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P. Usharani

2026-05-07T20:42:09Z

TrinaAshby9096: made first page with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Usharani
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]
| predecessor = [[G. Chitra]]
| successor =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}

'''P. Usharani''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yercaud Assembly constituency]] in [[Salem district]] representing the AIADMK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.Usharani, YERCAUD (ST) constituency, AIADMK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/p-usharani-1334/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=AIADMK Election Winners List 2026: Check full list of winning candidates across Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-election-winners-list-2026-check-full-list-of-winning-candidates-across-tamil-nadu-puducherry/articleshow/130760290.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Yercaud Assembly constituency representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. She polled 87,772 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Lakshmi Janarthanan. J. of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]], by a margin of 2,189 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Yercaud election result LIVE: Usharani P of AIADMK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/yercaud-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072101.html |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usharani, P.}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

Thangadurai (actor)

2026-05-06T20:35:44Z

TrinaAshby9096: Adding a article more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Tamil actor and Stand-up comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thangadurai
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|10|26|df=yes}}<ref name="Here's how actor Thangadurai celebrated his 33rd birthday">{{cite news |title=Here's how actor Thangadurai celebrated his 33rd birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actor-thangadurai-celebrated-his-33rd-birthday/articleshow/104716484.cms |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424072400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actor-thangadurai-celebrated-his-33rd-birthday/articleshow/104716484.cms |archive-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Actor, [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up comedian]]
| parents =
| spouse = Aruna<ref name="Television actor Thangadurai wishes his wife Aruna with a sweet note on her birthday">{{cite news |title=Television actor Thangadurai wishes his wife Aruna with a sweet note on her birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-thangadurai-wishes-his-wife-aruna-with-a-sweet-note-on-her-birthday/articleshow/101778896.cms |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226113701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-thangadurai-wishes-his-wife-aruna-with-a-sweet-note-on-her-birthday/articleshow/101778896.cms |archive-date=26 December 2024}}</ref>
| years_active = 2007{{endash}}present
}}
'''Thangadurai''' (or '''Tigergarden Thangadurai''') is an Indian actor, comedian and writer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thangaduraiyin Tharkolai Jokes / தங்கதுரையின் தற்க&#30 (Paperback) {{!}} Harvard Book Store |url=https://www.harvard.com/book/9781645468820 |website=harvard.com |language=en}}</ref> He works in the Tamil film and television industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=தங்கதுரையின் ஒரே ஒரு ஜோக்.. செட்டில் மயங்கி விழுந்த நடிகர் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/tiger-thangadurai-funny-joke-irritates-jangiri-madhumitha-in-zee-tamil-master-d-blaster-show/articleshow/85891013.cms |website=Samayam |language=ta}}</ref> He is notable for the films like ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]], [[Panni Kutty]], [[A1 (film)|A1]]'', and ''[[DD Returns]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=இணையத்தில் வைரலாகும் தங்கதுரை ஜோக்குகள் மீம்ஸ் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/trend/tiger-garden-thangadurai-memes-viral-social-media-skv-411127.html |website=[[News18]] |language=ta |date=15 February 2021}}</ref>

He has also worked in reality shows and web series such as ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]], [[Cooku with Comali]]'' and ''[[MY3]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's how actor Thangadurai celebrated his 33rd birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actor-thangadurai-celebrated-his-33rd-birthday/articleshow/104716484.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thangadurai's Author Page - Notion Press {{!}} India's largest book publisher |url=https://notionpress.com/author/thangadurai?srsltid=AfmBOorNGwDiSv4vx5Ourr8zYSf3d0i5mVtnMDMird9WMBWvQ4iDnVjV |website=notionpress.com |publisher=[[Notion Press]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Thangadurai started his career from ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' comedy show aired on [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]. In 2009 he did another television show named ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]]'' on [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=நிஜமாவே கோல்டு-ணா நீ... புதிதாக BMW கார் வாங்கியதும் தங்கதுரை செய்த செயலுக்கு குவியும் பாராட்டு |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/television/vijay-tv-comedian-tiger-thangadurai-buys-bmw-car-gan-sh5sy8 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

In 2017, Thangadurai worked in sequel of a reality show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]'' and in 2019 he appeared in ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai]]''. Thangadurai got more publicity in his next reality cooking show ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'' the same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thangadurai and Sunita's picture from upcoming 'Cook With Comali 3' leaked? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thangadurai-and-sunitas-picture-from-upcoming-cook-with-comali-3-leaked/articleshow/88541693.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''அந்தப் புத்தகத்துக்கு 'தங்கதுரையின் தற்கொலை ஜோக்குகள்'னு டைட்டில்!'' - தங்கதுரை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/157003-interview-with-tiger-thangadhurai |website=www.vikatan.com |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

Thangadurai worked in various Tamil films such as ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'', ''[[A1 (film)|A1]]'', ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'', and ''[[Dikkiloona]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rayar Parambarai Review: காமெடியில் ஒரு 'சோதனை'... கிருஷ்ணா நடித்த 'ராயர் பரம்பரை' எப்படி? முழு விமர்சனம்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-rayar-parambarai-review-in-tamil-krishna-sharanya-nair-starring-rayar-parambarai-movie-review-rating-127289 |website=tamil.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP News]] |language=ta |date=7 July 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, Thangadurai has worked on films including ''[[Boomer Uncle]]'' and ''[[Aalakaalam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=காயத்ரி,பா.காளிமுத்து |first1=வெ வித்யா |title=Lal Salaam: "எல்லாரும் என்னை காமெடியனா பார்த்தப்ப ஐஸ்வர்யா மேடம் மட்டும்..." - தங்கதுரை நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thangadurai-talks-about-his-role-in-lal-salaam-movie |website=www.vikatan.com/ |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |date=10 February 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' || Shiva's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' || Senthil ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Manjapai]]'' || Traffic Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Vadacurry]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Sivanesan ||
|-
| ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' || College Student ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' || Maragatha ||
|-
| ''[[Vaalu]]'' || Sathish ||
|-
| ''[[Masala Padam]]'' || Mirchi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Maanagaram]]'' || Job candidate ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2019 || ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' || Kidnapper ||
|-
| ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' || Nivas ||
|-
| ''[[Jiivi]]'' || Sathish ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Jagan ||
|-
| ''[[A1 (film)|A1]]'' || Mathi ||
|-
| ''[[Puppy (2019 film)|Puppy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' || Football commentator ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalidas]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Galtha]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' || Two-wheeler mechanic ||
|-
| ''[[Irandam Kuththu]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2021 || ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' || Velu ||
|-
| ''[[Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' || Thangam ||
|-
| ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || Karthik's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Jango (2021 film)|Jango]]'' || Informer ||
|-
| ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' || Paavadai aka Thilagam ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2022 || ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' || Durai ||
|-
| ''[[Selfie (2022 film)|Selfie]]'' || Thangam ||
|-
| ''[[Panni Kutty]]'' || Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (2022 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]'' || Counselor ||
|-
| ''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]'' || Dhamu ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2023 || ''[[Kondraal Paavam]]'' || Police Constable ||
|-
| ''[[Rudhran]]'' || Pencil ||
|-
| ''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]'' || Bootha Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[DD Returns]]'' || Blade Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]'' || Samathanam ||
|-
| ''[[Thunivu]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Rayar Parambarai]]'' || Thangadurai ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2024 || ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || Thiru's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Guardian (2024 film)|Guardian]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Boomer Uncle]]'' || Vallarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Aalakaalam]]'' || Velu ||
|-
| ''[[Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu]]'' || College peon ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2025 || ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' || Thangadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Ten Hours]]'' || Bus Passenger ||
|-
| ''[[Rajaputhiran]]'' || Patta's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Usurae]]'' || Raghava's friend ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-08-01 |title=Usurae Movie Review: Teejay is impressive in a romantic film that's emptied of life |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Aug/01/usurae-movie-review-teejay-is-impressive-in-a-romantic-film-thats-emptied-of-life |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Right (film)|Right]]'' || Prisoner ||
|-
| ''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]'' || Shanmugam ||
|-
| ''[[Theeyavar Kulai Nadunga]]'' || Kuppan ||
|-
| ''Saaraa'' || Durai ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Mylanji (2026 film)|Mylanji]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[MY3]]'' || Bruce || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| ''[[Office (2025 TV series)|Office]]'' || Hari || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Reality Show Name !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2009 || ''Asatha Povathu Yaaru?'' || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2011 || ''Naalaya Iyakkunar'' || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]]'' || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]'' || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai]]'' || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'' || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

==Bibliography==
*"Thangaduraiyin Tharkolai Jokes", 2019, [[Notion Press]], Language:Tamil, p:68, {{ISBN|1645468828}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Thangaduraiyin Tharkolai Jokes / தங்கதுரையின் தற்கொலை ஜ… |url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/51301261-thangaduraiyin-tharkolai-jokes |website=[[Goodreads]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=R |first1=Vinoth |title=புளியமரத்து அடியிலே புஷ்பலதா மடியிலே.... தங்கதுரையின் தற்கொலை ஜோக் புக் வெளியீடு |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/thangadurai-s-tharkolai-jokes-book-released-at-singapore-064495.html |website=filmibeat |language=ta |date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
*"Thangaduraiyin Thug life Jokes", 2023, [[Notion Press]], Language:Tamil, p:84, {{ISBN|979-8890269218}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Thangaduraiyin Thug life Jokes: Tamil and Thanglish: Ta… |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/182112634-thangaduraiyin-thug-life-jokes |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Thangadurai was married with Aruna in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Television actor Thangadurai wishes his wife Aruna with a sweet note on her birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-thangadurai-wishes-his-wife-aruna-with-a-sweet-note-on-her-birthday/articleshow/101778896.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 July 2023}}</ref> He has bought children clothes, shoes, and backpacks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=சர்பனா |first1=வினி |title="என் புது BMW கார்ல குழந்தைகளைக் கூட்டிட்டுப் போனதுக்கான காரணம் இதுதான்!" - KPY தங்கதுரை நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/kpy-thangadurai-interview-about-taking-kids-out-for-a-ride-in-his-new-car |website=www.vikatan.com/ |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |date=26 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=நிஜமாவே கோல்டு-ணா நீ... புதிதாக BMW கார் வாங்கியதும் தங்கதுரை செய்த செயலுக்கு குவியும் பாராட்டு |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/television/vijay-tv-comedian-tiger-thangadurai-buys-bmw-car-gan-sh5sy8 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm6648642}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

Disney comics

2026-04-28T01:17:06Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{short description|Comics featuring Walt Disney characters}}
{{about|comics featuring Disney characters|the publisher|Disney Comics (publishing)}}
[[File:Books_in_the_Communications_Library_(11056539664).jpg | thumb|right | alt=Walt Disney's Comics; Uncle Scrooge; and Donald Duck. | Walt Disney's Comics; Uncle Scrooge; and Donald Duck.]]
'''Disney comics''' are [[comic book]]s and [[comic strip]]s featuring characters created by [[the Walt Disney Company]], including [[Mickey Mouse]], [[Donald Duck]], [[Goofy]], [[Scrooge McDuck]] and [[José Carioca]].

The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on, starting with the [[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|''Mickey Mouse'' comic strip]]. ''[[Mickey Mouse Magazine]]'', the first American newsstand publication with Disney comics, launched in 1935. In 1940, [[Western Publishing]] launched the long-running flagship comic book, ''[[Walt Disney's Comics and Stories]]'', which reached 750 issues in September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Comics and Stories #7 |url=https://www.comixology.com/Disney-Comics-and-Stories-7/digital-comic/788246?ref=c2VyaWVzL3ZpZXcvZGVza3RvcC9ncmlkTGlzdC9SZWNlbnRBZGRpdGlvbnM |website=IDW Publishing |access-date=25 July 2019}}{{dead link|date=February 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''[[Uncle Scrooge]]'', launched in 1952, reached issue #450 in June 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uncle Scrooge #450 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FUS++450A |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> In recent decades, Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in the United States. In the rest of the world Disney comics have remained very successful, especially in Europe, where weekly Disney comics magazines and monthly paperback digests are national best sellers.

Disney comics have been the basis for academic theory, cultural criticism, and fan-created databases.

==U.S. comic strips==
The first Disney comics appeared in daily newspapers, syndicated by [[King Features Syndicate|King Features]] with production done in-house by a Disney comic strip department at the studio. Initially [[Floyd Gottfredson]] along with his responsibilities for the ''Mickey Mouse'' comic strip oversaw the Disney comic strip department from 1930 to 1945, then Frank Reilly was brought in to administer the burgeoning department from January 1946 to 1975. Greg Crosby headed the department from 1979 to 1989.

===Mickey Mouse===
{{main|Mickey Mouse (comic strip)}}
The ''Mickey Mouse'' daily comic strip began on January 13, 1930,<ref name=Holtz-mm>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |pages=260–264}}</ref> featuring Mickey as an optimistic, adventure-seeking young mouse. It was initially written by Walt Disney with art by [[Ub Iwerks]] and {{ill|Win Smith (comics)|lt=Win Smith|fr|Win Smith|it|Win Smith|sv|Win Smith}}. Beginning with the May 5, 1930, installment the art chores were taken up by [[Floyd Gottfredson]] (often aided by various inkers), who also either wrote or supervised the story continuities (relying on various writers to flesh out his plots). Gottfredson continued with the strip until 1975. By 1931, the ''Mickey Mouse'' strip was published in 60 newspapers in the United States, as well as papers in twenty other countries.<ref>"The Only Unpaid Movie Star," Harry Carr. American Magazine, March 1931. Reprinted in ''A Mickey Mouse Reader'' ed. by Gary Apgar, University Press of Mississippi, 2014.</ref>

From the beginning, the strips were parts of long continuing stories. These introduced characters such as the [[Phantom Blot]], [[Eega Beeva]], and [[the Bat Bandit]], which Gottfredson created; Disney created [[Eli Squinch]], Mickey's nephews, [[Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse]], and [[Sylvester Shyster]], which were also introduced in the comic.<ref name=Nemo/>

Starting in the 1950s, Gottfredson and writer Bill Walsh were instructed to drop the storylines and do only daily gags.<ref name="Andrae in color">{{cite book|last1=Andrae|first1=Thomas|last2=Gottfredson|first2=Floyd|title=Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse in color.|date=1988|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|isbn=9780394575193|edition=1st|chapter=Of Mouse and the Man}}</ref> Gottfredson continued illustrating the daily strip until he retired on October 1, 1975.<ref name=Nemo>{{cite journal|last1=Andrae|first1=Thomas|title=Floyd Gottfredson's 45 years with Mickey: The Mouse's Other Master|journal=Nemo: The Classics Comics Library|date=April 1984|issue=6|url=http://jeffoverturf.blogspot.de/2010/05/floyd-gottfredson-mickey-mouses-comic.html|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054024/http://jeffoverturf.blogspot.de/2010/05/floyd-gottfredson-mickey-mouses-comic.html|archive-date=24 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Gottfredson retired, the strip was written and drawn by many other creators. The Sunday page went into reprints in February 1992, and the daily strip ended on July 29, 1995.<ref name=Holtz-mm/>

In 2011, [[Fantagraphics Books]] began the ''[[Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse]]'' series, a hardback collection of Gottfredson's run on the strip. A total of 14 volumes were published between 2011 and 2018, collecting the entirety of Gottfredson's Sunday color work (two volumes) and all of his serialized story-themed daily strips (12 volumes). The collection doesn't include any of Gottfredson's gag-oriented material from 1955 onwards.

===Silly Symphony===
{{main|Silly Symphony (comic strip)}}
The ''Mickey Mouse'' [[Sunday strip]] started on January 10, 1932, with a [[Topper (comic strip)|topper]] ''[[Silly Symphony]]'' strip.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msonntag.blogspot.com/2011/06/bucky-bug-mickey-sunday-march-4-1934.html|title=TAGTOONZ: Bucky Bug & Mickey Sunday, March 4, 1934|first=Mark|last=Sonntag|website=msonntag.blogspot.com|date=25 June 2011|access-date=March 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103212527/http://msonntag.blogspot.com/2011/06/bucky-bug-mickey-sunday-march-4-1934.html|archive-date=January 3, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>''Silly Symphony'' initially related the adventures of [[Bucky Bug]], the first Disney character to originate in the comics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toonopedia.com/buckybug.htm |title=Bucky Bug |access-date=2010-01-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919113833/http://www.toonopedia.com/buckybug.htm |archive-date=2012-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> It went on to print more adaptations of ''Silly Symphony'' shorts, often using the characters and setting of the original shorts, but adding new plotlines and incidents. It also went on to print adaptations of the feature films, as well as periods of gag strips featuring Donald Duck and Pluto. By late 1935 the strip was a standalone half-page, not strictly a topper for the ''Mickey'' Sunday.

The strip was initially titled ''Silly Symphonies''; after two years, the name was changed to ''Silly Symphony''. The switch happened in the February 18, 1934, strip, just three weeks before Bucky Bug would be replaced with a new storyline, "Birds of a Feather".<ref name=IDW-v1>{{cite book |last1=Duvall |first1=Earl |last2=Taliaferro |first2=Al |last3=Osborne |first3=Ted |last4=De Maris |first4=Merrill |title=Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics, vol 1 |date=2016 |publisher=IDW Publishing |location=San Diego |isbn=978-1631405587}}</ref>

The complete rundown of ''Silly Symphony'' strips, from 1932 to 1945:<ref name=Holtz>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=351}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Bucky Bug]] (January 10, 1932 – March 4, 1934)
* [[Birds of a Feather (1931 film)|Birds of a Feather]] (March 11 – June 17, 1934)
* [[Peculiar Penguins|Penguin Isle]] (July 1 – September 9, 1934)
* [[The Wise Little Hen]] (September 16 – December 16, 1934)
* [[The Tortoise and the Hare (film)|The Boarding-School Mystery]] (December 23, 1934 – Feb 17, 1935)
* [[The Robber Kitten]] (Feb 24 – April 21, 1935)
* [[The Cookie Carnival|Cookieland]] (April 28 – July 21, 1935)
* [[Three Orphan Kittens|Three Little Kittens]] (July 28 – October 20, 1935)
* [[Elmer Elephant|The Life and Adventures of Elmer the Elephant]] (October 27, 1935 – January 12, 1936)
* [[Three Little Pigs (film)|The Further Adventures of the Three Little Pigs]] (January 19 – August 23, 1936)
* [[Donald Duck (comic strip)|Donald Duck]] (August 30, 1936 – December 5, 1937)
* [[Snow White (franchise)#Comic strip|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]] (December 12, 1937 – April 24, 1938)
* [[Three Little Pigs (film)|The Practical Pig!]] (May 1 – August 7, 1938)
* [[Mother Pluto]] (August 14 – October 16, 1938)
* [[Farmyard Symphony]] (October 23 – November 27, 1938)
* [[Elmer Elephant|Timid Elmer]] (December 4, 1938 – Feb 12, 1939)
* [[Pluto (Disney)|Pluto the Pup]] (Feb 19 – March 19, 1939)
* [[The Ugly Duckling (1939 film)|The Ugly Duckling]] (March 26 – April 16, 1939)
* Pluto the Pup (April 23 – December 17, 1939)
* [[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]] (December 24, 1939 – April 7, 1940)
* Pluto the Pup (April 14 – November 3, 1940)
* [[Little Hiawatha]] (November 10, 1940 – July 12, 1942)
* [[Bambi]] (July 19 – October 4, 1942)
* [[José Carioca]] (October 11, 1942 – October 1, 1944)
* [[Panchito Pistoles|Panchito]] (October 8, 1944 – October 7, 1945)
{{div col end}}
The ''Silly Symphony'' Sunday strip ended on October 7, 1945, and was replaced by ''Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit''.

Three of the ''Silly Symphony'' stories inspired long-running features in ''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories''. Original Bucky Bug stories first appeared in issue #39 (Dec 1943) and appeared every month for seven years, wrapping up with issue #120 (Sept 1950). "The Three Little Pigs" feature inspired the creation of [[Li'l Bad Wolf]], the [[Big Bad Wolf (Disney)|Big Bad Wolf's]] errant son, who wants to be friends with the Pigs. Li'l Bad Wolf's adventures began in issue #52 (Jan 1945), and he made regular appearances until almost the end of the comic's original run, issue #259 (April 1962). Finally, Little Hiawatha had his own monthly story for two years, from issue #143 (Aug 1952) to #168 (September 1954).

The complete strip has been reprinted in four hardcover collections, ''Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics'', published by [[IDW Publishing]]'s [[Library of American Comics]] imprint. The first volume, published in 2016, includes all of the strips from "Bucky Bug" (1932) to "Cookieland" (1935). Volume 2, published in 2017, includes "Three Little Kittens" (1935) to "Timid Elmer" (1939). Volume 3, published in 2018, includes "Pluto the Pup" (1939) to "Little Hiawatha" (1942). The fourth volume, published in 2019, concludes the series with "Bambi" (1942) through Panchito" (1945).

===Donald Duck===
{{main|Donald Duck (comic strip)}}
[[Donald Duck in comics|Donald Duck]] made his first comics appearance in the ''Silly Symphony'' adaptation of the 1934 Disney short ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]'' (Sept. 16, 1934-Dec. 16, 1934). As Donald's popularity grew, he became the star of the ''Silly Symphony'' strip for an extended run (August 1936 to December 1937),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mouseplanet.com/8195/Just_Ducky__Al_Taliaferro_and_Donald_Duck|title=Just Ducky: Al Taliaferro and Donald Duck|first=Wade|last=Sampson|date=16 May 2007|website=mouseplanet.com}}</ref> and then got [[Donald Duck (comic strip)|his own daily strip]] starting on February 7, 1938. A Donald Sunday strip premiered December 10, 1939. [[Carl Barks]], known to fans as "The Duck Man," wrote at least 20 of the strips between 1938 and 1940.<ref name=Holtz-Duck>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=131}}</ref> ''Donald Duck'' ran until May 2005, when it went into reprints.<ref name=Holtz-Duck/>

Starting in 2015, [[IDW Publishing]]'s [[Library of American Comics]] imprint has been publishing hardcover collections of the ''Donald Duck'' strip. As of 2019, five volumes of ''[[Donald Duck: The Complete Daily Newspaper Comics]]'' and two volumes of ''[[Donald Duck: The Complete Sunday Comics]]'' have been released.

===Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit===
{{main|Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit}}
''Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit'' was launched as a Sunday strip on October 14, 1945, as a preview of the upcoming 1946 film ''[[Song of the South]]''. The ''Uncle Remus'' strip began, like ''Silly Symphony'', as a topper for the ''Mickey Mouse'' strip, but after the first few years, almost always appeared on its own.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=400}}</ref>

The previous comic strip adaptations of Disney films lasted for four or five months, but the ''Uncle Remus'' strip continued for almost thirty years, telling new stories of Br'er Rabbit and friends, until the strip was discontinued on December 31, 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/brerrab.htm|title=Br'er Rabbit|publisher=[[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]|access-date=January 18, 2007|first=Don|last=Markstein|archive-date=May 27, 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240527120642/https://www.webcitation.org/6bDugm3on?url=http://toonopedia.com/brerrab.htm|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales===
{{main|Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales}}
In 1950, Disney distributed a limited-time Sunday strip adaptations of their new animated feature ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=106}}</ref> and followed the next year with ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=49}}</ref> Judged a success, the experiment was turned into an ongoing feature in 1952—''Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales''—beginning with ''[[The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men|The Story of Robin Hood]]''.

The Sunday strip ran for thirty-five years, from July 13, 1952, to February 15, 1987. The animated features adapted for the strip include ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' (1955), ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1958), ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' (1963) and ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (1968). ''Classic Tales'' also featured animated shorts, including ''[[Lambert the Sheepish Lion]]'' (1956) and ''[[Ben and Me]]'' (1953), and featurettes like ''[[Make Mine Music|Peter & The Wolf]]'' (1954) and ''[[Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree]]'' (1966). The 1979-80 adaptation of ''[[The Black Hole (1979 film)|The Black Hole]]'' was particularly notable for featuring pencil art by comics icon [[Jack Kirby]], with [[Mike Royer]] inking.

''Treasury of Classic Tales'' also adapted live-action films like ''[[Old Yeller (1957 film)|Old Yeller]]'' (1957–58), ''[[Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)|Swiss Family Robinson]]'' (1960), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964) and ''[[The Love Bug]]'' (1969). The strip transitioned from historical dramas like ''[[The Sword and the Rose]]'' (1953) and ''[[Kidnapped (1960 film)|Kidnapped]]'' (1960) to comedies like ''[[The Shaggy Dog (1959 film)|The Shaggy Dog]]'' (1959) and ''[[The Parent Trap (1961 film)|The Parent Trap]]'' (1961).

In 2016, [[IDW Publishing]] and their imprint ''[[The Library of American Comics]] (LoAC)'' began to collect all the ''Treasury of Classic Tales'' stories in a definitive [[Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales (hardcover book collection)|hardcover reprint series]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clabaugh |first1=Rich |title=Gift needed for comics fan? Try 'Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales' |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2016/1219/Gift-needed-for-comics-fan-Try-Walt-Disney-s-Treasury-of-Classic-Tales |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=19 December 2016 }}</ref> As of 2019, three volumes have been published, reprinting all the stories from ''[[The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men|Robin Hood]]'' (1952) through ''[[In Search of the Castaways (film)|In Search of the Castaways]]'' (1962). In April 2018, it was announced that, due to the sales goal of the series not being met, the third volume may be the last one to be published.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://loac.idwpublishing.com/episode-006/ |title=Episode 006 with special guest Michael Barrier |website=loac.idwpublishing.com |access-date=March 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202051/http://loac.idwpublishing.com/episode-006/ |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>"[http://loac.idwpublishing.com/episode-006/ Episode 006 with special guest Michael Barrier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202051/http://loac.idwpublishing.com/episode-006/ |date=2018-04-10 }}." The Library of American Comics. April 6, 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-10</ref>

===Scamp===
{{main|Scamp (comics)}}
In 1955, the animated film ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' inspired a new comic strip based on an adorable, unnamed puppy glimpsed at the end of the movie. ''Scamp'' debuted in newspapers on October 31, 1955, and ran for more than 30 years, ending on June 25, 1988. The strip was created by [[Ward Greene]], a [[King Features Syndicate]] editor who wrote the original magazine story, ''Happy Dan, the Whistling Dog, and Miss Patsy, the Beautiful Spaniel'', which inspired the film. Greene and artist [[Dick Moores]] produced the strip for eight months as a continuing story. Starting in May 1956, other creators took over, and the strip moved to a gag-a-day format.

===Disney Christmas Story===
{{main|Disney Christmas Story}}
Beginning in 1960, a special daily strip with a holiday theme utilizing the Disney characters was offered each year through 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/floyd_norman/archive/2005/02/06/1424.aspx |title=Black to the Future |publisher=Jimhillmedia.com |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043641/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/floyd_norman/archive/2005/02/06/1424.aspx |archive-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww090114ws |title=A Belated Christmas Gift: The Disney Newspaper Strip (Wade's Wayback Machine) by Wade Sampson |publisher=Mouseplanet.com |date=2009-01-14 |access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/guest_writers1/b/greg_white/archive/2008/12/25/new-greg-white-article.aspx |title=All I want for Christmas is a book that collects those Disney holiday comic strips |publisher=Jimhillmedia.com |date=2011-09-16 |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210201747/http://jimhillmedia.com/guest_writers1/b/greg_white/archive/2008/12/25/new-greg-white-article.aspx |archive-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> It generally ran for three to four weeks with the concluding strip appearing a day or two before Christmas, often promoting the latest Disney release or re-release.<ref name="Holtz"/> These were unique in that in some cases, they showcased the crossover of Disney characters that otherwise rarely interacted.

The tradition was revived in 1992 as ''Disney Holiday Story'' to publicize contemporary Disney feature animated films.

In 2017, the Christmas stories were collected in a hardback volume, ''Disney's Christmas Classics'', published by [[IDW Publishing]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Disney's Christmas Classics |date=2017 |publisher=IDW Publishing |isbn=978-1684050062}}</ref> The collection includes all of the Christmas stories except for 1986's story based on ''[[Song of the South]]''.

===Winnie the Pooh===
{{main|Winnie the Pooh (comic strip)}}

Disney created a ''[[Winnie the Pooh (comic strip)|Winnie the Pooh]]'' comic strip for King Features Syndicate starting June 19, 1978. Based on the [[Winnie the Pooh (franchise)|Disney adaptations]] of the characters, the strip was written by Don Ferguson and drawn by Richard Moore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=414}}</ref> In addition to the regular cast of characters, Ferguson and Moore also added a knight named Sir Brian, and his worrywart dragon. The strip lasted for almost ten years, ending on April 2, 1988.

===Other comic strips===
Other Disney strips distributed over the years included (chronologically by start date):
* ''Merry Menagerie'' [humorous daily panel featuring anthropomorphic animals, but no Disney characters] (Jan. 13, 1947-March 17, 1962).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comicstripfan.com/newspaper/m/merrymenagerie.htm |title=Merry Menagerie |publisher=Comicstripfan.com |date=1950-11-21 |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209080918/http://www.comicstripfan.com/newspaper/m/merrymenagerie.htm |archive-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=zapjones |url=https://disneysnowglobe.blogspot.com/2008/05/walt-disneys-merry-menagerie-comic.html |title=DISNEY COLLECTIBLES: Walt Disney's Merry Menagerie comic strip |publisher=Disneysnowglobe.blogspot.com |date=2008-05-24 |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218100851/http://disneysnowglobe.blogspot.com/2008/05/walt-disneys-merry-menagerie-comic.html |archive-date=2012-02-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Apeldoorn |first=Ger |url=https://allthingsger.blogspot.com/2008/11/menagerilly-we-roll-along-monday.html |title=The Fabuleous Fifties |publisher=Allthingsger.blogspot.com |date=2008-11-24 |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072531/http://allthingsger.blogspot.com/2008/11/menagerilly-we-roll-along-monday.html |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[True Life Adventures]]'' [daily panel] (March 14, 1955 – February 27, 1973)
* ''Mickey Mouse and His Friends'' [pantomime aimed at an international audience, gag strips featuring Mickey, Minnie, Goofy and Pluto] (September 1, 1958 – March 17, 1962).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.msu.edu/comics/rhode/wordless.htm |title=Stories Without Words: A Bibliography with Annotations |publisher=lib.msu.edu |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513002839/http://www.lib.msu.edu/comics/rhode/wordless.htm |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref>
* ''[[Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears|Gummi Bears]]'' (Sept. 1, 1986–April 1, 1989) <ref>{{cite web|url= https://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2019/05/obscurity-of-day-gummi-bears.html?showComment=1559377928707&m=1#c1865976303792825265|title=Obscurity of the Day: Gummi Bears |date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newgumbrea.com/docs/comics.pdf |title=Disney's Gummi Bears |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210195737/http://www.newgumbrea.com/docs/comics.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A proposed [[Roger Rabbit]] strip underwent development but cancellation of the sequel led [[King Features Syndicate|King Features]] to pass on it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Norman |first1=Floyd |title=The Double Death of Roger Rabbit |url=http://mrfun.squarespace.com/blog/2012/7/27/the-double-death-of-roger-rabbit.html |website=Mr Fun's Blog |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926185342/http://mrfun.squarespace.com/blog/2012/7/27/the-double-death-of-roger-rabbit.html |archive-date=26 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Disney comic strip department closed in January 1990. The last two strips, ''Mickey Mouse'' and ''Donald Duck'', continued to be supervised by King Features. The Donald strip was drawn by Larry Knighton with King Features staffers writing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mouseplanet.com/10279/Happy_Birthday_Donald_Duck_Comic_Strip|title=Happy Birthday Donald Duck Comic Strip!|first=Jim|last=Korkis|date=10 April 2013|website=mouseplanet.com}}</ref> The Donald strip was discontinued in the mid-1990s. In this period the Mickey strip had Floyd Norman as the writer and art rotating between Rick Hoover and Alex Howell. Norman convinced the syndicate to allow him to drop the [[gag-a-day]] format in favor of adventure continuities of up to four weeks, much in the style of the classic Gottfredson era. By 1994 the strip was running in only 30 newspapers and by mutual agreement of Disney and King Features it ended.<ref name=floyds>{{cite web|url=https://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/floyd_norman/archive/2004/07/20/1417.aspx|title=One Mouse, two Floyds|first=Floyd|last=Norman|website=jimhillmedia.com|date=20 July 2004 }}</ref> Both strips continued with reprints.

In recent years [[Creators Syndicate]] has offered reprints of the ''Donald Duck'', ''Mickey Mouse'' and ''Winnie the Pooh'' strips as part of a "classics" package and posts the current strip on its site (without archiving).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creators.com/comics/cat-classics.html |title= The Best Content in The World |publisher=Creators Syndicate |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304135826/http://www.creators.com/comics/cat-classics.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Domestically the strips have 20-30 clients at any one time; they also appear in many newspapers outside the United States (exact number unknown).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dcf.outducks.org/viewtopic.php?id=268&p=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711020253/http://dcf.outducks.org/viewtopic.php?id=268&p=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-11 |title=The Disney Comics Forum / Where can i find mickey mouse comic strips from the 90's? |publisher=Dcf.outducks.org |access-date=2012-03-07 }}</ref>

==U.S. comic books==
===''Mickey Mouse Magazine''===
{{main|Mickey Mouse Magazine}}
''Mickey Mouse Magazine'' (1933–1940) was the first Disney comics publication, and preceded the popular 1940 anthology comic book ''[[Walt Disney's Comics and Stories]]''. The concept was created by [[Kay Kamen]], a Disney merchandiser. There were three versions of the title: two promotional giveaway magazines published from 1933 to 1935, and a newsstand magazine published from 1935 to 1940. The publication gradually evolved from a 16-page booklet of illustrated text stories and single-page comic panels into a 64-page comic book featuring reprints of the ''Mickey Mouse'' and ''Donald Duck'' comic strips.

===''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories''===
{{main|Walt Disney's Comics and Stories}}
In October 1940, Western rebranded ''Mickey Mouse Magazine'' as ''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories,'' an anthology comic book series featuring an assortment of Disney characters, including Donald Duck, [[Scrooge McDuck]], Mickey Mouse, [[Chip 'n' Dale]], [[Li'l Bad Wolf]], [[Scamp (Lady and the Tramp)|Scamp]], [[Bucky Bug]], [[Grandma Duck]], [[Brer Rabbit]], [[Winnie the Pooh]], and others. With more than 700 issues, ''Walt Disney's Comics & Stories'' is the longest-running Disney comic book in the United States.

By the mid-1950s, ''WDC&S'' was the best selling comic book in America, with a circulation hovering around three million a month (with the highest level reached being 3,038,000 for the Sept. 1953 issue).<ref>Willits, Malcolm. "Interview with George Sherman". ''Vanguard'' 1968, reprinted in ''Duckburg Times'' #12 (1981).</ref> It is regarded as one of the best-selling comic books of all time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Wolf |first1=Arthur |title=The popularity of Disney comics and magazines around the world |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/blog/2007/04/disney-comics-around-the-world/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802044642/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/blog/2007/04/disney-comics-around-the-world/ |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The book was originally published by [[Dell Comics]] (1940–1962), and there have been many revivals over the years, continuing the same legacy numbering. The revivals have been published by [[Gold Key Comics]] (1962–1984), [[Gladstone Publishing]] (1986–1990), [[Disney Comics (publishing)|Disney Comics]] (1990–1993), back to Gladstone Publishing (1993–1999), [[Gemstone Publishing]] (2003–2008), [[Boom! Studios]] (2009–2011) and [[IDW Publishing]] (2015–2020). IDW relaunched the title as ''Disney Comics and Stories''. IDW lost Disney comics rights in the 2020s and the comic book license for Disney properties passed to [[Marvel Comics]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spry|first=Jeff|date=December 29, 2021|title=Dark Horse reclaims publishing rights for more 'Star Wars' comics in 2022|url=https://www.space.com/star-wars-comics-dark-horse-publishing-2022|access-date=January 21, 2022|website=Space.com|language=en|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121154312/https://www.space.com/star-wars-comics-dark-horse-publishing-2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=King|first=Samantha|date=February 27, 2024|title=Disney's Most Successful Comic Character Gets Historic Marvel Makeover|url=https://screenrant.com/disney-uncle-scrooge-mcduck-gets-historic-comic-marvel/|access-date=February 28, 2024|website=[[Screenrant.com]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Four Color===
{{main|Four Color}}
When ''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories'' launched in 1940 as a partnership between [[Dell Comics]] and [[Western Publishing]], the comic only reprinted existing ''Mickey Mouse'', ''Donald Duck'' and ''Silly Symphony'' comic strips, rather than creating original stories specifically for the comic book form. This was common for comic books at the time.

Dell also had an anthology series, ''Four Color'', which started in 1939 as a series of "one-shot" specials, each focused on a particular character. In the early days, ''Four Color'' mostly featured comic strip reprints of ''[[Dick Tracy]]'', ''[[Little Orphan Annie]]'', ''[[Terry and the Pirates (comic strip)|Terry and the Pirates]]'' and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four Color, 1939 series |url=https://www.comics.org/series/120/ |website=Grand Comics Database |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808180506/https://www.comics.org/series/120/ |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first series included two issues of Disney comic strips -- ''Donald Duck'' strips were reprinted in issue #4 (Feb 1940),<ref>{{cite web |title=One Shots (1st series) #4 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FOSI+++4 |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> and Gottfredson's ''Mickey Mouse'' serial ''[[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|Mickey Mouse Outwits the Phantom Blot]]'' was colored, reformatted into comic form and released as issue #16 (1941).<ref>{{cite web |title=One-Shots (Series 1) #16 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FOSI++16 |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

In 1941, ''Four Color'' published the two earliest Disney comic book stories, based on new Disney films. Issue #13 featured an adaptation of ''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|The Reluctant Dragon]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=One-Shots (series 1) #13 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FOSI++13 |website=Inducks |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> and a ''[[Dumbo]]'' adaptation was the focus of issue #17.<ref>{{cite web |title=One-Shots (Series 1) #17 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FOSI++17 |website=Inducks |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Both of these stories were assembled by using a film-editing machine called the [[Moviola]], and having artist Irving Tripp trace the actual frames of the film to make up each panel.<ref name=Funnybooks/> Each issue also had additional short back-up features—the ''Reluctant Dragon'' issue included comic adaptations of the 1941 shorts ''[[Old MacDonald Duck]]'' and [[Goofy|Goofy's]] ''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|How to Ride a Horse]]'', and ''Dumbo of the Circus'' had an illustrated text adaptation of the Donald Duck short ''[[The Village Smithy]]'', as well as some filler comic strips from ''Silly Symphony'' and ''Mickey Mouse''.

The next story specifically created for Disney comic books was ''[[Pluto Saves the Ship]]'', published in Dell Comics' ''Large Feature Comics'' #7 in July 1942. The story was written by Disney animators [[Carl Barks]], [[Jack Hannah]] and Nick George; it was Barks's first comic book work.<ref name=Funnybooks>{{cite book |last1=Barrier |first1=Michael |title=Funnybooks: The Improbable Glories of the Best American Comic Books |date=2014 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520283909 |chapter=Chapter 8: Carl Barks Makes His Break}}</ref>

''Four Color'' relaunched with a new numbering system in 1942, and in October, Dell published "[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]" as issue #9 of the second series. This 64-page story was the first Donald Duck story drawn (but not yet written) by Barks.

''Four Color'' went on to produce more than 1,000 issues from 1942 to 1962, and the major ongoing Disney comics series were all launched as individual issues of the ''Four Color'' series. "Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold" eventually became the first ''[[Donald Duck (American comic book)|Donald Duck]]'' comic, ''[[Mickey Mouse (comic book)|Mickey Mouse]]'' began as issue #27 (1943), and the first ''[[Uncle Scrooge]]'' comic was issue #386 (March 1952). ''[[Scamp (comics)|Scamp]]'' also began as a ''Four Color'' one-shot with issue #703 (May 1956), which turned into a series in 1958. When they each "graduated" to their own comic books, Dell continued their numbering as if they had been part of a series all along.

There were many other Disney characters featured in issues of ''Four Color''. This list shows the first issue for each character:<ref>{{cite web |title=US: One Shots |url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=us%2FOS |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''[[Bambi]]'': issue #12 (1942)
* ''[[Thumper (Bambi)|Thumper]]'': issue #19 (1943)
* ''[[Bambi|Bambi's Children]]'': issue #30 (1943)
* ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'': issue #49 (1944)
* ''[[The Three Caballeros]]'': issue #71 (1945)
* ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'': issue #92 (Jan 1946)
* ''[[Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit]]'': issue #129 (Dec 1946)
* ''[[The Three Little Pigs (film)|Three Little Pigs]]'': issue #218 (March 1949)
* ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'': issue #272 (April 1950)
* ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'': issue #331 (May 1951)
* ''[[Donald Duck universe|Duck Album]]'': issue 353 (Nov 1951)
* ''[[Li'l Bad Wolf]]'': issue #403 (June 1952)
* ''[[Pluto (Disney)|Pluto]]'': issue #429 (Oct 1952)
* ''[[Little Hiawatha]]'': issue #439 (Dec 1952)
* ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'': issue #442 (Dec 1952)
* ''[[Goofy]]'': issue #468 (May 1953)
* ''[[Chip 'n' Dale]]'': issue #517 (Nov 1953)
* ''[[Daisy Duck|Daisy Duck's Diary]]'': issue 600 (Nov 1954)
* ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'': issue 629 (May 1955)
* ''[[Dumbo]]'': issue #668 (Dec 1955)
* ''[[Jiminy Cricket]]'': issue #701 (May 1956)
* ''[[Fun and Fancy Free|Bongo and Lumpjaw]]'': issue #706 (June 1956)
* ''[[Grandma Duck|Grandma Duck's Farm Friends]]'': issue #763 (Jan 1957)
* ''[[Tinker Bell#Peter Pan (1953) and other Disney media|The Adventures of Tinker Bell]]'': issue #896 (April 1958)
* ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'': issue #973 (May 1959)
* ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty's Fairy Godmothers]]'': issue #984 (April 1959)
* ''[[Disneyland|Vacation in Disneyland]]'': issue #1025 (Aug 1959)
* ''[[Gyro Gearloose]]'': issue #1047 (Nov 1959)
{{div col end}}

===Donald Duck===
{{main|Donald Duck (American comic book)}}
''Donald Duck'' (1942–2017) first appeared as part of the ''Four Color'' one-shot series, beginning in issue #9 (Oct 1942). [[Carl Barks]], the first great figure among Disney comic book creators, wrote all of his early long stories for the ''Donald Duck'' one-shots, including ''[[Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring]]'' (1943), ''The Terror of the River!'' (1946), ''Volcano Valley'' (1947), ''[[The Ghost of the Grotto]]'' (1947), ''[[Christmas on Bear Mountain]]'' (1947), ''[[The Old Castle's Secret]]'' (1948), ''[[Sheriff of Bullet Valley]]'' (1948), ''[[Lost in the Andes!]]'' (1949), ''Voodoo Hoodoo'' (1949) and ''Luck of the North'' (1949).

The title received its own numbering system with issue #26 (1953) and ended with issue #388 (June 2017).

===Mickey Mouse===
{{main|Mickey Mouse (comic book)}}
''Mickey Mouse'' (1943–2017) first appeared as part of the ''Four Color'' one-shot series, beginning in issue #27 (1943). It received its own numbering system with issue #28 (December 1952), and after many iterations with various publishers, ended with #330 (June 2017) from [[IDW Publishing]].

