="range_file_generation"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Publication element length
! colspan="3" | 0 – Registration group element
! colspan="3" | 1 – Registration group element
! rowspan="2" | Total Registrants
|-
! From !! To !! Registrants !! From !! To !! Registrants
|-
! 6 digits
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-00-xxxxxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-19-xxxxxx-x
| 20
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-01-xxxxxx-x 1-05-xxxxxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-02-xxxxxx-x 1-05-xxxxxx-x
| 3
| 23
|-
! 5 digits
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-200-xxxxx-x 0-229-xxxxx-x 0-370-xxxxx-x 0-640-xxxxx-x 0-646-xxxxx-x 0-649-xxxxx-x 0-656-xxxxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-227-xxxxx-x 0-368-xxxxx-x 0-638-xxxxx-x 0-644-xxxxx-x 0-647-xxxxx-x 0-654-xxxxx-x 0-699-xxxxx-x
| 494
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-000-xxxxx-x 1-030-xxxxx-x 1-040-xxxxx-x 1-100-xxxxx-x 1-714-xxxxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-009-xxxxx-x 1-034-xxxxx-x 1-047-xxxxx-x 1-397-xxxxx-x 1-716-xxxxx-x
| 324
| 818
|-
! 4 digits
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-2280-xxxx-x 0-3690-xxxx-x 0-6390-xxxx-x 0-6550-xxxx-x 0-7000-xxxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-2289-xxxx-x 0-3699-xxxx-x 0-6397-xxxx-x 0-6559-xxxx-x 0-8499-xxxx-x
| 1,538
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-0350-xxxx-x 1-0480-xxxx-x 1-0700-xxxx-x 1-3980-xxxx-x 1-6500-xxxx-x 1-6860-xxxx-x 1-7170-xxxx-x 1-7620-xxxx-x 1-7900-xxxx-x 1-8672-xxxx-x 1-9730-xxxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-0399-xxxx-x 1-0499-xxxx-x 1-0999-xxxx-x 1-5499-xxxx-x 1-6799-xxxx-x 1-7139-xxxx-x 1-7319-xxxx-x 1-7634-xxxx-x 1-7999-xxxx-x 1-8675-xxxx-x 1-9877-xxxx-x
| 2,887
| 4,425
|-
! 3 digits
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-85000-xxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-89999-xxx-x
| 5,000
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-55000-xxx-x 1-68000-xxx-x 1-74000-xxx-x 1-76500-xxx-x 1-77540-xxx-x 1-77650-xxx-x 1-77830-xxx-x 1-80000-xxx-x 1-83850-xxx-x 1-86760-xxx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-64999-xxx-x 1-68599-xxx-x 1-76199-xxx-x 1-77499-xxx-x 1-77639-xxx-x 1-77699-xxx-x 1-78999-xxx-x 1-83799-xxx-x 1-86719-xxx-x 1-86979-xxx-x
| 22,010
| 27,010
|-
! 2 digits
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-900000-xx-x 0-900372-xx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-900370-xx-x 0-949999-xx-x
| 49,999
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-869800-xx-x 1-916506-xx-x 1-916908-xx-x 1-919565-xx-x 1-919655-xx-x 1-987800-xx-x 1-991200-xx-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-915999-xx-x 1-916869-xx-x 1-919163-xx-x 1-919599-xx-x 1-972999-xx-x 1-991149-xx-x 1-998989-xx-x
| 113,340
| 163,339
|-
! 1 digit
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-6398000-x-x 0-6450000-x-x 0-6480000-x-x 0-9003710-x-x 0-9500000-x-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 0-6399999-x-x 0-6459999-x-x 0-6489999-x-x 0-9003719-x-x 0-9999999-x-x
| 522,010
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-0670000-x-x 1-7320000-x-x 1-7635000-x-x 1-7750000-x-x 1-7764000-x-x 1-7770000-x-x 1-8380000-x-x 1-9160000-x-x 1-9168700-x-x 1-9191640-x-x 1-9196000-x-x 1-9911500-x-x 1-9989900-x-x
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 1-0699999-x-x 1-7399999-x-x 1-7649999-x-x 1-7753999-x-x 1-7764999-x-x 1-7782999-x-x 1-8384999-x-x 1-9165059-x-x 1-9169079-x-x 1-9195649-x-x 1-9196549-x-x 1-9911999-x-x 1-9999999-x-x
| 168,600
| 690,610
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:right;" | Total
| 579,061
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | Total
| 307,164
| 886,225
|}

== Check digits ==
A [[check digit]] is a form of redundancy check used for [[error detection]], the decimal equivalent of a binary [[check bit]]. It consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the number. The method for the 10-digit ISBN is an extension of that for SBNs, so the two systems are compatible; an SBN prefixed with a zero (the 10-digit ISBN) will give the same check digit as the SBN without the zero. The check digit is base eleven, and can be an integer between 0 and 9, or an 'X'. The system for 13-digit ISBNs is not compatible with SBNs and will, in general, give a different check digit from the corresponding 10-digit ISBN, so does not provide the same protection against transposition. This is because the 13-digit code was required to be compatible with the [[European Article Number|EAN]] format, and hence could not contain the letter 'X'.

===ISBN-10 check digits===
According to the 2001 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/international/html/usm4.htm |title=ISBN Users' Manual (2001 edition) – 4. Structure of ISBN |publisher=International ISBN Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043458/http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/international/html/usm4.htm |archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> the ISBN-10 check digit (which is the last digit of the 10-digit ISBN) must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol 'X' is used for 10), and must be such that the sum of the ten digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 1, is a multiple of 11. That is, if {{var|x}}{{sub|{{var|i}}}} is the {{var|i}}th digit (numbering from left to right), then {{var|x}}{{sub|10}} must be chosen such that:
{{block indent|<math>\sum_{i = 1}^{10} (11-i)x_i \equiv 0 \pmod{11}.</math>}}
For example, for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-2:
{{block indent|<math>
\begin{align}
s &= (0\times 10) + (3\times 9) + (0\times 8) + (6\times 7) + (4\times 6) + (0\times 5) + (6\times 4) + (1\times 3) + (5\times 2) + (2\times 1) \\
&= 0 + 27 + 0 + 42 + 24 + 0 + 24 + 3 + 10 + 2\\
&= 132 = 12\times 11.
\end{align}
</math>}}

Formally, using [[modular arithmetic]], this is rendered
{{block indent|<math>(10x_1+9x_2+8x_3+7x_4+6x_5+5x_6+4x_7+3x_8+2x_9+x_{10})\equiv 0 \pmod{11}.</math>}}

It is also true for ISBN 10s that the sum of all ten digits, each multiplied by its weight in ''ascending'' order from 1 to 10, is a multiple of 11. For this example:
{{block indent|<math>
\begin{align}
s &= (0\times 1) + (3\times 2) + (0\times 3) + (6\times 4) + (4\times 5) + (0\times 6) + (6\times 7) + (1\times 8) + (5\times 9) + (2\times 10) \\
&= 0 + 6 + 0 + 24 + 20 + 0 + 42 + 8 + 45 + 20\\
&= 165 = 15\times 11.
\end{align}
</math>}}

Formally, this is rendered
{{block indent|<math>(x_1 + 2x_2 + 3x_3 + 4x_4 + 5x_5 + 6x_6 + 7x_7 + 8x_8 + 9x_9 + 10x_{10})\equiv 0 \pmod{11}.</math>}}

The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g. when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. It can be proven mathematically that all pairs of valid ISBN 10s differ in at least two digits. It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid ISBN 10s with eight identical digits and two transposed digits (these proofs are true because the ISBN is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a [[prime number]]). The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of error, i.e., if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never be a valid ISBN—the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never be a multiple of 11. However, if the error were to occur in the publishing house and remain undetected, the book would be issued with an invalid ISBN.<ref>For example, ''I'saka: a sketch grammar of a language of north-central New Guinea.'' Pacific Linguistics. ISBN "0-85883-554-4".</ref>

In contrast, it is possible for other types of error, such as two altered non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although it is still unlikely).

===ISBN-10 check digit calculation===

Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN—excluding the check digit itself—is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of 11.

For example, the check digit for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-''?'' is calculated as follows:
{{block indent|<math>
\begin{align}
s &= (0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2)\\
&= 130.
\end{align}
</math>}}
Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (because 132 = 12×11)—this is the only number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. If the value of <math>x_{10}</math> required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should be used.

Alternatively, [[modular arithmetic]] is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. The [[remainder]] of this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This remainder plus the check digit must equal either 0 or 11. Therefore, the check digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11. Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could result in a check digit value of {{nobr|11 − 0 {{=}} 11}}, which is invalid. (Strictly speaking, the ''first'' "modulo 11" is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify the calculation.)

For example, the check digit for the <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> of 0-306-40615-''?'' is calculated as follows:
{{block indent|<math>
\begin{align}
s &= (11 - ( ( (0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2) ) \,\bmod\, 11 ) ) \,\bmod\, 11\\
&= (11 - ( (0 + 27 + 0 + 42 + 24 + 0 + 24 + 3 + 10 ) \,\bmod\, 11) ) \,\bmod\, 11\\
&= (11-((130) \,\bmod\, 11))\,\bmod\, 11 \\
&= (11-(9))\,\bmod\, 11 \\
&= 2\,\bmod\, 11 \\
&= 2
\end{align}
</math>}}

Thus the check digit is 2.

It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding <code>t</code> into <code>s</code> computes the necessary multiples:
<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
// Returns ISBN error syndrome, zero for a valid ISBN, non-zero for an invalid one.
// digits[i] must be between 0 and 10.
int CheckISBN(int const digits[10]) {
int i, s = 0, t = 0;

for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
t += digits[i];
s += t;
}
return s % 11;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case <code>s</code> could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid <nowiki>ISBN 99999-999-9-X</nowiki>), or <code>s</code> and <code>t</code> could be reduced by a conditional subtract after each addition.

===ISBN-13 check digit calculation===
Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual<ref name="7th edition Users' Manual">{{cite book |url=https://www.kb.se/download/18.71dda82e160c04f1cc412bc/1531827912246/ISBN%20International%20Users%20Manual%20-%207th%20edition.pdf |via=Kungliga biblioteket |title=ISBN Users' Manual, International Edition |edition=7th |date=2017 |publisher=International ISBN Agency |location=London |isbn=978-92-95055-12-4 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211194637/https://www.kb.se/download/18.71dda82e160c04f1cc412bc/1531827912246/ISBN%20International%20Users%20Manual%20-%207th%20edition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|33}} describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of [[10 (number)|10]]. As ISBN-13 is a subset of [[International Article Number#Check digit|EAN-13]], the algorithm for calculating the check digit is exactly the same for both.

Formally, using [[modular arithmetic]], this is rendered:
{{block indent|<math>(x_1 + 3x_2 + x_3 + 3x_4 + x_5 + 3x_6 + x_7 + 3x_8 + x_9 + 3x_{10} + x_{11} + 3x_{12} + x_{13} ) \equiv 0 \pmod{10}.</math>}}

The calculation of an ISBN-13 check digit begins with the first twelve digits of the 13-digit ISBN (thus excluding the check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed [[modular arithmetic|modulo]] 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero replaces a ten, so, in all cases, a single check digit results.

For example, the ISBN-13 check digit of 978-0-306-40615-''?'' is calculated as follows:

s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3
= 9 + 21 + 8 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 12 + 0 + 18 + 1 + 15
= 93
93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3
10 – 3 = 7

Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7</nowiki>.

In general, the <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit is calculated as follows.

Let
{{block indent|<math>r = 10 - \big(\big(x_1 + 3x_2 + x_3 + 3x_4 + \cdots + x_{11} + 3x_{12}\big) \bmod 10\big).</math>}}

Then
{{block indent|<math>
x_{13} = \begin{cases}
r, & r < 10, \\
0, & r = 10.
\end{cases}
</math>}}

This check system—similar to the [[Universal Product Code|UPC]] check digit formula—does not catch all errors of adjacent digit transposition. Specifically, if the difference between two adjacent digits is 5, the check digit will not catch their transposition. For instance, the above example allows this situation with the 6 followed by a 1. The correct order contributes {{nobr|3 × 6 + 1 × 1 {{=}} 19}} to the sum; while, if the digits are transposed (1 followed by a 6), the contribution of those two digits will be {{nobr|3 × 1 + 1 × 6 {{=}} 9}}. However, 19 and 9 are congruent modulo 10, and so produce the same, final result: both ISBNs will have a check digit of 7. The ISBN-10 formula uses the [[prime number|prime]] modulus 11 which avoids this blind spot, but requires more than the digits 0–9 to express the check digit.

Additionally, if the sum of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th digits is tripled then added to the remaining digits (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th), the total will always be divisible by 10 (i.e., end in 0).

===ISBN-10 to ISBN-13 conversion===
A 10-digit ISBN is converted to a 13-digit ISBN by prepending "978" to the ISBN-10 and recalculating the final checksum digit using the ISBN-13 algorithm. The reverse process can also be performed, but not for numbers commencing with a prefix other than 978, which have no 10-digit equivalent.

=== Errors in usage ===
[[Publishing|Publishers]] and [[library|libraries]] have varied policies about the use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Book Publishing I|last1=Lorimer|first1=Rowland|last2=Shoichet|first2=Jillian|last3=Maxwell|first3=John W.|publisher=CCSP Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9738727-0-5|pages=299}}</ref> For example, {{ISBN|0-590-76484-5}} is shared by two books—''Ninja gaiden: a novel based on the best-selling game by Tecmo'' (1990) and ''Wacky laws'' (1997), both published by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]].

Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. The Library of Congress catalogue contains books published with invalid ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd020.html |title=020 – International Standard Book Number (R) – MARC 21 Bibliographic – Full |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105045654/http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd020.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The International Union Library Catalog ([[WorldCat]] [[OCLC]]—Online Computer Library Center system) often indexes by invalid ISBNs, if the book is indexed in that way by a member library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xisbn.worldcat.org/xisbnadmin/xoclcnum/index.htm|title=xISBN (Web service)|publisher=Xisbn.worldcat.org|access-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501074452/http://xisbn.worldcat.org/xisbnadmin/xoclcnum/index.htm|archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading ==
The [[barcode]]s on a book's back cover (or inside a mass-market [[paperback]] book's front cover) are [[European Article Number|EAN-13]]; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits called an [[EAN-5]] for the [[currency]] and the [[recommended retail price]].<ref>{{Citation |title= Frequently asked questions |publisher=ISBN |place= United States |date= 12 March 2014 |url= http://www.isbn-us.com/blog/2014/03/12/isbn-information-frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140416211950/http://www.isbn-us.com/blog/2014/03/12/isbn-information-frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date= 16 April 2014 |df= dmy-all }} – including a detailed description of the EAN-13 format.</ref> For 10-digit ISBNs, the number "978", the [[Bookland]] "country code", is prefixed to the ISBN in the barcode data, and the check digit is recalculated according to the EAN-13 formula (modulo 10, 1× and 3× weighting on alternating digits).

Partly because of an expected shortage in certain ISBN categories, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) decided to migrate to a 13-digit ISBN (ISBN-13). The process began on 1 January 2005 and was planned to conclude on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{Citation |publisher= Collections |contribution-url= http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm |type= FAQ |title= ISO TC49SC9 |contribution= ISBN |place= Canada |access-date= 22 September 2004 |archive-date= 10 April 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070410204507/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> {{as of|2011}}, all the 13-digit ISBNs began with 978. As the 978 ISBN supply is exhausted, the 979 prefix was introduced. Part of the 979 prefix is reserved for use with the [[Bookland|Musicland]] code for musical scores with an [[ISMN]]. The 10-digit ISMN codes differed visually as they began with an "M" letter; the bar code represents the "M" as a zero, and for checksum purposes it counted as a 3. All ISMNs are now thirteen digits commencing {{Not a typo|979-0}}, while {{Not a typo|979-1}} to {{not a typo|979-9}} are used for ISBN, 979-8- used for USA.

Publisher identification code numbers are unlikely to be the same in the 978 and 979 ISBNs, likewise, there is no guarantee that language area code numbers will be the same. Moreover, the 10-digit ISBN check digit generally is not the same as the 13-digit ISBN check digit. Because the GTIN-13 is part of the [[Global Trade Item Number]] (GTIN) system (that includes the GTIN-14, the GTIN-12, and the GTIN-8), the 13-digit ISBN falls within the 14-digit data field range.<ref>{{Citation | title = Standards | contribution-url = http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp | contribution = Are You Ready for ISBN-13? | publisher = ISBN | access-date = 14 October 2005 | archive-date = 31 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080831082318/http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp | url-status = live }}</ref>

Barcode format compatibility is maintained, because (aside from the group breaks) the ISBN-13 barcode format is identical to the EAN barcode format of existing 10-digit ISBNs. So, migration to an EAN-based system allows booksellers the use of a single numbering system for both books and non-book products that is compatible with existing ISBN based data, with only minimal changes to [[information technology]] systems. Hence, many [[bookstore|booksellers]] (e.g., [[Barnes & Noble]]) migrated to EAN barcodes as early as March 2005. Although many American and Canadian booksellers were able to read EAN-13 barcodes before 2005, most general retailers could not read them. The upgrading of the [[Universal Product Code|UPC]] [[barcode system]] to full EAN-13, in 2005, eased migration to the <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> in North America.

== See also ==
* [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] (Amazon Standard Identification Number)
* [[Book Item and Component Identifier|BICI]] (Book Item and Component Identifier)
* [[Special:BookSources|Book sources search]] – a Bharatpedia resource that allows search by ISBNs
* [[CODEN]] (serial publication identifier currently used by libraries; replaced by the ISSN for new works)
* [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] (Digital Object Identifier)
* [[English Short Title Catalogue|ESTC]] (English Short Title Catalogue)
* [[International Standard Audiovisual Number|ISAN]] (International Standard Audiovisual Number)
* [[International Standard Recording Code|ISRC]] (International Standard Recording Code)
* [[International Standard Text Code|ISTC]] (International Standard Text Code)
* [[International Standard Musical Work Code|ISWC]] (International Standard Musical Work Code)
* [[ISSN]] (International Standard Serial Number)
* [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] (Library of Congress Control Number)
* [[License number (East German books)]] (Book identification system used between 1951 and 1990 in the former GDR)
* [[List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes]]
* [[List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes]]
* [[List of ISBN registration groups]]
* [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier|SICI]] (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier)
* [[VD 16]] (''Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts'', "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Sixteenth Century")
* [[VD 17]] (''Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts'', "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Seventeenth Century")

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikidata property |P957|P212}}
{{sister project links|d=Q33057|mw=Manual:ISBN|species=no|voy=no|wikt=ISBN|n=no|q=no|s=no|b=no|v=no|c=Category:ISBN}}






* [https://www.iso.org/standard/65483.html ISO 2108:2017 – International Standard Book Number (ISBN)]
* [https://www.isbn-international.org/ International ISBN Agency] – coordinates and supervises the worldwide use of the ISBN system
** [https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation Numerical List of Group Identifiers] – List of language/region prefixes
** [https://www.isbn.org/ISBN_converter Free conversion tool: ISBN-10 to ISBN-13 and ISBN-13 to ISBN-10] from the [http://www.isbn.org/ ISBN agency]. Also shows correct hyphenation and verifies if ISBNs are valid or not.
* {{Cite web |title=Guidelines for the Implementation of 13-Digit ISBNs |url=http://isbn-international.org/en/download/implementation-guidelines-04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912203458/http://www.isbn-international.org/en/download/implementation-guidelines-04.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2004 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{IETF RFC|3187}} – Using International Standard Book Numbers as [[Uniform Resource Name]]s (URN)
* [https://www.loc.gov/programs/preassigned-control-number/isbn-converter/ Worldwide Auto-Converter at Library of Congress]

{{Audiovisual works|state=uncollapsed}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Books}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International Standard Book Number| ]]
[[Category:Articles with example C code]]
[[Category:British inventions]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1970]]
[[Category:Irish inventions]]

M. P. Govindan Nair

2026-04-27T01:10:56Z

Tudu Hommie: Adding a details more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M.P. Govindan Nair
| image = M.P. Govindan Nair.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Nair in 1960
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = April 1928
| birth_place =
| death_date = 13 April 2022 (aged 94)
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| office = Minister of Health of [[Kerala]]
| term_start = 9 October 1962
| term_end = 10 September 1964
| predecessor = V. K. Velappan
| successor = [[B. Wellington]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 9 February 1960
| term_end2 = 10 September 1964
| predecessor2 = Kottayam Bhasi
| successor2 = M. K. George
| constituency2 = [[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]
}}

'''M.P. Govindan Nair''' (April 1928 – 12 April 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala ex-minister MP Govindan Nair passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/kerala-ex-minister-mp-govindan-nair-passes-away-386000 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian politician. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he served in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from 1960 to 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m201.htm|title=M.P. Govindan Nair|work=Kerala Legislature}}</ref> He died on 12 April 2022, at the age of 94.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മുൻമന്ത്രി എം.പി ഗോവിന്ദൻ നായർ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/former-minister-mp-govindan-nair-passed-away-1.7430929 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Ex-Kerala minister MP Govindan Nair passes away at 94 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/ex-kerala-minister-mp-govindan-nair-passes-away-at-94/articleshow/90818748.cms |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, M.P. Govindan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi

2026-04-26T19:05:14Z

Tudu Hommie: made post.

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi
| image = Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Vi Anand]]
| producer = Pavan Mantripragada Sanjay Muppaneni
| screenplay = Vi Anand
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |S. Jinesh}}
}}
| story = Vi Anand
| based_on = 
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Krishna Madhav
*Anusha
*[[Samskruthy Shenoy]]
}}
| cinematography = Prasad G. K.
| editing = Shravan Katikaneni
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|3|14}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi ''''' ({{Translation|Where is the heart?}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic drama film directed by [[Vi Anand]] and starring Krishna Madhav, Anusha and [[Samskruthy Shenoy]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Krishna Madhav as Madhav
*Anusha as Gayatri
*[[Samskruthy Shenoy]] as Nitya
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Gayatri's father
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Manmadha
*[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
*[[Prasad Babu]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
}}

== Production ==
This marks the directorial debut of Vi Anand, an assistant of [[A. R. Murugadoss]]. Krishna Madhav, a relative of [[Galla Jayadev|Jay Galla]], makes his acting debut with this film. He worked as an assistant director for ''[[Khaleja]]'' (2010) and ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hrudayam-ekkadunnadi/articleshow/32619641.cms|title=Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi|date=25 March 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/krishnamadhav.html|title=Krishna Madhav Interview about Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=15 March 2014}}</ref> [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] also made her debut with this film although ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' (2013) released first.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/feb/19/quite-a-good-start-for-samskruthy-shenoy-451984.html|title=Quite a good start for Samskruthy Shenoy|last=Nambidi|first=Parvathy|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film's title is inspired by a song from ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005), which was directed by Murugadoss.

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] and was well received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/hrudayam-ekkadunnadi-audio-success-meet/articleshow/29703780.cms|title=Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi audio success meet|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic rated the film's soundtrack three out of five.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/hrudayam-ekkadunnadi-music-review/articleshow/28389877.cms|title=Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi Music Review|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*"Shajahan Tajaina" - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
*"Gayathri" - [[Vijay Prakash]]
*"Manasu Ante Inthena"
*"Edo Edo Chilipikala"
*"Aey Chittamma"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "As a subject, the film has hardly shown that it can interest an audience. The pace of the movie is also painfully slow".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hrudayam-ekkadunnadi/movie-review/32147505.cms|title=HRUDAYAM EKKADUNNADI MOVIE REVIEW|date=14 March 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Manisha Koirala filmography

2026-04-25T10:19:45Z

Tudu Hommie:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Manisha.Koirala.jpg|thumb|Koirala during the promotions of ''[[Bhoot Returns]]'' in 2012.]]
[[Manisha Koirala]] is a Nepalese actress known for her work in [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/oct/18manisha-koirala-set-to-join-nepal-politics.htm |title=Manisha Koirala set to join Nepal politics? |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=18 October 2009 |access-date=12 June 2016 |last=Pradhan |first=Shirish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910194202/http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/oct/18manisha-koirala-set-to-join-nepal-politics.htm |archive-date=10 September 2016 }}</ref> Koirala's acting debut was in the Nepali film ''[[Pheri Bhetaula]]'' (1989).<ref name=debut /> Two years later, she made her Bollywood debut in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]'', which was a commercial success.<ref name=myself /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/24eco.htm |title=The economics of moviemaking |work=Rediff.com |date=24 October 2002 |access-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611103632/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/24eco.htm |archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> However, she followed this by appearing in a series of films which performed poorly at the box office, including ''[[First Love Letter]]'' (1991), ''[[Anmol]]'' (1993), and ''[[Dhanwan (1993 film)|Dhanwan]]'' (1993).<ref name=myself /> Koirala's career had a turnaround when she starred as the daughter of a freedom fighter in [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' (1994).<ref name=myself /><ref name=break>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/09sli2-when-big-b-and-priyanka-got-lucky.htm |title=Manisha Koirala, 1942: A Love Story |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111946/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/09sli2-when-big-b-and-priyanka-got-lucky.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|first1=Ashish |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first2=Paul |last2=Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT183 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |page=183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421002048/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT183 |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e89f336 |title=1942 – A Love Story |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=5 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817152353/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e89f336 |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> Her performance was critically acclaimed and she earned a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<ref name=myself /><ref name=break /><ref name=perform>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/manisha-koiralas-12-most-powerful-performances-48798.html |title=Manisha Koirala's 12 Most Powerful Performances |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130050854/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/manisha-koiralas-12-most-powerful-performances-48798.html |archive-date= 30 November 2012 }}</ref> The following year, Koirala received the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]], and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] for playing a Muslim married to a Hindu during the [[Bombay riots|1992–1993 Bombay riots]] in the [[Mani Ratnam]]-directed [[Tamil language|Tamil]] drama ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995).<ref name=myself /><ref name=perform /><ref name=Filmfare>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-manisha-koirala-loved-that-ranbir-kapoor-touched-rekhas-feet-736400 |title=Filmfare Awards: Manisha Koirala Loved That Ranbir Kapoor Touched Rekha's Feet |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711055050/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-manisha-koirala-loved-that-ranbir-kapoor-touched-rekhas-feet-736400 |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Shaw2014">{{cite book|first=Tony |last=Shaw |title=Cinematic Terror: A Global History of Terrorism on Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bszcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-5809-3 |page=164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421014436/https://books.google.com/books?id=bszcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref>

For playing the daughter of a mute and deaf couple in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' (1996), Koirala garnered a second consecutive Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.<ref name=myself /><ref name=Filmfare /><ref name=mute>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/09man.htm |title=The Manisha phenomenon |work=Rediff.com |date=9 April 2002 |access-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130455/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/09man.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> She followed this with leading roles in ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]'' (1997), which were among the highest-grossing Indian films of their respective years.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822061248/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1996 |archive-date=22 August 2015 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1996 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1996 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822064653/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1997|archive-date=22 August 2015|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1997|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1997|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref> She played a terrorist opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998), the first Indian film to reach the top ten in the United Kingdom box office.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2022076_2022068_2022065,00.html |title=Dil Se – 1998 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505050645/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2022076_2022068_2022065%2C00.html |archive-date= 5 May 2016 }}</ref> However, Koirala's roles in films which performed poorly at the box office, such as ''[[Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein]]'' (1997), and ''[[Achanak (1998 film)|Achanak]]'' (1998), led to a decline in her film career.<ref name=myself /><ref name=mute /> She made her television debut in 2000 as the co-host of the game show ''[[Sawaal Dus Crore Ka]]'' with [[Anupam Kher]]. The show's poor [[Audience measurement|ratings]] led to both Kher and Koirala being fired.<ref name=Sawaal /> For her role as a gangster's girlfriend in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s 2002 crime drama ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'', she received her third Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.<ref name=company /><ref name=third>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/award/20030222.htm |title=Shah Rukh, Ash, Ajay Devgan's rich haul |work=Rediff.com |date=22 February 2003 |access-date=20 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211061227/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/award/20030222.htm |archive-date=11 December 2014 }}</ref>{{efn|Koirala was tied in this category with [[Rani Mukherji]] for ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''.<ref name=third />}} Koirala also appeared in the controversial film ''[[Ek Chhotisi Love Story]]'' in which she played a woman secretly spied upon by a teenage voyeur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/22/stories/2002112201060200.htm |title=Ek Chotisi Love Story |date=22 November 2002 |access-date=1 June 2016 |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226022007/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/22/stories/2002112201060200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> The following year, her portrayal of [[Bengalis|Bengali]] writer [[Sushmita Banerjee]] in the drama ''[[Escape from Taliban]]'' garnered her the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/200467.htm|title=67th Annual BFJA Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108092124/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/200467.htm|archive-date=8 January 2010|publisher=[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/escape-from-taliban.shtml |title=Escape From Taliban — A True Story |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911075905/http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/escape-from-taliban.shtml |archive-date=11 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-author-sushmita-banerjee-tal-idINDEE98503L20130906 |title="Escape from Taliban" author Sushmita Banerjee shot dead in Afghanistan |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630095805/http://in.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-author-sushmita-banerjee-tal-idINDEE98503L20130906 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref>

Koirala's career continued to decline during mid 2000s, as she appeared in less mainstream films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-in-pictures-birthday-girl-manisha-koirala-life-is-no-less-than-a-movie-5085065-PHO.html?seq=1 |title=Birthday special: Manisha Koirala's dramatic life in pictures |work=Daily Bhaskar |date=16 August 2015 |access-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701110008/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-in-pictures-birthday-girl-manisha-koirala-life-is-no-less-than-a-movie-5085065-PHO.html?seq=1 |archive-date= 1 July 2016 }}</ref> In 2004, she made her debut as a producer with the film ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]'',<ref name=Paisa /> which performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main4.asp?filename=Va061204GRAPEVINE.asp |title=We heard it through the grapevine... |work=[[Tehelka]] |access-date=21 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617180340/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main4.asp?filename=Va061204GRAPEVINE.asp |archive-date=17 June 2016 }}</ref> The following year, she portrayed [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] princess [[Jahanara Begum|Jahan Ara]] in the historical drama ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-23/news/27472457_1_manisha-koirala-aurangzeb-pooja-batra|title='Taj Mahal' set for release in UK, India|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 October 2005|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813051206/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-23/news/27472457_1_manisha-koirala-aurangzeb-pooja-batra|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, Koirala starred in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s ''[[Khela]]'', where she played a woman in a troubled marriage.<ref name=Masand /> Two years later, she appeared as an adulterous wife in the [[Malayalam]] drama ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-elektra-complex/article439446.ece|title=The 'Elektra' complex|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 May 2010|access-date=31 May 2016|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy}}</ref> The following year, she played a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Muslim attempting to restore a childhood friendship in [[Onir]]'s anthology film ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-am-megha-is-about-the-plight-of-kashmiri/556750/|title='I Am Megha' is about the plight of Kashmiri Pandits: Juhi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 December 2009|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012031817/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-am-megha-is-about-the-plight-of-kashmiri/556750|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, she appeared in Ram Gopal Varma's horror sequel ''[[Bhoot Returns]]'' as the mother of a possessed daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/manisha-returns/article4005637.ece|title=Manisha returns|work=The Hindu|date=17 October 2012|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Later that year, she took a break from acting after being diagnosed with [[ovarian cancer]]. After six months of treatment, Koirala recovered from the condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Cancer-free-Manisha-Koirala-follows-strict-fitness-regime/2013/07/27/article1704620.ece |title=Cancer-free Manisha Koirala follows strict fitness regime |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=27 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726050511/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Cancer-free-Manisha-Koirala-follows-strict-fitness-regime/2013/07/27/article1704620.ece |archive-date=26 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-made-many-wrong-choices-earlier-Manisha-Koirala/articleshow/30842956.cms |title=I made many wrong choices earlier: Manisha Koirala |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2014 |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623012840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-made-many-wrong-choices-earlier-Manisha-Koirala/articleshow/30842956.cms |archive-date=23 June 2016 }}</ref> Three years later, she returned to acting with the psychological thriller ''[[Chehere: A Modern Day Classic]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/premiere-of-manisha-koiralas-comeback-film-chehere-with-jackie-shroff-hrishita-bhatt-2401754.html|title=Premiere of Manisha Koirala's comeback film 'Chehere' with Jackie Shroff, Hrishita Bhatt|work=Firstpost|date=21 August 2015|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402181709/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/premiere-of-manisha-koiralas-comeback-film-chehere-with-jackie-shroff-hrishita-bhatt-2401754.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Film ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role(s)
!scope="col"| Language(s)
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref(s)
|-
!scope="row"|1989
|''[[Pheri Bhetaula]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="debut">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2014 |title=Mahima, Manisha, Madhuri: Subhash Ghai's leading ladies, Then and Now! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mahima-manisha-madhuri-subhash-ghais-leading-ladies-then-and-now/20140423.htm#5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607170633/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mahima-manisha-madhuri-subhash-ghais-leading-ladies-then-and-now/20140423.htm |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Production of Films by Decades |url=http://www.nfpa.org.np/film_names_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205758/http://www.nfpa.org.np/film_names_eng.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |publisher=Nepal Film Producers Association |page=2}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |1991
|''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''
|Radha Singh Thakur
| rowspan="9" |[[Hindi]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=debut /><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2002 |title=Saudagar |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070500910600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611030018/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070500910600.htm |archive-date=11 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
|''[[First Love Letter]]''
|{{sortname|Radha|Singh|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Love Letter |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505874 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722023459/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505874 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|1992
|''[[Yalgaar]]''
|{{sortname|Meghna|Kumar|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yalgaar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534757 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722012754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534757 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |1993
|''[[Insaaniyat Ke Devta]]''
|Nisha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insaaniyat Ke Devta |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507272 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722033524/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507272 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anmol]]''
|Anmol
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anmol |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535104 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722021250/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535104 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhanwan (1993 film)|Dhanwan]]''
|Imli
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanwan |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539153 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722031402/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539153 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |1994
|''[[Yuhi Kabhi]]''
|Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yun Hi Kabhi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503253 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722013048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503253 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Milan (1995 film)|Milan]]''
|Priya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539944 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722021757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539944 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[1942: A Love Story]]''
|{{sortname|Rajeshwari|Pathak|nolink=1}}
|Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1942 – A Love Story |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201770 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722024409/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201770 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]''
|Swetha
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] Hindi
|Bilingual film
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Hero of the masses">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2012 |title=Hero of the masses |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/243768/hero-masses.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002934/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/243768/hero-masses.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sangdil Sanam]]''
|Sanam
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangdil Sanam |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508568 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901205325/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508568 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |1995
|''[[Criminal (1995 film)|Criminal]]''
|Swetha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Hero of the masses" />
|-
|''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
|{{sortname|Shaila|Banu|nolink=1}}
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="myself">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=I, Me, Myself |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/07intro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092443/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/07intro.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name=perform />
|-
|''Anokha Andaaz''
|Reema
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anokha Andaz |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535118 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032601/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535118 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]''
|{{sortname|Salina|Gupta|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guddu |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003323/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534324/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ram Shastra]]''
|{{sortname|Anjali|Sinha |nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Shastra |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003323/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534324/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|{{sortname|Kiran|Kumar|nolink=1}}
|Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akele Hum Akele Tum |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200449 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115030350/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200449 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2015 |title=Aamir Khan's leading ladies on the superstar |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-leading-ladies-on-the-superstar-2068529 |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719192124/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-s-leading-ladies-on-the-superstar-2068529 |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]''
|{{sortname|Sapna|Oberoi|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dushmani |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539227 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722021829/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539227 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |1996
|''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|Shubhangi / Madhu{{efn|name=dual|Koirala played a character with two names in this film.<ref name=Agni /><ref name=Escape /><ref name=Meh />}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Agni">{{Cite web |title=Agnisakshi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200447 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161912/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200447 |archive-date=24 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Majhdhaar]]''
|{{sortname|Radha|Rai|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeh Majhdaar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534775 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722013704/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534775 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
|Aishwarya
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 1996 |title=Pop Patriotism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19960815-movie-review-s-shankar-indian-hindustani-kamalahasan-manisha-koirala-833713-1996-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722095424/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-s-shankar-indian-hindustani-kamalahasan-manisha-koirala/1/282191.html |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustani |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506939 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722021402/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506939 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manisha Koirala approached for Kamal Haasan's next |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manisha-koirala-approached-for-kamal-haasans-next/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708041726/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manisha-koirala-approached-for-kamal-haasans-next/ |archive-date=8 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]''
|Annie
| rowspan="14" |Hindi
|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Daddy' to 'Piku': 10 Bollywood films on father-daughter bond |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/daddy-to-piku-10-bollywood-films-on-father-daughter-bond/8839/93955 |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053653/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/daddy-to-piku-10-bollywood-films-on-father-daughter-bond/8839/93955 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name=Filmfare />
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |1997
|''[[Sanam (1997 film)|Sanam]]''
|Sanam
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanam |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722033946/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505361 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]''
|{{sortname|Sheetal|Choudhry|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gupt |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201754 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123657/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201754 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein]]''
|Suman
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722021547/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505005 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Loha (1997 film)|Loha]]''
| Cameo
|Special appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Loha Cast List|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/loha-2/cast/|access-date=|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=January 1997 |archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107201116/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/loha-2/cast/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |1998
|''[[Yugpurush]]''
|Sunita
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugpurush |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534802 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722013923/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534802 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]''
| Cameo
| Special appearance in song "Pichhu Pade Hai"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pichhu Pade Hai [Full Song] Salaakhen | date=30 May 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpCAUPLVkO0 |access-date=16 September 2019 |publisher=T-Series (YouTube) |archive-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326152912/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpCAUPLVkO0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salaakhen (1998) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/salaakhen-1998 |access-date=16 September 2019 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103084403/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/salaakhen-1998 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Achanak (1998 film)|Achanak]]''
|Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achanak |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538722 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717151509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538722/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil Se..]]''
|Meghna
|Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Se.. |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722164707/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/5 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maharaja (1998 film)|Maharaja]]''
|{{sortname|Shaili|Mathur|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 1998 |title=A royal pain |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/sep/05mah.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125055/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/sep/05mah.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539826 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722014025/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539826 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" |1999
|''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
|Rukhsana
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kachche Dhaage |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539634 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012130152/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539634 |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 1999 |title=Brothers in arms |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/19kach.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140510/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/19kach.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lal Baadshah]]''
|Kiran
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lal Baadshah |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534602 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722030618/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534602 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]''
|{{sortname|Anshu|Mehra|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laawaris |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534581 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722013408/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534581 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Jai Hind''
|Sheetal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaihind |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539549 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802230236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539549/ |archive-date=2 August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mudhalvan]]''
|Thenmozhi
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Mathai2009">{{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |date=18 June 2009 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-823-8 |page=334}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthalvan (1999) |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b83b28526 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812201115/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b83b28526 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kartoos]]''
|Manpreet Kaur (Mini)
| rowspan="10" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartoos |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201890 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722030114/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201890 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]''
|{{sortname|Priya|Verma|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mann |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201787 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303202619/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201787 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]''
|Roshanaara
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Ki Kasam |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539373 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722023554/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539373 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2000
|''[[Khauff]]''
|Neha Verma
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2000 |title=Dangerous liaisons |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/03khauf.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141035/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/03khauf.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]]''
|Rani
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baaghi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538870 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722033253/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538870 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2000 |title=Nothing to shout about |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/08baag.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611035810/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/08baag.htm |archive-date=11 June 2009 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya]]''
|Manisha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54572 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722034509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54572 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]''
|{{sortname|Sapna|Khanna|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Champion |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722031444/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201683 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2000 |title=Done to death... and going weak! |url=http://www.rediff.com/%0Amovies/2000/dec/23champ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085435/http://www.rediff.com/%0Amovies/2000/dec/23champ.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2001
|''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]''
|{{sortname|Parvati|Shastri|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2001 |title=Grahan finally makes it to the marquee |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/feb/16grahan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124309/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/feb/16grahan.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller]]''
|Nisha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuppa Rustam |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534388 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722020907/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534388 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
|Vaidehi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lajja |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722013151/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201841 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aalavandhan]]'' ''[[Aalavandhan|Abhay]]''
| Sharmilee
|Tamil Hindi
|[[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] and released in Hindi and Tamil
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 November 2001 |title=Aalavandhaan |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600670200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009011326/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600670200.htm |archive-date=9 October 2003 |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2001 |title=Music with a sixth sense |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/09190704.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131113052/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/09190704.htm |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=R |date=13 November 2001 |title=Kamal falls... hard! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/13abhay.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131051923/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/13abhay.htm |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''
|{{sortname|Ritika|Sanyal|nolink=1}}
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moksha: Salvation |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508080 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032347/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508080 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2002
|''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
|Saroja
|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="company">{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=21 February 2003 |title=Review: 'Company' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/company-10-1200543223/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723065850/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/company-10-1200543223/ |archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="third" />
|-
|''[[Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani]]''
|Vasundhara Divya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaani Dushman |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539470 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722033948/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539470 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ek Chotisi Love Story]]''
|{{sortname|The|Woman|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Chotisi Love Story |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722024221/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534108 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]''
|Chamundeswari
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538883 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722021901/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538883 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2003
|''[[Escape from Taliban]]''
|{{sortname|Sushmita|Bannerjee}} / Sayed Kamal{{efn|name=dual}}
| rowspan="6" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Escape">{{Cite web |title=Escape From Taliban |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534289 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722024502/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534289 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Calcutta Mail]]''
|Sanjana
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta Mail |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509654 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035710/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509654 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Market (2003 film)|Market]]''
|{{sortname|Muskaan|Bano|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Market: Routine stuff well shot |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-market-i-routine-stuff-well-shot-review-bollywood-pclvsegbabiej.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173053/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-market-i-routine-stuff-well-shot-review-bollywood-pclvsegbabiej.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2003 |title=A nightmare called Market! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/12market.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112820/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/12market.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2004
|''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]''
|Maria
|Also producer
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Paisa">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2004 |title=Manisha, Sushmita are paisa vasool! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/09paisa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142709/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/09paisa.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession]]''
|Kamini
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tum? |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201793 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722022418/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201793 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2005
|''[[Chaahat – Ek Nasha]]''
|{{sortname|Mallika|Arora|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaahat-Ek Nasha |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201681 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722013015/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201681 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
| rowspan="2" |Ahalya
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |[[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] and released in Tamil and Hindi
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2005 |title=Kamal fails to deliver in Mumbai Xpress |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/15mumbaixp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143056/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/15mumbaixp.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''
|[[Jahanara Begum|Jahan Ara]]
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2002 |title=Manisha Koirala as Jahan Ara |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Manisha-Koirala-as-Jahan-Ara/articleshow/990216.cms |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201055857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Manisha-Koirala-as-Jahan-Ara/articleshow/990216.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taj Mahal – An Eternal Love Story |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201772 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722014723/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201772 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anjaane (2005 film)|Anjaane – The Unknown]]''
|Shivani
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjaane – The Unknown |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510907 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722024124/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510907 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2006
|''[[Darwaza Bandh Rakho]]''
|Julie
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darwaz Bandh Rako |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035207/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509006 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2007
|''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]''
|Anita
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anwar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200453 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722033258/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200453 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2008
|''[[Tulsi (film)|Tulsi]]''
|Tulsi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulsi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715220140/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540512/ |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2012 |title=Jayaprada to star in Matrudevobhava remake |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Jayaprada-to-star-in-Matrudevobhava-remake/articleshow/16348225.cms |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204053003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Jayaprada-to-star-in-Matrudevobhava-remake/articleshow/16348225.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]''
| Cameo
|Telugu
| Special appearance in song "Hoshiyare Hoshiyare"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manisha Koirala turns item girl in Nagaram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manisha-koirala-turns-item-girl-in-nagaram-imagegallery-movies-jdwmPojajdcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184143/http://www.sify.com/movies/manisha-koirala-turns-item-girl-in-nagaram-imagegallery-movies-jdwmPojajdcsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vardhan |first=G. P. Aditya |date=7 March 2008 |title=Avoid Nagaram at all cost |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07ssnag.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713224300/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07ssnag.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sirf (film)|Sirf....Life Looks Greener on the Other Side]]''
|Devika
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirf – Life Looks Greener on the Other Side |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508159 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722034313/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508159 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mehbooba (2008 film)|Mehbooba]]''
|Varsha Mehra / Payal{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Meh">{{Cite web |title=Mehbooba |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722033211/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538550 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khela]]''
|Sheela
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Masand">{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Khela, an intimate tale but lost in translation |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/khela-an-intimate-tale-but-lost-in-translation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624194112/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/khela-an-intimate-tale-but-lost-in-translation/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |publisher=Rajeev Masand.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2009
|''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]''
|Juhi
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2014 |title=Deepti Naval: Happy to have worked with Rituparno Ghosh in 'Memories in March', wanted him to bring out the best in me |work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/deepti-naval-happy-to-have-worked-with-rituparno-ghosh-in-memories-in-march-wanted-him-to-bring-out-the-best-in-me-706913.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042031/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/deepti-naval-happy-to-have-worked-with-rituparno-ghosh-in-memories-in-march-wanted-him-to-bring-out-the-best-in-me-706913.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2010
|''[[Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De?]]''
|Rashi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De? |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328085224/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502801 |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dharmaa (2010 film)|Dharmaa]]''
|Gauri
|Nepali
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2010 |title=Nepal awaits second coming – Manisha Koirala's |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-awaits-second-coming-Manisha-Koiralas/articleshow/7065347.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212020942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-awaits-second-coming-Manisha-Koiralas/articleshow/7065347.cms |archive-date=12 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]''
|Diana
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2010 |title=Women are perfect human beings |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-elekrta-electrifies-the-festivals/20101227.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119151704/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-elekrta-electrifies-the-festivals/20101227.htm |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2011
|''[[Mappillai (2010 film)|Mappillai]]''
|Rajeswari
|Tamil
|Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress (Tamil)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=Review: Mappillai is a bad copy of the original |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mappillai/20110408.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120082204/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mappillai/20110408.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]''
|Rubaina
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=I Am: Movie Review |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-29/news/29487179_1_manisha-koirala-sperm-donor-onir |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105009/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-29/news/29487179_1_manisha-koirala-sperm-donor-onir |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2012
|''[[Bhoot Returns]]''
|Namrata
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Review: Bhoot Returns isn't as good as Bhoot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bhoot-returns-isnt-as-good-as-bhoot/20121012.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825074512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bhoot-returns-isnt-as-good-as-bhoot/20121012.htm |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2015
|''[[Chehere: A Modern Day Classic]]''
|Tarana
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Johnson |date=28 August 2015 |title=Movie Review: Chehere – Caught in a time-warp that's becoming but not exciting! |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review-chehere-caught-in-a-time-warp-thats-becoming-but-not-exciting/ |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309180743/http://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review-chehere-caught-in-a-time-warp-thats-becoming-but-not-exciting |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2016
| rowspan="2" |''[[Game (2016 film)|Game]]'' ''[[Game (2016 film)|Oru Melliya Kodu]]''
| rowspan="2" |Maya
|[[Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |Simultaneously shot in Kannada and Tamil
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2015 |title=Film based on life of Sunanda Pushkar? |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/film-based-on-life-of-sunanda-pushkar/article7148521.ece |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224044525/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/film-based-on-life-of-sunanda-pushkar/article7148521.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2016 |title=Game movie review: A game around 'the body' |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270216/game-movie-review-a-game-around-the-body.html |url-status=dead |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512030818/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270216/game-movie-review-a-game-around-the-body.html |archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=16 July 2016 |title=Oru Melliya Kodu Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-melliya-kodu/movie-review/53018481.cms |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725182611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-melliya-kodu/movie-review/53018481.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Edavappathy]]''
|Sumithra / Mathangi{{efn|Koirala played two different characters in this film.<ref name=Edav />}}
|Malayalam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Edav">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2016 |title=Quest for a homeland |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lenin-rajendrans-edavapathi-narrates-the-pathos-of-the-displaced/article8503646.ece |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224044523/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lenin-rajendrans-edavapathi-narrates-the-pathos-of-the-displaced/article8503646.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2017
|''[[Dear Maya]]''
|{{sortname|Maya|Devi|nolink=1}}
| rowspan="6" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=2 June 2017 |title=Dear Maya movie review: Manisha Koirala shines like a diamond in a coal mine |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dear-maya-movie-review-manisha-koirala-shines-like-a-diamond-in-a-coal-mine/story-aGMj0ZcDhQ3V2Ouoyg8zsK.html |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103084409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dear-maya-movie-review-manisha-koirala-shines-like-a-diamond-in-a-coal-mine/story-aGMj0ZcDhQ3V2Ouoyg8zsK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2018
|''[[Lust Stories]]''
|Reena
|Anthology film
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2018 |title=Lust Stories: Why we should love *this* one |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/lust-stories-why-we-should-love-this-one/20180627.htm |access-date=27 June 2019 |publisher=Rediff |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627190034/https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/lust-stories-why-we-should-love-this-one/20180627.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sanju]]''
|[[Nargis]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2017 |title=Manisha Koirala: Looked like alien after chemotherapy |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manisha-koirala-looked-like-alien-after-chemotherapy/articleshow/58278421.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421041349/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manisha-koirala-looked-like-alien-after-chemotherapy/articleshow/58278421.cms |archive-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row |2019
|''[[Prassthanam]]''
|{{sortname|Saroj Pratap|Singh|nolink=1}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2019 |title=Prasthanam teaser: Sanjay Dutt, Manisha Koirala promise loads of action and melodrama |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prasthanam-teaser-sanjay-dutt-5861050/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809053455/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prasthanam-teaser-sanjay-dutt-5861050/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2020
|''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''
|Diana Irani
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2020 |title=Maska trailer: Netflix butters you up with double serving of Manisha Koirala, Javed Jaffery |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/maska-trailer-new-netflix-butters-you-up-with-double-serving-of-manisha-koirala-javed-jaffery/story-8XoPi0xlR7ySR0Sv1XjFXI.html |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317213734/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/maska-trailer-new-netflix-butters-you-up-with-double-serving-of-manisha-koirala-javed-jaffery/story-8XoPi0xlR7ySR0Sv1XjFXI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2021
|''[[99 Songs]]''
|Psychologist
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manisha Koirala, Lisa Ray to star in Rahman's '99 Songs' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/21/manisha-koirala-lisa-ray-to-star-in-rahmans-99-songs-1733347.html |access-date=7 February 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103084410/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/21/manisha-koirala-lisa-ray-to-star-in-rahmans-99-songs-1733347.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[India Sweets and Spices]]''
|Sheila
|[[English language|English]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title='India Sweets and Spices' Review: Gossip, Secrets and Biting Laughs |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/movies/india-sweets-and-spices-review.html |first=Lisa |last=Kennedy |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128202722/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/movies/india-sweets-and-spices-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2023
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|Yashoda
|Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ankur-rathee-interview-on-shehzada-samaira-marriage-to-anuja-joshi-101661303507216.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 August 2022|accessdate=11 September 2022|title=Ankur Rathee says he's confident about Shehzada's success: 'I don't have fears of boycott'|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911221227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ankur-rathee-interview-on-shehzada-samaira-marriage-to-anuja-joshi-101661303507216.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
!Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"|2000
|''[[Sawaal Dus Crore Ka]] ''
| Co-host
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Sawaal>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Questions-galore-on-Sawal-Dus-Crore-Ka/articleshow/11344647.cms |title=Questions galore on Sawal Dus Crore Ka |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 December 2000 |access-date=19 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114140754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Questions-galore-on-Sawal-Dus-Crore-Ka/articleshow/11344647.cms |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2003
|''Larger Than Life''
| Herself
| Documentary
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|title=Larger than life : [India's Bollywood film culture] |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc = 58594104}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2015
|''[[Femina Miss India 2015]]''
|Judge
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/femina-miss-india-embraces-its-bollywood-connections-at-the-expense-of-the-contestants-2185565.html |title=Femina Miss India embraces its Bollywood connections... at the expense of the contestants |work=Firstpost |date=6 April 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015 |last=Sen |first=Rajyasree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919134748/http://www.firstpost.com/living/femina-miss-india-embraces-its-bollywood-connections-at-the-expense-of-the-contestants-2185565.html |archive-date=19 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2024
|''[[Heeramandi|Heeramandi:The Diamond Bazaar]]''
|Malikajaan
|[[List of Netflix India originals|Netflix Original]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Frater|first=Patrick|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-1235893808/|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar' Drops First Footage|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=31 January 2024|date=1 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=463539|name= Manisha Koirala}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|Nepal}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koirala, Manisha filmography}}
[[Category:Nepalese filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Charles Stewart Murray

2026-04-25T02:43:07Z

Tudu Hommie: pg.

{{Short description|Bengal Police Superintendent (1858-1903)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Charles Stewart Murray
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Superintendent of the Lushai Hills (South)]]
| status = 
| term_start = 1 April 1891
| term_end = 16 April 1891
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside = 
| monarch = [[Queen Victoria]]
| governor_general = [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]]
| predecessor = ''Position created''
| successor = [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|12|4}}
| birth_place = [[Woolwich|Woolwich, Kent]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1903|5|4|1858|12|4}}
| death_place = [[Darjeeling|Darjeeling, West Bengal]], [[British Raj]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| rank = Superintendent
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit = Bengal Police
| commands =
| known_for = Political Officer of the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|South Lushai Hills]]
| battles = [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] [[Lushai Rising]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Laura Susan Prestage|4 January 1892}}
| children = Commander Archie Alastair Stewart Murray Alastair Donald Stewart Murray Charles Stewart Murray (jr) [[Challiana]] (Reverend - Illegitimate){{sfn|Jackson|2023}}
| relations = Brigadier General Alexander Henry Murray (Father) Martha Frances Vincent Murray (b. Davenport, Mother)
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Charles Stewart Murray''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (4 December 1858- 4 May 1903) was a superintendent of police in the [[British Raj]]. Murray participated in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]. Murray assisted [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]], the field officer of the southern column in the expedition. After the annexation of the Lushai Hills, Murray was assigned as the first superintendent of the South Lushai Hills. However, his mishandling of authority with the Lushai tribes, such as [[Zakapa]], and his demands for sexual corvée would see him transferred to an assistant commissioner of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

==Early life==
Charles Stewart Murray was born on 4 December 1858 in [[Woolwich]], Kent in England. He was the second son of Briagder-General Alexander Henry Murray and Martha Frances Vincent Murray. He was a sibling to three more brothers: Alexander Charles Henry Gerald Murray, Cyril Francis Tyrrel Murray and Malcome Donald Donald Murray.{{sfn|MyHeritage}}

==Career==
Charles Stewart Murray joined the Bengal Police in India, where he was appointed Superintendent of Police for the Chittagong Hill Tracts.{{sfn|London Medals}} Murray's successes in fighting the [[Bhutia people|Bhutias]] and [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] gained him a reputation as a competent frontier officer.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=620}} Murray held the position until 1888 where he was assigned as political officer to the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] under Colonel [[Vincent William Tregear|Tregear]].{{sfn|London Medals}}{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=15}} Murray would hold a durbar with the chiefs in the Lushai language at Fort Lungleh. He would also make allies with chiefs such as Mompunga and [[Seipuia]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=620}} On 1 April 1891 Murray was assigned political officer to the South Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=43}} He would have a salary of {{currency|700|INR}}-{{currency|1000|INR}} with a fixed travel allowance of {{currency|150|INR}}.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=40}}

Murray's administration over the south Lushai Hills would last for 16 days before he would be transferred.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=621}} Murray's duty as a political officer consisted of introducing house taxes and obligating chiefs to supply labour to construct roads and infrastructure. When tensions between [[Zakapa]] and Murray escalated into a South Lushai rising, the British originally considered the issue as a resistance to supplying the labour quota. However, the true cause was uncovered in judicial proceedings against Murray, who was accused of trying to procure women for sex and after Zakapa was unable to supply his demand, he threatened to take his wife.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=621}} Zakapa reasonably believed Murray to carry out the threat. As a result, the following day, Murray interrupted Zakapa in his [[Zawlbuk]] as he was in a conference with Lalthuama. Murray dispersed Lalthuama to talk with Zakapa alone. After the conversation, Murray left the zawlbuk to burn down the rice stock of the village. The Lushais armed themselves and began to shoot at Murray and his envoy from all directions. Murray's guards were killed, and his assistant, Mr Taylor, was severely wounded as a result. Murray escaped through a hillstream and abandoned his men, ammunition, money and luggage.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=115}} The absence of Murray for a few days and the unrest of Zakapa and the southern chiefs led to Captain Hutchinson to pacify the settlement.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1929|p=96}}

After the [[Lushai Rising]] and fallout with [[Zakapa]], a court case into his conduct demoted Murray for destabilizing the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|}} The proceedings against him ended on 10 February 1892, when his conduct was responsible for the deaths of two sepoys, a naik, two army signallers and a private servant.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=43}} As a result, the court deemed him unfit to hold the position of political officer of the South Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=44}} Murray was sent to work as assistant commissioner in Chittagong under the discretion of [[John Ware Edgar|John Edgar]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=621}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=441}} Murray was later sent to work as district superintendent of police as [[Darjeeling]], where he would work until his sudden death.{{sfn|The Times|1903}}

==Family and later life==
Charles Stewart Murray married Laura Susan Prestage, daughter of [[Franklin Prestage]] on 4 January 1892.{{sfn|London Medals}}{{sfn|MyHeritage}} He had three sons, Alastair Donald Stewart Murray, Charles Stewart Murray and Archie Alastair Stewart Murray.{{sfn|MyHeritage}}

Due to Murray's sexual corvée and assaults on women, a Mizo woman, Thangtei, conceived and gave birth to a half Mizo boy known as Challiana. The rumours would reach the missionaries [[James Herbert Lorrain]] and [[Frederick William Savidge]] who would take Challiana into their care believing a Mizo woman could not raise a half white child. He grew up into a translator, pastor and medical assistant. His clan in the registry was listed as Sâp (British).{{sfn|Jackson|2023}}{{sfn|Jackson|2015}}

Charles Stewart Murray died on 4 May 1903 at age 44. Murray fell down dead during a dance at the Darjeeling amusements club, where he was secretary.{{sfn|The Times|1903}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}
*{{cite web |last=London Medals |title=The important January 1891 Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire and Chin-Lushai 1889-90 Expedition pair awarded to Mr. Charles Stewart Murray, Bengal Police, the Superintendent of Police for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, and Assistant Political Offic |url=https://london-medals.co.uk/the-important-january-1891-companion-of-the-order-of-the-indian-empire-and-chin-lushai-1889-90-expedition-pair-awarded-to-mr-charles-stewart-murray-bengal-police-the-superintendent-of-police-for-the-chittagong-hill-tracts-and-assistant-political-offic-1 |website=London Medals |location=London |publisher= |access-date=19 January 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert Neil |date=1942 |title=The lushai hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/mode/2up?q=C.S.+Murray |location=Aizawl |publisher=Tribal Research Institute |page= |isbn= |access-date=19 January 2025}}
*{{cite news |last=The Times |date=28 May 1903 |title=Obituary |work=The Times |location=London |publisher=|page=8|issue=37092}}
*{{cite web |last=MyHeritage |title=Charles Stewart Murray |url=https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/record-1-348255011-1-500156/charles-stewart-murray-in-myheritage-family-trees|url-access=registration |website=MyHeritage |location= |publisher= |access-date=19 January 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Kyle |title=The Mizo Discovery of the British Raj |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Vancouver |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009267359 |access-date=14 March 2025}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Kominko|editor-first=Maja|last1=Jackson |first1=Kyle |title=From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme |chapter=14. Hearing images, tasting pictures: making sense of Christian mission photography in the Lushai Hills district, Northeast India|date=2015 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |location=United Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImO3BgAAQBAJ |access-date=14 March 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Charles Stewart}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers of punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
[[Category:Clan Murray|Charles Stewart]]
[[Category:Superintendents of Lushai Hills district]]

C.M.S. St. John's High School

2026-04-23T02:41:00Z

Tudu Hommie: done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = C.M.S. St. John's High School
| native_name =
| image = C.M.S St. John's High School 03.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Main entrance of C.M.S. St. John's School
| motto = 
| motto_translation =
| address = Krishnanagar
| city =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 741101
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4082045|N|88.4883113|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{start date and age|1834}}
| founder = 
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal =
| staff =
| grades =
| years =
| gender =
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams =
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''C.M.S. St. John's High School''' is the oldest school in [[Nadia district]] and sixth oldest educational institution in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is situated in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.M.S. ST. JOHN'S HIGH SCHOOL |url=https://schools.org.in/nadia/19101902306/c-m-s-st-john-s-high-school.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Schools}}</ref>

==History==
In the 18th century, in order to spread English education and missionaries' works, the [[Church Missionary Society]] established some societies which were mostly controlled by the church. Such missionary work was started in Nadia in 1832 by the C.M.S. committee and C.M.S St. John's High School was established in 1834<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/c-m-s-st-john-s-high-school/19101902306 |title=C.M.S. St. John's High School |publisher=iCBSE |access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> by [[Germans|German]] [[Christian missionaries]]. Rev. W.Deerr and Rev. Blumhardt founded the school at Krishnagar town,<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/158653/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |author=Ray, Pradiptaranjan |date=1985 |title=An assessment of educational enterprise of Christian missionaries in the district of Nadia its legacy and present state |chapter=III: HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANT CHRISTIAN MISSION AND ITS ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT (IN A NUTSHELL) |access-date=10 November 2018 |via=INFLIBNET Centre}}</ref> before the Krishnagar municipality and [[Krishnagar Government College]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chanchal Kumar Majumdar]]{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* [[Sourindra Mohan Sircar]]{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|C.M.S. High School}}
{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:C.M.S St. John's High School}}
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1834]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Malik Muhammad Jayasi

2026-04-21T15:03:23Z

Tudu Hommie:

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Queen Nagamati talks to her parrot, Padmavat, c1750.jpg|thumb|"Who is more beautiful, I or Padmavati?, Queen Nagamati asks to her new parrot, and it gives a displeasing reply..."; an illustrated manuscript of ''[[Padmavat]]'', c. 1750]]

'''Malik Muhammad Jayasi''' (1477– 1542) was an Indian [[Sufi poet]] and [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]].<ref name="indianexpress"/> He wrote in the [[Awadhi language]], and in the Persian [[Nastaʿlīq script]].{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=30}} His best known work is the [[epic poem]] ''[[Padmavat]]'' (1540).<ref name="garg">{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Gaṅgā Rām|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|date=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170223740|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA73|language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Much of the information about Jayasi comes from legends, and his date and place of birth are a matter of debate. As the [[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]] "Jayasi" suggests, he was associated with [[Jais|Jayas]], an important [[Sufi]] centre of [[medieval India]], in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]. However, there is debate about whether he was born in Jayas,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-30|title=Padmaavat Row LIVE Update: Karni Sena Stoops To New Low By Announcing A Film On Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Mother|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/padmavati-postponed-ban-controversy-live-updates-protests-karni-sena-deepika-padukone-sanjay-leela-bhansali-article67994.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229142622/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/padmavati-postponed-ban-controversy-live-updates-protests-karni-sena-deepika-padukone-sanjay-leela-bhansali-article67994.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2017|work=DesiMartini|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref> or migrated there for religious education.{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=28}}

The legends describe Jayasi's life as follows: he lost his father at a very young age, and his mother some years later. He became blind in one eye, and his face was disfigured by smallpox. He married and had seven sons. He lived a simple life until he mocked the [[opium]] addiction of a [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] (Sufi leader) in a work called ''Posti-nama''. As a punishment, the roof of his house collapsed, killing all seven of his sons. Subsequently, Jayasi lived a religious life at Jayas.{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=28}} He is also said to have been raised by Sufi [[ascetics]] ([[fakir]]).<ref name="indianexpress"/>

He belong to the Mehdavia Sect of Islam Jayasi's own writings identify two lineages of Sufi pirs who inspired or taught him. The first lineage was that of [[Muhammad Jaunpuri|Saiyid Muhammad]] of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] The Promised Mahdi. (1443-1505). Jayasi's perceptor from this school was Shaikh Burhanuddin Ansari of [[Kalpi]].{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=29}}

Jayasi composed ''Akhiri Kalam'' in 1529-30 (936 [[Hijri year|AH]]), during the reign of [[Babur]]. He composed ''Padmavat'' in 1540-41 (936 AH).{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=28}}

Some legends state that Raja Ram Singh of [[Amethi]] invited Jayasi to his court, after he heard a mendicant reciting verses from the ''Padmavat''. One legend states that the king had two sons because of Jayasi's blessings. Jayasi spent the later part of his life in forests near Amethi, where as per legend he would often turn himself into a [[tiger]]. One day, while he was roaming around as a tiger, the king's hunters killed him. The king ordered a lamp to burned and the [[Quran]] to be recited at his memorial.{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=28}}

Though his tomb lies at a place 3 km north of Ram Nagar, near [[Amethi]], where he died in 1542, today a "Jaisi Smarak" (Jaisi Memorial) can be found in the city of Jayas.

== Legacy ==

More than a century after his death, Jayasi's name started appearing in hagiographies that portrayed him as a charismatic Sufi pir. Ghulam Muinuddin Abdullah Khweshgi, in his ''Maarijul-Wilayat'' (1682–83), called him ''muhaqqiq-i hindi'' ("knower of the truth of [[al-Hind]]").{{sfn|Ramya Sreenivasan|2007|p=28}}

==Literary works==

He wrote 25 works.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=Padmini's poet: The man behind the first known narrative of Rani Padmavati is known more as a peer|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/padmavati-movie-ban-rani-padmini-of-chittor-poet-muhammad-jayasi-4954758/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Jayasi's most famous work is ''[[Padmavat]]'' (1540),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20171204-padmavati-karni-sena-malik-muhammad-jayasi-sanjay-bhansali-1092364-2017-11-24|title=Absurdity of epic proportions: Are people aware of the content in Jayasi's Padmavat?|date=24 November 2017 }}</ref> a poem describing the story of the historic [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|siege of Chittor]] by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1303. In ''Padmavat'', Alauddin attacks [[Chittor]] after hearing of the beauty of Queen [[Rani Padmini|Padmavati]], the wife of king [[Ratnasimha|Ratansen]].{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|pp=166-176}}

His other important works include ''Akhrawat'' and ''Akhiri Kalaam''. He also wrote ''Kanhavat'', based on [[Krishna]].<ref name="indianexpress" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Aditya Behl |title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA177 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514670-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ramya Sreenivasan|authorlink=Ramya Sreenivasan |title=The Many Lives of a Rajput Queen: Heroic Pasts in India C. 1500–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiSUwULkK64C |year=2007 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98760-6 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80 Malik Muhammad Jayasi at Kavita Kosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423112502/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80 |date=23 April 2009 }} {{in lang|hi}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:1542 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Amethi district]]
[[Category:Awadhi writers]]

Warora Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:31Z

Tudu Hommie: Put Up Basic Page More To Come - done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Warora
| map_image = 75-Warora.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 75
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Karan Sanjay Deotale]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 282,473
}}
'''Warora Assembly constituency''' is one of the six constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] located in the [[Chandrapur district]].
It was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
It is a part of [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, namely Rajura, Ballapur and Chandrapur (SC) from Chandrapur district and Wani and Arni from the neighbouring [[Yavatmal district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warora Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/warora.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Before 2008: See [[Bhadrawati Assembly constituency|Bhadrawati]] Assembly constituency''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Suresh Dhanorkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Pratibha Dhanorkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Karan Sanjay Deotale|Karan Deotale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Warora<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Varora">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Varora |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1375.htm |access-date=13 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213040909/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1375.htm |archive-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Karan Sanjay Deotale]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,170 |percentage = 33.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukesh Manoj Jiwtode |party=Independent politician |votes = 49,720 |percentage = 25.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kakde Pravin Suresh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,048 |percentage = 12.70% |change={{decrease}}22.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahetesham Sadakat Ali |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 20,723 |percentage = 10.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Maroti Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,482 |percentage = 6.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Narayan Dhanorkar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,123 |percentage = 4.62% |change={{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Chetan Gajanan Khutemate |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,151 |percentage = 2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 0.54% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,450 |percentage = 7.83% |change= {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,353 |percentage = 70.22% |change= {{increase}}7.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,294}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282,473|ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Warora<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pratibha Dhanorkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 63,862 |percentage = 34.82% |change={{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 53,665 |percentage = 29.26% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Mahadeo Rajurkar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 34,848 |percentage = 19.00% |change={{increase}}14.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Dilip Bawane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,342 |percentage = 6.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Kawduji Meshram |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 6,388 |percentage = 3.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vijay Ramchandra Deotale |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,127 |percentage = 3.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,224 |percentage = 1.21% |change={{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prashant Bhauraoji Bhadgare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,999 |percentage = 1.09% |change={{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,197 |percentage = 5.56% |change= {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,187 |percentage = 62.78% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,399}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,588|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Warora<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Dhanorkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 53,877 |percentage = 29.76% |change={{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,873 |percentage = 28.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr.Asawari Vijay Deotale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,033 |percentage = 17.14% |change={{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Bhupendra Wamanrao Raipure |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 18,759 |percentage = 10.36% |change={{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Anil Laxmanrao Bujone |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,981 |percentage = 4.41% |change={{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayant Moreshwar Temurde |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,720 |percentage = 2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Shivram Padhal |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,214 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,476 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,004 |percentage = 1.11% |change= {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,661 |percentage = 65.50% |change= {{increase}}0.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 181,063}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,891|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Warora<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deotale Sanjay Wamanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,904 |percentage = 33.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Dhanorkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,164 |percentage = 30.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Anil Laxmanrao Bujone |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,982 |percentage = 19.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Bharat Deogade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,304 |percentage = 4.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rupeshkumar Arjun Ghagi (Sir) |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,992 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kombe Dattatray Gajananrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,855 |percentage = 1.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hitesh Rajeshwar Rajanhire |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,483 |percentage = 1.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,740 |percentage = 2.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,107 |percentage = 63.96% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,069}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,059|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chandrapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.24|79.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:32Z

Tudu Hommie: Put Up Some Info Basic Info - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Suryamaninagar
| mla = [[Ram Prasad Paul]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 2008
| constituency_no=18
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/tripura2018/|title=List of constituencies (District Wise)}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:54213}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Suryamaninagar''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[West Tripura district]] and a part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Tripura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/suryamaninagar.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Suryamaninagar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Rajkumar Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ram Prasad Paul]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Suryamaninagar<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Prasad Paul]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,991 |percentage=49.92% |change={{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Susanta Chakraborty |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,083 |percentage=46.11% |change={{increase}}45.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohanta Barman |party=Independent politician |votes=756 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=730 |percentage=1.46% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biplab Majumder |party=Independent politician |votes=503 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,908 |percentage=3.81% |change= {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,063 |percentage=92.46% |change= {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,213 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Suryamaninagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Prasad Paul]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,874 |percentage=52.78% |change={{increase}}51.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,307 |percentage=43.09% |change={{decrease}}7.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prasanta Bhattacharjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=436 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}45.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=325 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=282 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,567 |percentage=9.69% |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,128 |percentage=94.47% |change= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,324 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Suryamaninagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,613 |percentage=50.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avijit Deb |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,979 |percentage=46.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapas Majumder |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=575 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nepal Chandra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babul Banik |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=271 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,634 |percentage=3.82% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,820 |percentage=95.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,818 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sipahijala district]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.76|91.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Sipahijala district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Khunti Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:47Z

Tudu Hommie: made a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name =Khunti
| map_image =Khunti constituency map.svg
| state =[[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons =[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
| established = 2000
| district =[[Khunti district|Khunti]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla =[[Ram Surya Munda]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:211074}}
| constituency_no =60}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Khunti Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|value1=80|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|label2=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Lucas Munda || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Bir Singh Munda
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Phulchand Kachchap || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan="3"|Tiru Muchirai Munda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Khudia Pahan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Samu Pahan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Sushila Kerketta]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || rowspan=4 | [[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Ram Surya Munda]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khunti<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Surya Munda]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=91,721 |percentage=57.38 |change={{increase}}32.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,668 |percentage=31.07 |change={{decrease}}13.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bi Anil Kumar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,865 |percentage=2.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alok Ritesh Dungdung |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,085 |percentage=1.30 |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pastar Sanjay Kumar Tirkey |party=Independent politician |votes=2,057 |percentage=1.29 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishwakarma Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=1,969 |percentage=1.23 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durgawati Oreya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,947 |percentage=1.22 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,547 |percentage=2.22 |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,053 |percentage=26.31 |change= {{increase}}6.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,59,842 |percentage=70.79 |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,809 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khunti<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,198 |percentage=44.71 |change={{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Pahan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=32,871 |percentage=24.83 |change={{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayamani Barla |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=20,726 |percentage=15.66 |change={{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masih Charan Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=6,964 |percentage=5.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pastar Sanjay Kumar Tirkey |party=Independent politician |votes=1,653 |percentage=1.25 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meenakshi Munda |party=Bharatiya Tribal Party |votes=1,623 |percentage=1.23 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soma Kaitha |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,579 |percentage=1.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,785 |percentage=2.86 |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,327 |percentage=19.89 |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,392 |percentage=62.72 |change= {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,11,074 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khunti<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,032 |percentage=39.01 |change={{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jidan Horo |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=25,517 |percentage=21.16 |change={{decrease}}12.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Surin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,544 |percentage=14.55 |change={{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jura Pahan |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=10,504 |percentage=8.71 |change={{increase}}7.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jakariyas Tiru |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,874 |percentage=3.21 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madiray Munda |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,660 |percentage=3.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Shankar Oreya |party=Rashtriya Deshaj Party |votes=2,450 |percentage=2.03 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,512 |percentage=2.91 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,515 |percentage=17.84 |change= {{increase}}17.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,566 |percentage=63.34 |change= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,333 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khunti<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,067 |percentage=33.74 |change={{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masi Charan Munda |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=31,631 |percentage=33.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Kumar Surin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,116 |percentage=21.17 |change={{decrease}}8.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chonhas Khalkho |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,438 |percentage=2.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudarshan Sanga |party=Independent politician |votes=2,164 |percentage=2.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marshal Barla |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,649 |percentage=1.74 |change={{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dasay Munda |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,155 |percentage=1.22 |change={{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=436 |percentage=0.46 |change= {{decrease}}15.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,043 |percentage=57.05 |change= {{decrease}}5.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,586 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khunti<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,663 |percentage=45.76 |change={{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Kumar Surin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,963 |percentage=29.30 |change={{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alistair Bodra |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=11,240 |percentage=11.78 |change={{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Sundar Kachhap |party=Independent politician |votes=3,109 |percentage=3.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjula Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=2,788 |percentage=1.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baijnath Singh Munda |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,585 |percentage=1.12 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=821 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,700 |percentage=16.45 |change= {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,423 |percentage=62.68 |change= {{increase}}7.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,237 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Khunti<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,828 |percentage=46.63 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushila Kerketta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,857 |percentage=35.64 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanatan Kandir |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=10,886 |percentage=15.01 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Folen Kujur |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,740 |percentage=2.40 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,971 |percentage=10.99 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,547 |percentage=56.52 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,663 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.069|85.278|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Khunti district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

List of accolades received by Mahanati

2026-04-19T16:24:07Z

Tudu Hommie: Adding initial info and citations...