===Dell Giants===
In 1949, Dell began a tradition of publishing occasional "Disney Giants", plus-size comic books with more pages and a higher price. The first Giant was ''Walt Disney's Christmas Parade'' #1 (Nov 1949). This was a 132-page square-bound comic that sold for 25 cents, considerably higher than the typical 10-cent comics.<ref name=TwoMorrows>{{cite book |last1=Schelley |first1=Bill |last2=Dallas |first2=Keith |title=American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1950s |date=2013 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=978-1605490540 |page=26}}</ref> ''Christmas Parade'' had a cover by Walt Kelly, and began with a Carl Barks-penned Donald Duck story, "Letter to Santa".

''Christmas Parade'' was a success, and Dell followed up the next year with ''Walt Disney's Vacation Parade'' #1 (July 1950) and ''Christmas Parade'' #2 (Nov 1950). Dell also introduced ''[[Looney Tunes#Comic books|Bugs Bunny's Christmas Funnies]]'' in 1950, and soon all of Dell's top-selling characters had regular annuals and giant issues.<ref name=TwoMorrows/>

''Christmas Parade'' ran for ten issues from 1949 to 1959, and was followed by ''Walt Disney's Merry Christmas'' (Dec 1960) and ''Donald Duck Merry Christmas'' (Dec 1961).

''Vacation Parade'' ran for five annual issues from 1950 to 1954, before being retitled ''Picnic Party'' from 1955 to 1957, ''Mickey Mouse Summer Fun'' (1958), ''Walt Disney's Summer Fun'' (1959), ''Daisy Duck and Uncle Scrooge Picnic Time'' (1960) and ''Mickey and Donald in Vacationland'' (1961). There were also six annual issues of ''Donald Duck Beach Party'' from 1954 to 1959.<ref name=dell>{{cite web |title=US: Dell Comics |url=https://inducks.org/publisher.php?c=Dell |website=Inducks |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

Dell also published nine annual issues of ''Silly Symphonies'' (1952–1959).<ref name=giants>{{cite book |last1=Becattini |first1=Alberto |title=Disney Comics: The Whole Story |date=2016 |publisher=Theme Park Press |isbn=978-1683900177 |pages=59–60}}</ref>

When [[Disneyland]], the first Disney theme park, opened in 1955, Dell celebrated with the Giant ''Donald Duck in Disneyland'' (Sept 1955), and made frequent returns to the park over the next few years, including ''Mickey Mouse in Frontierland'' (May 1956), ''Mickey Mouse in Fantasyland'' (May 1957), ''Uncle Scrooge Goes to Disneyland'' (Aug 1957), ''Christmas in Disneyland'' (a one-time retitle of ''Christmas Parade'', Nov 1957) ''Donald and Mickey in Disneyland on Tom Sawyer Island'' (May 1958), ''Vacation in Disneyland'' (Aug 1958), ''Disneyland Birthday Party'' (Oct 1958) and ''Disneyland U.S.A.'' (June 1960).<ref name=dell/>

There were also three annual issues of ''Huey, Dewey and Louie Back To School'' in October 1959, 1960 and 1961, and a number of one-shot Giants, including ''Peter Pan's Treasure Chest'' (Jan 1953), ''Mickey Mouse Birthday Party'' (Sept 1953), ''Mickey Mouse Club Parade'' (Dec 1955), ''Mickey Mouse Almanac'' (Dec 1957) and ''Daisy Duck and Uncle Scrooge Showboat'' (Sept 1961).<ref name=giants/>

===Uncle Scrooge===
{{main|Uncle Scrooge}}
Carl Barks introduced Donald's [[Scrooge McDuck|Uncle Scrooge]] in the story "[[Christmas on Bear Mountain]]", published in ''Four Color'' #178 (Dec 1947). Scrooge made regular returns to both the ''Donald Duck'' comic and Barks's stories in ''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories'' over the next few years, and he finally received his own title in ''Four Color'' #386 (March 1952).

The spin-off title was very popular, and by issue #4 ''Uncle Scrooge'' shed its ''Four Color'' association and became its own independent book. ''Scrooge'' is one of the longest-running American Disney comics books, and is still presently ongoing, reaching issue #450 in June 2019.

The book has been produced under the aegis of several different publishers, including Western Publishing (initially in association with Dell Comics and later under its own subsidiary, Gold Key Comics and its Whitman imprint), Gladstone Publishing, Disney Comics, Gemstone Publishing, Boom! Studios, and IDW Publishing (until 2020), and has undergone several hiatuses of varying length. Despite this, it has maintained the same numbering scheme throughout its six decade history, with only IDW adding a secondary numbering that started at #1.<ref name="IDW-0115">{{cite web|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=58660|title=IDW KICKS OFF NEW MONTHLY DISNEY LINE IN APRIL WITH "UNCLE SCROOGE" #1|first=Stephen|last=Gerding|publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]]|date=21 January 2015|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124012030/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=58660|archive-date=24 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Gold Key / Whitman era===
By the late 1950s, relations between Dell and Western had become strained. Former Western writer [[Mark Evanier]] states part of this was due to "... a small battle going on between the two companies over the ownership of properties in non-licensed comics."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.povonline.com/iaq/IAQ13.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719042033/http://www.povonline.com/iaq/IAQ13.htm|title=How did the Walter Lantz character Space Mouse appear in a Dell comic book years before he appeared in a Walter Lantz cartoon?|archivedate=July 19, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1962 Western, ended the partnership and continued their comic book line under the [[Gold Key Comics]] label. Comic book historian Joe Torcivia has dubbed the mid-1960s "... a period of creativity for Western Publishing's Disney line not seen since its formation, and never seen again."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tiahblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/comic-book-letter-of-comment-mickey.html|title=Joe Torcivia's The Issue At Hand Blog|first=Joe |last=Torcivia |website=tiahblog.blogspot.com|date=20 August 2008 |access-date=2008-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617223019/http://tiahblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/comic-book-letter-of-comment-mickey.html|archive-date=2015-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

Western continued publishing Dell's four main titles: ''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories'' (starting with issue #264, Sept 1962), ''Mickey Mouse'' (issue #85, Nov 1962), ''Donald Duck'' (issue #85, Dec 1962) and ''Uncle Scrooge'' (issue #40, Jan 1963). They also started (or restarted) several titles:
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''[[The Beagle Boys]]'' (47 issues, 1964–1979)
* ''[[The Phantom Blot]]'' (7 issues, 1964–1966)
* ''[[Chip 'n' Dale]]'' (83 issues, 1967–1984)
* ''[[Duck family (Disney)|Moby Duck]]'' (30 issues, 1967–1978)
* ''[[Scamp (comics)|Scamp]]'' (45 issues, 1967–1979)
* ''[[The Aristocats|O'Malley and the Alley Cats]]'' (9 issues, 1971–1974)
* ''Daisy and Donald'' (59 issues, 1973–1984)
* ''[[Winnie the Pooh]]'' (33 issues, 1977–1984)
* ''The Beagle Boys vs Uncle Scrooge'' (12 issues, 1979–1980)
* ''[[Junior Woodchucks|Huey, Dewey and Louie: Junior Woodchucks]]'' (81 issues, 1966–1984)
* ''[[Duck family (Disney)#Moby Duck|Moby Duck]]'' (30 issues, 1967–1978)
* ''[[Ludwig Von Drake]]'' (4 issues, 1961–1962)
* ''[[Super Goof]]'' (74 issues, 1965–1984)
{{div col end}}

By the 1970s, Disney comics were undergoing a steep decline in circulation, with newsstand distribution discontinued in 1981. Western thereafter released its comics under the Whitman label, distributing them to candy stores and other outlets in bags containing three comics and also eventually distributed them to the emerging network of comic book stores. Western ceased publishing comics in 1984.

===Disney Studio Program===
From 1962 to 1990 the [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Studio]] had a unit producing comic book stories exclusively for foreign consumption, the '''Disney Studio Program''', in response to complaints of foreign comic book licensees that [[Western Publishing]] was producing fewer stories that they could reprint.

Many European publishers saw a great demand for Disney comics, and it was a typical pattern for a company to publish a comic once a month, then add regular specials, then phase out the specials and publish the comic biweekly, and finally turn it into a weekly magazine. France's ''[[Le Journal de Mickey]]'' and the Netherlands' ''[[Donald Duck Weekblad]]'' started the trend, publishing weekly comics in 1952, and the others followed in the late 1950s. Germany's ''[[Micky Maus]]'' turned weekly in 1957, Denmark's ''Anders And & Co.'' in 1958, Sweden's ''[[Kalle Anka & C:o]]'' in 1959, and Italy's ''[[Topolino]]'' in 1960. By the early 1960s, the weeklies' voracious need for material was using up the available inventory of stories.

[[George Sherman (comics)|George Sherman]], head of Disney's Publications Department at the time, hired Tom Golberg to run the program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ramapithblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/sketches-for-fethry-ducks-first.html|title=Ramapith: David Gerstein's Prehistoric Pop Culture Blog: Sketches For Fethry Duck's First Appearance|author=ramapith|website=ramapithblog.blogspot.com|date=9 May 2009 |access-date=2009-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806145127/http://ramapithblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/sketches-for-fethry-ducks-first.html|archive-date=2009-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Sherman noted the purpose of the program was "We [will] use new characters in our foreign comics, characters that we don't have [in the United States].... to bring out facets of existing characters, [and to] give the stories more variety."<ref>Gerstein, David. [http://www.cartoonresearch.com/gerstein/Back-To-Long-Ago.pdf "Disney Comics: Back to Long Ago!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607015400/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/gerstein/Back-To-Long-Ago.pdf |date=2011-06-07 }} ''Comic Book Marketplace'', Vol. 3, no. 103, June 2003, Gemstone Publishing, p. 45.</ref>

[[Tony Strobl]], Cliff Voorhees, {{ill|Al Hubbard (comics)|lt=Al Hubbard|fr|Al Hubbard|it|Al Hubbard|nl|Al Hubbard|pt|Al Hubbard}}, [[Paul Murry]], [[Jack Bradbury]], [[Carson Van Osten]], Ellis Eringer and [[Romano Scarpa]] were among the artists during its early years; [[Carl Fallberg]], [[Floyd Norman]], Ed Nofziger, Cecil Beard, Jim Fanning, [[Dick Kinney]], [[Diana Gabaldon]] and [[Mark Evanier]] were among those who at some point did scripts for it. From the late 1970s on, the Jaime Diaz Studios of Argentina drew most of the stories.

In a few instances, Studio Program stories were reprinted in the United States in promotional giveaways of [[Gulf Oil]] (''Wonderful World of Disney'') in the late 1960s and [[Procter & Gamble]] (''Disney Magazine'') in the mid-1970s. Mickey and the [[The Sleuth (Disney)|Sleuth]] stories were published by [[Gold Key Comics|Gold Key]] in ''Walt Disney Showcase'' #38, 39 and 42 (1977–1978). Besides the Sleuth, other characters created for the program include Donald's cousin [[Fethry Duck]] and the hillbilly hermit [[Hard Haid Moe]]. Also, while [[Carl Barks]] created [[John D. Rockerduck]], he used the character only in a single story ("Boat Buster", ''[[Walt Disney's Comics and Stories]]'' #255, Dec. 1961) while the program subsequently created numerous stories with the Scrooge McDuck rival and helped refine him (along with stories by Brazilian and Italian Disney comic book licensees).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stp.ling.uu.se/~starback/dcml/history.html|title=DCML: Disney Comics History, 1930–1984|website=uu.se|access-date=2008-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124072051/http://stp.ling.uu.se/~starback/dcml/history.html|archive-date=2009-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref>

Domestic printing of Studio Program stories became common starting in the late 1980s as the Disney comics published by [[Gladstone Publishing|Gladstone]] and [[Gemstone Publishing|Gemstone]] have featured them on a regular basis, along with reprints from [[Gold Key Comics|Gold Key]]/[[Dell Comics|Dell]] and material produced by foreign licensees.

This program was merged into [[Disney Comics (publishing)|Disney Comics]], and is the precursor of the comics that subsequently appeared in ''[[Disney Adventures]]''.

===Revivals===
Starting in 1986, Disney comics in the United States were published by [[Gladstone Publishing]] (a subsidiary of [[Another Rainbow Publishing]] dedicated solely to Carl Barks). Impressed by Gladstone's unanticipated success, Disney revoked their license in 1990 to publish the comics themselves by the subsidiary W. D. Publications, Inc. under the name "[[Disney Comics (publishing)|Disney Comics]]",<ref name=Gerstein>Gerstein, David. [http://www.cartoonresearch.com/gerstein/Back-To-Long-Ago.pdf "Disney Comics: Back to Long Ago!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607015400/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/gerstein/Back-To-Long-Ago.pdf |date=2011-06-07 }} ''Comic Book Marketplace'', Vol. 3, no. 103, June 2003, Gemstone Publishing, p. 52.</ref> and a large expansion was planned. However, following the [[Disney Comics (publishing)#The .22Disney Implosion.22|Disney Implosion]] in 1991, Disney gradually returned licensing to Gladstone again (for the classic characters) and [[Marvel Comics]] (for the modern characters). Respectively, reprints of classic Barks stories were licensed to Gladstone again from 1991, while it took Gladstone until the demise of Disney Comics in 1993 to regain a license also for other stories containing the classic characters. Gladstone from then on remained publishing Disney comics until 1998.

In 2003, after a few years' hiatus, regular publication was restarted by [[Gemstone Publishing]], a reformed version of Gladstone. Gemstone's two monthly Disney titles were ''[[Walt Disney's Comics and Stories]]'' and ''[[Uncle Scrooge]]'', but the license was not renewed with the last releases dated Nov. 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/blog/2009/03/gemstone-ends-disney-license/|title=Gemstone Ends Disney License < Disney Comics Worldwide Blog|website=wolfstad.com|access-date=2009-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404064107/http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/blog/2009/03/gemstone-ends-disney-license/|archive-date=2009-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

More recently, Disney licensed some of their modern properties to [[Slave Labor Graphics]] (''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]'') and [[BOOM! Kids]] (''[[The Muppet Show]]'', ''[[The Incredibles]]'', and ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]''). Boom eventually also got the license for the classic characters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/blog/2009/06/its-official-classic-disney-comics-return-to-the-united-states/|title=It's official: Classic Disney comics return to the United States < Disney Comics Worldwide Blog|website=wolfstad.com|access-date=2009-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625132309/http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/blog/2009/06/its-official-classic-disney-comics-return-to-the-united-states/|archive-date=2009-06-25|url-status=live}}</ref> and began publishing comic books with them in 2009. Although cancelling two titles previously published by Gladstone and Gemstone (''Donald Duck Adventures'' and ''Uncle $crooge Adventures''), Boom! expanded their Disney portfolio in 2010-'11 by launching three new titles based upon the 1990s [[The Disney Afternoon|Disney Afternoon]] TV format (''[[Darkwing Duck]]'', ''[[Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)|Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]]'', and ''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]''). However, in August 2011, it was reported that Disney and Boom! were to end the licensing agreement, leaving the future of comics including their classic characters as well as those from the ''Disney Afternoon'' format uncertain.<ref>Brigante, Rick (2011). [http://www.insidethemagic.net/2011/08/disney-ending-partnership-with-boom-studios-future-of-disney-afternoon-comics-uncertain/ ''Disney ending partnership with BOOM Studios, future of ‘Disney Afternoon’ comics uncertain''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916072545/http://www.insidethemagic.net/2011/08/disney-ending-partnership-with-boom-studios-future-of-disney-afternoon-comics-uncertain/ |date=2011-09-16 }}, insidethemagic.com, August 8, 2011</ref>

In October 2014, ''Comic Book Resources'' (CBR) reported that [[Joe Books]], a small new Canadian publisher founded by former BOOM! vice president [[Adam Fortier]], had acquired the rights to a "remastered" omnibus reprint of BOOM's entire ''Darkwing Duck'' comic series that would lead into an all-new on-going ''Darkwing Duck'' series produced by Joe Comics,<ref>Sunu, Steve (2014). [http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=56533 ''Joe Books' "Darkwing Duck" Omnibus to Lead into New Ongoing Series''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223104555/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=56533 |date=2014-12-23 }}, Comic Book Resources, October 22, 2014</ref> and in February 2015, CBR ran an interview with series artist [[James Silvani]] and series writer [[Aaron Sparrow]] on the new "remastered" omnibus collection published by Joe Books that month, as well as their plans for the announced new series.<ref>Morris, Steve (2015). [http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=59285 ''The Terror That Flaps In The Night Rises: Sparrow & Silvani on Darkwing Duck's Return''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215084635/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=59285 |date=2015-02-15 }}, Comic Book Resources, February 13, 2015</ref> As the November 2014 edition of the [[Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide]] also contained ads for Joe Books comic adaptations of two theatrical Disney features,<ref>[https://twitter.com/JoeBooksCo/status/527254619551186944 ''The "Darkwing Duck: Definitively Dangerous Edition": pg 338 of the Nov Diamond catalog! Code NOV141533 F "''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034506/https://twitter.com/JoeBooksCo/status/527254619551186944 |date=2015-10-17 }}, Tweet by the official Joe Books Twitter channel, 28 October 2014</ref><ref>Johnston, Rich (2014). [http://www.bleedingcool.com/2014/10/22/joe-books-to-collect-all-of-boom-studios-darkwing-duck/ ''Joe Books To Collect All Of Boom! Studios’ Darkwing Duck''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165258/http://www.bleedingcool.com/2014/10/22/joe-books-to-collect-all-of-boom-studios-darkwing-duck/ |date=2015-02-20 }}, Bleeding Cool, 22 October 2014</ref> observers have expressed rumors that Joe Books has acquired the full North-American comic license to all Disney animated and live-action properties.<ref>(2014). [http://www.animationsource.org/watership/en/comments/Disney_comics_back_in_the_USA/3611.html ''Disney comics back in the USA!''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220170214/http://www.animationsource.org/watership/en/comments/Disney_comics_back_in_the_USA/3611.html |date=2015-02-20 }}, Animation Source, 1 November 2014</ref><ref>Barat, Chris (2014). [http://newsandviewsbychrisbarat.blogspot.de/2014/10/theres-definitely-something-web-here.html ''There's "Definitely" Something A-Web Here''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165433/http://newsandviewsbychrisbarat.blogspot.de/2014/10/theres-definitely-something-web-here.html |date=2015-02-20 }}, News and Reviews by Chris Barat, 30 October 2014</ref>

In January 2015, [[IDW Publishing]] announced on their public [[Facebook]] account that they were to start publishing all the classic-characters Disney titles, starting with ''Uncle $crooge'' in April of that year and focussing on reprints of European Disney comics with these characters by artists such as [[Marco Rota]] and [[Romano Scarpa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/idwpublishing/photos/a.10150239372238279.337626.8473603278/10152983185573279/?type=1|title=IDW Publishing |website=Facebook |access-date=2015-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034506/https://www.facebook.com/idwpublishing/photos/a.10150239372238279.337626.8473603278/10152983185573279/?type=1|archive-date=2015-10-17|url-status=live}}</ref> The rights to North-American reprints of Carl Barks and [[Don Rosa]] comics are currently (2015) held by [[Fantagraphics Books]].

Disney has also begun publishing a bimonthly magazine based on ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'', featuring comic stories based on the show. Between 1999 and 2005, [[Dark Horse Comics]] published occasional adaptations of Disney's new movies.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

The [[Walt Disney Studios (production)|Disney Studio]] launched Kingdom Comics division in May 2008 led by writer-actor [[Ahmet Zappa]], TV executive [[Harris Katleman]] and writer-editor [[Christian Beranek]]. Kingdom was designed to create new properties for possible film development and reimagine and redevelop existing Disney library movies with [[Disney Publishing Worldwide]] getting a first look for publishing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Disney draws up plans for graphic novel biz|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/arts-disney-dc-idUSN2934100420080531|access-date=3 October 2012|newspaper=Hollywood Reporter|date=May 29, 2008|agency=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702001753/https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/31/arts-disney-dc-idUSN2934100420080531|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peachtree Playthings in [[Marietta, Georgia|Marietta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], published several issues of ''Mickey Mouse'', ''[[Frozen (franchise)|Frozen]]'', ''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]'', ''[[Toy Story]]'' and ''[[Disney Princess]]'' in 2019–20. [[Dynamite Entertainment]] in [[Mt. Laurel]], [[New Jersey]], began publishing a new monthly ''[[Darkwing Duck]]'' series in January 2023. Dynamite also publishes comic books featuring [[Scar (The Lion King)|Scar]], [[Maleficent (film)|Maleficent]], [[Gargoyles (comics)|Gargoyles]], [[Cruella De Vil]] and [[Lilo & Stitch]].

[[Fantagraphics]] in [[Seattle, Washington]], began publishing a new monthly ''[[Uncle Scrooge]]'' series in 2025 and new monthly ''[[Mickey Mouse]]'' and ''[[Donald Duck]]'' series in 2026.

===Disney Afternoon comics===
There have been many comic books based on the popular 1990–1997 "[[Disney Afternoon]]" slate of afternoon television cartoon series:

* ''[[Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)|Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers]]''
** Disney Comics: 19 issues (1990–1991)
** Boom!: 8 issues (2010–2011)
* ''[[Darkwing Duck]]''
** Disney Comics: 4 issues (1991–1992)
** Boom!: 18 issues & 1 Annual (2010–2011)
** Joe Books: 8 issues (2016–2017)
** Peachtree Playthings: 5 issues (2019–20)
** Dynamite Entertainment (2023)
* ''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]''
** Gladstone: 13 issues (1988–1990)
** Disney Comics: 18 issues (1990–1991)
** Boom!: 6 issues (2011)
** IDW: ongoing (2017–18)
** Peachtree Playthings: 5 issues (2019–20)
* ''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]''
** Marvel Comics: 11 issues (1995)
** Slave Labor Comics: 12 issues (2006–08) [#9-12 TPB-only]
** Slave Labor Comics: Gargoyles: Bad Guys: 6 issues (2007–08) [#5/6 TPB-only]
* ''[[Tale Spin]]''
** Disney Comics: 4-issue miniseries and 7-issue series (1991)

===More comic books===
Notable American Disney comic book writers and artists include [[Carl Barks]], [[Tony Strobl]], [[Paul Murry]], [[William Van Horn]], and [[Don Rosa]].

Disney comic titles in the United States include:
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''Donald and Mickey'' (1945–1949, 1987–1990, 1993–1997, 2017–?) [*Note: originally a giveaway comic (alternate titles = ''Mickey & Donald''/''Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse'')]
* ''Huey, Dewey and Louie Junior Woodchucks'' (1966–1984)
* ''[[Walt Disney Comics Digest]]'' (1968–1976)
* ''[[Uncle Scrooge Adventures]]'' (1987–1990, 1993–1997)
* ''[[Donald Duck Adventures]]'' (1988–1990, 1993–1998, 2003–2006)
* ''[[Mickey Mouse Adventures]]'' (1990–1991, 2004–2006)
* ''[[Walt Disney Giant]]'' (1995–1996)
{{div col end}}

==Europe==
===United Kingdom===
Disney comics first appeared in the United Kingdom in the ''Mickey Mouse Annual'', which published 18 editions between 1930 and 1947. The books were published by Dean & Son, and illustrated by Wilfred Haughton.

Inspired by the 1935 launch of the newsstand-version of ''Mickey Mouse Magazine'', UK publisher Odhams Press established ''[[Mickey Mouse Weekly]]'', a large-size 12-page comics magazine, with four pages in full-color photogravure. Wilfred Haughton contributed to this publication as well, which featured the full range of characters from the ''Mickey Mouse'' and ''Silly Symphony'' cartoons. The magazine included new material—both Disney and non-Disney—as well as reprints of the American comic strips.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Becattini |first1=Alberto |title=Disney Comics: The Whole Story |date=2016 |publisher=Theme Park Press |isbn=978-1683900177|pages=136–139}}</ref> ''Mickey Mouse Weekly'' featured the first ever Donald Duck comic book serial, originally called ''Donald and Donna'', which began in issue #67 (May 15, 1937), drawn by William A. Ward. There were 15 weekly parts of this first serial featuring Donald and his girlfriend Donna, an early version of [[Daisy Duck]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Becattini |first1=Alberto |title=Disney Comics: The Whole Story |date=2016 |publisher=Theme Park Press |isbn=978-1683900177|page=140}}</ref> Donna left the series after the first story, which was continued as ''Donald Duck'', ''Donald and Mac'' and ''Donald Duck with Mac'' for the next three years, ending in issue #222 (May 4, 1940).<ref>{{cite web |title=William A. Ward index |url=https://inducks.org/creator.php?c1=date&c=William+A.+Ward |website=Inducks |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> Goofy and Toby Tortoise also had their own strip, ''The Defective Agency'', and so did Elmer Elephant, Pinocchio, Thumper and the mice from ''Cinderella'', Jaq and Gus. The popular magazine ended in 1957, after 920 issues, because of a copyright dispute with Disney.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Becattini |first1=Alberto |title=Disney Comics: The Whole Story |date=2016 |publisher=Theme Park Press |isbn=978-1683900177|page=148}}</ref> Ronald Nielsen had been producing painted comic book pages in [[Floyd Gottfredson]]'s 1940s style, as well as of characters from Disney animated films, during the mid-1950s until the magazine lost its license.

Immediately after the close of ''Mickey Mouse Weekly'', another Disney comics magazine was launched: ''Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse'', which ran for 55 issues from 1958 to 1959, and then changed title to ''Walt Disney's Weekly'', publishing another 111 issues until 1961.

Other Disney comics published in the UK include:
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''Disneyland Magazine'' (1971–1976)
* ''Donald and Mickey'' (1972–1975)
* ''Goofy (and also Pluto)'' (1973–1974); merged as ''Donald and Mickey (and also Goofy)''
* ''Mickey Mouse'' (1975–1981)
* ''Donald Duck'' (IPC Magazines) (1975–1976)
* ''Donald Duck'' (London Editions) (1987–1990)
* ''Mickey Mouse and Friends'' (1989–1990)
* ''The Disney Weekly'' (1991–1992)
* ''Mickey and Friends'' (1992–1996)
{{div col end}}
Of contributors to American Disney comics who were born in the UK, Ted Thwaites was an inker for [[Floyd Gottfredson]] in the early Disney comic strip department, and Frank McSavage from Scotland drew a number of [[Grandma Duck]], [[Fun and Fancy Free#Plot|Bongo]] and other stories for the American comic books.

British writers for Egmont include Paul Halas, [[Gail Renard]] and Jack Sutter.

British [[Webcomic]] creator Sarah Jolley has introduced a romance between [[Gladstone Gander]] and [[Magica De Spell]]. Her popular online comics, that she calls 'duck doodles', have won praise from Disney artists.

===Scandinavia===
====Denmark====
Danish publisher [[Egmont (media group)|Egmont]] (previously Gutenberghus) has one of the largest productions of Disney comics in the world. This production is not only for Denmark proper, but nearly identical magazines are being published simultaneously every week for all the [[Nordic countries]], Germany (see below), and since the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989, Eastern Europe. The Danish company started publishing their own series in the early 1960s. Most of Egmont's content has come from several outside sources: reprints of classic [[Carl Barks]] stories, reprinted Barks-style stories from the Netherlands, American artist-writers such as [[Don Rosa]] and [[William Van Horn]], and the outsourced production of art for Egmont's scripts from Barks-style artists' studios, such as [[Vicar (comics)|Vicar]] in Chile, [[Daniel Branca]] in Argentina and several studios in Spain. Italian stories are often featured in digest-formatted [[Donald Duck pocket books|pocket books]].

Artists from Denmark include [[Freddy Milton]] (penname of Fredy Milton Larsen), who worked for the Dutch studio with [[Daan Jippes]], and [[Flemming Andersen]] who draws in a personalized version of the Italian Disney style. In addition to ''Donald Duck'' stories, Freddy Milton has utilized his highly Barks-reminiscent style for other series that he has written and drawn, including ''[[Woody Woodpecker]]'', his own series, ''[[Gnuff]]'', and several titles involving a human character named Villiams Verden. The Scandinavian countries are among those in which Donald Duck is more popular than Mickey Mouse. Danish writers include Lars Jensen, Maya Åstrup, Tom Anderson and Gorm Transgaard (Jensen created Scrooge's opponent [[Velma Vanderduck]], amongst other characters).

Disney titles published in Denmark include:
* ''{{ill|Anders And & Co.|da}}'' (Donald Duck & Co.) (1949–present): The flagship magazine launched in March 1949 as a monthly, which became bi-weekly in 1956, and weekly in 1958. The weekly publishes new Disney stories produced by Egmont.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anders And & Co |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/denmark/anders-and-co/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716182242/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/denmark/anders-and-co/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Solo-hæfte|da}}'' (One-Shots) (1953–1956): A series of "one-shot" comics similar to Dell's ''[[#Four Color|Four Color]]''; reprinted much U.S. material of the 1940s and ’50s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solo-hæfte |url=https://inducks.org/compmag.php?image=on&country=&title1=Solo-h%C3%A6fte&entrycodeh3= |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Walt Disney's månedshæfte|da}}'' (Walt Disney's Monthly Issue) (1967–1970): Another series reprinting a range of American stories.<ref>{{cite web |title=Månedshæfte |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/denmark/manedshaefte/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716182258/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/denmark/manedshaefte/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Donald Duck pocket books|Jumbobog]]'' (1968–present): The popular pocket book format was launched in Denmark in 1968, and translated/distributed in many other European countries. This is a 250-page monthly paperback that publishes mostly Italian stories, as well as new stories produced for Egmont.
* ''Anders And Ekstra'' (1977–2014): A monthly magazine launched in 1977, which used to publish new extra-long stories, but then moved to mostly reprints.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anders And Ekstra |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/denmark/anders-and-ekstra/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716182242/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/denmark/anders-and-ekstra/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sweden====
{{main|Kalle Anka & C:o}}
Sweden was the first Scandinavian country to publish a Disney comic book—the flagship comic ''[[Kalle Anka & C:o]]'' (''Donald Duck & Co''), which started in September 1948. The comic began as a monthly, became bimonthly in 1957, and then a weekly magazine in July 1959. The comic is now identical to ''Anders And & C:o'' from Denmark and ''Donald Duck & C:o'' from Norway. All are published by the Scandinavian corporate group founded in 1878 as Gutenberghus; the name changed to Egmont in 1992. The Finnish ''[[Aku Ankka]]'' is published separately, but is largely the same.

In the 1950s, Swedish Disney comics reprinted existing material from America, both in ''Kalle Anka & C:o'' and a monthly series, ''Walt Disney's serier'' (''Walt Disney's Comics''). When the supply of American comics started to dry up in the 1960s, Denmark's publishing house Gutenberghus began producing original series, followed by Italy's Mondadori and Disney's own "Disney Studio" program. The [[Donald Duck pocket books|pocket book]] ''Kalle Anka's Pocket'' was introduced in 1968, and is still running today. A second pocket book, ''Farbror Joakim'' (''Uncle Scrooge'') was added in 1976. In 1980, ''Musse Pigg & C:o'' (''Mickey Mouse & Co'') was added as a monthly comic, and it continues as a bimonthly. Other current titles are ''Kalle Anka Extra'' and ''Kalle Anka Junior''.

Per Erik Hedman is a writer from Sweden, and artist [[Tony Cronstam]] draws in a [[Carl Barks]] style. Editor/writer [[Stefan Printz-Påhlson]] wrote a time machine series with fellow editor/writer Lars Bergström; the former also created the reoccurring Stone Age character, [[Princess Oona]]. Per Starbäck compiled Disney comic book indexes into the Disney Comics Mailing List, expanded by Dutch programmer Harry Fluks into the online database, [[Inducks]].

====Finland====
Thanks to a multitalented editor, Markku Kivekäs, who was also a skilled translator, essayist and restorationist, comic book stories about Donald Duck, along with the work of [[Carl Barks]], became extremely popular in Finland, more so than in any other country in the world (per capita), and are accepted as part of the mainstream culture. It was estimated in 2002, that a quarter of the population of Finland was reading the Donald Duck magazine, ''[[Aku Ankka]]''.<ref>''Carl Barks: Conversations'' 2003, edit. [[Donald Ault]]; pp.xxxii-xxxiii</ref> Like the Netherlands, Finland publishes their own Disney comics apart from [[The Egmont Group|Egmont]]. [[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]s of local celebrities are common. [[Kari Korhonen]] has mostly drawn in a Barksian style and also writes some of the stories he illustrates. Songwriter [[Tuomas Holopainen]] has written and composed a [[Scrooge McDuck]] comic book soundtrack that went Gold, ''[[Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge]]''.

====Norway====
Norway has the comic {{ill|Donald Duck & Co (comic book)|lt=''Donald Duck & Co''|nb|Donald Duck & Co|no|Donald Duck & Co}}, which started back in 1948 and is still active. There are several pocket books, amongst them being ''[[:nb:Donald Pocket|Donald Pocket]]'' from 1968 to the present day. Mickey Mouse also had a comic, specifically [[:no:Mikke Mus månedshefte|Mikke Mus månedshefte]] (Mickey Mouse monthly booklet) which lasted from 1980 until 2009.

[[Arild Midthun]] is a Norwegian artist who works in a Barksian style. He has written some of the stories that he has drawn, as well as illustrating stories by other Norwegian writers. Midthun has created popular stories about Viking history, and about Scrooge's days in the Klondike gold rush. [[Carl Barks]] books, clubs and fanzines first appeared in Norway, the home of [[Donaldism]], a Disney comics [[fandom]] movement founded by [[Analysis|analyst]] [[Jon Gisle]] (1st fanzine, 1973; 1st club, 1975).

===Italy===
Italy is a major source for original Disney comic stories. The first Italian Disney comics were published in the early 1930s, and [[Federico Pedrocchi]] wrote and illustrated the first Italian Donald Duck adventure comic as early as 1937—a story called "Paolino Paperino e il mistero di Marte" ("Donald Duck and the Secret of Mars") in the weekly paper ''Paperino e altre avventure'' (''[[Donald Duck and Other Adventures]]'').

Italy has introduced several new characters to the Disney universe, including Donald's [[superhero]] alter ego [[Duck Avenger]] (original name ''Paperinik''), created in 1969. Production has been handled by [[:it:Casa Editrice Nerbini|Nerbini]] (1932–1937), [[Mondadori]] (1937–1988), [[The Walt Disney Company Italy|Disney Italy]] (1988–2013) and [[Panini Comics]] (2013–present).

''[[Topolino]]'' is the main Italian Disney publication, and its first incarnation was a weekly newspaper published from 1932 to 1949, for a total of 738 issues. In 1949, ''Topolino'' switched to a [[digest-sized]] format and its numbering restarted at #1: originally a monthly, it became a biweekly in 1952 and a weekly in 1960. The second incarnation of ''Topolino'' reached its 3500th issue in 2022. At first, ''Topolino'' alternated between translations of foreign stories and original stories produced by Italian authors, however since the early 1990s foreign stories have mostly disappeared from it.

Italy's digest-sized format has been adopted by many other countries in the long running [[Donald Duck pocket book]] series.

In the late 1990s, Disney Italy launched several new lines, including ''[[PKNA|PKNA: Paperinik New Adventures]]'' (a comic book version of [[Paperinik]] aimed at a slightly older audience), ''[[MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine]]'' (a noir series starring Mickey Mouse as detective), ''[[Wizards of Mickey]]'', ''[[DoubleDuck]]'', and ''[[W.I.T.C.H.]]'',<ref name=flame>{{Cite web |last=Fiamma |first=Andrea |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Cosa sono state le Witch |url=https://fumettologica.it/2021/04/witch-fumetto-disney/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=[[Fumettologica]] |language=it-IT}}</ref> plus the comics published under the imprint Buena Vista Comics (including the original ''[[Monster Allergy]]'' comic series and a few other titles, such as ''[[Kylion]]'' and a comic inspired by the ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'' TV show).

The Disney comics published in Italy include:
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''[[Topolino#Topolino giornale (1932–1949)|Topolino giornale]]'' (newspaper) (1932–1949)
* ''{{ill|I tre porcellini|it|I tre porcellini (periodico)}}'' (The Three Little Pigs) (1935–1937)
* ''[[Paperino e altre avventure]]'' (''Donald Duck and Other Adventures'') (1937–1940)
* ''[[Topolino#Topolino libretto|Topolino libretto]]'' (comic) (1949–present)
* ''{{ill|Almanacco Topolino|it}}'' (1957–present)
* ''{{ill|I Classici di Walt Disney|it}}'' (Walt Disney Classics) (1957–present)
* ''{{ill|Zio Paperone|it|Zio Paperone (periodico 1987)}}'' (Uncle Scrooge) (1988–2008)
* ''[[Donald Duck in comics#Paperinik (Duck Avenger)|Paperinik]]'' (Donald Duck's superhero identity) (1993–2005)
* ''[[PKNA|PKNA: Paperinik New Adventures]]'' (1996–2001)
* ''[[MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine]]'' (1999–2001)
* ''[[W.I.T.C.H.]]'' (2001–2012)
* ''{{ill|PK²|it}}'' (2001–2002)
* ''{{ill|PK - Pikappa|it}}'' (2002–2005)
* ''[[Monster Allergy]]'' (2003–2015)
* ''{{ill|Paperinik Cult|it|Paperinik (periodico)}}'' (2005–2011)
* ''{{ill|Paperinik Appgrade|it|Paperinik (periodico)}}'' (2012–2016)
* ''[[Paperinik]]'' (2017–present)
* ''{{ill|Zio Paperone|it|Zio Paperone (periodico 2018)}}'' (Uncle Scrooge) (2018–present)
{{col div end}}

===Netherlands===
The Netherlands (current publisher: [[DPG Media]]) has a significant school of Disney comics. The first Dutch Disney comics appeared in 1953. In 1975, [[Daan Jippes]] became the art director for production of these comics, and created a heavily [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-inspired line that remains the best-known Dutch Disney style. Donald Duck is the most popular Disney character in the Netherlands, but Sanoma also produces comics starring lesser-known characters such as [[Li'l Bad Wolf]]. Other productive Dutch artists who have worked in a Barksian style include Mark De Jonge, Sander Gulien, brothers Bas and [[Mau Heymans]] and {{ill|Ben Verhagen (comics)|lt=Ben Verhagen|nl|Ben Verhagen (striptekenaar)|it|Ben Verhagen}}. [[Freddy Milton]] from Denmark also worked with Jippes as a team for both scripts and art. Wilma Van Den Bosch produced art for a Dutch Daisy Duck title. Frank Jonker and Jan Kruse, among others, have provided scripts.

The Disney comics published in the Netherlands include:
* ''[[Donald Duck Weekblad]]'' (1952–present), the flagship weekly magazine, first published on October 25, 1952. The magazine was originally published by the staff of the women's magazine ''Margriet'', and every ''Margriet'' subscriber received the first issue for free.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weekblad Donald Duck |url=https://www.donaldduck.nl/duckipedia/w/weekblad-donald-duck/ |website=Duckipedia |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042325/https://www.donaldduck.nl/duckipedia/w/weekblad-donald-duck/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The comic is mainly aimed at younger children, and includes a letters page from readers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Duck |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042328/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the magazine reached its 3,500th issue.
* ''[[Donald Duck pocket book|Donald Duck Pocket]]'' (1970–present), a 250-page pocket book that prints mostly comics from Italy, featuring characters that don't usually appear in Dutch comics, like Superdonald/Fantomerik, Otto von Drakenstein, John Rockerduck, Brigitta, Indiana Goofy and DD Dubbelduck. This became a monthly publication in 2006. These books are the same pocket books published by Egmont in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Duck Pocket |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck-pocket-3/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042329/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck-pocket-3/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Donald Duck Extra|nl}}'' (1982–present), a monthly magazine featuring longer or more unusual stories. Don Rosa's "[[The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck]]" stories ran in the ''Extra'', as did William Van Horn and Marco Rota stories. The magazine started in February 1982 as ''Stripgoed'', but changed to ''Donald Duck Extra'' with issue #37.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Duck Extra |url=https://www.donaldduck.nl/duckipedia/d/donald-duck-extra/ |website=Duckipedia |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042327/https://www.donaldduck.nl/duckipedia/d/donald-duck-extra/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Donald Duck (dubbelpocketreeks)|lt=Donald Duck Dubbelpocket|nl}}'' (1996–present), a 500-page pocket book that's twice as large as the regular ''Donald Duck Pocket'' book. Originally published twice a year, the book was increased to four times a year in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Duck Dubbelpocket |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck-dubbel-pocket/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042328/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck-dubbel-pocket/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Katrien (tijdschrift)|lt=Katrien|nl}}'' (1999–present), a monthly magazine for girls aged 8–12, starring Katrien (Daisy Duck) and her three nieces Lizzy, Juultje and Babetje ([[April, May and June]]). The comic first appeared on July 19, 1999, as a bimonthly magazine, but became monthly in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrien |url=https://www.donaldduck.nl/duckipedia/k/katrien-tijdschrift/ |website=Duckipedia |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042325/https://www.donaldduck.nl/duckipedia/k/katrien-tijdschrift/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Donald Duck Junior|nl}}'' (2008–present), a biweekly version of ''Donald Duck'' for younger readers, with shorter stories and bigger print.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Duck Junior |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck-junior/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042355/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/netherlands/donald-duck-junior/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|SuperDonald: Duck Power|lt=Disney Premium|nl}}'' (2016–present), a special pocket book published five times a year. Each issue prints (or reprints) stories featuring one of four series: ''Superdonald'', ''Mickey's Mysteries'', ''Darkwing Duck'' and ''DubbleDuck''. These are generally darker, action-oriented stories about Mickey and Donald as detectives, superheroes and secret agents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netherlands: Premium |url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=nl%2FPREM |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

While the Donald Duck comics thrive in the Netherlands, the audience for Mickey Mouse has been relatively weak. A monthly magazine, ''Mickey Maandblad'', was published in several formats from 1976 to 1989, finally dropped for lack of sales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netherlands: Mickey Maandblad |url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=nl/MM |website=[[Inducks]]|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

Dutch [[programmer]] Harry Fluks created the online Disney Comics Database, [[Inducks]] (launched 1994), expanded from the Disney Comics Mailing List based in Sweden.

===Germany===
Mickey Mouse was a popular character in Germany since his first appearance in 1929, and a few comic strips were printed in some German newspapers (e.g. the ''Kölner Illustrierte Zeitung''). In 1937, the Swiss ''Micky Maus Zeitung'' was published in German by Bollmann.

By 1948, the Danish magazine publisher [[The Egmont Group|Egmont]] (then called Gutenberghus) secured a license to print Disney comics in Scandinavia. In September 1951, Ehapa Verlag in [[Stuttgart]], [[West Germany]], a subsidiary of Egmont, started the monthly publication ''[[Micky Maus]]'', a format similar to ''Walt Disney's Comics & Stories''. From the start, it featured stories by Carl Barks, translated by chief editor Dr. [[Erika Fuchs]]. The comic book was published on a biweekly basis from 1956 to 1957, and from 1958 on it changed into a weekly. Renamed ''Micky Maus Magazin'', it is still published today by the Egmont Ehapa publishing company (now in Berlin) and is the longest running comic book in Germany. In its heyday (early 1990s), its weekly circulation number rose to one million copies. In spite of the name, most stories of ''Micky Maus'' feature Donald Duck, as he is the most popular Disney character in Germany.