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Mahanati''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+List of accolades received by ''Mahanati''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Keerthy Suresh at Thodari Audio Launch.jpg|alt=A picture of Keerthy Suresh during success meet of the film Mahanati.|center|267x267px]] [[Keerthy Suresh]] won several awards for her role as [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]].
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;" |Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|'''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" |'''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" |'''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|4}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; Radio City Cine Awards
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Santosham Film Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|10}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR -]][[TV9 Telugu|TV9 National Film Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|{{won|10}}
|{{nom|10}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|
; Other Awards
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
; Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''33'''}}
|{{nom|'''59'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" |[[List of accolades received by Mahanati#References|References]]
|}

''[[Mahanati]]'' is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Nag Ashwin]] and produced by [[Vyjayanthi Movies|C. Ashwini Dutt]], [[Swapna Dutt]], and [[Priyanka Dutt]] under the banners [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] and Swapna Cinema. The film is based on the life of Indian actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], played by [[Keerthy Suresh]] while [[Dulquer Salmaan]], in his Tollywood debut, plays the role of [[Gemini Ganesan]]. [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Vijay Deverakonda]], [[Shalini Pandey]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Bhanupriya]] appear in supporting roles, while [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Mohan Babu]], play guest appearances in the film. It follows Savitri's life, depicting her turbulent rise to prominence, marriage with Ganesan, and subsequent fall from grace, which is viewed from the perspective of a journalist and a photographer, played by Samantha and Deverakonda, respectively.

Made on a budget of {{INR}}25 crore ({{INR}}250 million), ''Mahanati'' was released on 9 May 2018 and grossed over {{INR}}850 million. The film was included in [[The Hindu]]'s top 20 Tollywood films of the decade.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2019-12-16|title=From 'Ye Maya Chesave' to 'Jersey': 20 films that defined Telugu cinema in the last decade|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-ye-maya-chesave-to-jersey-20-films-that-defined-telugu-cinema-in-the-last-decade/article30319470.ece|access-date=2020-12-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories, with particular praise for its direction, screenplay, Keerthy's performance, music, cinematography, and editing.

At the [[66th National Film Awards]], ''Mahanati'' won three awards – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]], [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]. The film was nominated in nine categories at [[66th Filmfare Awards South]] in which it won in four categories. It was nominated in ten categories each at [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|2nd Zee Cine Awards Telugu]].

== Accolades ==
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Mahanati''}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |17 February 2019
|Best Film
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=..::: Edison Awards :::..|url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php|website=edisonawards.in}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="9" |[[66th Filmfare Awards South|21 December 2019]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|''Mahanati''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|accessdate=20 December 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|accessdate=22 December 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Nag Ashwin]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South|Best Actor Critics – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| rowspan="4" |12 August 2018
|Equality In Cinema (Honorary Award)
| rowspan="2" |''Mahanati''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-12|title=Padmaavat, Sanju dominate nominations at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/padmaavat-sanju-dominate-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-4724031.html|access-date=2020-01-08|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-13|title=IFFM 2018 winners list: Sanju wins Best Film award; Rani Mukerji, Manoj Bajpayee named Best Actors|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffm-2018-winners-list-sanju-wins-best-film-award-rani-mukerji-manoj-bajpayee-named-best-actors-4951921.html|access-date=2020-01-06|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Performance
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[66th National Film Awards|9 August 2019]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|''Mahanati''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="NFAlist">{{Cite news|title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list|newspaper=India Today|agency=Ist|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keerthy Suresh on her Indian National Award: 'This is just the beginning'|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/keerthy-suresh-on-her-indian-national-award-this-is-just-the-beginning-1.65778299|access-date=2020-12-22|website=gulfnews.com|date=12 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Indrakshi Pattanaik, Gaurang Shah, Archana Rao
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |25–28 April 2019
|Best Actress
| rowspan="3" |[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=NTFF is now entering gloriously into its 10th year! – Winners | Tamil Naadu | NTFF|url=https://ntff.no/ntff-is-now-entering-gloriously-into-its-10th-year/}}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury Award
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Cine Awards S2]]
| rowspan="9" |1 March 2019
|Best Heroine
| {{won}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-02|title=Ram Charan, Keerthy Suresh, Sukumar, crowned as winners of City Cine Awards Telugu Season 2|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ram-charan-keerthy-suresh-sukumar-crowned-as-winners-of-city-cine-awards-telugu-season-2/20500160|access-date=2019-11-19|website=Mid day}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film
|''Mahanati''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Nag Ashwin]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|''Mahanati''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|''Mahanati''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Singer
|Charulatha Mani for "Sada Nannu"
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[17th Santosham Film Awards|29 September 2019]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shriya Saran, Jayam Ravi and other celebs get spotted at an awards show; See pics|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/photos-shriya-saran-jayam-ravi-and-other-celebs-get-spotted-awards-show-476994|access-date=2020-11-25|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Young Performer (Child Actor)
|Baby Sai Tejaswni
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|15 August 2019]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film (Telugu)]]
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="9" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms|access-date=7 June 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|accessdate=18 August 2019|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=17 August 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Best Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Nag Ashwin]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Best Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu)|Best Actress (Telugu)]]
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Best Lyricist (Telugu)]]
|Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)|Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]]
|Dani Sanclez-Lopez
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR -]][[TV9 Telugu|TV9 National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |17 February 2019
|Best Actress
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hyderabadi360|first=Team|date=2019-02-15|title=TSR Awards in 2019 for 2018 & 2019 {{!}} TSR Awards Complete List {{!}} Rangastalam Ramcharan, Mahanati Keerthi Suresh|url=https://www.hyderabadi360.com/tsr-awards-list/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=HYDERABADI360|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-16|title=Balakrishna, Nagarjuna and Keerthy Suresh among TSR-TV9 film award winners|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishna-nagarjuna-and-keerthy-suresh-among-tsr-tv9-film-award-winners-96844|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Actor
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Child Artiste
|Baby Sai Tejaswini
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Nag Ashwin]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Singer
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]] for "Mahanati" song
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
| rowspan="10" |6 January 2019
|Best Film
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-25|title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu.|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html|access-date=2019-11-26|website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Nag Ashwin]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer - Male
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]] for "Mahanati" song
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Child Artist
|Baby Sai Tejaswini
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Makeup
|Moovendran
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Designer
|Gourang Shah
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Stylist
|Indrakshi Pattanaik
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Crew
|Mahanati Team - Swapna Dutt & Priyanka Dutt
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Film charts ==

* 4th – ''[[IMDb]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-13|title=IMDb top Indian movies 2018: Ayushmann Khurrana's AndhaDhun tops list, beats Stree, Padman and Sanju|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/imdb-top-indian-movies-2018-ayushmann-khurranas-andhadhun-tops-list-beats-stree-padman-and-sanju/1412605/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
*6th – ''iQlickMovies''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Movies|first=iQlik|title=Recap 2018: Top 10 Blockbuster Movies|url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2018/12/28/top-10-blockbuster-telugu-movies-of-2018/28787|access-date=2021-05-13|website=iQlikmovies|language=en}}</ref>
*7th – Karthik Keramalu, ''[[HuffPost]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-30|title=10 Telugu Films You Need To Watch Right Now|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/10-telugu-films-you-need-to-watch-right-now_in_5c9ded36e4b0bc0daca65c28|access-date=2021-05-13|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>
* 10 Best Films of 2018 – Sangeetha Devi Dundoo, ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2018-12-28|title=10 Telugu films from 2018 that you shouldn't miss|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/10-telugu-films-from-2018-that-you-shouldnt-miss/article25828043.ece|access-date=2021-05-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Top 10 Telugu Movies 2018 – [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi Post'']]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-20|title=Top 10 Telugu movies 2018|url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/08/20/top-10-telugu-movies-2018|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref>
* 25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade – Sankeertana Varma, ''[[Film Companion]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 17, 2019|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.filmcompanion.in|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Telugu films of 2018|List of Tollywood films of 2018]]
*[[Mahanati (soundtrack)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7465992/awards?ref_=tt_awd Accolades for ''Mahanati''] at the [[IMDb]]

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Mahanati]]

Pushpraj Singh

2026-04-17T16:35:15Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting a biography

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pushparaj Singh
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|7|3|df=y}}
| office2 = [[Minister of Education]], [[Madhya Pradesh Government]]
| term_start2 = 1993
| term_end2 = 1998
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1990
| predecessor = Prem Lal Mishra
| term_end = 2003
| constituency = [[Rewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| successor = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| profession = Politician
| parents = Maharaja [[Martand Singh]],

Maharani Pravin Kumari
| children = [[Mohena Singh]],
[[Divyaraj Singh]]
}}

'''Pushpraj Singh''' or is the present “Descendent of Baghel dynasty” of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] and is a former minister of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in the [[Digvijaya Singh]] government. His daughter [[Mohena Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-princess-diary/896743/|title=The Princess Diary|website= www.archive.indianexpress.com|date= 7 Jan 2012|access-date= 23 March 2023}}</ref> is Indian television actress and son Divyaraj Singh is [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] legislator from [[Sirmour Assembly constituency|Sirmour]], Rewa.

Pushparaj Singh is the son of the last ruling [[ Maharaja Martand Singh]] of rewa. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/rewa-theres-more-to-this-majestic-greenland-than-white-tiger/|title=REWA: THERE'S MORE TO THIS MAJESTIC GREENLAND THAN WHITE TIGER|website=www.thedailyguardian.com|date= 11 June 2021|access-date= 23 March 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pushpraj Singh was born on 3 July 1960 in Madhya Pradesh, India. After his father's death in 1995 he retained the title of Maharaja of Rewa. His mother's name is Maharani Pravin Kumari who was the princess of Kutch.
Pushpraj Singh spouse's name is Madhu Singh and the couple has one son and daughter.

==Political career==
Pushparaj Singh debuted in politics by contesting assembly elections as [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate in 1990 from Rewa constituency. He won this election by a margin of 27,546 against incumbent Premlal Mishra.
He continued with his victory campaign in [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] and [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] elections until he was defeated by BJP candidate [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] in [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/pushparaj-singh-maharaja-of-rewa-returns-to-congress/articleshow/65994176.cms|title=Pushparaj Singh, Maharaja of Rewa, returns to Congress|website=[[The Times of India]]|date= 28 September 2018|access-date= 23 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/28/king-of-rewa-pushpraj-singh-back-in-congress-after-15-years-1878406.html|title=King of Rewa Pushpraj Singh back in Congress after 15 years|website=www.newindiaexpress.com|date= 28 September 2018|access-date= 23 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Rewa district]]

JM Financial

2026-04-15T10:47:27Z

Tudu Hommie: made details.

{{Short description|Indian financial services group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = JM Financial Ltd.
| native_name =
| logo = JM Logo2.png
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{NSE|JMFINANCIL}}|{{BSE|523405}}|[[NIFTY 500|NSE NIFTY 500 Constituent]]}}
| ISIN = INE780C01023
| foundation = {{start date and age|1973}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| services = [[Investment banking]] [[Mortgage lending]] [[Investment management]] [[Asset management]] [[Mutual fund]]s [[Exchange-traded fund]]s
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|37.63|b}}
| revenue_year = 31 March 2022
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|9.92|b}}
| net_income_year = 31 March 2022
| assets = {{up}}{{INRConvert|258|b}}
| assets_year = 31 March 2022
| equity = {{up}}{{INRConvert|106|b}}
| equity_year = 31 March 2022
| owner =
| num_employees = {{up}}4,680
| num_employees_year = 2025
| key_people = {{ubl
|[[Nimesh Kampani]] (chairman)
|Vishal Kampani (vice chairman)
|Atul Mehra (Managing
Director)
|Adi Patel (managing director)
}}
| founder = [[Nimesh Kampani]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://jmfl.com/}}
| footnotes = <ref name="AR22">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.primeinfobase.in/z_JMFINANCIL/files/JM_Financial_Ltd_AR_2021-22.pdf |website=JM Financial}}</ref><ref name="WSJ">{{cite web |title=JMFINANCIL.IN {{!}} J.M. Financial Ltd. Company Profile & Executives - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/IN/XNSE/JMFINANCIL/company-people |website=www.wsj.com}}</ref>
}}

'''JM Financial Ltd.''' ('''JMFL''') is an Indian financial services group headquartered in [[Mumbai]] and has branches across [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Our Presence |url=https://jmfl.com/our-presence |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=jmfl.com}}</ref> It also has overseas branches in [[Ebene, Mauritius|Ebene]], Singapore, New Jersey and [[Dubai]] although almost all the group's business are domestic operations in India.<ref name="AR22"/><ref name=":1" />

==History==

JM Financial was founded in 1973 by Mahendra Kampani and [[Nimesh Kampani]] as a spin-off from Jamnadas Morarjee Securities' investment banking arm<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vijayaraghavan |first=Nandini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-2nEAAAQBAJ&dq=JM+financial&pg=PT29 |title=Unfinished Business: Evolving Capitalism in the World's Largest Democracy |date=23 January 2023 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-874-1 |language=en}}</ref> and was originally set up as a consultancy practice.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Company Check |title=J M FINANCIAL AND INVESTMENT CONSULTANCY SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED - Company Details {{!}} The Company Check |url=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/j-m-financial-and-investment-consultancy-services-private-limited/U67120MH1973PTC016844 |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=www.thecompanycheck.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 1986, it was incorporated as a private limited company to engage in the business of [[Stock-broking]].<ref name="ET">{{cite web |title=JM Financial History {{!}} JM Financial Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jm-financial-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12633.cms |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 1991, it listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] becoming a [[Public company|publicly listed company]] group<ref>{{Cite web |title=JM Financial Listing Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jm-financial-ltd/infocompanylisting/companyid-12633.cms |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> and in 2006 it held a [[secondary listing]] on the [[National Stock Exchange of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2006 |title=GATI & JM FINANCIAL to be listed in NSE from October 10, 2006 |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?page=0&id=2564 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=EquityBulls}}</ref> The group expanded into different businesses outside Stock-broking which include [[Asset management]] in 1994,<ref>{{Cite web |title=JM Financial Mutual Fund {{!}} JM Mutual Fund schemes & SIPs |url=https://www.fincash.com/l/jm-financial-mutual-fund |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=www.fincash.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Private equity]] in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web |title=JM Financial launches India-focused private equity fund with Old Lane {{!}} Alternatives |url=https://www.asianinvestor.net/article/jm-financial-launches-india-focused-private-equity-fund-with-old-lane/57930 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=AsianInvestor|date=9 August 2006 }}</ref> [[Real estate investment]] in 2007,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=MV Ramsurya & Rajesh |title=Realty bug bites JM Financial |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/realty-trends/realty-bug-bites-jm-financial/articleshow/1895140.cms |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> [[Distressed securities|Distressed Credit]] in 2008<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Sangita |title=Asset reconstruction business hots up as loan defaults rise |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/asset-reconstruction-business-hots-up-as-loan-defaults-rise/articleshow/3537826.cms |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> and [[Mortgage lending]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last3=Ist |date=24 November 2017 |title=JM Financial gets NHB nod for home finance arm - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jm-financial-gets-nhb-nod-for-home-finance-arm/articleshow/61783244.cms |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, JM Financial and [[Morgan Stanley]] set up a [[Joint venture]] in India named JM Morgan Stanley.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=JM Financial, Morgan Stanley part ways |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-week-that-was/jm-financial-morgan-stanley-part-ways/articleshow/1676195.cms |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> In February 2007, Morgan Stanley announced the end of JM Morgan Stanley Joint Venture agreement.<ref name=":0" /> It acquired JM Financial's 49% stake in the institutional brokerage business, and sold its 49% stake in the [[Investment banking]] business to JM Financial.<ref name=":0" />

==Organization==

JM Financial has four main business segments: 1. Investment banking, [[Wealth management]] and Securities Business (IWS); 2. Mortgage lending; 3. Distressed Credit and 4. Asset Management.<ref name="AR22"/> The IWS and Mortgage lending segments make up the majority of the group's revenue.<ref name="AR22"/> Almost all of the group's revenue is from only India.<ref name="AR22"/>

Although JM Financial is a publicly listed company, Kampani and his family still exhibit significance influence over it. According to shareholding disclosures, Kampani and his family hold over 15% of the group's shares.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=JM Financial Ltd. Shareholding Pattern: Latest Shareholding Snapshot of JM Financial Ltd. |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/stock/187323/jm-financial-ltd/shareholding-snapshot |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=www.bloombergquint.com}}</ref> This doesn't include indirect ownership via private entities etc.<ref name=":5" />

=== Rankings ===
According to [[Mergermarket]] [[League tables (finance)|League tables]], JM Financial is usually ranked in the top 10 firms for India deals by value with its 2021 rank being No. 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Global & Regional League Tables 2021 |url=http://www.mergermarket.com/pdf/MergermarketFinancialLeagueTableReport.Q42021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512084505/http://www.mergermarket.com/pdf/MergermarketFinancialLeagueTableReport.Q42021.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>

==Controversies ==

=== Police investigation into Nimesh Kampani ===
In 2009, JM Financial Founder, chairman and managing director, Nimesh Kampani was under police investigation for alleged involvement of defrauding depositors by [[Hyderabad]]-based Nagarjuna Finance Ltd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2009 |title=Why targeting Nimesh Kampani is a bad move |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/why-targeting-nimesh-kampani-is-a-bad-move/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Doshi |first=P. R. Sanjai, Ankit |date=2 August 2016 |title=Nimesh Kampani to step down as J.M. Financial chairman and MD |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/D4MT6nHYOeMMTkSS9I8BCP/Nimesh-Kampani-to-step-down-as-CMD-JM-Financial.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Kampani was reported hiding in Dubai temporarily to avoid arrest.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=PM |first1=Indulal |last2=Barman |first2=Arijit |title=India Inc's most trusted confidante Nimesh Kampani to step down as the chairman and MD of JM Financial |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/india-incs-most-trusted-confidante-nimesh-kampani-to-step-down-as-the-chairman-and-md-of-jm-financial/articleshow/53514991.cms? |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> In April 2009, the [[Supreme Court of India]] granted a stay on the arrest for Kampani.<ref name=":4" /> After two years, Kampani returned to India but stepped back from daily operations.<ref name=":3" /> In 2016, he formally resigned from his position as managing director and handed over control of JM Financial to his son, Vishal Kampani.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

=== SEC regulatory fine due to violation of registration rules ===
In 2012, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) fined JM Financial and three other Indian securities firms, US$1.8 million for violating registration rules.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2012 |title=Ambit, Motilal Oswal among cos fined by SEC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/295069/ambit-motilal-oswal-among-cos.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The firms solicited and provided brokerage services to U.S. investors without being registered with the SEC as required under the federal securities laws.<ref name=":6" />

=== Insider trading settlement ===
In 2020, Atul Saraogi, a vice president at JM Financial settled an alleged [[insider trading]] case with the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) by paying ₹1.5 million.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=JM Financial's former VP settles insider trading case with Sebi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/jm-financials-former-vp-settles-insider-trading-case-with-sebi/articleshow/77003008.cms |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> From 2013 to 2014, Saraogi engaged in off-market transactions of JM financial shares without obtaining approval from his employer.<ref name=":7" />

=== Ban on managing debt issues ===
In June 2024, SEBI banned JM Financial from acting as a lead manager for public issues of debt securities until March 31, 2025, in a case of alleged irregularities in a public issue of non-convertible debentures (NCDs).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Reena |date=2024-06-20 |title=Sebi confirms interim direction; bans JM Financial from managing debt public issues till Mar 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-confirms-interim-direction-bans-jm-financial-from-managing-debt-public-issues-till-mar-2025/articleshow/111145910.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://jmfl.com/ Official site]
{{Investment banks}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Investment banks in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978

2026-04-13T12:52:15Z

Tudu Hommie: Adding new article initial version...

{{About|the act of Parliament of India that governs the construction of works relating to metro rail systems|the law governing operation and maintenance of such systems| Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|imagesize = 150
|long_title = An Act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matter connected therewith.
|citation = [http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/Metro_Railway_Act_1978.pdf Act No. 33 of 1978]
|territorial_extent = [[India]]
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|date_passed = 26 July 1978
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_passed2 = 3 August 1978
|date_assented = 21 August 1978
|date_commenced = 1 February 1979
|bill = The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Bill, 1978
|bill_date = 12 May 1978
|amended_by = The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment Act, 1982 The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009
|related_legislation = [[Metro Railway Act, 2002|Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002]]
|status = amended
}}

The '''Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978''' is an act of the Parliament of India that governs the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities in the country. When it was enacted in 1978, the Act applied in the first instance to the metropolitan city of Calcutta (now Kolkata). The Act also empowered the Central Government to, by notification in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'', extend the Act to any other metropolitan city. This provision has been utilized in subsequent years to extend the Act to other metro railway systems in the country.

==Proposal and enactment==
''The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Bill, 1978'' (Bill No. 87 of 1978) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 12 May 1978, and passed by that House on 26 July. The Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 3 August 1978. The bill received assent from then President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] on 21 August 1978.<ref name="LokSabhaBills1">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Bills Information System|url=http://164.100.47.4/newlsbios_search/NewAdvsearch.aspx|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="LokSabhaBills2">{{cite web|url=http://data.gov.in/catalog/lok-sabha-government-bills#web_catalog_tabs_block_10 |title= Lok Sabha Government Bills as on 20th July 2013 |publisher=data.gov.in |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref> The Act came into force on 1 February 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1660014/ |title=The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Amendments==

===1982===
The Metro Railways Act was amended in 1982. The amendment act is named ''The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment Act, 1982'' (Act No. 41 of 1982). ''The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment, Bill, 1981'' (Bill No. 165 of 1981) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22 December 1981, and passed by that House on the same day. It was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 7 August 1982. The Bill received assent from then President [[Zail Singh]] on 21 August 1982.<ref name="LokSabhaBills1"/><ref name="LokSabhaBills2"/> It was notified in ''The Gazette of India'' on 6 May 1983, and came into force on 15 May 1983.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment Act, 1978|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/textofcentralacts/1982.pdf|work=Ministry of Law and Justice|publisher=lawmin.nic.in|access-date=8 May 2014|pages=229–234}}</ref>

===2009===
The Act was amended for a second time in 2009. The amendment bill titled ''The Metro Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2009'' (Bill No. 64-C of 2009) was passed by the Lok Sabha on 6 August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill,%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830090744/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill%2C%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill,%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf Metro Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2009 - Full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830090744/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill%2C%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |date=30 August 2015 }}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1978]]
[[Category:Desai administration]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in India]]
[[Category:Railway legislation]]

C. V. S. Rao

2026-04-10T00:00:11Z

Tudu Hommie: done

{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox police officer
|name= C.V.S. Rao
|image=CVS Rao IGP Karnataka 1972-76.jpg
|alt=Head-and-shoulders portrait of Indian Police Officer
|caption= CVS Rao IGP Karnataka 1972–76
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1918|10|9}}
|birth_place= [[Mysore, Karnataka]]
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1993|10|8|1918|10|9}}
|death_place= Bangalore
|rank= [[Director General of Police|Inspector General of Police]]
|awards= President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service, Police Medal for Meritorious Service
|department= [[Indian Police Service]]
|service= India
|service_years= 24
}}
'''C.V.S. Rao''' [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (9 October 1918 – 8 October 1993) was a senior police officer in the [[Indian Police Service]]. Chitradurga Vasudeva Sreenivasa Rao was born in [[Mysore, Karnataka|Mysore]], India. His notable accomplishments in his 24 years of service included the computerisation of criminal records at a time when computer technology was in its infant stages, the design and implementation of the Police Memorial and the observance of Police Commemoration Day in the state on 21 October, setting up of the Police Benevolent Fund and the first Accident Relief Unit (ambulance vans and police officers trained in first-aid) in Bangalore.

Before CVS Rao took office, the uniforms worn by police constables were outdated and cumbersome,<ref name="KSPCentury"/> making them less responsive and unattractive. Rao implemented new, better looking and better fitting uniforms and higher uniform allowances for both men and women of the [[Karnataka Police]].

CVS set up the Corps of Detectives in 1974 to ensure serious crimes received the focus they needed. Homicide, vice, fraud and other squads were set up to significantly reduce crimes such as the abduction of girls, maiming of children, homicides and [[white-collar crime]]s. He also set up the Civil Rights Enforcement Cell to help eradicate harassment and atrocities against certain minorities.<ref name="KSPCentury">{{cite book|last=Garudachar| first=B.N.| year=1985| title=Karnataka State Police – Growth in a Century 1885–1985| location=Bangalore}}</ref>

==Early life==
CVS started school at Government Middle School in Mysore and completed his high school at King George English School in Bombay (Mumbai). He received his bachelor's degree from Elphinston College and his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from Sydenhane College, both in Bombay (Mumbai).

He started his career at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] in Bangalore.

==Police career==
In 1952, CVS Rao joined the [[Indian Police Service]] under the Emergency Recruitment Scheme and started his police training at the Central Police Training (CPT) College in [[Mount Abu]]. He received his practical training at North Arcot District in Chennai and at Madira Circle of Khammampet District in [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name="DGIGPs">{{cite book|last=Garudachar| first=B.N.| year=1985| title=Directors General & Inspectors General of Police in (Mysore) Karnataka| location=Bangalore}}</ref>

His first position was [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] for the Mahaboob Sub-Division in Khammampet District in [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]. A year later CVS was appointed as [Superintendent of Police] in Raichur and two months later moved to Hyderabad as Assistant Inspector General of Police.<ref name="DGIGPs"/>

After two years, CVS was promoted to the position of [[Superintendent of Police]] in charge of the Anti-Corruption department in Bangalore.<ref name="DGIGPs"/> During his tenure in Bangalore he was also in charge of revising the Karnataka Police Manual. During this time, the new Mysore State was formed and Rao played a large role in several re-organisation schemes including the drafting of the common Police Act, the common Police Manual and other measures to bring about uniformity in Police administration of the New State.<ref name="KSPCentury"/>

In 1965, CVS Rao was deputised to the [[Government of India]] starting as [[Superintendent of Police]] at Gulbarga and then to New Delhi as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] in the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]. After New Delhi, he was posted in [[Ranikhet]] for a number of years.

In 1972, CVS returned to Bangalore as [[Director General of Police|Inspector General of Police]] of [[Karnataka]], the highest position in the state's police department.

===Accomplishments as IGP===
CVS Rao was [[Director General of Police|Inspector General of Police]] of [[Karnataka]] between 1972 and 1976. In these four years, he accomplished a great deal for the Karnataka State Police as detailed in the 37 pages of the Karnataka State Police Growth in a Century book.<ref name="KSPCentury"/>

In addition to the accomplishments noted in the introduction above, he was responsible for the following:<ref name="KSPCentury"/>
* Installation of the first Police Printing Press in [[Karnataka]] which was used to print and circulate all Laws, Bulletins, Circulars, Guidelines and Standing Orders of the Police department since 1975
* Expansion and strengthening of the Women police force
* Setup of the first State Industrial Security Force to help secure the large industrial complexes in the state
* Development of a fully staffed Police Research Center
* Grant of a uniform allowance to officers and men below the rank of Police Inspectors
* Revision of Uniforms of Head Constables and Police Constables and a 33% increase in free uniforms
* Organized and hosted the XI All India Police Science Congress
* For the first time, paychecks were computerised in 1974 under Rao's leadership

During the building and operation (it was launched from Russia) of the first Indian Scientific Satellite, [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], the Police played a key role which was recognised by the Director of the Satellite project in a letter to C.V.S. Rao. "Our efforts could not have come true, but for the unstinted support and cooperation that we have received from you"<ref name="KSPCentury"/>

== Personal life ==
He married Ahalya Seetharamachar, the daughter of a well known attorney in Bangalore. CVS was the oldest of six children and Ahalya was the second youngest of eight children. They had three children, six grandchildren and many close nephews and nieces. They both loved [[Carnatic music]] and playing [[Gin rummy]] with their friends and relatives. CVS died in October 1993 from colon cancer. After his passing, Ahalya learned computer skills and working with University Women's Association, helped set up a computer lab and training center for impoverished women. Ahalya joined CVS in heaven on 11 November 2020, after suffering from a heart attack.

CVS and Ahalya were like a [[Banyan]] tree with roots that spread around the world and gave solace and shelter to many.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Garudachar| first=B.N.| year=1985| title=Directors General & Inspectors General of Police in (Mysore) Karnataka| location=Bangalore}}
* {{cite book|last=Garudachar| first=B.N.| year=1985| title=Karnataka State Police – Growth in a Century 1885–1985| location=Bangalore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, C. V. S.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century police officers]]

Chaupati Grant Road Tardeo Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:12Z

Tudu Hommie: post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chaupati Grant Road Tardeo
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 54,184
| mla = Bharucha, Naushir Cursetji
| party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Chaupati Grant Road Tardeo Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bharucha, Naushir Cursetji || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chaupati Grant Road Tardeo <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bharucha, Naushir Cursetji |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,798 |percentage = 45.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathe, Kashibai Ramchandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,027 |percentage = 42.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eaikini, Venkatrao Manjunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,827 |percentage = 5.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyanpur, Dattatraya Shantaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,138 |percentage = 3.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balsey, Vashishta Shiv |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 751 |percentage = 2.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 771 |percentage = 2.52% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,541 |percentage = 56.37% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,541}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,184 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

K. Jamuna Rani

2026-04-08T11:43:26Z

Tudu Hommie: made article

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jamuna Rani
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|05|17}}
| death_date =
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[Playback singer]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1946–present
}}
'''K. Jamuna Rani''' (born 17 May 1938 in [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]) is an Indian playback singer who has sung over 6,000 songs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.

==Life and career==
Rani was born to K. Varadarajulu and violinist K. Droupathy.

She first contributed her voice to film at the age of seven for the Telugu movie ''[[Tyagayya (1946 film)|Tyagayya]]'' (1946). By thirteen, Rani was vocalising for lead characters in films like ''[[Valayapathi (film)|Valayapathi]]'' and ''[[Kalyani (1952 film)|Kalyani]]''. She had a hit score with ''Aasaiyum En Nesamum'' from the Tamil film ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' in 1955.

Jamuna Rani first sang in Sri Lankan cinema for ''[[Sujatha (1953 film)|Sujatha]]'' in 1953 under the direction of composer [[Ananda Samarakoon]]. She subsequently contributed to ''Warada Kageda'' (1954), ''[[Seda Sulang]]'' (1955), ''Mathalan'' (1955), ''Suraya'' (1957) and ''Vana Mohini'' (1958). 'Jeevana Mea Gamana Sansare' which she sang with [[A. M. Rajah]] for the movie '[[Seda Sulang]]' is one of the all-time favourite Sinhala cinema songs in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/10/15/fea07.htm |title=Feature |publisher=Dailynews.lk |access-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010202648/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/10/15/fea07.htm |archive-date=10 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

She had few songs in the early 1970s. After a hiatus, she came back to Tamil songs in ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) and ''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]'' (1992).
In 50s and 60s she sang for many films likePasamalar, Tamil and Mooga manusulu Telugu etc.

==Music composers she sang for ==
She worked under [[G. Ramanathan]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[A. M. Rajah]], Vedha, [[V. Nagayya]], J. A. Rehman, [[Pendyala Nageshwara Rao]], [[T. Chalapathi Rao]], [[Ananda Samarakoon]], [[T. G. Lingappa]], [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani, [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[S. Hanumantha Rao]], [[Master Venu]], R. Sudarsanam, [[G. K. Venkatesh]], V. T. Rajagopalan, [[V. Kumar]], [[T. R. Pappa]], [[S. V. Venkatraman]], [[Vijaya Bhaskar]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Kunnakkudi Vaidyanathan]], [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[S. P. Kodandapani]], [[V. Kumar]], Brother Lakshmanan, [[M. B. Sreenivasan]], [[G. Devarajan]], [[M. S. Baburaj]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]].

===Playback singers she sang with===
She sang immemorable duets mostly with [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], and [[Mohideen Baig]]. Others are [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], Dharapuram Sundararajan, V. T. Rajagopalan, [[H. R. Jothipala]], [[Kamukara Purushothaman]], [[P. Kalinga Rao]] and [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]].

She also sang duets with female singers with most notably with [[P. Suseela]], [[P. Leela]], [[L. R. Easwari]] and [[Jikki]]. Others are [[A. P. Komala]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[S. Janaki]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], L. R. Anjali, [[K. Swarna|Swarna]] and [[Renuka]].

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music director !! Co-singer
|-
| 1944 || ''Tahsildar'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Aha Emandhune Chinvadina || H. R. Padmanaba Sastry ||
|-
| 1946 || ''[[Tyagayya (1946 film)|Tyagayya]]'' || Telugu || || [[V. Nagayya]] & J. A. Rehman ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1948 || rowspan=3|''[[Drohi (1948 film)|Drohi]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Endukee Bratuku || rowspan=3|[[Pendyala Nageshwara Rao]] ||
|-
| Oho Roja Pularaja ||
|-
| Trnamo Panam Veyyandi ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1948 || rowspan=3|''[[Ratnamala (film)|Rathnamala]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Vagaladi Ninu Cherura || rowspan=3|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| Jhum Jhum Jhum Kammani Theeyani || [[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
| Poira Mayamma || [[P. Bhanumathi]] & [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]]
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || Telugu || Andala Chinnadana || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''[[Kalyani (1952 film)|Kalyani]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Success Success || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Onnu Rendu Moonu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''[[Valayapathi (film)|Valaiyapathi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kulungidum Poovil Ellam || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Uyar Thaamarai Malar Poigai Kanden || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Chandirani]]'' || Tamil || Meow Meow Meow || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || Udutha Sarojini & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Chandirani]]'' || Telugu || Meow Meow Meow || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || Udutha Sarojini & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadas]]'' || Tamil || O Devadhaas || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || Udutha Sarojini
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' || Telugu || O Devadhaa || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || Udutha Sarojini
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]] || Idiyappam || rowspan=2|[[T. A. Kalyanam]], [[M. S. Gnanamani]] & [[M. S. Viswanathan]]||
|-
| Kuthukamee Lathakalil || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Sujatha (1953 film)|Sujatha]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || Premalookaya Niwee || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Mohideen Baig]]
|-
| Wedena Harede Nage ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Antha Manavalle'' || Telugu || Padara O Teluguvada || [[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|''[[Parivartana (1954 film)|Parivartana]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Avunantaara || rowspan=2|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]] ||
|-
| Anandamaayi Anandam ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Varada Kageda'' || Sinhala || || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Veerasundari]]'' || Tamil || Kalaiye Aagum Suvai || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1955 || ''Beedhala Aasthi'' || Telugu || Nee Meedha Manasu Nilchene || T. A. Kalyanam & G. Natarajan || Rohini
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Ezhayin Aasthi]]'' || Tamil || || T. A. Kalyanam & G. Natarajan ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1955 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' || Tamil || Paapam Seydheno || B. S. Kala, Sarala, T. A. Kalyanam and G. Nataraj || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' || Tamil || Aasaiyum Nesamum || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Kathanayaki]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Dhuraiye Ilamai || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Maalai Ondru Kaiyil || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Mangaiyar Thilakam]]'' || Tamil || Unmai Anbu Endrum Aanainthidaadha Dheebamai Vilangum || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Mathalang'' || Sinhala || || R. Muthusamy ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1955 || rowspan=3|''[[Nalla Thangal (1955 film)|Nalla Thangal]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Vaadaatha Marikozhundhe || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[D. B. Ramachandra]]
|-
| Pachai Padagu Virithadhu Pol || Udutha Sarojini & Nirmala
|-
| Ithanai Naalaaga Engedi Pone || [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Needhipathi]]'' || Tamil || Vandhadhadi Rajayogam || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Santhanam (1955 film)|Santhanam]]'' || Telugu || Santhoshmela Sangeethamela || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[S. P. Kodandapani]]
|-
| rowspan=7|1955 || rowspan=7|''[[Seda Sulang]]'' || rowspan=7|Sinhala || Pem Kekulu Pipee || rowspan=7|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] & [[Ananda Samarakoon]]|| [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Sadawath Uthum || [[Mohideen Baig]]
|-
| Jeevana Mea Gamana Sansare || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Kawudu Maa Mawu ||
|-
| Hari Saarai Mea ||
|-
| Mohen Mula Welade || [[Mohideen Baig]]
|-
| Jeevana Mea Gamana Sansare || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]]'' || Tamil || Aasai Anbellam || [[T. R. Pappa]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibaba 40 Dongalu]]'' || Telugu || Ila Aadedi Padedi || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] || Swarnalatha
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' || Tamil || Naama Aaduvadhum Paaduvadhum Kaasukku || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || Swarnalatha
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''Bala Sanyasamma Katha'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Oho Oho Nimmapandu || rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| Kala Kalalade ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Jaya Jaya Sarvesa || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Bal Chedugudu || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|Amara Geetham]]'' || Tamil || En Kanne En Kanne || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|Chiranjeevulu]]'' || Telugu || Thinendukunai Raa || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gul-E-Bakawali]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Aaj Tu In Nainan || [[Gyan Dutt]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Marma Veeran]]'' || Tamil || Kaathirundhen Romba Naala || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Ohileshwara]]'' || [[Kannada]] || O Sura Sundari || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Sadhaaram]]'' || Tamil || Azhagu Brammachari || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Santhanam (1955 film)|Santhanam]]'' || Tamil || Santhoshmethan Sangeethamagum || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Santhanam (1955 film)|Santhanam]]'' || [[Kannada]] || Santhoshmethan Sangeethamagum || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Aaravalli]]'' || Tamil || Ilam Meesaiyulla || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Tamil || Naragam Idhudhan || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1957 || rowspan=3|''[[Karpukkarasi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Ellai Meerudhe Manam Thulli Odudhe || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. P. Komala]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Illadha Adhisayamaam || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Aadum Ponne Aasai Kanne ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1957 || rowspan=3|''[[Kutumba Gowravam]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Aanandhale Nindaali || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Rayudori Intikaada Nalla || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Paadavoyi Raitanna Aadavoyi || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Mahadhevi]]'' || Tamil || Kaamugar Nenjil Needhi Illai || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Magathala Nattu Mary]]'' || Tamil || Thunbam Theerave Thooya Inbam Kaanave || R. Parthasarathi ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || O Malliyakka O Rojakka || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Jikki]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Senthazham Poovai Poi || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]'' || Tamil || Pottaare Oru Poduthaan || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. P. Komala]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''Suraya'' || rowspan=2|Sinhala || Dutuda Indala Luhubanda || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Mohideen Baig]]
|-
| Ethiwenawa Sepa Minisata ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Thaskaraveeran (1957 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' || Malayalam || Pokalle Pokalle Pokalle Nee || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Vadhante Pelli'' || Telugu || Kaalamantha Maaripoye || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Marma Veeran|Vegu Chukka]]'' || Telugu || Kachukunna Sambarana || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] & [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]'' || Telugu || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1958 || rowspan=4|''[[Anbu Engey]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Mele Parakkum Rockettu || rowspan=4|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| Poovil Vandu Bothai Kondu || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Kadhal Endral Enna ||
|-
| Aana Aavanna ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Anna Thammudu (1958 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' || Telugu || Ragulutundi Ragulutund || G. Aswathama || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Badi Pantulu (1958 film)|Badi Pantulu]]'' || Telugu || Adimadhura Anuraga || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Bommai Kalyanam]]'' || Tamil || Nillu Nillu Megame || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[School Master (1958 film)|Engal Kudumbam Perisu]]'' || Tamil || Adimadhura Anuraga || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kaathavaraayan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kumkara Kuppanna || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Sundaramma
|-
| Vetrriye Arulamma || [[A. P. Komala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Sundaramma
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Karthavarayuni Katha]]'' || Telugu || Poosey Malli Remma || [[G. Ramanathan]] & G. Aswathama || [[A. P. Komala]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & Sundaramma
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Neelamalai Thirudan|Kondaveeti Donga]]'' || Telugu || Ullasala Patale Sompu Golupu || S. L. Merchant & M. S. Sriram ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Kudumba Gouravam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Serum Kaalam Vandhachu || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Aavarang Kaattukkulle || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Chillendru Pootthu.... Senthamizh Thenmozhiyaal || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Maalai Ittu Manam Mudichu ||
|-
| Magale Magale Paaradi ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Qaidi (1957 film)|Magudam Katha Mangai]]'' || Tamil || Perazhagi Premai Kalairani || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Manamulla Maruthaaram]]'' || Tamil || Thoondiyil Meenum Vizhundhiduchu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1958 || rowspan=5|''[[Mangalya Bhagyam]]'' || rowspan=5|Tamil || Anusooya Kadhaakaalatchebam || rowspan=5|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[A. P. Komala]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Maayamagiya Jaalam Thanile ||
|-
| Paadu Pattaale Machaan || [[A. P. Komala]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Ondre Maandhar Kulam || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Imaya Malaiyai Idadhu Kaiyaal || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1958 || ''Mundhadugu'' || Telugu || Andhaanni Nenu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' || Tamil || Thadukkadhe Ennai Thadukkadhe || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Neelavukku Neranja Manasu]]'' || Tamil || Kanakku Pannuraaru || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Peria Koil|Periya Kovil]]'' || Tamil || Aatthaadi Thallaadum Thaatthavai Paarthaayaa || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Uruludhu Peraludhu || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Edhirikku Edhiri Saattaiyadi ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Pillai Kaniyamudhu]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ambalai Manasu Pala Thinusu || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]], G. Kasthoori & Udutha Sarojini
|-
| Sanga Thamizh Mozhi || [[L. R. Eswari]], G. Kasthoori & Udutha Sarojini
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Sabaash Meena]]'' || Tamil || Veenana Jambam Enadi || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Akhila Jagamulamelu, Santhathi || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] & Udutha Sarojini
|-
| Hamsalle Naavaye Hailesaa || N. G. Krishnan
|-
| Sriramachandruni Pattabhisheka Mahotsavam || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[Jikki]], Udutha Sarojini & Mallikarjuna Rao
|-
| 1958 || ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'' || Kannada || Adimadhura Anuraga || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaalam Siridhu || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Sollattuma Sollattuma || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Tamil || Yaaradi Nee Mohini || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. P. Komala]] & [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1958 || ''Vana Mohini'' || Sinhala || Kola Kada Kada || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[H. R. Jothipala]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadi]]'' || rowspan=3|Malayalam || Avaniyil Thaano Njan Akappeduvaano || rowspan=3|[[Br Lakshmanan]]|| [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Jim Boho.... Theyyaare Theyyaka ||
|-
| Om Kali || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Arumai Magal Abirami]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Dootti Dootti Dootti || rowspan=2|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Ennamo Pannudhu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Athisaya Thirudan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Nee Yaarena || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] & K. Prasad Rao ||
|-
| Kokku Varnam Selaiyile || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Banda Ramudu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Yevarani Adige || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] & K. Prasad Rao ||
|-
| Mallepoola Rangaiah || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]'' || Tamil || Aattatthile Palavagai Undu || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1959 || rowspan=4|''Bhagya Devatha'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || Vedhukade Kannulalona || rowspan=4|[[Master Venu]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Thani Thaani Naa || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Thalachina Thalapulu ||
|-
| Bavante Bava ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1959 || rowspan=4|''[[Bhagya Devathai]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kavipaadum Kanngalale || rowspan=4|[[Master Venu]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Thanne Thaananne || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Maadhargal Vaazhkaiyil Yendhiramaa ||
|-
| Raajaadhi Raaja Vaesham Podu Raaja ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Engal Kuladevi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kannadi Kannam Kaanbavar Ullam || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Kattaana Thega Kattu ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' || Tamil || Akkalukku Valaikappu || [[A. M. Rajah]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Kalyanikku Kalyanam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kuttukalai Sollanumaa || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Leela]] & Kamala
|-
| Thai Porandhaa Vazhi Porakkum || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], V. R. Rajagopalan, [[P. Leela]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & Kamala
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Kan Thiranthathu]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Manushanai Parthittu || rowspan=3|V. T. Rajagopalan ||
|-
| Oho Oru Kuraiyum Seiyame.... Irukkum Pozhudhai Rasikkanum || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Kann Thirandhadhu.... Pudhu Vazhvu Pervuvomada || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Kaveriyin Kanavan]]'' || Tamil || Alai Modhuthe Nenjam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''Krishna Leelalu'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Anna Kshaminpumanna Tagadhu || rowspan=2|[[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| Koladi Nomulu Nochinaanemo ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Mahalakshmi Mahima'' || Telugu || Cheraladene Cheliya || S. N. Tripati & T. M. Ibrahim ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam]]'' || Tamil || Ennai Ariyamale Enadhullam Kavarndhaye || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[P. Kalinga Rao]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Mangalya Balam]]'' || Telugu || Thirupathi Vemkateswara || [[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Manjal Mahimai]]'' || Tamil || Thirupadhi Vengadesane || [[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Maragadham]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kunguma Poove Konjum Puraave || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| Pacchai Kili Pola || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Minnal Veeran]]'' || Tamil || Thulli Thulli Odi Aadum || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kulippen Paneerile || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] & [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Unnai Thedi Vandhen || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Naatukoru Nallaval]]'' || Tamil || Azhagamudhe Odi Vaa || [[Master Venu]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Panchaali]]'' || Tamil || Azhagu Vilaiyaada || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Pandithevan]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Nee Aadinal || rowspan=3|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & Meenakshi Subramanyam || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| Vaa Vaa Sooriyane ||
|-
| Vaanga Vaanga Nalla Manamulla ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Anbu Engey|Pedda Kodalu]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || ''Aashanindenela Adhiganchu Valapeeleela'' || rowspan=3|[[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| Poovuluvanchu Mohamuninchu Thaavul || Mrutyumjaya Reddy
|-
| Mintiki Povu Rockettu ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Penn Kulathin Perumai'' || Tamil || Arputha Kaatchiyil Aayiram Aayiram || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Pennkulathin Ponvilakku]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vanna Malarkodiyalaiye || rowspan=2|[[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| Pattu Pattaadai Katti || Salem Govindhan
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Ponnu Vilaiyum Boomi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Aangila Naagareegam Nalladhu || rowspan=3|[[K. H. Reddy]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Aanandham Unmai Naan Andha Penmai ||
|-
| Urulum Panam Munne ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[President Panchatcharam]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Indru Netru Vandha Sondhama || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Nadai Nadakam || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Azhagu Raani Ponne || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & V. T. Rajagopalan
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Pudhumai Penn (1959 film)|Pudumai Penn]]'' || Tamil || Aambalai Koottam Aadura Aattam || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Raja Malaya Simha|Raja Malaiya Simman]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ullaasamaagave Ellorum Kaanave || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Jigilighichang Kuruvi || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Raja Malaya Simha]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Ananda Seemalo Andhala Bhamatho || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Jingidi Jippi, Ulli Poovula || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Sabaash Meena|Sabhash Pilla]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Aadalla Magalla Andam || rowspan=3|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Challabaata Saagiraave Raani ||
|-
| Nee Pandem Veyumaa ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Sabhash Ramudu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Hello Darling || rowspan=2|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Vannelu Kurise Chinnadhiraa ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Sahodhari]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kan Paadum Ponvanname || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Ennodu Vaa ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Sathi Sukanya'' || Telugu || Somapanam Ee Divya Gaanam || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Sivagangai Seemai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Santhu Pottu Thala Thalanga || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Chinna Chinna Chittu Sivagangaiyai Vittu ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1959 || rowspan=4|''[[Soubhagyavathi]]'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || Ohoho Bale Dheerule || rowspan=4|[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| Chinnamaaamaa Choopu Neramaa ||
|-
| Chinnaari Ponnaari Aa?ukove ||
|-
| Pottikivachi Meeru Maatavintaraa ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Thayapola Pillai Noolapola Selai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Chinna Meenai Pottaathaan || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Kaariyatthil Kannaa Irukkanum ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kalaigalil Raja || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Vacchirukken ||
|-
| Vaada Vetthilai || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Thanga Padhumai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vizhi Vel Veechchile || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Marundhu Vikkira Maapillaikku || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || O Singara Pooncholai || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Chinna Idai Odindhidave || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Aasai Nenjame Poruppaai ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Veera Gadothkajan'' || Tamil || Konji Konji Kulaava || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''Veera Ghatothkacha'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Korenu Chala Chala || rowspan=2|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] ||
|-
| Thotaloni Gulabee || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' || Tamil || Aathukkulle Ootthu Vetti || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], V. T. Rajagopalan & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadi|Yaanai Valartha Vanampadi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Avaniyil Thaano Naan Akappeduvaano || rowspan=3|[[Br Lakshmanan]]|| [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Jim Boho.... Theyyaare Theyyaka ||
|-
| Om Kali || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Zimbo (film)|Zimbo]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Reraaniye Mustabai Rammandi Ee Vela || rowspan=2|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] ||
|-
| Naa Aata Naa Paata Modam Ninde Subhammidi ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Aadavantha Deivam]]'' || Tamil || Valiya Vandha Seethaiyai || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1960 || rowspan=4|''[[Aalukkoru Veedu]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Ilai Illai Malarum Illai || rowspan=4|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || Renuka
|-
| Oorukkellam Ore Sami || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Anbum Arivum || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Seiyum Thozhile Dheivam || Renuka
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Abhimanam (1960 film)|Abhimanam]]'' || Telugu || Pada Padave || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Anbukkor Anni]]'' || Tamil || Raajaa Raani Naamiruvar || [[A. M. Rajah]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Annapurna (film)|Annapurna]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Yentho Chakkani Challani Seema Paadipantala Vanaseema || rowspan=2|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Neevevvaravo || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Baghdad Thirudan]]'' || Tamil || Indha Jagame En Kaiyile || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhaktha Sabari]]'' || Tamil || Yetti Yetti Paakkudu Kannu || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Chavukkadi Chandrakantha]]'' || Tamil || Ingu Paarum Inikkum Azhagai || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu]]'' || Tamil || "Chittu Chittu Nee" || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' || Telugu || Andaaniki Andham Nene || G. Aswathama ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Deivapiravi (1960 film)|Deivapiravi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Thaaraa Thaaraa Vandhaaraa || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Kalai Vayasu Kattaana Sayisu ||
|-
| Ivar Kaanaa Ivar Paanaa ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Deepavali (1960 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Telugu || Orimi Gonuma || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Ellorum Innaattu Mannar]]'' || Tamil || Vishayam Onnu Solla Poren Keladi Kelu || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Engal Selvi]]'' || Tamil || Enna Per Vaikkalaam Eppadi Azhaikkalaam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Irumanam Kalanthal Thirumanam]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Idhu Niyaayama || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Malarndhidum Inbam Ennum Vannam Pole || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Idhu Niyaayama (pathos) ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' || Tamil || Nikkatuma Pogatuma || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Kadavulin Kuzhandhai]]'' || Tamil || Palign Chadukudu || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Kaithi Kannayiram|Kaidhi Kannayiram]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || En Kannai Konjam Paaru || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Kaathalai Sodhichchu Paarkattumaa || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Maanam Nenjile Naanam Kannile Venum Penngale ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaatril Manam Uranga || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Penn Paarkka Mappillai Vanthaar ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Kotha Dari'' || Telugu || Nee Vaadithe Yevaradaru || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[S. V. Ramanan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''Kuladaivam'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Padha Padhave Vayyaari || rowspan=3|[[Master Venu]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Aryulara Aryulara || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Kotubootu Vesina Baava ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Kuravanji]]'' || Tamil || Alai Irukkudhu Kadalile || [[T. R. Pappa]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Maa Babu]]'' || Telugu || Virese Jhum Jhum || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Mahalakshmi'' || Tamil || Paal Paal Pasumpaal || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Mamaku Thagga Alludu]]'' || Telugu || Nademaina Chinnavoda Chudara || M. S. Prakash || [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1960 || rowspan=4|''[[Mannathi Mannan]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kaaviri Thaaye Kaaviri Thaaye || rowspan=4|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Neeyo Naano Yaar Nilave || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Aadum Mayile Azhagu Mayile || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Engalin Rani || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1960 || ''Naga Mohini'' || Telugu || Nayanamu Lokesari Padenaya || [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Zimbo Comes To Town|Nagaratthil Zimbo]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Mogam Pirandhidadhaa || rowspan=3|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] ||
|-
| Nenjil Niraindha Veeraa ||
|-
| Aasai Machaan Kaatthirukken || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Ondrupattal Undu Vazhvu]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kalangadhe Kavalaipadadhe || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Endha Naalum Sandhoshame ||
|-
| Engal Vaazhkaiyile || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Padikkadha Medhai]]'' || Tamil || Pakkatthile Kannippen Iruuku || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || Tamil || Malligai Poo Marikozhundhu || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Petra Manam]]'' || Tamil || Therku Podhigai Malai || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Ponni Thirunaal]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Atthanai Paaru Adi Amma Ushaaru || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Inba Vazhvu Malara || |
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Rathinapuri Ilavarasi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Annaththeevin Azhagu Raani || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Aiya Naadum Naadagam ||
|-
| Dhevi Manam Pole ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''Sahasra Sirachedha Apoorva Chinthamani'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Rangaina Bangaru Bomma || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Basthimeedha Savalu Mama || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Sangilithevan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kuyil Isaiyum Kuzhal Isaiyum || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Kaalai Varuvatharkul || |
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Thangam Manasu Thangam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Arugil Vaarayo En Aaval Theerayo || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Chinnan Chiru Veedu Onnu || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Thangarathinam]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Jaalemellam Theiyudhu Aahaa || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Edhaiyum Thangum Manasu || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Thunbam Theeraadho Thuyarum Maaraadho || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Thanthaikku Pin Thamaiyan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Sivakkuthadi Kannam || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Aananda Vaazhvin || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1960 || ''Veera Vijaya '' || Sinhala || || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Vimala (film)|Vimala]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Takkari Daana || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Chinni Nathavole || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Yanai Paagan]]'' || Tamil || Yaarukkum Anjame || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|''[[Zimbo Comes To Town|Zimbo Nagara Pravesam]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Moham Phalinchekadha || rowspan=3|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] ||
|-
| Sye Sye Ilanti Vela ||
|-
| Ganthi Pade Naa Hrudayam || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Anbu Magan]]'' || Tamil || Malar .. Gum Gum Manam Veesum || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1961 || rowspan=3|''[[Deivapiravi (1960 film)|Anumanam]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Challani Raajaa Vachaaaraa || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Kanne Vayasu Chinnari Sogusu ||
|-
| Veeru Gatti Vaarupotti ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Arasilangkumari]]'' || Tamil || Thoondiyile Mattikkittu || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1961 || rowspan=2|''[[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Paartheera Aiya Paartheera || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Singaara Cholaigal || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1961 || rowspan=3|''[[Ennai Paar]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Paar Paar Ennai Paar || rowspan=3|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Chinna Ponne Ennai Paarthu || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Kaadhal Embathu Kathai Thaano ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kaanal Neer (1961 film)|Kaanal Neer]]'' || Tamil || Manamenum Maaligai Meedhu || [[Master Venu]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' || Tamil || Odi Vilaiyaadu Pappaa || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kalasi Vunte Kaladu Sukham]]'' || Telugu || Aatala Teerulu || [[Master Venu]] || Satya Rao
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi|Kula Mangai]]'' || Tamil || Keli Vendam Enave Sonnen || G. Aswathama || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1961 || rowspan=3|''[[Kumara Raja (1961 film)|Kumara Raja]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Moodinaalum Thiranthaalum || rowspan=3|[[T. R. Pappa]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| Ennai Paartha Kannu || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| Kandaleh Podhum, Kadhal Vandhu Modhum ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kumudham]]'' || Tamil || Mama Maama Mama Emma Emma Emma || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Malliyam Mangalam]]'' || Tamil || Sundara Kannu || T. A. Kalyanam & [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1961 || rowspan=3|''[[Naaga Nandhini]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Penn Manam Ondre || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Kadhal Illadhu Anandham Edhu || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Kavi Kuyil Neethana || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Pangaaligal]]'' || Tamil || Chinna Vayadhil Anbu Kondu || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Pasamalar]]'' || Tamil || Paattondru Ketten || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Pava Mannippu]]'' || Tamil || Saaya Vetti Thalaiyile Katti || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1961 || rowspan=2|''[[Rushyasrunga]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Okati Okati Emi Labham || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Ghal Ghal Andhiyala Kila Kila Sandhadilo ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Sabhash Raja]]'' || Telugu || O Vannela Vayyari || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Indrajeet (Sati Sulochana)|Sati Sulochana]]'' || Telugu || Jai Jai Jai Meghanaadhaa || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Thayilla Pillai]]'' || Tamil || Padikka Venum Pudhiya Paadam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Thirudadhe]]'' || Tamil || Kannum Kannum Serave || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=8|1961 || rowspan=8|''[[Usha Parinayam]]'' || rowspan=8|Telugu || Brathikee Phalambemi Ekakinai Itupai || rowspan=8|[[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[Jikki]]
|-
| Subhodayamuraa Samagamambidhi ||
|-
| Andhaalu Chindeti Ee Vanaseemalo || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Jaya Mahadeva Shambo Girijaaramana || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Jaya Jayasri Rajarajeswari ||
|-
| Nanu Brovagarava Na Swami ||
|-
| Ninne Valachithinoi O Bava ||
|-
| O Javarala Ushabala || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1961 || rowspan=2|''[[Yar Manamagan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Konjam Siringa, Konjam Siringa || rowspan=2|[[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Kum Kuma Kuma Romba Vegama || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Aatma Bandhuvu (1962 film)|Aatma Bandhuvu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Dhakkenule Naakku Nee Sogasu || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Theeyani Oohalu || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Azhagu Nila]]'' || Tamil || Aattam Aadadho Paattu Paadadho || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. Susheela]] & [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aadhi Manidhan || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Athikkaai Kaai Kaai || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Bhagyajathakam]]'' || Malayalam || Maanodothu Valarnilla || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' || Telugu || Hailo Hailessa Hamsakada Naa Padava || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' || Telugu || Jabilli Ohoho Jabilli || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' || Tamil || Kaadhale Kanintha Kaadhale || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Gaali Gopura]]'' || Kannada || Neene Kilaadi Hennu || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Gaali Medalu]]'' || Telugu || Tea Shopuloni Pilla || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1962 || rowspan=4|''[[Kavitha (1962 film)|Kavitha]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Parakkum Paravai Neeye || rowspan=4|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Kannukkulle Onnirukku Onnukkulle Ponnirukku || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Manakkum Roja My Lady || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Ulle Irukkum Ponnamma Veliye Vandhu Sollama || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Kula Gotralu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Nee Nallani Jadalo Poolu || rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Raave Raave Balaa || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Mahaveera Bheeman]]'' || Tamil || Odiye Vaa Odiye Vaa || [[M. S. Gnanamani]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Yentha Takkari Vaadu Naa Raaju || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Maamaa Maama Mama Eme Eme Bhaamaa || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Naagamalai Azhagi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vandu Vandhu Mella Mella || rowspan=2| [[S. P. Kodandapani]] & [[T. A. Mothi]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Etti Ninnu Enakke Valai Virichaa ||
|-
| 1962 || ''Pirandhanaal'' || Tamil || Malligai Mullai Narumamanum || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Puthiya Akasam Puthiya Bhoomi]]'' || Malayalam || Aasha Than Poonthen || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Raani Samyuktha]]'' || Tamil || Chitthiratthil Pennezhudhi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Rathna Manjari]]'' || Kannada || Yaaru Yaaru Nee Yaaru || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra|Nagendra]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]'' || Tamil || Thangadhamma Thangadhu Samsaram Thangadhu || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Snehadeepam]]'' || Malayalam || Maamala Naattil || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] || [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Tiger Ramudu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Chandamama Lokmlo || rowspan=2|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Haayi Haayi Haai || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Vidhi Vilasa]]'' || Kannada || Sarasake Baa Sukumaara || T. Padman ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Vidhi Vilasa]]'' || Telugu || Sarasake Baa Sukumaara || T. Padman ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1963 || rowspan=3|''[[Aasai Alaigal]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Alli Alli Kodutthaalum.... Anbu Embadhu || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]] & [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Alli Alli Kodutthaalum.... Anbu Embadhu-2 || [[L. R. Eswari]] & [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Andha Mayakkam Vendum || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Anuragam (1963 film)|Anuragam]]'' || Telugu || Senaga Chelo Nilabadi || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[B. Gopalam]]
|-
| 1963 || ''Bangaru Thimmaraju'' || Telugu || Naga Malli Konalona Nakkindi Lady Kuna || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Edureetha]]'' || Telugu || Ee Vela Manam Vrasukonna || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Kattu Roja]]'' || Tamil || Ennai Paaru Paaru Paarthukkonde Irukka Thonrum || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1963 || rowspan=3|''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Konjam Thallikanum || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| Anna Anna Sugam Thana || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Kadavul Enge Kadavul Enge || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1963 || rowspan=2|''[[Koduthu Vaithaval]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Paalatril Selaadudhu || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Thala Thalavena || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Kubera Theevu]]'' || Tamil || Veera.... Naane Varalaamaa Veera || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1963 || rowspan=2|''[[Lakshadhikari]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Addala Meda Undi Andala Bhama Undi || rowspan=2|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Oho Andamaina Chinnadana Bangaru Vannedana || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1963 || rowspan=3|''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Ramanna Ramudu Kodanda Ramudu || rowspan=3|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Virise Challani Vennela Marala Eenadu Maa Kannula || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Sriraama Parandhamaa Jayarama Parandhama || [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Mana Mecchida Madadi]]'' || Kannada || Love Love Andarenu || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Manchi Rojulu Vastayi]]'' || Telugu || Srungaraveedhilo Rangeli Meda || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Mani Osai]]'' || Tamil || Kattithanga Rajavukku || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1963 || ''Ninaipadharku Neramillai'' || Tamil || Ilamai Mudiyum || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Raani Samyuktha]]'' || Telugu || Cheekataye Vennelale || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Savati Koduku]]'' || Telugu || Are Pala Pongula Vayasemo || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Thobuttuvulu]]'' || Telugu || Yavvaname Oka Kaanukale || C. Mohan Das ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Vazhkai Vazhvatharke]]'' || Tamil || Aada Kaanbadhu Kaviri Ullam || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1963 || rowspan=2|''[[Yarukku Sontham]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Deel Deel Deel || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Oho Meri Bul Bul || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Aathma Balam]]'' || Telugu || Naalugu Kallu Rendu Ayinayi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Alli]]'' || Tamil || Andhi Malar Pootthirukku || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || S. V. Ponnusamy
|-
| rowspan=3|1964 || rowspan=3|''[[Chitrangi|Chithraangi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Anna Nadai Chinna Nadai || rowspan=3|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| Nenjinile Niraindha Mugam || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Rojaappoo Kannatthile Then Paayum ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Dagudu Moothalu]]'' || Telugu || Divvi Divvi Divvattam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1964 || rowspan=2|''Magaley Un Samathu'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Satthiyatthai Kaakka Vandha Thanga Padhumai || rowspan=2|[[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Unga Manasu Oru Dhinasu ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1964 || rowspan=4|''[[Marmayogi (1964 film)|Marmayogi]]'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || Madhuvu Manakela || rowspan=4|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Kadaganti Chooputho ||
|-
| Raavaali Raavaali || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Eelokamlo Vunnavile || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]'' || Telugu || Mukku Meeda Kopam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Murali Krishna (film)|Murali Krishna]]'' || Telugu || Ghalu Ghallani Gajjelu Mogali || [[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]'' || Tamil || Vandha Naal Mudhal || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[L. R. Eswari]] & L. R. Anjali
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Pasamum Nesamum]]'' || Tamil || Varuvano Illaiyo || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1964 || ''Prathigne'' || Telugu || Naa Ninna Mohise || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Prathigne]]'' || Kannada || || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' || Telugu || Saradhaa Saradhaa Cigarettu || [[Pendyala Nageshwara Rao]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1964 || rowspan=2|''[[Rishyasringar (1964 film)|Rishyasringar]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kannaal Ennai Paaru Kanna || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| Gal Gal Naadhamudan Jaal Jala Thaalamumaai ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1964 || rowspan=3|''[[Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Kuhu Kuhu Kuhu Ani Kusenu Vayasu || rowspan=3|[[S. P. Kodandapani]] ||
|-
| Addhira Balla Addhira Balla || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Sri Anjaneyam Prasannanjaneyam || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Vazhi Piranthadu]]'' || Tamil || Veettukkaariyaa Kootti Vandhu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1965 || rowspan=2|''[[Enga Veetu Penn]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kattaana Chittu Ponnu || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Enakku Neethaan Maappillai || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Chaduvukunna Bharya]]'' || Telugu || Rave Rangula Rani || G. Aswathama || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Keelu Bommalu]]'' || Telugu || Yendhuko Nanukunti Yegataliki || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Maganey Kel]]'' || Tamil || Soodhaattam Aadum Kaalam || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Prameelarjuneeyam]]'' || Telugu || Jajiri Jajiri || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Sarasa B.A.]]'' || Tamil || Kanni Paruvam Thulludhunga || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Sumangali (1965 film)|Sumangali]]'' || Telugu || Kotha Pelli Koothuraa Raa Raa || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]], Swarnalata & [[B. Vasantha]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Thayin Karunai]]'' || Tamil || Serum Kaalam Satiyaa Irundhaa || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' || Telugu || Kayandhadhu Orinayana || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[B. Gopalam]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Veelunama]]'' || Telugu || Ekkadaleni Chakkani Pilla || G. Aswathama ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Aata Bommalu]]'' || Telugu || Matthumandhu Jallevu || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1966 || rowspan=2|''[[Kanne Manasulu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Sukkalanti Sinnodu Soku Chesukunnadu || rowspan=2|[[K.V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Ammalaganna Amma Gajulamma || [[P. Susheela]], Radha Kumari, Raavi Kondala Rao & Venkatrao
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Selvam (1966 film)|Selvam]]'' || Tamil || Unakkagava Naan Unakkagava || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || Dharapuram Sundararajan
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]'' || Tamil || Orunaal Unnai Kaanaavirundhaal || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Kan Kanda Deivam]]'' || Tamil || Paartthaal Pesalaam Pesi Pazhagalaam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Kanchu Kota]]'' || Telugu || Bham Bham Bham || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Paaladai]]'' || Tamil || Duettu Duettu Duettu Paadidum Muthaliravu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || Dharapuram Sundararajan
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Ponnana Vazhvu]]'' || Tamil || Vaazhi Nalam Soozha || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Valiba Virundhu]]'' || Tamil || Ondra Kannu Doriya || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| 1968 || ''Buthisaaligal'' || Tamil || Aattukku Vaalai Alanthu || [[V. Kumar]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[A. L. Raghavan]] & K. Swarna
|-
| rowspan=2|1968 || rowspan=2|''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Jingale Jingale Jingale || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || S. V. Ponnusamy
|-
| Malai Mudiyill Pani Azhagu || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Dial 2244]]'' || Malayalam || Vaa Vaa Vaa Ennu Kannukal || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || Tamil || Seidhi Ketto Seidhi Ketto || [[V. Kumar]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[P. Susheela]] & K. Swarna
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kalisochchina Adrishtam]]'' || Telugu || Ayyo Ayyo Thaapam || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Panama Pasama]]'' || Tamil || Vazhai Thandu Pola Udambu Alek || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Captain Rajan]]'' || Tamil || Maarutham Vanthathaal || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' || Tamil || Punnagai Manna Poovizhi Kannan || [[V. Kumar]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Nirai Kudam]]'' || Tamil || Dhevaa.... Ulagai Kaana Ninaitthen || [[V. Kumar]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1969 || rowspan=2|''[[Singapore Seeman]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Singapooru Maina Thillaalangadi || rowspan=2|[[V. Kumar]] || S. V. Ponnusamy
|-
| Thottu Paar Udal Kattu Paar || K. Swarna
|-
| rowspan=2|1969 || rowspan=2|''[[Varakatnam]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Gilakala Mancham Undi || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Malle Poola Panditlona || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Khadga Veera]]'' || Telugu || Jinjinakadi Jinjinakadi || [[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Sambarala Rambabu]]'' || Telugu || Vinnaaraa Vinnaaraa || [[V. Kumar]] || [[P. Leela]], K. Swarna, [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] & [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Yamalokapu Gudachari]]'' || Telugu || Kaanee Kaanee Sare Dhachuko || [[V. Siva Reddy]] || [[Bangalore Latha]]
|-
| 1971 || ''Debbaku Ta Dongala Muta'' || Telugu || Appanna Kondakadi || [[B. Shankar Rao]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Mooga Prema]]'' || Telugu || Ponivvam Ponivvam || [[K. Chakravarthy]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[B. Vasantha]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Nenu Manishine]]'' || Telugu || Are Yela Debbakottavo || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Poi Sollathe]]'' || Tamil || Pallaakku Pola Vandi Paathai || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundarajan]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Thalli Kuthullu]]'' || Telugu || Sigguleni Mamayya || [[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1971 || rowspan=2|''[[Then Kinnam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Chinna Kutty Ponnu || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Akkam Pakkam || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Collector Janaki]]'' || Telugu || Valachina Manase Aalayam || [[V. Kumar]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Delhi To Madras]]'' || Tamil || Thirumbi Paarunga || [[V. Kumar]] ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Mathrumurthi]]'' || Telugu || Yedamogam Pedamogam Yendhi || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Savalukku Savaal]]'' || Tamil || Pottadhu Konjam Thaanunga || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Yesu Prabhuvu]]'' || Telugu || Ee Cheli Mojula Aatala || [[V. Kumar]] ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Avalum Penn Thaane]]'' || Tamil || Ellorum Kuzhandhaigal Madhuvil || [[V. Kumar]] ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Nayakan]]'' || Tamil || Nan Siritthal Deepavali || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Nayakan|Nayakudu]]'' || Telugu || Naa Navve Deepavali || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Rowdy Gaari Pellam]]'' || Telugu || Aakundaa Vakkistaa || [[Bappi Lahiri]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]'' || Tamil || Iravu Naadagam || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Varudu]]'' || Telugu || Aidu Rojula Pelli || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]], Vijayalakshmi, Sunandha, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Mithunam (2012 film)|Mithunam]]'' || Telugu || Evaru Gelicharippudu || [[Swaraveenapani]] ||
|}

==Awards==
* [[Kalaimamani]] award from the State Government of Tamil Nadu in 1998.
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]] - Arignar Annadurai award in 2002.
* [[Kalaimamani|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award]] by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2020.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0433862}}
* [http://mymovieminutes.blogspot.sg/2013/05/the-two-titillating-voices-of-tamil.html The Titillating Voices of Two Tamil Playback Singers in Movie minutes]
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/singers/Jamuna+Rani.html Listen to some popular songs of Jamuna Rani at Raaga.com]
* [http://www.siyapatharana.com/view.php?id=62#.UUcVDoNFCUk Jamuna Rani's Sinhalese on Line Songs – Listen to them at Siyapath Arana.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Jamuna}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Chamravattam

2026-04-03T18:27:52Z

Tudu Hommie: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{local|date=October 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chamravattam
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Chamravattam bridge-1.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chamravattam Bridge
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.818885|N|75.952781|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-10,KL-54&KL-55
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ponnani
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chamravattam''' is a village located in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. This village is on the shores of the [[Bharathapuzha]].

==Computer Literacy==
With the fulfillment of the Akshaya Project initiated by the Kerala State information technology mission, Chamaravattam is the first 100 percent computer-literate village in the nation of India. At least one member of each family will be able to use a personal computer for such tasks as editing pictures, composing text, surfing the Internet and sending e-mails.<ref name="hindu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20030919062237/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/04/stories/2003080403541200.htm India's first computer-literate village], The Hindu.</ref>

==Chamravattam Regulator-cum-Bridge==
{{main article|Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge}}
This also known as Chamravattam Palam or Chamravattam Bridge or Chamravattam Regulator-cum-Bridge or Chamravattam RcB or just Chamravattam Project.
Chamravattam Regulator-cum-Bridge, is built across Bharathapuzha aka Nila.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id%3D272379 |title=ചമ്രവട്ടം പാലം നാളെ നാടിന്റെ സ്വന്തം - Latest News - Mathrubhumi |accessdate=2012-05-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041713/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=272379 |archivedate=2012-05-16 }}</ref> The bridge has 978 m length and 10.5 m width. It connects Ponnani and Tirur.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category}}
{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kuttippuram area]]

T. Subha Rao

2026-04-01T14:25:55Z

Tudu Hommie: Put Up Basic Biography Needs Work

{{Short description|Diwan of Travancore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Thanjavur Subha Rao
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| office1 = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Travancore]]
| term_start1 = 1830
| term_end1 = 1837
| monarch1 = [[Swathi Thirunal]]
| predecessor1 = [[T. Venkata Rao]]
| successor1 = [[R. Ranga Rao (administrator)|R. Ranga Rao]]
| term_start2 = 1839
| term_end2 = June 1842
| predecessor2 = [[T. Venkata Rao]]
| successor2 = [[Krishna Rao (administrator)|Krishna Rao]]
| monarch2 = [[Swathi Thirunal]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Thanjavur Subha Rao''' (also known as '''Subharao Tanjavarkar''', also spelled '''Subba Row''') was an Indian administrator and musician who served as the dewan of the state of [[Travancore]] in the 1830s.

Subha Rao was a native of Thanjavur and was born into a [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family. He was so fluent in English that he was also known as "English" Subha Rao. He tutored the Maharaja of Travancore [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]] in [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], political science and Carnatic music. In 1830, he was appointed Dewan of Travancore.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMg7aKE8RNgC |last=Weidman |first=Amanda J. |year=2006 |title=Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-3620-0}}</ref> His Western knowledge and refinement in the English language led to East India Company officers attempting to send him away, as he was "not unacquainted" with the policies they were pursuing in conquering India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-22 |title=What a false quote about Bengal reveals about our past |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/what-a-false-quote-about-bengal-reveals-about-our-past-101727021145362.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924072503/https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/what-a-false-quote-about-bengal-reveals-about-our-past-101727021145362.html |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Thanjavur Subha}}
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]

The Dewarists

2026-03-29T12:26:50Z

Tudu Hommie: Put Up The Stub Basic Info

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The dewarists.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = Reality [[Documentary television|Documentary]]
| camera = [[multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| location = Various Cities across India
| creator =
| director =
| producer = Babble Fish Productions Only Much Louder [[John Dewar & Sons|Dewar]]
| starring = Musicians, Artists
| composer =
| cinematography = [[Jay Pinak Oza]] Tanay Satam
| country = India
| language =
| company =
| network = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|16}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2013|11|17}}
| num_seasons = 5
| num_episodes = 38
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}

'''''The Dewarists''''' is a part music documentary and part travelogue television series on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seetharaman |first=G. |date=2013-08-11 |title=Coke Studio & The Dewarists: Non-Bollywood music shows & original compositions gain traction in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/coke-studio-the-dewarists-non-bollywood-music-shows-original-compositions-gain-traction-in-india/articleshow/21748603.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The show casts musicians from various parts of the world, collaborating to create original music while travelling across India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-29 |title=3 musical shows that will inspire you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/3-musical-shows-that-will-inspire-you/articleshow/69093264.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first season featured a total of ten episodes and featured many musicians, including [[Imogen Heap]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Zeb and Haniya]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-23 |title=Must-see Sunday TV: Say hello to The Dewarists-Living News, Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/must-see-sunday-tv-say-hello-to-the-dewarists-114876.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]], [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]], [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Shri (musician)|Shri]], [[Monica Dogra]], [[Rajasthan Roots]], [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]], [[Rabbi Shergill]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Swarathma]], [[MIDIval Punditz]], Humble the Poet, [[Karsh Kale]], [[Baiju Dharmajan]], Njeralathu Harigovindan, [[Raghu Dixit]] and [[Rewben Mashangva]].

The first season was directed by Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy, an ad filmmaker and frontman of the Mumbai Hardcore band, Scribe, with the first five episodes also involving UK filmmakers, Fred and Nick. The show is hosted by actor-singer Monica Dogra. The theme music of The Dewarists was written by Raghu Dixit.

In 2013, for the launch of a new season of ''The Dewarists'', the creators of the program altered the format of the show to move away from music-inspired journeys and expanded it to include collaborations between musicians and visual artists from India and around the world. Directed by independent film-maker, [[Srinivas Sunderrajan]], the show was broadcast on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] in its new format that merges the visual arts with sound to create a multi-sensory experience. The show was also the first collaborative experience to be simulcast on television and on YouTube. Singer [[Monica Dogra]] returned as hostess, and also one of the collaborators on the season premiere of The Dewarists season 3.

==Season 1 (2011)==

===Episode 1 – Minds Without Fear===

This was filmed in [[Samode Palace]] and [[Jaipur]] in Rajasthan, where [[Imogen Heap]] and [[Vishal Dadlani]] recorded the song Minds Without Fear, which is inspired by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem "[[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo|Where the Mind is without Fear]]".

===Episode 2 – Kya Khayaal Hai===

This was filmed at the legendary [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Capitol theatre]] in [[Mumbai]], where [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Swanand Kirkire]] and the Pakistani duo [[Zeb and Haniya]] teamed up and recorded the song Kya Khayaal Hai.

===Episode 3 – Maaya===

This was filmed in [[Delhi]] with [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]] and [[Mohit Chauhan]]. The song Maaya was performed at venue called [[Garden of Five Senses]] in New Delhi.

===Episode 4 – I Believe===

This was filmed in [[Pune]] with [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]], [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]] and [[Shilpa Rao]]. The song I Believe was recorded at [[Shisha café|Shisha Café]].

===Episode 5 – Changing World===

This was filmed in [[Jaisalmer]] with [[Shri (musician)|Shri]], [[Monica Dogra]] and [[Rajasthan Roots]]. The song Changing World was recorded.

===Episode 6 – Khule Da Rabb===

This was filmed in [[Kaziranga]]. Assam worked with [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]] and [[Rabbi Shergill]] to record the song Khule Da Rabb.

===Episode 7 – Duur Kinara===

This was filmed in [[Mysore]], [[Shubha Mudgal]]. [[Swarathma]] recorded the song Duur Kinara.

===Episode 8 – No I.D. Required===

This was filmed in [[Goa]], [[Monica Dogra]]. [[MIDIval Punditz]] and Sikh-Canadian [[Humble the Poet]] recorded the song No I.D. Required.

===Episode 9 – Sacred Science===

This was filmed in [[Angadipuram]]. Kerala, [[Karsh Kale]], [[Baiju Dharmajan]] and [[Njeralathu Harigovindan]] recorded the song Sacred Science.

===Episode 10 – Masti Ki Basti===

This was filmed in [[Shillong]], Meghalaya. [[Raghu Dixit]] and [[Rewben Mashangva]], known as The King of [[Music of Nagaland|Naga Folk Blues]], recorded the song Masti Ki Basti.

==Season 2 (2012)==
{{More footnotes|date=March 2013}}

===Episode 1 – Let Go===

The episode features the emotive acoustics of British singer-songwriter [[Fin Greenall]] and the soulful voice of [[Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]] from Pakistan. They experience [[Mumbai]] through the eyes of their hosts [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]], the prolific Bollywood composer duo.

===Episode 2 – Tom, Dick & Harry===

This episode is on a powerful droll satire penned by the outspoken English rapper, teacher, poet and journalist, [[Akala (rapper)|Akala]], and the equally versatile [[Piyush Mishra]]. This episode is shot in the [[Andaman and Nicobar]] islands.

===Episode 3 – Today===

This episode features [[Shaa'ir and Func|Shaa'ir + Func]] and [[Anthony Daasan#Bands|La Pongal]]. They create a high octane folktronica. This episode was shot in [[Chennai]].

===Episode 4 – Make Love===
This episode features [[Thermal and a Quarter]], Adil & Vasundhara, with their bluesy rhythms and Ashwin Srinivasan on flutes. This episode was shot at [[Bangalore]].

===Episode 5 – Gypsy===

This episode features [[Anoushka Shankar]] on sitar, [[Sanjeev Shankar]] on shehnai, and Pirashanna Thevarajah on percussion. This episode was filmed in New Delhi.

===Episode 6 – Altitude===

This episode features the fusion band [[Advaita (Band)|Advaita]] and Electronica artist [[Dualist Inquiry]]. This episode was shot in [[Shimla]].

===Episode 7 – Qutub Minar===

The song tells a (fictional) story of a man who decides to relocate the monument of [[Qutub Minar]] from Delhi to Imphal. It features singer and songwriter Akhu, who collaborates with the Asian Dub Foundation.

===Episode 8 – Bangla Bass===

In this episode, American rapper Brooklyn Shanti and Indian actor-musician Mou Sultana create a track with DJ [[Nucleya]] about the city [[Kolkata]].

===Episode 9 – Maati===

In this episode, award-winning percussionist [[Trilok Gurtu]] teams up with electronic folk duo [[Hari + Sukhmani]] in their hometown of [[Chandigarh]]. Maati is an ambient folk song that is set to the poetry of 18th century Sufi poet [[Bulleh Shah]]. The song has been given a range of sounds thanks to the percussive genius of Trilok Gurtu.

===Episode 10 – The Minstrel's Tale===

[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] and [[Karsh Kale]], from Season 1, come together with [[Carl Barat]] (from [[The Libertines]] and [[Dirty Pretty Things (band)|Dirty Pretty Things]]) for the season's finale. This is the first Dewarists episode shot outside India, in [[Aberfeldy, Scotland|Aberfeldy]], Scotland. It also features a trip to the [[Dewars]] distillery plant.

==Season 3 (2013)==

===Episode 1 – Suspended===

This episode features [[Monica Dogra]] of indie rock outfit, [[Shaa'ir and Func|Shaair+Func]] a photographer and light specialist, [[Eric Paré]], and Prashant Mistry of one of UK's electro bass outfits, [[Engine-EarZ Experiment]]. This is the first episode of the new season of The Dewarists and explores the theme of duality. Set in the snow-capped hills of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], the music video, Suspended, was a stirring amalgamation of light painting and electronic music.

===Episode 2 – Khirama===

The second episode of the third season enabled the coming together of indie-pop icon [[Lucky Ali]] and renowned installation artist, [[Shilpa Gupta]]. Toying with the idea of the loss of identity in a big city like [[Mumbai]], Lucky Ali created the tune he wanted to go with, while Shilpa Gupta worked to write the lyrics. For the final music video, Khirama, Lucky and Shilpa used words as both lyric and art, ultimately giving a whole new meaning to the song produced.

===Episode 3 – Aaina===

Intrigued by the story behind the creation of the urban jungle that is [[Mumbai]], our collaborators – hand shadowgrapher Amar Sen, and audio-visual collective B.L.O.T., decided to showcase the creations of the island city, ranging from its colonial past to the city of today. Their collaboration, Aaina, uses Amar Sen's shadow work and B.L.O.T.'s light projections to tell the story visually. Suryakant Sawhney, from Peter Car Recording Co., provides vocals to complement the visuals.

===Episode 4 – Hadimba===

The fertile, grassy slopes of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] play host to the fourth collaboration of Season Three of The Dewarists. The collaborators are: Lagori, a highly energetic folk fusion band from Bengaluru, and Actor's Cult, a theatre group from Mumbai. The outcome of their collaboration is the high-octane song that inspires awe and fervor.

===Episode 5 – Kwamakhutha===

Jayachandran Palazhy, founder of the [[Attakkalari Centre For Movement Arts]], and his dance troupe are joined by Delhi-based hind-rock band [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]]. Set by the tranquil shores of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], the collaboration fuses contemporary movement arts with the effortless energy of Euphoria.

===Episode 6 – The Journey===

The sixth episode on The Dewarists this season looked back upon the collaborations where music and art met to create a multi-sensory experience. [[Monica Dogra]] accompanied viewers through the diverse locales where each artist worked to create art that inspired those around it.

===Episode 7 – I===

The one-hour-long season finale featured a collaboration between India's folk rock collective, [[The Raghu Dixit Project]]; a contemporary dance troupe, [[Nritarutya]]; mask maker, Sridhar Murthy; and graffiti artist and animator, [[Harun Robert]]. Set in Bangalore, the music video produced was a blend of diverse art forms, genres, mediums, and styles.

==Season 4 (2015)==

===Episode 1 – Yaad===

'Yaad' the first episode of the fourth season of ''The Dewarists'' unfolds with a collaboration of American clarinetist and music composer Shankar Tucker, and gifted vocalist Nirali Kartik. Inspired by one of the subcontinent's greatest Urdu poets: Faiz – whose poetry still speaks to those hoping for love. They try to recreate the words of Faiz in a melodious tribute to both the poet and the poem ‘Kab Yaad Mein Tera'. The track reflects the individual styles of the artists, the mood of the mellifluous raga, and the mysteries of longing and separation.

===Episode 2 – Fakiri===

In the Second episode of Season Four, we see [[Vishal Dadlani]] Collaborating with Neeraj Arya’s Kabir Cafe to create the song ==Fakiri<nowiki/>' which is neither betwixt nor between.but the song is inspired by both [[Kabir]]’s life, and his poem ‘Lago Mere Yaar Fakiri’, which is about letting go.

===Episode 3 – Daiyya Ri===

In the third episode of ''The Dewarists'' season four, the [[Raghu Dixit]] Project and Bindhumalini travel to Rajasthan.They find inspiration from a local poets’ community, Chang, from the Prince of Alsisar Mahal, and Abhimanyu Singh. This inspiration from the local poets and the surreal beauty of [[Alsisar]] Mahal leads our Dewarists to do magic with the colorful words of [[Amir Khusrow]], in ‘Daiyya Ri’, a poem written to express his love of his pir.

===Episode 4 – O Megh===

[[Kashmir]] bears witness to the fourth collaboration of this season, where [[Shantanu Moitra]] and [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] create a song inspired by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]’s poem, ‘O Megh’ — a tribute to a child's imagination and his dilemma at leaving his mother behind while he's tempted to go and play with clouds and waves. In [[Kashmir]], they meet local poets who introduce them to local traditions via Bhand Pather's performance. As our Dewarists jam together, the poem takes them back to the memories of the time they spent with their parents back home.

===Episode 5 – Recap===

From shadowgraphy to installation art, ''The Dewarists'' has travelled far from the ordinary to create collaborations that will stay with us forever. This episode will take you back in time to a place where art and poetry complemented the creations of our Dewarists.

===Episode 6 – Heer===

For the season 4 finale [[Nucleya]] and [[Shruti Pathak]] travel to the land of the beautiful blue waters, [[Phuket]], [[Thailand]], to find a tune for the words of our Poet Dewarist Waris Shah. [[Shruti Pathak]], best known as the voice behind songs like 'Mar Jawaan' (Fashion), and 'Subharambh' (Kai Po Che), has been on tours all over the country promoting her band 'Guzzler' and launched 'Guzzler' as a radio show. Nucleya redefines Indian electronica by creating a fusion of complex cut up edits and unheard Indian sounds with cutting-edge production and genre-defying rhythms. While they explore the islands, Nucleya comes up with a basic melody and they work further on the track. He is helped by his producer friend, Dub Sharma, to write some lyrics inspired by Heer. Nucleya. They also meet a group of local Thai folk musicians who perform local folk songs that have been sung for years and have been passed on from one generation to another. Nucleya also tries his hand at playing a local Thai instrument, Ranad. The Dewarists discuss the poems of Waris Shah, also popularly known as William Shakespeare of India for his most famous work, Heer Ranjha. Waris Shah's poem is much more than just a love story; it is also about a man's search for, and tenuous relationship with, his creator.

==Season 5 (2016)==

===Episode 1 – Yaad Rakh===

''Dewar{{'}}s'' brings together two compelling artists for the premiere episode of The Dewarists Season Five. Experience their LIVE TRUE voyage as they talk about their past trials and present experiences that have molded them into who they are today. [[Benny Dayal]], the voice behind Bollywood's best chartbusters, has carved his niche in the industry. His passion is so deeply rooted, it drove him to the heights he is at today. Dayal is as recognizable for his Dewarist spirit as he is for his voice. Naezy, like most rappers, experienced an early life battle within his tough childhood, and rough neighborhood. Rap was what he turned to for an escape. His work lives true to its source, as he covers life stories around him with startling and undisguised realism, making him a passionate Dewarist.

===Episode 2 – Ikka Dukka===

In episode two of The Dewarists, presented by DEWAR'S, we explore the verdant beauty of Ladakh with [[Clinton Cerejo]], Bianca Gomes and Deepak Ramola. The vast mountains and peaceful monasteries inspire them to write Ikka Dukka, a passionate quest for a higher power. Watch as they translate these LIVE TRUE moments into a song that perfectly blends their passion.

===Episode 3 – Dil Beparvah===

Ankur Tewari and [[Prateek Kuhad]] set off on an inspiring journey to the hills of Shillong in episode 3. They create a beautiful masterpiece with Dil Beparvah. It is a song about relentlessly following your heart, no matter how the world perceives your dreams. Their commitment and passion for songwriting, singing and storytelling represent the Dewarist spirit perfectly. Watch their LIVE TRUE journey come alive amidst the beautiful mountains of Shillong which finally lead them to The Dewarists Stage at the Bacardi NH7 Weekender.

===Episode 4 – Mitho Laage===

In episode four, we take you to the magical palaces of Udaipur, where [[Dhruv Ghanekar]] and Mame Khan bring their passion for music alive. Divided by cultures and musical backgrounds, these Dewarists unite to tell you their LIVE TRUE tale with Mitho Laage.

===Episode 5 – Memories===

Immersed in the beauty and serenity of Hampi, [[Nucleya]] and [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] converge on a journey steeped in passion. In episode five, they create a sound that is set in the present and inspired by the echoes of the past. Watch their LIVE TRUE journey weave ancient history and soulful music together with electronic beats in Memories.

===Episode 6 – Panchiyaa===

In the final episode of ''The Dewarists'' this season, watch [[Amit Trivedi]] and V Selvaganesh sail through the serene seas of Sri Lanka on a journey to LIVE TRUE with Panchiyaa. While exploring the idea of someone who loves being in love, they set out to create something as pure and soulful as the scenic views around them.

==See also==
* [[Thomas Dewar]]
* [[Music genre]]
* [[Music of India]]
* [[Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Indian musical instruments]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://dewarsindia.com/the-dewarists/about-dewarists.aspx Official website]
*[http://www.starworld.in/show/the-dewarists/about_170.aspx About Dewarists on Star world]
*[https://www.youtube.com/dewarsindia Youtube Channel]
*[http://www.starworld.in/gallery.aspx?sid=170&aid=6992 Image Gallery]
*[http://mumbaiboss.com/2011/10/17/tv-review-the-dewarists/ TV Review]

{{Music based programs on MTV}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewarists, The}}
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian music television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:MTV (Indian TV channel) original programming]]

Brazil

2026-03-28T07:05:16Z

Tudu Hommie: typo fix

{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{About|the country|other uses of Brazil or Brasil|Brazil (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Brazilian Republic|other uses|Brazilian Republic (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Federative Republic of Brazil
| common_name = Brazil
| native_name = {{Lang|pt|República Federativa do Brasil}}
| image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg
| alt_flag =
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil (dark blue).svg
| alt_coat =
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Brazil|Coat of arms]]<ref>[https://www.acervoraroleiloes.com.br/peca.asp?ID=17396774 BRASIL / REPÚBLICA VELHA - Outorga de Medalha Militar p] Documento expedido por João Justino de Proença em 1903. Governo do Brasil/João Justino de Proença - Evidence for a new alternative</ref>
| coa_size = 90px
| other_symbol = {{vunblist |{{lang|pt|[[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]]}} National Seal of Brazil [[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|100px|link=National Seal of Brazil]]}}
| other_symbol_type = National Seal
| national_motto = {{lang|pt|Ordem e Progresso}} "Order and Progress"
| national_anthem = {{lang|pt|[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]}} "Brazilian National Anthem" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg]]</div>
| flag_anthem = {{lang|pt|[[Brazilian Flag Anthem|Hino à Bandeira Nacional]]}}<ref name="HinoBandeira">{{Cite web |last=Exército Brasileiro |title=Hino à Bandeira Nacional |url=http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=29 January 2014 |language=pt}}</ref> "National Flag Anthem" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Brazilian Flag Anthem (Ministry of Education).ogg]]</div>
| image_map = File:BRA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| alt_map =
| capital = [[Brasília]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|47|S|47|52|W|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[São Paulo]] {{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|display=inline}}
| languages_type = Official language {{nobold|and national language}}
| languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{efn|name=brazil|According to [http://web.archive.org/web/20251228004513/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm Article 13 of the Constitution]: ''A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil'' ("The Portuguese language is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil"). [[Brazilian Sign Language]] is also officially recognized and protected.<ref>[https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Federal_do_Brasil_10436_de_2002 Lei Federal do Brasil 10436 de 2002]</ref> 95 municipalities and 3 Brazilian states also have co-official languages, with 61 co-officialized languages.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251201194402/http://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/page/home Repositório Brasileiro de Legislações Linguísticas] (Brazilian Repository of Linguistic Legislation)</ref> The list can be seen at ''[[Languages of Brazil#Language policy|Languages of Brazil]]''.}}
| languages2_type = Recognized regional languages
| languages2 = See [[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|regional official languages]]
| ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}}
*45.3% [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo]]
*43.5% [[White Brazilians|White]]
*10.2% [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
*0.6% [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
*0.4% [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]{{efn|The Brazilian census uses the term ''amarela'' (or ''yellow'' in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/[[Arab Brazilian|Arabs]] and South Asians.}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2022
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="census2022">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | title=Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem | date=22 December 2023 | access-date=22 December 2023 | archive-date=22 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | url-status=live }}</ref>
| demonym = [[Brazilians|Brazilian]]
| government_type = Federal [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Brazil|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Geraldo Alckmin]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Hugo Motta]]
| leader_title4 = [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|President of the Federal Senate]]
| leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Davi Alcolumbre]]}}
| leader_title5 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Supreme Federal Court|President of the Supreme Federal Court]]}}
| leader_name5 = [[Edson Fachin]]
| legislature = {{nowrap|[[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]]}}
| upper_house = {{nowrap|[[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Federal Senate]]}}
| lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence of Brazil|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|Portugal]]
| established_event1 = [[Independence of Brazil|Declaration]]
| established_date1 = 7 September 1822
| established_event2 = [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Recognition]]
| established_date2 = 29 August 1825
| established_event3 = [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Republic]]
| established_date3 = 15 November 1889
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of Brazil|Current constitution]]
| established_date4 = 5 October 1988
| area_km2 = 8515767
| area_label = Total
| area_rank = 5th
| area_sq_mi = 3287597
| percent_water = 0.65
| population_estimate = {{increase neutral}} 213,421,037<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=População estimada do país chega a 213,4 milhões de habitantes, divulga IBGE {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/08/populacao-do-brasil-alcanca-marca-de-213-4-milhoes-de-habitantes-divulga-ibge#:~:text=A%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20brasileira%20era%20de,Geografia%20e%20Estat%C3%ADstica%20(IBGE). |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 203,080,756<ref>{{Cite news |last=Araujo |first=Gabriel |editor1-last=Grattan |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Rumney |editor2-first=Emma |date=28 June 2023 |title=Brazil census shows population growth at its slowest since 1872 |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628154840/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
| population_census_year = [[2022 Brazilian census|2022]]
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 7th
| population_census_rank = 7th
| population_density_km2 = 23.8<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Agência de Notícias – IBGE |language=pt-BR |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705200605/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi = 64
| population_density_rank = 193rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $5.161 trillion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Brazil) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October 14, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank = 8th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $24,108<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Brazil) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October 14, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 82th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.292 trillion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Brazil) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October 14, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank = 10th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,709<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Brazil) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October 14, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 84th
| Gini = 51.6 
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.786
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 84th
| currency = [[Brazilian real|Real]] (R$)
| currency_code = BRL
| time_zone = [[Time in Brazil|BT]]
| utc_offset = −02:00 to −05:00
| date_format = [[Date and time notation in Brazil|dd/mm/yyyy]] ([[Common Era|CE]])
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Brazil|+55]]
| iso3166code =
| cctld = [[.br]]
| religion = {{ublist
|item_style=white-space;
|{{Tree list}}
*83.60% [[Christianity in Brazil|Christianity]]
**56.75% [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholicism]]
**26.85% [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestantism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|9.28% [[Irreligion in Brazil|no religion]]
|1.84% [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
|1.05% [[African diaspora religions#Brazil|Afro-Brazilian religions]]
|4.07% other
|0.17% not stated}}
| religion_ref = <ref name="2022 religion">{{cite web |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/43593-censo-2022-catolicos-seguem-em-queda-evangelicos-e-sem-religiao-crescem-no-pais|title=Censo 2022: católicos seguem em queda; evangélicos e sem religião crescem no país |date=6 June 2025 |publisher=IBGE|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
| religion_year = 2022
}}
'''Brazil''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|Brasil}}, {{IPA|pt-BR|bɾaˈziw|pron|Pt-br-brasil.ogg}}.}} officially the '''Federative Republic of Brazil''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República Federativa do Brasil|links=no}},<ref name="Bello1966v">{{Cite book |last=José María Bello |url= |title=A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-8047-0238-6 |page=[[iarchive:historyofmodernb0000bell/page/56/mode/1up|56]]}}</ref> {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeˈpublikɐ fedeɾaˈtʃivɐ du bɾaˈziw|pron|Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg}}.}} is the largest country in [[South America]]. It is also the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fifth-largest country by area]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|seventh-largest by population]], with over 213 million people. The country is a [[federation]] composed of 26 [[Federative units of Brazil|states]] and a [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]], which hosts the capital, [[Brasília]]. Its [[List of municipalities in Brazil by population|most populous city]] is [[São Paulo]], followed by [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Brazil has the most [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Portuguese speakers]] in the world and is the only country in the [[Americas]] where [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is an [[Portuguese-speaking world|official language]].<ref name="Philander2012">{{Cite book |last=Philander |first=S. George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition |publisher=Princeton University |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4129-9261-9 |edition=Second |volume=1 |location=Los Angeles |page=148 |oclc=970592418 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210536/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CrocittiVallance2011">{{Cite book |last=Vallance |first=Monique M. |title=Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |publisher=ABC-CLIO |others=Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-34672-9 |editor-last=Crocitti |editor-first=John J. |page=xxiii |chapter=Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil |oclc=787850982 |ref={{harvid|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}} |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210603/https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bounded by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the east, Brazil has a [[Coastline of Brazil|coastline]] of {{convert|7491|km|mi|0|sp=us}}.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it [[Borders of Brazil|borders all other countries and territories]] on the continent except [[Ecuador]] and [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Brazil – Land |url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date= |website=Permanent Missions |publisher=United Nations |at=Geography}}</ref> Brazil encompasses a wide range of tropical and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] landscapes, as well as [[Pantanal|wetlands]], [[Cerrado|savannas]], [[Brazilian Highlands|plateaus]], and low mountains. It contains most of the [[Amazon basin]], including the [[Amazon River|world's largest river system]] and most extensive [[Old-growth forest|virgin]] [[Amazon rainforest|tropical forest]]. Brazil has diverse [[Wildlife of Brazil|wildlife]], a variety of [[Environment of Brazil|ecological systems]], and extensive natural resources spanning numerous [[protected areas of Brazil|protected habitats]].<ref name="CIA Geo">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|section=geography|access-date=4 May 2018|year=2018}}</ref> The country ranks first among 17 [[megadiverse countries]], with its natural heritage being the subject of significant global interest, as [[environmental degradation]] (through processes such as [[Deforestation in Brazil|deforestation]]) directly affect global issues such as [[Climate change in Brazil|climate change]] and [[biodiversity loss]].

Brazil was inhabited by [[Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil|various indigenous peoples]] prior to the [[Discovery of Brazil|landing]] of Portuguese explorer [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in 1500; in 1532, the country's first city, [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], was founded in what became the [[Captaincy of São Vicente]]. The territory was claimed and settled by [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], which imported [[Slavery in Brazil|enslaved Africans]] to work on [[Brazilian sugar cycle|plantations]]. Brazil remained a [[Colonial Brazil|colony]] until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of a [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|united kingdom with Portugal]] after the [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|transfer of the Portuguese court to Rio de Janeiro]]. Prince [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro of Braganza]] declared the country's [[Independence of Brazil|independence]] in 1822 and, after waging a [[Brazilian War of Independence|war against Portugal]], established the [[Empire of Brazil]]. The country's [[Brazilian Constitution of 1824|first constitution in 1824]] established a [[General Assembly (Brazil)|bicameral legislature]] and enshrined principles such as freedom of religion and the press, but retained slavery, which was [[Abolitionism in Brazil|gradually abolished]] throughout the 19th century until its [[Lei Áurea|final abolition in 1888]]. Brazil became a [[First Brazilian Republic|presidential republic]] following a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|military coup d'état]] in 1889. An [[Revolution of 1930|armed revolution in 1930]] put an end to the First Republic and brought [[Getúlio Vargas]] to power. While initially committing to democratic governance, Vargas assumed dictatorial powers following a [[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|self-coup in 1937]], marking the beginning of the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]], in which he oversaw [[Brazil in World War II|Brazil's involvement in World War II]]. Democracy was restored after [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|Vargas' ousting in 1945]]. An authoritarian [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]] emerged [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|in 1964]] with support from the [[United States]] and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current [[Constitution of Brazil|constitution]], enacted in 1988, defines it as a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[federal republic]].<ref name="Constituição">{{Cite web |year=1988 |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |language=pt}} {{cite web |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |publisher=v-brazil.com |year=2007 |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |quote=Unofficial translate |access-date=3 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html}}</ref>

Brazil is a [[regional power|regional]] and [[middle power]],<ref name="SchaeferPoffenbarger2014">{{Cite book |last1=M. Schaefer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together |last2=J. Poffenbarger |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-38794-3 |page=32 |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183440/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Burges2016">{{Cite book |last=Sean W. Burges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title=Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-69658-2 |pages=114–15 |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183445/https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gina">{{Cite journal |last=Gardini |first=Gian Luca |year=2016 |title=Brazil: What Rise of What Power? |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=35 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.1111/blar.12417 |doi-access=free |issn=0261-3050}}</ref> and has been described as a [[emerging power|rising global power]].<ref name="FRIDE">{{Cite web |last=Gratius |first=Susanne |date=April 2008 |title=The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? |url=http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |website=[[FRIDE]]}}</ref><ref name="Collecott">{{Cite web |last=Peter Collecott |date=29 October 2011 |title=Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status |url=http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=The Diplomatic Courier |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030604/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Clendenning |first=Alan |date=17 April 2008 |title=Booming Brazil could be world power soon |page=2 |work=USA Today |agency=The Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |access-date=12 December 2008 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820003302/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DominguezKim2013">{{Cite book |last1=Jorge Dominguez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98 |title=Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana |last2=Byung Kook Kim |publisher=Center for International Affairs, Harvard University |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-76983-2 |pages=98–99}}</ref> It is an [[Emerging market|emerging]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=FTSE Country Classification |url=https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=[[FTSE Group]]}}</ref><ref name="wb-upper-middle">{{Cite web |title=Country and Lending Groups |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |publisher=World Bank |quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275}}</ref> [[Developing country|upper-middle income]] economy and [[newly industrialized country]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617091704/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |archive-date=17 June 2019 }}</ref> with one of the 10 [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest economies]] in the world in both nominal and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP]] terms,<ref name="IMFWEO.BR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=223,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Brazil) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> the largest economy in [[Latin America]] and the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the [[List of countries by total wealth|largest share of wealth]] in South America. With a [[Economic Complexity Index|complex]] and highly [[Economy of Brazil|diversified economy]], Brazil is one of the world's major or primary exporters of various [[Agriculture in Brazil|agricultural goods]], [[Mining in Brazil|mineral resources]], and [[Industry in Brazil|manufactured products]].<ref name="Neilson102" /> The country ranks [[List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil|thirteenth in the world]] by number of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Brazil is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the [[G20]], [[BRICS]], [[G4 nations|G4]], [[Mercosur]], [[Organization of American States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]; it is also an observer state of the [[Arab League]] and a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandiver |first=John |date=9 May 2019 |title=Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013035014/https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP |url=https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526041219/https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Name of Brazil}}

The word ''Brazil'' probably comes from the Portuguese word for [[Paubrasilia|brazilwood]], a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.<ref name="Fausto1999">{{Cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-56526-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus/page/9 9] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In Portuguese, brazilwood is called {{lang|pt|pau-brasil}}, with the word {{lang|pt|brasil}} commonly given the etymology 'red like an [[ember]]', formed from {{lang|pt|brasa}} ('ember') and the suffix {{lang|pt|-il}} (from {{lang|la|-iculum}} or {{lang|la|-ilium}}).<ref name="Vincent2003">{{Cite book |last=Jon S. Vincent. |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc |title=Culture and Customs of Brazil |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-313-30495-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/36 36] |url-access=registration}}</ref> It has alternatively been suggested that this is a folk etymology for a word for the plant related to an Arabic or Asian word for a red plant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075 |title=Brazil | Etymology of the name Brazil by etymonline |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324183937/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075 |url-status=live }}</ref> As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.<ref name="Tucker2007">{{Cite book |last=Richard P. Tucker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186 |title=Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World |publisher=University of Michigan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7425-5365-1 |page=186 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183601/https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by [[indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]] (mostly [[Tupi people|Tupi]]) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders in return for assorted European consumer goods.<ref name="Lee2011">{{Cite book |last=Wayne E. Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196 |title=Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World |publisher=NYU Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8147-6527-2 |page=196 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221303/https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the 'Land of the Holy Cross' ({{lang|pt|Terra da Santa Cruz}}),<ref name="Corporation1880">{{Cite magazine |last=Daly |first=Charles P. |year=1880 |title=Maps and Map-making Before Mercator |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493 |magazine=[[The Popular Science Monthly]] |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |at=473–495, see page 493 |issn=0161-7370 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221315/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the 'Land of Brazil' ({{lang|pt|Terra do Brasil}}) because of the brazilwood trade.<ref name="Léry1990">{{Cite book |last=Jean de Léry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242 |title=History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-91380-6 |page=242 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221327/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular usage eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the 'Land of Parrots'.<ref name="Sokolow2003">{{Cite book |last=Jayme A. Sokolow. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84 |title=The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7656-0982-3 |page=84 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221351/https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Guarani language]], Brazil is called {{lang|gn|Pindorama}}, meaning 'land of the palm trees'.<ref name="Herrera-Sobek2012">{{Cite book |last=Maria Herrera-Sobek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155 |title=Celebrating Latino Folklore |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-34340-7 |page=155 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221353/https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Brazil}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Brazilian history}}

=== Pre-Cabraline era ===
{{Main|Pre-Columbian history of Brazil{{!}}Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil}}

{{See also|Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Marajoara culture}}
[[File:Pinturas Rupestres - Serra da Capivara I.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rock art]] at [[Serra da Capivara National Park]], one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the [[Americas]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Simon |date=27 March 2014 |title=Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html |url-access=limited |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html |archive-date=1 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>]]

Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, [[Luzia Woman]], were found in the area of [[Pedro Leopoldo]], [[Minas Gerais]], and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.<ref name="LevineCrocitti1999">{{Cite book |last1=Robert M. Levine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11 |title=The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics |last2=John J. Crocitti |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8223-2290-0 |pages=11– |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182919/https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to over 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near [[Santarém, Pará|Santarém]] and provides evidence that the region supported a complex prehistoric culture.<ref name="Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon">{{Cite journal |last1=Roosevelt |first1=Anna Curtenius |author1-link=Anna Curtenius Roosevelt |last2=Housley |first2=Rupert A. |last3=Imazio da Silveira |first3=Maura |last4=Maranca |first4=Silvia |last5=Johnson |first5=Richard Irwin |name-list-style=vanc |date=13 December 1991 |title=Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden [sic] in the Brazilian Amazon |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=254 |issue=5038 |pages=1621–1624 |doi=10.1126/science.254.5038.1621 |pmid=17782213 |bibcode=1991Sci...254.1621R |s2cid=34969614 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016114734/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Marajoara culture]] flourished on [[Marajó]] in the Amazon delta from AD 400 to 1400, developing sophisticated pottery, [[social stratification]], large populations, [[mound building]], and complex social formations such as [[chiefdom]]s.<ref name="Mann">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Charles C. |url=https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326 |title=1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326 326–33] |author-link=Charles C. Mann |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of present day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Robert M. |title=The History of Brazil |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3 |page=32}}</ref> mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The population comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g., the Tupis, [[Guaraní people|Guaranis]], [[Gê peoples|Gês]], and [[Arawak peoples|Arawaks]]). The Tupi people were subdivided into the [[Tupiniquim|Tupiniquins]] and [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambás]].{{sfnp|Levine|2003|p=31}}

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.<ref name="Fausto">{{Cite book |last=Fausto |first=Carlos |title=Os Índios antes do Brasil |year=2000 |isbn=978-85-7110-543-0 |editor-last=Zahar |editor-first=Jorge |pages=45–46, 55 |publisher=Jorge Zahar Editor |language=pt |trans-title=The Indians before Brazil}}</ref> These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with [[Human cannibalism|cannibalistic]] rituals on prisoners of war.<ref>Gomes, Mercio P. ''The Indians and Brazil'' University Press of Florida 2000 {{ISBN|0-8130-1720-3}} pp. 28–29</ref>{{sfnp|Fausto|2000|pp=78–80}} While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions.<ref name="Fausto" /> Slavery among the indigenous groups had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into [[kinship]] relations.{{sfnp|Fausto|2000|p=50}}

=== European colonization and Colonial Brazil ===
{{Main|Colonial Brazil|Portuguese Empire}}{{See also|Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Dutch Brazil}}[[File:Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg|thumb|[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] landing in [[Porto Seguro]] in 1500]]
[[File:Brazil 16thc map.jpg|thumb|Map of Brazil as printed in the ''[[Miller Atlas]]'' of 1519]]
[[File:Benedito Calixto de Jesus - Fundação de São Vicente, Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP.jpg|right|thumb|The founding of [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], in what is now the [[São Paulo (state)|state of São Paulo]], marks the effective beginning of colonization in Brazil, in 1532.]]
Following the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], the land now called Brazil was claimed for the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 22 April 1500, with [[Discovery of Brazil|the arrival of the Portuguese fleet]] commanded by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]].<ref name="Boxer, p. 98">Boxer, p. 98.</ref> Along [[Coastline of Brazil|the coast]], the Portuguese encountered [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil#Distribution|various Indigenous communities]], most of whom spoke languages of the [[Tupi–Guaraní|Tupi–Guarani]] family.<ref name="Boxer, p. 100">Boxer, p. 100.</ref> Though the first settlement, [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King [[John III of Portugal|John III of Portugal]] divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous [[Captaincies of Brazil|captaincies]].<ref>Boxer, pp. 100–101.</ref><ref name="Skidmore, p. 27">Skidmore, p. 27.</ref>

However, the decentralized and unorganized captaincy system proved unsuccessful, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the [[Governorate General of Brazil]] in the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.<ref name="Skidmore, p. 27" /><ref>Boxer, p. 101.</ref> In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.<ref>Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 {{ISBN|978-90-04-21083-7}} ''Chapter III''</ref><ref>Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}}<ref>Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-61069-163-5}} p. 300, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 |date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
[[File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg|thumb|''Execution of the Punishment of the Whip'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]]. Nearly 5 million enslaved Africans were imported to Brazil during the [[Atlantic slave trade]], more than any country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Terrence McCoy |date=17 January 2022 |title=More enslaved Africans came to the Americas through this port than anywhere else. Why have so few heard of it? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010164227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref>]]

By the mid-16th century, [[Sugar#Sugarcane|cane sugar]] had become [[Brazilian sugar cycle|Brazil's most important export]],<ref name="Boxer, p. 100" /><ref>Skidmore, p. 36.</ref> while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the [[Slavery in Africa#Atlantic slave trade|slave market of Western Africa]]<ref>Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 {{ISBN|978-1-4443-9628-7}} Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182805/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023}}</ref> (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]]), had become its largest import,<ref>Boxer, p. 110</ref><ref>Skidmore, p. 34.</ref> to cope with [[Engenho|sugarcane plantations]], due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.<ref name="Boxer, p. 102">Boxer, p. 102.</ref><ref>Skidmore, pp. 32–33.</ref> Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years 1500 and 1800.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart A. P. |title=The Library An Illustrated History |date=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1-60239-706-4 |location=New York |page=101}}</ref>
[[File:Conjunto arquitetônico e urbanístico de Ouro Preto.JPG|thumb|[[Ouro Preto]] was the center of the [[Brazilian Gold Rush]] and was designated a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] due to its [[Portuguese colonial architecture|Baroque colonial architecture]]]]
By the end of the 17th century, sugar exports began to decline<ref>Boxer, p. 164.</ref> and the discovery of gold by [[bandeirantes]] in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a [[Brazilian Gold Rush|gold rush]]<ref>Boxer, pp. 168, 170.</ref> which attracted thousands of new settlers to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.<ref>Boxer, p. 169.</ref> This increased level of immigration in turn caused [[War of the Emboabas|some conflicts]] between newcomers and old settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186 |title=Dictionary of Wars |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |year=1986 |isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 |edition=1st |page=174 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

Portuguese expeditions known as ''bandeiras'' gradually [[Uti possidetis#The Brazilian frontier movement into Spanish-claimed lands|expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers]] in South America to its approximately current borders.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=George Richard Potter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |last2=Henry Clifford Darby |last3=Harold Fullard |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1957 |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=498 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183451/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" [[Cambria Press]] 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-60497-529-1}} pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120801/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145 |date=2 May 2023}}</ref> In this era, other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French [[France Antarctique|in Rio during the 1560s]], [[Equinoctial France|in Maranhão during the 1610s]], and the [[Dutch invasions of Brazil|Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco]], during the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], after the end of [[Iberian Union]].<ref>Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70</ref>

The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the monopoly of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of slave rebellion and resistance, such as the [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo of Palmares]],<ref>Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 {{ISBN|0-252-06549-2}} Chapter 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183446/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> and to repress all movements for autonomy or independence, such as the {{Lang|pt-BR|[[Inconfidência Mineira]]}} (1789).<ref>MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183443/https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Brazil ===
{{Main|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}

{{See also|Invasion of Portugal (1807)|Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil}}
[[File:Aclamação do rei Dom João VI no Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|The Acclamation of [[John VI of Portugal|King João VI]] of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 6 February 1818]]
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of [[continental Portugal]], causing [[John VI of Portugal|Prince Regent John]], in the name of [[Maria I of Portugal|Queen Maria I]], to [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|move the royal court]] from [[Lisbon]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name="Boxer, p. 213">Boxer, p. 213</ref> There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local [[stock exchange]]s<ref>Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; ''Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil'' ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 {{ISBN|85-352-3994-4}} Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv</ref> and its [[Banco do Brasil|National Bank]], additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the [[Portuguese conquest of French Guiana|conquest of French Guiana]].<ref>Bueno, p. 145.</ref>

With the end of the [[Peninsular War]] in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]], thus creating a [[pluricontinental]] transatlantic monarchic state.<ref name="Mosher2008">{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey C. Mosher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9 |title=Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8032-3247-1 |page=9 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183447/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]]). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of [[Porto]],<ref name="Adelman2006">{{Cite book |last=Jeremy Adelman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334 |title=Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-691-12664-7 |pages=334– |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro de Alcântara]], as Regent of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]].<ref>Lustosa, pp. 109–110</ref>

=== Empire of Brazil ===
{{Main|Independence of Brazil|Empire of Brazil}}

[[File:Pedro Américo - Independência ou Morte - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Pedro I on [[Independence Day (Brazil)|7 September 1822]]]]

Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the [[Portuguese Cortes]], guided by the new political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.<ref>Lustosa, pp. 117–19</ref> The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to side with them, [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|declaring the country's independence from Portugal]] on 7 September 1822.<ref>Lustosa, pp. 150–153</ref> A month later, Prince Pedro was proclaimed the first [[Emperor of Brazil]], with the royal title of Dom [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]], resulting in the founding of the [[Empire of Brazil]].<ref>Vianna, p. 418</ref>

The [[Brazilian War of Independence]], which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the [[Cisplatina]] province.<ref>Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178</ref> The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;<ref>Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80</ref> Portugal [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|officially recognized]] Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.<ref>Lustosa, p. 208</ref>

On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberals and conservatives, including an attempt of [[Confederation of the Equator|republican secession]]{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|pp=82–83}} and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to [[Liberal Wars|reclaim his daughter's crown]] after [[Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil|abdicating the Brazilian throne]] in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]).<ref>Lyra (v. 1), p. 17</ref>
[[File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor of Brazil]] between 1831 and 1889]]

As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|regency]] was set up by the [[General Assembly (Brazil)|General Assembly]].<ref>Carvalho 2007, p. 21</ref> In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the [[Cabanagem]] in [[Grão-Pará Province|Grão-Pará]], the [[Malê Revolt]] in Salvador, the [[Balaiada]] ([[Maranhão]]), the [[Sabinada]] ([[Bahia]]), and the [[Ragamuffin War]], which began in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and was supported by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfaction with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation state.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3}} This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the [[Praieira revolt]] in [[Pernambuco]], was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the [[Dom Pedro II#Early coronation|premature coronation of Pedro II]] in 1841.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}

During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The [[Atlantic slave trade to Brazil|Atlantic slave trade]] was outlawed in 1850,<ref>[[Leslie Bethell|Bethell, Leslie]] "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" [[Cambridge University Press]] 1970, ''"Cambridge Latin American Studides"'', Chapters 9 to 12. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183843/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> as a result of the British [[Aberdeen Act]] and the [[Eusébio de Queirós Law]], but only in May 1888, after a long process of [[Abolitionism in Brazil|internal mobilization and debate]] for an ethical and legal dismantling of [[Slavery in Brazil|slavery in the country]], was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the [[Lei Áurea|Golden Law]].<ref>Scott, Rebecca and others, ''The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil'', Duke University Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-8223-0888-6}} [[Seymour Drescher]], Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"</ref>

The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues pertaining Brazil's neighboring countries in the [[Southern Cone]]. Long after the [[Cisplatine War]] that resulted in the independence of [[Uruguay]],<ref>Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183943/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II: the [[Platine War]], the [[Uruguayan War]] and the devastating [[Paraguayan War]], the largest war effort in Brazilian history.<ref>Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272</ref>{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War"}}

Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's form of government,{{sfn|Ermakoff|2006|p=189}} on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the [[Imperial Brazilian Army|Imperial Army]] officers, as well as with rural and financial elites, the monarchy was overthrown by a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|military coup]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smallman |first=Shawn C. |title=Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]] Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8078-5359-7 |pages=16–18 |chapter=The Overthrow of the Empire}}</ref> A few days later, the [[Flag of Brazil|national flag]] was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "''Ordem e Progresso''", influenced by [[positivism]]. 15 November is now [[Republic Day]], a national holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2017 |title=Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press |language=en-US |work=The Brazilian Report |url=https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193405/https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Early Republic ===
{{Main|First Brazilian Republic|Vargas Era|Fourth Brazilian Republic}}

[[File:Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893.jpg|thumb|''[[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]]'', 1893, oil on canvas by [[Benedito Calixto]]]]
[[File:Revolução de 1930 (cropped) restored.jpg|thumb|Getúlio Vargas (''center'') during the Revolution of 1930]]
[[File:Massarosaw.jpg|thumb|[[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] in [[Massarosa]], [[Italian Social Republic|Italy]], during [[World War II|WWII]]]]
[[File:Construção do Congresso Nacional Esplanada dos Ministérios 1959-10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[National Congress Palace|National Congress building]] in Brasília, 1959, during the [[Presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek|JK administration]]]]

The [[Republic of the Sword|early republican government]] was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|loc=end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule"}} Not until 1894, following an [[Encilhamento|economic crisis]] and [[Revolta da Armada|a military one]], did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|pp=21–26}}<ref>Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 {{ISBN|0-312-23399-X}}</ref><ref>Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12</ref>

In this first republican period, Brazil maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,<ref>David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" [[Columbia University]] Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125</ref> only broken by the [[Acre War]] (1899–1902) and [[Brazil during World War I|its involvement]] in [[World War I]] (1914–1918),<ref>Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305</ref><ref>M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945 |pages=265–69}}</ref> followed by a [[Presidency of Artur Bernardes#Withdrawal from the League of Nations|failed attempt to exert a prominent role]] in the [[League of Nations]];<ref>Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145</ref> Internally, from the crisis of ''Encilhamento''<ref>{{Citation |last=Viscount of Taunay |title=O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892 |year=1893 |publisher=Melhoramentos}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nassif |first=Luís |title=Os cabeças-de-planilha |pages=69–107 |year=2007 |publisher=Ediouro |isbn=978-85-00-02094-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=de Carvalho |first=Ney O. Ribeiro |title=O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira |year=2004 |publisher=Bovespa |isbn=978-85-904019-1-9}}</ref> and the [[Revolta da Armada|Navy Revolts]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Martins |first=Hélio L |title=A Revolta da Armada |year=1997 |publisher=BibliEx}}</ref> a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian<ref>{{Citation |last=Moniz |first=Edmundo |title=Canudos: a luta pela terra |year=1984 |publisher=Global}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sevcenko |first=Nicolau |title=A Revolta da Vacina |year=2010 |publisher=Cosac Naify |isbn=978-85-7503-868-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=de Moura |first=Aureliano P |title=Contestado: a guerra cabocla |year=2003 |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército}}</ref> and military.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thompson |first=Arthur |title=Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895 |year=1934 |publisher=Ravaro}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Roland |first=Maria Inês |title=A Revolta da Chibata |year=2000 |publisher=Saraiva |isbn=978-85-02-03095-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Forjaz |first=Maria CS |title=Tenentismo e politica |year=1977 |publisher=Paz e Terra}}</ref>

Little by little, [[Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil#1st Republican period (1889–1930)|a cycle of general instability]] sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate [[Getúlio Vargas]], supported by most of the military, successfully led the [[Revolution of 1930]].<ref>Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. ''The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics'', Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era</ref><ref>[[Keen, Benjamin]] / Haynes, Kate ''A History of Latin America; Volume 2'', Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp. 356–57</ref> Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.<ref>McCann; Frank D. ''Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937'', [[Stanford University]] Press 2004, p. 303 {{ISBN|0-8047-3222-1}}</ref><ref>Ibidem Williams 2001</ref>

In the 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] in 1932, led by São Paulo's oligarchy. The second was a [[Brazilian uprising of 1935|Communist uprising]] in November 1935, and the last one a ''[[Integralist Uprising|putsch]]'' attempt by [[Brazilian Integralist Action|local fascists]] in May 1938.<ref>E. Bradford Burns; ''A History of Brazil'' Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 {{ISBN|978-0-231-07955-6}}</ref><ref>Dulles, John W.F. ''Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935'' University of Texas Press 2012 {{ISBN|0-292-74076-X}}</ref><ref>Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; ''The New international year book'' Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"</ref> The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The [[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|1937 ''coup d'état'']] resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.<ref>Bourne, Richard ''Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954'' C. Knight 1974, p. 77</ref>

During [[World War II]], Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered [[Submarine warfare#Atlantic ocean|retaliation]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Italy under fascism|Fascist Italy]] in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, [[Brazil in World War II|entered the war]] on the [[Allies of World War II|allied side]].<ref>Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001''. Potomac Books, 2003 {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}} Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45</ref><ref>Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; ''Latin America during World War II'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150</ref><ref>Mónica Hirst & [[Andrew Hurrell]]; ''The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations'', Taylor & Francis Books 2005 {{ISBN|0-415-95066-X}} pp. 4–5</ref> In addition to [[Battle of the Atlantic#South Atlantic (May 1942 – September 1943)|its participation in the battle of the Atlantic]], Brazil also sent an [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|expeditionary force]] to fight in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Castro |first1=Celso |title=Nova história militar brasileira |pages=13–14 |year=2004 |publisher=Fundação Getúlio Vargas |isbn=978-85-225-0496-1 |last2=Izecksohn |first2=Vitor |last3=Kraay |first3=Hendrik}}</ref>

With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas' position became untenable, and he was [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|swiftly overthrown]] in another military coup, with democracy reinstated by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.<ref>McCann 2004, p. 441</ref> Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.<ref>Roett; Riordan ''Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society'', GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 {{ISBN|0-275-95899-X}}</ref><ref>Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62</ref>

Several brief interim governments followed Vargas' suicide.<ref>Skidmore, p. 201</ref> [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory stance towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.<ref>Skidmore, pp. 202–203</ref> The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,<ref>Skidmore, p. 204</ref> but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of [[Brasília]], inaugurated in 1960.<ref>Skidmore, pp. 204–205</ref> Kubitschek's successor, [[Jânio Quadros]], resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.<ref>Skidmore, pp. 209–210</ref> His vice-president, [[João Goulart]], assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition<ref>Skidmore, p. 210</ref> and was [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|deposed in April 1964]] by a coup that resulted in a [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]].<ref>Fausto (2005), p. 397</ref>

=== Military dictatorship ===
{{Main|Military dictatorship in Brazil}}

[[File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg|thumb|[[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41s]] along the [[Avenida Presidente Vargas]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], in April 1968, during the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]]]]

The new regime was intended to be transitory,<ref>Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', pp. 141–42.</ref> but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the [[AI-5|Fifth Institutional Act]] in 1968.<ref name="Gaspari p.35">Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', p. 35.</ref> Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to [[Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship|guerrilla tactics to fight the regime]], but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395], last paragraph}}<ref>Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § [https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023}}</ref> inside and outside the country through "[[Operation Condor]]".<ref>Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-19-958878-7}} p. 299 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183958/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA396 396]}} Like other [[authoritarianism|authoritarian regimes]], due to an economic boom, known as the "[[Brazilian Miracle|economic miracle]]", the Brazilian military dictatorship reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395–97]}}

Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas.<ref>Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457</ref> The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made a redemocratization policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals [[Ernesto Geisel]] and [[Golbery do Couto e Silva]].{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)"}} With the enactment of the [[Amnesty law#Brazil|Amnesty Law]] in 1979, Brazil began a slow [[Redemocratization in Brazil|return to democracy]], which was completed during the 1980s.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}

=== Contemporary era ===
{{Main|History of Brazil (1985–present)}}

[[File:Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao restored.jpg|thumb|[[Ulysses Guimarães]] holding the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution of 1988]]]]

Civilians returned to power in 1985 when [[José Sarney]] assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] he inherited from the military regime.<ref>Fausto (2005), pp. 464–65.</ref> Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the [[Brazilian presidential election, 1989|election in 1989]] of the almost-unknown [[Fernando Collor de Mello|Fernando Collor]], who was subsequently [[Impeachment of Fernando Collor de Mello|impeached by the National Congress]] in 1992.<ref>Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475.</ref> Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, [[Itamar Franco]], who appointed [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] as Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso devised a highly successful [[Plano Real]] that,<ref>Skidmore, p. 311.</ref> after decades of [[Timeline of Brazilian economic stabilization plans|failed economic plans]] made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Epilogue}}<ref>Fausto (2005), p. 482.</ref> Cardoso won the [[1994 Brazilian general election|1994 election]], and [[1998 Brazilian general election|again in 1998]].<ref>Fausto (2005), p. 474.</ref>

The [[peaceful transition of power]] from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Brazilian presidential election, 2002|elected in 2002]] and [[Brazilian presidential election, 2006|re-elected in 2006]]), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.<ref>Fausto (2005), p. 502.</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3</ref> However, sparked by discontent accumulated over decades from corruption, [[Police brutality by country#Brazil|police brutality]], inefficiencies of the political [[The Establishment|establishment]] and [[public service]], [[2013 protests in Brazil|numerous peaceful protests]] erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of [[Dilma Rousseff]], who had succeeded Lula after winning election [[Brazilian presidential election, 2010|in 2010]] and again [[Brazilian presidential election, 2014|in 2014]] by narrow margins.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608173307/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network |date=8 June 2021}} article on "the Guardian"</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.</ref>

Rousseff [[Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff|was impeached]] by the [[Brazilian Congress]] in 2016, halfway into her second term,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater |title=Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831175437/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=1 September 2016 |title=All Impeachments Are Political. But Was Brazil's Something More Sinister? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/q01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213070654/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and replaced by her vice-president [[Michel Temer]], who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street [[2015–16 protests in Brazil|protests for and against her]] took place during the impeachment process.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624140848/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT |date=24 June 2016}} in ''[[Financial Times]]'' (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph.</ref> The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President [[Michel Temer]]'s cabinet who were allegedly linked to the [[Operation Car Wash|Petrobras corruption scandal]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO? "Brazil supreme court judge orders probe into nine ministers – paper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816074621/https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO |date=16 August 2017}}. Reuters. 11 April 2017.</ref> President Temer himself was also accused of [[Corruption in Brazil|corruption]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html "President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030047/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html |date=14 April 2021 }}. ''The New York Times''. 26 June 2017.</ref>

In the fiercely contested [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 elections]], the controversial conservative candidate [[Jair Bolsonaro]] of the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against [[Fernando Haddad]], of the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers Party]] (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jair Bolsonaro é eleito presidente do Brasil |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/ |website=veja.abril.com.br |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193324/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 2020s, Brazil became [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|one of the hardest hit countries]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.<ref name="BBCGuerin">{{Cite news |last=Guerin |first=Orla |date=9 July 2021 |title=Covid-19 pandemic: 'Everything you should not do, Brazil has done' |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |location=[[Brasília]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540 |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803062031/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2021, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] stated that he would run for a third term in the [[2022 Brazilian general election]] against Bolsonaro.<ref name=Valor2021-05-20a>{{cite web|url=https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|title=Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022|website=Valor|date=20 May 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163619/https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022, Lula was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/ |access-date=31 October 2022|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030225737/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Resultados – TSE|url=https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados |access-date=31 October 2022|website=resultados.tse.jus.br |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102121453/https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados}}</ref> On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack|attacked Brazil's federal government buildings]] in the capital, [[Brasília]], after several weeks of unrest.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=8 January 2023 |title=Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's presidential palace and supreme court |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108191923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court |archive-date=8 January 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last=Rocha |first=Lucas |title=Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional |date=8 January 2023 |trans-title=Protesters break through the blockade, enter the Esplanade and invade the National Congress |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108184449/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/ |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=[[CNN Brazil]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Brazil}}

[[File:Brazil topo.jpg|thumb|A topographic map of Brazil|left]]

Brazil occupies nearly half of the land area of South America (47.7%), including a large area along its eastern coast and much of the continent's interior.<ref name="Encarta 6">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Land and Resources |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}</ref> It borders [[Uruguay]] to the south; [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]] to the southwest; [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]] to the west; [[Colombia]] to the northwest; and [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and France (French overseas region of [[French Guiana]]) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except [[Ecuador]] and [[Chile]].<ref name="CIA Geo" />

The Brazilian territory also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Rocas Atoll]], [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago]], and the islands of [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]].<ref name="CIA Geo" /> Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.<ref name="Encarta 6" /> Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes [[6th parallel north|6°N]] and [[34th parallel south|34°S]], and longitudes [[28th meridian west|28°]] and [[74th meridian west|74°W]].<ref name="CIA Geo" />

Brazil is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|fifth largest]] country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of {{convert|8515767.049|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Official Area">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm Official Area (In Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106154550/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm |date=6 January 2012 }} IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 8 January 2010.</ref> including {{convert|55455|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of water. Brazil is the only country in the world that has the [[equator]] and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] running through it.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> It spans four [[time zone]]s; from [[UTC-05|UTC−5]] comprising the state of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] and the westernmost portion of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], to [[UTC−04|UTC−4]] in the western states, to [[UTC−03|UTC−3]] in the eastern states (the [[Time in Brazil|national time]]) and [[UTC−02|UTC−2]] in the [[List of islands of Brazil|Atlantic islands]].<ref name="timezones">{{Cite web |title=Hora Legal Brasileira |url=http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173247/http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=Observatório Nacional}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Brazil}}

[[File:Köppen climate types of Brazil.svg|thumb|Brazil map of [[Köppen climate classification]] zones]]

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]], Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: [[Desert climate|desert]], [[Tropical rainforest climate|equatorial]], [[tropical climate|tropical]], [[Semi-arid climate|semiarid]], [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|subtropical]]. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|equatorial rainforests]] in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to [[temperate coniferous forest]]s in the south and [[tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savannas]] in central Brazil.<ref name="BBC Weather">{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208034235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=11 June 2008 |website=Country Guide |publisher=BBC Weather}}</ref>

In Brazil, [[forest cover]] is around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 588,898,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 485,396,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 11,223,600 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 44% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 30% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For 2015, 56% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]] and 44% [[Private property|private ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Brazil |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BRA/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>
[[File:Amanhecer no Hercules --.jpg|thumb|[[Serra dos Órgãos National Park]], [[Teresópolis]], [[Rio de Janeiro state]]|left]]

Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate]]s.<ref name="Encarta 9">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Natural Regions |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite web |title=Temperature in Brazil |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612200827/http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=11 June 2008 |publisher=Brazil Travel}}</ref> An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real [[dry season]], but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> Temperatures average {{convert|25|°C}},<ref name="BT" /> with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> Over central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.<ref name="Rain" /> South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding {{convert|18|°C|1}};<ref name="BT" /> winter frosts and [[Snow in Brazil|snowfall]] are not rare in the highest areas.<ref name="BBC Weather" /><ref name="Encarta 9" />

The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than {{convert|800|mm|1|sp=us}} of rain,<ref name="Rain">{{Cite web |last=Embrapa |author-link=Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária |title=Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station |url=http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820215606/http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html |archive-date=20 August 2007 |access-date=21 October 2008 |language=pt}}</ref> most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil |url=http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606055642/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=29 October 2009 |publisher=Botany.si.edu}}</ref> and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> Brazil's 1877–78 ''[[Grande Seca]]'' (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,<ref>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144751/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm |date=29 November 2013 }}. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</ref> caused approximately half a million deaths.<ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061115/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html |date=12 January 2016}}. Princeton University Press.</ref> A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm "Inland fishery enhancements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306225557/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm |date=6 March 2014}}. FAO.</ref> In 2024, for the first time, "a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country's Southeast". It is the strongest drought in Brazil since the beginning of measurement in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory. The drought is linked to deforestation and climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maisonnave |first1=Fabiano |title=Brazil faces its worst drought as wildfires rage and Amazon River falls to record low |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/brazil-faces-its-worst-drought-as-wildfires-rage-and-amazon-river-falls-to-record-low |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=PBS News |publisher=Associated Press |date=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McCoy |first1=Terrence |title=More than half of Brazil is racked by drought. Blame deforestation. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/12/brazil-drought/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=Washington Post |date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil Endures Worst Drought on Record, Affecting 58% of the Country |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/scienceandhealth/2024/09/brazil-endures-worst-drought-on-record-affecting-58-of-the-country.shtml |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=Folha de S.Paulo |date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

[[File:20211026 Cumulative carbon dioxide CO2 emissions by country - bar chart.svg |thumb|Since 1850, Brazil has cumulatively contributed an amount of {{CO2}} placing it among the top emitters in the world, mainly due to its land use and forestry practices.<ref name="CarbonBrief_20211005">{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Simon |title=Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice. |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change |website=CarbonBrief.org |publisher=Carbon Brief |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026094104/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change |archive-date=26 October 2021 |date=5 October 2021 |quote=Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015). |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Climate change in Brazil]] is causing higher temperatures and longer-lasting heatwaves, changing precipitation patterns, more intense wildfires and heightened fire risk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2021 |title=Brazil |url=https://www.g20climaterisks.org/brazil/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=G20 Climate Risk Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Brazil's hydropower, agriculture and urban water supplies will be affected.<ref name="WN">{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lac-green-growth-leading-the-change-we-need/brazil |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Brazil's rainforests, and the Amazon, are particularly at risk to climate change. At worst, large areas of the Amazon River basin could turn into savannah, with severe consequences for global climate and local livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |date=13 August 2012 |title=Brazil |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/latin-america-and-caribbean/brazil |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Extreme weather]] events like droughts and flash floods are causing annual losses of around R$13 billion (US$2.6 billion), equivalent to 0.1% of the country's 2022 GDP. Climate impacts could exacerbate poverty.<ref name="WN" />

Brazil's [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita|greenhouse gas emissions per person are higher than the global average]], and Brazil is among the top 10 [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|highest emitting countries]]. [[Greenhouse gas emissions]] by Brazil are over 4% of the annual world total.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=13 November 2024 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=26 February 2025 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia }}</ref> In 2026 the Brazilian government has launched a National Climate Change Plan which should cut greenhouse gas emissions by 59% - 67% by 2035, and make the country carbon neutral by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil's climate change targets 59-67% cut in GHG emissions by 2035 from 2005 |url=https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/brazils-climate-change-targets-59-67-cut-ghg-emissions-2035-2005.html |website=Enerdata |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref> Brazil hosted the [[2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information for COP 30 participants (A-Z) {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/cop30/ifp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009221513/https://unfccc.int/cop30/ifp |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=unfccc.int |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> in which it launched the [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|Global carbon market coalition]] immediately joined by 11 countries including Brazil, [[China]], [[European Union|the European Union]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> According to some calculations, a global carbon market can speed up emission reduction seven-fold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Building a Climate Coalition: Aligning Carbon Pricing, Trade, and Development |url=https://salatainstitute.harvard.edu/building-a-climate-coalition-gcpp-flagship-report/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The Salata Institute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Topography and hydrography ===
{{See also|List of rivers of Brazil}}
[[File:Amazon River ESA387332.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the [[Amazon Delta]]]]

Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between {{convert|200|m|sp=us}} and {{convert|800|m|sp=us}} in elevation.<ref name="Encarta 7">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Natural Regions |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}</ref> The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.<ref name="Encarta 7" /> The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.<ref name="Encarta 7" />

The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to {{convert|1200|m|sp=us}}.<ref name="Encarta 7" /> These ranges include the [[Mantiqueira Mountains|Mantiqueira]] and [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço]] mountains and the [[Serra do Mar]].<ref name="Encarta 7" /> In the north, the [[Guiana Shield|Guiana Highlands]] form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the [[Orinoco]] River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the [[Pico da Neblina]] at {{convert|2994|m|sp=us}}, and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="CIA Geo" />

Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.<ref name="Encarta 8">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Rivers and Lakes |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 }} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}</ref> Major rivers include the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] (the world's largest in terms of water volume), the [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and its major tributary the [[Iguazu River|Iguaçu]] (which includes the [[Iguazu Falls]]), the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]], [[São Francisco River|São Francisco]], [[Xingu River|Xingu]], [[Madeira River|Madeira]] and [[Tapajós]] rivers.<ref name="Encarta 8" />

=== Biodiversity and conservation ===
{{Main|Environment of Brazil|Wildlife of Brazil|Conservation in Brazil}}

{{Further|Environmental issues in Brazil|Protected areas of Brazil}}
[[File:Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) - 48153967707.jpg|thumb|The [[toco toucan]] is an animal typical of the [[Cerrado|Brazilian savannas]].]]
The [[wildlife of Brazil]] comprises all naturally occurring animals, plants, and fungi in the South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon – World's largest tropical rain forest and river basin |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/amazon/index.html |access-date=3 June 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805092911/http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/amazon/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil is considered to have the greatest [[biodiversity]] of any country on the planet, containing over 70% of all animal and plant species catalogued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://iucngreenlist.org/country/brazil/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=IUCN Green List |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119014359/https://iucngreenlist.org/country/brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3,000) and mammals (over 689).<ref name="DannyP_2007_shoestring">{{Cite book |last=Palmerlee |first=Danny |title=South America on a Shoestring |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0 |page=275 |oclc=76936293}}</ref> It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most bird species (1,832) and second with the most reptile species (744).<ref name="DannyP_2007_shoestring" /> The number of fungal species is unknown but is large.<ref name="Silva, M 1995">Da Silva, M. and D.W. Minter. 1995. ''Fungi from Brazil recorded by Batista and Co-workers''. Mycological Papers 169. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 585 pp.</ref> Brazil is second only to [[Indonesia]] as the country with the most [[endemic]] species.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=A.D |date=September 2005 |title=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World: A Report for the Department of the Environment and Heritage |work=Australian Biological Resources Study |publisher=Australian Biodiversity Information Services |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/05-comparisons.html |access-date=26 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101090709/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/05-comparisons.html  |archive-date=1 November 2007}}</ref>

Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2007 |title=One fifth of the world's freshwater |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/ecosystems_amazon/rivers/ |access-date=12 June 2008 |website=Amazon |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature |archive-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301055230/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/ecosystems_amazon/rivers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> with the [[Atlantic Forest]] and the [[Cerrado]] sustaining the greatest biodiversity.<ref name="Encarta 10">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Plant and Animal Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> In the south, the [[Araucaria moist forests]] grow under temperate conditions.<ref name="Encarta 10" /> The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.<ref name="Encarta 10" /> Larger mammals include carnivores [[Cougar|pumas]], [[jaguar]]s, [[ocelot]]s, rare [[bush dog]]s, and [[fox]]es, and herbivores [[peccary|peccaries]], [[tapir]]s, [[anteater]]s, [[sloth]]s, [[opossum]]s and [[armadillo]]s. [[Deer]] are plentiful in the south, and many species of [[New World monkey]]s are found in the northern rainforests.<ref name="Encarta 10" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2004 |title=Atlantic Forest, Brazil |work=Map: Biodiversity hotspots |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil |access-date=12 June 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719212941/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:20220910 Amazon deforestation and degradation, by country - Amazon Watch.svg|thumb|Cumulatively, Brazil has the highest percentage of deforested and highly degraded rainforest of any Amazonia nation.<ref name="AmazonWatch_202209">{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025 |url=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910025229/https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2022 |website=Amazon Watch |page=8 |quote=Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.}}</ref>]]

More than one-fifth of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed, and more than 70 mammals are endangered.<ref name="DannyP_2007_shoestring" /> The threat of extinction comes from several sources, including [[Deforestation in Brazil|deforestation]] and [[poaching]]. Extinction is even more problematic in the Atlantic Forest, where nearly 93% of the forest has been cleared.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Places We Work: The Atlantic Forest of Brazil |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5080.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702223313/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5080.html |archive-date=2 July 2010 |access-date=5 December 2007 |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]}}</ref> Of the 202 endangered animals in Brazil, 171 are in the Atlantic Forest.<ref name="mre.gov">{{Cite web |last=Capobianco |first=João Paulo |title=Biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest |url=http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/biodiv/matatlan/biodiv/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215123917/http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/biodiv/matatlan/biodiv/index.htm |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=5 December 2007 |website=Brazil on CD-ROM and Internet |publisher=Ministry of External Relations}}</ref> The Amazon rainforest has been under direct threat of deforestation since the 1970s because of rapid economic and demographic expansion. Extensive legal and illegal logging destroy forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through [[habitat destruction]] and [[habitat fragmentation]].<ref name="usda">[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] Forest Service website, [http://www.fs.fed.us/global/globe/l_amer/brazil.htm Forest Service International Programs: Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406090854/https://www.fs.usda.gov/about-agency/international-programs |date=6 April 2020}}, retrieved February 2007.</ref> Since 1970, over {{convert|600,000|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} of the Amazon rainforest have been cleared by logging.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Rhett A. |date=28 March 2006 |title=Brazil to Protect Amazon Rainforest |publisher=MongaBay.com |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0328-amazon.html |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405222718/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0328-amazon.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupied 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=Preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of Brazil's area, says Embrapa |url=https://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2017/01/vegetacao-nativa-preservada-ocupa-61-da-area-do-brasil-diz-embrapa.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015832/http://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2017/01/vegetacao-nativa-preservada-ocupa-61-da-area-do-brasil-diz-embrapa.html |url-status=live}}</ref> For comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Europe has multiplied its forests and why this can be a problem |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50162105 |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814031104/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50162105 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil has a strong interest in conservation, as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruiz |first=Sarah |date=12 November 2021 |title=Climate change is pushing Brazil's farmland out of agricultural suitability range |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/brazils-farms-losing-agricultural-suitability/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Woodwell climate research center |publisher=Nature Climate Change |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922162632/https://www.woodwellclimate.org/brazils-farms-losing-agricultural-suitability/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Brazil|Federal government of Brazil|Elections in Brazil}}

{{Multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] [[President of Brazil|President]] 
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| caption2 = [[Geraldo Alckmin]] [[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]] 
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[[File:Palácio Nereu Ramos - Brasília - 20150603172246.jpg|thumb|[[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]], seat of the [[legislative branch]]]]
[[File:Fachada do Palácio do Planalto - 49727772326.jpg|thumb|[[Palácio do Planalto]], the official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]]]]

The form of government is a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Federation|federative]] [[republic]], with a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Constituição" /> The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,<ref name="Constituição" /> with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pimentel |first=Mauro |title=Lula returns for third term as Brazil president |work=CNN |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230101-lula-returns-for-third-term-as-brazil-president |access-date=1 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031904/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230101-lula-returns-for-third-term-as-brazil-president |url-status=live}}</ref> The president appoints the [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]], who form the [[Cabinet of Brazil|cabinet]] and assist in government.<ref name="Constituição" />

Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] is the federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]]. The Senate represents the [[States of Brazil|26 states]] and the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]. Each state and the Federal District has a representation of three senators, who are elected by popular ballot for a term of eight years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruns |first1=Axel |last2=Enli |first2=Gunn |last3=Skogerbo |first3=Eli |last4=Larsson |first4=Anders Olof |last5=Christensen |first5=Christian |title=The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics |date=22 December 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50656-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OK1ACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA519 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Brazil - The legislature |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/The-legislature |language=en}}</ref> The Chamber of Deputies represents the people of each state, and its members are elected for a four-year term by a system of [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ameringer |first1=Charles D. |title=Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27418-3 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD5qi3MyEHYC&pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref> Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.