Many other titles have been published by the company, most notably ''Die tollsten Geschichten von Donald Duck'' ('The Best stories of Donald Duck', 1965-today), the ''Lustige Taschenbuch'' ('Funny Paperback', a digest title mostly reprinting Italian pocket books; 1967-today) and many other series.

Volker Reiche and Jan Gulbransson are local artist/writers who have worked in a [[Carl Barks]] style. Gulbransson drew an 8-part series wherein Scrooge and kin visit regional German cities and wrote/drew a 4-part series set in the Alps and a story where Scrooge finances a team in the German soccer league, and many others. Barks-fan Volker Reiche wrote and drew a batch of stories in his signature scruffy version of Barks's 1940s style. A popular graphic novel adventure series, ''Tales From Uncle Scrooge's Treasure Chest'' was conceptualized, plotted and produced by Ehapa editor Adolf Kabatek. Although the art was outsourced, it was made sure to be in a Barksian style. Ulrich Schröder relocated to Paris to become the art director of Disney Publishing Worldwide, the company's European headquarters, and has produced comic covers, story and editorial art for Disney comics in Germany and France. Schröder has worked with Dutch artist [[Daan Jippes]].

Austrian abstract artist [[Gottfried Helnwein]] held a Barks comic art touring exhibition in Germany, that along with a similar exhibit that was being shown at the time, was seen by over half a million people (over 400,000 and over 100,000, respectively). Erika Fuchs's translation work was highly influential, and she incorporated many aspects of German culture into her translations. Many of her 'Fuchisms' have become part of the German language. The [[Donaldism|Donaldist]] group, D.O.N.A.L.D. claims to be the preservers of the non-commercial original Donaldism and even hold congresses, knight contributors to children's literature and infiltrate conservative newspaper columns (that members contribute) with Fuchisms.

Some of the Disney comics from Germany include:

* ''[[Micky Maus]]'' (main title, 1951–present)
* ''{{ill|Die tollsten Geschichten von Donald Duck – Sonderheft|de}}'' (''The Best Stories of Donald Duck'', 1965–present)
* ''[[Lustiges Taschenbuch]]'' (''Funny Paperback'' [[Donald Duck pocket books|pocket book]], 1967–present)
* ''Lustiges Tachenbuch Classic! Die Comics von Carl Barks'' (Funny Paparback Classic! The Comics of Carl Barks, 2019–present) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.duckipedia.de/Lustiges_Taschenbuch_Classic_Edition | title=Lustiges Taschenbuch Classic Edition – Duckipedia }}</ref>

===France===
French-produced stories started in 1952, as a one-pager comic published in each issue of ''[[Le Journal de Mickey]]'', drawn by [[Louis Santel]] (''Tenas'') and written by [[Pierre Fallot]]. After a few issues, a new series started ([[Mickey à travers les siècles]]) and continued up to 1978, drawn almost entirely by [[Pierre Nicolas]] and written by Fallot and [[Jean-Michel le Corfec]].

Later in the beginning of the 1980s, a new production started, led by Patrice Valli and Pierre Nicolas as editors with adventures of Mickey Mouse, Uncle Scrooge, Donald Duck. Among the best artists, one recalls [[Claude Marin]], or [[Claude Chebille]] (known as ''Gen-Clo''), and Italian artists like Giorgio Cavazzano. Some of the best writers were [[Michel Motti]] and [[Pierre-Yves Gabrion]]. In the late 1980s up to now, an increasing number of Spanish artist from the [[Comicup studio]] provided the art, while the writing stayed to French authors.

Disney comics published in France include:

* ''[[Le Journal de Mickey]]'' (1934–present): created in October 1934 (with a break in publication from 1945 to 1952), the weekly ''Le Journal de Mickey'' is a cultural institution in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=France: Le Journal de Mickey |url=https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/france/le-journal-de-mickey/ |website=Disney Comics Worldwide |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717012441/https://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/france/le-journal-de-mickey/ |archive-date=17 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Mickey Parade|lt=Mickey Parade Géant|fr}}'' (1966–1979, 1980–present): The first version of ''Mickey Parade'' was originally an extra supplement to ''Le Journal de Mickey'', published irregularly by Edi-Monde. It became quarterly in 1968, and transitioned to a bimonthly comic. Edi-Monde ceased publication of ''Mickey Parade'' in 1979. In 1980, the magazine was reintroduced as a monthly by Hachette Media, who restarted the numbering. In January 2002, with issue #265, the comic became ''Mickey Parade Géant''—a larger, thicker paperback, published bimonthly.
* ''[[Picsou Magazine]]'' (1972–present): A best-selling monthly children's magazine that includes comics about Uncle Scrooge (Picsou in French) along with video game reviews and information on new movies.<ref name=wol>{{cite web|title=Picsou Magazine|url=http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/france/picsou-magazine/|publisher=Wolfstad|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150449/http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/france/picsou-magazine/|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the magazine went bimonthly.

===Spain===
The original flagship comic was ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FDB1 Dumbo]'' (aka ''Colleción Dumbo Historietas Comicas de Walt Disney''), which was published by Ediciones Recreativas S.A. (ERSA) from 1947 to 1965. Initially bimonthly, ''Dumbo'' increased frequency to approximately 40 issues a year, and the comic ran for 527 issues. Starting October 1965, ERSA rebooted with a second version of ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FDB2 Dumbo]'', published monthly. The second series ran for 144 issues, until December 1976. A third series of ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FDBM Dumbo]'', published in 46 issues by Montena from July 1978 to April 1982, was released as monthly hardbound books (originally 100 pages, then dropping to 68 pages).

ESRA also published a large-format 16-page bimonthly magazine, ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FPD1 Pato Donald]'', which lasted from 1965 to April 1966. ESRA rebooted with a second version of ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FPD2 Pato Donald]'' in May 1966, now a 36-page weekly. The second ''Pato Donald'' ran for 231 issues, until December 1975. Montena also published the weekly ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FDM Don Miki]'' for 638 issues, from October 1976 to December 1988, and ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FDD Don Donald]'' for 136 issues, from 1979 to 1985.

In September 1989, Primavera began publishing ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FMM Mickey]'' and ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FPDP Pato Donald]''; ''Mickey'' lasted for 17 issues until January 1991, and ''Pato Donald'' for 46 issues until June 1992. RBA tried to revive the line in 2002, publishing 22 issues of ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FMR Mickey]'' and 4 issues of ''[https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=es%2FPDR Pato Donald]''.

Several comic studios in Spain produced story art for Disney comic scripts, although the production was primarily for Danish and Dutch companies, rather than Spain proper. Some artists became independent, such as Paco Rodriguez, who utilizes [[Daniel Branca]]'s lively Barksian style.

===Greece (and Cyprus)===
The first appearance of Mickey Mouse in Greece in print appears in the magazine ''Kinimatografikos Astir (Κινηματογραφικός Αστήρ)'' in 1930''.''

In the newspaper ''I Proia'' (Η πρωΐα), in February 1931, the first Greek cartoon featuring Mickey Mouse was published.

In 1939, the Dimitrakos publishing house published a story by the well-known children's book author Petros Pikros, a 106-page book, titled ''Miki Maous and Karagiozis (Μίκι Μαους και Καραγκιόζης)'' and subtitled "A book for tears that come from laughter." This was the first ever Greek publication exclusively dedicated to Mickey Mouse.

The weekly ''[[Miky Maous]]'' (Μίκυ Μάους) comic was first published on July 1, 1966, and remained in print for more than 45 years, eventually being ended by struggling publisher Nea Aktina S.A. on September 6, 2013, with issue #2460-61.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greece: Μίκυ Μάους |url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=gr%2FMM&pg=details |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>

Terzopoulos Publishing (renamed Nea Aktina after the death of founder Evagellos Terzopoulos) released 20 magazines, with Μικυ Μαους (Mickey Mouse) being the main, weekly magazine with stories from across the Mickey-Donald universe. Other publications were released from monthly to yearly basis, notably Ντοναλντ (Donald) and Κομιξ (Comics) featuring classic stories. Six of the publications went out of the Mickey-Donald bubble with franchises such as [[Winnie-the-Pooh]], the Disney princesses, cars, and even Pixar's ''Toy Story''. Moreover, two Disney magazines were released, ''Almanaco'', focusing mainly on video games and a teen audience, including short Disney comics, also releasing Κοσμος Ντισνευ (Disney world) which included info and stories from recent Disney franchises such as ''[[The Incredibles]]'' and ''[[Hannah Montana]]''. Another 47 standalone publications were released in the time of the publisher. By the end of 2013, 11 series were being published.

In 2014, the title was relaunched by ''[[Kathimerini]]'', with numbering starting at #1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greece: Μίκυ Μάους Β΄ Περίοδος |url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=gr%2FMMB |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>

''Kathimerini'' relaunched ''Mickey Mouse'' (weekly) and ''Donald'', ''Comics'', ''Super Mickey'' (monthly), along with some limited edition collections bundled with the ''Kathimerini'' newspaper. The magazines nowadays mainly draw from the Italian publications. ''Kathimerini'' discontinued direct supply to Cyprus, however many stores get their hands on the comics with a middleman or a subscription.

===Belgium===
Louis Santel (Ténas) created new material in the 1950s.

===Yugoslavia===
Vlastimir Belkić produced original content in the 1930s.

==Latin America==
===Brazil===
The first Mickey Mouse stories were published in Brazil in 1930, in the comics anthology ''O Tico Tico'', under the name ''Ratinho Curioso'' (the Curious Mouse). The magazine reprinted comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vergueiro |first1=Waldomiro |title=O Tico-Tico completa 100 anos |url=https://www.omelete.com.br/quadrinhos/io-tico-ticoi-completa-100-anos |access-date=17 July 2019 |publisher=Omelete |date=October 11, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717012442/https://www.omelete.com.br/quadrinhos/io-tico-ticoi-completa-100-anos |archive-date=17 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Brazil, through the publisher [[Editora Abril|Abril]], national stories have been published since the 1950s, with artists like Jorge Kato inspired by Carl Barks. In the 1960s and 1970s, [[Renato Canini]] drew a number of stories in a style inspired by the popular abstract design of the era. He also developed a universe around [[José Carioca]], a very popular character in Brazil. Abril increased production in the 1970s and 1980s. Except for José Carioca, recurring characters included [[Daisy Duck|Daisy]] (turned [[feminist]]) and [[Fethry Duck]]. Among the most prolfic authors were the writer Arthur Faria Jr. and the artist Irineu Soares Rodriguez. Brazil is also known to have retained many "obscure" characters, largely forgotten elsewhere, besides Portugal. "O Pato Donald" (The Donald Duck) was initially published in comic book format, then from issue #22 began to be published in [[digest-sized]] format.<ref name="inducks">{{cite web|url=https://inducks.org/story.php?c=BC+PD++++1|title=Alugam-se Bicicletas|website=[[Inducks]]|access-date=2010-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611041534/http://coa.inducks.org/story.php?c=BC+PD++++1|archive-date=2011-06-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the end of the 1990s, the Brazilian production ceased, and then restarted for a short while in the 2000s. After an absence of almost 10 years, with just a few special events stories, production again started up at the end of 2012. During the 2010s Abril was also responsible for publishing Disney's manga in Brazil (some unpublished in other countries outside Japan), including titles like [[Kingdom Hearts]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hqmaniacs.uol.com.br/principal.asp?acao=noticias&cod_noticia=18046|title=Abril anuncia mangá Kingdom Hearts|first=Andréa|last=Pereira|date=November 7, 2008|publisher=HQ Maniacs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921185336/http://hqmaniacs.uol.com.br/principal.asp?acao=noticias&cod_noticia=18046 |archive-date=2016-09-21}}</ref> [[Big Hero 6 (film)|Big Hero 6]], [[Kilala Princess]], [[Stitch!]], Miriya and Marie, [[Star Wars]] and others.

Disney comics were published by Editora Abril since 1950, but the company stopped publishing them in 2018, facing financial difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.universohq.com/noticias/abril-confirma-em-comunicado-a-assinantes-fim-dos-quadrinhos-disney-na-editora/ |title=Abril confirma, em comunicado a assinantes, o fim dos quadrinhos Disney na editora |date=9 June 2018 |access-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716234035/http://www.universohq.com/noticias/abril-confirma-em-comunicado-a-assinantes-fim-dos-quadrinhos-disney-na-editora/ |archive-date=2019-07-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> The next year, however, the comics returned through the publisher Culturama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatoriodocinema.uol.com.br/quadrinhos/2018/12/apos-abril-interromper-distribuicao-hqs-da-disney-voltam-a-ser-lancadas-no-brasil-em-2019|title=Após Abril interromper distribuição, HQs da Disney voltam a ser lançadas no Brasil em 2019|first=Bruno|last=Tomé|website=observatoriodocinema.uol.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universohq.com/noticias/culturama-divulga-capas-das-novas-revistas-disney/|title=Culturama divulga capas e outros detalhes das novas revistas Disney|date=February 22, 2019|website=UNIVERSO HQ}}</ref> José Carioca's title was not continued by Culturama, but new stories returned in September, 2020, in the comic book ''Aventuras Disney''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-29|title=Zé Carioca volta a ter HQs produzidas no Brasil|url=http://www.universohq.com/noticias/ze-carioca-volta-ter-hqs-produzidas-no-brasil/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=UNIVERSO HQ|language=pt-BR|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814074144/http://www.universohq.com/noticias/ze-carioca-volta-ter-hqs-produzidas-no-brasil/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The best-known titles include:
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''{{ill|Pato Donald (revista em quadrinhos)|lt=Pato Donald|pt}}'' (1950–2018; 2019–present); 1st series, 2481 issues
* ''Mickey'' (1952–2018; 2019–present); 1st series, 911 issues
* ''Zé Carioca'' (1961–2018); 1st series, 2446 issues
* ''Tio Patinhas (Uncle Scrooge)'' (1963–2018; 2019–present); 1st series, 637 issues
* ''Pateta (Goofy)'' (1982–1984; 2004–2007; 2011–2018; 2019–2022); 1st series, 56 issues; 2nd, 26 issues; 3rd, 87 issues; 4th, 37 issues
* ''Peninha (Fethry Duck)'' (1982–1984; 2004–2007); 1st series, 56 issues; 2nd, 19 issues
* ''Margarida (Daisy Duck)'' (1986–1997; 2004–7); 1st series, 257 issues; 2nd, 25 issues
* ''Urtigão (Hard Haid Moe)'' (1987–1994; 2006); 1st series, 169 issues; 2nd, 6 issues
* ''Minnie'' (2004–2006; 2011–2018); 1st series, 29 issues; 2nd, 81 issues
* ''Aventuras Disney'' (2005–2009; 2019–present); 1st series, 48 issues
{{col div end}}

===Argentina===
Luis Destuet was an early artist in the 1940s (Some stories were reprinted in Brazil and Italy). Around the turn of the decade, Destuet moved to Brazil and started production there by training new artists. In the 1980s, [[Daniel Branca]] set up a prolific and influential story art production studio, influenced by [[Daan Jippes]] to create expressive artwork in [[Carl Barks]]' 1950s style.

===Chile===
The pre-war "Álbum Mickey" series contained various short strips that were possibly locally produced, according to [[Inducks]], as well as some [[Zorro]] stories in the 1970s. [[Vicar (cartoonist)|Vicar]] set up a prolific [[Carl Barks]]–style story art production studio in the 1970s.

==Australia, Africa and Asia==
===Australia===
The main Australian publisher was W.G. Publications (Wogan Publications from 1974). A number of series reflecting equivalents in the U.S. included ''Mickey Mouse''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=au/MS|title=Australia: Mickey Mouse (M series) | I.N.D.U.C.K.S.|website=inducks.org}}</ref> and ''Donald Duck''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=au/DS|title=Australia: Donald Duck (D series) | I.N.D.U.C.K.S.|website=inducks.org}}</ref> The most significant series, however, are ''Walt Disney Comics'' (1946–1978);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=au/WDC|title=Australia: Walt Disney's Comics (No. Series) | I.N.D.U.C.K.S.|website=inducks.org}}</ref> and the "Giant" (1951 to 1978).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=au/GS|title=Australia: Giant (G Series) | I.N.D.U.C.K.S.|website=inducks.org}}</ref>

''Walt Disney Comics'' mixed and matched covers and stories from its sister U.S. publication, rather than just reprinting them. The "Giant" presented selections from various U.S. series, from film promotions such as ''Robin Hood'' to ''Uncle Scrooge'', ''Beagle Boys'' and ''Junior Woodchucks''. In some cases these were mere reprints. In others, an extra story was added to increase the page count; for instance, W MM 97-04 "Par for the Course", in No. 570 ''The Beagle Boys''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=au/GS+570#b|title=Australia: Giant (G Series) # 570 | I.N.D.U.C.K.S.|website=inducks.org}}</ref>

This practice of adding an extra story to an issue otherwise identical the U.S. one is common elsewhere; as an example, in the "Film Preview Series", the first ''Robin Hood'' issue has W OS 1055-03 "The Double Date" added.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=au/FP+82|title=Australia: Film Preview (FP Series) # 82 | I.N.D.U.C.K.S.|website=inducks.org}}</ref>

===Egypt===
Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through a comic book called ''Samir'', which published ''Samir Presents Mickey'' #1 in April 1958. This series published 24 issues in 1958 and 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt: Samir Presents Mickey #1 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=eg%2FSPM++1 |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Mickey proved very popular in Egypt, and in 1959 he got a weekly comic book, ميكي (''Mickey'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt: ميكي (Mickey, Dar Al-hilal) # 1 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=eg%2FSM++++1 |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> After 44 years of publication, the publisher Dar-Al-Hilal stopped publication in 2003, after disputes with Disney (The last issue being #2188, published in March, 2003).<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt: ميكي (Mickey, Dar Al-hilal) # 2188 |url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=eg%2FSM+2188 |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2004, publisher Nahdat Masr acquired the Disney license, and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://comicbookguide.wordpress.com/2011/03/10/mickey-mouse-in-egypt/ |title=Mickey Mouse In Egypt ! | Comic Book Guide |publisher=Comicbookguide.wordpress.com |date=2011-03-10 |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914211039/http://comicbookguide.wordpress.com/2011/03/10/mickey-mouse-in-egypt/ |archive-date=2011-09-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new version of ''Mickey'' published issue #0 in December, 2003, and issue #1 in December 2004. As of 2018, the magazine had reached more than 700 issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt: ميكي (Mickey) |url=https://inducks.org/publication.php?c=eg%2FMNM |website=[[Inducks]] |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Besides the publication of the weekly magazine, two monthly magazines are published: مجلد سوبر ميكى (''SuperMickey'') and Mickey Geib "Pocket Mickey" (a pocket sized magazine).

In the 60s and 70s, original material was created (in [[Egyptian Arabic]]), most notably by Ahmed Hijazi, a [[Folk art|folk]]-style artist.

===Japan===
Many Disney comics originally by American or European authors have been entirely re-drawn by Japanese artists for local publication. The Italian manga-inspired series, [[W.I.T.C.H.]], was submitted to the same kind of treatment, giving birth to a Japanese-exclusive adaptation with art by Haruko Iida and published by [[Kadokawa Shoten]].

Japan also produced completely original Disney material, such as the manga adaptation of the videogame [[Kingdom Hearts]] by [[Shiro Amano]], published by Bros Comics EX (and later translated in English by [[Tokyopop]]) and Jun Asaga's adaptation of [[Tim Burton]]'s [[The Nightmare Before Christmas]] (originally published by [[Kodansha]], English version by [[Disney Press]]).

===Vietnam===
Donald và bạn hữu (Vietnamese for "Donald and friends") is a bilingual weekly Disney comics magazine in Vietnamese and English published by [[Tre Publishing House]] in co-operation with The Saigon Times under license from the Walt Disney Company since 1998.

===India===
On December 8, 2010, DPW's India unit signed a multi-year contract with [[India Today Group]] to print and distribute Disney comics in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney inks publishing, distribution pact with India Today Grp|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/disney-inks-publishing-distribution-pactindia-today-grp/118608/on|access-date=12 December 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=December 8, 2010|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719221233/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/disney-inks-publishing-distribution-pactindia-today-grp/118608/on|archive-date=19 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cataloguing==

===Story codes===
Starting in the 1970s, as production of new Disney comics stories moved from a mostly-American, centralized publishing model to a group of international publishers sharing work, it became a practice to give each Disney comics story a unique letter-number code that would help identify a single story across languages. (Disney requires all licensees to facilitating international reprinting by providing the reproducible materials at cost.) The code is usually printed at the bottom of the story's first panel, and it consists of one or more letters, representing the publisher or country of origin, followed by a multi-digit number. In some cases, the code ends with another letter.

The main publishers are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Story code prefix !! Producer
|-
| '''AR''' || [[Another Rainbow Publishing|Another Rainbow]] (United States)
|-
| '''B''' || Abril (Brazil)
|-
| '''D''' || Egmont (Denmark)
|-
| '''E''' || Disney Europe (France)
|-
| '''F''' || Disney-Hachette (France)
|-
| '''G''' || Ehapa (Germany)
|-
| '''H''' || Oberon (Holland)
|-
| '''I''' || Mondadori, Disney Italy, Panini Comics (Italy)
|-
| '''K''' || Disney Comics (United States)
|-
| '''M''' || [[Marvel Comics]] (United States)<ref>Disney branded content only</ref>
|-
| '''S''' || Disney Studios (United States, for European market)
|-
| '''W''' || Western Publishing (United States)
|}

===Fan databases===
Multiple fan databases exist. Notable examples are [[I.N.D.U.C.K.S.]] and [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]].