According to [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Brazil performs in the mid to high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in inclusive suffrage, freedom of religion, and civic engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/brazil |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]] categorized Brazil as a "[[flawed democracy]]", ranking 46th in the report,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326122737/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Freedom House]] classified it as a [[Free World|free country]] at ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report.<ref name="FITW-TG-2021">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=Freedom in the World 2021 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf |access-date=3 March 2021 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226172012/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy Indices#Regimes of the World|Regimes of the World]] classification Brazil was an [[Representative democracy|electoral democracy]] in year 2024.<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf | access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.<ref name="Constituição" /> The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The federation is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political [[pluralism (political theory)|pluralism]].<ref name="Constituição" />

The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the constitution.<ref name="Constituição" /> The executive and legislative are organized [[Separation of powers|independently in all three spheres of government]], while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state and Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.<ref name="embassy">{{Cite web |title=Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa |url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100724/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=19 July 2007 |quote=Political Institutions – The Executive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html |access-date=19 July 2007 |quote=Brazil federal, state and local government |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001100905/http://citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fontaine |first=Edward |year=1872 |title=Contributions to the Physical Geography of the Mississippi River, and Its Delta |journal=Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York |volume=3 |pages=343–78 |doi=10.2307/196424 |issn=1536-0407 |jstor=196424}}</ref>

For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a [[multi-party system]], with [[proportional representation]]. Voting is [[Compulsory voting|compulsory]] for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.<ref name="Constituição" /> The country has around [[List of political parties in Brazil|30 registered political parties]]. Twenty political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 1988 |title=Government – Brazil |url=http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128075345/http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=Southtravels.com}}</ref>

=== Law ===
{{Main|Law of Brazil}}

[[File:Supremo Tribunal Federal2.jpg|thumb|The [[Supreme Federal Court|Supreme Federal Court of Brazil]] serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country|right]]

Brazilian law is based on the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal system<ref>[http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html "The Brazilian Legal System"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008001827/http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html |date=8 October 2009}}, Organization of American States. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</ref> and [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.<ref name="embassy" />

The legal system is based on the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]], promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.<ref>José Afonso da Silva, ''Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo'' (Malheiros, 2004; {{ISBN|85-7420-559-1}}), p. 46.</ref> {{As of|2022|07}}, there have been 124 amendments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amendments to the Brazilian Constitution |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/Emendas/Emc/quadro_emc.htm |website=Brazilian Law Compiled |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722185649/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/quadro_emc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest court is the [[Supreme Federal Court]]. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.<ref>Silva, ''Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo'', p. 592.</ref> Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" ({{lang|pt|leis orgânicas}}), which act in a similar way to constitutions.<ref name="DeffentiBarral2011">{{Cite book |last1=Fabiano Deffenti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ba2J5eD8wYC&pg=PA20 |title=Introduction to Brazilian Law |last2=Welber Oliveira Barral |publisher=Kluwer Law International |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-411-2506-4 |pages=20– |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.<ref name="Constituição" /> Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.<ref name="Constituição" /> There are also specialized military, labor and [[Brazilian Election Justice|electoral courts]].<ref name="Constituição" />

=== Political subdivisions ===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Brazil}}

{{Further|Municipalities of Brazil|States of Brazil|Regions of Brazil}}
Brazil is a federation composed of 26 [[Federated state|states]], one [[federal district]], and the 5,571 [[Municipality|municipalities]].<ref name="Constituição" /> States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent [[Court of Justice (Brazil)|Courts of Law]] for common justice. States have the ability to create their own laws and establish their own constitutions<ref name="caj.fiu.edu">{{cite url |title=Brazil |url=https://caj.fiu.edu/national-cj-systems/south-america/brazil/ |website=caj.fiu.edu |quote=The 26 federate states have powers to adopt their own Constitutions and laws; their autonomy, however, is limited by the principles established in the Federal Constitution. }}</ref><ref name="Forum of Federations">{{cite url |title=Federal Republic of Brazil |author=Celina Souza |publisher=[[Forum of Federations]] |url=https://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Global_Dialogue/Book_1/BK1-C03-br-Souza-en.pdf |format=PDF |quote=Second, the Federal Supreme Court systematically requires the state constitutions and laws to reflect the federal Constitution, thereby imposing a hierarchical interpretation of constitutional norms even though the Constitution does not state this explicitly. }}</ref><ref name="Montgomery">{{cite web |title=Legal Systems in Brazil: Overview |url=https://www.montgomery.adv.br/en/legal-systems-in-brazil-overview/ |author=Neil Montgomery |date=2023-01-13 |publisher=montgomery.adv.br |quote=Laws are created at federal, state and municipal levels. The Federal Constitution provides for matters that must be the subject of federal laws, those which may be the subject of either federal or state laws, and those which should be regulated by municipal laws. }}</ref> but criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.<ref>{{cite url |title=Brazil 1988 (rev. 2017) |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017 |website=constituteproject.org |quote=The Union has exclusive power to legislate with respect to: I. civil, commercial, penal, procedural, electoral, agrarian, maritime, aeronautical, space and labor law; }}</ref><ref name="Constituição" />

{{Brazil Labelled Map|width=700|float=center}}

Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the federal and state government.<ref name="Constituição" /> Each has an elected mayor and legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called ''[[comarca]]''.<ref name="Constituição" />

Brazil's constitution also provides for the creation of [[Federal territories of Brazil|federal territories]], which are administrative divisions directly controlled by the federal government. However, there are currently no federal territories in the country, as the 1988 constitution abolished the last three: Amapá and Roraima (which gained statehood) and Fernando de Noronha, which became a state district of [[Pernambuco]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=da Cunha Melo |first=Leopoldo |date=January 1948 |title=Conceituação de "Território Federal" como unidade política |trans-title=Conceptualization of "Federal Territory" as a political unit |url=https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/19/bg_1948_v5_n58_jan.pdf |journal=Boletim Geográfico |language=pt-br |volume=5 |issue=58 |pages=1128–1133 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020120613/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/19/bg_1948_v5_n58_jan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porto |first=Jadson Luís Rebelo |date=March 1999 |title=Os territórios federais e a sua evolução no Brasil |trans-title=The federal territories and their evolution in Brazil |url=http://www.revistapresenca.unir.br/artigos_presenca/15jadsonluisrebeloporto_osterritoriosfederaiseasuaevolucao.pdf |journal=Revista de Educação, Cultura e meio ambiente |language=pt-br |volume=III |issue=15 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070657/http://www.revistapresenca.unir.br/artigos_presenca/15jadsonluisrebeloporto_osterritoriosfederaiseasuaevolucao.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Brazil}}

[[File:Itamaraty (47946720843).jpg|thumb|[[Itamaraty Palace]], the seat of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]]]
Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]], [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]] and the [[Peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of conflicts]] as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.<ref>[http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |date=28 September 2018 }} V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref> According to the constitution, the president has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and [[Treaty|international treaties]], as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.<ref>[http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919114914/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html |date=19 September 2019 }} V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref>

Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a [[regional power]] in Latin America, a leader among [[developing countries]], and an emerging [[world power]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013700/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/RL33456.pdf U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil] [[United States Congress]]. Retrieved on 23 June 2009.</ref> Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of [[multilateralism]], peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.<ref>Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil", Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003</ref> Brazil is a founding member state of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations.

An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.<ref name="ODI1">Cabral and Weinstock 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid Brazil: an emerging aid player] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113185641/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid|date=13 January 2011}}). London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.<ref name="ODI1" /> Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year.<ref name="ODI1" /> In addition, Brazil already managed a [[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|peacekeeping mission in Haiti]] ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the [[World Food Programme]] ($300 million).<ref name="ODI1" /> The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India.<ref name="ODI1" /> The Brazilian [[South-South]] aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".<ref>Cabral, Lidia 2010. [http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190841/http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx|date=30 April 2011}}). London: Overseas Development Institute</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Brazilian Armed Forces}}

[[File:Operação "Poseidon 2021" (51475998419).jpg|thumb|Brazilian Navy's flagship [[Brazilian helicopter carrier Atlântico|PHM ''Atlântico'']] and [[Brazilian frigate Liberal (F-43)|frigate ''Liberal'' (F-43)]] (background)]]
[[File:2020 - Dia do Aviador (50886895273).jpg|thumb|[[Saab JAS 39 Gripen#Brazil|Saab Gripen NG]] of the [[Brazilian Air Force]]]]
The armed forces of Brazil are the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|largest]] in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment.<ref>[http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-2,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html Uma Nova Agenda Militar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325232014/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI14439-15273-2%2C00-UMA%2BNOVA%2BAGENDA%2BMILITAR.html |date=25 March 2017 }} Revista Época. Retrieved on 19 February 2009.</ref> It consists of the [[Brazilian Army]] (including the [[Brazilian Army Aviation|Army Aviation Command]]), the [[Brazilian Navy]] (including the [[Brazilian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Brazilian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) and the [[Brazilian Air Force]]. Brazil's [[Conscription in Brazil|conscription policy]] gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6 million [[Military Reserve|reservists]] annually.<ref>{{Citation |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |access-date=26 March 2010 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124129/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sala de imprensa – FAB em números |url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153748/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php |archive-date=17 June 2008 |access-date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Força Aérea Brasileira |language=pt}}</ref>

Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto Nº 5.670 de 10 de Janeiro de 2006 |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Presidência da República |language=pt |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151021/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the Brazilian Army has the largest number of armored vehicles in South America, including armored transports and [[battle tank|tanks]].<ref name="militarypower1">{{Cite web |title=Military Power |url=http://www.militarypower.com.br/mundo.htm |access-date=27 June 2010 |place=Brasil |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045946/http://www.militarypower.com.br/mundo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The states' [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] and the [[Military Firefighters Corps]] are designated as auxiliary forces of the army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.<ref name="Constituição" />

Brazil's navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two {{Sclass|Minas Geraes|battleship|0}} [[dreadnought]]s, sparking a [[South American dreadnought race|naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile]].<ref>Scheina (1987), p. 81.</ref> Today, it is a [[green-water navy|green water]] force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, [[GRUMEC]], unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate – GruMeC |url=http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327162505/http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm |archive-date=27 March 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |website=tropaselite.t35.com}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, it is the only navy in Latin America that operates a [[helicopter carrier]], [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico|NAM ''Atlântico'']] and one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.<ref name="Poder Naval">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2020 |title=Porta-Helicópteros Atlântico agora é Navio-Aeródromo Multipropósito |language=pt-br |publisher=Poder Naval |url=https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180831/https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Law enforcement and crime ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Brazil|Crime in Brazil}}

[[File:Sede da Polícia Federal.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the Federal Police of Brazil in Brasília]]

In Brazil, the constitution establishes six different police agencies for law enforcement: [[Federal Police Department]], [[Federal Highway Police (Brazil)|Federal Highway Police]], [[Federal Railroad Police]], Federal, District and State Penal Police (included by the Constitutional Amendment No. 104, of 2019), [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] and [[Civil Police (Brazil)|Civil Police]]. Of these, the former three are affiliated with federal authorities, the latter two are subordinate to state governments and the Penal Police can be subordinated to the federal or state/district government. All police forces are overseen by the executive branch of the federal or state governments.<ref name="Constituição" /> The [[National Public Security Force]] also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2012 |title=Ordem pública é prioridade da Força Nacional de Segurança |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=Portal Brasil |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152940/http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca |url-status=live }}</ref>

The country has high levels of violent crime, such as gun violence and homicides. In 2022, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) estimated an intentional homicide rate of 21.1 per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dataunodc.un.org/dp-intentional-homicide-victims|title=dp-intentional-homicide-victims | dataUNODC|website=dataunodc.un.org|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref> The number considered acceptable by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2011 |title=Taxa de delito por 100 mil habitantes |url=http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811121142/http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo}}</ref> In 2025, Brazil recorded 34,086 homicides, down from 38,374 in 2024,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22|title=Brasil tem queda de assassinatos em 2025: veja mortes por estado|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/01/22/brasil-tem-queda-de-assassinatos-pelo-5o-ano-seguido-veja-taxa-de-mortes-por-estado.ghtml|access-date=2026-02-09|website=G1|language=pt-BR}}</ref> and from a record 63,880 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2018 |title=A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Homicide rates vary regionally. While in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] the homicide rate registered in 2025 was 5.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, in [[Ceará]] it was 32.6 per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref name=":0" /> The national homicide rate for 2025 was 16 per 100,000 inhabitants, the lowest in over a decade.<ref name=":0" />

Brazil also has high levels of incarceration. It had the third largest prison population in the world of approximately 909,067 prisoners in 2024, which put it only behind the United States (1,808,100) and China (1,690,000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Total {{!}} World Prison Brief |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=www.prisonstudies.org}}</ref> The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=Brasil tem hoje deficit de 200 mil vagas no sistema prisional |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html |access-date=21 March 2014 |publisher=G1 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193044/http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{See also|Human rights in Brazil}}
[[Human rights in Brazil]] include the [[right to life]] and [[freedom of speech]]; and condemnation of slavery and torture. The nation ratified the [[American Convention on Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Multilateral Treaties - AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" (B-32)|publisher=[[Organization of American States]]|access-date=11 July 2017|url=http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights_sign.htm}}</ref> The 2017 [[Freedom in the World]] report by [[Freedom House]] gives Brazil a score of "2" for both political rights and civil liberties; "1" represents the most free, and "7", the least.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazil - Freedom in the World 2017|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/brazil|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708123231/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/brazil}}</ref> According to [[UNESCO]], "Brazil promotes a vast array of actions for the advancement and defense of human rights, even though it faces enormous social and economic inequalities".<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights in Brazil|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/social-and-human-sciences/human-rights|publisher=[[UNESCO]]. [[United Nations]]|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> Same-sex couples in Brazil have held nationwide [[Same-sex marriage in Brazil|marriage rights]] since May 2013.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite web |last=Brocchetto |first=Marilia |date=15 May 2013 |title=Brazilian judicial council orders notaries to recognize same-sex marriage |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/15/world/americas/brazil-same-sex-marriage/index.html?eref=edition |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=CNN}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Brazil}}

{{See also|Brazilian real|Agriculture in Brazil|Mining in Brazil|Industry in Brazil}}
[[File:Marginal_Pinheiros_e_Jockey_Club.jpg|thumb|[[São Paulo]] is considered the main financial center of Brazil]]
[[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|B3, the largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization<ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/21-largest-stock-exchanges-world-154737743.html |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance |date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913071913/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/21-largest-stock-exchanges-world-154737743.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Soja_Tangará.jpg|thumb|Soybean crop in [[Tangará da Serra]], [[Mato Grosso]]<ref name="exportaçãoagrícola">{{Cite news |date=1 July 2015 |title=Brasil será maior exportador agrícola mundial em 2024 |language=pt |publisher=EXAME |url=https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/ |access-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220949/https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/ |archive-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:10 03 2022 Operação Repatriação - Chegada dos Brasileiros e Estrangeiros provenientes da Ucrânia (51931465965).jpg|thumb|The [[Embraer C-390 Millennium|C-390]], developed by [[Embraer]], the third largest producer of civil aircraft, after [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2010 |title=Embraer vê clientes mais dispostos à compra de aviões |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728095448/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=8 February 2014 |publisher=Exame Magazine}}</ref>]]

Brazil is a [[developing country]] with an [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita#Upper-middle income group|upper-middle income]] [[mixed economy|mixed]] [[market economy]] that is rich in natural resources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6. Brazil |url=https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) |quote=Brazil is rich in a variety of natural resources and is the world's leading producer of tin, iron ore and phosphate. It has large deposits of diamonds, manganese, chromium, copper, bauxite and many other minerals. |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111320/https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It has the largest national economy in Latin America, the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|tenth largest economy]] in the world by nominal GDP, and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|eighth largest]] by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=WEO Database, April 2025. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> After rapid growth in preceding decades, Brazil [[2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession|entered a recession in 2014]] amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests; in 2024, the economy began showing consistent significant growth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brazil-economy-expands-again-consumers-120646394.html |title=Brazil Economy Beats Forecasts Again as Consumers Spend Big |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207002129/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brazil-economy-expands-again-consumers-120646394.html }}</ref> Brazil has a [[labor force]] of roughly 100 million, which is the world's [[List of countries by labour force|fifth largest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labor force, total – Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003105226/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Its [[foreign exchange reserves]] are the [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|tenth-highest]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banco Central do Brasil – SDDS |url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=www.bcb.gov.br |publisher=[[Central Bank of Brazil]] |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721234432/https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[B3 (stock exchange)|B3]] in São Paulo is the [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization]]. Roughly one-fifth of Brazilians live in poverty: about 3.8% of the total population lives at $3.00 a day,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111321/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR |url-status=live }}</ref> while about 23% live at $8.30 a day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111317/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil's economy suffers from [[Corruption in Brazil|endemic corruption]] and [[Income inequality in Brazil|high income inequality]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=France |first=Guilherme |date=29 January 2019 |title=Brazil: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption |url=https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |quote=Corruption remains one of the biggest impediments to economic development in Brazil.}}</ref> The [[Brazilian real]] is the national currency.

Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry and a wide range of services.<ref name="BansalPhatak2009">{{Cite book |last1=Alok Bansal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29 |title=Transcending Horizons Through Innovative Global Practices |last2=Yogeshwari Phatak |last3=I C Gupta |last4=Rajendra Jain |publisher=Excel Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7446-708-9 |page=29 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183849/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the [[Agriculture in Brazil|agriculture sector]] is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP – composition, by sector of origin |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/ |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419042310/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Brazil is one of the [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|largest producers of various agricultural commodities]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and also has a large [[cooperative]] sector that provides 50% of the food in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How are agricultural co-operatives making a difference in Brazil? {{pipe}} ICA |url=https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil |website=ica.coop |access-date=1 February 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193227/https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been the world's largest [[Coffee production in Brazil|producer of coffee]] for the last 150 years<ref name="Neilson102">{{Cite book |last1=Jeff Neilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834 |title=Value Chain Struggles |last2=Bill Pritchard |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4 |page=102 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210521/https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, soy, coffee and oranges; is one of the top five producers of maize, cotton, lemon, tobacco, pineapple, banana, beans, coconut, watermelon and papaya; and is one of the top 10 world producers of cocoa, cashew, mango, rice, tomato, sorghum, tangerine, avocado, persimmon, and guava, among others. Regarding livestock, it is one of the five largest producers of chicken meat, beef, pork and cow's milk in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Production of Brazil, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Mining in Brazil|mining sector]], Brazil is among the largest producers of iron ore, copper, gold,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos |url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019 |website=R7.com |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095924/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019 |url-status=live }}</ref> bauxite, manganese, tin, [[niobium]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title=Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo |url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml |website=G1 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144838/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and nickel. In terms of precious stones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[amethyst]], [[topaz]], [[agate]] and one of the main producers of [[tourmaline]], [[emerald]], [[aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]], [[garnet]] and [[opal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serviço Geológico do Brasil |url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html |website=cprm.gov.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906194936/http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil |url=https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html |website=Band.com.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502153003/https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol and semi-finished iron, among other products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fazcomex Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior – Soluções para Comex |url=https://www.fazcomex.com.br/ |website=Fazcomex | Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629234222/https://www.fazcomex.com.br/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agronegócio tem oito entre os dez produtos líderes das exportações brasileiras em 2019 |url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255 |website=Avicultura Industrial |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193049/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Brazil is the world's [[List of countries by exports|24th-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|26th-largest importer]] {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of importing markets for the product exported by Brazil in 2021 |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c076%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412235829/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7C076%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of supplying markets for the product imported by Brazil in 2021 |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c076%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114043/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7C076%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1 |url-status=live }}</ref> China is its largest trading partner, accounting for 32% of the total trade. Other large trading partners include the United States, Argentina, the Netherlands and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil Trade |url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/BRA |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[World Integrated Trade Solution]] (WITS) |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114046/https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/BRA |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[Automotive industry in Brazil|automotive industry]] is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|eighth-largest]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title=Official History of Automobile Industry in Brazil |url=https://anfavea.com.br/site/timeline/?lang=en/ |publisher=National Association of Vehicles Industries |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114043/https://anfavea.com.br/site/timeline/?lang=en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[food industry]], Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed foods in the world in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alimentos Processados {{pipe}} A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual |url=https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php |website=alimentosprocessados.com.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325142658/https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The country was the second-largest producer of [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] in the world and the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá |url=https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml |website=Valor Econômico |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221134709/https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[footwear industry]], Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos |url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml |website=G1 |date=14 July 2019 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714205803/https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comércio |first=Diário do |date=24 January 2020 |title=Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019 |url=https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/ |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614182655/https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/ |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152711/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml |website=G1 |date=12 July 2017 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091817/https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the [[chemical industry]] of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indústria Química no Brasil |url=https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Estudo de 2018 |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim |url=https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm |website=economia.uol.com.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230629/https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industria Textil no Brasil |url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619042050/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers commerce, transport, education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018 |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/ |website=VEJA |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193256/https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Produtividade e Comércio Exterior |url=https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index |website=SECINT e SEPEC |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193204/https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index |url-status=live }}</ref> Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país |date=7 November 2022 |url=https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193345/https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Brazil}}

{{multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Iguaçu National Park]] in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]
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| caption2 = [[Lençóis Maranhenses]] in [[Maranhão]]
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| caption3 = [[Ilha das Couves]] in [[Ubatuba]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
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| caption4 = [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]]
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Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economies of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-844-1814-5 |doi=10.18111/9789284418145 |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2016 Edition}}</ref> Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|6}} billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the [[Late-2000s recession|2008–2009 economic crisis]].<ref name="UNWTO2011">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=29 September 2011 |publisher=World Tourism Organization}}</ref> Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and {{USD|6.8}} billion in receipts were reached in 2011.<ref name="MT1_2011">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial |url=http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |language=pt |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012902/http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MT2_2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministério do Turismo |date=13 January 2012 |title=Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011 |work=No Pátio | tudo de bom acontece aqui. |url=http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822074421/http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/ |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=No Pátio |language=pt}}</ref> In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152  |year=2019 |isbn=978-92-844-2115-2 |doi=10.18111/9789284421152 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190830135934/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |s2cid=240665765 |title=International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition |publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) }}</ref>

Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of [[ecotourism]] with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]], the [[Pantanal]] in the [[Center-West Region, Brazil|Center-West Region]], beaches at [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], cultural tourism in [[Minas Gerais]] and business trips to [[São Paulo]].<ref name="Palhares2012">{{Cite book |last=Guilherme Lohmann Palhares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126 |title=Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-67432-4 |page=126 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183955/https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In terms of the 2024 [[Travel and Tourism Development Index|Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index]] (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 26th place at the world's level, third in the Americas, after Canada and United States.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-tourism-development-index-2024/}}</ref> [[Domestic tourism]] is a key market segment for the tourism industry in Brazil. In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money than their international counterparts.<ref name="FIPE007">{{cite web |author=Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas |year=2007 |title=Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006 |url=http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062341/http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008 |access-date=21 June 2008 |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |language=pt}}</ref> The main destination states in 2023 were [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], and [[Rio Grande do Sul]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veja ranking dos Estados brasileiros que atraem mais turistas estrangeiros |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/ |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Estadão |language=pt-br |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625212216/https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Redação |first=Da |date=18 January 2024 |title=Brasil recebe 5,9 milhões de estrangeiros em 2023 |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Portal PANROTAS |language=pt-br |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014430/https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The main source of tourists for the entire country is São Paulo state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cedeño |first=Karina |date=12 June 2024 |title=Turismo é grande negócio e São Paulo seguirá investindo nele, diz Lucena |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Portal PANROTAS |language=pt-br |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014439/https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Bahia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movimentação do turismo bate recorde em vários estados e aquece economia |url=https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Agência Gov |language=pt-br |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619181329/https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados |url-status=live}}</ref> For 2005, the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%).<ref name="FIPE006">{{cite web |url=http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf |author=Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e EMBRATUR |year=2006 |title=Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006: Metodologia e Desenvolvimento |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |access-date=22 June 2008 |language=pt |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130164741/http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2006}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Brazil}}

[[File:Vls1-mockup-test.jpg|thumb|[[VLS-1]] at the [[Alcântara Launch Center]] of the Brazilian Space Agency, in [[Alcântara, Maranhão]]]]
[[File:Ministro participa da inauguração do acelerador de partículas Sirius. (30970744907).jpg|thumb|[[Sirius (synchrotron light source)|Sirius]], a [[diffraction-limited storage ring]] [[synchrotron light source]] at the [[Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron]], in [[Campinas]], São Paulo]]

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.<ref name="DevelopmentStaff2006v">{{Cite book |last1=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94 |title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006 |last2=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-64-02999-6 |page=94}}</ref> Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the [[Fundação Oswaldo Cruz|Oswaldo Cruz Institute]], the [[Instituto Butantan|Butantan Institute]], the Air Force's [[Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology|Aerospace Technical Center]], the [[Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária|Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation]] and the [[National Institute for Space Research]].<ref name="Scientific2010f">{{Cite book |last=United Nations Educational, Scientific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110 |title=UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World |publisher=UNESCO |year=2010 |isbn=978-92-3-104132-7 |pages=110–18 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184347/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HarveySmid2010">{{Cite book |last1=Brian Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324 |title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America |last2=Henk H.F. Smid |last3=Thâeo Pirard |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2 |page=324 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Brazilian Space Agency]] has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of satellites.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PA628 628]}} The country [[Submarine Development Program|develops submarines]] and aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the Southern Hemisphere to integrate a team building the well-known [[International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref name="NASA">[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html |date=27 November 2020 }} [[NASA]].</ref>

The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. Uranium is enriched at the [[Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory]], mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from [[hydroelectricity]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=O.C. Ferreira |title=O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro |url=http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225014002/http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> and the country's [[Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto|first nuclear submarine]] is expected to be launched in 2029.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Previsão de lançamento |language=pt |work=Marinha do Brasil |url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125114741/https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub |url-status=live}}</ref>

Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2008 |title=Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität |url=http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |access-date=30 October 2010 |publisher=Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de |archive-date=4 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121907/http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |url-status=live}}</ref> with an operational [[Synchrotron]] Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|fabrication plant]], the [[CEITEC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEITEC |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055936/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en |archive-date=17 November 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Portal Brasil |publisher=Brasil.gov.br}}</ref> According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.<ref>{{Citation |title=Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial |date=26 March 2010 |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm |work=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926123816/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil was ranked 52st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025, up from 66th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/brazil |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]], [[Landell de Moura]] and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 1901 |title=M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> [[Evaristo Conrado Engelberg]],<ref name="patentbritish">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Engelberg, Inc |url=http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Vintage Machinery |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321054057/http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manuel Dias de Abreu]],<ref>Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas</ref> [[Andreas Pavel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065937/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |archive-date=9 March 2009 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> and Nélio José Nicolai.<ref>[http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG] Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115503/http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html |date=13 August 2014 }}</ref> Brazilian science is represented by the likes of [[César Lattes]] (Brazilian physicist Pathfinder of ''[[Pion|Pi Meson]]''),<ref name="Lattes">{{Cite web |last=Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação |title=50 anos do Méson-Pi |url=http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200502/http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref> [[Mário Schenberg]] (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física |url=http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331194248/http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> [[José Leite Lopes]] (the only Brazilian physicist holder of the ''UNESCO Science Prize''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes |url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=UNESCOPRESS |archive-date=19 June 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020619150011/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Artur Avila]] (the first Latin American winner of the [[Fields Medal]])<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613202913/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml |date=13 June 2021 }}.</ref> and [[Fritz Müller]] (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by [[Charles Darwin]]).<ref name="West, David A 2003">West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Brazil}}

[[File:Itaipu geral.jpg|thumb|The [[Itaipu Dam]] on the [[Paraná River]], the second largest of the world. [[Energy policy of Brazil|Brazilian energy matrix]] is one of the [[Clean energy|cleanest]] in the world]]
[[File:Energia Eolica.jpg|thumb|[[Wind farm]] in [[Parnaíba]], [[Piauí]]. Brazil is one of the 5 largest producers of wind energy in the world]]

Brazil is the world's [[List of countries by energy consumption and production|eleventh-largest]] energy consumer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01/01/2021&ev=false |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=www.eia.gov |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026222938/https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of its energy comes from [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]], particularly [[hydroelectricity]] and [[ethanol]]; the [[Itaipu Dam]] is the world's largest [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plant]] by energy generation,<ref name="SchmidtOnyango2011">{{Cite book |last1=Michael Schmidt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42 |title=Implementing Environmental and Resource Management |last2=Vincent Onyango |last3=Dmytro Palekhov |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-540-77568-3 |page=42 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and the country has other large plants such as [[Belo Monte Dam|Belo Monte]] and [[Tucuruí Dam|Tucuruí]]. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.<ref name="OECDDevelopment2001">{{Cite book |last1=OECD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193 |title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2001 |last2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |last3=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-92-64-19141-9 |page=193 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184453/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the end of 2021 Brazil was the 2nd country in the world in terms of installed [[hydroelectric power]] (109.4 GW) and [[biomass]] (15.8 GW), the 7th country in the world in terms of installed [[wind power]] (21.1 GW) and the 14th country in the world in terms of installed [[solar power]] (13.0 GW)—on track to also become one of the top 10 in the world in solar energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=IRENA}}</ref> At the end of 2024, Brazil was the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (107.8 TWh), behind only China, the United States and Germany, and the 5th largest producer of solar energy in the world (74.7 TWh).<ref name="ember">{{cite web |date=2024 |title=Yearly electricity data |url=https://ember-climate.org/data-catalogue/yearly-electricity-data/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=ember-climate.org}}</ref>

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019, the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.<ref name="Matriz Energética e Elétrica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica |title=Matriz Energética e Elétrica |language=pt |website=Empresa de Pesquisa Energética }}</ref>

In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix was composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.<ref name="Matriz Energética e Elétrica" /> Brazil has the largest electricity sector in Latin America. Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW.<ref name="Ministério de Minas e Energia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135506/https://antigo.aneel.gov.br/web/guest/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2/-/asset_publisher/zXQREz8EVlZ6/content/brasil-termina-2021-com-maior-acrescimo-em-potencia-instalada-desde-2016/656877?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fantigo.aneel.gov.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_advancedSearch=false&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_keywords=&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_delta=15&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=false&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_cur=5&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_andOperator=true] National Agency of Energy</ref>

The Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs. Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. In 2021, the country closed the year as the 7th oil producer in the world, with an average of close to three million barrels per day, becoming an exporter of the product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/brasil-anuncia-aumento-da-producao-de-petroleo-em-10-para-ajudar-a-estabilizar-precos/|title=Brasil anuncia aumento da produção de petróleo em 10% para ajudar a estabilizar preços |first=Fernando |last=Nakagawa |date=23 March 2022 |website=CNN Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez |url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez |date=19 February 2020 |website=[[Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in Brazil}}

[[File:Sao paulo airport terminal 3.jpg|thumb|Terminal 3 of the [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], the [[List of the busiest airports in Latin America|busiest airport in Latin America]]]]
[[File:Rodovia Dutra - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[BR-116]] in [[São José dos Campos]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], the longest [[Brazilian Highway System|highway]] in the country,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Qual é a maior rodovia do Brasil? |url=https://summitmobilidade.estadao.com.br/ir-e-vir-no-mundo/qual-e-a-maior-rodovia-do-brasil/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=[[O Estado de S.Paulo]] |language=pt-br}}</ref> with {{convert|4542|km|mi|abbr=on}} of extension<ref name="Extensão">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=BR-116 |url=http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/02-rodo/3-loc-rodo/loc-rodo/116.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127001608/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/02-rodo/3-loc-rodo/loc-rodo/116.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=Banco de Informações e Mapas de Transportes/[[Ministry of Transport (Brazil)]] |language=pt-br}}</ref>]]

Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The [[Brazilian Highway System|road system]] totaled {{convert|1720000|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazilian road network in 2019 |url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2021/Rodoviario/1-3-1-1-1-/Malha-rodovi%C3%A1ria-total |website=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br}}</ref> The total of paved roads increased from {{convert|35496|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1967 to {{convert|215000|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuário CNT do Transporte |url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/ |website=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br}}</ref>

Brazil's [[Rail transport in Brazil|railway system]] has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The country's total railway track length was {{convert|30576|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extensão da Malha Ferroviária – 2015 |url=http://anuario.antt.gov.br/index.php/content/view/4751/Ferroviaria.html |publisher=ANTT |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208195757/http://anuario.antt.gov.br/index.php/content/view/4751/Ferroviaria.html }}</ref> as compared with {{convert|31848|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1970, making it the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ninth largest network]] in the world. Most of the railway system belonged to the [[RFFSA|Federal Railroad Network Corporation]] (RFFSA), which was privatized in 2007.<ref>[http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html "OPrincipais ferrovias"]. Ministerio dos Transportes {{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092636/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html |date=29 March 2013 }}</ref> The [[São Paulo Metro]] began operating on 14 September 1974 as the first underground transit system in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arquitetura |first=INBEC Pós-Graduação- Engenharia |date=4 February 2020 |title=Conheça a história da construção do Metrô de São Paulo |url=https://inbec.com.br/blog/conheca-historia-construcao-metro-sao-paulo |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=INBEC Pós-Graduação |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second-largest number in the world, after the United States.<ref>[http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL86760-5598,00.html "Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos"]. ''O Globo'', 12 August 2007. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 43 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.<ref name="Palhares2012x">{{Cite book |last=Guilherme Lohmann Palhares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA48 |title=Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-67432-4 |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Relatorio Operacional 2018 |url=https://www.gru.com.br/pt/RelatorioOperacional/2018-12.pdf |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo}}</ref>

For freight transport, waterways are of importance. The [[Free Economic Zone of Manaus|industrial zones of Manaus]] can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway ({{convert|3250|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, with a minimum depth of {{convert|6|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=off|spell=in|sp=us}}). The country also has {{convert|50000|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} of waterways.<ref name="2012ciagini">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=13 June 2007 }} [[The World Factbook]]. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.</ref> Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]. Of the 36 deep-water ports, [[Port of Santos|Santos]], [[Port of Itajaí|Itajaí]], [[Port of Rio Grande|Rio Grande]], [[Port of Paranaguá|Paranaguá]], [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]], Sepetiba, [[Port of Tubarão|Vitória]], [[Suape Port|Suape]], [[Port of Manaus|Manaus]] and [[Port of São Francisco do Sul|São Francisco do Sul]] are the most important.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224101/http://www.mzweb.com.br/santosbrasil/web/conteudo_pt.asp?idioma=0&tipo=3958&conta=28 "Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres"], Santos Brasil. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced; container ships take 36.3 hours on average.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Fábio |last1=Amato |date=24 March 2013 |title=Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC |url=http://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2013/03/navios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic.html |website=Economia}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Brazil|Brazilians}}

{{See also|Immigration to Brazil|List of Brazilian states by population density}}
[[File:Population density Brazil 2022.svg|thumb|Population density of Brazilian municipalities]]
According to the latest official projection, Brazil's estimated population was 213,421,037 on 1 July 2025—an increase from the figure of 203 million reported by the 2022 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimativas da população residente para os municípios e para as unidades da federação {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=www.ibge.gov.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2024 |title=Brazilian population likely to start shrinking in 2042 |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/geral/noticia/2024-08/brazilian-population-likely-start-shrinking-2042 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Agência Brasil |language=en}}</ref> The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million<ref>2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"]</ref> ({{convert|22.31|PD/km2|disp=or|abbr=out|sp=us}}), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1<ref>2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=3&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&sec2=92956&sec2=92957&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"]</ref> and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.<ref>2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=2&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&sec1=1&sec1=2&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"].</ref> The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeast (89 million inhabitants) and Northeast (54.6 million inhabitants), while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of Brazilian territory, have a total of only 33.8 million inhabitants.

The first census in Brazil was carried out [[1872 Brazilian census|in 1872]] and recorded a population of 9,930,478.<ref>[http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en "Brazil population reaches 190.8 million"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809205237/http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en |date=9 August 2013 }}. Brasil.gov.br.</ref> From 1880 to 1930, four million Europeans arrived.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/profiles/display.cfm?id=311 "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration"]. Migration Policy Institute.</ref> Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the [[mortality rate]], even though the [[birth rate]] underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years<ref>José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, [http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019004601/http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf |date=19 October 2016 }} Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5.</ref> and to 72.6 years in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 1999 |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1275&id_pagina=1 |access-date=25 January 2010 |publisher=IBGE}}</ref> It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projeção da População do Brasil – Brazil's populational projection |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1272 |access-date=25 January 2010 |publisher=IBGE}}</ref> thus completing the [[demographic transition]].<ref>Magno de Carvalho, [http://www.observasaude.sp.gov.br/BibliotecaPortal/Acervo/Estrutura_Demogr%C3%A1fica_Brasil.pdf "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, pp. 7–8.</ref> In 2022, the illiteracy rate was roughly 7%,<ref name="RF">{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=2022 Census: Illiteracy rate falls from 9.6% to 7.0% in 12 years, though inequalities persist {{!}} News Agency |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-news/2184-news-agency/news/40118-2022-census-illiteracy-rate-falls-from-9-6-to-7-0-in-12-years-though-inequalities-persist |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=en-GB}}</ref> a significant decline from 11.48% in 2008.<ref>PNAD 2008, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=2&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade"].</ref> By comparison, in 1940, more than half the population (54%) was illiterate.<ref name="RF" />

=== Urbanization ===
{{Main|List of cities in Brazil by population}}

According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=IDBGE |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm |access-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}}</ref>
The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], and [[Belo Horizonte]]—all in the Southeastern Region—with 21.1, 12.3, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.<ref name="concentrações_urbanas">{{cite web|url=http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855|title=Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo|language=portuguese|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil |url=http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=16 March 2017 |publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |page=148 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite FTP |title=Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016 |url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf |access-date=16 March 2017 |server=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |url-status=dead |language=pt}}</ref> The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], the capital of [[Espírito Santo]], and [[Florianópolis]], the capital of Santa Catarina.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Principal Cities |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html |access-date=10 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}</ref>
{{Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil}}

=== Race and ethnicity ===
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in Brazil}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Racial groups in Brazil ([[2022 Brazilian census|2022 census]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=Panorama do Censo 2022|website=Panorama do Censo 2022|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardos]] ([[Mixed-race Brazilian|mixed]])
|value1 = 45.34
|color1 = #AA7E54
|label2 = [[White Brazilians|Whites]]
|value2 = 43.46
|color2 = #FBC5A7
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Blacks]]
|value3 = 10.17
|color3 = #62402F
|label4 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value4 = 0.60
|color4 = #BE7343
|label5 = [[Asian Brazilians|East Asians]]
|value5 = 0.42
|color5 = #E8BF88
}}

According to the [[2022 Brazilian census]], 45.3% of the population (92.1 million) described themselves as [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo]] (meaning [[Brown (racial classification)|brown]] or multiracial), 43.5% (88.2 million) as [[White Brazilians|White]], 10.2% (20.7 million) as [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]], 0.6% (1.2 million) as [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]] and 0.4% (850,000) as [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]] (officially called ''[[Mongoloid|yellow]]'' or ''amarela'').<ref name="PNADIBGE">2008 PNAD, IBGE. [https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml].</ref>

Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country:

* European ancestry being dominant according to all autosomal studies undertaken covering the population, accounting for between 60% and 65% of the average genetic makeup of the Brazilian population.<ref name="alvaro.com.br2">{{Cite journal |last1=De Assis Poiares |first1=Lilian |last2=De Sá Osorio |first2=Paulo |last3=Spanhol |first3=Fábio Alexandre |last4=Coltre |first4=Sidnei César |last5=Rodenbusch |first5=Rodrigo |last6=Gusmão |first6=Leonor |last7=Largura |first7=Alvaro |last8=Sandrini |first8=Fabiano |last9=Da Silva |first9=Cláudia Maria Dornelles |year=2010 |title=Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population |url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e61–63 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006 |pmid=20129458 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmleMZgv?url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br2">[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study].</ref><ref name="bdtd.bce.unb.br2">NMO Godinho [http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162240/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873|date=6 July 2011}}. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasília (2008).</ref><ref name="plosone.org2">{{Cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Di Pietro |first2=Giuliano |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5=Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy Fde |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7=Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho |last10=Moraes |first10=MO |last11=De Moraes |first11=ME |last12=De Moraes |first12=MR |last13=Ojopi |first13=EB |last14=Perini |first14=JA |last15=Racciopi |first15=C |display-authors=9 |year=2011 |editor-last=Harpending |editor-first=Henry |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=e17063 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmc=3040205 |pmid=21359226 |doi-access=free |last16=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos |first16=AK |last17=Rios-Santos |first17=F |last18=Romano-Silva |first18=MA |last19=Sortica |first19=VA |last20=Suarez-Kurtz |first20=G}}</ref>
* African ancestry among the Brazilians is estimated at 20% to 25% of the average genetic makeup<ref name="bdtd.bce.unb.br2" /><ref name="wiley12">{{Cite journal |last1=Lins |first1=T. C. |last2=Vieira |first2=R. G. |last3=Abreu |first3=B. S. |last4=Grattapaglia |first4=D. |last5=Pereira |first5=R. W. |date=March–April 2009 |title=Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs |url=https://repositorio.ucb.br:9443/jspui/handle/123456789/7489 |journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=187–192 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.20976 |pmid=19639555 |s2cid=205301927 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="scielo.br2">{{cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Bortolini |first2=Maria Cátira |date=1 April 2004 |title=Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas? |journal=Estudos Avançados |volume=18 |issue=50 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1590/S0103-40142004000100004 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10183/19857}}</ref>
* Indigenous ancestry is significant and present in all regions of Brazil, accounting for around 15% to 20% of the average genetic ancestry of Brazilians.<ref name="wiley12"/><ref name="alvaro.com.br3">{{cite web |title=Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population |url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmleMZgv?url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2011 |access-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="bdtd.bce.unb.br3">{{cite web |author=Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira |year=2008 |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |url=http://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/5542/1/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162240/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}</ref><ref name="plosone.org3">{{cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Pietro |first2=Giuliano Di |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5=Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7=Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho |last10=Moraes |first10=Manoel Odorico |last11=Moraes |first11=Maria Elisabete Amaral de |last12=Moraes |first12=Milene Raiol de |last13=Ojopi |first13=Élida B. |last14=Perini |first14=Jamila A. |last15=Racciopi |first15=Clarice |date=16 February 2011 |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=e17063 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmc=3040205 |pmid=21359226 |doi-access=free |first16=Ândrea Kely Campos |last16=Ribeiro-dos-Santos |first17=Fabrício |last17=Rios-Santos |first18=Marco A. |last18=Romano-Silva |first19=Vinicius A. |last19=Sortica |first20=Guilherme |last20=Suarez-Kurtz}}</ref><ref name="hereditas.com.br2">{{cite web |title=SIDIA M. CALLEGARI-JACQUES et al., Historical Genetics: Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Formation |url=http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152708/http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=Hereditas.com.br }}</ref><ref name="pmid145958742">{{Cite journal |last1=Callegari-Jacques |first1=S. M. |last2=Grattapaglia |first2=D. |last3=Salzano |first3=F. M. |last4=Salamoni |first4=S. P. |last5=Crossetti |first5=S. G. |last6=Ferreira |first6=M. R. E. |last7=Hutz |first7=M. H. |date=November–December 2003 |title=Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population |url=http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf |journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]] |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=824–834 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.10217 |pmid=14595874 |s2cid=34610130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152708/http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Retrato molecular do Brasil |url=http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Retrato%20molecular%20do%20Brasil@Folha%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo@26-03-2000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306064232/http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Retrato%20molecular%20do%20Brasil@Folha%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo@26-03-2000.htm |archive-date=6 March 2008 |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=Publicacoes.gene.com.br }}</ref>

From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to [[Immigration to Brazil|immigration]]. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], [[Brazilians of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[German Brazilian|German]], [[English Brazilian|English]], [[Ukrainian Brazilian|Ukrainian]], [[Polish Brazilian|Polish]], [[Jewish Brazilian|Jewish]], [[Afro-Brazilian|African]], [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Russians in Brazil|Russian]], [[Chinese Brazilian|Chinese]], [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]], [[Korean Brazilian|Korean]] and [[Arab Brazilian|Arab]] origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy |year=1974 |title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) |journal=Revista de Saúde Pública |volume=8 |issue=supl |pages=49–90 |doi=10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003 |doi-access=free}}, Table 2, p. 74. {{in lang|pt}}</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 2, Section ''"The Beginning of the 'Mosaic' ''".</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grün |first=Roberto |date=July 1996 |title=The Armenian Renaissance in Brazil |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/the-armenian-renaissance-in-brazil/759304E77521DF48F0C1F1DD95C0D3E2 |journal=The Americas |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–151 |doi=10.2307/1007476 |issn=0003-1615 |jstor=1007476 |s2cid=143656550|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Brazil has the second-largest Jewish community in Latin America after Argentina making up 0.06% of its population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jewish Community in Brazil |url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-brazil/ |website=Beit Hatfutsot}}</ref> Outside of the [[Arab world]], Brazil also has the largest [[Arab diaspora|population]] of Arab ancestry in the world, with 15–20 million people.<ref name="Ferabolli2014">{{Cite book |last=Silvia Ferabolli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5CbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |title=Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective |date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-65803-0 |page=151 |quote=According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.}}</ref><ref name="Amar2014">{{Cite book |last=Paul Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGKuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South |date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01496-2 |page=40 |quote=there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.}}</ref> According to Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil is home to a Lebanese diaspora of 7-10 million, surpassing the population of Lebanese individuals residing in Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bercito |first=Diogo |date=8 June 2021 |title=From Beirut to Brazil |url=https://ccas.georgetown.edu/2021/06/08/from-beirut-to-brazil/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=CCAS |language=en-US}}</ref>

Brazilian society is more [[Social issues in Brazil|markedly divided by social class lines]], although a high [[Income inequality in Brazil|income disparity]] is found [[Social apartheid in Brazil|between race groups]], so racism and [[Class discrimination|classism]] often overlap. The brown population (officially called ''pardo'' in Portuguese)<ref name="Coelho 1996, p. 268">Coelho (1996), p. 268.</ref><ref name="Vesentini 1988, p. 117">Vesentini (1988), p. 117.</ref> is a broad category that includes ''[[caboclo]]s'' (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), ''[[Mulatto|mulatos]]'' (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and ''[[Zambo|cafuzos]]'' (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).<ref name="Coelho 1996, p. 268" /><ref name="Vesentini 1988, p. 117" /><ref>Adas, Melhem ''Panorama geográfico do Brasil'', 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 {{ISBN|85-16-04336-3}}</ref><ref>Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3.</ref><ref name="Moreira 1981, p. 108">Moreira (1981), p. 108.</ref> Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba<ref name="Moreira 1981, p. 108" /><ref>Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75.</ref> and also in northern Maranhão,<ref>''Enciclopédia Barsa'', vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355.</ref><ref>Azevedo (1971), p. 74.</ref> southern Minas Gerais<ref name="Azevedo 1971, p. 161">Azevedo (1971), p. 161.</ref> and eastern Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="Moreira 1981, p. 108" /><ref name="Azevedo 1971, p. 161" />

People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.<ref>''Enciclopédia Barsa'', vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265.</ref> In 2007, the [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|National Indian Foundation]] estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of [[uncontacted peoples]] in the world.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701312.html "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes"], ''The Washington Post'' (8 July 2007).</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of Brazil|Portuguese language|Brazilian Portuguese|List of endangered languages in Brazil}}

[[File:Interior do Museu da Língua Portuguesa em São Paulo, Brasil.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of the Portuguese Language]] in [[São Paulo]]]]
[[File:AssuncaodoIcana.jpg|thumb|[[Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory]], in [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]],
where [[Nhengatu]], [[Tucano language|Tucano]] and [[Karu language|Baniwa]] are co-official languages]]
[[File:Ruas de Pomerode (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Pomerode]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], where the [[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]] is the [[second language]] (see [[Brazilian German]])]]

The official language of Brazil is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.<ref name="language2">{{Cite web |title=Brazil – Language |url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/39.htm |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>

[[Brazilian Portuguese]] has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2009 |title=Learn About Portuguese Language |url=http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424 |access-date=7 April 2012 |publisher=Sibila.com.br |archive-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420010533/http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424 }}</ref> (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and [[Portuguese Brazilian|more recent immigrants]], coming from [[Northern Portugal|Northern regions]], and in minor degree Portuguese [[Macaronesia]]), with a few influences from the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Amerindian]] and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]], especially [[West Africa]]n and [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] restricted to the vocabulary only.<ref name="Portuguese" /> As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary [[European Portuguese]]). These differences are comparable to those between [[American English|American]] and [[British English]].<ref name="Portuguese">{{Cite web |title=Languages of Brazil |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br |access-date=9 June 2008 |publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref>

The 2002 [[recognition of sign languages|sign language law]]<ref name="Libras 2002">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910070529/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/2002/L10436.htm LEI Nº 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002]. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved on 19 May 2012.</ref> requires government authorities and public agencies to accept and provide information in ''Língua Brasileira dos Sinais'' or "LIBRAS", the [[Brazilian Sign Language]], while a 2005 presidential edict<ref name="Libras 2005">[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/decreto/d5626.htm Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005]. Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 19 May 2012.</ref> extends this to require teaching of the language as a part of the education and [[speech and language pathology]] curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("[[inclusion (education)|inclusion]]") to deaf people.<ref name="Russo2011">{{Cite book |last=Charles J. Russo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuV1cZ7NJHIC&pg=PA45 |title=The Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities: International Perspectives |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-1085-1 |page=45}}</ref>

Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.<ref name="Portuguese" /> In the municipality of [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]], [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]] (a currently endangered [[creole language]] that, together with its southern relative [[língua geral paulista]], once was a major [[lingua franca]] in Brazil),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |title=The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide |last2=Grondona |first2=Verónica |last3=Muysken |first3=Peter |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-11-025803-5 |page=247 |chapter=Contacts between indigenous languages in South America |quote=Nheengatú (also called língua geral of Amazonia, or lingua Brasilica) originated in the 17th century in what are now the states of Pará Maranhão, as lingua franca on the basis of Tupinambá lexicon but with strong grammatical influence from Portuguese, also due to intervention by Jesuit missionaries [...] Around 1700 it was spoken in a large area in Brazil, as a contact language between whites and indians, but it lost some support with the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1758 [...] Its sister language in the colonial period was Língua Geral Paulista (in the state of São Paulo) a lingua franca which is now extinct.}}</ref> [[Baniwa of Içana|Baniwa]] and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.<ref name="nyt-language">{{Cite news |last=Rohter |first=Larry |date=28 August 2005 |title=Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html |access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref>

There are significant communities of German (mostly the [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch|Brazilian Hunsrückisch]], a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the [[Talian dialect|Talian]], a [[Venetian language|Venetian]] dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil |url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html |publisher=DW-World.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELB |url=https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm |website=labeurb.unicamp.br}}</ref> Talian is officially a historic heritage of [[Rio Grande do Sul]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile |url=http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304160633/http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=9 March 2012 |publisher=Sitoveneto}}</ref> and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.<ref name="Stevenson1997">{{Cite book |last=Patrick Stevenson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AviTvt-cPaUC&pg=PA39 |title=The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-823738-9 |page=39}}</ref> Italian is also recognized as "ethnic language" in [[Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo|Santa Teresa]] and [[Vila Velha]], in the state of [[Espírito Santo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Angelini |first=Andrea |date=6 September 2018 |title=Not just Dante: Italian speaking countries in the world – part two |url=https://italicsmag.com/2018/09/06/italian-language-countries-world-2 |website=Italics Magazine |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Brazil}}

{{Further|Catholic Church in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = [[Religion in Brazil]] (2022 Census)
| label1 = [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholicism]]
| value1 = 56.75
| color1 = Gold
| label2 = [[Protestantism]]
| value2 = 26.85
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
| value3 = 9.28
| color3 = White
| label4 = [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
| color4 = Red
| value4 = 1.84
| label5 = Other religions
| value5 = 5.06
| color5 = Green
| label6 = Not stated
| value6 = 0.17
| color6 = Black
}}
Christianity is the country's predominant faith, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. Brazil has the [[Catholic Church by country|world's largest Catholic population]].<ref name="PEWCATHOLIC">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=The Global Catholic Population |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/ |access-date=10 June 2020 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref name="USDS">{{Cite conference |date=8 November 2005 |title=Brazil |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=8 June 2008 |book-title=International Religious Freedom Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Catholic population hits 1.4 billion |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/262883/worldwide-catholic-population-hits-14-billion |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> According to the 2022 demographic census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 56.75% of the population followed Catholicism; 26.85% [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestantism]]; 1.84% Kardecist spiritism; 5.06% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 9.28% had no religion.<ref name="2022 religion"/>

Religious diversity in Brazil developed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples.<ref name="BoyleSheen2013">{{Cite book |last1=Kevin Boyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT211 |title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report |last2=Juliet Sheen |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134-72229-7 |page=211}}</ref> This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities.<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-date=25 August 2011 |access-date=7 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}}</ref>

Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,<ref name="Morris2006a">{{Cite book |last=Brian Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA223 |title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85241-8 |page=223}}</ref> and the Protestant community had grown to include over 22% of the population by 2010—partly due to a mixture of American missionary and [[US government]] influence.<ref name="JeynesRobinson2012">{{Cite book |last1=William Jeynes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIBlry_2oLQC&pg=PA405 |title=International Handbook of Protestant Education |last2=David W. Robinson |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-94-007-2386-3 |page=405}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tautz |first=Carlos |date=7 April 2025 |title=Como os EUA usaram a religião para combater o comunismo no Brasil |url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/04/07/como-os-eua-usaram-a-religiao-para-combater-o-comunismo-no-brasil/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Intercept Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pregadores evangélicos dos EUA invadem o Brasil com a receita que elegeu Trump|url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/10/09/pregadores-evangelicos-eua-invadem-brasil/|website=Intercept Brasil|date=2025-10-09|access-date=2025-12-02|language=pt-BR|first=Gilberto|last=Nascimento}}</ref> The most common Protestant denominations are [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the [[Baptists]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] and the [[Calvinism|Reformed tradition]].<ref>{{Cite FTP |title=2010 census results |server=FTP server |url-status=dead |url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf}}</ref> In recent decades, Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics had dropped significantly during the 2010s.<ref name="georgetown2">{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-date=25 August 2011 |access-date=7 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism"</ref> As they have spread throughout Brazil, many have even been deeply involved in Brazilian and international politics,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Conservative evangelicals use social media to sway Brazil election |url=https://restofworld.org/2024/brazil-election-evangelical-youtubers/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=Rest of World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iacomini |first=Franco |date=5 March 2024 |title=Brazilian Evangelicals Bring Their Political Playbook to Portugal |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/03/brazilian-evangelicals-politics-po/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=Christianity Today |language=en-US}}</ref> and Evangelical Protestant influence has been implicated in the [[2022 Brazilian coup plot]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2023 |title=The shared religious roots of twin insurrections in the US and Brazil |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/01/18/brazil-insurrection-evangelical-christianity/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Since 2022, Evangelicals and Catholics have begun reconsidering religion as a political factor;<ref>{{Cite web |title="Religião como fator político está diminuindo", diz especialista à CNN |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/religiao-como-fator-politico-esta-diminuindo-diz-especialista-a-cnn/ |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=CNN Brasil |date=14 February 2025 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> however as of 2025, several Evangelical denominations have continued considering its influence in politics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal e Assembleia de Deus já miram eleição de 2026 de olho na herança de Bolsonaro e em mais poder no Congresso|url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/07/09/universal-assembleia-deus-eleicao-2026-bolsonaro-poder-congresso/|website=Intercept Brasil|date=2025-07-09|access-date=2025-12-02|language=pt-BR|first=Gilberto|last=Nascimento}}</ref>

After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, having exceeded 8% of the population according to the 2010 census. The cities of [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], and [[Porto Velho]] have the greatest proportion of [[Irreligion|Irreligious]] residents in Brazil. [[Teresina]], [[Fortaleza]], and [[Florianópolis]] were the most Roman Catholic in the country.<ref name="FGV no G1">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2011 |title=G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/08/pais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html |access-date=7 April 2012 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}</ref> [[Greater Rio de Janeiro]], not including the city proper, is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while [[Greater Porto Alegre]] and Greater [[Fortaleza]] are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.<ref name="FGV no G1" />

In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved, and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the [[Holy See|Vatican]], in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/senado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783 |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=[[O Globo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010. |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7107.htm |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=Casa Civil da Presidência da República}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Brazil}}

[[File:Arquitetura Prédio Histórico da Universidade Federal do Paraná.jpg|thumb|Historical building of the [[Federal University of Paraná]], one of the oldest universities in Brazil, located in [[Curitiba]]]]

The Federal Constitution and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the union, the states, the Federal District and the municipalities must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.<ref name="Usa2005">{{Cite book |last=Usa Ibp Usa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhWjfK8CswC&pg=PA42 |title=Brazil: Tax Guide |publisher=Int'l Business Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7397-3279-3 |page=42}}</ref>

According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], the literacy rate was 93.4% in 2019, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states such as [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] reaching around 97% of literacy rate;<ref name="NN">{{Cite web |title=IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no país, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste |url=https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/07/15/ibge-analfabetismo-cai-no-pas-mas-fica-estagnado-no-nordeste.ghtml |website=Globo.com |date=15 July 2020 |language=pt}}</ref> functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.<ref name="Agency2010">{{Cite book |last=The Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-9eSrZtYAAC&pg=PA143 |title=The World Factbook 2010 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |edition=CIA 2009 |page=143}}</ref> Illiteracy is higher in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the [[South Region, Brazil|South]], has 3.3% illiteracy.<ref name="Bank2001">{{Cite book |last=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YttV-Ggq90UC&pg=PA40 |title=Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Towards an Integrated Strategy |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8213-5206-9 |page=40}}</ref><ref name="NN" />

Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laplane |first=Mario |title=Efforts towards inclusion |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/impact-public-and-private-education-social-inequality-brazil |website=D + C, Development and cooperation|date=14 May 2019 }}</ref> The [[University of São Paulo]] is often considered [[College and university rankings|the best in Brazil and Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2024 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115634/https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929224804/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian; most are [[Public university|public]]. Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. Kindergarten, elementary and medium education are required of all students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS University Rankings Latin America |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2019 |access-date=11 November 2018 |publisher=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Brazil}}

{{See also|Healthcare in Brazil|Sistema Único de Saúde}}
[[File:Hospital de Clínicas PMPA.jpg|thumb|The [[Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre|Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre]] is academically linked to the [[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul]] and is part of the [[Sistema Único de Saúde|SUS]], the Brazilian [[publicly funded health care]] system]]

The Brazilian [[public health]] system, the [[Sistema Único de Saúde|Unified Health System]] (''Sistema Único de Saúde'' – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,<ref name="ForgiaCouttolenc2008">{{Cite book |last1=Gerard Martin La Forgia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3R43xW5KqcC&pg=PA17 |title=Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence |last2=Bernard F. Couttolenc |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8213-7359-0 |page=17}}</ref> being the largest system of this type in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=20 Anos do SUS |url=http://conselho.saude.gov.br/web_sus20anos/index.html |access-date=13 April 2012 |publisher=Conselho Nacional de Saúde}}</ref> On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.<ref name="Wolper2004">{{Cite book |last=Lawrence F. Wolper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zts-QdpDiWUC&pg=PA33 |title=Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7637-3144-1 |page=33}}</ref> Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2021, Brazil had 2.1 doctors and 2.5 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physicians (per 1,000 people) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BR |website=World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS |website=World Health Organization The World Bank}}</ref>

Despite all the progress made since the creation of the [[universal health care]] system in 1988, there are still several public health issues in Brazil. In 2023, [[List of countries by infant mortality rate|infant]] (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (197.3 deaths per 100,000 births) were still high.<ref name="Radar social" />

The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as [[cardiovascular diseases]] (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and [[cancer]] (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country.<ref name="Radar social">{{Cite web |title=Saúde |url=http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216074831/http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |access-date=10 June 2008 |website=Radar social |publisher=Ministério do Planejamento}}</ref> The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf |title= Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries |author= Ajay Tandon, Christopher JL Murray, Jeremy A Lauer, David B Evans |date= |page= 20 |issn= |doi= |pmid=|publisher= World Health Organization
|volume= |issue= |access-date= 27 March 2026 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260327093317/https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf|archive-date= 27 March 2026 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Brazil}}

[[File:Desfile Portela 2014 (906185).jpg|thumb|Parade of [[Portela (samba school)|Portela]] [[samba school]] at the [[Rio Carnival]], the largest [[carnival]] in the world<ref name="Guiness">[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/largest-carnival/ Largest Carnival] ''Guinness World Records''.</ref>]]
The core culture of Brazil is derived from [[Culture of Portugal|Portuguese culture]], due to its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire.<ref name="Meade2009">{{Cite book |author=Teresa A. Meade |author-link=Teresa Meade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA146 |title=A Brief History of Brazil |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-7788-5 |page=146}}</ref> Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. Brazilian culture was also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.<ref name="Levinson1998">{{Cite book |last=David Levinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA325 |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |page=325}}</ref>

Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well as Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name="Lesser2013a">{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey Lesser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJW029DYOZoC&pg=PA150 |title=Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-19362-7 |pages=150–55}}</ref> The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and [[Brazilian cuisine|cuisine]]; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, [[Music of Brazil|music]], dance and religion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Freyre |first=Gilberto |year=1986 |title=The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture |publisher=UNESCO |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022 |access-date=8 June 2008}}</ref>

[[Brazilian art]] has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from [[Baroque in Brazil|Baroque]] (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)<ref>Leandro Karnal, ''Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI'', São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on [http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm fflch.usp.br] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724010418/http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm |date=24 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="itaucultural.org.br">[http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8 "The Brazilian Baroque"], ''Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001754/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8 |date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> to [[Brazilian academic art|Romanticism]], [[Modern art|Modernism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], [[Surrealism]] and [[Abstract art|Abstractionism]]. [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazilian cinema]] dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.<ref name="Marsh2012">{{Cite book |last=Leslie Marsh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5F7E6BQ5ukC&pg=PA3 |title=Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-252-09437-8 |page=3}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Brazil}}

[[File:Catedral1 Rodrigo Marfan.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral of Brasília]], designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer for the federal capital, an example of Modern architecture]]

The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time, when Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil in 1500. [[Portuguese colonial architecture]] was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil.<ref>Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil [A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.</ref> It is the basis for all Brazilian architecture of later centuries.<ref>Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press.</ref> In the 19th century, during the time of the Empire of Brazil, the country followed European trends and adopted [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture]]. Then, in the 20th century, especially in Brasília, Brazil experimented with [[modernist architecture]].

The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century, when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture, which included churches and civic architecture, including houses and forts, in Brazilian cities and the countryside.<ref name="Guimaraens" />

During the 19th century, Brazilian architecture saw the introduction of more European styles to Brazil, such as Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. This was usually mixed with Brazilian influences from their own heritage.<ref name="Guimaraens">Guimaraens, Cêça de. [http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm ''Arquitetura''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908051315/http://www.mre.gov.br/CDBRASIL/ITAMARATY/WEB/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm |date=8 September 2003 }}. Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.</ref> In the 1950s modernist architecture was introduced when [[Brasília]] was built as a new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]] idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.<ref name="Claro">Claro, Mauro. [http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/drops/09.025/1775 "Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade"]. In: ''Drops'', 2008; 09 (025.03)</ref>

=== Visual arts ===
{{Main|Brazilian painting}}

[[File:Mural painting "Entry into the Forest" by Candido Portinari, on the vestibule wall of the Hispanic Reading room, Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C LCCN2011631432.tif|thumb|''Entry in the Forest'' mural at the [[Thomas Jefferson Building]] by Candido Portinari, one of the most important Brazilian painters]]

Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,<ref>Louzada, Maria Alice & Louzada, Julio. [http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp ''Os Primeiros Momentos da Arte Brasileira''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153216/http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp |date=6 July 2011 }}. Júlio Louzada Artes Plásticas Brasil. Acesso 5 out 2010</ref> influenced by [[Baroque]], [[Rococo]], [[Neoclassicism]], [[Romanticism]], [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], [[Modernism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Cubism]] and [[Abstract art|Abstracionism]] making it a major art style called [[Brazilian academic art]].<ref>Leite, José Roberto Teixeira & Lemos, Carlos A.C. ''Os Primeiros Cem Anos'', in Civita, Victor. ''Arte no Brasil''. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1979</ref><ref name="Biscardi" />

The [[Missão Artística Francesa|French Artistic Mission]] arrived in Brazil in 1816 proposing the creation of an art academy modeled after the respected Académie des Beaux-Arts, with graduation courses both for artists and craftsmen for activities such as modeling, decorating, carpentry and others and bringing artists such as [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]].<ref name="Biscardi">{{harvnb|Biscardi|Rocha|2006}}</ref>

Upon the creation of the [[Imperial Academy of Fine Arts (Brazil)|Imperial Academy of Fine Arts]], new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called Modern Art Week broke with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts.<ref name="Amaral">{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Aracy |last2=Kim Mrazek Hastings |year=1995 |title=Stages in the Formation of Brazil's Cultural Profile |journal=Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts |volume=21 |pages=9–25 |doi=10.2307/1504129 |jstor=1504129}}</ref>

Among the best-known Brazilian painters are [[Ricardo do Pilar]] and [[Manoel da Costa Ataíde]] (baroque and rococo), [[Victor Meirelles]], [[Pedro Américo]] and [[Almeida Júnior]] (romanticism and realism), [[Anita Malfatti]], [[Ismael Nery]], [[Lasar Segall]], [[Emiliano Di Cavalcanti]], [[Vicente do Rego Monteiro]], and [[Tarsila do Amaral]] (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), [[Aldo Bonadei]], [[José Pancetti]] and [[Candido Portinari]] (modernism).<ref>Sevcenko, Nicolau. Pindorama revisitada: cultura e sociedade em tempos de virada. Série Brasil cidadão. Editora Peirópolis, 2000. pp. 39–47</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Brazil}}

[[File:Tom Jobim e Chico Buarque no Festival Internacional da Canção (FIC) restored.jpg|thumb|[[Tom Jobim]], one of the creators of ''[[bossa nova]]'', and [[Chico Buarque]], one of the leading names of [[Música popular brasileira|MPB]]]]

The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European, Native Indigenous, and African elements.<ref name="FonsecaWeiner1991">{{Cite book |last1=Duduka Da Fonseca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuZQUm_hhygC&pg=PA7 |title=Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset |last2=Bob Weiner |publisher=Alfred Music Publishing |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7692-0987-6 |page=7}}</ref> Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was [[José Maurício Nunes Garcia]], author of sacred pieces with an influence of Viennese classicism.<ref name="Grazia2013">{{Cite book |last=Donna M. Di Grazia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyPz1PUFxW8C&pg=PA457 |title=Nineteenth-Century Choral Music |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-29409-9 |page=457 |author-link=Donna Di Grazia}}</ref> The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments.<ref name="FonsecaWeiner1991" />

Popular music since the late eighteenth century, [[samba]] was considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00101 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Unesco.org}}</ref> [[Samba reggae|Samba-reggae]], [[Axé]], [[Maracatu]], [[Frevo]] and [[Afoxê]] are four music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual [[Brazilian Carnival]]s.<ref name="Crook2009">{{Cite book |last=Larry Crook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Skjwor64MXwC&pg=PA78 |title=Focus: Music of Northeast Brazil |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-96066-3 |page=78}}</ref> [[Capoeira]] is usually played with its own music referred to as [[capoeira music]], which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.<ref name="Fryer2000">{{Cite book |last=Peter Fryer |url=https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye |title=Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7453-0731-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye/page/39 39] |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Forró]] is a type of folk music prominent during the [[Festa Junina]] in [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2015 |title=Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ |url=http://brazilianexperience.com/brazil-from-a-to-z-forro/ |website=Brazilian Experience}}</ref> Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the [[University of Missouri]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack A. Draper III |url=https://romancelanguages.missouri.edu/people/draper |website=Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri}}</ref> argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Draper |first=Jack A. III |title=Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration |publisher=Lang |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4331-1076-4 |location=New York |oclc=643568832}}</ref>

[[Choro]] is a popular musical instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. The style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by subtle [[Modulation (music)|modulations]] and full of [[syncopation]] and [[counterpoint]].<ref name="MacGowanPessanha1998">{{Cite book |last1=MacGowan |first1=Chris |url=https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa |title=The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil |last2=Pessanha |first2=Ricardo |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56639-545-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa/page/159 159]–61 |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[lambada]] and [[Carimbó]] achieved success in Latin music, originating from Pará.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanlambada.org/patrons-history|title=Our Patron's History: Awards|publisher=American Lambada Organization}}</ref> [[Bossa nova]] is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.{{sfnp|MacGowan|Pessanha|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7MFD-EoTR7MC&pg=PA6 6]}} The phrase "bossa nova" means literally 'new trend'.<ref name="Kassing2007">{{Cite book |last=Gayle Kassing |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass |title=History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach |publisher=Human Kinetics 10% |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7360-6035-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass/page/236 236] |url-access=registration}}</ref> A lyrical fusion of samba and [[jazz]], bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.<ref name="Campbell2011b">{{Cite book |last=Michael Campbell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT299 |title=Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8400-2976-8 |page=299}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Brazilian literature}}

[[File:Machado de Assis aos 57 anos (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Machado de Assis]], poet and novelist, founder of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]]]]

[[Brazilian literature]] dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as [[Pero Vaz de Caminha]], filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA360 360]}}

Brazil produced significant works in [[Romanticism]]—novelists such as [[Joaquim Manuel de Macedo]] and [[José de Alencar]] wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the [[Indianism (arts)|Indigenist]] novels ''[[The Guarani|O Guarani]]'', ''[[Iracema]]'' and ''[[Ubirajara (novel)|Ubirajara]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html "Brazilian Literature: An Introduction"]. [http://ottawa.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/ Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa]. Visited on 2 November 2009.</ref> [[Machado de Assis]], one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.<ref>[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio]]. (1970) ''Vários escritos''. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18</ref><ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970) ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels''. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The ''Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56</ref>

[[Brazilian literature#Modernism|Brazilian Modernism]], evidenced by the [[Modern Art Week]] in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,<ref>Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, ''Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação'', p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998.</ref> while [[Brazilian literature#Post-Modernism|Post-Modernism]] brought a generation of distinct poets such as [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]], [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], [[Vinicius de Moraes]], [[Cora Coralina]], [[Graciliano Ramos]], [[Cecília Meireles]], and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects such as [[Jorge Amado]], [[João Guimarães Rosa]], [[Clarice Lispector]] and [[Manuel Bandeira]].<ref>Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, ''Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003'', p. 288. Routledge, 2004.</ref><ref>Sayers, ''Portugal and Brazil in Transitn'', "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999.</ref><ref>Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, ''Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States'': "Literature, Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005.</ref>

Brazil's most significant literary award is the [[Camões Prize]], which it shares with the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world. As of 2016, Brazil has eleven recipients of the prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prêmio Camões de Literatura | Biblioteca Nacional |url=https://www.bn.br/explore/premios-literarios/premio-camoes-literatura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316050256/http://www.bn.br/explore/premios-literarios/premio-camoes-literatura |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Bn.br |language=pt}}</ref> Brazil also holds its own literary academy, the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]], a non-profit cultural organization aimed at perpetuating the care of the national language and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=Quem somos | Academia Brasileira de Letras |url=http://www.academia.org.br/academia/quem-somos |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Academia.org.br |language=pt}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
[[File:Augusto Boal nyc3.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Boal]] presenting a workshop on the [[Theatre of the Oppressed]] at [[Riverside Church]] in [[New York City]] in 2008]]

The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] expansion, when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, dramatists on the scene of European derivation were for court or private performances.<ref>[http://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/padre-anchieta.htm Padre Anchieta] ''Brasil Escola''.</ref> During the 19th century, the playwrights [[Gonçalves Dias|Antônio Gonçalves Dias]] and [[Martins Pena|Luís Carlos Martins Pena]] were known for their performance.<ref name=teatro>{{cite web|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html |title=Brazilian Theatre: An Introduction |publisher=Ambasciata brasiliana a Ottawa |language=english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061026/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html |archive-date= 5 February 2012 }}</ref> There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor [[Antônio Carlos Gomes]] became internationally known with operas such as ''[[Il Guarany]]''. At the end of the 19th century, orchestrated dramaturgias were accompanied with songs of famous artists such as the conductress [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]].<ref>[http://www.arte.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=196 O Teatro no Brasil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122845/http://www.arte.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=196 |date=24 February 2021 }} ''Secretaria da Educação do Paraná''.</ref>

Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies. In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors [[Adolfo Celi]], Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the ''Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia'', renewed the Brazilian theater. From the 1960s, it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and [[Ariano Suassuna]].<ref name=teatro />

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Brazil}}

[[File:Palácio dos Festivais de Gramado.jpg|thumb|[[Festival de Gramado|Gramado Film Festival]], the biggest film festival in the country]]
The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the {{lang|fr|[[Belle Époque]]|italic=no}}. While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as ''Rio the Magnificent'' were made in Rio de Janeiro to promote tourism in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio the Magnificent (1932) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7Q1kITY168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107002139/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7Q1kITY168 |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=[[YouTube]]| date=18 April 2008 }}</ref> The films {{lang|pt|[[Limite]]}} (1931) and ''[[Ganga Bruta]]'' (1933), the latter being produced by [[Adhemar Gonzaga]] through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Larry |first=Rohter |date=9 November 2010 |title=Brazil's Best, Restored and Ready for a 21st-Century Audience |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/movies/10cinema.html |url-access=limited |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/movies/10cinema.html |archive-date=1 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The 1941 unfinished film ''[[It's All True (film)|It's All True]]'' was divided into four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by [[Orson Welles]]; it was originally produced as part of the United States' [[Good Neighbor Policy]] during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo.

During the 1960s, the [[Cinema Novo]] movement rose to prominence with directors such as [[Glauber Rocha]], [[Nelson Pereira dos Santos]], [[Paulo César Saraceni]] and [[Arnaldo Jabor]]. Glauber Rocha's films ''[[Black God, White Devil]]'' (1964) and ''[[Entranced Earth]]'' (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tose |first=Juliano |title=Editorial |url=http://www.contracampo.com.br/27/frames.htm |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=Contracampo – revista de cinema |publisher=Revista Contracampo}}</ref> Rocha won the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director Award]] at the [[1969 Cannes Film Festival]] for ''[[Antonio das Mortes]]'' and the [[1977 Cannes Film Festival|1977]] [[Short Film Palme d'Or|Special Jury Prize for Best Short Film]] for ''Di''.

During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as ''[[O Quatrilho]]'' ([[Fábio Barreto]], 1995), ''[[O Que É Isso, Companheiro?]]'' ([[Bruno Barreto]], 1997) and ''[[Central Station (film)|Central do Brasil]]'' ([[Walter Salles]], 1998), all of which were nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], the latter receiving a [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination for [[Fernanda Montenegro]]. The 2002 crime film ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'', directed by [[Fernando Meirelles]], was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2003) – Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/city_of_god/#top-critics-numbers |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=17 January 2003 |publisher=[[Flixster]]}}</ref> being placed in [[Roger Ebert]]'s Best Films of the Decade list<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The best films of the decade |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-the-decade |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=RogerEbert.com|date=14 December 2012 }}</ref> and receiving four [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations in 2004, including [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the [[São Paulo International Film Festival|São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival]]s and the [[Festival de Gramado|Gramado Festival]].

The film [[I'm Still Here (2024 film)|''I'm Still Here'']], directed by Walter Salles, was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Torres) and [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] at the [[97th Academy Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title='I'm Still Here' makes history as first Brazilian film nominated for Best Picture at 2025 Oscars |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2524041/im-still-here-makes-history-as-first-brazilian-film-nominated-for-best-picture-at-2025-oscars |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leite |first=Marcelo |date=23 January 2025 |title=Oscars 2025: I'm Still Here's Best Picture Nomination Explained (& When You Can Watch It) |url=https://screenrant.com/im-still-here-movie-oscars-2025-best-picture-nominee-explained/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[ScreenRant]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Clayton |title='I'm Still Here' Makes Oscar History as First Brazilian Film to Win International Feature Category |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/oscars-im-still-here-first-brazilian-film-win-international-feature-1236322916/ |website=Variety |date=3 March 2025}}</ref> and won [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]], becoming the first-ever Brazilian produced film to win an Academy Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Barnes |date=2 March 2025 |title=Kieran Culkin Wins Best Supporting Actor for 'A Real Pain' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/03/02/movies/oscars-academy-awards |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The film [[The Secret Agent (2025 film)|''The Secret Agent'']] had its world premiere at the main competition of the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]] on 18 May 2025, where it won the [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] prize for [[Wagner Moura]], the [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director|Best Director]] prize for Mendonça and the [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI Prize]]. It received further widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berkani |first=Mohamed |date=19 May 2025 |title=Festival de Cannes 2025: "O agente secreto", extraordinaire plongée dans le Brésil de la dictature militaire des années 1970 dans un passionnant thriller |trans-title=Cannes Film Festival 2025: "The Secret Agent", extraordinary dive into Brazil of the military dictatorship of the 1970s in an exciting thriller |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/cinema/festival-de-cannes/critiques/festival-de-cannes-2025-o-agente-secreto-extraordinaire-plongee-dans-le-bresil-de-la-dictature-militaire-des-annees-1970-dans-un-passionnant-thriller_7258776.html |website=[[France Info]] |language=fr |quote=Treize minutes de standing ovation pour Kleber Mendonça Filho et son équipe après la projection de son dernier opus, ''O agente secreto (L'Agent secret)'' |trans-quote=Thirteen minutes of standing ovation for Kleber Mendonça Filho and his team after the screening of his latest opus, ''O agente Secreto (The Secret Agent)''}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Telecommunications in Brazil|Television in Brazil}}

{{See also|Concentration of media ownership#Brazil|Mass media regulation in Brazil}}
[[File:Jornal Nacional 3.jpg|thumb|Former President [[Dilma Rousseff]] at ''[[Jornal Nacional]]'' news program. [[Rede Globo]] is the world's second-largest commercial television network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo |url=http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514045322/http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=O Fuxico |language=pt}}</ref>]]

The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the Prince Regent John.<ref name="EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996">{{Cite book |last1=Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97NoYRx96ZAC&pg=PA13 |title=The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature |last2=Enrique Pupo-Walker |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-41035-9 |page=13}}</ref> The {{lang|pt|Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro}}, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.<ref name="Johnston2003">{{Cite book |last=Donald H. Johnston |title=Encyclopedia of international media and communications |publisher=Academic Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-387671-3 |volume=3 |page=130}}</ref> The largest newspapers nowadays are {{lang|pt|[[Folha de S.Paulo]]}}, ''[[O Globo]]'', and ''[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]''.<ref name="Vincent2003B">{{Cite book |last=Jon S. Vincent |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc |title=Culture and Customs of Brazil |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-313-30495-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/97 97]–100 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President [[Epitácio Pessoa]], and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".<ref name="McCann2004">{{Cite book |last=Bryan McCann |url=https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca |title=Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8223-3273-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca/page/22 22] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of [[TV Tupi]] by [[Assis Chateaubriand]].<ref name="Ward2007">{{Cite book |last=David Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdEs1Av1CvAC&pg=PA28 |title=Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-203-87728-9 |page=28}}</ref> Since then, television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as [[Rede Globo|Globo]], [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]], [[RecordTV]], [[Rede Bandeirantes|Bandeirantes]] and [[RedeTV!|RedeTV]].

By the mid-1960s, Brazilian universities had installed [[mainframe computer]]s from [[IBM]] and [[Burroughs Large Systems]]. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian government restricted foreign imports to protect the local manufacturing of computers. In the 1980s, Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country. By 2009, the mobile phone and Internet use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Computer: A History of the Information Machine | author1=Martin Campbell-Kelly | author2= William F. Aspray | author3= Jeffrey R. Yost | author4= Honghong Tinn | author5= Gerardo Con Díaz |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn= 978-1-00-087875-2 }}</ref> As of early 2025, internet penetration in Brazil stood at 86.2% of the total population (183 million individuals), and the ratio of cellular mobile connections to the total population was 102% (217 million active connections).<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital 2025: Brazil|url=https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-brazil |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights |date=March 3, 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched [[TV Brasil Internacional]], an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2010 |title=Brazil launches international TV station for Africa |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10152301 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include [[Globo Internacional]], [[RecordTV Internacional]] and [[Band Internacional]].

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Brazilian cuisine}}

{{See also|List of Brazilian dishes}}

[[File:Feijoada à brasileira -.jpg|thumb|[[Feijoada (Brazilian dish)|Feijoada]] is the national dish of Brazilian cuisine]]

Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.<ref name="Encarta 4">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Way of Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035059/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> Some of the most well known Brazilian foods are the [[Feijoada (Brazilian dish)|feijoada]], considered the country's national dish;<ref>Roger, [http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html "Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129154026/http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html |date=29 November 2009 }} braziltravelguide.com.</ref> and [[churrasco]], a kind of barbecue which is often served in [[rodízio]] style. Other regional foods include beijú, [[feijão tropeiro]], [[vatapá]], [[moqueca]], [[polenta]] (from Italian cuisine) and [[acarajé]] (from African cuisine).<ref>Cascudo, Luis da Câmara. História da Alimentação no Brasil. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983.</ref> The national beverage is [[coffee]]; [[cachaça]] is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, [[Caipirinha]].<ref name="Bayor2011">{{Cite book |last=Bayor |first=Ronald H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&pg=PA181 |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans |publisher=Georgia Institute of Technology |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-35786-2 |page=181}}</ref>

A typical meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef, salad, french fries and a fried egg.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbosa, Lívia |year=2007 |title=Feijão com arroz e arroz com feijão: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros |journal=Horizontes Antropológicos |volume=13 |issue=28 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1590/S0104-71832007000200005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Often, it is mixed with cassava flour ([[farofa]]). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferraccioli, Patrícia |last2=Silveira, Eliane Augusta da |year=2010 |title=Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine |url=http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=BDENF&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=18716&indexSearch=ID |journal=Rev. Enferm. UERJ |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=198–203 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224033750/http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=BDENF&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=18716&indexSearch=ID }}</ref> Popular snacks are [[pastel (food)|pastel]] (a fried pastry); [[coxinha]] (a variation of chicken croquete); [[pão de queijo]] (cheese bread and cassava flour / [[tapioca]]); [[pamonha]] (corn and milk paste); [[sfiha|esfirra]] (a variation of Lebanese pastry); [[kibbeh]] (from Arabic cuisine); and empada (pastry), little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.

Brazil has a variety of desserts such as [[brigadeiro]]s (chocolate fudge balls), [[bolo de rolo]] (roll cake with [[goiabada]]), [[cocada]] (a coconut sweet), [[beijinho]]s (coconut truffles and clove) and [[Romeu e Julieta]] (cheese with goiabada). Peanuts are used to make [[paçoca]], [[rapadura]] and [[pé de moleque]]. Local common fruits such as [[açaí]], [[cupuaçu]], [[mango]], [[papaya]], [[cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cashew]], [[guava]], [[orange (fruit)|orange]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[passionfruit]], [[pineapple]], and [[Spondias|hog plum]] are turned into juices and used to make chocolates, ice pops and ice cream.<ref>Freyre, Gilberto. Açúcar. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1997.</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Brazil}}

{{See also|Brazil at the Olympics|Brazil at the Paralympics}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Pele con brasil (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Pelé]], a [[footballer]] as well as sport figure of the 20th century<ref name=fifa>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/pele-the-greatest-them-all-1656982 |title=FIFA: Pele, the greatest of them all |date=28 June 2012 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109195631/https://www.fifa.com/news/pele-the-greatest-them-all-1656982 |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5051768.stm|title=Pele tops World Cup legends poll|work=BBC News|date=12 June 2006|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326070105/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5051768.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = Ayrton Senna Imola 1989 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Ayrton Senna]], the driver with [[List of Formula One driver records#Most consecutive wins at the same Grand Prix|most consecutive wins]] and [[List of Formula One driver records#Most consecutive pole positions at the same Grand Prix|pole positions]] at the same [[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] of [[Formula One]]
}}

The most popular sport in Brazil is [[association football|football]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futebol, o esporte mais popular do Brasil, é destaque no Via Legal |url=http://justica-federal.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330164959/http://justica-federal.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=16 April 2011 |publisher=Jusbrasil.com.br}}</ref> The [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian men's national team]] is ranked among the best in the world according to the [[FIFA World Rankings]], and has won the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] tournament a record five times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=Football in Brazil |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604173556/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html |archive-date=4 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Goal Programme |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 4 ''"Futebol: The Journey from Daring to Fear"''</ref>

[[Volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[auto racing]] and [[martial arts]] also has large audiences. The [[Brazil men's national volleyball team]] currently holds the titles of the [[FIVB Volleyball World League|World League]], [[FIVB Volleyball World Grand Champions Cup|World Grand Champions Cup]], [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|World Championship]] and the [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup|World Cup]]. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the [[Formula One]] world championship eight times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Emerson Fittipaldi |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/282/ |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Nelson Piquet |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/ |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Ayrton Senna |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/ |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website}}</ref> The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as [[Sailing (sport)|sailing]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[tennis]], [[surfing]], [[skateboarding]], [[MMA]], [[gymnastics]], [[boxing]], [[judo]], [[Track and field|athletics]] and [[table tennis]].

Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: [[beach soccer|beach football]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beach Soccer |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623115807/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}</ref> [[futsal]] (indoor football)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futsal |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603161352/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}</ref> and [[footvolley]] emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed [[Capoeira]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2006 |title=The art of capoeira |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeira_feature.shtml |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[Vale tudo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazilian Vale Tudo |url=http://valetudo.com.br/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980530081959/http://www.valetudo.com.br/ |archive-date=30 May 1998 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=I.V.C}}</ref> and [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation |url=http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155232/http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=[[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation]]}}</ref>

Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, such as the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185404/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Previous FIFA World Cups |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}</ref> and recently has hosted the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], [[2019 Copa América]] and [[2021 Copa América]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609044247/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html |archive-date=9 June 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}</ref> The São Paulo circuit, [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]], hosts the annual [[Brazilian Grand Prix|Grand Prix of Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Official Formula 1 Website |url=http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604141640/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html |archive-date=4 June 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=[[Formula One Administration]]}}</ref> São Paulo organized the [[1963 Pan American Games|IV Pan American Games]] in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the [[2007 Pan American Games|XV Pan American Games]] in 2007.<ref name="LiMacIntosh2011">{{Cite book |last1=Ming Li |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&pg=PA129 |title=International Sport Management |last2=Eric W. MacIntosh |last3=Gonzalo A. Bravo |publisher=Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4504-2241-3 |page=129}}</ref> On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]] and [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Paralympic Games]], making it the first South American city to host the games<ref name="guardian_olympics">[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele "Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 October 2009.</ref> and second in Latin America, after [[Mexico City]]. Furthermore, the country hosted the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]]s in [[1954 FIBA World Championship|1954]] and [[1963 FIBA World Championship|1963]]. At the 1963 event, the [[Brazil national basketball team]] won one of its two world championship titles.<ref name="FIBA History">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2007 |title=FIBA World Championship History (pdf) |url=http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=24 February 2012 |publisher=[[FIBA]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Brazil|Latin America}}
* [[Outline of Brazil]]{{clear right}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nt}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|2}}
* Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971
* Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8047-3510-7}}
* {{Citation |last1=Biscardi |first1=Afrânio |title=O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial |date=May 2006 |url=http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm |work=19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte |volume=I |issue=1 |last2=Rocha |first2=Frederico Almeida}}
* [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]] ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire'' (1969)
** ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0292-9}}
* Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{ISBN|85-08-08213-4}}
* Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002
* Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007
* Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Geografia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996
* Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004
* ''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987
* {{Cite book |last=Ermakoff |first=George |title=Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica |publisher=G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial |year=2006 |isbn=978-85-98815-05-3 |location=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}
* Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. {{ISBN|85-7326-308-3}}
* [[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0277-5}}
* Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990
* Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
* Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
* Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. {{ISBN|85-359-0807-2}}
* Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981
* Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942.
* Peres, Damião (1949) ''O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade'' Porto: Portucalense.
* Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0-87021-295-8}}
* {{Cite Q|Q18238040|ref={{harvid|Schwarcz|1998}}}}
* [[Stuart B. Schwartz]] ''Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil'' (1973)
** ''Early Latin America'' (1983)
** ''Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society'' (1985)
* [[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Brazil: Five Centuries of Change'' (Oxford University Press, 1999)
** ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{ISBN|85-219-0313-8}}
* Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{ISBN|978-85-200-0864-5}}.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wright|1992}}|reference=Wright, Simon. 1992. ''Villa-Lobos''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-315475-7}}}}
* Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. {{ISBN|85-7302-441-0}}
* Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988
* Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994
* Zirin, Dave. ''Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy'' Haymarket Books 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-60846-360-2}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|2}}
* Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. ''The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries'' (SUNY Press, 2019)
* {{Cite book |last=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985 |location=Austin, TX}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp. 1805–19) |year=1990}}
* {{Cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |access-date=16 June 2011 |publisher=US Department of State}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bellos, Alex |url=https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003 |location=London |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=CUP |year=1991 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Costa, João Cruz |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964 |location=Los Angeles, CA |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=CUP |year=1999 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Fischer |editor-first1=Brodwyn |editor-last2=Grinberg |editor-first2=Keila |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-freedom/7C2447B51A9BFEAAA1359B592FFE5ED6 |title=The Boundaries of Freedom: Slavery, Abolition, and the Making of Modern Brazil |series=Afro-Latin America |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2023 |doi=10.1017/9781108917537 |isbn=978-1-009-28796-8}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brazil | volume= 4 |last1= Lamoureux |first1= Andrew Jackson |author1-link= |last2= and three others |first2= |author2-link= | pages = 438–463 |short= 1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |publisher=CUP |year=1977 |location=Cambridge}}
* Levine, Robert M. ''Historical Dictionary of Brazil'' (2019)
* {{Cite book |last=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003 |location=Chichester}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |location=Los Angeles, CA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Skidmore, Thomas E. |url=https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid |title=Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-501776-2 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963 |location=New York, New York}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

{{Sister project links|auto=yes|collapsible=collapsed}}
* [https://www.gov.br/ Brazilian Federal Government]
* [http://www.visitbrasil.com/en/ Official Tourist Guide of Brazil]
* [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]
* {{Wikiatlas|Brazil}}
* {{OSM relation|59470}}
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Jammu railway division

2026-03-26T17:19:18Z

Tudu Hommie: made info.

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Jammu Railway Division
| logo_filename =
| logo_size =
| marks =
| image_size =
| operator = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| start_year = {{start date and age|df=yes|2025}}
| end_year =
| predecessor_line = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| successor_line =
| gauge =
| old_gauge =
| electrification =
| length = {{cvt|742.1|km}}
| hq_city = [[Jammu]]
| website = {{URL|https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Jammu railway division''', headquartered at [[Jammu]],<ref name=two1/> is one of the six railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[Northern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] in India.<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> The jurisdiction of Jammu railway division covers [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], part of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and part of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

==History==

On 6 January 2025, the newly formed division was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]],<ref name=two1>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-rail-division-direct-train-to-kashmir-modi-government-2025-plans-9763281/|title=Rail Division for Jammu and train to Kashmir – Modi govt’s 2025 railway plans for J&K}}</ref> after carving it out of the [[Firozpur railway division|Firozpur Division]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/ferozepur-faces-economic-setback-as-jammu-railway-division-is-carved-out/|title=Ferozepur faces economic setback as Jammu Railway Division is carved out}}</ref> when it became 70th railway division in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-jammu-railway-division-effective-from-june-1-what-it-means-for-the-kashmir-line-10043135/|title=New Jammu Railway Division effective from June 1. What it means for the Kashmir line}}</ref> ''Vivek Kumar'' became its first Divisional Railway Manager (DRM).

==Rail lines==
{{anchor | Line | Lines | Network }}

===Existing===

The division has a total of the following existing rail line network of {{Convert|742.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=railn1/>

* Pathankot-Baramulla line (includes all of [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] and part of [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]]), via [[Pathankot Junction railway station|Pathankot]]–[[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu]]–[[Martyr Captain Tushar Mahajan Udhampur railway station|Udhampur]]–[[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar]]–[[Baramulla railway station|Baramulla]] {{Convert|423|km|mi|abbr=on}}, .<ref name=railn1/>
* Bhogpur Sirwal–[[Pathankot Junction railway station|Pathankot]] line {{Convert|87.21|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=railn1/>
* [[Batala Junction railway station|Batala]]–[[Pathankot Junction railway station|Pathankot]] {{Convert|68.17|km|mi|abbr=on}}, excluded Batala station itself.<ref name=railn1/>
* [[Kangra Valley Railway]] narrow gauge section, {{Convert|163.72|km|mi|abbr=on}} route km via [[Pathankot Junction railway station|Pathankot]]–[[Joginder Nagar railway station|Joginder Nagar]].<ref name=railn1>{{cite web|url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1736160952626-JAMMU%20DIVISION%20SYSTEM%20MAP.pdf|title=Jurusidication map}}</ref>

===Planned===
{{anchor | Future | Planned }}

; New lines (listed north to south):

* '''[[Baramulla-Kupwara line]]''' ('''Sopore-Kupwara line'''): 39-km-long extension costing Rs 3843 crore from Baramulla to [[Kupwara]] was approved by the Central Government in Nov 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/centre-approves-baramulla-kupwara-rail-link/articleshow/66868141.cms|title=Centre approves Baramulla-Kupwara rail link|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name=printext1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/credit-war-in-kashmir-after-centre-approves-railway-link/story-jcraISRn4F9xvbd16SQy6M.html|title=Credit war in Kashmir after Centre approves railway link|date=30 November 2018}}</ref> The survey was completed in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2009dec26/questions_asked_mr_sharifud_din_shariq_during_lok_sabha_session_november_december_2009.htm|title=Questions asked by Mr. Sharifud-Din Shariq during Lok Sabha session November – December 2009|date=27 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="greaterkashmir.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Dec/13/goi-shelves-vital-railway-projects-in-jk-36.asp |title=GoI shelves vital railway projects in JK Lastupdate:- Fri, 13 Dec 2013 18:30:00 GMT GreaterKashmir.com |access-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104042123/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Dec/13/goi-shelves-vital-railway-projects-in-jk-36.asp |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> and completed re-survey was submitted to the Railway Board in July 2020. Final Location Survey (FLS) was approved in December 2023.<ref name=newrb1/> DPR was being prepared as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>

{{anchor | BUL }}
* '''[[Baramulla-Uri line]]''': 50 km lone Railway extension from Baramulla to [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] will have one existing ([[Baramulla railway station]]) and several new stations (Sheeri, Gantmulla, Boniyar, Limber, Nougram, Lagama and Uri).<ref name=printext2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/sep/12/rail-network-in-jammu-and-kashmir-likely-to-be-extended-to-loc-2614030.html|title=Rail network in Jammu and Kashmir likely to be extended to LoC|date=12 September 2023}}</ref> Final Location Survey (FLS) was approved in December 2023.<ref name=newrb1/> DPR was being prepared as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>

{{anchor | SKLL }}
* '''[[Srinagar-Kargil-Leh line]]''': on hold as of 2025 due to the present lack of financial feasibility, might be revived in future based on the improved financial feasibility.

{{anchor | ASL}}
* '''[[Awantipora-Shopian line]]''': 27.6 kilometers: commencement of Final Location Survey (FLS) was approved in December 2023,<ref name=newrb1/> which was underway as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>

{{anchor | ABPL }}
* '''[[Anantnag-Bijbehara-Pahalgam line]]''': 77.5 kilometers: commencement of Final Location Survey (FLS) was approved in December 2023,<ref name=newrb1>{{Cite web |title=Final Location Survey of five lines has been sanctioned in Jammu and Kashmir. |work=DailyExcelsior |date=20 December 2023 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/final-survey-of-5-rail-lines-ordered-in-jk-all-in-kashmir-division/ |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily }}</ref> which was underway as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>

{{anchor | UDBL}}
* '''[[Udhampur-Doda-Bhadarwah line]]''': (via [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]), in 2011-12 survey was completed for 224 km Udhampur-Doda-Bhadarwah line including Doda-Kishtwar spur, with negative 5.3.4% rate of return on investment of ₹12,040 crore (2012 price), hence on hold.
** '''[[Doda-Kishtwar line]]''': survey done, on hold (see Udhampur-Doda-Bhadarwah line for the cause).

{{anchor | MTL}}
* '''[[Manwal-Talra line]]''': (north of [[Kathua]]), 117 km, via Ramkote, Billawar, Basholi, and to Dunera (Himachal), survey completed and DPR was being prepared in June 2025.<ref name=surf1>[https://kashmirdespatch.com/lg-sinha-lauds-indian-railways-for-connecting-kashmir-to-national-grid/ LG Sinha lauds Indian Railways for connecting Kashmir to national grid], Kashmir Despatch, 6 Jan 2025.</ref>

{{anchor | JPL}}
* '''[[Jammu-Poonch line]]''': 223 km, via Akhnoor and Rajouri, DPR was being prepared as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>

{{anchor | PLL}}
* '''[[Pathankot-Leh line]]''': 664 km, DPR was being prepared as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>
* '''[[Bhanupli–Leh line]]''': 498 km, DPR was being prepared as of June 2025.<ref name=surf1/>

; High-speed rail
* [[Amritsar–Jammu high-speed rail corridor]]

; Metro rail
* [[Srinagar Metro]]
* [[Jammu Metro]]

===Major engineering marvels===

* [[Anji Khad Bridge]]
* [[Chenab Rail Bridge]]
* [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]]

== Railway stations==
{{anchor | Station | Stations | List of railway stations in the division }}

List of railway stations in Jammu railway division and their station category is as follows.

* [[List of railway stations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NSG-2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" |{{rws|Jammu Tawi}}, {{rws|Budgam}}, {{rws|Srinagar}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NSG-3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" |
{{rws|Pathankot Cantonment}}, {{rws|Banihal}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NSG-4
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" |{{rws|Pathankot Junction}}, {{rws|Baramulla}}, {{rws|Udhampur}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NSG-5
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NSG-6
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HG1
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HG2
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HG3
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}

==See also==

* Railways
** [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|Geostrategic border rail lines of India]]
** [[Transport between India and Pakistan]]
** [[Jammu–Sialkot line]], defunct link to Pakistan
** [[List of railway stations in Punjab]]
** [[Rail transport in Haryana]]

* General
** [[Aerial lift in India]]
** [[Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation|Road transport in J&K]]
** [[Transport in Himachal Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Himachal Pradesh|List of railway stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jammu railway division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Northern Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Patiala Babes

2026-03-26T12:15:30Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting info

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Patiala Babes.png
| developer =
| writer = Rajita Sharma Rahul Sharma
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| creative_director = Kunika Chaudhary Niharika Singh
| producer = Rajita Sharma Vivek Budakoti
| director = Faheim Inamdar Yusuf Ansari
| open_theme = Devendra Bhome
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| company = Katha Kottage Production LLP
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 349
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|11|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|3|27}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV shows axed during lockdown leave lead actors heartbroken|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-shows-axed-during-lockdown-leave-lead-actors-heartbroken/photostory/75697036.cms|website=The Times of India|date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
| theme_music_composer = Devendra Bhome
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
}}
'''''Patiala Babes''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series directed by Faheim Inamdar Yusuf Ansari that premiered on 27 November 2018 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. Produced by Rajita Sharma and Vivek Budakoti under the banner of Katha Kottage. It abruptly ended on 27 March 2020 due to [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sourabh Raaj Jain on why 'Patiala Babes' ended abruptly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sourabh-raaj-jain-on-why-patiala-babes-ended-abruptly/articleshow/75375846.cms|website=The Times of India|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref>

==Seasons overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| '''1'''
| 256
| 27 November 2018
| 19 November 2019
|-
| '''2'''
| 93
| 20 November 2019
| 27 March 2020
|}

==Plot==
Babita, a shy, innocent woman, lives with her in-laws and her 17-year-old, fearless daughter, Mini. Babita's husband, Ashok Khurana returns to India after 17 years. He cheats on Babita with his business partner, Meeta. Heartbroken, Babita leaves the house with Mini, who helps her to divorce Ashok and become independent and self-reliant. Their landlord, Inspector Hanuman Singh motivates them.

Babita open a catering service, Patiala Babes, which becomes successful. Ashok misbehaves with pregnant Meeta and Mini and Babita stand by her. Soon, He repents for his actions and moves to London with Meeta. Hanuman falls for Babita and they get married. After wedding, Babita turns into a busy wife and ignores the catering service and Mini. Mini is shocked by her behavior and takes care of catering.

Babita burns Ashok's letter, which was sent to Mini and sells the catering service to an arrogant agent, Khatri, much to Mini's dismay. Mini decides to purse her dream to become a photographer and wins a scholarship for a cinematography course. She prepares to travel to Australia, shocking Babita and Hanuman. Mini moves abroad after which Babita realizes her mistake. She finds Mini's letter and misses her.

Mini returns to Manali for a project shoot. Delighted, Hanuman tries to meet her. The next day, Mini learns that both Babita and Hanuman have died due to an accident. After that, Mini returns to her home. She meets her half-sister, Arya, who informs the latter about Patiala Babes Restaurant, which was opened by Babita after Mini left. Naeem Bi tells Mini about Babita wish that Mini taking care of the restaurant. Then, Mini changes her decision of going back to Australia and takes the responsibility of restaurant. She hires a new chef, Neil Oberoi, who lives in Mini's house as a tenant.

Mini takes a legal action against Arya's school peon, Keval, who is a child abuser. Everybody supports her and Keval is punished. Eventually, Mini and Neil become closer. Mini learns that Neil is married and now wants to obtain a divorce. She meets his daughter, Kia and tries to leave Neil, remembering her own past. Neil tells Mini about how his wife Isha cheated on him with his friend, Ritwik. After that, Mini takes Neil's side and helps him to take a legal action against Isha.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Ashnoor Kaur]] as Mini "Veer Balika" Babita (formerly Khurana) – Owner of Patiala Babes Restaurant; Babita and Ashok's daughter; Hanuman and Meeta's step-daughter; Arya's half-sister; Neil's love interest<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-feel-like-a-free-bird-right-now-says-patiala-babes-actress-ashnoor-kaur-as-she-finishes-her-board-exams/articleshow/68634190.cms|title=I feel like a free bird right now, says Patiala Babes actress Ashnoor Kaur as she finishes her board exams - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30|last1=Mondal |first1=Sukarna }}</ref> (2018–2020).
* [[Paridhi Sharma]] as Babita "Babes" Chadda Singh – Founder of Patiala Babes Restaurant; Pinku's sister; Ashok's ex-wife; Hanuman's second wife; Mini and Arya's mother<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/patiala-babes-actor-paridhi-sharma-comeback-5467719/|title=Patiala Babes actor Paridhi Sharma: Couldn't have asked for a better comeback|date=2018-11-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> (2018–2019) (Dead)
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as Inspector Hanuman Singh – Imarti's widower; Babita's second husband; Arya's father; Mini's step-father<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/aniruddh-daves-kickboxing-skills-came-in-handy-on-the-sets-of-patiala-babes/20588183|title=Aniruddh Dave's kickboxing skills came in handy on the sets of Patiala Babes|date=2019-03-18|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> (2018–2019) (Dead)
* Saisha Bajaj as Arya "Chutanki" Singh – Babita and Hanuman's daughter; Mini's half-sister (2019–2020)
* [[Saurabh Raj Jain]] as Neil Oberoi – Head chef at Patiala Babes Restaurant; Isha's ex-husband; Kia's father; Mini's love interest (2019–2020)

===Recurring===
* Rushita Vaidya as Preet Kaur – Rano's daughter; Bobby's sister; Mini's best friend; Mickey's fiancée (2018–2020)
* Bhawsheel Sahni as Bobby Singh – Rano's son; Preet's brother; Mini's one-sided lover (2018–2020)
* Mohit Hiranandani as Makhan "Mickey" Singh Ahluwalia – Mini's friend; Preet's fiancé (2018–2019)
* Sandhya Shungloo as Naeem Bi – Irfan's mother; Hanuman's mother-figure; Imran's grandmother; Mini and Arya's grandmother-figure (2019–2020)
* Anoop Puri as Kishenchand Khurana – Shami's husband; Ashok and Lovely's father; Babita's father-figure; Mini's grandfather; Arya's foster grandfather (2018–2020)
* Poonam Sirnaik as Shami Khurana – Kishenchand's wife; Ashok and Lovely's mother; Babita's mother-figure; Mini's grandmother; Arya's foster grandmother (2018–2020)
* [[Bhanujeet Sudan]] as Ashok Khurana – Kishenchand and Shami's son; Lovely's brother; Babita's ex-husband; Meeta's husband; Mini's father <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucnews.in/news/Bhanujeet-Sudan-to-play-the-parallel-lead-in-Patiala-Babes/590994029878656.html|title=Bhanujeet Sudan to play the parallel lead in Patiala Babes|website=www.ucnews.in|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830172920/https://www.ucnews.in/news/Bhanujeet-Sudan-to-play-the-parallel-lead-in-Patiala-Babes/590994029878656.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2018–2019)
* [[Hunar Hali]] as Meeta Basu Khurana – Tapan and Sulekha's daughter; Ashok's business partner turned second wife; Mini's step-mother<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hunar-gandhi-out-of-patiala-babes/articleshow/69825971.cms|title=Hunar Gandhi out of 'Patiala Babes' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref> (2018–2019)
* Jazz Sodhi / Shyn Khurana as Lovely Khurana Chahal – Kishenchand and Shami's daughter; Ashok's sister; Sukhi's wife (2018–2019)
* [[Ashu Sharma]] as Sukhwinder "Sukhi" Chahal – Jatin's brother; Lovely's husband (2018–2019)
* Ushma Rathod as Geeta Kumari – Lalit's wife; Chef in Patiala Babes Restaurant (2019–2020)
* Romit Puri as Inspector Lalit "Laala" Mohan – Hanuman Singh's companion; Geeta's husband (2018–2020)
* Priya Rajput as Raani – Mini and Arya's maid (2019–2020)
* Jasleen Arora as Pooro – Arya's nanny (2019–2020)
* Harish Chhabra as Khursheed – Chef at Patiala Babes Restaurant (2019–2020)
* Deepika Khanna as Simpy – Chef at Patiala Babes Restaurant (2019–2020)
* Lipika Pradhan as Mrs. Lajo – Mini and Arya's school principal (2019–2020)
* Lavishka Gupta as Neha Malhotra – Vinita's daughter; Arya's best friend; Keval's victim (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lavishkagupta.com/ |title=Lavishka Gupta |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331201032/https://lavishkagupta.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Akanksha Gilani as Vinita Malhotra – Neha's mother (2020)
* Rajesh Chetri as Montu – Arya and Mini's neighbor; Arya's former nemesis and later friend (2019–2020)
* Kajal Khanchandani as Mrs. Sandhu – Mini and Arys's neighbour; Montu's grandmother (2019–2020)
* [[Swati Rajput]] as Jazz – Mini's friend in Australia (2019)
* Aparna Ghoshal as Sulekha Basu – Tapan's wife; Meeta's mother (2019)
* Unknown as Tapan Basu – Sulekha's husband; Meeta's father (2019)
* [[Roshni Sahota]] as Imarti Chautala Singh – Sardar's daughter; Hanuman's first wife<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/patiala-babes-roshni-sahota-to-enter-as-anirudh-dave-aka-hanuman-s-wife-1577919-2019-08-06|title=Patiala Babes: Roshni Sahota to enter as Anirudh Dave aka Hanuman's wife|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30|agency=Ist}}</ref> (2019) (Dead)
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Sardar Singh Chautala – Imarti's father (2019)
* Saurabh Sharma as Agent Khatri Seth – Babita and Mini's rival; Kammo's husband (2018–2020)
* Jaspreet Chhabra as Kammo Seth – Khatri's wife; Babita's former friend (2018–2020)
* Sandeep Kapoor as Kartaar Singh – Khatri's best friend (2018–2019)
* Subeer Kasali as Madhu Singh – Kartaar's wife (2018–2019)
* Bindia Kalra as Rano Kaur – Preet and Bobby's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Payas Pandit]] as Poonam – Babita's childhood friend; Rajeev's wife (2019)
* Anshumaan Singh as Pinku Chadda – Babita's brother; Saroj's husband; Sonu and Bahar's father (2018–2019)
* Harmanpreet Kaur as Saroj Chadda – Pinku's wife; Sonu and Bahar's mother (2018–2020)
* Fanish Kataria as Sonu Chadda – Pinku and Saroj's son; Bahar's brother; Mini and Arya's cousin (2018)
* Mahinder Shera as Gurmel Singh – Bobby and Preet's grandfather (2019)
* Mayank Mohan as Manmeet – Mini's rival in college (2019)
* Bharat Bhatia as Kittu Saluja – Kammo's nephew; Preet's ex-fiancé (2019)
* Gaurav Roopdas as Irfaan – Naeem Bi's son; Rukshana's husband; Imraan's father (2019)
* Menali Mundra as Rukshana – Irfaan's wife; Imraan's mother (2019)
* Ariyan Sawant as Imraan – Irfaan and Ruksana's son (2019)
* Kirti Sually as Satto Singh – Hanuman's aunt (2019)
*[[Amrita Prakash]] as Isha – Neil's ex-wife; Kia's mother (2020)
* Avyana Chhorwani as Kia Oberoi – Isha and Neil's daughter (2020)
* Akshay Arora as Milkman – Neil's friend who secretly loves Rani (2020)

==Production==
===Casting===
On 24 October 2019, news came that leads [[Paridhi Sharma]] and [[Aniruddh Dave]], were asked to leave the show overnight after the makers decided to bring Season 2 and leap the storyline by five years.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Paridhi Sharma, Aniruddh Dave out of TV show overnight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paridhi-sharma-aniruddh-dave-out-of-tv-show-overnight/articleshow/71722983.cms|website=The Times of India|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |last2=Maheshwri |first2=Neha }}</ref> [[Saurabh Raj Jain]] was cast as the lead Neil post leap in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sourabh Raaj Jain is the new male lead in Patiala Babes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sourabh-raaj-jain-is-the-new-male-lead-in-patiala-babes-1627732-2019-12-12|website=India Today|date=12 December 2019 }}</ref>

===Cancellation===
On 27 March 2020, owing COVID-19 pandemic, the series was temporarily halted as the shootings were stalled. However, in April 2020, on mutual agreement between the makers and channel, it was decided to terminate the series abruptly.<ref name=":1" /> Producer Rajita Sharma stated, "Ours was always a finite series, but unfortunately we are unable to shoot the remaining episodes because of the lockdown. None of us know when we will be in a position to resume shooting. So, it was a mutual decision to pull it off air."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyhadh 2, Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein and Patiala Babes to go off air post Covid-19 lockdown: report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/beyhadh-2-ishaaron-ishaaron-mein-and-patiala-babes-to-go-off-air-post-covid-19-lockdown-report/story-6w47DO5BAfYmohCWMhYhbK.html|date=21 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Drama Series|Best Drama Series (Jury)]]
|Patiala Babes
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Winners list|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2019-03-20|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>
|-
|Next Generation Star
|rowspan="2"|[[Ashnoor Kaur]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9168160|Patiala Babes}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5971988842001/Patiala-Babes Patiala Babes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307151407/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5971988842001/Patiala-Babes |date=7 March 2020 }} on [[Sony Liv|Sony LIV]]
* [https://www.setindia.com/shows Official website] on [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET India]]

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

T. V. Ibrahim

2026-03-26T05:38:57Z

Tudu Hommie: add content per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = T. V. Ibrahim
| native_name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = TV_IBRAHIM.png
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kondotty]]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse = Sareena P
| birth =
| children = Mohammed Jaseem, Anshid Nuaman, Adila Ibrahim
| source =
| caption =
| education = M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed. (political science)
| alma_mater =
| website =
| succeeded =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pookkottur]]
}}
'''T.V. Ibrahim''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. He is the current MLA of Kondotty, Malappuram.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-05-03|title=Both fronts safeguard seats in Malappuram|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/both-fronts-safeguard-seats-in-malappuram/article34468064.ece|access-date=2022-01-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
T.V. Ibrahim was born on 1 May 1965, in Pookkottur, to Shri T.V. Mohammedhaji and Smt. Ithikkutty K.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=T V Ibrahim(IUML):Constituency- KONDOTTY(MALAPPURAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Kerala2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=351|access-date=2022-01-29|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is married to Smt. Sareena and has one daughter and two sons. He received his master's degree in political science from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 2001, and M.Phil from [[Annamalai University]] in 2008. He also acquired [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed]] and entered into the field of teaching.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
T.V Ibrahim started his political career as the State President and General Secretary of [[Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)|Muslim Students Federation]]. He then went on to become the State Secretary of Youth League, President of Malappuram Block Panchayat (1995-2000) and member of Malappuram District Panchayat (2000–05). Later on he became the Secretary of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] in Malappuram District.

Currently, he is involved as the Secretary of Athanikkal M.I.C Orphanage, President of Athanikkal Public Library and Vice President of P.K.M.I.C. Orphanage, [[Pookkottur]].

He is an Executive Committee Member of State and National Committee of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and has been newly elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":1" />

== Election Performance ==

=== Kerala Legislative Assembly Election 2021 ===
There were 2,05,261 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kondotty]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1133.htm?ac=33|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (33-KONDOTTY)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = T. V. Ibrahim
|votes = 82,759
|percentage = 50.42%
|change ={{gain}}3.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Kattiparuthy Sulaiman Haji
|votes = 65,093
|percentage = 39.66%
|change ={{gain}}0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sheeba Unnikrishnan
|votes = 11,114
|percentage = 6.77%
|change ={{loss}}1.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = Razak Paleri
|votes = 2,579
|percentage = 1.57%
|change ={{no change}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = T. Sivadasan
|votes = 908
|percentage = 0.55%
|change ={{gain}}0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sulaiman Haji
|votes = 905
|percentage = 0.55%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 554
|percentage = 0.34%
|change ={{loss}}0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. V. Ibrahim
|votes = 233
|percentage = 0.14%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 17,666
|percentage = 10.76%
|change ={{gain}}3.64
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,145<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 79.97%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{gain}}0.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing ={{gain}}3.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Kerala Legislative Assembly Election 2016===
There were 1,88,358 registered voters in Kondotty Constituency for the 2016 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] : [[Kondotty]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=T. V. Ibrahim|votes=69,668|percentage=46.58%|change={{decrease}}10.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=K. P. Beeran Kutty|votes=59,014|percentage=39.46%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Ramachandran|votes=12,513|percentage=8.37%|change={{increase}}2.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Nazarudheen Elamaram|votes=3,667|percentage=2.45%|change={{increase}}0.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Saleem Vazhakkad|votes=2,344|percentage=1.57%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=581|percentage=0.39%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Abdul Gaffoor Vavoor|votes=566|percentage=0.38%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. P. Veeran Kutty|votes=442|percentage=0.30%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sulfikar Ali Ambal|votes=316|percentage=0.21%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kadeeja|votes=267|percentage=0.18%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ibrahim Cholakkad|votes=176|percentage=0.12%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,654
|percentage = 7.12%
|change ={{decrease}}16.40
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,49,554|percentage=79.40%|change={{increase}}3.68}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
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|loser = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing ={{decrease}}10.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
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[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]

Persecution of Zoroastrians

2026-03-25T21:22:21Z

Tudu Hommie: refine references based on references and cleaned formatting

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{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}


{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2021}}
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{{Zoroastrianism sidebar|expand=Adherents}}
{{Status of religious freedom |persecution}}

The '''persecution of Zoroastrians''' is a significant aspect of the later part of the community's history. It is speculated that religious strife existed between [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] and [[early Christians]], particularly within the context of the [[Roman–Persian wars|Roman–Persian Wars]], though the extent of this phenomenon remains unclear. While it was a widespread religion in [[West Asia]] for over a millennium, Zoroastrianism began to decline drastically in the aftermath of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]. The conquest of the [[Sasanian Empire]] by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] marked a monumental shift for the former's Zoroastrian-majority society, which was eventually subsumed by the ensuing process of [[Islamization of Iran|Islamization]]. During this period, discrimination and harassment against Zoroastrians typically took place in the form of [[Forced conversion to Islam|forced conversions]] and sparse violence. [[Early Muslims]] who arrived in the region are recorded to have destroyed [[Fire temple|Zoroastrian temples]] or [[Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques|repurposed them as mosques]]. Zoroastrian practices gradually became circumscribed under [[Sharia|Islamic law]], which included the levying of the ''[[jizya]]'', a tax on non-Muslims.<ref name=hou100>{{harvnb|Houtsma|1936|p=100}}, Volume 2</ref>

Early Muslim behaviour with Zoroastrians may have been motivated in part by the fact that they are not explicitly classified as "[[People of the Book]]" in the [[Quran]].<ref name=hou100 /> Although some interpretations do extend this status to the community, the wider consensus among [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]] is that "People of the Book" only identifies the followers of pre-Islamic [[Abrahamic religions]]—chiefly [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]]—and consequently excludes Zoroastrianism, which is classified as an [[Iranian religions|Iranian religion]]. Thus, the relative lack of amnesty and privileges for Zoroastrians at this time prompted a large part of the community to flee from [[History of Iran|Persia]] to neighbouring [[History of India|India]], where they were granted asylum by local kings. The descendants of these Zoroastrian refugees of the [[early Muslim conquests]] are known as the [[Parsi people]], who comprise the most prominent community of [[Zoroastrianism in India|Indian Zoroastrians]] today.

Amidst the waves of exoduses, numerous Zoroastrians stayed in Persia and [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]], primarily to integrate and gain full social status under the reign of the [[caliphate]]s. For approximately 200 years after the collapse of the Sasanian Empire, Persia was ruled by [[Arab Muslims]], but the impact of [[Arabization]] was ultimately not as widespread as the rest of West Asia due to the [[Iranian Intermezzo]], which marked the resurgence of both Iranian self-governance and the [[Persian language]], albeit with an [[Perso-Arabic script|Arabized script]].<ref name=hou100 /> Nevertheless, conditions failed to improve for the community, which continued to intermittently experience persecution as a religious minority under successive Muslim dynasties, such as the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] and the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]].

Beyond India, the [[List of countries by Zoroastrian population|global Zoroastrian population]] is largely concentrated in [[Zoroastrianism in Iran|Iran]], the [[Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan|Kurdistan Region of Iraq]], and [[FEZANA|North America]]. In modern Iran, the religion was held in particularly high esteem under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], which sought to assert pre-Islamic [[Iranian nationalism]] throughout the country. Since the [[Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, it remains formally recognized by the Iranian government, which has allocated one seat in the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]] for the Iranian Zoroastrian community.

==Persecution by Muslims==
{{Islam and other religions}}

===Arab conquest of Persia===
{{main|Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquest of Persia}}
{{further|Early history of Islam}}

Until the Arab invasion and subsequent Muslim conquest, in the mid-7th century [[Persia]] (modern-day [[Iran]]) was a politically independent state, spanning from [[Mesopotamia]] to the [[Hindu Kush]] and dominated by a Zoroastrian majority.<ref name=lap6>{{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=6}}</ref><ref name=khan6>{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=6}}</ref><ref name=khan15>{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=15}}</ref> Zoroastrianism was the official state religion of four pre-Islamic Persian empires,<ref name=sana48>{{harvnb|Sanasarian|2000|p=48}}</ref> the last being the [[Sassanian empire]] that passed a decree solidifying this in 224 CE.<ref name=khan6/><ref name=step1>{{harvnb|Stepaniants|2002|p=1}}</ref> The Arab invasion abruptly brought to an end the religious domination of Zoroastrianism in Persia and instituted Islam as the official religion of the state.<ref name=khan17>{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=17}}</ref><ref name=jack>{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=27}}</ref><ref name=bleek212>{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=212}}</ref>

Yemen's Zoroastrians who had the [[jizya]] imposed on them after being conquered by Muhammad are mentioned by the Islamic historian [[al-Baladhuri]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGKgAAAAMAAJ&q=in+connection+with+the+levying+of+jizya+(poll|title=Jews and Arabs in pre-Islamic Arabia|page=20|isbn=9780860787846|last1=Lecker|first1=Michael|date=January 1998|publisher=Ashgate }}</ref>

After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], Zoroastrians were given [[dhimmi]] status and subjected to persecutions; discrimination and harassment began in the form of regular physical violence.<ref name="st163">{{harvnb|Stepaniants|2002|p=163}}</ref> Those paying Jizya were subjected to insults and humiliation by the tax collectors.<ref name="boy148">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=148}}</ref><ref name="ann205">{{harvnb|Lambton|1981|p=205}}</ref><ref name=mb878 >{{harvnb|Meri|Bacharach|2006|p=878}}</ref> Zoroastrians who were captured as slaves in wars were given their freedom if they converted to Islam.<ref name="boy148" />

Many fire temples, with their four axial arch openings, were usually turned into mosques simply by setting a ''[[mihrab]]'' (prayer niche) on the place of the arch nearest to ''[[qibla]]'' (the direction of Mecca). Zoroastrian temples converted into mosques in such a manner could be found in [[Bukhara]], as well as in and near [[Istakhr]] and other Persian cities.<ref name="Hillenbrand">{{harvnb|Hillenbrand}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} Urban areas where Arab governors made their quarters were most vulnerable to such religious persecution, great fire temples were turned into mosques, and the citizens were forced to conform or flee.<ref name="boy147">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=147}}</ref> Many libraries were burnt and much cultural heritage was lost.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/history/persia_1.shtml#h4 |title=Under Persian rule|publisher=BBC|access-date=16 December 2009}}</ref>

Gradually there were increased number of laws regulating Zoroastrian behavior, limiting their ability to participate in society, and making their life difficult in the hope that they would convert to Islam.<ref name="bbc" /> Over time, persecution of Zoroastrians became more common and widespread, and the number of believers decreased significantly. Many converted, some superficially, to escape the systematic abuse and discrimination by the law of the land.<ref name="boy148" /> According to [[Thomas Walker Arnold]], Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. According to Arnold, for the Persian, he would meet [[Ahura Mazda]] and [[Ahriman]] under the names of [[Allah]] and [[Iblis]].<ref name="Arnold">{{harvnb|Arnold|1896|pp=170–180}}</ref>

Once a Zoroastrian family converted to Islam, the children had to go to a [[madrasa]] to learn Arabic along with the teachings of the Quran, and these children lost their Zoroastrian identity.<ref name="boy148" /> These factors continued to contribute to increasing rates of conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam.<ref>{{harvnb|Choksy|1987|pp=28–30}}</ref> A Persian scholar commented, "Why so many had to die or suffer? Because one side was determined to impose his religion upon the other who could not understand."<ref>{{harvnb|Shojaeddin Shaffa|p=443}}</ref>{{who|date=October 2023}}

In the mid-7th century CE, Persia succumbed to the invading Arabs.<ref name=bleek212 /> With the death of [[Yazdegerd III]], who was slain in 651 after being [[Battle of Oxus River|defeated in battle]], the Sassanid line came to an end and the Zoroastrian faith was replaced by Islam as the national religion of Persia.<ref name=jack />

In the following centuries, Zoroastrians faced much religious discrimination and persecution, harassments, as well as being identified as [[najis]] (polluted) and impure to Muslims, making them unfit to live alongside Muslims, and therefore forcing them to evacuate from cities and face major sanctions in all spheres of life. Zoroastrians have been subject to public humiliation through dress regulations, to being labeled as najis and to exclusion in the fields of society, education and work.<ref name="hj303">{{harvnb|Hinnells|1996|p=303}}</ref>

==== Rashidun Caliphate ====
{{main|Rashidun Caliphate}}
Under the first four (the '[[Rashidun]]') caliphs, Persia remained predominantly Zoroastrian. Zoroastrians were given the status of '[[People of the Book]]' or {{Transliteration|ar|[[dhimmi]]}} by the Arabs, although some practices contrary to Islam were prohibited. Many libraries were burnt and much cultural heritage was lost.<ref name="bbc" /><ref>{{harvnb|Gordon|2005|p=28}}</ref>

==== Umayyad Caliphate ====
The Rashidun were followed by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], who ruled from [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]. The persecution increased in the 8th century.{{sfn|Boyce|2001|p=150}} The {{Transliteration|ar|[[jizya]]}} tax was imposed upon Zoroastrians, and the official language of Persia became Arabic instead of the local Persian.{{sfn|Spuler|1994|p=41}} In 741, the Umayyads officially decreed that non-Muslims be excluded from governmental positions.{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2006|p=19}}

The Iranian Muslims at this time started a new tradition, which made Islam appear as a partly Iranian religion. They pointed out that an Iranian, [[Salman the Persian]], had a great influence on the prophet Muhammad. They also pointed out the legend that [[Husayn]], the son of [[Ali]] the fourth caliph, had married a Sassanian princess named [[Shahrbanu]] ({{lit.|Lady of the Land}}), whose son, [[Ali al-Sajjad]], later became the fourth [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shi'a Imam]].<ref name="bm151">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=151}}</ref> The Iranian Muslims thus believed that the Shia imams descended from Sasanian royalty.<ref name="bm151" /><ref name="fez">{{cite web|url=http://zoreled.org/historyzorislamiciran.aspx|title=History of Zoroastrians in Islamic Iran|work=FEZANA Religious Education|access-date=20 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505090009/http://zoreled.org/historyzorislamiciran.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> These two beliefs made it easier for Zoroastrians to convert. An instance of religious oppression is recorded when an Arab governor appointed a commissioner to supervise the destruction of shrines throughout Iran, regardless of treaty obligations.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=150}}</ref> The Umayyad caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] was quoted saying, "milk the Persians and once their milk dries, suck their blood".<ref>{{harvnb|al-Tabari|p=171}}</ref>

The Umayyad general [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallad]] was appointed the head of a great army to lead the [[Mazandaran]] expedition.<ref name=irhis>{{cite web|url=http://www.fouman.com/history/Iranian_History_0714.html|title=Tabarestan Remains Invincible|work=Iranian History|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125034737/http://www.fouman.com/history/Iranian_History_0714.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the way to Mazandaran, the general ordered captives to be hanged at the two sides of the road so that the victorious Arab army could pass through. The attack on [[Tabarestan]] (present-day Mazandaran) failed, but he established his control in [[Gorgan]].<ref name=irhis /> By the orders of Yazid, so many Persians were beheaded in Gorgan that their blood mixed with water would energize the millstone to produce as much as one day meal for him, as he had vowed.<ref name=gatha>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatha.org/english/articles/000258.html |title=The History of Zoroastrians After Arab Invasion |author=Daryush Jahanian |work=European Centre for Zoroastrian Studies |access-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414093548/http://www.gatha.org/english/articles/000258.html |archive-date=14 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name=tab>{{harvnb|Ibn Esfandiar|1941|p=120}}</ref> The extent of his brutality represented itself by running watermills by people's blood for three days and he fed his army with the bread made from that very bloody flour.<ref name=irhis /> But Tabarestan remained unconquered until the majority of [[Zoroastrians]] migrated towards India and the rest converted to Islam gradually.<ref name=irhis />

Although the Umayyads were harsh when it came to defeating their Zoroastrian adversaries, claiming responsibility for many of the atrocities towards the Zoroastrian population during warfare,<ref name=stepa>Marietta Stepaniants, ''Philosophy East and West'' Vol. 52, No. 2 (April 2002), pp. 163</ref> they did offer protection and relative religious tolerance to the Zoroastrians who accepted their authority.<ref name=stepa/> Caliph [[Umar II]] was reported to have said in one of his letters commanding not to "destroy a synagogue or a church or temple of fire worshippers (meaning the Zoroastrians) as long as they have reconciled with and agreed upon with the Muslims".<ref>Recorded by Ibn Abu Shayba in Al-Musanaf and Abu 'Ubaid Ibn Sallam in his book ''Al-Amwal'', p. 123</ref> [[Fred Donner]] says that Zoroastrians in the northern parts of Iran were hardly penetrated by the "believers", winning virtually complete autonomy in-return for tribute-tax ({{Transliteration|ar|jizya}})).<ref name=donner>Fred M. Donner, ''Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam'' (May 2010), pp. 110–111</ref> Donner goes on to say that "Zoroastrians continued to exist in large numbers in northern and western Iran and elsewhere for centuries after the rise of Islam, and indeed, much of the canon of Zoroastrian religious texts was elaborated and written down during the Islamic period".<ref name=donner/>

==== Abbasid Caliphate ====
The Umayyads were followed by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], which came to power with the help of Iranian Muslims in the [[Abbasid Revolution]]. The persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids, temples and sacred-fire shrines were destroyed.<ref name="stp166">{{harvnb|Stepaniants|2002|p=166}}</ref> Also during Abbasid rule, the status of Zoroastrians in Persian lands was reduced from {{Transliteration|ar|dhimmi}}—people who were protected by the state and generally considered '[[People of the Book]]'—to '[[kafirs]]' (non-believers).<ref name="stp166" /><ref name="br100">{{harvnb|Berkey|2003|p=100}}</ref> As a result, Zoroastrians were not granted the same rights and status as [[Jews]] and [[Christians]].<ref name="br100" /> Iranian Muslims were welcomed to the court, but not Zoroastrians.<ref name="fez" /> Zoroastrians were denied access to bathhouses on the grounds that their bodies were ''[[najis]]'' (ritually unclean).<ref name="br100" />

Hardly any Zoroastrian family was able to avoid conversion to Islam when employed by the Abbasids.<ref name=khan29>{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=29}}</ref> Because of their harshness towards unbelievers, and due to their lavish patronage of Persian Muslims, the Abbasids proved to be deadly foes of Zoroastrianism.<ref name=bm152>{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=152}}</ref>
According to Dawlatshah, [[Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani]], an Arabicized Persian,<ref name="iranicaonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii2-islamic-period-page-2|title=IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period – Encyclopaedia Iranica|publisher=iranicaonline.org|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> and governor of Khorasan for the Abbasid caliphs,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abdallah-b-taher-governor|title=Abdollah ibn Tahir|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> banned publication in Persian and by his order all Zoroastrians were forced to bring their religious books to be thrown in the fire.<ref name=khan29 /><ref name=zagny>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamwi.org/religion/Sassanian.html|title=Religion After the Fall of the Sassanians|author= Dr. Rustom Kevala|work=ZAMWI|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207194004/http://zamwi.org/religion/Sassanian.html|access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> As a result, many literary works written in Pahlavi script disappeared.<ref name=khan29 /> During the Abbasid reign the Zoroastrians, for the first time became a minority in Iran.