==Notable artists and writers==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
'''Argentina'''
* [[Daniel Branca]] (1951–2005) influential Barks-style artist and studio director
* {{ill|lt=Jaime Diaz|Jaime Diaz (comics)|fi|Jaime Diaz Studio}} (1937–2009) studio director
* {{ill|Wanda Gattino|es}} (b.1969)

'''Belgium'''
* {{ill|Ténas|fr}} (1926–2012) cover artist

'''Brazil'''
* [[Renato Canini]] (1936–2013) [[José Carioca]] artist
* [[J. Carlos|José Carlos]] (1884–1950) created [[José Carioca]]
* {{ill|Verci de Mello|pt}} (b.1958) [[Hard Haid Moe]] artist
* {{ill|Irineu Soares Rodrigues|pt}} (b.1956) artist; worked w/ writers {{ill|Arthur Faria Jr.|pt}}, [[Ivan Saidenberg]], and {{ill|Gérson Teixeira|pt}} (bro: {{ill|lt=Moacir|Moacir Rodrigues Soares|pt}})
* {{ill|Carlos Mota|fi}} (b.1969) Barks-style artist

'''Chile'''
* [[Vicar (cartoonist)|Vicar]] (1934–2012) Barks-style artist/studio director; created [[Princess Oona]] w/ writer [[Stefan Printz-Påhlson]]

'''Denmark'''
* [[Flemming Andersen]] (b.1968) multi-style artist
* [[Freddy Milton]] (b.1948) Barks-style artist/writer; also made Barks-style stories w/ [[Woody Woodpecker]] and his own characters, [[Gnuff]]

'''Egypt'''
* [[Ahmed Hijazi (cartoonist)|Ahmed Hijazi]] (1936–2011) [[Folk art|folk]]-style artist

'''Finland'''
* [[Tuomas Holopainen]] (b.1976) songwriter; wrote and produced the [[Gold album]] ''[[Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge]]''
* [[Kari Korhonen]] (b.1973) mostly a Barks-style artist
* {{ill|Markku Kivekäs|fi}} (1947–2008) influential Barks translator/[[Conservation and restoration of photographs|restorer]]/essayist/editor

'''France'''
* {{ill|Bernard Cosey|fr|Cosey}} (b.1950) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style artist/writer (b.Switzerland)
* {{ill|Pierre Nicolas|fr}} (1921–1990) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style artist and studio director
* [[Régis Loisel]] (b.1951) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style artist/writer
* [[Claude Marin]] (1931–2001) editorial artist; also drew many {{ill|lt=Disney Babies|Bébés Disney|fr}} comic pages w/ Gen-Clo (b.Algiers) and {{ill|Bélom|fr}}, as well as other stories
* {{ill|Thierry Martin|fr|Thierry Martin (auteur de bande dessinée)}} (born 1966) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style artist (b.Lebanon)

'''Germany'''
* [[Erika Fuchs]] (1906–2005) [[Carl Barks|Barks]] translator
* {{ill|Jan Gulbransson|de}} (b.1949) [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-style artist/writer
* {{ill|Adolf Kabatek|de}} (1931–1997) produced a series of Barks-style [[Scrooge McDuck]] [[graphic novel]]s, ''Tales From Uncle Scrooge's Treasure Chest'' (b.Czech)
* {{ill|Volker Reiche|de}} (b.1944) [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-style artist/writer
* {{ill|Ulrich Schröder|de|Ulrich Schröder (Grafiker)}} (b.1964) artist and studio director

'''Italy'''
* [[Giovan Battista Carpi]] (1927–1999) multi-style artist; created [[Paperinik]] w/ writer [[Guido Martina]]
* [[Luciano Bottaro]] (1931–2006) multi-style artist
* {{ill|Casty|it}} (b.1967) [[Romano Scarpa|Scarpa]]-style artist/writer (early scripts drawn by others); created [[Mickey Mouse universe#Eurasia Toft|Eurasia Toft]] and [[Mickey Mouse universe#Charlie Doublejoke|Charlie Doublejoke]]
* [[Giorgio Cavazzano]] (b.1947) artist; developed an abstract style widely adopted in Italy; worked w/ writer {{ill|Rodolfo Cimino|it}}; (cous: {{ill|Luciano Capitanio|it}})
* [[Carlo Chendi]] (1933–2021) writer
* [[Giulio Chierchini]] (1928–2019) multi-style artist
* [[Pier Lorenzo De Vita]] (1909–1990) [[Romano Scarpa|Scarpa]]-style artist (son: {{ill|Massimo De Vita|it|Massimo De Vita (fumettista)|lt=Massimo}})
* {{ill|Enrico Faccini|it}} (b.1962) multi-style artist/writer
* {{ill|Luciano Gatto|it}} (b.1934) multi-style artist
* {{ill|Marco Gervasio|it}} (b.1967) [[Fantomius]] artist/writer
* [[Elisabetta Gnone]] (b.1965) writer/editorial director; created Disney Italia's ''[[W.I.T.C.H.]]'' comics
* [[Corrado Mastantuono]] (b.1962) [[Giorgio Cavazzano|Cavazzano]]-style artist/writer; created [[Bum Bum Ghigno|Boomer Buff]]
* [[Federico Pedrocchi]] (1907–1945) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style early artist/writer (b.Argentina)
* [[Giuseppe Perego]] (1915–1996) multi-style artist; worked w/ writer {{ill|Gian Giacomo Dalmasso|it}}
* {{ill|Giorgio Pezzin|it}} (b.1949) saga writer
* [[Marco Rota]] (b.1942) [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-style artist; created [[Andold "Wild Duck" Temerary]] w/ editor {{ill|Gaudenzio Capelli|it}}
* {{ill|Bruno Sarda|it}} (b.1954) saga writer
* {{ill|Guido Scala|it}} (1936–2001) [[Romano Scarpa|Scarpa]]-style artist
* [[Romano Scarpa]] (1927–2005) influential [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style/[[Carl Barks|Barks]]-influenced artist; created [[Brigitta MacBridge]], [[Dickie Duck]], [[Gideon McDuck]], [[Kildare Coot]], [[Mickey Mouse universe#Ellroy|Ellroy]], [[Mickey Mouse universe#Trudy Van Tubb|Trudy Van Tubb]] and [[Mickey Mouse universe#Portis|Portis]]
* [[Silvia Ziche]] (b.1967) [[soap opera]] artist/writer

'''Japan'''
* [[Shiro Amano]] (b.1976) artist/writer; adapted [[Kingdom Hearts#Printed adaptations|Kingdom Hearts]] video games into [[manga]]
* {{ill|Shiro Shirai|ja|しらいしろう}} (b.1971) [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-style artist/writer

'''Netherlands'''
* {{ill|Sander Gulien|nl}} (b.1974) [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-style artist
* [[Mau Heymans]] (b.1961) Barks-style artist (bro: {{ill|lt=Bas|Bas Heymans|nl}})
* [[Daan Jippes]] (b.1945) influential Barks-style artist/writer and studio director; popularized the [[replica]]tion of Barks's art style for Disney comics; redrew stories Barks only wrote and several of his unfinished scripts
* {{ill|Frank Jonker|nl}} (b.1965) writer
* {{ill|Wilma Van Den Bosch|fi|Wilma van den Bosch}} (b.1956) [[Daisy Duck]] artist; editorial/cover artist (b.Canada)
* {{ill|Ben Verhagen (comics)|lt=Ben Verhagen|nl|Ben Verhagen (striptekenaar)|it|Ben Verhagen}} (b.1949) Barks-style artist

'''Norway'''
* [[Arild Midthun]] (b.1964) – Barks-style artist

'''Spain'''
* [[César Ferioli]] (b.1959) multi-style artist
* {{ill|Gil Bao|es}} (1915–?) multi-style artist
* {{ill|Miquel Pujol i Lozano|lt=Miquel Pujol|ca}} (b.1951) multi-style artist
* {{ill|Paco Rodriguez (comics)|lt=Paco Rodriguez|fi|Paco Rodriguez}} (b.1967) [[Carl Barks|Barks]]-style artist

'''Sweden'''
* [[Tony Cronstam]] (b.1969) Barks-style artist
* [[Stefan Printz-Påhlson]] (b.1950) editor/writer; created a time machine series w/ editor/writer Lars Bergström

'''United Kingdom'''
* {{ill|Paul Halas|de}} (b.1949) writer
* {{ill|William Ward (comics)|lt=William Ward|it|William Albert Ward}} (1887–1958) early artist/writer; created the 1st [[Donald Duck]] comic book story

'''United States'''
* [[Pete Alvarado]] (1920–2003) artist; drew stories based on [[List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films|Disney animated films]]
* [[Carl Barks]] (1901–2000) foundational Disney comics artist/writer; lead [[screenwriter]]/[[storyboard artist]] for the early ''[[Donald Duck filmography|Donald Duck]]'' cartoons; developed Donald Duck and created [[Daisy Duck]], [[Huey, Dewey and Louie]], [[Scrooge McDuck]] and the supporting cast of [[Duckburg]], including [[April, May and June Duck|April, May and June]], [[Gyro Gearloose]], the [[Junior Woodchucks]], [[Gladstone Gander]], the [[Beagle Boys]], [[Magica De Spell]], [[Flintheart Glomgold]], [[Goldie O'Gilt|Glittering Goldie]], [[John D. Rockerduck]], [[Neighbor Jones]], [[Gus Goose]], [[Clinton Coot]], the McDuck [[Money Bin]] and the [[character arc]]s and [[story arc]]s of the [[Donald Duck universe|duck 'universe']]
* {{ill|Garé Barks|de}} (1917–1993) [[landscape artist]] who [[Letterer|lettered]] and [[Inker|inked]] backgrounds and solids in Barks's stories; wife of Carl Barks
* [[Jack Bradbury]] (1914–2004) artist
* {{ill|Carl Buettner|it}} (1905–1965) art director; created [[Li'l Bad Wolf]] w/ Dorothy Strebe (see also, [[Gil Turner (animator)|Gil Turner]])
* [[Pinto Colvig]] (1892–1967) actor/artist; created [[Goofy]]
* [[Phil DeLara]] (1914–1973) most prolific [[Chip 'n' Dale]] artist
* [[Walt Disney]] (1901–1966) [[film producer]]; 1st writer for the ''[[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|Mickey Mouse]]'' comic strip; created [[Sylvester Shyster]] w/ artist [[Floyd Gottfredson]]; co-created some of the original [[Mickey Mouse universe|Mickey Mouse cast]] w/ [[animator]] [[Ub Iwerks]]
* [[Norm Ferguson (animator)|Norm Ferguson]] (1902–1957) [[animator|lead animator]]; developed [[Pluto]], [[Pete (Disney)|Peg-Leg Pete]] and the [[Big Bad Wolf (Disney)|Big Bad Wolf]]
* [[Manuel Gonzales]] (1913–1993) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]] studio artist (b.Spain); created [[Mickey Mouse universe#Ellsworth|Ellsworth]] for the ''[[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|Mickey Mouse]]'' Sunday pages w/ writer [[Bill Walsh (producer)|Bill Walsh]]
* [[Floyd Gottfredson]] (1905–1986) foundational artist/writer and studio director; most known for drawing and plotting the [[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|Mickey Mouse comic strip]] and establishing the art style and high standards of the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Newspaper comic strip|newspaper comics]]; created [[Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse]]; also, [[Doctor Einmug]], [[Captain Doberman]], [[Gloomy (Disney)|Gloomy]] the [[mechanic]] and [[Eli Squinch]] w/ co-writer [[Ted Osborne]]; and [[Chief O'Hara (Disney Comics)|Chief O'Hara]], [[Detective Casey]] & [[The Phantom Blot]] w/ co-writer [[Merrill De Maris]]
* [[Bob Gregory (comics)|Bob Gregory]] (1921–2003) artist/writer; wrote over a dozen stories that were re-scripted/drawn by [[Carl Barks|Barks]]
* [[Jack Hannah]] (1913–1994) [[animation director]]; co-artist of [[Carl Barks]]' 1st comic art ([[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]); directed ''[[Donald Duck filmography|Donald Duck]]'' films written by Barks
* {{ill|Al Hubbard (comics)|lt=Al Hubbard|fr|Al Hubbard|it|Al Hubbard|nl|Al Hubbard|pt|Al Hubbard}} (1913–1984) artist; created [[Fethry Duck]], [[Hard Haid Moe]] and [[0.0. Duck]] w/ writer [[Dick Kinney]]; created [[Belle Duck]] w/ writer (?); created [[The Sleuth (Disney)|The Sleuth]] w/ writer [[Carl Fallberg]]
* {{ill|Albert Hurter|fr}} (1888–1941) [[designer]] (b.Switzerland); created Donald Duck w/ voice actor [[Clarence Nash]]
* [[Ub Iwerks]] (1901–1971) [[animator|lead animator]]; created Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, [[Horace Horsecollar]] and [[Clarabelle Cow]] w/ [[Film producer|producer]] [[Walt Disney]]; 1st artist for Disney comics and the ''[[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|Mickey Mouse]]'' comic strip w/ artist {{ill|Win Smith (comics)|lt=Win Smith|fr|Win Smith|it|Win Smith|sv|Win Smith}} (b.Canada)
* [[Walt Kelly]] (1913–1973) cover artist
* [[Dick Moores]] (1909–1986) ''Mickey Mouse'' artist/writer; [[Brer Rabbit]] artist; created [[Scamp (comics)|Scamp]] w/ [[Ward Greene]]
* [[Paul Murry]] (1911–1989) artist for ''Mickey Mouse'' stories w/ writer [[Carl Fallberg]]; created [[Super Goof]] w/ writer/editorial director {{ill|Del Connell|it}}
* [[Floyd Norman]] (b.1935) writer; re-introduced serialized adventures to the [[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|Mickey Mouse dailies]] (early 1990s)
* [[Don Rosa]] (b.1951) popular artist/writer and [[Scrooge McDuck]] [[chronology|chronologist]]; wrote and drew the [[List of Eisner Award winners#Best Serialized Story|award-winning]] series, [[The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck]]; created sequels to Barks's classic stories
* [[Dan Spiegel]] (1920–2017) drew Disney comics based on [[live-action]] series and films, incl. [[realism (arts)|realist]] settings for ''[[Mickey Mouse (comic book)|Mickey Mouse]]'' stories w/ [[Paul Murry]]
* [[Tony Strobl]] (1915–1991) artist; created [[Moby Duck (Disney)|Moby Duck]] w/ writer [[Vic Lockman]]
* [[Al Taliaferro]] (1905–1969) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style artist for the [[Donald Duck (comic strip)|''Donald Duck'' comic strip]]; created [[Grandma Duck]] w/ writer [[Bob Karp]]; proposed idea for the film [[Donald's Nephews]], leading to the creation of [[Huey, Dewey and Louie]]; 1st to draw [[Donald Duck in comics|Donald Duck in the comics]]; created [[Bucky Bug]] w/ artist/writer [[Earl Duvall]]
* [[Alex Toth]] (1928–2006) [[Zorro#Comics|Zorro]] artist
* [[William Van Horn]] (b.1939) Barks-style artist/writer; influenced by [[George Herriman]] (son: [[Noel Van Horn|Noel]])
* [[Bill Walsh (producer)|Bill Walsh]] (1913–1975) writer for the [[Mickey Mouse (comic strip)|''Mickey Mouse'' comic strip]] in the 1940s; created [[Eega Beeva]] and the [[Mickey Mouse universe#The Rhyming Man|Rhyming Man]] w/ artist [[Floyd Gottfredson]]
* {{ill|Bill Wright (comics)|lt=Bill Wright|fr|William George Wright|it|Bill Wright (fumettista)}} (1917–1984) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]] studio artist; [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style [[comic book]] artist
* [[David Gerstein]] (b.1974) writer for [[The Egmont Group|Egmont]]; editor/translator
* [[Dick Kinney]] (1916–1985) writer of Studio stories
* [[John Lustig]] (b.1953) writer for Egmont; completed unfinished scripts by Carl Barks
* {{ill|Pat McGreal|fi}} (1953–2021) writer for Egmont w/ wife {{ill|lt=Carol|Carol McGreal|fi}}
* [[Jerry Siegel]] (1914–1996) writer for [[Mondadori]]

'''Yugoslavia'''
* {{ill|Vlastimir Belkić|sr}} (1896–1946) [[Floyd Gottfredson|Gottfredson]]-style artist
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[List of Disney comics by Carl Barks]]
*[[List of Disney comics by Don Rosa]]
*''[[How to Read Donald Duck]]'' – a 1971 critique of Disney comics as capitalist propaganda
*{{annotated link|Flipism}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Frank Reilly, "The Walt Disney Comic Strips," ''Cartoonist PROfiles'' #1 (Winter 1969), pp. 14–18; an early article.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://inducks.org/ I.N.D.U.C.K.S.], the Disney comics database
* [https://www.lambiek.net/comics/disneyartists.htm Disney comic artists in the Comiclopedia]
* [http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/ Disney Comics Worldwide]
* [http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww090114ws Overview of Disney Christmas strips]

{{Disney comics}}
{{DisneyConsumer}}

[[Category:Disney comics| ]]

Shikarpura

2026-04-26T14:47:32Z

TrinaAshby9096: Adding basic stub initial version

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
''' Shikarpura'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikarpura Village Population - Luni - Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/85668-shikarpura-rajasthan.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> is a village in the [[Luni Tehsil]] of the [[Jodhpur district]], Rajasthan, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikarpura Pin Code - 342802, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search jodhpur Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/sikarpura-pincode-342802.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikarpura Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Sikarpura, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/sikarpura |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> It is primarily known as a major spiritual and pilgrimage centre, particularly for the Anjana (Patel) Samaj, as it is the birthplace of '''Shri Rajaram Ji Maharaj '''.
[[File:Rajaramji maharaj.jpg|250px|thumb|Shri Rajaram Ji Maharaj '''Shikarpura'''.]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shikarpura}}

{{Jodhpur district |state=collapsed}}

{{coord|26|02|14|N|73|02|31|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Arun Manjhi

2026-04-23T05:34:24Z

TrinaAshby9096: Info

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Manjhi
| image =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Masaurhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Masaurhi]]
| predecessor = [[Rekha Devi]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| caption =
| office2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Punam Devi]]
| successor2 = [[Rekha Devi]]
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2015
}}

'''Arun Manjhi''' is an Indian politician and ten times Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], the incumbent member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Masaurhi Assembly constituency]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Masaurhi (SC) Vidhan Sabha Chunav Results 2025 Live: Arun Manjhi का वर्चस्व कायम, मसौढ़ी (एससी) विधानसभा सीट पर फिर लहराया परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/masaurhi-sc-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-nda-mahagathbandhan-vidhan-sabha-chunav-parinam-baelb-2385931-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Manjhi Election Result 2025 LIVE {{!}} मांझी विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम/इलेक्शन रिजल्ट २०२५ लाइव : Manjhi Vidhan Sabha Chunav, यहां देखें कौन Winner और कौन Runner-up |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/manjhi-election-result-2025-live-bihar-assembly-vidhan-sabha-chunav-parinam-winner-mla-candidate-name/4234769/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjhi, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Arun Palli

2026-04-23T05:34:20Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added

{{Short description|38th Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir & Ladakh High Court}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Palli
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|38th Chief Justice]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| term_start = 16 April 2025
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start1 = 28 December 2013
| term_end1 = 15 April 2025
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator1 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| appointer2 =
| office3 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|09|18|df=y}}<ref name="CDJ Law Journal">{{Cite web
|title = Judge Profile: Arun Palli
|url = https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=665&cid=39
|work = CDJ Law Journal
|access-date = 29 October 2025
}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Patiala]],<ref name="CDJ Law Journal">{{Cite web
|title = Judge Profile: Arun Palli
|url = https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=665&cid=39
|work = CDJ Law Journal
|access-date = 29 October 2025
}}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| appointer3 =
| nominator3 =
| successor2 =
| nominator2 =
| predecessor = [[Tashi Rabstan]] Sanjeev Kumar {{small|(Acting)}}
| education = [[B.Com]] [[L.L.B]]
}}
'''Arun Palli''' (born 18 September 1964) is an Indian judge, who is currently serving as the 38th [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]. He is a former judge of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab and Haryana High Court CJ and Judges |url=https://highcourtchd.gov.in/?mod=chief}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Palli was born on 18 September 1964. He belongs to legal family as his great-grandfather Lachchman Dass Palli and grandfather Lajpat Rai Palli were lawyers of Patiala District Bar. His father Prem Kishan Palli was a Senior Advocate and also served as a judge of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] from where he retired in 1998.

He graduated in Commerce and completed his Bachelor of Laws from Panjab University at Chandigarh in 1988. He commenced his legal practice at the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He gained expertise across diverse areas of law, including civil, criminal, constitutional, revenue, industrial, and labour law.

He was appointed Additional Advocate General for Punjab on September 1, 2004, a position he held until March 2007. He was designated as a Senior Advocate on 26 April 2007.

He was elevated as judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court on 28 December 2013 and was confirmed as permanent judge on 19 December 2014. He has also been serving as Executive Chairman of Haryana State Legal Service Authority since 31 May 2023. He was also nominated as a Member of the Governing Body of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) on 31 October 2023 for a period of two years.