Nevertheless, there were many cases of toleration during the Abbasid era, particularly under the reign of [[al-Mu'tasim]], who flogged an [[imam]] and [[muezzin]] for destroying a fire-temple and replacing it with a mosque.<ref name="Arnold" /> Al-Mu'tasim allowed rebuilding and the establishment of Zoroastrian fire temples in many places within the borders of the Abbasid Caliphate.<ref name=wiley>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, eds. M. Stausberg & Y. S.-D. Vevaina, 2015, pp. 110</ref> It was reported that there were still a significant strength of strongholds of the Zoroastrian communities in places such as [[Kerman]], [[Qom]], [[Sistan]], Fars and more that were surviving under the Abbasid regime. This is not only attested by European explorers of later times, but also the Muslim historians who were present.<ref name=wiley/>

=== Iranian Intermezzo ===

==== Saffarid dynasty ====
The Abbasids were followed by the [[Saffarids]]. Zoroastrians lived under the leadership of their High Priest, since they had no king. In Iraq, the political center of the [[Sassanian]] state, Zoroastrian institutions were viewed as appendages of the royal government and family, and suffered much destruction and confiscation.<ref name="br100" /> Closely associated with the power structures of the [[Persian Empire]], Zoroastrian clergy quickly declined after it was deprived of the state support.<ref name="bl17">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|p=17}}</ref><ref name="sn27">{{harvnb|Stillman|1979|p=27}}</ref>

==== Samanid dynasty ====
The [[Samanids]] were of Zoroastrian theocratic nobility who voluntarily converted to [[Sunni Islam]]. During their reign, approximately 300 years after the Arab conquest, fire temples were still found in almost every province of [[Persia]] including [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Kerman province|Kirman]], [[Sijistan]]<ref name ="Arnold" /> and other areas under Samanid control. According to [[Al-Shahrastani]], there were fire-temples even in [[Baghdad]] at the time. The historian [[Al-Masudi]], a Baghdad-born Arab, who wrote a comprehensive treatise on history and geography in about 956, records that after the conquest:

{{blockquote|Zoroastrianism, for the time being, continued to exist in many parts of Iran. Not only in countries which came relatively late under Muslim sway (e.g., Tabaristan) but also in those regions which early had become provinces of the Muslim empire. In almost all the Iranian provinces, according to Al Masudi, fire temples were to be found – the Madjus he says, venerate many fire temples in [[Iraq]], [[Fars province|Fars]], [[Kerman province|Kirman]], [[Sistan]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Tabaristan]], al Djibal, [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]].}}

He also added [[Sindh]] and Sin of the [[Indian subcontinent]] (Al-Hind) to the list. This general statement of al Masudi is fully supported by the medieval geographers who make mention of fire temples in most of the Iranian towns.<ref name=hou100 />

===10th–20th centuries===

====Continued Zoroastrian exodus to India====
{{Main|Parsis}}
{{See also|Parsi–Muslim riots}}
[[File:Parsi wedding portrait with Dastur MN Dhalla.jpg|thumb|A Parsi wedding portrait, 1948]]

The Zoroastrians moved to India in successive migrations in the Islamic period. The generally accepted narrative of migration emphasises religious persecution by invading Muslims, while identifying Parsis as religious refugees. According to the account, the Zoroastrians suffered at their hands and in order to protect themselves and safeguard their religion, fled first to northern Iran, then to the [[Hormuz Island|island of Hormuz]] and finally to India. Recently, scholars have questioned this explanation of Iranian origins. There is a scarcity of sources about the migration. Historians are forced to rely exclusively on ''[[Qissa-i Sanjan]]'' written in 1599 by a Parsi priest and ''Qissah-ye Zartushtian-e Hindustan'' written more than 200 years later. This is complicated by the fact that there were already Zoroastrians in India in the Sasanian period.<ref name=Ringer>{{harvnb|Ringer|2011|pp=25–26}}</ref> According to the legend, at the beginning of the 10th century a small group of Zoroastrians living around the town of Nyshapour and [[Sanjan (Khorasan)|Fort of Sanjan]] in the province of [[Greater Khorasan|(greater) Khorasan]], decided that Iran was no longer safe for Zoroastrians and their religion. The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of [[Sanjan (Gujarat)]], which is said to have been named after the city of their origin ([[Sanjan (Khorasan)|Sanjan]], near [[Merv]], in present-day [[Turkmenistan]]).<ref name="Hodivala 1920 88">{{harvnb|Hodivala|1920|p=88}}</ref>

Iranian Zoroastrians are known to have been trading with India for centuries before the dates calculated for arrival of Parsis per [[Qissa-i Sanjan]]. Ruksana Nanji and Homi Dhalla while discussing archaeological evidence for 'The Landing of Zoroastrians at Sanjan', conclude that the most likely date for the migration at the start of the middle phase of their chronology, namely the early-to-mid-eighth century. Nevertheless, they express their general skepticism about the Qissa-i Sanjan account.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=205–206}}</ref> Scholar Andre Wink has theorized that Zoroastrian immigrants to India, both before and after the Muslim conquest of Iran, were primarily merchants, since evidence suggests it was only some time after their arrival that religious experts and priests were sent for to join them. He argues that the competition over trade routes with Muslims may also have contributed to their immigration.<ref name=Ringer/>

Although historically unsubstantiated, the story of how Zoroastrians gained permission to step on the shores of [[Gujarat]] continues to be critical to the self-identity of the group. Per the commonly told narrative, the [[Rajah]] of [[Sanjan (Gujarat)|Sanjan]], summoned them and demanded to know how they would not be a burden on or a threat to the indigenous communities. Replying to their request of practising their religion and till the land, he showed them a jug full of milk, saying Sanjan like it was full. In one version, a [[dastur]] added a coin to the milk, saying like the coin, no one would be able to see that they were there but they would enrich the milk nonetheless. In another version, he added sugar instead and claimed that like it, they would sweeten lands of Sanjan. In both of them their settlement is approved by the Rajah who addresses certain conditions for it: they would explain their religion, promise not to proselytise, adopt Gujarati speech and dress, surrender their weapons and only conduct their rituals after nightfall.<ref>{{harvnb|Becci|Burchardt|Casanova|2013|p=75}}</ref>

One of the dates that can be fixed with certainty is the arrival of Parsees in [[Navsari]] when a [[mobed]] named Kamdin Zarthost arrived there in 1142 CE to perform religious ceremonies for Zoroastrians settled there. Traditionally, the Parsee settlers had named it Navsari after [[Sari (city)|Sari]] in Iran. However this was considered wrong by the [[Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency]] who noted that the town was already shown in [[Ptolemy]]'s map.<ref>{{harvnb|Paymaster|1954|page=19}}</ref>

Apart from two accounts of confrontation in the Qissa, Parsi lore presents a smooth integration into the local culture of first their Hindu, and then Muslim neighbors.<ref>{{harvnb|Rose|2011|page=194}}</ref> The community still exists in western India, and it currently contains the largest concentration of Zoroastrians in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Writer|1989|p=130}}</ref> "Parsi legends regarding their ancestors' migration to India depict a beleaguered band of religious refugees escaping the harsh rule of fanatical Muslim invaders in order to preserve their ancient faith."<ref>{{harvnb|Maneck|1997|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Paymaster|1954|pp=2–3}}</ref> The epic poem [[Qissa-i Sanjan|Qissa-i-Sanjan (Story of Sanjan)]] is an account of the early years of Zoroastrian settlers on the Indian subcontinent. It is only in recent times that Parsis have become aware of the extent of the oppression that their ancestors in Iran had to endure.<ref name="hj303" />

====Safavid dynasty====
Zoroastrians had difficult time during the Safavid period and faced repeated persecution and forced conversion.<ref>{{harvnb|Price|2005|p=73}}</ref> Safavid kings sought to compel them to accept Shia Islam, Sunnis too were forced to convert to Shia or were persecuted, imprisoned, exiled, or killed.<ref>The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world. Francis Robinson, p. 72.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pfrUjjLbv3wC&dq=sunni+iran&pg=RA1-PA51 Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict]. William Spencer, p. 51.</ref><ref name=ram40>{{harvnb|Ramazani|2002|p=40}}</ref> Zoroastrians were also branded as impure, in addition to being infidels.<ref>{{harvnb|Abisaab|2004|p=104}}</ref> As earlier in the century, so this period also witnessed sporadic campaigns for the conversion of Armenians and Zoroastrians, focusing blame for economic and other ills on these and other minorities whose involvement in the [[spice]] export, for example, was well known.<ref>{{harvnb|Newman|2006|p=106}}</ref>

In the early 16th century the great Safavid king, [[Shah Abbas I]] settled a number of Zoroastrians in a suburb of his new capital, Isfahan. The suburb of Isfahan where the Zoroastrians lived was called Gabr-Mahal, Gabristan or Gabrabad, derived from the word Gabr.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Europeans who visited his court left accounts of the 'Gabars' or 'Gabrs' (an insulting term used for Zoroastrians by the Muslims{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}), agree on the poverty and simplicity of their lives.<ref>{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=213}}</ref> Fearing desecration by Muslims, Zoroastrians hid the sacred fires, and conversed in a newly invented dialect called Dari.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Later Safavid kings were not as tolerant as Shah Abbas. [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi]] persuaded [[Sultan Husayn]] (1688–1728 CE) to decree the forcible conversion of Zoroastrians;<ref>{{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=243}}</ref> those who refused were killed.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

The accounts in ''Mino Khirad'', written during the Safavid period, demonstrate that the Zoroastrians were subjected to harassment by the Shi'ite majority, their places of worship were under a constant threat of being destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=100}}</ref> By 1707, when [[Cornelis de Bruijn|Le Bruyn]] visited [[Isfahan]], the Zoroastrians were no longer able practice their religion freely. He notes that the most deprived Zoroastrians had been brought to Isfahan, and had been forced to become Muslim three years earlier.<ref name=khan101>{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=101}}</ref> In 1821, [[Robert Ker Porter|Ker Porter]] visiting Isfahan notes that there were hardly any Zoroastrians left in Isfahan and Gabrabad was in ruins.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

====Qajar dynasty====

[[File:A Zoroastrian Family Teheran 1910.JPG|A Zoroastrian family in Qajar Iran, circa 1910|thumb|right]]

A Zoroastrian astrologer named Mulla Gushtasp predicted the fall of the [[Zand dynasty]] to the Qajar army in Kerman. Because of Gushtasp's forecast, the Zoroastrians of Kerman were spared by the conquering army of [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]]. Despite the aforementioned favorable incident, the Zoroastrians during the [[Qajar dynasty]] remained in agony and their population continued to decline. Even during the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the dynasty, many Zoroastrians were killed and some were taken as captives to [[Azerbaijan]].<ref name=sh21>{{harvnb|Shahmardan|p=125}}</ref> Zoroastrians regard the Qajar period as one of their worst.<ref name=price111>{{harvnb|Price|2005|p=111}}</ref>

Many foreign visitors to Iran of the time had commented on their pitiful situation.<ref name=price111 /><ref name=hast150 /> Traveller [[A. V. Williams Jackson|A.V.W. Jackson]] noted that Zoroastrians lived in constant fear of persecution by Muslim extremists and their lives were in danger whenever the fanatical spirit of Islam broke out, such as the one witnessed by him in [[Yazd]].<ref name=jack376>{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=376}}</ref> According to [[Edward Granville Browne|Edward Browne]], the wall of Zoroastrian houses had to be lower than that of the Muslims and prohibited from marking their houses with distinctive signs.<ref name="ann207">{{harvnb|Lambton|1981|p=207}}</ref> Zoroastrians were forbidden from erecting new houses and repairing old ones.<ref name=hast150 /><ref name=kara78 />

Various methods were used to proselytize the minorities. According to a law, if any member of family converted to Islam, he/she was entitled to all inheritance.<ref name=hast150>{{harvnb|Selbie|1914|p=150}}</ref><ref name=kara78>{{harvnb|Karaka|1884|p=78}}</ref><ref name=brw72>{{harvnb|Browne|1893|p=372}}</ref> They were forbidden from taking up lucrative occupations.<ref name=hast150 /> The community was regarded as outcast, impure and untouchable.<ref name=hast150 /> The Zoroastrians and their food was considered impure<ref name=price111 /><ref name=hast150 /> and many public places refused to serve them. When they shopped in the bazaar, they were not allowed to touch any food or fruits.<ref name=ram40 /> They were threatened with forced conversions, beaten up and fleeced,{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} and their religious sanctuaries were regularly desecrated.<ref name=hast150 /> Harassments and persecution were the norms of daily life.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|1893|p=371}}</ref> Zoroastrians were often attacked and beaten by Muslims in the streets.<ref name=ram40 /> The murders of Zoroastrians were not punished.<ref name=hast150 /> At times, Zoroastrian girls were kidnapped and forcefully converted and married to Muslims and brought to town in fanfare.<ref name=brw72 />

Zoroastrians were subjected to public discrimination through dress regulations<ref name=price111 /><ref name=hast150 /> – not allowed to wear new or white clothes,<ref name=hast150 /> and compelled by enactments to wear the dull yellow raiment already alluded to as a distinguishing badge.<ref name=mb878 /><ref name=hast150 /><ref name=kara78 /> They were not allowed to wear overcoats but were compelled to wear long robes called ''qaba'' and cotton ''geeveh'' on their feet even in winter.<ref name="ram40" /> Wearing eyeglasses,<ref name=price111 /> long cloak, trousers, hat, boots,<ref name=ram40 /> socks, winding their turbans tightly and neatly,<ref name=brown370>{{harvnb|Browne|1893|p=370}}</ref> carrying watches or rings,<ref name=jack377>{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=377}}</ref> were all forbidden to Zoroastrians. During the rainy days they were not allowed carry umbrellas<ref name=price111 /> or to appear in public, because the water that had run down through their bodies and cloths could pollute the Muslims. Zoroastrian men in Yazd would carry a large shawl that they would place under their feet when visiting a Muslim's home so as to prevent the carpet from being polluted.<ref name=ram40 /> Forbidden from riding horses<ref name=mb878 /><ref name=hast150 /><ref name="ann207" /><ref name=kara78 /> and only allowed to ride mules or donkeys,<ref name=price111 /><ref name=hast150 /> upon facing a Muslim they had to dismount.<ref name=brown370 /> The general proscription against Zoroastrians' riding horses and donkeys was lifted by [[Reza Shah]] in 1923.<ref name=ram41>{{harvnb|Ramazani|2002|p=41}}</ref>

On top of all the misery the Zoroastrians had to pay a heavy religious tax known as Jizya.<ref name=price111 /> Zoroastrian sources record the method of extracting this as designed to humiliate the dhimmi, the taxed person, who was compelled to stand while the officer receiving the money sat on a high throne. Upon receiving the payment, the officer gave the dhimmi a blow on the neck and drove him roughly away. The public was invited to watch the spectacle.<ref name=ram38-39>{{harvnb|Ramazani|2002|pp=38–39}}</ref> Arab tax collectors would mock Zoroastrians for wearing ''[[Kushti]]'' and would rip it off, hanging the cord around the necks of the beleaguered faithful.<ref name=ram38>{{harvnb|Ramazani|2002|p=38}}</ref> Due to corruption of the tax officials, at times twice and even three times the official figure would be collected, because every intermediary had to receive his share. If the families could not afford paying the Jizya, their children were beaten and even tortured and their religious books were thrown in fire. That is how the term "the bookless" came about. Under the woeful conditions, some had to convert and there were those who declared themselves Muslims, picked up Islamic names, but in secret continued Zoroastrian practices. Today the latter group among the Zoroastrians is known as Jaddid. In response to persecution and segregation policies, the Zoroastrians community became closed, introverted, and static.<ref name=price111 />

Zoroastrian massacres did not cease during the Qajar rule. The last two are recorded at the villages surrounding the city of Boarzjan and Turkabad near [[Yazd]]. Today, the village of Maul Seyyed Aul near Borazjan, among the local people is known as "killing site" (Ghatl-Gauh),<ref name=sh21 /> and Zoroastrian surnames of Turk, Turki, Turkian and Turkabadi reflect lineage to the survivors of Turkabad. In the 1850s, [[Arthur de Gobineau|Comte de Gobineau]], the French Ambassador to Iran, wrote: "Only 6000 of them are left and just a miracle may save them from extinction. These are the descendants of the people who one day ruled the world."<ref>{{harvnb|Comte de Gobineau|1869|p=}}</ref>

Due to the extent of oppression, and destitution, many Zoroastrians ventured to the hazardous journey to India. Those who could not afford the voyage aboard the ships, risked their lives by crossing the hostile desert on donkeys or even on foot.<ref name=zagny /> In India, they were recognized for [[Sedreh]] and [[Kushti]] and were sheltered by their Parsi brethren. There, they formed the second major Indian Zoroastrian community known as the [[Irani (India)|Iranis]].

===== Indian Zoroastrian aid efforts =====
When the news of their plight reached the Parsis, who by this time had become quite prosperous, Parsi funds were set up to help the Iranian Zoroastrians and emissaries were dispatched to Iran.<ref name=zagny /> A Parsi philanthropist, [[Maneckji Limji Hataria]], was sent to help them. He found only 7711 Zoroastrians in [[Kerman]], [[Yazd]] and [[Tehran]] (now the capital of Iran). Using his influence with the British government he managed to get some of the repression against Zoroastrians removed. ''Jizya'' was paid by the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] minority until 1882,<ref name=sana49>{{harvnb|Sanasarian|2000|p=49}}</ref> when it was removed by pressure on the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] government from the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund.<ref>"The Zoroastrians who remained in Persia (modern Iran) after the Arab–Muslim conquest (7th century CE) had a long history as outcasts. Although they purchased some toleration by paying the jizya (poll tax), not abolished until 1882, they were treated as an inferior race, had to wear distinctive garb, and were not allowed to ride horses or bear arms."[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9035741/Gabars Gabars], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 29 May 2007.</ref>

[[Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe|The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe]] (ZTFE), also attempted to alleviate the conditions of their Iranian brethren. Both Dadabhai Naoroji and [[Mancherjee Bhownagree]], as presidents of the ZTFE and Members of Parliament addressed the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] on the issue of the persecution of [[Zoroastrians in Iran]]. On the six occasions, Shah [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] visited London; Parsi delegations from the ZTFE were present to advocate for their Iranian co-religionists suffering the intense persecution of the [[Qajar dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain|isbn=9781850650928|last1=Ballard|first1=Roger|year=1994|publisher=Hurst |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/deshpardeshsouth0000unse}}</ref>

====Islamic Republic of Iran====
The 1979 [[Iranian revolution|Islamic revolution]] was equally traumatic for the remaining Zoroastrians, and their numbers reduced drastically.<ref>{{harvnb|Sanasarian|2000}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Amighi|1990}}</ref> Immediately after the revolution, during [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]]'s premiership, Muslim revolutionaries "walked into the main [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire temple]] in Tehran and removed the portrait of the Prophet [[Zoroaster]] and replaced it with one of [Ayatollah] [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Fischer|2003|p=229}}</ref>

However, just like the [[Armenian-Iranians|Armenian]], [[Assyrians in Iran|Assyrian]] and [[Persian Jews|Persian Jewish]] communities, Zoroastrians are officially recognized and on the grounds of the 1906 Constitution allocated one seat in the [[Majlis of Iran|Iranian Parliament]], formally held by [[Esfandiar Ekhtiyari|Esfandiar Ekhtiari Kassnavieh]] and currently held by [[Behshid Barkhodar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Out-marriage and low birth rates affect the growth of Iran's Zoroastrian population<ref>[[Richard Foltz]], "Zoroastrians in Iran: What Future in the Homeland?” ''Middle East Journal'' 65/1 (2011): 73-84.</ref> which, according to Iran's 2012 census results, stood at 25,271, though this represented an increase of 27.5% on the 2006 population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iran.unfpa.org/Documents/Census2011/2011%20Census%20Selected%20Results%20-%20Eng.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116105123/http://iran.unfpa.org/Documents/Census2011/2011%20Census%20Selected%20Results%20-%20Eng.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Sepanta Niknam]] was elected to the city council of [[Yazd]] and became the first Zoroastrian councillor in Iran.<ref>{{citation|title=Iran Suspends Zoroastrian Member of Yazd City Council|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/10/09/world/middleeast/ap-ml-iran-religious-minorities.html|access-date=9 October 2017|date=9 October 2017|agency =Associated Press|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Persecution by Christians==
According to [[Mary Boyce]], Zoroastrians living under [[Christianity|Christian]] rule in [[Asia Minor]] were noted to have undergone hardship,<ref name="boy119">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=119}}</ref> notably during the long [[Roman–Persian Wars|conflict between the Roman Empire and Persia]]. Christians living in Sassanian-held territory were noted to have destroyed many fire-temples and Zoroastrian places of worship.<ref name="ns37">{{harvnb|Nigosian|1993|p=37}}</ref> Christian priests deliberately extinguished the sacred fire of the Zoroastrians and characterized adherents as "followers of the wicked Zardusht (Zoroaster), serving false gods and the natural elements."<ref name="ns37" />

==Sectarianism in medieval Zoroastrianism==
{{Further|Mazdakism}}
[[Mazdak]]ism was viewed by the Zoroastrian hierarchy as a [[heresy]] and its followers were persecuted by Zoroastrian Sassanian leaders. The Sassanian ruler [[Khosrau I]] launched a campaign against the Mazdakis in 524 or 528, culminating in a massacre which killed most of them, including Mazdak himself and restored orthodox Zoroastrianism as the state religion.<ref name="wher66">{{harvnb|Wherry|1896|p=66}}</ref>

Various accounts specify the way of death: for example, the [[Shahnameh]] states that the three thousand Mazdakis were buried alive with the feet upwards in order to present Mazdak with the spectacle of a "human garden", whereas Mazdak himself was hanged upside down and shot with countless arrows; other stories specify other torturous methods of execution. In any case, Anushiravan then proceeded to implement his own far-reaching social and administrative reforms.<ref name="yar1022">{{harvnb|Yarshater|p=1022}}</ref> Mazdakism almost disappeared after the massacre.<ref name="hou432">{{harvnb|Houtsma|1936|p=432}}, Volume 2</ref> Later, there were instances in which Zoroastrian clergy were assisted by Muslims against Zoroastrians whom the Zoroastrian clergy considered to be heretics or separatists.<ref name="hou100" />

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[Parsis|Parsis of India]]
* [[Irani (India)|Iranis of India]]
* [[Zoroastrianism in Iran]]
* [[Qissa-i Sanjan|Qissa-i Sanjan (Story of Sanjan)]]
* [[Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques]]
* [[History of Bukhara]]
* [[Persecution of Buddhists by Zoroastrians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{Citation|last=Rose|first=Jenny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POkC2YC31RgC&q=smooth+integration&pg=PA194|title=Zoroastrianism: An Introduction|publisher=I.B. Tauris|page=194|isbn=978-1848850880|year=2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Sanasarian|first=Eliz|title=Religious minorities in Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpQCjXm0HAwC&pg=PP1|pages=228|year=2000|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521770736}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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* {{Citation|last =Shahmardan|first =Rashid|title =History of Zoroastrians past Sasanians}}
* {{Citation|author=Shojaeddin Shaffa |title= Tavalodī Dīgar (Another Birth)|trans-title=Another Birth|language=fa|edition=3}}
* {{Citation|last=Spuler|first=Bertold|title=A History of the Muslim World: The age of the caliphs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGqTkLUslDEC&pg=PP1|pages=138|year=1994|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=9781558760950}}
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* {{Citation|last =Wherry|first =Rev. Elwood Morris |title =A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran: Comprising [[Sale's Translation]] and Preliminary Discourse |year=1896|publisher =K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co.}}
* {{Citation|last =Williams|first =Alan|title =The Zoroastrian Myth of Migration from Iran and Settlement in the Indian Diaspora: Text, Translation and Analysis of the 16th Century Qesse-ye Sanjān 'The Story of Sanjan|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7i2wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|pages =205, 206|year =2009|publisher =Brill|isbn =978-9047430421}}
* {{Citation| doi=10.2307/4299826| last=Writer| first=Rashna| title=Parsi Identity| journal=Iran| url=http://www.bips.ac.uk/journal/journal| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429102355/http://www.bips.ac.uk/journal/journal| url-status=dead| archive-date=29 April 2007| volume=27| pages=129–131| publisher=British Institute of Persian Studies| year=1989| jstor=4299826| url-access=subscription}}
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* {{Citation|last=Zeidan|first =Georgie|title=The History of the Islamic Civilization|volume=III}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Gholami |first1=S. |title=On the terminology designating the Zoroastrians of Iran and their language |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2022 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=47–72 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X22000313}}

{{Religious persecution}}{{Discrimination}}{{Zoroastrianism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Persecution of Zoroastrians}}
[[Category:Forced migration in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:Persecution by Muslims]]
[[Category:Religious persecution by victim|Zoroastrians]]

Bhagavan

2026-03-25T19:50:19Z

Tudu Hommie: basic enhance page as per guidelines and updated info

{{short description|Epithet for god, lord, blessed one in Hinduism and Buddhism}}
{{other uses|Bhagavan (disambiguation)}}
{{Original research|date=June 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Vishnu Kumartuli Park Sarbojanin Arnab Dutta 2010.JPG|thumb|Statue of Vishnu, Bhagavan in Vaishnavism]]
The word '''Bhagavan''' ({{langx|sa|भगवान्|Bhagavān}}; {{langx|pi|Bhagavā|italics=yes}}), also spelled as '''Bhagwan''' (sometimes translated in English as "[[Lord]]", "[[God]]"), is an epithet within [[Indian religions]] used to denote figures of religious worship. In Hinduism it is used to signify a [[deity]] or an ''[[avatar]]'', particularly for [[Krishna]] and [[Vishnu]] in [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shiva]] in [[Shaivism]] and [[Durga]] or [[Adi Shakti]] in [[Shaktism]].<ref name="james">James Lochtefeld (2000), "Bhagavan", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, page 94</ref><ref name="friha">Friedhelm Hardy (1990), The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415058155}}, pages 79-83</ref> In [[Jainism]] the term refers to the [[Tirthankara]]s, and in [[Buddhism]] to the [[Buddha]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E.|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|page=108}}</ref>

In many parts of India and [[South Asia]], Bhagavan represents the concept of a universal God or Divine to [[Hindus]] who are spiritual and religious but do not worship a specific deity.<ref name=james/>


In ''[[bhakti]]'' school literature, the term is typically used for any deity to whom [[prayer]]s are offered. A particular deity is often the devotee's one and only Bhagavan.<ref name="friha" /> The female equivalent of Bhagavān is [[Bhagavati|Bhagavatī]].<ref>Friedhelm Hardy (1990), The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415058155}}, page 84</ref><ref>Sarah Caldwell (1998), Bhagavati, in Devi: Goddesses of India (Editors: John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814912}}, pages 195-198</ref> To some Hindus, the word Bhagavan is an abstract, genderless concept of God.

In Buddhism's Pali and Sanskrit [[Buddhist texts|scriptures]], the term is used to denote [[Gautama Buddha|The Buddha]], referring him as ''Bhagavā'' or ''Bhagavān'' (translated with the phrase "Lord" or "The Blessed One").<ref>The latter term preferred by Bhikkhu Bodhi in his English translations of the Pali Canon</ref><ref>Ju-Hyung Rhi (1994), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250056 From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art], Artibus Asiae, Vol. 54, No. 3/4, pages 207-225</ref> The term Bhagavan is also found in [[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana|Tantra]] Buddhist texts.<ref name=johncampbell/><ref name=peterharvey/>

==Etymology and meaning==
''Bhagavān'', nominative singular of the adjective ''Bhagavat'', literally means "fortunate", "blessed" (from the noun ''{{IAST|[[bhaga]]}}'', meaning "fortune", "wealth"), and hence "illustrious", "divine", "venerable", "holy", etc.<ref name="MD">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D&searchhws=yes Macdonell Sanskrit-English dictionary]</ref> ''Bhagavān'' is related to the root ''Bhaj'' (भज्, "to revere", "adore"), and implies someone "glorious", "illustrious", "revered", "venerable", "divine", "holy" (an epithet applied to gods, holy or respectable personages).<ref name="apte">{{cite book |author=V.S.Apte |url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 |title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia |year=1957 |page=118 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052225/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The root ''Bhaj'' also means "share with", "partake of", "aportion".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=bhaj&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 bhaj], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne</ref><ref name="francixc">Francis Clooney and Tony Stewart, in S Mittal and GR Thursby (Editors): The Hindu World, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415215277}}, pages 163-178</ref> Clooney and Stewart state that this root, in Vaishnava traditions, implies ''Bhagavān'' as one perfect creator that a devotee seeks to partake from, share his place with, by living in god, in the way of god, the loving participation between the two being its own reward.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clooney |first1=Francis |title=The Hindu world |last2=Stewart |first2=Tony |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77227-3 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |edition= |series=Routledge worlds |location=New York |pages=163 |chapter=Chapter Eight: Vaisnava}}</ref>

The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' defines ''Bhagavān'' as follows,
{{blockquote|
<nowiki>
उत्पत्तिं प्रलयं चैव भूतानामागतिं गतिम् |</nowiki> <nowiki>
वेत्तिं विद्यामविद्यां च स वाच्यो भगवानिति ||</nowiki>
 
He who understands the creation and dissolution, the appearance and disappearance of beings, the wisdom and ignorance, should be called ''Bhagavān''.
|Vishnu Purana, VI.5.78 <ref>[[Alain Daniélou]], The Myths and Gods of India, Princeton/Bollingen Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-0892813544}}, page 36</ref>}}

The same text defines [[Bhaga]] and provides the etymological roots as follows as translated by Wilson,<ref name=hhwilson/>

{{blockquote|
Knowledge is of two kinds, that which is derived from [[Religious text|scripture]], and that which is derived from reflection. Brahma that is the word is composed of scripture; Brahma that is supreme is produced of reflection. Ignorance is utter darkness, in which knowledge, obtained through any sense (as that of hearing), shines like a lamp; but the knowledge that is derived from reflection breaks upon the obscurity like the sun. (...) That which is imperceptible, undecaying, inconceivable, unborn, inexhaustible, indescribable; which has neither form, nor hands, nor feet; which is almighty, omnipresent, eternal; the cause of all things, and without cause; permeating all, itself unpenetrated, and from which all things proceed; that is the object which the wise behold, that is Brahma, that is the supreme state, that is the subject of contemplation to those who desire liberation, that is the thing spoken of by the Vedas, the infinitely subtle, supreme condition of '''Vishnu'''.

That essence of the supreme is defined by the term Bhagavat. The word Bhagavat is the denomination of that primeval and eternal God: and he who fully understands the meaning of that expression is possessed of holy wisdom, the sum, and substance of the Vedas. The word Bhagavat is a convenient form to be used in the adoration of that supreme being, to whom no term is applicable; and therefore Bhagavat expresses that supreme spirit, which is individual, almighty, and the cause of causes of all things. The letter '''Bh''' implies the cherisher and supporter of the universe. By '''ga''' is understood the leader, impeller, or creator. The disyllable '''Bhaga''' indicates the six properties, dominion, might, glory, splendor, wisdom, and dispassion. The purport of the letter '''va''' is that elemental spirit in which all beings exist, and which exists in all beings. And thus this great word '''Bhagavan''' is the name of Vásudeva, who is one with the supreme Brahma, and of no one else. This word, therefore, which is the general denomination of an adorable object, is not used in reference to the supreme in a general, but a special signification. When applied to any other (thing or person) it is used in its customary or general import. In the latter case, it may purport one who knows the origin and end and revolutions of beings, and what is wisdom, what ignorance. In the former, it denotes wisdom, energy, power, dominion, might, glory, without end, and without defect.
|Vishnu Purana, VI.5 <ref name=hhwilson>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp160.htm The Vishnu Purana] HH Wilson (Translator)</ref>}}

{{Excessive quote|date=June 2019}}

[[Buddha]] is referred to as Bhagavan in ancient and medieval [[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]] and Tantra Buddhist texts, where it connotes, "Lord", "Blessed One", "Fortunate One".<ref name=peterharvey>Peter Harvey, Buddhism, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-0826453501}}, page 4</ref><ref>D Keown (2008), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192800626}}, page 31</ref><ref name=alexwayman/>

==Hinduism==

===Literature===
The Vedic texts neither mention nor provide a basis to explain the origin of the Bhagavān concept.<ref>{{cite book|title=World's Religions|publisher=Routledge|page=611|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HAg3AgAAQBAJ&q=bhagavan+vedas&pg=PA612 |isbn=9781136851858|date=2004-01-14}}</ref>

; Upanishads

The root of "Bhagavan", "Bhaga" is mentioned in the ''[[Mundaka Upanishad]]'', but it does not mean or imply "Bhagavan"':

{{Blockquote|text=शौनको ह वै महाशालोऽङ्गिरसं विधिवदुपसन्नः पप्रच्छ ।
कस्मिन्नु '''भगवो''' विज्ञाते सर्वमिदं विज्ञातं भवतीति ॥ ३ ॥

[[Shaunaka]] asked: Can knowledge of the world's reality be so complete that all the many things we see are understood in it?
Can something so complete, excellent be found that knowing it, one knows everything? |title=Mundaka Upanishad|source=I.1.3 <ref>{{cite book|title=A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy|author=R.D.Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=45|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fk8pAAAAYAAJ |year=1926}}</ref><ref>Ananda Wood (1996), Interpreting the Upanishads, pages 31-32</ref>}}

The ''Mundaka Upanishad'' then answers this question in two parts over verses 1.1.4 through 3.2.11.<ref>[[Max Muller]], The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/26/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press</ref> These verses split knowledge into two sections: lower knowledge and higher knowledge. Lower knowledge includes Vedas, phonetics, grammar, etymology, meter, astronomy and ceremony rituals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vedic|first=Heritage|title=Upanishad history|url=http://vedicheritage.gov.in/upanishads/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|website=Upanishad heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620175904/http://vedicheritage.gov.in/upanishads/|archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> The higher knowledge indicates, the Upanishad asserts, is Self-knowledge and realizing its oneness with Brahman—the one which cannot be seen, nor seized, which has no origin, no qualities, no hips, nor ears, no hands, nor feet, one that is the eternal, all-pervading, infinitesimal, imperishable.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/1922707.0015.002/88 |title=The sacred books of the East. Translated by various oriental scholars and edited by F. Max Müller. Vol. I-[L]. |date= |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1876 |pages=28 |chapter=Mundaka Upanishad I.1.6}}</ref>

The term Bhagavān appears in Shvetashvatara Upanishad verse 5.4:

{{Blockquote|text=सर्वा दिश ऊर्ध्वमधश्च तिर्यक्प्रकाशयन्भ्राजते यद्वनड्वान् ।
एवं स देवो भगवान्वरेण्यो योनिस्वभावानधितिष्ठत्येक: ॥

As the draft-ox shines, lighting up all the quarters, above, below, and across, so this God, blessed and adorable, alone rules over wombs and inherent natures.|title=Shvetashvatara Upanishad|source=5.4 <ref>{{Cite book |title=The early Upanisads: annotated text and translation |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |series=South Asia research |location=New York |pages=426–427 |language=en, sa}}</ref>}}

Later and medieval era Upanishads mention Bhagavān. For example, the very first verse of the ''Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣhad'' uses the term, as follows,<ref name="knaiyar" />

{{blockquote|
द्वापरान्ते नारदो ब्रह्माणं जगाम कथं '''भगवन्''' गां पर्यटन् कलिं सन्तरेयमिति

At the end of the Dvapara [Yuga] [[Narada]] went to Brahma and asked, "O Lord, how shall I, roaming over the earth, be able to overcome the effects of Kali [Yuga]?"
|''[[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad]]'', 1.1 <ref name=knaiyar>Sanskrit: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कलि-सण्टारण_उपनिषद् कलि-सण्टारण उपनिषद्] Wikisource; English Translation: KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, Madras (1914), Reprinted in 1980 as {{ISBN|978-0935548006}}</ref>}}

Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa, a minor Upanishad, then proceeds to disclose, among other things, two Bhagavan names in the [[Hare Krishna mantra]] in verse 2.<ref>Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama Hare Hare Hare Krishna Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna Hare Hare</ref> This verse is sung by [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)]] devotees.<ref name=knaiyar/>

; Purana

In ''Bhagavata Dharma'', it denotes Narayana Vasudeva's four [[vyuha]] formations. [[Ishvara]] or God is called Bhagavan and the person dedicated to Bhagavan is called a [[Bhagavata]]. The [[Bhagavata Purana]] (I.iii.28) identifies [[Krishna]] as [[Narayana]], [[Vāsudeva]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Hari]]—Bhagavan present in human form.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Body of God|author=Dennis Hudson|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=578, 33, 34|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&q=Bhagavan&pg=PA578 |isbn=9780199709021|date=2008-09-25}}</ref> Bhagavan is the complete revelation of the Divine; [[Brahman]], the impersonal Absolute, is unqualified and therefore, never expressed. [[Paramatman]] is Bhagavan in relation to [[Prakṛti]] and the [[Jiva]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sword and the Flute-Kali and Krsna|author=David R.Kinsley|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=69|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qKE93CHnRwgC&q=Bhagavan&pg=PA69 |isbn=9788120813151|year=1995}}</ref> The Yoga of Devotion implies that if a Bhagavata, the devotee of Bhagavan, seeks and longs for Bhagavan, then Bhagavan too seeks his devotee in equal measure.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Synthesis of Yoga|author=Sri Aurobindo|publisher=Lotus Press|page=32|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ex6cSqqBSwC&q=Bhagavan&pg=PA32 |isbn=9780941524667|year=1992}}</ref>

; Bhagavad Gita

The term Bhagavan appears extensively in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', as Krishna counsels Arjuna.<ref name=friha/> For example,

{{blockquote|
श्री'''भगवानु'''वाच<nowiki>। कुतस्त्वा कश्मलमिदं विषमे समुपस्थितम्। अनार्यजुष्टमस्वर्ग्यमकीर्तिकरमर्जुन॥ २-२॥</nowiki>

Shri Bhagavan said, "from where had this weakness arisen, at this inconvenient time? It is not noble, neither will it lead you to heaven, nor will it earn you valor, O Arjuna.
|[[Bhagavad Gita]], 2.2 <ref>GK Marballi (2013), Journey Through The Bhagavad Gita, {{ISBN|978-1304558480}}, page 26</ref>}}

===Vaishnavism===
{{Vaishnavism}}
The [[Bhagavata]] tradition of [[Hinduism]] invoke Bhagavan in the ''Bhagavad Gita'' and the [[Bhishma Parva]] of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The devotion to Vishnu (identified as [[Krishna|Vasudeva]] in the Mahabharata) is elaborated to mean the [[Dashavatara|ten incarnations]] of the deity. This tradition introduced the ''[[Caturvyūha|chaturvyuha]]'' concept and laid emphasis on the worship of the five [[Vrishni heroes|Vrishni]] warriors, which reached the peak of its popularity during the Gupta Period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Optional Indian History – Ancient India|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|page=65|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_SbiUXtBzAsC&q=bhagavat+as+religion&pg=PA65 }}</ref>

===Significance===
In Hinduism, the word, Bhagavān, indicates the Supreme Being or Absolute Truth conceived as a [[Personal God]].<ref>[http://www.krishna.com/node/118 Who is Krishna?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521013242/http://www.krishna.com/node/118 |date=21 May 2011 }} "God the person, or Bhagavan"</ref> This personal feature indicated by the word Bhagavān differentiates its usage from other similar terms<ref>[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/2/11/en1 Bhag-P 1.2.11] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235140/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/2/11/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} "Learned transcendentalists who know the Absolute Truth call this the non-dual "Brahman", "Paramatmān " or "Bhagavān"</ref> such as Brahman, the "Supreme Spirit" or "spirit", and thus, in this usage, Bhagavan is analogous to the [[Christianity|Christian]] concept of [[God the Father]]. In Vaisnavism, a devotee of Bhagvān Krishna is called a Bhāgavata.

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (1.2.11) states the definition of Bhagavān to mean the supreme being: <blockquote>The Learned Know the Absolute Truth call this non-dual substance ''Brahman'', ''[[Paramatma]]'' or ''Bhagavan''.<ref group=lower-alpha>{{IAST|vadanti tat tattva-vidas}}/ {{IAST|tattvam yaj jnanam advayam}}/ {{IAST|brahmeti paramatmeti}}/ {{IAST|bhagavan iti sabdyate}}</ref></blockquote> Bhagavān used as a title of [[veneration]] is often directly used as Lord, as in Bhagavān [[Rama]], Bhagavān Krishna, Bhagavān [[Shiva]], etc. In [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Mahavira]] and other [[Tirthankara]]s, [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]] and [[bodhisattva]]s are also venerated with this title. The feminine of Bhagavat is Bhagawatī and is an epithet of [[Durga]] and other [[Goddesses#Hinduism|goddesses]]. This title is also used by a number of contemporary spiritual teachers in India who claim to be Bhagavan or have realized impersonal Brahman.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} The use of term ''bhagavān'' also permeates into certain worldly titles such as ''[[Shri#Other languages|Seri]] Begawan'' ({{langx|ms|label=[[Malay language|Malay]]|{{Script|Arab|سري بڬاوان‎}}|italic=unset}}) historically granted to living kings abdicating to their princes in Malay kingdoms; the most recent and famous use is by [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]] of [[Brunei]] namesake of its capital [[Bandar Seri Begawan]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard James |date=1932 |title=bĕgawan |dictionary=A Malay-English dictionary (romanised) |publisher=Salavopoulos & Kinderlis |location=Mytilene, Greece |volume=I |page=100 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272771/view?partId=nla.obj-435854153#page/n109/mode/1up/search/bSgawan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2009 |isbn=9781907065095 |page=215}}</ref>

[[Bhakti]] (devotion to God) consists of actions performed in dedication to the ''Paramatman'', the individuated existence with free-will, and who is the final cause of the world; the [[Vedic]] [[Rishi]]s describe the goals originating from God as Bhagavān, and the [[Ananda]] aspect of God where God has manifested His personality is called Bhagavān when consciousness (pure self-awareness) aligns with those goals to cause the unified existence and commencement of works follow.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedic Creationism|author=Ashish Dalela|publisher=iUniverse|page=337|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qLe-aZfl7YEC&q=bhagavan+vedas&pg=PA333 |isbn=9780595525737|date=December 2008}}</ref>

==Buddhism==
{{Buddhism}}

=== Literature ===

'''Bhagavān in Buddhist texts'''

==== In Pali Literature ====
Bhagava is the Pali word used for Bhagavan. Some Buddhist texts, such as the Pali ''suttas'', use the word Bhagavā for the Buddha, meaning "the fortunate one".<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Buddhist Philosophy|author=David J. Kalupahana|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=111|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SlDArya3YvcC&q=bhagava++buddhism&pg=PA111 |isbn=9780824814021|year=1992}}</ref> The term Bhagavā has been used in Pali [[Anussati]] or recollections<ref>{{Cite book |title=The numerical discourses of the Buddha: a translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya |date=2012 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-1-61429-040-7 |editor-last=Bodhi |series=The teachings of the Buddha |location=Boston}}</ref> as one of the terms that describes the "[[Tathāgata]]" as one full of good qualities, as ''arahant'', ''sammā-sambuddho'' and ''sugato'' (Dīgha Nikāya II.93).<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|page=94|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&q=bhagava++buddhism&pg=PA94 |isbn=9781136985881|date=2013-12-16}}</ref>

Bhagavan is one of the nine qualities of the Buddha. In the Buddha Anussati, Bhagavan is defined the following way:

:''{{IAST|Iti pi so '''Bhagavā''' Arahaṃ Sammā-sambuddho Vijjā-caraṇa sampanno Sugato Lokavidū Anuttaro purisa-damma-sārathi Satthā deva-manusānaṃ Buddho '''Bhagavā'''ti}}''

:Thus is the Buddha, deserving homage, perfectly awakened, perfect in true knowledge and conduct, well gone to [[Nirvana|Nibbana]], knower of the worlds, incomparable leader (lit. charioteer) of persons to be tamed, teacher of gods and humans, awakened one and Blessed One.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wevauska |date=2017-07-06 |title=14. Anussati Meditations |url=https://mahamevnawa.org/anussati-meditations/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery |language=en-US |quote=You can recollect on the qualities of the Buddha, thinking about the meanings of Arahaṁ quality, Sammā Sambuddho quality, Vijacarana Saṁpanno quality, Sugato quality, Lokavidu quality, Annutaro purisadamma sārati quality, Satta Devamanusanaṁ quality, Buddho quality, and Bhagavā quality}}</ref>

==== In Sanskrit Literature ====
Several Tibetan Buddhist tantra texts use the word Bhagavān. For example, the Pradipoddyotana manuscript of [[Guhyasamāja tantra]]-Samdhivyakarana uses the word Bhagavān, which Alex Wayman translates as "Lord".<ref name=alexwayman>Alex Wayman (1974), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397800 Two Traditions of India: Truth and Silence] Philosophy East and West, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1974), pages 389-403, for the original verse see footnote 13 on page 402, for Wayman's translation, see page 391</ref> The text, elsewhere refers to "Bhagavan Sarvatathagatakayavakcittadipatih", which John Campbell translates as "Lord, Master of the Vajras of Body, Speech, and Mind of all Buddhas."<ref>John Campbell (2009), [http://gradworks.umi.com/33/74/3374090.html Vajra hermeneutics: A study of Vajrayana scholasticism in the "Pradipoddyotana"], PhD Thesis accepted by Columbia University (Advisor: Robert Thurman), page 210</ref> Elsewhere, it states,<ref name=johncampbell>John Campbell (2009), [http://gradworks.umi.com/33/74/3374090.html Vajra hermeneutics: A study of Vajrayana scholasticism in the "Pradipoddyotana"], PhD Thesis accepted by Columbia University (Advisor: Robert Thurman), page 355 Christian K. Wedemeyer, Aryadeva's Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryamelapakapradlpa): The Gradual Path of Vajraydna Buddhism According to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition, ed. Robert A. F. Thurman, Treasury of the Buddhist Sciences series (New York: The American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University, 2007), {{ISBN|978-0975373453}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
<poem>
Thereupon, having made offerings and bowing down to the '''Bhagavan''',
The Lord of Body Speech and Mind of all Tathagatas,
All the '''Bhagavan''' Tathagatas spoke thus:
: Glorious One, pray to explain the essence,
: The unexcelled [[Bodhicitta]],
: The secret of all Tathagatas,
: The supreme of Body Speech and Mind.</poem>
| Pradipoddyotana, II. 1 <ref name=johncampbell/>}}

The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, a sutra of Mahāyāna Buddhism, uses the word Bhagavān over three hundred times.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suzuki |first=Daisetz Teitaro |title=Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1930}}</ref> Scholars either leave the term untranslated or render it as "Lord" or "Blessed One."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1932 |translator-last=Suzuki |translator-first=D.T.}}</ref><ref>'''English Translation''': Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, [http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/sutras/08technicalMayayana/Lankavatara%20Sutra.doc.pdf Mahayana Lankavatara Sutra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214005518/http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/sutras/08technicalMayayana/Lankavatara%20Sutra.doc.pdf |date=14 February 2015 }} Ohio State University; '''Sanskrit''': [http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_skt/Lankavatara-Sanskrit-Vaidya_edition.pdf Lankavatara Sutra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107104758/http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_skt/Lankavatara-Sanskrit-Vaidya_edition.pdf |date=7 November 2021 }} Archived original at a Buddhist Library in Russia</ref> The devotional text Sukhavati Vyuhopadesa by [[Vasubandhu]] uses the term Bhagavān in its invocations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gómez |first=Luis O. |title=Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1996 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>Minoru Kiyota (2009), Mahāyāna Buddhist Meditation: Theory and Practice, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807600}}, pages 274-275</ref>

==== Variants ====
Other variants of the term Bhagavan, such as ''Bhagavant'' and ''Bhagavata'' can also be found throughout Buddhist texts. For instance, it is used in the initial chant, which is recited before almost every Sutta chanting,
{{Blockquote|text=NamoTassa Bhagavato Arahato Samma-sambuddhassa {{break}}
I honour to that Bhagavan, who is Arhat and a fully-enlightened Buddha}}

=== Significance ===
The term Bhagavān is found in liturgical practices of Theravada Buddhism, where it is used as an epithet that means the "Blessed One". Examples of such usage is found in Sri Lanka's ''Bodhi Puja'' (or ''Atavisi Buddha Puja'', Worship of the Twenty Eight Buddhas).<ref>Frank Reynolds and Jason A. Carbine (2000), The Life of Buddhism, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520223370}}, pages 179-187</ref>

The word Bhagavan is the most common word for the Buddhist texts to refer to the Buddha. For example, almost every sutra in Buddhist canonical and commentarial texts starts with the line like<blockquote>''Evaṃ me suttaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.'' (Pali)

''evaṃ mayā śrutam | ekasmin samaye bhagavān śrāvastyāṃ viharati sma jetavane'nāthapiṇḍadasyārāme.'' (Sanskrit)

Thus have I heard - Once the Bhagavan was dwelling in Savatthi, at the Anathpindaka's monastery in Jetavana. (English Translation)</blockquote>

==Inscriptions==
[[File:Heliodorus-Pillar2.jpg|thumb|260px|Heliodorus ''Khamba'' (pillar) in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Installed about 100 BCE, the pillar's Brahmi-script inscription states that Heliodorus is a ''Bhagvatena'' (devotee) of Vishnu.<ref>PP Behera, [http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/pillar.pdf The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609215607/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/pillar.pdf |date=9 June 2015 }} Orissa Review, June 2004, page 65</ref>]]

===Greek===
A word derived from Bhagavan is documented epigraphically from around 100 BCE, such as in the inscriptions of the [[Heliodorus pillar]]; in which Heliodorus, an [[Indo-Greek]] ambassador from [[Taxila]] to the court of a [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] king, addresses himself as a ''Bhagvatena'' (devotee) of [[Vishnu]]. ("Heliodorena Bhagavata", Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report (1908-1909)):<ref>John Irvin (1973-1975), Aśokan Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence, The Burlington Magazine. v. 115, pages 706-720; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/877843 v. 116, pages 712-727]; v. 117, pages 631-643; v. 118, pages 734-753; {{oclc|83369960}}</ref>

<blockquote>This [[Garuda]]-standard of Vasudeva (Vishnu), the God of Gods was erected here by the Bhagavatena (devotee) Heliodoros, the son of Dion, a man of [[Taxila]], sent by the Great Greek ([[Yona]]) King [[Antialcidas]], as ambassador to King Kasiputra Bhagabhadra, the Savior son of the princess from [[Benares]], in the fourteenth year of his reign."<ref group=lower-alpha>Original inscription: Devadevasa Va [sude]vasa Garudadhvajo ayam karito i[a] Heliodorena bhaga- vatena Diyasa putrena Takhasilakena Yonadatena agatena maharajasa Amtalikitasa upa[m]ta samkasam-rano Kasiput[r]asa [Bh]agabhadrasa tratarasa vasena [chatu]dasena rajena vadhamanasa"</ref></blockquote>

===Buddhist vase===
''Sākamunisa bhagavato'' is recorded in the [[kharoshthi]] dedication of a vase placed in a Buddhist [[stupa]] by the Greek [[meridarch]] (civil governor of a province) named [[Theodorus (meridarch)|Theodorus]]:<ref>''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', [[W.W. Tarn]], Cambridge University Press, page 391</ref>

:''"Theudorena meridarkhena pratithavida time sarira sakamunisa bhagavato bahu-Jana-stitiye"'':
: "The meridarch Theodorus has enshrined relics of Lord [[Shakyamuni]], for the welfare of the mass of the people"
:– (Swāt relic vase inscription of the Meridarkh Theodoros<ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/ebmp/etext.php?cki=CKI0032 The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212225518/http://depts.washington.edu/ebmp/etext.php?cki=CKI0032 |date=12 February 2009 }} University of Washington</ref>)

===Brass pillars and stupas===
[[James Prinsep]] identified several engravings and inscriptions on ancient Buddhist artifacts that include the word Bhagavan and related words. For example,<ref name=jamesp/>

:'' Bhagawana-sarirahi Sri Tabachitrasa Khamaspada putrasa dana.''
:"(Casket) containing relics of Bhagwan, the gift of Sri Tabachitra, the son of Khamaspada
:– The Tope of Manikyala<ref name=jamesp>James Prinsep and Henry Thoby Prinsep, {{Google books|CEYOAAAAQAAJ|Essays on Indian Antiquities|page=107}}, Volume 1, page 107</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Brahma]]
* [[Vishnu]]
* [[Shiva]]
* [[Purusha]]
* [[Brahman]]
* [[Acintya]]
* [[Bhagavad Gita]]
* [[Bhakti]]
* [[Ishvara]]
* [[Jnana]]
* [[Lord]]
* [[Narayana]]
* [[Om Tat Sat]]
* [[Para Brahman]]
* [[Svayam Bhagavan]]
* [[Turiya]]
* [[Yoga]]
{{div-col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book| author = Thomas Mcevilley| title = The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies| year = 2002| publisher = Skyhorse Publishing Inc.| isbn = 978-1-58115-203-6 }}
* {{cite book| author = Baij Nath Puri| title = Buddhism In Central Asia| year = 1987| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Pub| isbn = 978-81-208-0372-5 }}

==Further reading==
* Richard Gombrich, "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211107210051/https://sangharajamcbs.com/sites/archive/richard016.pdf A New Theravadin Liturgy]}}," Journal of the Pali Text Society, 9 (1981), pages 47–73.

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{VishnuAvatars}}

[[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

List of Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-22T12:56:56Z

Tudu Hommie: new

{{short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

The [[Lok Sabha]] (meaning "House of the People") is the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. [[Uttarakhand]] state elects five [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|members]] and they are directly elected by the state electorates of Uttarakhand. Members are elected for five years with [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The number of seats, allocated to the [[States and union territories of India|state]]/[[union territory]] are determined by the population of the state/union territory.

== List ==

'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#1569C7|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (12) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{Legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{Legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (123) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (69) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
! style="width:200px" | Name
!colspan="2"| Party affiliation
! style="width:200px" |Constituency
! style="width:200px" |Terms
! style="width:200px" |Designation
|-
!1
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Lok Sabha Member Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3394 |accessdate=2013-08-04 |publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2014 |title=వైఎస్ఆర్ సిపి పార్లమెంటరీ పార్టీ నేతగా మేకపాటి |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/top-news/mekapati-rajamohana-reddy-elected-as-ysrcp-parliamentary-party-leader-135538?pfrom=inside-latest-news}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Nellore
|5
|
|-
!2
|[[Y. V. Subba Reddy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0133.htm?ac=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135123/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0133.htm?ac=33 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!3
|[[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Sandeep |date=17 March 2021 |title=YSR Congress announces Dr Gurumoorthy's name for Tirupati Lok Sabha by-election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/ysr-congress-announces-dr-gurumoorthys-name-for-tirupati-lok-sabha-by-election/articleshow/81553264.cms |accessdate=3 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Tirupathi
|1
|
|-
!4
|[[Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Nellore
|1
|
|-
!5
|[[Y. Eswara Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Kadapa
|4
|
|-
!6
|[[T. N. Viswanatha Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajampet
|2
|
|-
!7
|[[V. V. Giri]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Pathapatnam
|1
! style="width:200px" |President of India, Central Minister, State Minister & Governor
|-
!8
|[[Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Srikakulam
|6
|
|-
!9
|[[Kandala Subramaniam]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India)]]
|Vizianagaram
|1
|
|-
!10
|[[N Rama Seshiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Parvathipuram
|1
|
|-
!11
|[[Lanka Sundaram]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Vishakhapatnam
|1
|-
!12
|[[Gam Malludora]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Vishakhapatnam
|1
|
|-
!13
|[[Chelikani Venkat Rama Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Kakinada
|1
|
|-
!14
|[[Kaneti Mohana Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!15
|[[Nalla Reddi Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India)]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!16
|[[Kondru Subba Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Eluru
|1
|
|-
!17
|[[Bayya Suryanarayana Murthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Amalapuram
|4
|
|-
!18
|[[Sanka Butehikottaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Eluru
|1
|
|-
!19
|[[K Gopala Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Gudivada
|1
|
|-
!20
|[[Harindranath Chatopadhyaya]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Vijayawada
|1
|
|-
!21
|[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Guntur
|6
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!22
|[[S V Laxmi Narsimhan]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Guntur
|1
|
|-
!23
|[[Chapalamadugu Ramiah Chowdhary]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Narasaraopet
|1
|
|-
!24
|[[M Nanadass]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!25
|[[P Venkataraghaviah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!26
|[[Rayasam Seshagiri Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Nandyala
|1
|
|-
!27
|[[Paidi Lakshmayya]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nandyala
|1
|
|-
!28
|[[K S Raghavachari]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|Penukonda
|1
|
|-
!29
|[[M V Gangadhara Siva]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Chittoor
|2
|
|-
!30
|[[M. A. Ayyangar]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tirupathi
|3
! style="width:200px" |Loksabha Speaker and Governor
|-
!31
|[[T. Nagi Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Ananthapur
|1
! style="width:200px" |Leader of Opposition in AP Assembly
|-
!32
|[[Vutukuru Rami Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kadapa
|1
|
|-
!33
|[[Kumari Mothey Vedakumari]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Eluru
|1
|
|-
!34
|[[D. Balarama Krishnaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Gudivada
|1
|
|-
!35
|[[K.V. Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Hindupur
|2
|
|-
!36
|[[Bayya Suryanarayana Murthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kakinada
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!37
|[[Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kakinada
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!38
|[[C.Bali Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Markapur
|1
|
|-
!39
|[[Mandali Venkata Krishna Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Machalipatnam
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!40
|[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nandyala
|5
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!41
|[[B. Anjanappa]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|1
|
|-
!42
|[[Ronda Narappa Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|1
|
|-
!43
|[[Dippala Suri Dora]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Socialist Party]]
|Parvathipuram
|1
|
|-
!44
|[[Dr. Dalta Satyanarayana Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajahmundry
|3
|
|-
!45
|[[Komarraju Atchamamba]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijayawada
|1
|
|-
!46
|[[N. G. Ranga]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Guntur
|4
|
|-
!47
|[[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bobbili
|4
|
|-
!48
|[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijayawada
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!49
|[[C. Dass]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tirupathi
|2
|
|-
!50
|[[Kolla Venkaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Tenali
|1
|
|-
!51
|[[C.L. Narasimha Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|Rajampet
|1
|
|-
!52
|[[Mandala Venkata Swamy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!53
|[[Gujjulu Yallamanda Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Markapur
|1
|
|-
!54
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nandyal
|1
! style="width:200px" |Prime Minister & Chief Minister
|-
!55
|[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kavali
|1
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister, Chief Minister of AP & Governor
|-
!56
|[[Viramachaneni Vimla Devi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Eluru
|1
|
|-
!57
|[[Ravu Venkata Gopala Krishna Ranga Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cheepurupalli
|1
|
|-
!58
|[[Osman Ali S. Khan]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ananthapur
|1
|
|-
!59
|[[Missula Suryanarayana Murti]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anakapalli
|2
|
|-
!60
|[[Ponnapati Antony Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anantapur
|2
|
|-
!61
|[[K. Narayana Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bobbili
|2
|
|-
!62
|[[N.P.C. Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Chittoor
|1
|
|-
!63
|[[Kommareddi Suryanarayana]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Eluru
|3
|
|-
!64
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|Nandyala
|2
! style="width:200px" |President of India, Loksabha Speaker, Central Minister & Chief Minister
|-
!65
|[[R. Dasaratharama Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kavali
|1
|
|-
!66
|[[Y. Gadilingana Goud]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|Kurnool
|2
|
|-
!67
|[[Y. Ankeenidu Prasad]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Machilipatnam
|1
|
|-
!68
|[[Dalta Balarama Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narasapur
|1
|
|-
!69
|[[Maddi Sudarsanam]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narasaraopet
|2
|
|-
!70
|[[B. Anjanappa]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|1
|
|-
!71
|[[K. Jaggaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!72
|[[Viswasarai Narasimha Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|Parvathipuram
|1
|
|-
!73
|[[Pothuraju Parthasarthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajampet
|4
|
|-
!74
|[[Gouthu Latchanna]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|Srikakulam
|1
! style="width:200px" |Leader of Opposition in AP Assembly
|-
!75
|[[Tenneti Viswanatham]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Progressive Group]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!76
|[[SRAS Appala Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anakapalli
|3
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!77
|[[P. Ankineedu Prasada Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bapatla
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister & State Minister
|-
!78
|[[P. Narasimha Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Chittoor
|1
|
|-
!79
|[[Pamudurthi Bayapa Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Hindupur
|3
|
|-
!80
|[[M.S. Sanjeevi Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kakinada
|3
|
|-
!81
|[[K. Kodanda Rami Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kurnool
|1
|
|-
!82
|[[Maganti Ankineedu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Machilipatnam
|5
|
|-
!83
|[[M.T. Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narsapur
|1
|
|-
!84
|[[Doddavarapu Kamakshaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|3
|
|-
!85
|[[Puli Venkata Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ongole
|3
|
|-
!86
|[[Biddika Satanarayana]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Parvathipuram
|1
|
|-
!87
|[[S.B.P. Pattabhi Rama Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajahmundry
|3
|
|-
!88
|[[Meduri Nageswara Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tenali
|3
|
|-
!89
|[[Thamburu Balakrishniah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tirupathi
|2
|
|-
!90
|[[Kusuma Krishna Murthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Amalapuram
|3
|
|-
!91
|[[Darur Pullaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anantapur
|2
|
|-
!92
|[[V. Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Araku
|5
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!93
|[[P. Rajagopal Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Chittoor
|2
|
|-
!94
|[[Kandala Obul Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kadapa
|2
|
|-
!95
|[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|kurnool
|6
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister & Chief Minister of AP
|-
!96
|[[Alluri Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narsapur
|2
|
|-
!97
|[[K. Brahmananda Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narasaraopet
|2
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister, Chief Minister & Governor
|-
!98
|[[Godey Murahari]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijayawada
|1
|
|-
!99
|[[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1
|
|-
!100
|[[Subbarao Chowdary Chitturi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Eluru
|1
|
|-
!101
|[[Pasala Penchalaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tirupathi
|1
|
|-
!102
|[[Vidya Chennupati]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijayawada
|2
|
|-
!103
|[[Appalaswamy Kommuru]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1
|
|-
!104
|[[Aithabathula J. Venkata Butchi Maheshwara Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Amalapuram
|1
|
|-
!105
|[[P. Appalanarasimham]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anakapalli
|1
|
|-
!106
|[[D. Narayanaswami]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anantapur
|1
|
|-
!107
|[[Chimata Sambu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Bapatla
|1
|
|-
!108
|[[Poosapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bobbili
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!109
|[[N.P. Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Chittoor
|1
|
|-
!110
|[[Dr. D.N. Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kadapa
|1
|
|-
!111
|[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Eluru
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!112
|[[K. Ramachandra Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Hindupur
|1
|
|-
!113
|[[Gopal Krishna Thota]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kakinada
|2
|
|-
!114
|[[E. Ayyapu Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kurnool
|1
|
|-
!115
|[[M. Subba Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Nandyala
|1
|
|-
!116
|[[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Narsapuram
|3
|
|-
!117
|[[Katuri Narayana Swamy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Narasaraopet
|1
|
|-
!118
|[[Puchalapalli Penchalaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|2
|
|-
!119
|[[Bezawada Papi Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!120
|[[Sri Hari Rao Chundru]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!121
|[[Palakondrayudu Sugavasi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Rajampet
|1
|
|-
!122
|[[H.A. Dora]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Srikakulam
|1
|
|-
!123
|[[Chinta Mohan]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tirupati
|6
|
|-
!124
|[[Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Vijayawada
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!125
|[[Srirama Murthy Bhattam]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1
|
|-
!126
|[[Rama Krishna Konathala]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anakapalli
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!127
|[[Anantha Venkata Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anantapur
|2
|
|-
!128
|[[Salagala Benjamin]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bapatla
|1
|
|-
!129
|[[Kemburi Ramamohan Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Bobbili
|1
|
|-
!130
|[[M. Gnanendra Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Chittoor
|2
|
|-
!131
|[[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kadapa
|4
! style="width:200px" |Chief Minister
|-
!132
|[[Ghattamaneni Krishna]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Eluru
|1
|
|-
!133
|[[S. Gangadhar]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Hindupur
|3
|
|-
!134
|[[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kakinada
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!135
|[[Bojja Venkata Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nandyal
|1
|
|-
!136
|[[Kesineni Srinivas]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Vijayawada
|2
|
|-
!137
|[[M.V.V.S. Murthi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Visakhapatnam
|2
|
|-
!138
|[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narasaraopet
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!139
|[[Vijayarama Raju Satrucharla]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Parvathipuram
|3
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!140
|[[Juluri Jamuna]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!141
|[[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajampet
|6
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!142
|[[Dr. Kanithi Viswanatham]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Srikakulam
|2
|
|-
!143
|[[Basavapunnaiah Singam]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tenali
|1
|
|-
!144
|[[Uma Gajapathi Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!145
|[[Ganti Mohana Chandra Balayogi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Amalapuram
|3
! style="width:200px" |Loksabha Speaker
|-
!146
|[[Venkateswara Daggubati Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Bapatla
|1
|
|-
!147
|[[Lal Jan Basha S.M.]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Guntur
|1
|
|-
!148
|[[Thota Subbarao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kakinada
|1
|
|-
!149
|[[Kotla Jaya Surya Prakash Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kurnool
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!150
|[[K.P. Reddaiah Yadav]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Machilipatnam
|1
|
|-
!151
|[[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nandyal
|1
|
|-
!152
|[[Kumari Padmashree Kudumula]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|1
|
|-
!153
|[[Magunta Subbarama Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!154
|[[K.V.R. Choudhary]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!155
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Tenali
|2
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!156
|[[Venkata Krishnam Raju Uppalapati]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Narasapur
|2
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!157
|[[K. S. R. Murthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Amalapuram
|1
|
|-
!158
|[[Ayyanna Patrudu Chintakayala]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anakapalli
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!159
|[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Nellore
|4
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!160
|[[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Bobbili
|3
|
|-
!161
|[[Nootanakalava Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Chittoor
|3
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!162
|[[S. Ramachandra Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Hindupur
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!163
|[[Satyanarayana Kaikala]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Machilipatnam
|1
|
|-
!164
|[[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Nandyal
|3
|
|-
!165
|[[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Narasapur
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!166
|[[Kota Saidiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Narasaraopet
|1
|
|-
!167
|[[Magunta Parvathamma Subbarama Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!168
|[[Pradeep Kumar Dev Vyricherla]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Parvathipuram
|1
|
|-
!169
|[[Ravindra Chitturi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!170
|[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Srikakulam
|4
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!171
|[[Sarada Tadiparthi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Tenali
|1
|
|-
!172
|[[Nelavala Subrahmanyam]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tirupathi
|1
|
|-
!173
|[[Parvathaneni Upendra]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijayawada
|2
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!174
|[[Dr. T. Subbarami Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Visakhapatnam
|2
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!175
|[[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anakapalli
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!176
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Eluru
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!177
|[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Guntur
|5
|
|-
!178
|[[Kavuru Samba Siva Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Eluru
|5
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!179
|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narasaraopet
|1
! style="width:200px" |Chief Minister & Governor
|-
!180
|[[Bapi Raju Kanumuri]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narsapuram
|2
|
|-
!181
|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Ongole
|4
|
|-
!182
|[[Girajala Venkata Swamy Naidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!183
|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tenali
|1
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister & Governor
|-
!184
|[[Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Parvathipuram
|1
|
|-
!185
|[[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Visakhapatnam
|3
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister & Chief Minister
|-
!186
|[[Botsa Satyanarayana]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bobbili
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!187
|[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anakapalli
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!188
|[[Mudragada Padmanabham]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kakinada
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!189
|[[SBPBK Satyanarayana Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!190
|[[Vijaya Kumari Ganti]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Amalapuram
|1
|
|-
!191
|[[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Machilipatnam
|1
|
|-
!192
|[[Gadde Ramamohan]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Vijayawada
|1
|
|-
!193
|[[Yemparala Venkateswara Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Guntur
|1
|
|-
!194
|[[Daggubati Ramanaidu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Bapatla
|1
|
|-
!195
|[[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Ongole
|1
|
|-
!196
|[[Vukkala Rajeswaramma]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Nellore
|1
|
|-
!197
|[[Nandipaku Venkataswam]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Tirupathi
|1
|
|-
!198
|[[Gunipati Ramaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Rajampet
|1
|
|-
!199
|[[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kadapa
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!200
|[[B K Parthasarathi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Hindupur
|1
|
|-
!201
|[[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anantapur
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!202
|[[K. E. Krishnamurthy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kurnool
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!203
|[[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bobbili
|2
|
|-
!204
|[[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anakapalli
|1
|
|-
!205
|[[Aruna Kumar Vundavalli]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajahmundry
|2
|
|-
!206
|[[G.V. Harsha Kumar]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Amalapuram
|2
|
|-
!207
|[[Chegondi Venkata Harirama Jogaiah]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narasapur
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!208
|[[Ramakrishna Badiga]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Machilipatnam
|1
|
|-
!209
|[[Rajagopal Lagadapati]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijayawada
|2
|
|-
!210
|[[Daggubati Purandareswari]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Vizak
|2
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!211
|[[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Machilipatnam
|2
|
|-
!212
|[[D.K. Audikesavulu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Chittoor
|1
|
|-
!213
|[[G Nizamuddin]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Hindupur
|1
|
|-
!214
|[[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Nandyal
|3
|
|-
!215
|[[Killi Krupa Rani]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Srikakulam
|1
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!216
|[[Sabbam Hari]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anakapalli
|1
|
|-
!217
|[[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Machilipatnam
|2
|
|-
!218
|[[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Narsaraopeta
|1
|
|-
!219
|[[Kristappa Nimmala]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Hindupur
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!220
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Kadapa
|2
! style="width:200px" |Chief Minister
|-
!221
|[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Chittoor
|2
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!222
|[[Kothapalli Geetha]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Araku
|1
|
|-
!223
|[[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Srikakulam
|2
|
|-
!224
|[[Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Vizianagaram
|1
! style="width:200px" |Central Minister
|-
!225
|[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Visakhapatnam
|1
! style="width:200px" |Governor
|-
!226
|[[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anakapalli
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!227
|[[Thota Narasimham]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Kakinda
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!228
|[[Pandula Ravindra Babu]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Amalapuram
|1
|
|-
!229
|[[Murali Mohan Maganti]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Rajahmundry
|1
|
|-
!230
|[[Gokaraju Ganga Raju]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Narasapuram
|1
|
|-
!231
|[[Galla Jayadev]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Guntur
|2
|
|-
!232
|[[Malyadri Sriram]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Bapatla
|1
|
|-
!233
|[[Butta Renuka]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Kurnool
|1
|
|-
!234
|[[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Anantapur
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!235
|[[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Kadapa
|2
|
|-
!236
|[[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Tirupati
|1
|
|-
!237
|[[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Rajampet
|2
|
|-
!238
|[[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
|bgcolor=#1569C7|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|Tirupati
|1
! style="width:200px" |State Minister
|-
!239
|[[Yashoda Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kurnool
|1
|
|-
!240
|[[Paidi Lakshmayya]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anantapur
|1
|
|-
!241
|[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Anantapur
|4
|
|}

== See also ==
[[List of Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by state|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists]]

Alipurduar district

2026-03-21T03:42:55Z

Tudu Hommie: refined section for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipurduar district
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = EveningAtJaldapara.JPG
|photo1b = Buxa fort,Jalpaiguri.JPG
|photo2a = Bhutan gate Phuentsholing during LGFC - Bhutan 2019 (11).jpg
|photo2b = Hut used for living by the TOTO aboriginals.jpg
|photo3a = Buxa Tiger Reserve forest 2014.jpg
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: Evening at [[Jaldapara National Park]], ruins of [[Buxa Fort]], Hut used by Toto aboriginals, Jayanti Hills in [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]], Bhutan gate near [[Jaigaon]]
}}
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|26.489|N|89.527|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag country|IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Alipurduar]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Alipurduar subdivision|Alipurduar Sadar]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Madarihat-Birpara (community development block)|Madarihat-Birpara]], [[Alipurduar I]], [[Alipurduar II]], [[Kalchini]], [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]], [[Kumargram]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Alipurduar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Alipurduars (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]], [[Kumargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kumargram]], [[Falakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Falakata]], [[Madarihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madarihat]], [[Kalchini (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalchini]]
| leader_title4 = [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]]
| leader_name4 = R. Vimala, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=District Magistrate |url=https://alipurduar.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |website=Alipurduar District, Government of West Bengal |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 3383
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,491,250
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title= District Census Handbook-Jalpaiguri|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>
| population_urban = 307,456
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 78.57 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 949 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|http://alipurduar.gov.in}}
}}

'''Alipurduar district''' ({{IPA|bn|alipurduar d͡ʒela}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} Alipurduar District {{!}} India |url=https://alipurduar.gov.in/about-district/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> is one of the [[List of districts of West Bengal|23 districts]] of the state of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. The district is the part of [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri Division]].<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Alipurduar-a-new-district-on-June-25/articleshow/36916065.cms |title=Roy Alipurduar: Alipurduar a new district on June 25 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-06-21 |access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> [[Alipurduar]] city is the headquarters of the district. It was made a district by bifurcating [[Jalpaiguri district]] on June 25, 2014.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|author=IANS |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/alipurduar-becomes-bengal-s-20th-district-114062500725_1.html |title=Alipurduar becomes Bengal's 20th district | Business Standard News |work=Business Standard|date=25 June 2014 |access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> This is the easternmost district of West Bengal. It is situated in the Western [[Dooars]] natural region, in the foothills of the Bengal Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alipurduar in Dooars - Tourist Places to See & Things to Do |url=https://northbengaltourism.com/alipurduar/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=northbengaltourism.com}}</ref>

==Etymology==

Alipurduar's name originates from Colonel Hedayat Ali Khan, a British officer who fought in the 1865 [[Duar War|Bhutan War]] and was stationed there, combined with "Duar" (or Door), representing its role as a gateway to the Dooars region of the Himalayas.<ref><https://www.east-himalaya.com/alipurduar.php#:~:text=The%20name%20Alipurduar%20reflects%20both,the%20name%20remains%20perfectly%20accurate.</ref>

==History==
===Under the Kingdom of Bhutan===
[[File:Southern border of Bhutan1985.jpg|thumb|280px|Southern Boundary of Bhutan contained the present Alipurduar district before 1865 [[Duar War]]]]
The Dooars in Alipurduar district were under the control of [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] from early 17th-century till 1865 when [[British East India]] company captured the area in the [[Duar War]] under the [[Duar War#Treaty of Sinchula|Treaty of Sinchula]] and were added to the district of Jalpaiguri in 1869 and later finally to the [[India|Indian Union]] in 1949.

Like all the Duars under [[Druk Gyalpo]] of [[Bhutan]], it was under the jurisdiction of [[Ponlop|Tongso Penlop]], below the Tongso Penlop were Subah who in turn appointed [[Mandal (surname)|Mondal]], Laskar or Uzir to look after the Duars.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=32}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Apart from the [[Alipurduar]] municipality and [[Falakata]] municipality, the district contains eight [[census town]]s and rural areas of 66 [[gram panchayat]]s under six [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]: [[Madarihat-Birpara (community development block)|Madarihat-Birpara]], [[Alipurduar I|Alipurduar-I]], [[Alipurduar II|Alipurduar–II]], [[Kalchini]], [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] and [[Kumargram]].<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=19 March 2008
|access-date=21 December 2008
|work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009
}}</ref> Geographically the district lies between 26.4°N to 26.83°N and 89°E to 89.9°E.

The nine census towns are [[Paschim Jitpur]], [[Chechakhata]], [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]], [[Bholar Dabri]], [[Sobhaganj]], [[Jaygaon]] and [[Uttar Latabari]] and [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]].<ref name=ctlist>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |title=District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality,Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |publisher=Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Railway network==
[[Alipurduar railway division]] has at least 710 km of railway track. It is the largest division of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone. In Alipurduar district, there are two major stations, [[Alipurduar Junction railway station|Alipurduar Junction]] (APDJ) and [[New Alipurduar railway station|New Alipurduar]] (NOQ). There are other stations in the district viz. [[Falakata Railway Station]], [[Kamakhyaguri Railway Station]], [[Dalgaon Railway Station]], [[Hasimara railway station]], [[Kalchini railway station]], [[Rajabhatkhawa]], [[Mujnai railway station]], [[Madarihat railway station]], [[Hamiltonganj railway station]], [[Samuktala Road Junction railway station]], [[Salbari railway station]] etc.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Legislative segments==
There are 5 assembly constituency in Alipurduar district :

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha
!MLA
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
| 10
|[[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram (ST)]]
|rowspan="5" |[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|11
|[[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini (ST)]]
|[[Bishal Lama]]
|-
| 12
|[[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
|[[Suman Kanjilal]]{{efn|Suman Kanjilal was elected as a BJP MLA. However, on 5 February 2023, he defected to the Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 13
|[[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata (SC)]]
|[[Dipak Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat (ST)]]
|[[Jay Prakash Toppo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the area under Kumargram block and seven [[gram panchayat]]s under Alipurduar–II block, viz. Bhatibari, Kohinoor, Parokata, Mahakalguri, Shamuktala, Turturi and Tatpara–I constitutes the Kumargram assembly constituency of West Bengal. The Majherdabri gram panchayat under Alipurduar–II block and the area under Kalchini block constitutes the Kalchini assembly constituency. The Alipurduar municipality, the Alipurduar Railway Junction census town, and the gram panchayats of Chaporer Par–I, Chaporer Par–II and Tatpara–II under Alipurduar–II block and ten gram panchayats of Alipurduar–I block, viz. Banchukamari, Parorpar, Shalkumar–I, Vivekananda–I, Chakowakheti, Patlakhawa, Shalkumar–II, Vivekananda–II, Mathura and Tapsikhata form the Alipurduars assembly constituency. The other gram panchayat of Alipurduar–I block, viz. Purba Kanthalbari forms the Falakata assembly constituency along with the area under Falakata block. Madarihat block is part of Madarihat assembly constituency. Kumargram, Kalchini and Madarihat constituencies is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes (ST)]] candidates. Falakata constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]] candidates. All these five assembly constituencies are part of [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which is reserved for ST candidates.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf| title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 10 January 2009 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission | pages = 4–5, 23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 census, Alipurduar district had a population of 1,491,250, of which 1,183,704 were rural and 307,456 were urban. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 456,706 (30.62%) and 382,112 (25.62%) of the population respectively.<ref name=census2011/>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Alipurduar district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|8.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|7.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|2.37}}
{{bar percent|Tribal religion|red|1.00}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.31}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day Alipurduar district
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|90–91}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|144,898
|45.17%
|1,194,102
|80.07%
|-
|Tribal religion [[File:Kirat flag-02.jpg|15x15px]]
|141,716
|44.17%
|14,866
|1.00%
|-
|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|29,856
|9.31%
|130,339
|8.74%
|-
|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]] [[File:Christian_cross.svg|21x21px]]
|1,385
|0.43%
|112,091
|7.52%
|-
|[[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|15x15px]]
| ---
| ---
|35,318
|2.37%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated.}}
|2,963
|0.93
|4,534
|0.31%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''320,818'''
|'''100%'''
|'''1,491,250'''
|'''100%'''
|}

Hindus are the majority in all blocks. Muslims are spread evenly throughout the district, but Christians, traditional religions and Buddhists are concentrated in the tea garden areas.

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Alipurduar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 53.93 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 16.80 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value3 = 9.70 |color3 = lightcoral
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 3.67 |color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value5 = 3.17 |color5 = plum
|label6 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value6 = 3.13 |color6 = mediumseagreen
|label7 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value7 = 2.38 |color7 = steelblue
|label8 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value8 = 1.39 |color8 = gold
|label9 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value9 = 1.32 |color9 = darkturquoise
|label10 = [[Rabha language|Rabha]] |value10 = 1.23 |color10 = lightgreen
|label11 = Others |value11 = 3.28 |color11 = grey
}}
At the time of the 2011 census, 53.93% spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 16.80% [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 9.70% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 3.67% [[Hindi]], 3.17% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]], 3.13% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 2.38% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 1.39% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.32% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 1.23% [[Rabha language|Rabha]] as their first language. The remaining 3.28% spoke other languages.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Visitor attractions==
[[File:Elephant safari.jpg|thumb|An elephant safari through the Jaldapara Sanctuary]]
[[File:Jaigaon, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Hill Down View of [[Jaigaon]]]]
* [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]], IUCN category II national park
* [[Jayanti (village)|Jayanti]] Hills
* [[Buxa Fort]], built by [[British Raj]]
* [[Jaldapara National Park]]
* [[Chilapata Forests]]
* [[Jaigaon]], a small town of [[Alipurduar]] district and near the [[Bhutan]] border
* Rajabhatkhawa Museum at [[Rajabhatkhawa]]
*[[Rajabhatkhawa|Rajabhatkhawa Forest]]
* [[Raimatang]]
*[[Jayanti, Alipurduar|Jayanti]]
* Santalabari
* Rovers point
* Roopang valley
* Lepchakha
* Chunabhati
* Chipra Forest
*[[Chilapata Forests|Chilapata Forest]]
*[[Buxa Tiger Reserve]]
*Dima Bridge
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Special|Vistadome Ride]]
*Tons of Tea Estates



*[[Kodalbasti]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Moushumi |title=A rhino poaching racket has created fear, suspicion towards outsiders in a West Bengal village |url=https://scroll.in/article/880750/a-rhino-poaching-racket-has-created-fear-suspicion-towards-outsiders-in-a-west-bengal-village |website=scroll.in |access-date=29 July 2023 |date=31 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Shilbarihat]]
*[[Nilpara]]
*[[Nimati]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Buxa Tiger Reserve Forests |url=https://www.indyatour.com/india/west_bengal/wb_buxa_tiger_reserve.php |website=indyatour.com |publisher=Indyatour |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
[[Kalonunia rice]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 02/01/2024 (valid until 11/03/2034). It is a common and widely cultivated crop in [[district]]s of [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] and Alipurduar along with some parts of [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] & [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal's own Gobindabhog and Tulaipanji soon to get a distinct stand on world map |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/how-new-grading-rules-for-non-basmati-rice-varieties-can-put-gobindabhog-on-world-map-9091192/ |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khush |first1=Gurdev S. |last2=Hettel |first2=Gene |last3=Rola |first3=Tess |title=Rice Genetics III: Proceedings of the Third International Rice Genetics Symposium, Manila, Philippines, 16-20 October 1995 |date=1996 |publisher=Int. Rice Res. Inst. |isbn=978-971-22-0087-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_hKLjbOuBEC&dq=Kalonunia+rice&pg=PA823 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roychoudhury |first1=Aryadeep |title=Rice Research for Quality Improvement: Genomics and Genetic Engineering: Volume 2: Nutrient Biofortification and Herbicide and Biotic Stress Resistance in Rice |date=29 July 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-5337-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RL0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Kalonunia+rice&pg=PA393 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarker |first1=Dilip De |last2=Saha |first2=Manas Ranjan |last3=Saha |first3=Subrata |title=Perspective of dietetic and antioxidant medicinal plants |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-84878-95-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTrECQAAQBAJ&dq=Kalonunia+rice&pg=PT20 |language=en}}</ref>

State Agricultural Management & Extension Training Institute (SAMETI) from [[Narendrapur]], proposed the GI registration of Kalonunia rice. After filing the application in March 2021, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Kalonunia rice" exclusive to the rice grown in the region.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Kalonunia Rice |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/743 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> It thus became the third rice variety from West Bengal after [[Tulaipanji rice]] and the 26th type of goods from West Bengal to earn the GI tag.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://alipurduar.gov.in/}}

{{Alipurduar district}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Alipurduar district
|North = {{flag|Bhutan}}
|Northeast =
|East = [[Kokrajhar district]], Assam
|Southeast = [[Dhubri district]], Assam
|South = [[Cooch Behar district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Jalpaiguri district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Districts of West Bengal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alipurduar Subdivision}}
[[Category:Alipurduar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in West Bengal]]

Ashok Kumar

2026-03-21T02:50:07Z

Tudu Hommie: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian actor (1911–2001)}}
{{About|the Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Ashok Kumar
| image = Ashok Kumar Saab.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Kumudlal Ganguly
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|10|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]], India)}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|12|10|1911|10|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names = ''Dadamoni''
| occupation = Actor, producer, [[painter]], singer
| years_active = 1934–1997
| works = [[Ashok Kumar filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{married|Shobha Devi|1935}}
| children = 4, including [[Preeti Ganguly]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]
| relatives = See [[Ganguly family]] See [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]]
| awards = * [[List of awards and nominations received by Ashok Kumar|Full list]]
*[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1988)
| honours = {{bulleted list|[[Padma Shri]] (1962)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (1999)}}
| signature = Ashok_Kumar_signature.jpg
}}
'''Ashok Kumar''' (born '''Kumudlal Ganguly'''; 13 October 1911 – 10 December 2001) was an Indian actor who worked in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most successful actors in the history of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Remembering Dadamoni: 10 facts about Ashok Kumar you did not know | date=13 October 2016 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/ashok-kumar-839051-2016-10-13 }}</ref> He is considered to be the first superstar of Indian cinema as well as the first lead actor to play an anti-hero.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-ashok-kumar-wedding-was-called-off-because-he-became-actor-8204427/|title=When Ashok Kumar's wedding was called off because he became an actor: 'It was considered disreputable those days'|date=13 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/movie-buffs-and-time-machines/article61526391.ece|title=Movie buffs and time machines|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 October 2018}}</ref> He also became the first star to reinvent himself, enjoying a long and hugely successful career as a character actor. He was a member of the cinematic [[Ganguly family]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handa |first=Ekta |date=2018-12-10 |title=Remembering 'Dadamoni' Ashok Kumar: A perfectionist actor, homoeopath & 'wacky' gentleman |url=https://theprint.in/features/remembering-dadamoni-ashok-kumar-a-perfectionist-actor-homoeopath-wacky-gentleman/160924/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He was honoured in 1988 with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the highest national award for cinema artists,<ref name="Ashok Kumar: Lesser Known Facts">{{Cite news |title=Ashok Kumar: Lesser Known Facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/ashok-kumar-lesser-known-facts/photostory/44795000.cms |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> by the [[Government of India]]. He received the [[Padma Shri]] in 1962 and [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1999 for his contributions to Indian cinema.<ref name="Ashok Kumar: Lesser Known Facts"/>

== Background and personal life ==
[[File:Indian film actor Ashok Kumar (2).jpg|thumb|257x257px|Ashok Kumar portrait]]

Ashok Kumar was born Kumudlal Ganguly into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Bengali Brahmin|Brahmin]] family in [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Bihar]], India).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Ashok-Kumar-Lesser-Known-Facts/photostory/44794987.cms|title=Ashok Kumar: Lesser Known Facts – The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328172117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Ashok-Kumar-Lesser-Known-Facts/photostory/44794987.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Kunjlal Ganguly, was a lawyer while his mother, Gouri Devi, was a housewife. Kumudlal was the eldest of four children. His only sister, Sati Devi, a few years younger than him, was married at a very young age to [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] and became the matriarch of [[Mukherjee-Samarth family|a large "film family"]]. Next was his brother, [[Anoop Kumar|Kalyan]], 16 years younger (b.1927), who later took the screen name [[Anoop Kumar]]. Youngest of all was [[Kishore Kumar|Abhas]] (b.1929), whose screen name was [[Kishore Kumar]], who became a phenomenally successful playback singer in Hindi films. Although the eldest by several years, Kumudlal outlived all his siblings. Notably, he stopped celebrating his birthday after his youngest brother, Kishore, died on the same day in 1987.

While still a teenager and well before he had even given thought to a career in films, the young Kumudlal was married to Shobha (a first cousin of actress [[Chhaya Devi]]), a girl of his own [[Bengali Brahmin]] community and similar family background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian way.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home alone: Ashok Kumar |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/feb2001/tunen2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205232633/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/feb2001/tunen2.html |archive-date=5 February 2008 }}</ref> Their lifelong marriage was a harmonious and conventional one, and despite his film career, the couple retained a very middle-class outlook and value system, bringing up their children with traditional values in a remarkably simple home. They were the parents of one son, Aroop Ganguly, and three daughters named Bharati Patel, Rupa Verma and [[Preeti Ganguly]]. Aroop Kumar Ganguly worked in only one film, appearing as a hero in ''Bezubaan'' (1962), which flopped at the box office. He then made a career in the corporate world. The eldest daughter, Bharati Patel, is the mother of the actress [[Anuradha Patel]]. His second eldest daughter, Rupa Ganguly, is a former actress and widow of actor-comedian [[Deven Verma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिग्गज अभिनेता अशोक कुमार की बेटी अभिनेत्री भारती जाफरी का निधन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/entertainment/bollywood-actor-ashok-kumar-daughter-actress-bharti-jaffery-dies-htzs/1361467 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> The youngest daughter, [[Preeti Ganguly]] acted as a comedienne in several Hindi films during the 1970s and 1980s and died unmarried in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title = Veteran actor Ashok Kumar passes away |url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2001-12-10/news/27470778_1_ashok-kumar-film-industry-actor |publisher = [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |date = 10 December 2001 |access-date = 30 March 2012 |archive-date = 31 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131231222421/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2001-12-10/news/27470778_1_ashok-kumar-film-industry-actor }}</ref>

Kumudlal's daughter Bharati married twice. Her first marriage was to Dr. Veerendra Patel, a Gujarati doctor. Through this marriage, she had two sons, Rahul and Rohit, and one daughter, the actress [[Anuradha Patel]], who is married to the actor [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]. Later, and much against the wishes of all her relatives, Bharati married Hameed Jaffrey, a Muslim, the brother of the actor [[Saeed Jaffrey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bollywood.bhaskar.com/news-aff/ENT-BOL-meet-first-ever-girlfriend-of-salman-khan-5244922-PHO.html|title=ये रही हैं सलमान खान की पहली गर्लफ्रेंड, होते-होते रह गई दोनों की शादी!|date=10 February 2016|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918194905/http://bollywood.bhaskar.com/news-aff/ENT-BOL-meet-first-ever-girlfriend-of-salman-khan-5244922-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> By this second marriage, Bharati had one son, Saahil, and also acquired step-daughters, Geneviève and Shaheen, who were Hameed's daughters by his first wife Valerie Salway, a woman of Scottish, Irish, Portuguese and Spanish heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/kiara-alia-advani-bollywood-actress?platform=hootsuite|title=Gene Junction: Kiara Alia Advani|date=2 February 2016|website=[[Verve (Indian magazine)]]|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181135/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/kiara-alia-advani-bollywood-actress?platform=hootsuite|url-status=live}}</ref> Geneviève married a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] businessman named Jagdeep Advani. Their daughter is actress [[Kiara Advani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiara Advani's about her relation with Ashok Kumar {{!}} THE FREE PRESS JOURNAL|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/i-wasnt-even-aware-that-i-was-related-to-ashok-kumar-reveals-kiara-advani|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> Thus, Ashok Kumar has no blood relationship with Kiara Advani but he is related to her in her family tree. In all, Kumar had eight biological grandchildren - Bharati's four children Rahul, Rohit, Anuradha and Saahil, and Aroop's four children Rishi, Mihir, Tushar and Somdatta (from his marriage to Nirmala Ganguly), in addition to his step-granddaughters Geneviève and Shaheen.

Ganguly was educated at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College of the University of Calcutta]], Kolkata, where he studied to become a lawyer. However, his heart was not in his law studies. Ganguly was more interested in cinema, in which he dreamt of working as a technician.

== Career ==
=== Debut and breakthrough (1936–1942) ===

Kumar reluctantly made his debut in the year 1936 with [[Franz Osten]]'s ''[[Jeevan Naiya]]'' alongside [[Devika Rani]].{{Sfn|Manṭo|2003|pp=244–245}}
[[File:Devika Rani et Ashok Kumar dans Nirmala (1938).jpg|left|thumb|With Devika Rani in ''[[Nirmala (1938 film)|Nirmala]]'' (1938)]]
His breakthrough came the same year with another Franz Osten's film ''[[Achhut Kannya]]'' which was a reformist piece featuring a [[Brahmin]] boy falling in love with a girl from the so-called [[Dalit (outcaste)|untouchables]] in Indian [[society]].<ref>[https://indiancine.ma/BXG/info Annotation of the film on indiancine.ma]</ref>
After the huge box office success of ''Achhut Kanya'', he delivered a hat-trick of silver jubilee hits with ''Kangan'' (1939), ''[[Bandhan (1940 film)|Bandhan]]'' (1940) and ''[[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]'' (1941), all opposite [[Leela Chitnis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|title=All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th}}</ref>

=== Superstardom (1943–1959) ===
[[File:Mumtaz Shanti et Ashok Kumar dans Kismet (1943).jpg|thumb|Ashok Kumar in the 1943 film ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'']]
In 1943, Ashok Kumar played the lead role in [[Gyan Mukherjee]]'s [[Drama (genre)|drama]] film ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' opposite [[Mumtaz Shanti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kismet_1943|title=Kismet (1943)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> It became the first film to present the main lead as an [[Antihero|anti-hero]] as well as an unmarried girl getting pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ashok-kumar-played-khal-nayak-in-1943-film-kismat-first-in-bollywood-article-104391070|title=Ashok Kumar Played 'Khal Nayak' In 1943 Film Kismet, First In Bollywood|date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Despite having themes considered way ahead of times, ''Kismet'' became the first [[India]]n film to do a nett business of {{INRConvert|10|m}} and emerged an ''All Time Blockbuster'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/108517-all-about-first-blockbuster-indian-cinema-kismet-ashok-kumar.html|title=Everything To Know About Indian Cinema's First Blockbuster, 'Kismet' Starring Ashok Kumar|date=28 May 2002}}</ref> It ran in [[Kolkata]]'s [[Roxy Cinema (Kolkata)|Roxy Cinema]] for 184 weeks, a record which remains unbroken till date.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|title=All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th}}</ref> ''Kismet'' also got the tag of being the first true blue mega blockbuster in the history of [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="nfaipune">[http://nfaipune.nic.in/kismet.htm Kismet (1943 film)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003044855/http://nfaipune.nic.in/kismet.htm |date=3 October 2008 }} ''[[National Film Archive of India]]''; accessed 15 October 2017.</ref> Its music, especially the patriotic song "[[Aaj Himalay Ki Choti Se]]" written by [[Kavi Pradeep]] was highly successful and played big role in making ''Kismet'' a box office sensation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Britannica |first=Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PA282 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=282 |language=en}}</ref> The mass hysteria created by ''Kismet'' made Kumar the first big superstar of Indian cinema.<ref name="Top Actors">{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एक तरफ 'वर्ल्ड वॉर 2' चल रहा था और दूसरी तरफ फिल्म 'किस्मत'ने इतिहास रचा, अशोक कुमार बन गए पहले सुपरस्टार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/bollywood-first-blockbuster-film-kismat-which-made-ashok-kumar-the-first-superstar-of-the-industry-filmy-friday/articleshow/100363275.cms#:~:text=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%20*%20'Aryan%20Khan%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F,%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%8F%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Such was his popularity at the time that, in the words of Manṭo, "Ashok's popularity grew each passing day. He seldom ventured out, but wherever he was spotted, he was mobbed. Traffic would come to a stop and often the police would have to use lathis to disperse his fans".{{sfn|Manṭo|2010}} The huge box office success of ''Kismet'' was followed by films, such as Gyan Mukherjee's ''[[Chal Chal Re Naujawan]]'' (1944), [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Humayun (film)|Humayun]]'' (1945) and [[Kishore Sahu]]'s ''[[Sajan (1947 film)|Sajan]]'' (1947), all three of which received critical acclaim and emerged box office hits.<ref>{{cite book |title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy |publisher=Rupa & Company |page=161}}</ref>

In 1949, Kumar produced and starred in [[Kamal Amrohi]]'s ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]'', which had [[Madhubala]] as the female lead. Recalled as [[Hindi cinema]]'s first [[Horror fiction|horror film]], ''Mahal'' went on to become a blockbuster at the box office and [[List of Hindi films of 1949|third highest-grossing film of the year]], behind ''[[Barsaat (1949 film)|Barsaat]]'' and ''[[Andaz (1949 film)|Andaz]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/with-pathaan-and-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-becomes-only-actor-after-raj-kapoor-to-deliver-2-atgs-in-a-single-year-1247199|title=With Pathaan and Jawan, Shah Rukh Khan becomes only actor after Raj Kapoor to deliver 2 ATGs in a single year|date=29 September 2023}}</ref> The film made Madhubala an overnight sensation and launched the career of [[Lata Mangeshkar]] who sang [[Aayega Aanewala]], which remains popular till date.<ref>{{cite web |work=Box Office India |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227120846/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gayathri |title=Shadow Craft: Visual Aesthetics of Black and White Hindi Cinema |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-90176-26-7 }}</ref> ''Mahal'' also became the source of inspiration for several films like ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'' (1976), ''[[Karz (1980 film)|Karz]]'' (1980) and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007).<ref>{{citation|last=Mishra|first=Vijay|title=Bollywood cinema: temples of desire|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2002|isbn=0-415-93014-6|pages=49–57}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|title=The woman who pretended to be who she was: myths of self-imitation|chapter=Chapter 6: Reincarnation|pages=112–136 [135]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-19-516016-9}}</ref> The early-1950s saw the rise of younger crop of stars like [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]] and [[Raj Kapoor]], but Kumar remained rock-steady and continued to deliver huge hits throughout the decade.<ref name="Top Actors"/> In 1950, Kumar delivered another blockbuster and highest-earning film of the year with [[Ramesh Saigal]]'s ''[[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]]'' opposite [[Nalini Jaywant]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1950|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> That same year, he reunited with Jaywant and Gyan Mukherjee for ''[[Sangram (1950 film)|Sangram]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sangram|title=Sangram (1950)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> After ''Kismet'', Kumar again donned the hat of anti-hero for ''Sangram'', in turn adding another huge hit in his kitty.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Sangram-1950/article12719064.ece|title=Sangram (1950)|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 December 2010 }}</ref> In 1951, he starred in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s [[Crime (genre)|crime drama]] film ''[[Afsana (1951 film)|Afsana]]'' and [[Nitin Bose]]'s [[romantic musical]] ''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s |last=Majumdar |first=Neepa |page=138 |year=2009 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=978-0-252-07628-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bhaichand Patel|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA84|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|page=84}}</ref> ''Afsana'' in which Kumar played a double role was the first hit of Chopra as a filmmaker and made him a notable name in the industry while ''Deedar'' co-starring [[Nargis]] and Dilip Kumar also proved to be a major commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|title=Noted filmmaker B R Chopra passes away |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811051642.htm |work=The Hindu newspaper |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629033642/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811051642.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Cinema: Do Badan (1966)| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/15/stories/2010101551031100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313211101/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/15/stories/2010101551031100.htm | archive-date = 13 March 2014 | date=15 October 2010| work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 2014-03-13 }}</ref>

Kumar's only notable release of 1952 was M. L. Anand's [[Romance film|romantic drama]] ''[[Bewafa (1952 film)|Bewafa]]'' which also had Nargis and Raj Kapoor in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/bewafa/3490774|title=Bewafa (1952)}}</ref> In 1953, he produced and starred in [[Bimal Roy]]'s romantic drama ''[[Parineeta (1953 film)|Parineeta]]'' alongside [[Meena Kumari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/on-meena-kumari-s-birth-anniversary-here-are-her-5-must-watch-films-101659343058782.html|title=On Meena Kumari's birth anniversary, here are her 5 must watch films|date=1 August 2022}}</ref> Based upon the 1914 Bengali novel of the [[Parineeta (novel)|same name]] by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], it proved to be a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-anarkali-to-rahi-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1953/|title=From Anarkali To Rahi – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1953}}</ref> Post-''Parineeta'', Kumar had three unsuccessful ventures in ''[[Baadbaan]]'' (1954), ''[[Sardar (1955 film)|Sardar]]'' (1955) and ''[[Bandish (1955 film)|Bandish]]'' (1955), but this changed with a superhit in B. R. Chopra's [[Family|family drama]] film ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1956), acting alongside Meena Kumari and [[Sunil Dutt]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema | publisher=Lotus Collection | author=Dwyer, Rachel | year=2002 | page=42 | isbn=81-7436-234-7}}</ref> He also had successes in [[M. V. Raman]]'s ''[[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|Bhai-Bhai]]'' and [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''[[Inspector (1956 film)|Inspector]]'', the same year and [[Devendra Goel]]'s ''[[Ek Saal]]'', the next year.<ref name="Great Gambler"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Bhaichand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&q=ek+saal&pg=PT110|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|date=2016-01-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-598-5|language=en}}</ref>

In 1958, Kumar added one more superhit in his kitty with [[Satyen Bose]]'s [[musical comedy]] ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]'', which also had his brothers [[Anoop Kumar]] and [[Kishore Kumar]] in the lead.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Deb|first=Sandipan|date=2020-10-12|title=The best Hindi movie ever and the inimitable Kishore Kumar|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/the-best-hindi-movie-ever-and-the-inimitable-kishore-kumar-11602460560015.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The film gained cult status in later years and got remade twice in Hindi and once in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-remake-saga/1073397/ |title=The Remake Saga |last=Swamy |first=Rohan |date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> Its soundtrack composed by [[S. D. Burman]] was highly successful with a number of hit songs, including "Babu Samjho Ishaare", "Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si", "Hum The Woh Thi Aur Sama Rangeen" and "Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-remake-saga/1073397/ |title=The Remake Saga |last=Swamy |first=Rohan |date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-01|title=Bollywood throwback movie review: Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958)|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2016/12/01/bollywood-throwback-movie-review-chalti-ka-naam-gaadi-1958419964/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=The American Bazaar|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>"The Top 25 Rain Songs In Bollywood – Rediff.com" https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-25-rain-songs-of-bollywood/20120614.htm</ref> His other major release of the year was Shakti Samanta's [[Crime film|crime thriller]] ''[[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' which had Madhubala opposite him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=U|first=Saiam Z.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSVCCwAAQBAJ&q=Madhubala+shakti+ashok+nargis+nimmi&pg=PT146|title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema|date=2012|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=978-93-80070-25-4|language=en}}</ref> The film opened to positive response from critics and proved to be a hit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Madhubala's best roles|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/remembering-madhubalas-best-roles-32527.html|access-date=2021-09-11|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en}}</ref> Its dance numbers - "[[Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu]]" sung by [[Geeta Dutt]] which brought fame to [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and "Aaiye Meharban" sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] were hugely popular among the masses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/mera-naam-chin-chin-chu/article8441496.ece|title=For a shake n shimmy|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 April 2016}}</ref> Kumar's last notable film in his prime came with [[Yash Chopra]]'s maiden directional venture ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959), co-starring [[Mala Sinha]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhool-ka-phool|title=Dhool Ka Phool (1959)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> It opened to critical acclaim and emerged a blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat=|title=Legendary Director Yash Chopra Passes Away|date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121054713/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat= |archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref>

=== Continued success, acclaim and expansion to television (1960–1984) ===

With the beginning of the 1960s, Kumar was open to all kind of roles, whether as main lead, second lead, or in a character role.<ref name=bo25y/> This prevented him from being type-cast and he continued to receive acclaim for his work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ashok-kumar-jewel-to-his-family-and-jewel-thief-of-hindi-cinema-news-229874|title=Ashok Kumar: 'Jewel' To His Family And 'Jewel Thief' Of Hindi Cinema|date=14 October 2022}}</ref>

It started with B. R. Chopra's [[Legal drama|courtroom drama]] ''[[Kanoon]]'' (1960) which also had Rajendra Kumar and Nanda in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kanoon_1960|title=Kanoon (1960)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Despite not having any songs and other gimmicks required in a commercial Hindi film, ''Kanoon'' emerged a hit and went on to win [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi)]].<ref name="JK"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-17-july-2024-from-our-issue-dated-17th-july-1999/|title=JAANEWALE KI YAAD AATI HAI - RAJENDRA KUMAR BIDS ADIEU|date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> After playing a brief role in Yash Chopra's critically acclaimed [[Partition of India|partition]] drama ''[[Dharmputra]]'' (1961), the following year, he did lead roles in [[A. Bhimsingh]]'s ''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]'' and [[Phani Majumdar]]'s ''[[Aarti (1962 film)|Aarti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-RAKTHA-SAMBANDHAM-1962/article16076658.ece|title=Blast from the past: RAKTHA SAMBANDHAM (1962)|date=20 October 2016|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=12 April 2015 |title=Manaswini – 1968 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-manaswini-1968/article7095564.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509074827/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-manaswini-1968/article7095564.ece |archive-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Both ''Rakhi'' and ''Aarti'' received critical acclaim and proved to be box office hits.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! - Box Office India: India's premier film trade magazine |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |archive-date=15 September 2017 }}</ref> Kumar received his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his portrayal of a doting brother in ''Rakhi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/download/FilmfareAwards/FilmfareAwards.pdf |access-date=6 May 2023 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> 1963 proved to be a hugely successful year for Kumar with many successes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29dinesh.htm|title=Ashok Kumar - The Jewel In Bollywood's Crown}}</ref> He first collaborated with B. R. Chopra for the [[Romance film|romantic thriller]] ''[[Gumrah (1963 film)|Gumrah]]'' co-starring Sunil Dutt, [[Mala Sinha]], [[Shashikala]] and [[Nirupa Roy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gumrah1963|title=Gumrah (1963)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> ''Gumrah'' did very well at the box office and proved to be a superhit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7690|title=Gumraah Dull - John Wick 4 Proving To Be A HIT}}</ref> For his performance in the film, Kumar won his first [[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196427.htm |title=27th Annual BFJA Awards |publisher=Bfjaawards.com |access-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108082149/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196427.htm |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref> The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|National Film Award for Third Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> This was followed by Bimal Roy's critically and commercially successful drama film ''[[Bandini (1963 film)|Bandini]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |author-link1=Saibal Chatterjee |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Gulzar |author-link3=Gulzar |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Bandini+ |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |page=599 |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}</ref> ''Bandini'' was the last feature film directed by Roy and won him his final [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]] along with [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi)]] as well as [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]].<ref name="11thaward" /> Before the end of year, he reunited with Rajendra Kumar in [[H. S. Rawail]]'s [[muslim social]] ''[[Mere Mehboob]]'', co-starring [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] and [[Nimmi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mere-mehboob|title=Mere Mehboob (1963)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> The film topped box office chart in 1963 and emerged an ''All Time Blockbuster''.<ref name="JK">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/09dinesh.htm|title=Bollywood's Jubilee Kumar}}</ref> Its music composed by [[Naushad]] dominated the year-end annual list of [[Binaca Geetmala]] and was the second best-selling [[Hindi]] film album of the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1963.php|title=Binaca Geetmala (1963)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}</ref>

In 1964, Kumar delivered two moderately successful films with A. Bhimsingh's ''[[Pooja Ke Phool]]'' and [[Inder Raj Anand]]'s ''[[Phoolon Ki Sej]]'' which had [[Dharmendra]] and [[Manoj Kumar]] in the lead respectively, but his other releases, such as ''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'' and ''[[Benazir (1964 film)|Benazir]]'' flopped at the box office.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== |title=Box Office 1964 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212160433/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== |archive-date=12 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1965, he had a hit in ''[[Bheegi Raat]]'' and a semi-hit in ''[[Oonche Log (1965 film)|Oonche Log]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=171&catName=MTk2NQ== |title=Box Office 1965 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021801/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=171&catName=MTk2NQ== |archive-date=22 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The hit streak continued in 1966 with [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]'s ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' which again had Dharmendra in the lead along with [[Suchitra Sen]] who played a double role.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Cowie|title=World Filmography: 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA270|access-date=23 February 2015|year=1977|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-498-01565-6|page=270}}</ref> It was a successful venture domestically, but an ''All Time Blockbuster'' in overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3720|title=You Asked It - Why Are China Collections Not Added To Worldwide Collections|date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The same year, Kumar also appeared in [[Brij Sadanah]]'s ''Afsana'' which was a box office failure, but won him [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366575.cms|title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1966|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323040505/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366575.cms|archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref> 1967 was a notable year for him as he starred in two of the biggest hits of the year - [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]'s [[Spy fiction|spy heist thriller]] ''[[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]]'' and A. Bhimsingh's light hearted drama film ''[[Mehrban]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040307/spectrum/main5.htm |title=Goldie: Guide for new filmmakers |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=7 March 2004 |author=Devinder Bir Kaur |access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Elley|1977|pp=270–271}} Both the films proved to be critical and commercial successes with Kumar getting applauded for his performances in them and receiving a nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] category for the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chetan-anand-jewel-thief-overshadowed-by-guide-dev-anand-vyjayanthimala-7735256/|title=Dev Anand-Vyjanthimala's Jewel Thief remains one of Hindi cinema's tautest thrillers, even 55 years after it was made|date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-dilip-kumars-ram-aur-shyam-to-manoj-kumars-patthar-ke-sanam-top-box-office-grossers-of-1967/|title=From Dilip Kumar's Ram Aur Shyam To Manoj Kumar's Patthar Ke Sanam – Top Box Office Grossers Of 1967|date=7 May 1967}}</ref>

In 1968, he played the lead role in [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s social drama ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aashirwad|title=Aashirwad (1968)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> Although the film did not do well at the box office, it was a huge critical success, winning [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi)]].<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web | title =Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films: Aashirwad (1969)| url = http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide4.htm | publisher =Rediff.com Movies | date =28 August 2006 | access-date = 30 July 2013 }}</ref> Kumar's portrayal of a loving father was very well received and won him all the major accolades that year, such as [[National Film Award for Best Actor]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] and [[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)]].<ref name="16thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/99_16thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153304/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/99_16thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1970/101|title=Filmfare Winners (1970)|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197033.htm |title=33th Annual BFJA Awards |publisher=Bfjaawards.com |access-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108033915/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197033.htm |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref> One of its song "Rail Gaadi Chhuk Chhuk Chhuk Chhuk" sung by Kumar himself is considered the first [[rap]] song of Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/did-you-know-ashok-kumar-crooned-the-first-rap-song-of-bollywood-deets-inside/videoshow/94859920.cms|title=Did you know Ashok Kumar crooned the first rap song of Bollywood|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 October 2022}}</ref> Kumar ended the decade on a high. He co-starred alongside [[Sanjay Khan]] and Sadhana in [[R. K. Nayyar]]'s [[Mystery film|mystery thriller]] ''[[Intaqam]]'' which went on to become a superhit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-rajesh-khannas-aradhana-to-jeetendras-jigri-dost-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1969/|title=From Rajesh Khanna's Aradhana To Jeetendra's Jigri Dost – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1969|date=5 May 1969}}</ref> He then did a guest appearance in Samanta's [[Romance film|romantic blockbuster]] ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' which made [[Rajesh Khanna]] a superstar. Kumar also reunited with Hrishikesh Mukherjee for drama film ''[[Satyakam]]'' which like their previous collaboration ''Aashirwad'' met with immense acclaim and won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/15dinesh.htm|title=Satyakam: Dharmendra's career best role|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm17thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=17NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |access-date=2012-07-23}}</ref>

The 1970s saw the domination of whole new generation of stars, including Rajesh Khanna, Dharmendra, [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Manoj Kumar, [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Jeetendra]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/1970s-bollywood-amitabh-bachchan-rishi-kapoor-dharmendra-shabana-azmi-vinod-khanna-shatrughan-sinha-salim-javed-4955704/|title=Hindi classics that defined the 1970s|date=27 May 2020}}</ref> Kumar worked with all of them in various successful and acclaimed films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Romancing-the-camera-for-decades/article15783728.ece|title=Romancing the camera for decades|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 October 2010}}</ref> In 1970, he played important roles in two directional ventures of Asit Sen, ''[[Sharafat]]'' co-starring Dharmendra, [[Hema Malini]] and ''[[Safar (1970 film)|Safar]]'' which also had Rajesh Khanna, [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|editor=Bhaichand Patel |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2012|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9 |page=165 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - নিবন্ধ |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140111/11smaran.html |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref> Both the films emerged superhits and received big thumbs from reviewers, especially ''Safar'' which won Sen his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]].<ref>[http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf Filmfare Nominees and Winners]</ref> He also collaborated with Manoj Kumar for his second directional, the patriotic drama ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'', which proved to be a blockbuster in India as well as overseas.<ref>{{citation|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2882|title=Vinod Khanna Passes Away|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=27 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=United Kingdom Evolution - £100k To £4 Million Of Pathaan |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7602 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The following year, he appeared in acclaimed ventures, such ''[[Naya Zamana]]'', ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'' and ''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|date=25 July 2013|title=Naya Zamana (1971)|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/naya-zamana-1971/article4952795.ece|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02dinesh.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Classics Revisited: Guddi|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233905/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02dinesh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1972, he starred in Kamal Amrohi's magnum opus ''[[Pakeezah]]'' which had Meena Kumari as the eponymous lead, alongside [[Raaj Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_pure_one_1971|title=Pakeezah|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> Despite getting mixed reviews and being a slow starter, it went on to become a massive blockbuster and also the final film appearance of Kumari who died few weeks after its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3957|title=You Asked It - Can Race 3 Do 300 Crore Plus?|date=24 May 2018}}</ref> Kumar then played the role of a doting grandfather in Samanta's ''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'' and a crook in Sadanah's ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/jan/news-how-rajesh-khanna-encouraged-shakti-samanta-to-make-anuraag.asp|title=OTT | TV | Bollywood | Hollywood - News, Reviews, Gossips|date=7 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 18, 2015 |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya|title=Infocus: Dadamoni, Pran and fun times |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Infocus-Dadamoni-Pran-and-fun-times/articleshow/49443859.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Both the films emerged superhits with Kumar again getting nominated in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] category for ''Anuraag''.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/> That same year, he reunited with Rajesh Khanna for ''[[Maalik (1972 film)|Maalik]]'' and ''[[Dil Daulat Duniya]]'', but contrary to expectations, both the films flopped commercially.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dil-daulat-duniya-1972-movie-review/article6360033.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=Dil Daulat Duniya (1972) – The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Kumar played small roles in both of his major releases of 1973 and 1974 which were - ''[[Dhund (1973 film)|Dhund]]'' and ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'', respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-3207.amp|title = Aboard the mystery train | Cinemaexpress|date=22 November 2017| website=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024081137/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-3207.amp |archive-date=24 October 2020|quote=This BR Chopra directorial was based on the Christie play, The Unexpected Guest, and featured Sanjay Khan, Zeenat Aman, Danny Denzongpa, and Ashok Kumar, among others. The story is about a car-wrecked stranger knocking on the door of a damsel-in-distress who has just shot her husband. On hearing her sad tale of woe, the stranger decides to help her escape punishment.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-column-prem-nagar/article6861419.ece|title=Prem Nagar (1974)|first=A. p s|last=Malhotra|date=5 February 2015|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> In 1975, he had a superhit in ''[[Chori Mera Kaam]]'' co-starring Shashi Kapoor and [[Zeenat Aman]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Chori Mera Kaam (1975) |work= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chori-mera-kaam-1975/article6683094.ece |date=11 December 2014| access-date = 2014-12-12 | first = Vijay| last = Lokapally }}</ref> He also appeared alongside Amitabh Bachchan and [[Jaya Bachchan]] in ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mili|title=Mili (1975)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> It did average business, but won massive acclaim and is now considered a film ahead of its times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-classics-revisited-the-spirit-of-mili-lives-on/20130328.htm|title=Classics revisited: The spirit of Mili lives on|date=28 March 2013}}</ref> The following year, Kumar saw four profitable ventures in ''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (1976 film)|Ek Se Badhkar Ek]]'', ''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]'', ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' and ''[[Suntan (1976 film)|Suntan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/chashme-buddoor-khatta-meetha-katha-revisiting-bollywoods-middle-class-era-5051/5|title=Gol Maal, Chashme Buddoor, Choti Si Baat: Revisiting Bollywood's middle class era}}</ref> He received his fifth and final nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] category for his heartfelt portrayal of a retired colonel in ''Chhoti Si Baat''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Screenplay Award |url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_screenplay.htm |publisher=Filmfare Award Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]] |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080308/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_screenplay.htm |archive-date=29 April 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> His other successful films of the decade, include ''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]]'' (1977), ''[[Anand Ashram]]'' (1977), ''[[Safed Jhooth]]'' (1977), ''[[Chala Murari Hero Banne]]'' (1977), ''[[Dil Aur Deewaar]]'' (1978), ''[[Parikshit Sahni|Anpadh]]'' (1978) and ''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/16sd1.htm |title=A dream called Hema Malini |publisher=In.rediff.com|date=1948-10-16 |access-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref name="Great Gambler"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1978-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1978}}</ref>

Kumar began the next decade with supporting role in four hit films, including ''[[Khubsoorat]]'', ''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]'', ''[[Sau Din Saas Ke]]'' and ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1980-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1980)}}</ref> In 1981, he had two more box office successes with [[Shibu Mitra]]'s ''[[Maan Gaye Ustaad]]'' and Pramod Chakravarty's ''[[Jyoti (1981 film)|Jyoti]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1981-Class-P1-Comp.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1981)}}</ref> He then played the lead role in Basu Chatterjee's [[Comedy (genre)|comedy drama]] ''[[Shaukeen]]'' (1982), which was a commercial as well as critical success and is now considered a cult classic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-11|title=Samaresh Basu Birth Anniversary: Here Are 5 Films Based on His Novels|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/samaresh-basu-birth-anniversary-here-are-5-films-based-on-his-novels-2419565.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=News18}}</ref> In 1983, he appeared in another of Basu Chatterjee's acclaimed venture ''[[Pasand Apni Apni]]'' and Sunil Dutt's drama film ''[[Dard Ka Rishta]]'', which proved to be a box office hit.<ref>{{cite web | title = Classics should be taken on, but correctly: Basu Chatterjee | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Classics-should-be-taken-on-but-correctly-Basu-Chatterjee/articleshow/19253612.cms |date=28 March 2013| access-date = 28 April 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1983-Classification.jpg|title=Film Informatiom Classification 1983}}</ref> The following year, Kumar made his television debut with the soap opera ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'', which was telecasted on [[Doordarshan]] and presented the story of an [[Indian people|Indian]] middle-class family from the 1980s and their daily struggles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/an-episode-in-history/485943/ |title=An episode in history |date=7 July 2009 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-date=15 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715005740/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/an-episode-in-history/485943 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Every episode ended with the Kumar in a sharp suit and dark glasses explaining the theme of the day and prodding viewers to think about what they had just watched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/808304/the-dd-files-hum-log-versus-buniyaad|title=The DD Files: 'Hum Log' versus 'Buniyaad'|date=18 May 2016}}</ref> During its 1 and a half-year run, he received over 400,000 letters from young viewers, asking him to convince their parents in marriage of their choice. The show proved to be a huge success with each episode having a regular viewing audience of more than 50 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=How soap operas changed the world |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17820571 |author=Stephanie Hegarty |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131094916/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17820571 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Further works and retirement (1985–1997) ===

In 1985, Kumar played a notable supporting role in B. R. Chopra's drama film ''[[Tawaif (film)|Tawaif]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tawaif (1985 film)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tawaif|website=Rotten Tomatoes website|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/durgaa|title=Durgaa (1985)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> The film opened to positive response from reviewers and emerged a major commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1985-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1985)}}</ref> In 1986, he played the title role in B. R. Chopra's acclaimed and successful television show ''[[Doordarshan|Bahadur Shah Zafar]]''.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-juhi-chawla-kept-forgetting-her-lines-on-the-sets-of-br-chopras-bahadur-shah-zafar-2546115|title=When Juhi Chawla "Kept Forgetting Her Lines" On The Sets Of BR Chopra's Bahadur Shah Zafar|date=19 September 2021}}</ref> The following year, he appeared in [[Shekhar Kapoor]]'s [[Superhero film|superhero]] film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'', which was a major critical and commercial success, followed by two more hits films, ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]'' and ''[[Sridevi|Jawab Hum Denge]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/ampstories/buzz-on-web/entertainment/153537-dharmendra-unbeatable-record-7-biggest-grossers-out-of-top-10-1987-films.html|title=Dharmendra's Unbeatable Record In 1987 With 7 Out of Top 10 Grossers|date=31 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=13 August 2020 |title=Birthday Special: Best Sridevi Movies |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-best-sridevi-movies-42819.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929191246/https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-best-sridevi-movies-42819.html |archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> Towards the end of decade, Kumar's workload slowed due to declining health. His major releases in 1988 and 1989 - ''[[Inteqam]]'' and ''[[Clerk (1989 film)|Clerk]]'', respectively, were critical and commercial failures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/FI-1988-Classifications.jpg|title=Film Information Classification (1988)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4133|title=Real Winner With Dhadak|date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In the early-1990s, he appeared in films, such as ''[[Majboor (1990 film)|Majboor]]'' (1990), ''[[Begunaah]]'' (1991), ''[[Humlaa]]'' (1992) and ''[[Aasoo Bane Angaarey]]'' (1993), but they did not succeed at the box office. During this period, success came with the TV shows ''[[Anoop Kumar|Bheem-Bhavani]]'' (1990) and ''[[Tehkikaat]]'' (1994).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/goldenframes/Ashok-Kumars-pictures/morphshow/80345028.cms|title=#GoldenFrames: Pictorial Biography of Ashok Kumar, the first icon of Indian cinema!Photos - GoldenFrames-Celebs-The Times of India Photogallery|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|quote=The actor occasionally appeared on television, famously known for anchoring the first Indian soap opera Hum Log (1984-1985). Dadamoni appeared as the title character in Bahadur Shah Zafar (1986) and played the role of a detective along with his brother Anoop Kumar in Bheem-Bhawani (1990-1991).}}</ref> Kumar received [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] at the [[41st Filmfare Awards]], which was held in the year 1996.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/jan97/update.htm |title=The day we were |date=January 1997 |work=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=The Times Group |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970204103953/http://www.filmfare.com/site/jan97/update.htm |archive-date=4 February 1997 }}</ref> The same year, he reunited with Dev Anand and Dharmendra for ''[[Return of Jewel Thief]]'', which was highly anticipated before release, but ended up as a loss making venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2744|title=RETURN of JEWEL THIEF - Movie}}</ref> Kumar quit acting after making an appearance in [[Ashim Samanta]]'s romantic drama ''[[Ankhon Mein Tum Ho]]'' (1997) starring [[Sharad Kapoor]], [[Suman Ranganathan]] and [[Rohit Roy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/trailer-ankhon-mein-tum-ho/|title=Trailer — Ankhon Mein Tum Ho|date=26 December 1997|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006033648/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/trailer-ankhon-mein-tum-ho/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened to negative reviews from critics and was a box office flop.<ref name="Great Gambler"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2619|title=ANKHON MEIN TUM HO - Movie}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ashok Kumar died at the age of 90 in Mumbai on 10 December 2001 of heart failure at his residence in [[Chembur]]. The then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] described him as "an inspiration... for many generations of aspiring actors.<ref name=bo25y>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1701925.stm|title=BBC News – FILM – Bollywood star Ashok Kumar dies|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1701925.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Artistry and legacy ==
[[File:Ashok Kumar 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Stamp issued in memory of Ashok Kumar]]
Kumar was a pioneering actor who introduced natural acting to Hindi cinema and the distinctive style and mannerisms that he adopted in his later career still remain extremely popular among mimicry artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ashok-kumar-111th-birth-anniversary-must-watch-films-of-bollywoods-first-superstar-11435871.html|title=Ashok Kumar 111th birth anniversary: Must-watch films of Bollywood's first superstar|date=13 October 2022 }}</ref>

Kumar had an eye for talent and helped several up-and-coming artists get a break. He groomed [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] during the director's association with [[Bombay Talkies]].<ref>[http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/hrishikesh.htm Hrishikesh Mukherjee Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015095045/http://ultraindia.com/movies/awards/hrishikesh.htm |date=15 October 2007 }} on winning, the 31st Dada Saheb Phalke Award.</ref> The filmmaker went on to helm movies, such as ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'' (1959), ''[[Asli-Naqli]]'' (1962), ''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]'' (1966), ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'' (1968), ''[[Satyakam]]'' (1969), ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971), ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' (1975) and ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterjee, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd.|isbn=81-7991-066-0|page=592}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: The common man lure of Hrishikesh Mukherjee's films |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/17dinesh.htm |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530140945/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide1.htm |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref> He produced ''[[Neel Kamal (1947 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1947), ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1948) and ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]'' (1949) which launched the careers of [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]] and [[Madhubala]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/eventful-1947-breakthrough-year-for-dilip-kumar-raj-kapoor-indian-cinema-8538245/|title=The eventful 1947 was a breakthrough year for Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Indian cinema |date=7 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realbollywood.com/2011/08/lata-dev-anand-recall-kishore-birth-anniversary.html |title=Lata, Dev Anand recall Kishore Kumar on his birth anniversary |publisher=Realbollywood.com website|date=2011-08-04 |access-date=2024-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923112313/http://www.realbollywood.com/2011/08/lata-dev-anand-recall-kishore-birth-anniversary.html |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Akbar|1997|p=61}} He also collaborated with [[Shakti Samanta]] for ''[[Inspector (1956 film)|Inspector]]'' (1956) and ''[[Howrah Bridge (film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' (1958), which proved to be game-changers for the then struggling filmmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/remembering-ashok-kumar-on-his-birth-anniversary-a-pillar-of-indian-cinema-1040189.html|title=Remembering Ashok Kumar on his birth anniversary: A pillar of Indian cinema|date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Great Gambler">{{Cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |title=Great Gambler |access-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152817/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |archive-date=15 February 2009 }}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' included his performance in ''Aashirwad'' in its list of "80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="NargisFilmfare">{{cite journal |url=https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=80 Iconic Performances |journal=Filmfare Via Tanqeed.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

He inspired many of his younger contemporaries, including [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Raj Kapoor]] to succeeding generations of artists, such as [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Manoj Kumar]] and [[Raaj Kumar]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/161884/ashok-kumar-madhubala-bollywood-cinema-news/|title=Dev Anand to Madhubala: How Ashok Kumar Gave India Some of Its Biggest Stars!|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/throwback-thursday-when-raj-kapoor-scolded-shammi-at-the-airport-for-an-ad-with-ashok-kumar-1632864-2020-01-02|title=Throwback Thursday: When Raj Kapoor scolded Shammi at the airport for an ad with Ashok Kumar|date=2 January 2020}}</ref>

One of the highest paid actors of the 1940s and 1950s, Kumar appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list eight times, (1940–1945, 1949–1950).<ref name="Top Actors"/> In 2022, he was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Ashok Kumar}}

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Ashok Kumar filmography}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Akbar |first=Khatija |title=Madhubala: Her Life, Her Films |title-link=Madhubala: Her Life, Her Films |date=1997 |publisher=[[Hay House]] |isbn=978-93-80480-81-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Elley |first=Derek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=mehrban&pg=PA270 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6 |author-link=Derek Elley}}
* {{cite book |last = Ghosh |first = Nabendu |author-link = Nabendu Ghosh |title = Ashok Kumar: His Life and Times |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dB1lAAAAMAAJ |year = 1995 |publisher = Indus |isbn = 978-81-7223-218-4 }}
* {{cite book |last = Valicha |first = Kishore |title = Dadamoni: the authorized biography of Ashok Kumar |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx5lAAAAMAAJ |year = 1996 |publisher = Viking |isbn = 978-0-670-87271-8 }}
* {{cite book |last = Burra |first = Rani |title = Ashok Kumar, Green to Evergreen |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Th1lAAAAMAAJ |year = 1990 |publisher = Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India }}
*{{cite book|last=Manṭo|first=Saʻādat Ḥasan|title=Black Margins: Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dip_nMXIsiUC|year=2003|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-87649-40-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Manṭo |first=Saʻādat Ḥasan |date=2010 |title=Stars from Another Sky: The Bombay Film World of the 1940s |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-343011-7 }}
* {{cite book |last = Patel |first = Bhaichand |title = Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA36 |year = 2012 |publisher = Penguin Books India |isbn = 978-0-670-08572-9 |pages = 28–39 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|q = yes
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = India
}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0006369|name=Ashok Kumar}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Ashok Kumar
| list =
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareBestActorAward}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ashok}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:People from Khandwa]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]

Lingasamudram mandal

2026-03-20T01:08:58Z

Tudu Hommie:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lingasamudram mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.0950|N|79.7007|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Lingasamudram]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 234.81
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 38094
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(zier4l3n123l12v3gd42dp55))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636574|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Lingasamudram mandal''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Prakasam district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Lingasamudram]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|pages=452,518–519}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by .This mandal is located at [[Kandukur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Lingasamudram district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 38,094. The total population constitute, 13,114 males and 18,980 females —a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. 8,365 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4,276 are boys and 4,089 are girls —a ratio of 956 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 76.11% with 51,318 literates.<ref name=population />

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 20 revenue villages. is the most populated and is the least populated villages in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Lingasamudram District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|

# Anneboinapalle
# Cheemalapenta
# Chinapavani
# Gangapalem
# Jagamreddi Khandrika
# Lingasamudram
# Mala Konda Rayunipalem
# Mogilicherla
# Mukteswaram
# Mutyalapadu
# Narasimhapuram
# Pentrala
# Racheruvurajupalem
# Rallapadu
# Thimmareddy Palem
# Thunugunta
# Thurpurajupalem
# [[V. R. Kota|Veera Raghavuni Kota]]
# Vengalapuram
# Viswanadhapuram
}}

''Note: CT-[[Census town]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lingasamudram mandal
|North = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal [[Kovur, Lingasamudram|Kovur]] mandal
|Northeast = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal
|East = [[Nellore (urban) mandal]]
|Southeast = [[Yerpedu]] mandal [[Vadamalapeta]]mandal
|South = [[Vadamalapeta]] mandal
|Southwest = [[Nellore (rural) mandal]]
|West = [[Yerpedu]] mandal
|Northwest = [[Nellore district]]
}}

{{Prakasam district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Prakasam district]]

Nila Gumbad

2026-03-11T20:17:42Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Nila Gumbad
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image = Nila Gumbad view.jpg
| caption = Nila Gumbad
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_date = 1993 (17th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_partof = [[Humayun's Tomb]]
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria = (ii), (iv)
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|India]]
| location = [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]], India
| built =
| rebuilt =
| architect =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.591935|77.253141|display=title,inline}}
| locmapin =
}}

'''Nila Gumbad''' ({{Literal translation|Blue Dome}}) is a tomb located within the [[Humayun's Tomb]] complex at [[Delhi]], India. Historians are unsure about the identity of the person who has been buried. Some claim that it houses the tomb of an attendant of a Mughal noble and was buried during the reign of [[Jahangir]]. According to others, the tomb existed much before the Humayun's Tomb was constructed. At the time of construction, it was covered with glazed tiles most of which have been destroyed. This building along with other buildings form the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of Humayun's Tomb complex.

==Background==
In the book ''Asarus Sanadid'', [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] writes that this mausoleum houses the tomb of Fahim Khan. Khan was an attendant of [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]] and died in 1626, during the reign of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]]. S.A.A. Naqvi of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] opines that this building was built even before the [[Humayun's Tomb]]. His conjecture is based on the fact that the enclosure wall of the Humayun's Tomb contains a gateway to this building. Also, the enclosure wall contains recessed arches, which are absent in the Nila Gumbad.{{sfn|Naqvi|2002|p=62}}

The mausoleum is located {{convert|50|yd|m}} away from the eastern wall of the enclosure of the [[Humayun's Tomb]].{{sfn|Naqvi|2002|p=62}} This building along with other buildings form the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of Humayun's Tomb complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humayun's tomb |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=27 May 2019}}</ref> Since 2019, the Nila gumbad has been made accessible and people can visit it using the same ticket for the Humayuns Tomb complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/five-years-of-restoration-later-nila-gumbad-gets-back-its-lost-grandeur/story-Mp2BhnxX5iUKvN10IosnjL.html|title = Five years of restoration later, Nila Gumbad gets back its lost grandeur|date = 28 August 2019}}.</ref>

==Architecture==
The mausoleum is built of plaster and rubble. At the time of construction, it was entirely covered with blue, green and white tiles. Turquoise blue was the dominant amongst the other colors.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=197}} The building is square in plan and has chamfered angles. A hemispherical dome rests on a drum. There is no ''[[mihrab]]'' (a niche in a wall indicating the direction in which Muslims pray) inside the building. It also contains semi-octagonal angled alcoves.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=197}}

Each side of the facade contains decorative arches marked with plaster. These arches were initially covered with glazed tiles. Currently, glazed tiles are extant on the northern side of facade. The interior of the building contains a square chamber which in turn has been artificially divided into two storeys. Stucco decorations are present on the medallions of the interior arches. The squinches have converted the second storey into an octagonal conformation. Piercing on each side of them provide ventilation.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=197}} No monument have been built over the grave.{{sfn|Naqvi|2002|p=63}} There is also no tombstone.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=198}} At the time of construction, the interior was covered with glazed tiles which have currently been destroyed.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=198}}

The drum from which the dome rises is cylindrical externally and circular internally.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=197}} Red stone bricks have been used in the construction of the drum. The sotiff of the dome contains an arabesque design made using blue and red coloured tiles. The brick built dome is complementary to its drum. The dome was covered with turquoise blue tiles. From these, the building gets its name Nila Gumbad which in English translates to "Blue Dome".{{sfn|Naqvi|2002|p=62}}{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=197}} A ''kalasa'' finial crowns the dome.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=198}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation|title = Humayun's tomb and other adjacent monuments | last = Naqvi | first = S.A.A. | publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | date = 2002 | isbn = 9788187780083 | url = https://archive.org/details/humayunstombadja00newd/page/62?q=afsarwala+tomb}}
* {{citation| title = History Of Mughal Architecture Vol.1 | last = Nath | first = Ram | authorlink = Ram Nath| isbn = 9788170171591 | publisher = Abhinav Publications | date = 1982 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532498/page/n335}}

==External links==
*[http://asi.nic.in/humayuns-tomb-the-tomb-complex/ Archaeological Survey of India] profile

{{Humayun's Tomb complex}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nila Gumbad}}
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Siddhantasara

2026-03-08T21:58:48Z

Tudu Hommie: Put Up Initial Post From Scratch - done

{{short description|1889 book of history of philosophy by Manilal Dwivedi}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Siddhantasara
| image = Siddhantasara title page.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Title page of first edition; 1889
| author = [[Manilal Dwivedi]]
| title_orig = સિદ્ધાંતસાર
| orig_lang_code = gu
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| subject =
| genre = [[History of philosophy]]
| publisher = Nirnay Sagar Press
| pub_date = 1889
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 20231887
| dewey =
| congress =
| native_wikisource =
}}

'''''Siddhantasara''''' ({{IPA|gu|sɪd'ðantsar|pron|}}; {{Translation|The Gist of Principles}}) is an 1889 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] book on the [[history of philosophy]] by Indian writer and philosopher [[Manilal Dwivedi]]. It is a historical critique of the world's [[Philosophy of religion|religious philosophies]]. The book deals with the evolution of religious sentiment and attempts to establish the superiority of the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita philosophy]] over other religious philosophies.

''Siddhantasara'' received positive reviews and became a landmark in the history of [[Gujarati literature]] but was also criticised because of the logical lapses and inconsistencies in the author's arguments. [[Manishankar Bhatt]] (known as Kavi Kant) published his review as a book titled ''Siddhantasaranu Avalokan'' (Analysis of Siddhantasara). ''Siddhantasara'' is considered by critics to be Manilal's most important work, and has been seen as a response to the cultural agenda and reform activities of [[colonial India]] at the time.

== Background ==
[[File:Manilal Dwivedi.jpg|thumb|Manilal Dwivedi|upright=0.8]]
In 1888, Manilal had planned to write two books in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. The first of these was a book expounding on practical expressions of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] philosophy. The second was a detailed treatise on the theoretical aspects of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita philosophy]], in the context of a comparative study of Hinduism on the one hand and all other religions of the world on the other. On 9 September that year he finished writing the first book, called ''Pranavinimaya'', and it was published in December. ''Pranavinimaya'' was based on [[mesmerism]].{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=29}} On 5 October,{{sfn|Thaker|1957|p=150}} Manilal began writing the second book, ''Siddhantasara''. Progress was interrupted by illness, but the book was completed in March 1889 and published from [[Bombay]] in June 1889.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=29}}{{sfn|L&C|1891|p=[https://archive.org/details/luzacsorientall01londgoog/age/n326 70]}} The book had a subtitle ''Sarvamanya Ekdharmana Tatva Suchavvano Prayatna'' (Towards a Philosophy of Universal Religion).{{sfn|Dash|2010|p=326}}

In the preface to ''Siddhantasara'', Manilal clarifies his aim in writing the book:

{{blockquote|There are many systems of thought — like religion and philosophy — in this world, but I believe that all these are the transformations of the same eternal principles. The path of arriving at these eternal principles is the Advaita philosophy of ancient India. I believe that this needs no proof, as it is its own proof. My attempt here is to establish these principles.|Manilal Dwivedi, 1889{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=156}}{{efn|English translation. Original statement in Gujarati: "વિશ્વમાં અનેક વિચારસંગતિઓ — ધર્મ, તત્ત્વવિચાર, ઈત્યાદિ — ચાલે છે, પણ તે બધી એક અનાદિ પરમ રહસ્યનું રૂપાંતર છે એમ હું માનું છું; અને એ મૂલ પરમરહસ્યને સમજવાનો સીધામા સીધો રસ્તો આર્ય અદ્વૈતદર્શન જ છે એમ પણ સિદ્ધ ગણુ છુ. અર્થાત્ આ વાત પ્રતિપાદન કરવા માટેજ મારો ઉપક્રમ છે..."{{sfn|Dwivedi|1919|pp=4–5}}}}}}

On the title page, Manilal described the work as "an outline of the history of thought in India terminating with an attempt to point out the basis of a universal religion". Manilal explained that his "attempt [was] to search for truth, which is not bound by any sectarian or ideological considerations", and suggested that this search for truth would be conditioned by his own beliefs.{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=156}}

==Contents==
The book is divided into eleven chapters. Chapter One discusses religious ideas, and emphasizes the need for a standard religion acceptable to all. The final chapter presents a comparison of Indian and Western ideas on religion, and describes in detail the claim of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Aryan religion]], based on Advaita philosophy, as the most acceptable religious philosophy. The intervening chapters present a history of Indian religious-philosophical traditions, including detailed discussion of the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], the [[Sutra]]s, the [[Smriti]]s, the [[Hindu philosophy|Six Systems]] of Hindu philosophy, [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Charvaka]] philosophy, the [[Puranas]], and the [[Tantra]]s.{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=157}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=45}}

In the first chapter, Manilal rejects the idea of the [[Genesis creation narrative]] as told in the [[Old Testament]], and argues that the universe is eternal; that is, with neither beginning nor end.{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=157}} Manilal claims that the Vedas are the source of all religious ideas, wherein lies the origin of a universal religion. He claims that the Vedas were "divinely inspired" texts, and that they are therefore eternal.{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=158}} He attempts a logical explanation of the ritual practices described in the Vedas, their emphasis on [[Karma yoga|Karma Marga]], and their ideas of multiple gods and goddesses and of idol worship.{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=160}}

Manilal's theological conclusions are that [[Āryāvarta]] (ancient India) is the source of all religions; that Advaita Vedanta is the original and universal religion, with other religions as its mere derivatives; and that Advaita Vedanta is the supreme religion, in which lies ''[[moksha]]'' (emancipation).{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=166}}

== Methodology ==
Manilal seeks to demonstrate that, in their original form, all religions contain aspects of Advaita philosophy at their core. To this end, he presents the history of the world's religions and explores the characteristics of each. He attempts to explain the significance of old customs, and to prove that the myths and exaggerations of the ''Puranas'' are purposeful. In reply to [[Max Müller]]'s criticism of the ''Puranas'', he presents a detailed interpretation of the ''[[dashavatara]]'' of [[Vishnu]] (the ten incarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu) in the ''Puranas'', rejecting [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] [[theory of evolution]]. As a metaphorical explanation of the relationship between the ''Vedas'', the ''Puranas'' and the ''Upanishads'', he writes: "The ''Vedas'' are the box of history of philosophical thoughts; the ''Upanishads'' are the key to open it to obtain the contents, and the ''Puranas'' are the lamps enabling us to see those contents fully."{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=45–46}}

[[Dhirubhai Thaker]], Manilal's biographer, characterised Manilal's method as beginning with logical reasoning, which is then abandoned as the discussion proceeds in favor of an abrupt statement of personal conviction presented as [[self-evident]]. He writes that "there is a force of conviction in [Manilal's] style which is so vigorous that an average reader is not able to detect the gimmick, but it hardly escapes the notice of a critical reader".{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=47}}

== Reception and criticism ==
''Siddhantasara'' is considered Manilal's most important work.{{sfn|Chavda|1982|p=165}}{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=155}} With its publication, Manilal was recognised as one of the major philosophical and religious thinkers of his time.{{sfn|Chavda|1982|p=165}} The work also generated prolonged controversy among intellectuals over the logical lapses and inconsistencies in the author's arguments.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=46–47}} Most critics contend that, in his over-enthusiasm to prove a thesis, Manilal takes certain facts as self-evident, twists them to suit his purpose, presents evidence from obscure sources or, in the absence of evidence, resorts to [[sophist]]ry.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=47}}

The historian {{ill|Vijay Singh Chavda|gu|વિજયસિંહ ચાવડા}} wrote: "This work was the outcome of Manilal's long and thoughtful study of the fundamental principles of Sanatan Hindu Dharma and he placed them in their proper historical context".{{sfn|Chavda|1982|p=165}} Thaker sees the publication of ''Siddhantasara'' as an event in [[Gujarat]], saying that it corrected the impression among the educated class that the ''Puranas'' were merely fanciful stories.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=46}} The cultural historian [[Tridip Suhrud]] sees ''Siddhantasara'' as an "interesting response to both the [[Colonial India|colonial]] cultural agenda and the [[Hindu reform movements|reform movements]]".{{sfn|Suhrud|2009|p=167}}

=== Kant's critique ===
Gujarati poet [[Manishankar Bhatt]] (known as Kavi Kant) reviewed ''Siddhantasar'' at length. His chapter-by-chapter comments were published in ''[[Jnanasudha]]'', a journal edited by [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]], from 1894 to 1896. They were written in the form of love-letters addressed by Kant to his imaginary beloved, Kanta.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=46}} Through these letters, Kant exposed Manilal's verbal and logical gimmicks in a light, [[Irony|ironic]] style. Manilal responded to Kant's comments in his own monthly literary magazine, ''[[Sudarshan (magazine)|Sudarashan]]''.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=47}}

In June 1895, Kant met Manilal for the first time, by chance, at the residence of a common friend in [[Baroda]]. As Thaker notes, on that occasion Kant was influenced by Manilal's personality and philosophy. After this meeting, Kant's views underwent change. He ceased criticizing Manilal, and expressed admiration for him in his letters.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=47–48}} In one letter, he wrote of Manilal's view of the ''Puranas'':

<blockquote>His method of treatment is correct. He has been able to establish that the writers of the ''Puranas'' were, to large extent, conversant with the ''Vedas'' and the ''Upanishads'', and that their objective was not to create superstition in the mind of the people, but to teach them truth of religion in a simple popular form.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=46}}</blockquote>

In the final installment of his letters, which appeared in August–September issue of ''Jnanasudha'', Kant wrote: "I respectfully welcome this work of Manilal despite several contradictions, much one-sided reasoning and similar other faults ... Speaking for myself, I look upon him as my [[guru]] for attracting my attention to several praiseworthy traits of our ancient religion".{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=48}} Kant's critique of the ''Siddhantasara'' was later published as a book entitled ''Siddhantasaranu Avalokan'' (Analysis of Siddhantasara).{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=48}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| title = Modern Gujarat
| last = Chavda | first = V. K. | year = 1982
| author-link =:gu:વિજયસિંહ ચાવડા
| publisher = New Order Book Company | location = Ahmedabad
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jIluAAAAMAAJ
| page = 165
| oclc = 9477811
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Hindutva and the Caste Archive: On the Question of "Hindu" Consciousness
| last = Dash | first = Santosh Kumar | year = 2010
| title = Discourse, Democracy, and Difference: Perspectives on Community, Politics, and Culture
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8pTw1S08IhEC
| editor-last=Achar |editor-first= Deeptha
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]] | location= New Delhi
| isbn = 978-81-260-2846-7 |pages= 309–341
}}
*{{cite book | title = Siddhantasara
| last = Dwivedi | first = Manilal
| year = 1919 | edition = 3rd
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.399765/page/n7
| pages = 4–5
}}
*{{cite book| title = Luzac's Oriental List and Book Review
| publisher = Luzac & Company
| year = 1891
| url = https://archive.org/details/luzacsorientall01londgoog
| page = [https://archive.org/details/luzacsorientall01londgoog/page/n326 70]
| ref = {{harvid|L&C|1891}}
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Love, Desire and Moksha: Manibhai Nabhubhai and the Loss of Svadharma
| last = Suhrud | first = Tridip | year = 2009
| author-link = Tridip Suhrud
| title = Writing Life: Three Gujarati Thinkers
| publisher = [[Orient Blackswan]] | location = Hyderabad
| url =
| isbn = 978-81-250-3043-0
}}
*{{cite book| title = Manilala Nabhubhai: Jivanaranga
| script-title = gu:મણિલાલ નભુભાઈ: જીવનરંગ
| trans-title = Biography of Manilal Nabhubhai
| last = Thaker | first = Dhirubhai | year = 1957
| author-link = Dhirubhai Thaker
| language = gu
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305095/page/n169
| page = 150
| oclc = 81126946
}}
*{{cite book| title = Manilal Dwivedi
| last = Thaker | first = Dhirubhai | year = 1983
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi
| series = Makers of Indian Literature
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wg4AAAAMAAJ
| oclc = 10532609
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| title = Manilāla Nabhubhāi: Sāhityasādhana
| script-title = gu:મણિલાલ નભુભાઇ: સાહિત્ય સાધના
| trans-title = Works of Manilal Nabhubhai
| last = Thaker | first = Dhirubhai | year = 1956
| publisher = Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalay | location = Ahmedabad
| language = gu
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305012/page/n101
| pages = 78–106
| oclc = 80129512
| ref = none
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.399765}}

{{Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi}}

[[Category:1889 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Analytic philosophy literature]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:History books about philosophy]]
[[Category:Works by Manilal Dwivedi]]

Phulan Rani

2026-03-04T14:51:29Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting entry

{{Short description|Indian painter}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2020}}{{Infobox artist
| name = Phulan Rani
| birth_date = 1928
| birth_place = Amritsar
}}
'''Phulan Rani''' (born 1928) is an Indian painter.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=visions of beauty|last=Tampy|first=K. P. Padmanabhan|year=1981|location=amritsar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Templates|first=Johny|title=A BLESSED BRUSH Phullan Rani|url=http://www.punjabmonitor.com/2013/04/a-blessed-brush-phullan-rani.html|access-date=2020-10-23}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Phulan Rani was born in 1928 in Amritsar. She belonged to a well to do Sikh family. Her mother died when she was an infant. Her father,Dr Ram Singh was a doctor. She showed a great interest in fine arts, particularly for [[painting]] and [[Dance|dancing]]. Dr Ram Singh encouraged and nourished his daughter with deep care and pride. “My life really began when I started painting at thirteen,” she writes. “I have wonderful memories of that period making pencil drawings on the margins of the school books, attempting to draw sketches of persons and things that interested me.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.phulanrani.com/biography.html|title=Phulan Rani - Biography|website=www.phulanrani.com|access-date=2017-04-09|archive-date=2017-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031222358/http://www.phulanrani.com/biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She did not receive any formal training in art, but her education is in Liberal Arts and Psychology. She sought to watch other painters at work and slowly trained herself often working late into night. She followed the dictates of their inner urge even when in conflict with external necessity. She devoted more of her time to creative pursuits sometimes even at the expense of pressing her academic demands.