On 4 April 2025, Supreme Court Collegium led by CJI [[Sanjiv Khanna]] recommended his name for the post of [[Chief justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-04-05 |title=Collegium recommends appointment of Justice Arun Palli as Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-ph-hc-judge-justice-arun-palli-chief-justice-jammu-and-kashmir-high-court |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and on 16 April 2025, he was sworn in as the 38th CJ of Jammu Kashmir High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Arun Palli appointed Chief Justice of J-K and Ladakh High Court |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/justice-arun-palli-appointed-chief-justice-of-j-k-and-ladakh-high-court/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Giti |date=2025-04-16 |title=Justice Arun Palli sworn in as Chief Justice of High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-arun-palli-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-high-court-of-jammu-kashmir-and-ladakh |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palli, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Chief justices]]
{{Improve categories|date=April 2025}}

All India Kisan Mahasabha

2026-04-20T01:59:00Z

TrinaAshby9096: New

{{Short description|Indian political organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All India Kisan Mahasabha
| image =
| caption =
| abbreviation = AIKM
| status = Active
| headquarters =
| membership =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Ruldu Singh Mansa]]
| leader_title2 = General secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]
| leader_title3 = Vice President
| leader_name3 = Prem Singh Gehlawat
| affiliations = {{•}}[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| native_name =
| region_served = India
}}

The '''All India Kisan Mahasabha''' (AIKM) is the [[peasant]]s' front of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]], and works for farmers' rights and the [[Feudalism|anti-feudal movement]] in [[India]]. AIKM and AIKM's Punjab-based farmers' union Punjab Kishan Union have played one of the biggest roles on [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020-21 farmers' protest]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farmers Hold Massive Kisan Mukti Sansad At Parliament Street|url=https://www.aicctu.org/node/80|url-status=live|website=AICCTU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810205541/http://aicctu.org/node/80|archive-date=10 August 2019|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>

== National affiliations ==

AIKM is one of the biggest farmers' unions of India. AIKM and Punjab Kishan Union are nationally affiliated with [[All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee]] (AIKSCC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aikscc.in/about-us/|title=AIKSCC - All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee|website=aikscc.in}}</ref>

== National Conference of AIKM ==

The third National Conference of the All India Kisan Mahasabha was held on June 9 through 10th, 2017 in Jharkhand's [[Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision|Hazaribagh]] town (named Birsa Nagar after the great [[Birsa Munda]] for the occasion) in the Town Hall (named Mahendra Singh Sabhagar after Comrade Mahendra Singh).

464 delegates and 30 guests and observers from all states participated in the Conference.
It was at Hazaribagh, on April 15, 2014, as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s prime ministerial candidate, that [[Narendra Modi]] had promised a profitable minimum support price to farmers. Farmers from all over India, at the AIKM's Hazaribagh conference pointed out that bullets are being unleashed on farmers asking Modi to keep his promise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2010/06/manifesto-all-india-kisan-mahasabha|title=Manifesto of the All India Kisan Mahasabha | Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|website=www.cpiml.net}}</ref>

On the occasion of the Conference, AIKM and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)]] leaders garlanded the statue of the Great Birsa Munda at Birsa Chowk, from where peasants and adivasis held an impressive March through the main market of the town, raising slogans in support of ongoing farmers' and adivasis' movements and against the firing on peasants and adivasis in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Jharkhand]].

At the Conference hall, AIKM's senior-most Vice President Devendra Chauhan hoisted the organisation's flag and tribute was paid to martyrs of peasant movements including those killed at Badkagaon and Mandsaur.

Comrade [[Dipankar Bhattacharya]], General Secretary of the CPI(ML) inaugurated the Conference, and was the main speaker at the open session conducted by AIKM General Secretary Rajaram Singh. Guests at the conference who addressed the open session included Asar Ali, President of the Bangladesh Biplavi Krishak Samiti; poet and Jan Sanskriti Manch Vice President Shambhu Badal, Comrade Rameshwar Prasad, President of AIARLA; AIKM President Ruldu Singh, CPI(ML)'s Jharkhand MLA [[Raj Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rajkumar Yadav]] and former MLA [[Vinod Singh Bansal|Vinod Singh]]. Jan Sanskriti Manch Jharkhand's team as well as poet Krishna Kant Nirmohi presented revolutionary songs on the occasion. The fourth issue of the Kisan Mahasabha's organ ''Viplavi Kisan Sandesh'' was also released on the occasion.

Addressing the Conference Comrade Dipankar said that Modi came to power making tall promises to peasants – and in his rule peasants are instead being shot dead for asking him to make good on those promises. Meanwhile, lynch mobs are killing Muslim dairy farmers and cattle traders and bans on [[cattle slaughter]] are wreaking havoc with the [[Rural economics|rural economy]]. The Modi Government as well as BJP-led state governments are conducting an all-out war on adivasis' and peasants' rights to land. But movements of peasants and adivasis are holding out hope for the whole country.

AIKM General Secretary Comrade Rajaram Singh spoke of the intense agrarian crisis and farmers' distress due to the government's policy of handing over seeds, fertilisers and other vital aspects of agriculture to corporate interests. As a result, farmers were being caught in a vicious debt trap even when they produced bumper harvests, while recurrent [[drought]]s and other calamities intensified the crisis. Protesting farmers were being shot dead. The Modi government had been forced to withdraw the land grab bill but similar laws were being enacted by various BJP State Governments. Meanwhile, BJP Ministers and leaders made insulting remarks about the thousands of farmers forced to commit suicide every year. The Government that was handing out unlimited bailouts and waivers to greedy corporations that defaulted on bank loans, was refusing to bail out desperate farmers who feed the country. He hailed the ongoing farmers' movements and called to intensify such movements to force a change in the policies and priorities of the Governments.

A nine-member [[presidium]] conducted the Conference. Among delegates who discussed the draft report and suggested ways forward for the peasants' movement were Gurnam Singh Bhikhi and Balkaran Balli of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Afroz Alam Sahil|Afroz Alam]] and Shashikant Singh of UP, Ramchandra Kulhari of [[Rajasthan]], Kripa Narayan Singh, Jitendra Yadav, and Chandrama Prasad of [[Bihar]], Shyamdev Yadav of [[Jharkhand]], OP Arya of [[Haryana]], Nilanjan Bhattacharya of [[Odisha]], D Pullarao of Andhra Pradesh, Simpson of [[Tamil Nadu]], Krishnapada Pramanik and Gopal Roy of [[West Bengal]] and Rajendra Shah of [[Uttarakhand]].

On the dais were CPI(ML) CCMs Kartik Pal, Balasundaram, Janardan Prasad, Manoj Bhakt, and KD Yadav; and social activist Shiv Kumar Shibu. AIKM leaders Jaiprakash Narayan Rai, Bisheshwar Prasad Yadav, Prem Singh Gehlawat, Purushottam Sharma, Gurnam Singh, Ramchandra Kulhari, and Ashok Pradhan also were prominent among participants in the Conference.
The Conference elected a 101-member National Council and a 45-member National Executive, and re-elected [[Rulda Singh|Ruldu Singh]] as president, and Raja Ram Singh as General Secretary along with 8 Vice Presidents and Secretaries each.

The Conference called for an all India protest against the killings of 6 peasants at [[Mandsaur]] by Madhya Pradesh's BJP government. It demanded the resignation of the killer [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan|Shivraj Singh]] Government; all India waiver of all government and private moneylenders' loans of farmers; guarantee of profitable minimum support price for all crops; guaranteed purchase of all produce of peasants and [[tenant farmer]]s; and withdrawal of all cases against agitating peasants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cpiml.org/feature/national-conference-of-all-india-kisan-mahasabha/|title=National Conference of All India Kisan Mahasabha}}</ref>

== Organisation ==

* National President: [[Ruldu Singh Mansa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mlupdate.cpiml.net/2019/02/14/massive-kisan-rally-in-mansa|title=Massive Kisan Rally in Mansa|website=ML Update}}</ref>
* National Vice-president: Prem Singh Gehlawat
* National General Secretary: Rajaram Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12770|title=Raja Ram Singh(CPI(ML)(L)):Constituency- KARAKAT(BIHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Protest against three Agri-bills ==
AIKSCC led nationwide protests against Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020, Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 and Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020.

* 26 January 2021: AIKSCC organized tractor rally in national capital. AIKM joined the rally with a large number of tractor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/farmers-want-permission-for-tractor-rally-on-republic-day-sc-hearing-today-101611108850091.html|title=Farmers want permission for tractor rally on Republic Day, Supreme Court hearing today|date=20 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
[[Category:Rural community development]]

Ralong Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:08Z

TrinaAshby9096: made some post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ralong
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 6,395
| mla = [[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Ralong Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Chamla Tshering || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Sonam Gyatso || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Sonam Gyatso Kaleon
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | [[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ralong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,131 |percentage=77.32% |change={{increase}}23.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chozang Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,212 |percentage=22.68% |change={{increase}}18.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,919 |percentage=54.63% |change= {{increase}}26.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,343 |percentage=83.55% |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,395 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}23.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ralong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,671 |percentage=54.31% |change={{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Tashi Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,291 |percentage=26.25% |change={{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chewang Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=759 |percentage=15.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=197 |percentage=4.01% |change={{decrease}}19.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,380 |percentage=28.06% |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,918 |percentage=85.66% |change= {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,901 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ralong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,017 |percentage=45.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Tashi Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,135 |percentage=25.73% |change={{decrease}}64.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Gyatso Kaleon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,052 |percentage=23.85% |change={{increase}}14.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Tempa Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taktuk Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=882 |percentage=20.00% |change= {{decrease}}60.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,411 |percentage=85.93% |change= {{increase}}17.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,237 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}44.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ralong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Gyatso Kaleon |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,903 |percentage=89.74% |change={{increase}}22.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=291 |percentage=9.00% |change={{decrease}}13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Passang Sherpa |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=41 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,612 |percentage=80.74% |change= {{increase}}36.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,235 |percentage=68.58% |change= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,848 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ralong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Gyatso |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,697 |percentage=67.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kazi Lhendup Dorjee Khangsharpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=576 |percentage=22.88% |change={{increase}}21.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Tshering Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=3.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Lhendup Bhatia |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ninda Bhutia |party=Janata Party |votes=42 |percentage=1.67% |change={{decrease}}16.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Wangchuk Bhutia |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=28 |percentage=1.11% |change={{decrease}}7.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,121 |percentage=44.54% |change= {{increase}}40.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,517 |percentage=67.85% |change= {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,823 |ref = |change= {{increase}}51.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}41.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ralong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamla Tshering |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=438 |percentage=26.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Pintso Takapa |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=22.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Wangdi Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=336 |percentage=20.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Bhutia |party=Janata Party |votes=304 |percentage=18.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norbu Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=142 |percentage=8.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Passang Tshering Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=39 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Tashi Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=67 |percentage=4.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,663 |percentage=69.29% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,530 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Mawkynrew Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:01Z

TrinaAshby9096: started initial entry w/ sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mawkynrew
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Mawkynrew Assembly constituency map.svg
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 29
| mla = [[Banteidor Lyngdoh]]
| party = {{Party index link|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:37189}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Mawkynrew''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies, 2008''<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> and had its first election in 2013. As of 2023, its representative is [[Banteidor Lyngdoh]]
of the [[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]] party.{{update after|2028|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Remington Pyngrope]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3690-meghalaya-2013/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=results2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Banteidor Lyngdoh]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawkynrew<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banteidor Lyngdoh]] |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=11,789 |percentage=35.50% |change={{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martle Mukhim]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=7,652 |percentage=23.04% |change={{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kansing Lyngshiang |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,360 |percentage=22.16% |change={{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Remington Pyngrope |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,385 |percentage=16.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynhunlang Nongrum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=465 |percentage=1.40% |change={{decrease}}13.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dondor Marbaniang |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=463 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=247 |percentage=0.74% |change={{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,137 |percentage=12.46% |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,207 |percentage=89.29% |change= {{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,189 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |loser=People's Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawkynrew<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banteidor Lyngdoh]] |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=8,519 |percentage=31.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martle Mukhim]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=8,010 |percentage=29.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Remington Pyngrope |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,508 |percentage=20.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Olet Kharsohnoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,945 |percentage=14.74% |change={{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamborskhem Kharpuri |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=364 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwin Singh Lynshiang |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=130 |percentage=0.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=509 |percentage=1.90% |change= {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,762 |percentage=85.87% |change= {{decrease}}6.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,165 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawkynrew<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Remington Pyngrope |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,513 |percentage=27.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banteidor Lyngdoh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,076 |percentage=25.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martle Mukhim]] |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=5,879 |percentage=24.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Drosing K. Khongjoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,432 |percentage=22.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=437 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,900 |percentage=92.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,912 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.43|92|display=title}}

[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Norman Pritchard

2026-04-17T16:38:35Z

TrinaAshby9096: made new details w/ refs

{{Short description|British-Indian athlete (1875–1929)}}
{{for|the American poet|Norman Pritchard (poet)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Norman Pritchard
| image = Norman Gilbert Pritchard (1877–1929).png
| imagesize =
| caption = Portrait of Pritchard, ''[[The Sketch]]'' (28 February 1900)
| fullname = Norman Gilbert Pritchard
| nicknames =
| nationality = British
| sport = [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
| event = [[Hurdling|200 metre hurdles]] [[200 metres]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1875|6|23}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| education = [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
| residence =
| retired =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1929|10|30|1875|6|23}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, United States|Los Angeles]], [[United States]]
| height =
| weight =
| country =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|India]]}}
{{MedalOlympic}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres hurdles|200 metres hurdles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|1900 Paris|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 metres]]}}
}}

'''Norman Gilbert Pritchard''' (23 June 1875 – 30 October 1929), also known by his stage name '''Norman Trevor''', was a British-Indian [[athlete]] and [[actor]] who became the first Asian-born athlete to win an Olympic medal when he won two silver medals in athletics at the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]] representing [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics|India]]. He won India's first medal at the Olympics in the [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 metres]] and the [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres hurdles|200 metres hurdles]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080807/jsp/opinion/story_9654464.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917043026/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080807/jsp/opinion/story_9654464.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2008 |work=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) |title=The story of a champion from the East |access-date=26 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71405 |title=Norman Pritchard |work=Olympedia |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112193127/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71405 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

== Biography ==

[[File:The Black Panther's Cub 1921 scene.jpg|thumb|Pritchard (''right'') with [[Earle Foxe]] and [[Florence Reed]] in ''[[The Black Panther's Cub]]'' (1921).]]

Norman Pritchard was born in [[Calcutta]] to George Petersen Pritchard and Helen Maynard Pritchard.<ref name="Telegraph"/> He studied at [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]], and is credited with the first hat-trick in an open football tournament in India, for Saint Xavier's against [[Sovabazar]] in July 1897.

Pritchard won the [[Bengal]] province [[100 yards]] sprint title for seven consecutive years, from 1894 to 1900 and set a meet record in 1898–99. He also won the [[440-yard dash]] and the [[120 yards hurdles]].<ref name="Norm">{{cite web|title=Norman Pritchard – India's first Olympic medalist|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/norman-pritchard-indias-first-olympic-medalist|website=sportskeeda.com|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517192524/https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/norman-pritchard-indias-first-olympic-medalist|url-status=live}}</ref> Pritchard finished second in the 120 yard hurdles event at the [[1900 AAA Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nuts.org.uk/Champs/AAA/index.htm |title=AAA, WAAA and National Championships Medallists |website=National Union of Track Statisticians |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/19000709/019/0001 |title=The Amateur Athletic Association Championships |work=Sporting Life |date=9 July 1900 |via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

Pritchard was the first Indian athlete to participate in the Olympic Games and was also the first to win an Olympic medal and also represent an Asian nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/norman-pritchard |title=Norman Pritchard |website=Olympic.org |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327042556/https://www.olympic.org/norman-pritchard |url-status=live }}</ref> He won two silver medals at the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in Paris, coming second in the 200 metres behind [[Walter Tewksbury]] of the United States and second in the 200 metres hurdles behind the legendary [[Alvin Kraenzlein]], also of the United States. He reached the final of the 110 metres hurdles, but did not finish, and also participated in the 60 metres and 100 metres sprints, in which he failed to qualify for the finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norman Pritchard |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71405 |work=[[Olympedia]]}}</ref>

He served as Secretary of the [[Indian Football Association]] from 1900 to 1902. He moved permanently to Britain in 1905.<ref name="Norm" />

He then moved to the United States to pursue a career in acting and became the first Olympian to act in silent Hollywood movies under the screen name, Norman Trevor.<ref name="Buchanan">{{cite journal |title=Who was Norman Pritchard? |last= Buchanan | first = Ian |publisher=International Society of Olympic Historians |journal=Journal of Olympic History |pages=27–28 |issue=January 2000 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv8n1/johv8n1i.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105091642/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv8n1/johv8n1i.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2018 }}</ref> He had a notable stage success as the leading male in ''[[The Goose Hangs High (play)|The Goose Hangs High]]'', which ran for six months on Broadway during 1924.<ref name="dn013024">{{cite news |last=Mantle |first=Burns |title='Goose Hangs High' A Cheering Success |work=Daily News |date=January 30, 1924 |location=New York, New York |page=26 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Trevor was opposed to the star system in theatre, so his popularity in this caused him some embarrassment when producers offered to "star" him.<ref name="dn021724">{{cite news |title=Offered To Star Him, But Trevor Refused |work=Daily News |date=February 17, 1924 |location=New York, New York |page=39 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

== Nationality claim ==
In 2005 the [[IAAF]] published the official track and field statistics for the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. In the historical records section Pritchard was listed as having competed for Great Britain in 1900. Some research by Olympic historians has shown that Pritchard was chosen to represent Great Britain after competing in the British [[Amateur Athletic Association|AAA]] championship in July 1900.<ref name=status>{{cite book|last=Wallechinsky|first=David|title=The Complete Book of the Olympics|publisher=Aurum Press|year=2000}}</ref> However, most of the British press in 1900 records his nation as being India<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000711/19000717/131/0005 |title=The World's athletic meeting at Paris |work=Lancashire Evening Post |date=17 July 1900 |via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004103/19000725/022/0006 |title=Winner of the marathon |work=Boxing World and Mirror of Life |date=25 July 1900 |via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> The [[IOC]] regards Pritchard as having competed for India, with his two medals being credited to India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.olympic.org/paris-1900/athletics|title=Paris 1900 Athletics – Results & Videos|date=20 November 2016|work=International Olympic Committee|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322121329/https://www.olympic.org/paris-1900/athletics|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in [[Los Angeles]] of a brain malady on 30 October 1929.<ref name="Telegraph" />

==Selected filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[The Ivory Snuff Box]]'' (1915)
* ''[[The Daughter Pays]]'' (1920)
* ''[[Romance (1920 film)|Romance]]'' (1920)
* ''[[The Black Panther's Cub]]'' (1921)
* ''[[Jane Eyre (1921 film)|Jane Eyre]]'' (1921)
* ''[[The Side Show of Life]]'' (1924)
* ''[[Roulette (1924 film)|Roulette]]'' (1924)
* ''[[Wages of Virtue]]'' (1924)
* ''[[The Man Who Found Himself (1925 film)|The Man Who Found Himself]]'' (1925)
* ''[[Dancing Mothers]]'' (1926)
* ''[[The Ace of Cads]]'' (1926)
* ''[[The Song and Dance Man]]'' (1926)
* ''[[Beau Geste (1926 film)|Beau Geste]]'' (1926)
* ''[[The Warning (1927 film)|The Warning]]'' (1927)
* ''[[New York (1927 film)|New York]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Afraid to Love]]'' (1927)
* ''[[The Wizard (1927 film)|The Wizard]]'' (1927)
* ''[[The Music Master (1927 film)|The Music Master]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Children of Divorce (1927 film)|Children of Divorce]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Sorrell and Son (1927 film)|Sorrell and Son]]'' (1927)
* ''[[The Siren (1927 film)|The Siren]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Mad Hour]]'' (1928)
* ''[[Restless Youth]]'' (1928)
* ''[[The Love Trap (1929 film)|The Love Trap]]'' (1929)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[India at the Olympics|India at the Summer Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
{{commons category}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IMDb name|0872476}}
* With [[Florence Reed]] and [[Earle Foxe]] in ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313031259/http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fsayre&CISOPTR=14604&CISOBOX=1&REC=4 The Black Panther's Cub]'' (1921)
* [http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1927-silent-movie-film-actor-norman-1816678516 Norman Trevor, 1927 portrait] (archived)
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-44722759 The search for India's first Olympic medallist] Sports journalist Gulu Ezekiel's article on BBC News website.

{{Authority control}}

{{Olympic medalists for India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pritchard, Norman}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kolkata]]
[[Category:English men sprinters]]
[[Category:British men sprinters]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:English men hurdlers]]
[[Category:British men hurdlers]]
[[Category:Indian men hurdlers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1900 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Male actors from British India]]
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male silent film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]

Virupakshipura Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:36Z

TrinaAshby9096: Adding first details from scratch...