== Personal life ==
Rani married S. Shamsher Singh in 1944. Her husband had a love for fine arts. Together they raised a family and participated in the worlds of arts and letters in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. They ran the New Modern High School in Amritsar, and Phulan taught art as well. Her Father-in-law Kartar Singh Bumra also had an interest in painting. After her marriage when Rani made a painting, Kartar Singh Bumra was much impressed with it and he encouraged her with a cash prize of Rs. 100 and also presented her a book.<ref name=":2" /> She was happily married and in the new atmosphere to which great [[Kerala]] poet, Maha Kavi Sankara G.Kurup, referred in one of his letters addressed to her as " your happy home where poetry and art lead a blissful wedded life."<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rani started to paint at the age of thirteen. She had a wonderful memories of that period making pencil drawings on the margins of school books. Rani received encouragement in the [[Shimla|Simla]] Fine Art Exhibition<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> held in 1948, her water color painting " The Dancer", done in wash style, took the first prize. Again in 1953, in the Silver Jubilee Fine Arts Exhibition of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts, [[Amritsar]], presided over by [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], her well known work, "Twin Sisters Day and Night", received a gold medal and her two other exhibits " Memory and Moonlight" and " Wayside Rest" were widely acclaimed and celebrated.<ref name=":1" />

Her activities associated with her position as the head of High School and as member of numerous social and literary organizations. She is a painter of varied rich spiritual experiences and even in her maturity she has retained the freshness of vision which is the special property of children and poets.

In 1955 she visited [[Kangra Valley|Kangra]] Valley and met [[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]] there. She brought her into close contact with the beauty of nature in its lush green terraced rice fields, its turbulent mountain streams, its dashing waterfalls and the endless ranges of the distant hills fading into the blue mist had a great impact on her mind of riotous carnival of beauty turned her overnight into a landscape painter and she started painting the eternally varying moods of this wonderful valley and its subtly evasive colors. In later years Phulan Rani in Amritsar and Sanat Kumar Chatterjee in Simla continued to paint in wash technique. Phulan Rani used the "wash" technique for melting colors to provide a romantic, poetic and emotional content to her works.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of development of contemporary indian art 1880-1947|last=Ratan Parimoo|first=Sandip Sarkar|publisher=dr. sudhakar sharma|year=2009|isbn=978-81-87507-35-2|location=new delhi|pages=284}}</ref> Within the course of next five years she painted hundreds of landscapes depicting the charm of the valley and an exhibition of these works were organized at Amritsar in 1962 and it was inaugurated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Her paintings "Waterfall at Bhavarna", "Macchial Kund in the Evening," "Nohra Richard's Cottage" and " The sunset at Tatehal" are outstanding for their lyrical appeal and mastery over medium of water color. Her love for nature is her love of flowers and her flower studies are among the finest.

During her cultural trip to Europe in 1970 in connection with concerts entitled "Indian Ragas through Music and Painting" at the universities and cultural organizations, she organized exhibitions of her flower paintings; and to the British, a nation of flower lovers, her exhibits made a direct appeal and many of her flower studies were acquired by private collectors and art connoisseurs. Her flower studies " A wild Rose Bush" and "Flowers in conch shell", which, though as subject seem very modest reveal her attitude to the world of nature.

Rani also held solo exhibitions in different cities if India like [[Pune|Poona]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Kanpur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Chandigarh]] and won acclaim on account of artistic excellence of her works, their graceful and tender purity of color of which "Strength and Grace" and "Wayside Rest" are admirable examples.

== Subject matter ==
Rani did a series of flower studies, landscape scenes and life drawings. She also did works on domestic genre, she devoted herself entirely to such lyrically themes as "The Bride", "The Heart Broken" and "The Afflicted." The Afflicted being one of her greatest paintings and on which she worked for four years.

During the birthday celebrations of Guru Gobind Singh she was commissioned by [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind SIngh]] Foundation, [[Patiala]], to paint the whole life of Master in thirty paintings which she did in record time. Again during the Birth-day celebrations of [[Guru Nanak]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2017-03-02|title="Art & Life of Phulan Rani"|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060831/aplus.htm#2|journal=The Tribune|language=en|volume=August 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2012.}}</ref> in 1969, her pictorial biography of the great Guru won her an award of Rs. 1000/ from president [[V. V. Giri|Shri V.V.Giri]]. This book has been translated into English Braille for the benefit of the visually handicapped and has since been distributed among such centers all over the world. Her pictorial biography of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], painted in the same strain, was selected for award by Punjab Govt. for being the best book of the year 1976-77. major episodes of Sikh Guru's life have been rendered with stately tenderness and compositional skill.<ref name=":1" />

She also painted a series of love legends like " The desert of Manju", Sassi of the Sorrows", "Mirza Sahiban", and "The Lure of His Flute". Her nobly conceived and admirably rendered paintings like " The Poet", "Time and Beauty", "The Poet and the Muses", "Megh doot" and "The Great Singers" are great with her Raga paintings.

Portraiture also received a considerable share of her attention and in the extensive gallery of portraits. She go into the inner world of her subject and brings out all that is best and beautiful in it. Portraits of " [[Ravidas|Saint Ravidas]]", "Rishi Valmik" located at the Municipal Corporation Hall, Amritsar, "Guru Nanak" in Air India Office, [[San Francisco]]; "Guru Gobind Singh" in Sikh Temple, [[Manchester]] and "Galib" in the collection of N.S. Virdi. Her technical skills in modifying tone in subtlest gradations from light to dark distinguishes her portraits from work of other artists.

Besides her contribution to the art of painting, her work in juvenile literature is no less substantial, having authored about a score books on a wide variety of themes, ranging from art, science, classics, morals and biographies. Two of her books, namely " Paudayan-da-jiwan(Life of Plants)", " Germ-ate-Asin ( Germs and We)" have received state awards.<ref name=":1" />

== Exhibitions ==

=== 1946 ===
Won first prize for “The Dancer” at exhibition in [[Shimla]].

=== 1953 ===
Received gold medal at the Silver Jubilee exhibit of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts at Amritsar, for her painting “Twin Sisters: Day and Night.”

=== 1960-65 ===
Exhibition of landscapes at Amritsar. Exhibitions at [[Pune|Poona]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Kolkata]]. The Poona exhibit included 150 Kangra Valley paintings . These include “Waterfall near Bharvan,” “Waterfall at Andretta,” and “Road Through Rice Fields.”

This article has been adapted from Visions Of Beauty by Phulan Rani.

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Tampy, K. P. Padmanabhan., and Shamsher Singh.(1981)''Visions of Beauty by Phulan Rani''. [[Amritsar]]
* Kaur Singh.Nikky-Guninder(2011) - Sikhism : An Introduction. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-84885-320-1}} (HB)
* Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur. ''The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-memory of Sikh Identity''. Albany: State U of New York, 2005. Print.
* Parimoo,Ratan and Sarkar, Sandip(2009) - Historical Development of Contemporary Indian Art 1880-1947; Lalit Kala Akademi;New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-87507-35-7}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Phulan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Women artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Partu

2026-03-04T09:45:02Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting a info

{{Short description|2015 Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Partu
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Nitin Adsul
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Kishor Kadam]]
*[[Smita Tambe]]
*Navni Parihar
*Saurabh Gokhale
}}
| cinematography = Sanjay Khanzode
| editing = Rajesh Rao
| music = Shashank Powar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|12|04}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Partu''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film directed by Nitin Adsul starring [[Kishor Kadam]], [[Smita Tambe]], Navni Parihar, Yash Pandey and Saurabh Gokhale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2015 |title= 'Partu' is all about unusual content |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/partu-is-all-about-unusual-content/articleshow/49960332.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211050743/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/partu-is-all-about-unusual-content/articleshow/49960332.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Music by Shashank Powar. The film was theatrically released on 4 December 2015.

== Synopsis ==
A farmer and a child embark on a life-long journey.

== Cast ==
* [[Kishor Kadam]]
* [[Smita Tambe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2014 |title= Smita turns old for Partu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/smita-turns-old-for-partu/articleshow/45257141.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211071526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/smita-turns-old-for-partu/articleshow/45257141.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
* Navni Parihar
* Yash Pandey
* Saurabh Gokhale
* Gayatri Deshmukh
* Raja Bundela
* Ravi Bhushan Bhartiya
* Anshuman Vichare

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Partu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Shashank Powar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:18
| language = Marathi
| label = Video Palace
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2014
| year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|Xl9nDHvo2nc| Partu – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:18
| title1 = Jeev Pisatala
| extra1 = [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Ghotala Ghotala Zala
| extra2 = Janvi Prabhu Arora
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Kon Kuthla
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 6:50
| title4 = Rajaji
| extra4 = Manish Rajgire, Shikha Ajmera
| length4 = 4:39
}}

== Critical response ==
Partu film received mixed reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "These veer the film away from its main focus and once that happens, there’s no getting back on track. The slow pace makes the acting efforts of the cast go in vain".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2017 |title= PARTU MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/partu/movie-review/50169155.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211061731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/partu/movie-review/50169155.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' wrote "It suddenly makes the film more palatable, a pleasant reminder that even when things are going wrong, there always exists a possibility for the happy ending we all deserve".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title= FILM REVIEWS: REAL TO REEL |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-real-to-reel/cid5087946.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211062316/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-real-to-reel/cid5087946.htm |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "Overall, this fact is really shocking. But humanity is constantly glorified by this".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title= माणूसपणाचा समृद्ध अनुभव देणारा 'परतु' |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/partu-marathi-movie/amp_moviereview/50035801.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211063650/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/partu-marathi-movie/amp_moviereview/50035801.cms |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Gurav Chaitali of ''[[Loksatta]]'' wrote "This story of two ordinary families takes many turns in the course of time, but creates a unique vision of humanity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title= रिव्ह्यू – परतु |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/moviereview/partu-movie-review-1166807/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211070914/https://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/moviereview/partu-movie-review-1166807/ |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Awards
!Year
!Category
!Result
!References
|-
| [[ISAFF]]
| 2015
| Best Film
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title= ‘परतु’ची अमेरिकेत बाजी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kishor-kadam-film-partu/articleshow/49227658.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211053026/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kishor-kadam-film-partu/articleshow/49227658.cms |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3809032}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/partu}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Mathru Devo Bhava

2026-03-03T18:24:00Z

Tudu Hommie: Adding initial page v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mathru Devo Bhava
| image = Mathru Devo Bhava.png
| caption =
| director = K. Ajay Kumar
| producer = [[K. S. Rama Rao]]
| writer =
| story = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| screenplay = K. Ajay Kumar
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|Y. Vijaya|[[Charuhasan]]|[[Subbaraya Sarma]]|[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]]|[[Maharshi Raghava]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|Baby Seena Antony}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Creative Commercials]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1993|10|22}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country =
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}37 lakhs
| gross =
}}
'''''Mathru Devo Bhava''''' is a 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[drama]] film written and directed by K. Ajay Kumar and starring [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]].<ref>[http://www.citwf.com/film217563.htm citwf.com],''Matru Devo Bhava'', Retrieved 11-11-2008</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' (1993) by [[Sibi Malayil]].<ref>[http://www.citwf.com/film8885.htm citwf.com],''Akshadhoodu'' (1993), Retrieved 11-11-2008</ref>

The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] by [[Veturi]] for the song "Raalipoye Puvva" and [[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/t-wood-mourns-death-of-dr-veturi-sundara-ramurthy-news-telugu-kkfq5Pcafeg.html |title=T'wood mourns death of Dr Veturi Sundara Ramurthy |website=www.sify.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021190344/http://www.sify.com/movies/t-wood-mourns-death-of-dr-veturi-sundara-ramurthy-news-telugu-kkfq5Pcafeg.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Thaai Ullam''.<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/_ssC1NFNOfk| archive-date = 2021-12-05| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ssC1NFNOfk| title = Thai ullam tamil movie | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
Satyam ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]) is a driver and his wife Sarada ([[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]) is a music teacher. They were both orphans brought up in the [[Selfless service|Seva]] [[Ashram]] (run by [[Charuhasan]]). Sarada and Satyam have four kids. Satyam, though good at heart, is addicted to liquor. Apparao ([[Tanikella Bharani]]), a [[Palm toddy|toddy]] milk vendor, has an eye on Sarada. When Satyam discovers Apparao making advances on Sarada, he assaults him in front of everyone. Avenging the assault, Apparao kills Satyam. Sarada, who is diagnosed with cancer, wants her children to be brought up in a family atmosphere rather than in the [[Ashram]] and the children are adopted by different families.

==Cast==
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Sarada
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Satyam
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam|Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]]
* [[Nirmalamma]]
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Parvatamma
* [[Charuhasan]] as Swami
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]] as Ananthaswami
* [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Suryam as toddy shop owner
* [[Maharshi Raghava]] as Doctor
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Apparao
* Baby Seena Antony as Radha
*Master Martin
* Master Teja P

==Production==
[[K.S. Rama Rao]] saw the film and bought the remake rights for [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Rama Rao brought [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] in to reprise her role from ''Akashadoothu'' since she was also a familiar face to the Telugu audience. Major portions of the Telugu remake were shot in the same locations as the original film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/maatRdEvObhava1993.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103114606/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/maatRdEvObhava1993.php |date=9 December 2005|archive-date=3 November 2008|title=Retrospect: Matrudevobhava (1993)}}</ref>

In 2008, the movie was remade in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''[[Tulsi (film)|Tulsi]]'' by the same producer-director duo, but with [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Irrfan Khan]].

==Soundtrack==
The music for this film was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. This album featured four tracks, which were highly successful. The track "Venuvai Vachanu", sung by [[K. S. Chithra]] was a huge chart buster and won a [[Nandi Award]] for best playback singer female. That song was composed in Shubhapantuvarali raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-date=3 April 2024|access-date=3 April 2024|date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ragalu, Cine Geetalu: Confluence of two genres|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna}}</ref> All the lyrics are written by [[Veturi]] and he won his first [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for the track "Raalipoyye Poova".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |title=A song of pathos |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raali-poye-puvvaa-neeku-ragalenduke-matrudevobhava-veturi-keeravani/article25709805.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 November 2020 |language=en-IN |date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230907125241/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raali-poye-puvvaa-neeku-ragalenduke-matrudevobhava-veturi-keeravani/article25709805.ece|archive-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track Listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raagam Anuragam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Kanneetiki Kaluvalu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Raalipoyye Poovva
| extra3 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length3 = 4:05
| title4 = Venuvai Vachhanu
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, M. M. Keeravani & Chorus
| length4 = 5:35
}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1993<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - [[K. S. Rama Rao]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[K. S. Chitra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0305811}}

{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

My Father Godfather

2026-03-02T10:03:31Z

Tudu Hommie: basic expanded formatting for clarity further and updated info per standard format

{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=August 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
}}{{Infobox film
| name = My Father Godfather
| director = [[Pankaj Dheer]]
| writer = Ankur Pajni
| producer = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kratika Sengar]]|[[Sharad Malhotra]]|[[Aditya Pancholi]]|[[Shagufta Ali]]|[[Vijay Kashyap]]|[[Arun Bali]]}}
| released = {{Film date|2014|4|}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''My Father Godfather''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Pankaj Dheer]] and written by Ankur Pajni and produced by [[Essel Vision Productions]]. It was released in April 2014. The film has an ensemble cast starring [[Kratika Sengar|Kratika sengar]] and [[Sharad Malhotra]]. The film was intentionally supposed to be released theatrically but instead was released on Video on demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/my-father-godfather-a-preview_151005.html|title='My Father Godfather': A preview|date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jahnavi ([[Kratika Sengar]]) and Prakash ([[Sharad Malhotra]]) are couple and are struggling in the television industry to make a mark. Jahanavi wants to be a famous actress while Prakash wants to be a writer. How difficult circumstances force Jhanvi to take a stance which makes her entire world turns unexpectedly to form the crux of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Kratika Sengar]] as Jahnavi
* [[Sharad Malhotra]] as Prakash
*[[Aditya Pancholi]] as Don Suraj Singh
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Mamiji
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Mamaji
* [[Arun Bali]] as Maalik
* Abhishek Duhan as Tittoo
* Ishaan Chhibber as Rimmey
* [[Utkarsha Naik]] as Constable Sheetal
* Vishal Thakkar as Roshan
* Aradhana Uppal as Boutique Owner
* Nishikant Dixit as Casting Coordinator
* Shamiksha Bhatnagar as Sabrina
*[[Johnny Lever]] (Special appearance)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6812438|My Father Godfather}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly

2026-02-28T10:02:03Z

Tudu Hommie:

{{Short description|14th lower house of the andhra Pradesh Legislature (2014–2019)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 14th Legislative Assembly of the Andhra Pradesh
| before = [[13th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|13th Legislative Assembly]]
| after = [[15th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|15th Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Assembly Building [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| body = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| election = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
| opposition =
| term_start = 19 June 2014
| term_end = 23 May 2019
| website = 
| chamber2 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| chamber2_image = The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.png
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 175
| control2 = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| chamber2_leader1_type = Speaker
| chamber2_leader1 = [[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]
| chamber2_leader2_type = Leader of the House
| chamber2_leader2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| chamber2_leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| chamber2_leader4 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| chamber1 = [[Governor (India)|Nominal Executive]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
}}

{{Politics of India}}
The '''Fourteenth Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh''' was formed by the members elected in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP elections result 2014: All you need know about Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha and Assembly polls |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/ap-elections-result-2014-all-you-need-know-about-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-and-assembly-polls/397280 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> Election to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] took place in single phase on 7th May 2014 by the [[Election Commission of India]]. Counting started officially on the morning of 16 May 2014 and the results were declared on the same day.

== Composition ==
=== Presiding officers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ As of May 2019
|-
!Designation
!Portrait
!Name
|-
|[[List of Governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| [[File:E.S.L. Narasimhan.jpg|130x130px]]
|[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|
|[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]] {{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|
|[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]] {{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|-
|[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Leader of the House]]
| [[File:Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] {{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] {{small|([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])}}
|}

=== Members ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2 colspan="2" | Party
!colspan=2 |Members as of
|-
!January 2014
!June 2018
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 67
|style="text-align: center;" | 125
|-
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 103
|style="text-align: center;" | 44
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 4
|style="text-align: center;" | 4
|-
|style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DDDDBB;" data-sort-value="Others" |
|scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Others
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|-
!colspan="2" | '''Total'''
!colspan=2 |175
|}

== See also==

* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
{{portal|India}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/ Official website] of the [[Election Commission of India]]

{{Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}
{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Terms of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019| ]]

Paridhi Sharma

2026-02-27T18:20:20Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting biography

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paridhi Sharma
| image = Paridhi Sharma at launches of ‘Jodha Akbar’ (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sharma in 2013
| parents = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|5|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Tanmai Saxena|2009}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Paridhi Sharma''' (born 15 May 1987) is an Indian television actress best known for playing [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]] in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'' and Goddess [[Vaishno Devi]] in ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Paridhi-Sharma-Of-Jodha-Akbar-sexually-abused-by-director-Santram-Verma/articleshow/34110897.cms|title=Paridhi Sharma sexually abused by director Santram Verma?|date=23 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sharma|first=Vishal|date= 1 July 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/patiala-babes-actress-paridhi-sharma-to-replace-puja-banerjee-in-jag-janani-maa-vaishno-devi-1695789-2020-07-01|title=Patiala Babes actress Paridhi Sharma to replace Puja Banerjee in Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> She also played the role of Babita Chaddha in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Patiala Babes]]'' and Ambika in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Akash |last= Wadhwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Fun-time-for-Paridhi-Sharma/articleshow/12231500.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616161340/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/tv/31152004_1_prabal-pooja-fun-time |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Fun time for Paridhi Sharma |date=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=Indore>{{cite news |last1=Chandniwala |first1=Tanmay |title=Jodha Akbar: Meet Ekta Kapoor's Jodha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jodha-Akbar-Meet-Ekta-Kapoors-Jodha/articleshow/20226606.cms |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Paridhi Sharma was born in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India on 15 May 1987.<ref name=Indore/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Sonam |date=15 May 2022 |title=Paridhi Sharma Birthday Special: 35 साल की हो गई हैं 'जोधा', करियर शुरू होते ही कर ली थी शादी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-some-special-things-about-paridhi-sharma-on-her-birthday-4254360.html |work=News18 |language=hi |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> In 2009, she married [[Ahmedabad]]-based businessman Tanmai Saksena.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Paridhi-Sharma-married-for-over-two-years-continues-to-evade-questions-on-her-relationship-status-/articleshow/22066400.cms?from=mdr|title=Why is Jodha hiding her marriage?|work=[[Times of India]]|date=23 August 2013 |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> They have a son together, who was born in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TVs-Jodha-aka-Paridhi-Sharma-is-pregnant-flaunts-her-baby-bump/articleshow/54363851.cms|title=TV's Jodha aka Paridhi Sharma is pregnant; flaunts her baby bump|date=16 September 2016|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Why is Jodha hiding her marriage? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Paridhi-Sharma-married-for-over-two-years-continues-to-evade-questions-on-her-relationship-status-/articleshow/22066400.cms |access-date=16 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

== Media image ==
Sharma was named Top Television Actress by ''[[Rediff]]''{{'}}s in their Top 10 Television Actresses List of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm |title=Television's Top 10 Actresses |date=2 July 2014 |publisher=Rediff |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911022631/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Green''
| Dr. Nandini Kumar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Vineeta|date=5 September 2018|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-paridhi-sharma-who-played-jodha-opposite-rajat-tokas-is-back-check-her-latest-viral-pics-3276014/|title=Paridhi Sharma, Who Played Jodha Opposite Rajat Tokas, is Back; Check Her Latest Viral Pics|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Meethi Eid''
| Jyoti’s mother
| Short film
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aayushi |title=Meethi Eid Film Review: Paridhi Sharma Of Jodha Akbar Dishes A Heartwarming Performance |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/meethi-eid-film-review-paridhi-sharma-of-jodha-akbar-dishes-a-heartwarming-performance |access-date=29 April 2022 |work=ZEE5 News |date=8 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Haq (2025 film)|Haq]]''
| Iram
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Jodha Akbar Fame Paridhi Sharma Opens Up About Her Upcoming Film Haq {{!}} SBB |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzWubTl3waE |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=31 October 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paridhi Sharma opens up on her Bollywood debut Haq: "It's about a woman's courage to stand her ground" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/paridhi-sharma-opens-bollywood-debut-haq-womans-courage-stand-ground/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 October 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |quote=Starts at 1:57}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (TV series)|Tere Mere Sapne]]''
| Meera / Rani
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Ruk Jaana Nahin]]''
| Mehek
|
|
|-
| 2013–2015
| ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
| [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]]
|
|<ref name="TOI-2">{{cite news |last1=Bhopatkar |first1=Tejashree |title=Jodha Akbar to go off air, Paridhi roped in for Ekta's next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jodha-akbar-to-go-off-air-paridhi-roped-in-for-ektas-next/articleshow/35510690.cms |access-date=16 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=23 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum]]''
| Ambika
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/240316/paridhi-sharma-to-join-ye-kahan-aa-gaye-hum.html|title=Paridhi Sharma to join Ye Kahan Aa Gaye Hum|last=Razzaq|first=Sameena|date=24 March 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/jodha-akbar-star-paridhi-sharma-returns-to-small-screen-with-yeh-kahan-aa-gaye-hum-313564-2016-03-16|title=Jodha Akbar star Paridhi Sharma returns to small screen|date=16 March 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Patiala Babes]]''
| Babita "Babes" Chadda Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/patiala-babes-actor-paridhi-sharma-comeback-5467719/|title=Patiala Babes actor Paridhi Sharma: Couldn't have asked for a better comeback|date=27 November 2011|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''
| [[Vaishno Devi]]
|
|<ref>{{Citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jag-janani-maa-vaishnodevi-to-go-off-air-on-october-3/articleshow/78348030.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927145630/https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/jag-janani-maa-vaishnodevi-to-go-off-air-on-october-3/amp_articleshow/78348030.cms|url-status=live|archive-date=27 September 2020|title=Jag Janani Maa Vaishnodevi to go off air|date=27 September 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei]]''
| Nupur Joshi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Paridhi Sharma cast opposite Himanshu Malhotra in an upcoming TV show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paridhi-sharma-cast-opposite-himanshu-malhotra-in-an-upcoming-tv-show/articleshow/83924669.cms|access-date=28 September 2021|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''Siikho''
| Host
|
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 ||[[Zee Gold Awards]]|| Best Fresh New Face (Female)
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narayan |first1=Girija |title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=FilmiBeat |date=20 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards]] || Best Fresh New Face (Female)
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|title=Indian Telly Awards 2016 - Index|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914102910/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6176596}}
* {{Instagram|paridhiofficial}}
{{Commons}}

{{Indian Telly Award Fresh New Face Female}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Paridhi}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Indore]]

Mafiz Ali Chowdhury

2026-02-26T06:30:27Z

Tudu Hommie: adjusted page to improve readability for clarity

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mafiz Ali Chowdhury
| office = Member of Parliament
| term_start = 1973
| term_end = 1976
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Abdul Alim (politician)|Abdul Alim]]
| birth_date = 1919
| birth_place = [[Mongalbari]], [[Joypurhat District]], [[East Bengal]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1994|5|30|1919}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| image = Mafiz Ali Chowdhury.png
}}

'''Mafiz Ali Chowdhury''' (1919–1994) was a Bangladeshi politician who was part of the [[Awami League|Bangladesh Awami League]] and a former Minister and Member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhuiyan|first1=Md Abdul Wadud|title=Emergence of Bangladesh and role of Awami League|date=1982|publisher=Vikas|isbn=9780706917734|page=193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mafiz+Chowdhury+awami+league|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|date=1972|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVU8AAAAMAAJ&q=Mafiz+Chowdhury+awami+league|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chowdhury was born in 1919 in [[Mongalbari]], [[Joypurhat District]], [[East Bengal]], [[British Raj]]. He graduated from Kolkata Presidency College with a Bachelor of Science and completed his Master of Science in 1937 from the [[University of Dhaka]]. In 1949, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy from Lehigh University. He was a member of the London-based [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].<ref name="mac">{{cite web|last1=Akbar|first1=Md. Ali|title=Chowdhury, Mafiz Ali|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chowdhury,_Mafiz_Ali|website=en.banglapedia.org|publisher=Banglapedia|accessdate=14 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Chowdhury became involved with politics while still a student, joining the All India Muslim Chhatra Samity (All India Muslim Student Association). He was elected to the working committee of the All India Muslim Chhatra Samity. He campaigned for the removal of the [[Holwell Monument]]. He joined the Awami League in 1963 and participated in the 1966 [[Six point movement]] of the league. He edited the journal Swadesh during the 1960s. He took part in the mass uprisings of 1969 in [[East Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1970, he was elected to the [[Pakistan National Assembly]] from Bogra-1 as a candidate of Awami League. He led the non-cooperation movement in Bogra in 1971. He was in the Bangladeshi delegation to the [[United Nations]] led by Justice [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]] in 1971. After the independence of Bangladesh, he was included in the 1972 cabinet of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. He was elected to the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Parliament of Bangladesh]] in 1973 from Bogra-1 as a candidate of the [[Bangladesh Awami League]]. He was made the Minister of Natural Wealth, Science and Technology Research and Atomic Energy in 1973. He was the Deputy Leader of the Bangladeshi delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1975.<ref name="mac" />

==Death==
Chowdhury died on 30 May 1994.<ref name="mac" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Mafiz Ali}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Ministers of science and technology of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League central committee members]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:People from Joypurhat District]]
[[Category:People from Bogra District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]

{{Rajshahi-AL-politician-stub}}

Binaca Geetmala

2026-02-20T21:35:46Z

Tudu Hommie: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Weekly countdown-show of top songs from Hindi films}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''''Binaca Geetmala''''' ({{Translation|Binaca Necklace of Songs}}) was a weekly countdown show of top [[filmi]] songs from [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]]. It was broadcast on [[Radio Ceylon]] from 1952 to 1988 and then shifted to the [[Vividh Bharati]] Service of [[All India Radio]] network in 1989 where it ran until 1994. It was the first radio countdown show of Indian film songs,<ref name=Bella>''Back on air with Geetmala''. Bella Jaisinghani. ''The Financial Express (India)'', Sunday, 11 March 2001. Transcript available online at {{cite web |url=http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_1.htm |title=Ameen Sayani/Press Reviews |access-date=2006-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426173952/http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_1.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |df=dmy }}, accessed online on 29 July 2006</ref> and has been quoted as being the most popular radio programme in [[India]] during its run.<ref>{{cite news|title=Comeback for radio countdown show|url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/newsoct00.html|date=October 2000|publisher=The Music Magazine|access-date=2006-07-29}}</ref> Its name reflects its sponsorship by oral hygiene brand [[Binaca (brand)|Binaca]].<ref name=am93>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Ananda|title=Television and popular culture in India: a study of the Mahabharat|year=1993|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0803991347|pages=[https://archive.org/details/televisionpopula00mitr_0/page/83 83]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/televisionpopula00mitr_0/page/83}}</ref><ref name=thsept02>{{cite news|title=It's all in the name|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/09/08/stories/2002090800070400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324233911/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/09/08/stories/2002090800070400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2004|access-date=13 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 September 2002}}</ref>
''Binaca Geetmala'', and its subsequent incarnations named after [[Cibaca (brand)|Cibaca]]—''Cibaca Sangeetmala'', ''Cibaca Geetmala'', and ''Colgate Cibaca Sangeetmala''—ran from 1954 to 1994 on [[Radio Ceylon]] and then on [[All India Radio|Vividh Bharati]]. They also broadcast annual year-end lists from 1954 to 1993.

==Annual List by Year==
*[[Binaca Geetmala Annual List 1977|1977]]

== Most No of songs by singer ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Singer
! Number of songs
! Years
|-
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| 19 || 1953, 1957, 1963, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983 1985, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1995, 2000
|-
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| 8 || 1956, 1957, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1980
|-
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
| 6|| 1959, 1971, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1983
|-
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| 6 || 1955, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1975, 1976
|-
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 5 || 1981, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1999
|-
| [[Udit Narayan]]
| 4|| 1988, 1996, 1999, 2000
|-
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| 3 || 1959, 1971, 1972
|-
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 3 || 1984, 1989, 1992
|-
|}

==Ameen Sayani and Radio Ceylon==
The show was hosted throughout its entire run by [[Ameen Sayani]]. It was very popular in India, with estimated [[listenership]] ranging from 900,000 to 2,000,000.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}  It greatly increased the popularity of Radio Ceylon, making it the primary source of popular film music on radio for the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sambandan|first=V.S.|title=When Ceylon ruled the airwaves|date=2006-01-01|url = http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150400.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060303194321/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150400.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2006-03-03|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2006-07-29}}</ref> After 1998, the show aired on Vividh Bharati and was on for half an hour on Monday nights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vividh Bharati {{!}} Prasar Bharati|url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/vividh-bharati-2/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=prasarbharati.gov.in}}</ref>

==Popularity ratings method==
At its onset in 1952, the programme did not rank songs, but rather played seven contemporary songs in no particular order. Later, the programme started ranking the most popular [[Hindi]] film songs.
The songs were initially ranked by a combination of the number of records sold in India and listener votes.<ref>{{cite news| title=Radio speak with Ameen Sayani| url=http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radiospeak.asp?rsid=25| publisher=exchange4media.com Radio Channel| access-date=2006-07-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822190557/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/Radio/radiospeak.asp?rsid=25| archive-date=22 August 2006| url-status=dead}}</ref> Popularity was gauged by record sales, verdicts from record store owners, and popularity among the {{Transliteration|hi|shrota-sanghs}} or 'listeners clubs'. Each week, the {{Transliteration|hi|shrota-sanghs}} would send the radio station their list of popular songs. The clubs were formed because it was possible for a record to be sold out at stores and although there was interest to buy more, the interest would not show up in record sales.

The year-end lists were compiled based on points earned by songs through the year. Between 1966 and 1970 there would sometimes be no points on the weekly broadcast, but the year-end show would be based on point system.<ref name=Screen>Reliving the Geetmala lore.
''S.K. Screen'', Friday, 22 September 2000, transcript available online at {{cite web |url=http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_4.htm |title=Ameen Sayani/Press Reviews |access-date=2006-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905081633/http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_4.htm |archive-date=5 September 2005 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed online on 29 July 2006</ref>

==Lists of top songs per year==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director
! Lyricist
! Singer(s)
|-
| 1953
| Ye Zindagi Usi ki Hai
| [[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali (film)]]
| [[C. Ramachandra]]
| [[Rajinder Krishan]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1954
| Jayen To Jayen Kahan
| [[Taxi Driver (1954 film)|Taxi Driver]]
| [[S.D. Burman]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
| [[Talat Mahmood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/binaca_geetmala_1954.htm|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1954 - Lyrics and Video of Hindi Film Songs|website=HindiGeetMala}}</ref>
|-
| 1955
| [[Mera Joota Hai Japani]]
| [[Shri 420]]
| [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 1956
| Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Jeena Yaha
| [[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]
| [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| 1957
| Zara Saamne Toh Aao Chhaliye
| Janam Janam Ke Phere
| [[S. N. Tripathi]]
| [[Bharat Vyas]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 1958
| Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara
| [[Solva Saal]]
| [[S. D. Burman]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| [[Hemant Kumar]]
|-
| 1959
| Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka
| [[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]
| [[S. D. Burman]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 1960
| Zindagi Bhar Nai Bhoolegi Wo Barsaat Ki Raat
| [[Barsaat Ki Raat]]
| [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/binaca_geetmala_1960.htm|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1960 - Lyrics and Video of Hindi Film Songs|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| 1961
| Teri Pyaari Pyaari Surat Ko
| [[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]
| [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 1962
| Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par
| [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]
| [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| Mohammed Rafi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/binaca_geetmala_1962.htm|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1962 - Lyrics and Video of Hindi Film Songs|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| 1963
| Jo Wada Kiya Woh Nibhana
| [[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]
| [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 1964
| Mere Man ki Ganga aur tere man ki Jamuna ka
| [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]
| [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| Mukesh, [[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
| 1965
| Jis dil mein basa tha pyaar tera
| Saheli
| [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| [[Indeevar]]
| Mukesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/binaca_geetmala_1965.htm|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1965 - Lyrics and Video of Hindi Film Songs|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| 1966
| Baharon phool barsao mera mehboob aaya hai
| [[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]
| [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 1967
| Saawan ka mahina pawan kare sor
| [[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mukesh
|-
| 1968
| Dil wil pyar vyar main kya jaanu re
| [[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1969
| Kaise rahoon chup ki meine pee hi kya hai
| [[Inteqam]]
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| [[Rajendra Krishan|Rajendra Krishna]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1970
| Bindiya chamkegi choodi khankegi
| [[Do Raaste]]
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1971
| [[Zindagi ek safar hai suhana]]
| [[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]
| [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 1972
| [[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]
| [[Hare Raama Hare Krishna]]
| [[R. D. Burman]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Iyer]]
|-
| 1973
| Yaari hai imaan mera
| [[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]
| [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji Anandji]]
| [[Gulshan Bawra]]
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| 1974
| Mera jeewan koraa kaagaz
| [[Kora Kagaz]]
| [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji Anandji]]
| [[M. G. Hashmat]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 1975
| Baaki kuchh bacha to mahangaai maar gayee
| [[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| Varma Malik
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mukesh, Jaani Babu Qawwal, Narendra
|-
| 1976
| [[Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein]]
| [[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhi]]
| [[Khayyam]]
| Sahir Ludhianvi
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mukesh <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/binaca_geetmala_1976.htm|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1976 - Lyrics and Video of Hindi Film Songs|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| 1977
| Husn haazir hai mohabbat ki sazaa paane ko
| [[Laila Majnu (1976 film)|Lailaa Majnu]]
| [[Madan Mohan]]
| Sahir Ludhianvi
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1978
| Ankhiyon ke jharokhon se, mainen dekha jo
| [[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]]
| [[Ravindra Jain]]
| Ravindra Jain
| [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
| 1979
| O Saathi Re
| [[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]
| Kalyanji Anandji
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 1980
| Dafli Wale Dafli Baja
| [[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]
| Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 1981
| Mere Angane Mein
| [[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]
| Kalyanji Anandji
| Anjaan
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 1982
| Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain
| [[Khud-Daar]]
| [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| Majrooh Sultanpuri
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 1983
| Shayad Meri Shaadi
| [[Souten]]
| [[Usha Khanna]]
| [[Saawan Kumar Tak|Saawan Kumar]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 1984
| Tu Mera Hero Hai
| [[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]
| Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Manhar Udhas]]
|-
| 1985
| Sun Sahiba Sun
| [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]
| Ravindra Jain
| Hasrat Jaipuri
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1986
| Yashoda Ka Nandlala
| [[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]
| Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| Anjaan
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 1987
| Chitthi Aayi Hai
| [[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]
| Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Pankaj Udhas]]
|-
| 1988
| Papa Kehte Hain
| [[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]
| [[Anand–Milind]]
| Majrooh Sultanpuri
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 1989
| My Name Is Lakhan
| [[Ram Lakhan]]
| Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|-
| 1990
| Gori Hai Kalaiyaan
| [[Aaj Ka Arjun]]
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| Anjaan
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Shabbir Kumar]]
|-
| 1991
| Dekha Hai Pehli Baar
| [[Saajan]]
| [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| Alka Yagnik, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 1992
| Maine Pyar Tumhi Se
| [[Phool Aur Kaante]]
| Nadeem-Shravan
| Sameer
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 1993
| Choli Ke Peechhe
| [[Khalnayak]]
| Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| Anand Bakshi
| Alka Yagnik, [[Ila Arun]]
|-
| 1994
| [[Didi Tera Devar Deewana]]
| [[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!|Hum Apke Hain Kon]]
| Raamlaxman
| Dev Kohli
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| 1995
| [[Tujhe Dekha Toh]]
| [[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge|Dilwale Dulhaniya Lejainge]]
| Jatin–Lalit
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 1996
| Pardesi Jana nahin
| [[Raja Hindustani]]
| [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| Alka Yagnik, [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 1997
| [[Sandese Aate Hai]]
| [[Border (1997 film)|Border]]
| Anu Malik
| Javed Akhtar
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
|-
| 1998
| [[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]
| [[Dil Se..|Dil Se]]
| AR Rahman
| Gulzar
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Sapna Awasthi
|-
| 1999
| Taal Se Taal
| [[Taal (film)|Taal]]
| AR Rahman
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| 2000
| Humko Hame Sey Churra Lo
| [[Mohabbatein]]
| [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| Anand Bakshi
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|}

==Silver jubilee and LP record==
On 12 December 1977, Binaca Geetmala celebrated its 25-year anniversary in a social gathering organized in [[Bombay]]. Many well known composers, poets, and singers attended the show.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The [[#Lists of top songs per year|top songs]] from 1953 to 1977 were compiled and released in a two record volume set. Volume 1 has songs from 1953 to 1964; volume 2 has songs from 1965 to 1977. Between the songs on the volume set, there is commentary by Ameen Sayani.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==See also==
*[[Ameen Sayani]]
*[[Bollywood songs]]
*[[Radio Ceylon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}8 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160908195040/http://lyrics.redkok.in/2016/09/binaca-geetmala-annual-list-1964/ Binaca Geetmala 1964 Songs List]

[[Category:All India Radio]]
[[Category:Music chart shows]]
[[Category:Indian radio programmes]]
[[Category:Hindi-language radio programs]]

Parkachik Glacier

2026-02-18T05:19:46Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting new data

{{Short description|Glacier in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox glacier
| name = Parkachik Glacier
| image =
| caption =
| type = Mountain glacier
| location = [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| map = India Ladakh#India
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.05|N|75.98|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Parkachik+Glacier/@34.0566611,75.9888804,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38e2eb54b0fc3e67:0xcc392868f27d9895!8m2!3d34.0566619!4d75.9976352?hl=en&authuser=0|title=Parkachik Glacier (Google Maps)|work=Google Maps|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
| area =
| length =
| thickness =
}}

'''Parachik Glacier''' is a mountain glacier in Kargil, [[Ladakh]], [[India]].

Parkachik Glacier, located at Parkachik, is a mass of ice moving slowly down the [[Nun-Kun]] slopes. This ice mass falls finally into the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]], providing views of the huge ice-fall.{{fact|date=April 2018}}

Great slabs of ice periodically peel off the glacier's 300-foot high front wall. A suspension footbridge over the Suru River is there for the visitors to walk up to the glacier. Some mountaineers use this glacier to approach the difficult north face route to scale Mt Nun.

Camping areas are offered in the upper [[Suru Valley]]. [[Panikhar]] is a nearby place of attraction.

Parkachik can be approached from [[Kargil]], which is 90 km north.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Kargil district]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

2019–20 Santosh Trophy

2026-02-11T14:39:16Z

Tudu Hommie: created new data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 2019–20
| other_titles =
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| country = India
| dates = ''Cancelled''
| num_teams = 10
| Champions =
| runner-up =
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| top goal scorer =
| player =
| prevseason = [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|2018–19]]
| nextseason = [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–22]]
}}

The '''2019–20 Santosh Trophy''' would have been the 74th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the premier competition in [[India]] for teams representing their regional and state football associations.<ref>{{cite web|title=DRAW FOR HERO SANTOSH TROPHY FINAL ROUND CONDUCTED AT FOOTBALL HOUSE|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9985|work=All India Football Federation|date=6 November 2019}}</ref>
It was cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].

[[Services football team|Services]] are the defending champions, having defeated [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] in the final during the [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|2018–19 season]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BIKASH THAPA STRIKES TO HAND SERVICES THEIR SIXTH HERO SANTOSH TROPHY TITLE|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9599|work=All India Football Federation|date=6 November 2019|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190501145155/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9599|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Qualifiers==
{{main|2019–20 Santosh Trophy qualification}}

The following teams have qualified:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
* [[Goa football team|Goa]]
* [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
* [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
* [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
* [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
* [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
* [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
* [[Services football team|Services]]
* [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
{{div col end}}

==Group stage==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A

|source=
|update=
|team1=SE
|team2=KE
|team3=DE
|team4=ME
|team5=JA
|result1=KO |result2=KO

|win_DE= |draw_DE=0 |loss_DE= |gf_DE= |ga_DE=
|win_KE= |draw_KE=|loss_KE=0 |gf_KE= |ga_KE=|status_KE=
|win_ME=|draw_ME=0 |loss_ME= |gf_ME= |ga_ME=0
|win_JA=0 |draw_JA=0 |loss_JA=|gf_JA= |ga_JA=
|win_SE= |draw_SE= |loss_SE=0 |gf_SE=0 |ga_SE= |status_SE=

|name_DE=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|name_JA=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_ME=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|name_KE=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

{{football box collapsible
|date= 10 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score=
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1=
|goals2 =
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 10 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Services football team|Services]]
|score=
|team2= [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 12 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|score=
|team2= [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 12 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score=
|team2= [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 14 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Services football team|Services]]
|score=
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 14 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score=
|team2= [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score=
|team2= [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score=
|team2= [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 18 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|score=
|team2= [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 18 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score=
|team2= [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B

|source=
|update=
|team1=PN
|team2=GA
|team3=KA
|team4=MI
|team5=WB
|result1=KO |result2=KO

|win_WB= |draw_WB=0 |loss_WB= |gf_WB= |ga_WB=0
|win_GO= |draw_GO= |loss_GO= |gf_GO= |ga_GO=
|win_MI= |draw_MI= |loss_MI= |gf_MI= |ga_MI=
|win_KA=0 |draw_KA=0 |loss_KA= |gf_KA= |ga_KA=
|win_PN= |draw_PN=0 |loss_PN= |gf_PN= |ga_PN=

|name_WB=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|name_MI=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|name_GA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_PN=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

{{football box collapsible
|date= 11 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|score=
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 11 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score=
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 13 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score=
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 13 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score=
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 15 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score=
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 15 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score=
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 17 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|score=
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 17 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score=
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 19 January 2020
|time =
|round=
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score=
|team2= [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 19 January 2020
|time=
|round=
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score=
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
|report=
|stadium=
|location= [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Knockout stage==
{{Round4


| 21 January 2020|Group A Winner | |Group B Runner Up|
| 21 January 2020|Group B Winner | |Group A Runner Up |

| 23 January 2020|SF1 Winner | |SF2 Winner |

| RD1 = [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| RD2 = [[#Final|Final]]

| team-width = 170
| score-width = 50
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{footballbox
|date = TBA
|time = TBA
|team1 = Group A Winner
|score = Game 11
|penaltyscore =
|report =
|aet =
|team2 = Group B Runner Up
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|penalties1 =
|penalties2 =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = TBA
|time = TBA
|team1 = Group B Winner
|score = Game 12
|report =
|aet =
|team2 = Group A Runner Up
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Final===
{{main|2020 Santosh Trophy Final}}
{{footballbox
|date = TBA
|time = TBA
|team1 = Game 11 Winner
|score = Game 13
|report =
|aet =
|team2 = Game 12 Winner
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/tournaments-details.htm?tnmt_id=112 Santosh Trophy on the All India Football Federation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112100330/https://www.the-aiff.com/tournaments-details.htm?tnmt_id=112 |date=2019-01-12 }}.

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2019–20 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2019-20 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:2019–20 Santosh Trophy| ]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]

Magadi Puttarudriah

2026-02-08T12:02:08Z

Tudu Hommie: Adding some info v1...

{{Short description|Indian entomologist (1903–1983)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Magadi Puttarudriah
| image = Magadi Puttarudriah.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Magadi]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|12|12|1903|12|16|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = [[Central College, Bangalore]] BSc [[University of California, Berkeley]] MS, PhD
| occupation = entomologist
| years_active =
| known_for = first professor of entomology at the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|Saraswathamma|1936}}
| children = 4 daughters
}}
'''Magadi Puttarudriah''' (16 December 1903 – 12 December 1983) was an Indian entomologist who worked in the Government of Mysore and after 1957 in the Government of Karnataka. He was the first professor of entomology at the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]] when it was established in 1964.

== Life and work ==
[[File:Coleman_Bangalore_entomologists.jpg|thumb|left|Puttarudriah (standing leftmost) in 1953-54 during a visit of [[Leslie Coleman]]]]
Puttarudriah was born in [[Magadi]] in a farming family and obtained his BSc from [[Central College, Bangalore]] in 1932–33. He then worked in the Department of Agriculture as part of a scheme to study fish poisons and the potential for their use as pesticides.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Puttarudriah, M.|author2= T. V. Subramaniam|title=Insecticidal value of plant fish-poisons and other forest products. Part. 1. Report of the Mysore Agricultural Department 36|publisher=Mysore Agricultural Department| year=1935}}</ref> This continued to be a research interest even later.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Puttarudriah M.|author2= Bhatta L.|year= 1955|title= A preliminary note on studies of Mysore plants as source of insecticides.|journal= Indian Journal of Entomology |volume=17|pages=165–174}}</ref> He was later posted to Chikmagalur to enforce the Pest Control Act to control the coffee white stem borer ''[[Xylotrechus quadripes]].'' He was in charge of enforcing control measures against the pest between 1940 and 1944. In 1944 he was transferred to Bangalore and was involved in teaching diploma students at the Agricultural School in Hebbal. In 1948 he was deputed to study at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], obtaining his MS (1949) and PhD (1951) as a student of [[Ray Fred Smith]]. Other influences included [[Edward Arthur Steinhaus]] and [[Abraham E. Michelbacher]]. His MS research was on the biological control of the [[Autographa californica|alfalfa looper]] in California<ref>{{cite journal |author=Puttarudriah, M. |year=1953 |title=The natural control of the Alfalfa Looper in central California. |journal=J. Econ. Entomol. |volume=46 |issue=4 |page=723|doi=10.1093/jee/46.4.723 }}</ref> and PhD work on the biology of ''[[Heliothis phloxiphaga]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puttarudriah|first1=M.|last2=Basavanna|first2=G. P. Channa|date=1956|title=A Study on the Identity of Bracon hebetor Say and Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485300046617/type/journal_article|journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research|language=en|volume=47|issue=1|pages=183–191|doi=10.1017/S0007485300046617|issn=0007-4853|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He visited the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Belleville in Canada, the Citrus Experimental Station at Riverside, and the Gill Tract Laboratory at Albany for Biocontrol. He also visited the Rothamstead Laboratory and Edinburgh University.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=ರಾಜಗೋಪಾಲ್, ಡಿ. |title=ಡಾ. ಎಂ.ಪುಟ್ಟರುದ್ರಯ್ಯ. ಕೃಷಿ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಭಂಡಾರ ಮಾಹೆ - 45 |publisher=University of Agricultural Sciences |year=2014 |place=Bangalore |language=kn}}</ref> He returned in 1951 and joined the department of agriculture and also served as a professor of entomology in the newly created University of Agricultural Sciences in 1964. He also served as a director of instruction and as principal from 1967 until his retirement in 1971. His studies were influenced by [[Paul DeBach]] and he tended to avoid chemical measures,<ref>{{cite journal|title= G.P. ChannaBasavanna (1920-2000)|year=2000| journal=Current Science| volume=78| issue=11| pages=1390–1391| url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_078_11_1390_1391_0.pdf| author1=Mallik, B.| author2=Viraktamath, C.A.}}</ref> favouring biological control and cultural practices in management. He produced one of the first and most influential guides to pest protection for crops written in [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Rao, B.R. Subba|title=History of Entomology in India|publisher=Institution of Agricultural Technologists|year=1998|place=Bangalore|pages=105–106}}</ref>

Along with [[G.P. Channabasavanna]] and others he discovered the existence of the ladybird ''[[Cryptolaemus montrouzieri]]'' in large numbers on ''[[Araucaria]]'' in Bangalore in July 1951 and noted that although it had been introduced in India in 1898 to control mealybugs, it had been recorded as not having established.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puttarudriah|first1=M.|last2=Channabasavanna|first2=G. P.|last3=Krishna Murti|first3=B.|date=1952|title=Discovery of Cryptolæmus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidæ, Coleoptera, Insecta) in Bangalore, South India|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/169377a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=169|issue=4296|pages=377–378|doi=10.1038/169377a0|pmid=14919577|bibcode=1952Natur.169..377P |s2cid=4147611|issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He identified an [[Eriophyidae|eriophyid mite]] causing bunching of leaves in mangoes. The bunchy top symptom had been confused with mango malformation which was also caused by [[Eriophyidae|eriophyid]] mites and noted before by [[M. J. Narasimhan|M.J. Narasimhan]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1= Puttarudriah, M. |author2=Basavanna, G.P. Channa|pages=114–115| journal=Current Science|volume=30| issue=3| year=1961| url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_030_03_0114_0115_0.pdf |title=Mango bunchy-top and the eriophyid mite}}</ref> He examined ladybird predators and hymenopteran parasites that could be used in the Mysore region.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0007485300046617|title=A Study on the Identity of Bracon hebetor Say and Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)|year=1956|last1=Puttarudriah|first1=M.|last2=Basavanna|first2=G. P. Channa|journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research|volume=47|pages=183–191}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Puttarudriah, M.|author2=Channabasavanna, G. P. |title=Beneficial coccinellids of Mysore I.| journal=Indian Journal of Entomology |volume=15 |year=1953|pages= 87–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Puttarudriah, M.|author2= G. P. Channabasavanna|title=Beneficial coccinellids of Mysore-II.| journal= Indian Journal of Entomology |volume=17 |year=1955|pages= 1–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Puttarudriah, M.|author2= B. Krishnamurti|title=Problem of Epilachna control in Mysore. Insecticidal control found inadvisable when natural incidence of parasites is high.| journal= Indian J. Entomol.|volume= 16 |year=1954|pages= 137–141}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Puttarudriah, M.|author2= G. P. Channabasavanna| title=Two giant ladybird beetles predaceous on aphids in Mysore.|journal= Indian J. Entomol.|volume= 14 |year=1952|page= 20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Viraktamath, C. A.|author2= M. Puttarudriah|author3= G. P. Channa-Basavanna|title=Studies on the biology of rice case-worm, Nymphula depunctalis Guenee (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera)|journal= Mysore J. Agric. Sci.|volume= 8 |year=1974|pages= 234–241}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Puttarudriah, M.|title=Glimpses of agricultural entomology in Mysore.|journal= Dharwar Agric. Coll. Mag. |volume=11 |year=1958|pages= 8–39}}</ref> In 1955 he made an attempt to list all the known insects and mite species of Mysore state.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Usman, S. |author2=Puttarudriah, M.| year=1955|title= A list of the Insects of Mysore including the mites.| journal= Deptt. Agric. Mysore State Ent. Bull.|volume= 16|pages= 127–135}}</ref>

In 1936, he married Saraswathamma daughter of Hanumanthe Gowda of Torehalli who taught at a school in Gubbi taluk and edited the <nowiki>''Vokkaligara''</nowiki> magazine. They had four daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/bellekitagalluma0000drmp ಬೆಳೆಕೀಟಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಹತೋಟಿ (1977)] [The first major Kannada work on crop protection from pests]
** [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Dr.+M+Puttarudraiah%22 Other editions and extracts]
* [https://archive.org/details/Puttarudraiah Biography (in Kannada)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puttarudriah, Magadi}}
[[Category:Indian entomologists]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Agricultural researchers in India]]

Telephone Advisory Committees

2026-02-07T20:53:23Z

Tudu Hommie:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=August 2022}}
{{Update|reason=it seems that this committee is defunct now|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency_
|name = Telephone / Telecom Advisory Committees (TAC)
|seal = Emblem_of_India.svg
|seal_width = 70px
|seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|minister1_name = [[Manoj Sinha]]
|jurisdiction = [[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
|headquarters = [[Sanchar Bhawan]] [[New Delhi]]
|website = {{URL|dot.gov.in}}
}}
'''Telephone / Telecom Advisory Committees'''<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Telephone Advisory Committee Members|url=http://mtnlmumbai.in/index.php/tac#navi-mumbai|publisher=mtnlmumbai.in/|accessdate=29 February 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114612/http://mtnlmumbai.in/index.php/tac#navi-mumbai|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref> ('''TAC''') was a high level Indian government body made up of members of parliament and other members nominated by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] to address issues concerning telecommunication in India. Looked upon as a privileged panel, the Telephone Advisory Committees, constituted by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]] of the [[Government of India]] to serve as a vital feedback mechanism for improvement of services in the Telecommunications sector by the [[Department of Telecommunications]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dot.gov.in/circulars/telephone-advisory-committees-tacs | title=Telephone Advisory Committees (TACs) | work=dot.gov.in | accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/raghuram-rajan-went-aheadtac-viewinterest-rate_1074695.html | title=Raghuram Rajan went ahead with TAC view on interest rate | work=moneycontrol.com | accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/1_6.pdf | title=Circular| work=dot.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/core-function-of-tac-remains-unchanged/article2024284.ece | title=Core function of TAC remains unchanged| work=thehindu.com| date=16 May 2011| accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/47105-telephone-advisory-committee-meeting-of-bsnl-organised |title=Telephone Advisory Committee meeting of BSNL organised |work=dailypost.in |accessdate=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208004426/http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/47105-telephone-advisory-committee-meeting-of-bsnl-organised |archivedate= 8 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/telephone-advisory-committee-tac-meeting-of-bsnl-presided-over-by-dr-ashok-tanwar-mp_cbqcH3OhIIU.html| title=Telephone Advisory Committee meeting presided over by Dr Ashok Tanwar Member of Parliament| work=firstpost.com| accessdate=25 September 2015| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126093232/http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/telephone-advisory-committee-tac-meeting-of-bsnl-presided-over-by-dr-ashok-tanwar-mp_cbqcH3OhIIU.html| archivedate=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr2000/pg062000/pg07june2000/070620001.html | title=The Union Minister of Communications Shri Ram Vilas Paswan inaugurated the first meeting of the Telephone Advisory Committee in New Delhi on June 7, 2000| work=pib.nic.in| accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/bsnl-holds-second-tac-meeting/138416.html | title=BSNL holds second TAC meeting | work=tribuneindia.com | accessdate=27 September 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/BSNL-to-provide-3G-connectivity-to-Lasalgaon-Satana/articleshow/39640578.cms | title=BSNL to provide 3G connectivity to Lasalgaon, Satana | work=[[Times of India]] | date=5 August 2014 | accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.reachladakh.com/bsnl-formed-new-telephone-advisory-committee/2895.html | title=BSNL formed new Telephone Advisory Committee| work=reachladakh.com| accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bsnl-to-set-up-new-advisory-committee-soon/932342/| title=new advisory committee soon| work=indianexpress.com| accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article412132.ece| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126182836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article412132.ece| url-status=dead| archive-date=26 January 2016| title=3G service launched in Pathanamthitta| work=newindianexpress.com| accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bsnl-to-roll-out-3g-services-in-pathanamthitta/article692527.ece| title=BSNL to roll out 3G services in Pathanamthitta| work=thehindu.com| date=27 January 2010| accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Ram Vilas Paswan 11.jpeg|thumb|The Union Minister of Communications Shri Ram Vilas Paswan inaugurated the first meeting of the Telephone Advisory Committee and National Telephone Services Committee in New Delhi on June 7, 2000.|right|340px]]

These Committees were abolished in 2001.

== Ministers==
* Shri [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] 10.06.2024-Present<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Former Ministers {{!}} Department of Telecommunications {{!}} Ministry of Communication {{!}} Government of India |url=https://dot.gov.in/minister/list-former-ministers |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=dot.gov.in}}</ref>
* Shri [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] 08.07.2021 to 10.06.2024<ref name=":0" />
* Shri [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] 30.05.2019 to 07.07.2021<ref name=":0" />
* Shri [[Manoj Sinha]] 06.07.2016 to 30.05.2019<ref name=":0" />
* Shri [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] 26.05.2014 to 05.07.2016<ref name=":0" />
* Shri [[Kapil Sibal]] 19.01.2011 to 26.05.2014
* Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] 15.11.2010 to 15.11.2010
* Shri [[A. Raja]] 16.05.2007 to 14.11.2010
* Shri [[Dayanidhi Maran]] 23.05.2004 to 15.05.2007
* Shri [[Arun Shourie]] 29.01.2003 to 22.05.2004
* Shri [[Pramod Mahajan]] 02.09.2001 to 28.01.2003
* Shri [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] 13.10.1999 to 01.09.2001

==Departments==
*[[Department of Telecommunications (India)|Department of Telecommunications]]
*[[Department of Electronics and Information Technology]]
*[[Indian Postal Service|Department of Posts]]
*[[MTNL]]

== Department of Telecommunications ==
{{further|Department of Telecommunications}}
Also known as the ''Door Sanchar Vibhag'', this department concerns itself with policy, licensing and coordination matters relating to telegraphs, telephones, wireless, data, facsimile and telematic services and other like forms of communications. It also looks into the administration of laws with respect to any of the matters specified, namely:
*The [[Indian Telegraph Act]], 1885 (13 of 1885)
*The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940 (17 of 1933)
*The [[TRAI|Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] Act, 1997 (24 of 1997)

==Public Sector Units==
*[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL)
*[[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]] (ITI)
*[[Bharat Broadband Network]] (BBNL)
*[[Telecommunications Consultants India Limited]] (TCIL)

== Mobile phone service operators in India ==
* [[Airtel India|Airtel]]
* [[BSNL]]
* [[Jio]]
* [[MTNL]]
* [[Vodafone Idea|Vi]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telecommunication}}
* [[Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management]]
* [[Telecommunications in India]]
* [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]]
* [[MTNL Perfect Health Mela]]

==List of TAC Members==
{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
A
*[[Akhil Gupta]]
*[[Alok kumar]]
*[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
*[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
*[[Ramdas Athawale]]
*[[Alok Goswami]]
*Aslam Khan

B
*Kuldeep Samendra Bhakar
*[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
*[[Shadi Lal Batra]]
*[[Bodh Singh Bhagat]]
*[[Subhash Bhamre]]
*[[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
*[[Ranjit Singh Brahmpura]]
*Bhupinder Singh Maddy

C
*[[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
*[[Chandra Bhan Singh]]
*[[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]
*[[Dushyant Chautala]]
*[[Jitendra Choudhury]]

D
*Dhruv Kapoor
*Dilshad Hussain
*Daksh Jain
*[[Husain Dalwai]]
*[[Sankar Prasad Datta]]
*[[Anil Desai]]
*[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]]
*[[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
*[[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
*[[Jyoti Dhurve]]

G
*[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
*[[Ganga Prasad Ram Narayan Tripathi]]
*[[Heena Gavit]]
*[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
*[[M. S. Gill]]
*[[Naresh Gujral]]
*Gaurav Sharma

H
*[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
*[[Ahmed Hassan Imran]]

J
*[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]

K
*[[P. Karunakaran]]
*[[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
*[[Chandrakant Khaire]]
*[[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
*[[Vinod Khanna]]
*[[Krishna kumar khelwar]]
*[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]
*[[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
*[[Selja Kumari]]

L
*[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
*Lokesh Kumar Chahar

M
*[[Bhagwant Mann]]
*[[Majeed Memon]]
*Manoj Kumar Singhraj
*Shahid Siddiqui<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mtnlmumbai.in/index.php/tac#zone-2 | title=Telephone Advisory Committee (TAC) Members - Zonewise | website=mtnlmumbai.in}}</ref>

N
*[[Shantaram Naik]]
*[[C.P. Narayanan]]
*Nanigopal Bhattacharjee

P
*[[Praful Patel]]
*[[Rajni Patil]]
*[[Nanabhau Patole]]
*[[Sharad Pawar]]

R
*[[Poonam Mahajan]]
*[[Sanjay Raut]]
*[[Rekha]]
*[[Charanjeet Singh Rori]]
*[[C. L. Ruala]]

S
*[[A. Sampath]]
*[[Vijay Sampla]]
*[[P. A. Sangma]]
*[[Alok Sanjar]]
*[[T. N. Seema]]
*[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
*[[Gopal Shetty]]
*[[Rahul Shewale]]
*[[Rajeev Shukla]]
*[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
*[[Amarinder Singh]]
*[[Sadhu Singh]]
*[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)]]
*[[Raj Kumar Saini]]
*[[Wansuk Syiem]]

T
*[[Shashi Tharoor]]
*[[Ronald Sapa Tlau]]
*[[D. P. Tripathi]]
*[[K. T. S. Tulsi]]

V
*[[Rajan Vichare]]
*[[Vicky Khurana]]
*[[Vinod Gupta]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*MTNL Website [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114612/http://mtnlmumbai.in/index.php/tac#navi-mumbai list of TAC] members
*Department of [http://www.dot.gov.in Telecommunications] Website
{{Government of India}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Ministry of Communication and Information Technology}}

[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Rehti tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:41Z

Tudu Hommie: Starting a stub

{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rehti tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|22.73|N|77.43|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sehore district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
|area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_note =
|width_mi =
|elevation_min_rank =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total =

| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code =
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rehti tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Sehore district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sehore.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/ |title=Sehore district - Revenue Administration}}</ref> It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>[https://sehore.nic.in/en/local-bodies-administration/Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rehti]</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Jeur

2026-02-06T07:42:59Z

Tudu Hommie: made data

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jeur
| other_name = जेऊर
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.25|N|75.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = INDIA
| subdivision_name = KARMALA {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = MAHARASHTRA [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solapur district]]
| established_title = Sub District Headquarters
| established_date = Karmala Taluka
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = 66
| area_rank = 57th:[[Karmala Taluka]]
| area_total_km2 = 11.09
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 552
| population_total = AROUND 15 THOUSAND
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 2nd:[[Karmala Taluka]]
| population_density_km2 = 620
| population_demonym = Jeurkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 413202
| registration_plate = MH 45
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate
| blank1_info_sec1 = 86%
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karmala]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jeur''' is a village in the [[Karmala Taluka|Karmala taluka]] of [[Solapur district]] in [[Maharashtra]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|title='Fandry' (Pig) followed by discussion with Director Nagraj Manjule|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/21jul2014-fandry-pig-followed-by-discussion-with-director-nagraj-manjule.html|publisher=SOAS, University of London|accessdate=7 May 2016|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116024311/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/21jul2014-fandry-pig-followed-by-discussion-with-director-nagraj-manjule.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Sairat]]'', the controversial and highest-grossing [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] of all time based on the theme of forbidden love based on [[Caste system in India|caste hierarchy]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Sairat |date=2016-04-29 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5312232/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |publisher=Essel Vision Productions, Zee Studios, Aatpaat Production}}</ref> was set and shot in Jeur village.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sold on substance|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cinema/story/20160125-marathi-film-bollywood-mumbai-828306-1999-11-29|work=India Today|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Jeur (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 40.1
| Mar record high C = 42.9
| Apr record high C = 46.4
| May record high C = 46.6
| Jun record high C = 44.6
| Jul record high C = 42.1
| Aug record high C = 40.5
| Sep record high C = 38.6
| Oct record high C = 38.2
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 35.4
|year record high C = 46.6
| Jan high C = 31.8
| Feb high C = 34.4
| Mar high C = 38.8
| Apr high C = 41.6
| May high C = 41.0
| Jun high C = 36.0
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 32.8
| Oct high C = 33.4
| Nov high C = 32.5
| Dec high C = 31.0
|year high C = 35.0
| Jan low C = 12.0
| Feb low C = 13.2
| Mar low C = 16.9
| Apr low C = 20.4
| May low C = 21.3
| Jun low C = 19.7
| Jul low C = 18.8
| Aug low C = 17.7
| Sep low C = 17.6
| Oct low C = 15.4
| Nov low C = 14.3
| Dec low C = 11.0
|year low C = 16.6
| Jan record low C = 2.2
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 10.1
| Apr record low C = 9.0
| May record low C = 12.0
| Jun record low C = 10.6
| Jul record low C = 10.1
| Aug record low C = 10.1
| Sep record low C = 10.0
| Oct record low C = 9.1
| Nov record low C = 4.8
| Dec record low C = 4.2
|year record low C =
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}
==Demographics==
Covering {{convert|1109|ha|acre}} and comprising 1491 households at the time of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], Jeur had a population of 6880. There were 3602 males and 3278 females, with 818 people being aged six or younger.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra Series 28, Part XII District Census Handbook Solapur Primary Census Abstract |page=114 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Maharashtra |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2730_PART_B_DCHB_%20SOLAPUR.pdf |accessdate=2018-01-24}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* Award-winning [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movie director, and actor [[Nagraj Manjule]] was born and brought up in Jeur<ref>{{cite news|title=The ardour of Nagraj Manjule|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-ardour-of-nagraj-manjule/article8016591.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Karmala taluka]]