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Virupakshipura
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Virupakshipura Assembly constituency''' was one of the Vidhana Sabha constituenies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State]], in India. It was part of {{ill|Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|kn|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಕೇಂದ್ರ (ಲೋಕ ಸಭೆ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ)}}.<ref name="delimitation1961">{{cite web |date=7 December 1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | S. Kariappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[K. L. Shivalinge Gowda]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Virupakshipura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. L. Shivalinge Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,666 |percentage = 55.36% |change = {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sidde Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,860 |percentage = 44.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,806 |percentage = 10.71% |change = {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,188 |percentage = 76.33% |change = {{increase}}16.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,526}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,720 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Virupakshipura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kariappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,484 |percentage = 58.41% |change = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Channe Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,027 |percentage = 41.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,457 |percentage = 16.81% |change = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,511 |percentage = 60.13% |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,088 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Virupakshipura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kariappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,979 |percentage = 57.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Channappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 9,756 |percentage = 42.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,223 |percentage = 14.18% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,735 |percentage = 58.50% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,735}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,865 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.580051|77.230528|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}

Kodala Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:58Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added Basic Stub First Draft.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kodala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Kodala''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=1951 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Statewise) Order of India |date=1951}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
Between 1951 & 2008, 14 elections were held including one bypoll in 1962. It was a 2-member constituency in 1957 and 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Kodala constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Banamali Maharana
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
| Rama Chandra Mardaraj Deo{{efn| from Kodala East}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harihar Das{{efn| from Kodala West}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
| [[Lingaraj Panigrahi]]{{efn| from Kodala East}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bishwanath Das]]{{efn| from Kodala West}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1962 (bypoll){{efn| Resignation of [[Biswanath Das]] from Kodala West Seat}}
| rowspan="2" | Banamali Maharana
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Ram Krushna Patnaik|Ramakrushna Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Kanhu Charan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Ram Krushna Patnaik|Ramakrushna Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Kanhu Charan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ram Krushna Patnaik|Ramakrushna Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Niranjan Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Khordha-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Charter Act 1793

2026-04-04T21:51:06Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of Great Britain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
|short_title = East India Company Act 1793{{efn|name=st|The citation of this act by this [[short title]] was authorised by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the [[Short Titles Act 1896]]. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the [[Interpretation Act 1978]].}}
|type = Act
|parliament = Parliament of Great Britain
|long_title = An Act for continuing in the East India Company for a further Term the Possession of the British Territories in India, together with their exclusive Trade under certain Limitations; for establishing further Regulations for the Government of the said Territories, and the better Administration of Justice within the same; for appropriating to certain Uses the Revenues and Profits of the said Company, and for making Provision for the good Order and Government of the Towns of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.
|year = 1793
|citation = [[33 Geo. 3]]. c. 52
|territorial_extent = [[Great Britain]]
|royal_assent = 11 June 1793
|commencement = 11 June 1793{{efn|The [[Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793]].}}
|repeal_date = 1 January 1916
|replaces = {{ubli|[[Trade to the East Indies Act 1718]]|[[East India Company Act 1786]]}}
|amendments = {{ubli|[[Indian Presidency Towns Act 1815]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1887]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]|[[Government of India Act 1912]]}}
|related_legislation = {{ubli|[[Regulating Act 1773]]|[[East India Company Act 1784]]|[[East India Company Act 1813]]|[[Government of India Act 1833]]|[[Government of India Act 1858]]}}
|repealing_legislation= [[Government of India Act 1915]]
|status = Repealed
|original_text = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XwbC08mcZ-4C&pg=PA133
|use_new_UK-LEG = no
}}

The '''East India Company Act 1793'''{{efn|name=st}} ([[33 Geo. 3]]. c. 52), also known as the '''Charter Act 1793''', was an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] which renewed the Charter issued to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] (EIC). The veto which was originally given to [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] was continued for all the [[Governor-General of India|Governors-General]].
Bombay and Madras presidency were kept under superintendence of [[Bengal Presidency|Fort William]].

== Provisions ==
In contrast with legislation concerning [[British India]] proposed in the preceding two decades, the 1793 Act "passed with minimal trouble".<ref>''A Constitutional History of India 1600–1935'', [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]], Methuen, London, 1936, p. 100</ref> The Act made only fairly minimal changes to either the system of government in India or British oversight of the company's activities. Most importantly, the company's trade monopoly was continued for a further 20 years. Salaries and pensions for the staff, paid members of the Board of Control, and others involved in Indian administration were now charged to the Company, to be paid from Indian revenues, since they were regarded as government officials rather than mere merchants. Private trade with China was permitted under the name "country trade", which allowed the Company to avoid direct responsibility for illegal trading of opium. Other provisions of the Act included:
# The Governor-General was granted extensive powers over the subordinate presidencies of Madras and Bombay.
# The Governor-General's power of over-ruling his council was affirmed.
# Royal approval was mandated for the appointment of the Governor-General, the governors, and the Commander-in-Chief.
#This Act continued the company's rule over the British territories in India.
#It continued the company's trade monopoly in India for another 20 years.
#The Act established that “acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own *right,” which clearly stated that the company's political functions were on behalf of the British government.
#The company's dividends were allowed to be raised to 10%.
#The Governor-General was given more powers.
#When the Governor-General was present in Madras or Bombay, he would supersede in authority over the governors of Madras and Bombay.
#In the Governor-General's absence from Bengal, he could appoint a vice president from among the civilian members of his Council.
#The composition of the Board of Control changed. It was to have a President and two junior members, who were not necessarily members of the Privy Council.
#The salaries of the staff and the Board of Control were also now charged to the company.
#After all expenses, the company had to pay the British government 5 Lakh British Pounds from the Indian revenue annually.
#Senior company officials were barred from leaving India without permission. If they did so, it would be considered as a resignation.
#The company was granted the authority to grant licenses to individuals and company employees to carry on trade in India (known as the "privilege" or "country" trade), which paved the way for [[History of opium in China|shipments of opium]] to China.<ref>{{Cite book | title = The Edinburgh Encyclopædia
| last = Brewster
| first = David
| author-link = David Brewster
| volume = 11
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cg4bAQAAMAAJ
| year = 1832
| publisher = J. and E. Parker
| page = 275}}This was known as 'privilege' or 'country trade'. This led to shipments of opium to China.
This act separated the revenue administration and the judiciary functions of the company leading to the disappearance of Maal Adalats (revenue courts).</ref>
#Revenue administration was separated from judicial responsibilities, which brought an end to the functioning of Maal Adalats, or revenue courts.

== Next charter act ==
The company's charter was next renewed by the [[East India Company Act 1813]] ([[53 Geo. 3]]. c. 155).

== Subsequent developments ==
The whole act was repealed by section 130 of, and the fourth schedule to, the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61), which came into force on 1 January 1916.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|act=Government of India Act 1915|type=act|year=Geo5/5-6|chapter=61}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[East India Company Act]]
* [[Regulating Act 1773]]
* [[East India Company Act 1784]]
* [[East India Company Act 1813]]
* [[Government of India Act 1833]]
* [[Government of India Act 1858]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{GB legislation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1793]]
[[Category:Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament]]
[[Category:1793 in India]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:East India Company Acts]]

{{india-hist-stub}}

ScatSat-1

2026-03-28T13:47:07Z

TrinaAshby9096: improve layout after review and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ScatSat-1
| names_list = Scatterometer Satellite-1
| image = PSLV-C35, SCATSAT-1 - Spacecraft ScatSat-1 in clean-room 01.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px
| mission_type = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2016-059H
| SATCAT = 41790
| website = {{url|https://www.isro.gov.in}}
| mission_duration = Planned: 5 years Achieved: {{time interval|26 September 2016 03:42|28 February 2021|show=ymd}}
| spacecraft =
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus = [[Indian Mini Satellite bus|IMS-2]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|371|kg}}
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 750 [[watt]]s
| launch_date = 26 September 2016, 03:42 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]], [[PSLV-C35]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]. [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad (FLP)]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| entered_service = 15 December 2016
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact = 28 February 2021
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|724|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|741|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 98.1°
| orbit_period = 99.2 minutes
| apsis = gee
| instruments = OceanSat Scatterometer-2 (OSCAT-2)
| programme = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation satellites series]]
| previous_mission = [[Cartosat-2C]]
| next_mission = [[Resourcesat-2A]]
}}

'''ScatSat-1''' (Scatterometer Satellite-1) was a satellite providing [[weather forecasting]], [[Cyclone|cyclone prediction]], and tracking services to India. It has been developed by [[ISRO Satellite Centre]], [[Bangalore]] whereas its payload was developed by [[Space Applications Centre]], [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/feat.php?feature=Special%20Section:%20SCATSAT-1&featid=10116|title=Special Section: SCATSAT-1}}</ref> The satellite carries a [[Ku band|Ku-band]] [[scatterometer]] similar to the [[Oceansat-2]] which became dysfunctional after its life span of four-and-a-half years. India was dependent on [[NASA]]'s [[ISS-RapidScat]] for prediction of cyclone forecasting and weather prediction.<ref name="cyclone">{{cite news
|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-building-cyclone-predicting-mini-satellite-at-sac/|title=To predict cyclone, ISRO to build advanced satellite|newspaper=The Indian Express
|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=February 8, 2016|author=Nair, Avinash|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref> The data generated by this mini-satellite are used by National Aeronautics and Space Administration ([[NASA]]), [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites]] (EUMETSAT) and [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA).

== Instruments ==
The designated primary instrument of the satellite was a [[scatterometer]] (OSCAT) which was similar to the instrument launched with Oceansat-2. The satellite was built around a standard [[Indian Mini Satellite bus|IMS-2]] bus and the mass of the satellite was {{cvt|371|kg}}. The weight of the scatterometer was {{cvt|110|kg}}.<ref name="cyclone"/> This satellite measured the wind speed and its direction over the ocean.

== Development ==
[[Space Applications Centre]] (ASC) of ISRO was responsible for development of the instrument whereas [[ISRO Satellite Centre]], [[Bangalore]] was responsible for the bus. ScatSat-1 was being built at 60% of the actual production cost and one-third of the actual predicted time.<ref name="better">{{cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/45195/isro-scatsat-to-predict-cyclones/|title=New ISRO Satellite to Predict Cyclones Being Built at 60% the Actual Cost, in One Third of the Time|publisher=thebetterindia.com|date=February 6, 2016|access-date=February 8, 2016|author=Singh, Tanaya}}</ref> It was built using leftover parts of other satellite missions.<ref>{{cite news|title=How ISRO is "recycling" to build a cost-effective satellite at 60% the cost and one-third the time|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-isro-is-recycling-to-build-a-cost-effective-satellite-at-60-the-cost-and-one-third-the-time-2613750.html|access-date=16 November 2017|publisher=Firstpost|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

== Launch ==
The satellite was launched on 26 September 2016, at 03:42 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], from the first launch pad (FLP) of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]] (SHAR) and launched by the [[PSLV-C35]] [[launch vehicle]] the first multi-burn technology used by ISRO.<ref name="scatsat">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/scatsat-1.htm|title=ScatSat-1|access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref> The [[Small satellite|microsatellites]] [[Alsat-1B]], [[AlSat-2B]] and [[BlackSky Pathfinder-1]], and [[Small satellite|nanosatellites]] AlSat-1N, NLS-19, [[PISat]] and [[Pratham]] were launched along with ScatSat-1.<ref name="c35">{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/scatsat-1/|title=ScatSat-1 (Scatterometer Satellite-1)}}</ref> It has been the longest [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) mission until date.

== ScatSat-1 data ==
ScatSat-1 data are made available to the public through via [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] from the [[MOSDAC|Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archive Center]], an e-portal maintained by [[Space Applications Centre|Space Application Centre]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).

Near-real time level two ocean wind vectors on a {{cvt|25|/|50|km}} swath grid, based on the backscatter measurements of the ScatSat-1 are available through the e-portal of [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites|EUMETSAT]].

== End of mission ==
Data services of ScatSat-1 were discontinued after an irrecoverable [[Traveling-wave tube|TWTA]] instrument failure occurred on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=JV |date=13 April 2021 |title=ISRO Report on Current Missions and Future Plans Presented to CGMS-49 Working Group III session |url=https://www.cgms-info.org/Agendas/GetWpFile.ashx?wid=629992fb-9647-4a54-913e-56efc5e5e3c7&aid=09cc6528-8c24-462a-84a9-80a477555fa1 |quote=Stopped operations on Feb. 28, 2021 due to redundant chain malfunction. Detailed analysis is ongoing.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=P. K. |date=23 April 2021 |title=ISRO highlights and issues in dataset and products Presented to CGMS-49 WG-II Session, Agenda 2 |url=https://www.cgms-info.org/Agendas/GetWpFile.ashx?wid=515ce2d9-8856-439f-8f37-d8139492a064&aid=d448bfb3-0c43-4543-a999-11486876ed20 |quote=Re-processing of Scatsat-1 data in v1.1.4 since June 20, 2019 completed (after Main chain TWTA failure) and data from Fairbanks station went into operational chain since August 2020. Anomaly observed in the on-board system of the redundant chain of Scatsat-1 since first week of March 2021. Analysis is being carried out.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OSI SAF ScatSat-1 OSCAT Wind Products |url=https://scatterometer.knmi.nl/scasa_25_prod/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410133430/https://scatterometer.knmi.nl/scasa_25_prod/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=scatterometer.knmi.nl |quote=All ScatSat-1 services are discontinued following an irrecoverable instrument failure on 28 February 2021.}}</ref> The spacecraft was decommissioned on 26 Sep 2024, exactly 8 years after its launch following electrical passivation. It was [[Atmospheric entry|de-orbited]] with 12 orbital manoeuvres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR) for 2024 Released |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISSAR_2024.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[QuikSCAT]]
* [[Oceansat-1]]
* [[Oceansat-2]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/ ScatSat-1}}
* [http://mosdac.gov.in/data/scatviewer.jsp ScatSat-1 picture gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031213014/http://mosdac.gov.in/data/scatviewer.jsp |date=31 October 2016 }}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2016}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2016]]
[[Category:Mini satellites of India]]
[[Category:Weather satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Oceanographic satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2021]]

Mariam-uz-Zamani

2026-03-27T10:32:23Z

TrinaAshby9096: brief enhance article as per guidelines additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Empress Consort of Mughal Emperor Akbar}}

{{distinguish|Jagat Gosain}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = {{noitalic|{{ubl|[[Empress consort]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]|[[Queen mother]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]|[[Princess|Rajkumari]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]]}}}}
| consort = yes
| name = Mariam-uz-Zamani
| moretext =
| image = File:Jodhbai.jpg
| caption = Artistic depiction of Mariam-uz-Zamani
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| birth_name = Harkha Bai
| birth_date = {{circa|1545}}
| birth_place = Amer, [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1623|5|19|1542|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Agra]],<ref name=Beveridge1909>{{cite book|title = The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr, Volume 2|year=1909|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London|page=261|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first2= Henry|editor-last2=Beveridge}}</ref> [[Agra Subah]], Mughal Empire
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Akbar]]|1562|27 October 1605|end= d.}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[#Birth of twins|Hassan Mirza]]{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=133}}<ref name=:100 />
* [[#Birth of twins|Hussain Mirza]]{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=133}}<ref name=:100 />
* [[Jahangir]]
}}
| full name = Wali Nimat Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba<ref name=Sujan />
| father = [[Bharmal|Raja Bharmal]] of [[Jaipur State|Amer]]
| mother = Rani Champavati [[Chaulukya dynasty|Solanki]]
| dynasty = {{plainlist|
* [[Kachwaha]] (by birth)
* [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]/[[Moghul dynasty|Moghul]] (by marriage)
}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]], Sikandra, Agra
}}

'''Mariam-uz-Zamani''' ({{lit|[[Mary in Islam|Mary]]/Compassionate of the Age}};<ref name=Mukhia2004>{{cite book |last=Mukhia|first= Harbans|title=India's Islamic Traditions, Islam in Kashmir (Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century)|date=2004|publisher=The Medieval History Journal, New Delhi|location=New Delhi [India]|page=126}}</ref> 1545– 19 May 1623), commonly known by the [[misnomer]] '''Jodha Bai''',<ref name=cohen /> was the [[Empress consort|chief consort]], principal wife{{efn|name=birth}} and the favourite wife of the third Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]].<ref name=farishta /><ref name="Mehta">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PG189 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=222 |language=en |quote=Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Rajput custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on the sociocultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), the heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August 1569.}}</ref><ref name=:05 /><ref name=fav12>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhary|first1=S.N. Roy|title=Restoration of Split Milk|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|page=77|quote=The mother of Jahangir was a pious Hindu princess, the most favorite queen of Akbar|year=2011|isbn=978-81-212-1046-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahloowalia |first=B. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_q_MjupOIC&dq=Akbar+1599+agra+capital&pg=PA129 |title=Invasion of the Genes: Genetic Heritage of India |date=2009 |page=130|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-60860-691-7 |language=en}}</ref> She was also the longest-serving Hindu empress of the [[Mughal Empire]] with a tenure of forty-three years (1562–1605).{{sfn|Findly|1988|pp=229, 233}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhbDSXbbksC&q=mariam+uz+zamani |title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02217-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Born as a Rajput princess,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aftab|first1=Tahera|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography & Research Guide|date=2008|publisher=Brill Publishers|location=Leiden|page=44}}</ref>{{efn|name=birth|Professor Ellison Banks Findly notes that the reason for the absence of her background in historical accounts has been on the account of bigotry and she was Hindu by birth, eldest daughter of Raja Bihari Mal and that her name has been suppressed by historians out of prejudice.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=229}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1542722|title=Harking back: Mystery of the Rajput empress Mariam Zamani|date=22 March 2020 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>}} she was married to Akbar by her father, [[Bharmal|Raja Bharmal]] of [[Jaipur State|Amer]] due to political exigencies.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: from Sultanate to the Mughals|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|pages=111–112|edition=Revised}}</ref><ref name=Bonnie /> Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in the latter's religious and social policies. She is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as exemplifying both Akbar's tolerance of religious differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire.<ref name=Bonnie /> She was said to possess uncommon beauty<ref name=ManuS>{{cite book|last1=Pillai |first1=Manu S.|title=The Courtesan The Mahatma And The Italian Brahmin Tales From Indian History |publisher=Westland Publications Limited|year=2019|url=https://archive.org/details/the-courtesan-the-mahatma-and-the-italian-brahmin-tales-from-indian-history/page/n51/mode/2up?q=Mariam+Zamani}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi|date=1829|editor-first=Mahor David|editor-last=Price}}</ref> and was widely known for both her grace and intellect. She occupied an important place in Akbar's harem and was senior-ranking wife of Akbar who in the words of [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], commanded a high rank in the imperial harem.<ref name= Fazl1>{{cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=Ain-I-Akbari|year=1590|volume=3|page=49|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55650/page/n91/mode/2up?q=49|quote=When the world-conquering armies had been deputed, the Shāhinshāh proceeded stage by stage. On the day that he reached Sirohī, Mādhū* Singh and a number of men were sent to fetch that nursling of fortune's garden, Shahzāda Sultān Daniel, who had been conveyed from Ajmīr to Amber, so that he might be brought back to Ajmīr, and might come under the shadow of the Presence. In order to do honour to Rajah Bhagwān Das, his auspicious sister, who held high rank in the imperial harem, was sent off in order so that she might be present at the mourning for her brother Bhūpat, who had fallen in the battle of Sarnāl.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref>

Mariam-uz-Zamani is described as an intellectual,<ref name="Akbarnama" /> amiable, kind<ref name=gen>{{cite book|last1=Badayuni|first1=Abdul Qadir|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh|volume=III|date=1590}}</ref> and auspicious woman<ref name= Fazl1/> who held many privileges during her time as empress consort and queen mother of the Mughal Empire.<ref name=MuniLal>{{harvnb|Lal|1980|p=104}}: "With a blue-blooded Rajput princess in the harem, there came about a radical change in the style of life in the palace and at the court.' Jodha Bai was as good-looking as she was tactful. Warm-hearted liberalism added lustre to her physical charm. Akbar respected her. So did everybody else. Maham Anga, in particular, became very fond of her. Soon she became a centre around which life in the palace revolved. Akbar (king of hindustan) often consulted her on important matters; her responses were invariably high-minded and above partisanship. An equation of complete trust gradually developed between the two. The future greatness of Akbar was in no small measure due to the large-heartedness of Jodha Bai. With a lesser person in her place, the story of the reign of Akbar might have been different."</ref> She was the favourite and an influential consort of Akbar who had substantial personal wealth and was regarded as one of the wealthiest women of her time.<ref name=:07/><ref name=oxford>{{cite book|title = The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=4|page=656|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|editor-first=Bonnie G.|editor-last=Smith}}</ref><ref name=farishta>{{cite book|last1=Hindu Shah|first1=Muhammad Qasim|title=Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi|volume=2|date=1569–1612|page=143|quote=Akbur, after this conquest, made a pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, the favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim.|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-1/page/n579/mode/2up?q=143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Ahmad Nabi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.69947 |title=Pakistan archaeology no.7 |date=1970 |pages=123}}</ref><ref name=imp>{{Cite book |last=Havell |first=E. B. (Ernest Binfield) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofaryanru00have |title=The history of Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar |date=1918 |publisher=New York, Frederick A. Stokes company |others=The Library of Congress |pages=463}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture |date=2004 |others=Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |pages=148 |oclc=61751123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava. A.l. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131063 |title=A Short History Of The Akbar The Great |date=1957 |pages=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammada |first=Malika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300 |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2007 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3 |pages=300 |language=en}}</ref> She is regarded as the most prodigious woman trader of the Mughal empire who helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade.<ref name=Findly10/><ref name=:08/>{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=232}} She was the mother of Akbar's eldest surviving son and eventual successor, [[Jahangir]], and the grandmother of [[Shah Jahan]].

==Name, titles and background==

Mariam-uz-Zamani was born in 1545 as a daughter to Raja [[Bharmal]] of [[Jaipur State|Amer]] by his wife Rani Champavati, daughter of Rao Ganga [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]].<ref>L. McJannet, Bernadette Andrea, ''Early Modern England and Islamic Worlds'' (2011), p.106</ref><ref>C. M. Agrawal, ''Akbar and his Hindu officers: a critical study'' (1986), p.27</ref><ref name="sarkar43">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |orig-year=1984 |edition=Reprinted |year=1994 |title=A History of Jaipur |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |pages=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA31}}</ref> Her paternal grandparents were Raja [[Prithviraj Singh I]] and Apurva Devi, a daughter of [[Lunkaran|Rao Lunkaran]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1994|p = 31-4}}

[[File:Mariam-uz-ZamaniPortrait.jpg|thumb|Mariam-uz-Zamani's artistic illustration]]

Her birth name is unknown.<ref name=Bonnie>{{cite book|last1=chief|first1=Bonnie G. Smith|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of women in world history|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [England]|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/656 656]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/656}}</ref> Later historical accounts give several suggestions for her birth name. In an 18th-century genealogy of her clan (the [[Kachwaha]]s) for example, she is referred to as ' '''Harkhan Champavati''' '.<ref name=Bonnie/> Other names provided by various sources include '''Harkha Bai''',<ref name=":0"/> '''Jiya Rani''', '''Maanmati bai''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture |date=2004 |others=Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |pages=143 |oclc=61751123}}</ref> '''Harika Bai''', '''Hira Kunwari''',<ref name=Paul>{{cite book|last1=Manuel|first1= Paul Christopher|last2=Lyon|first2=Alynna|last3=Wilcox|first3=Clyde|title=Religion and Politics in a Global Society|date=2013|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Plymouth [England]|page=68}}</ref> '''Heer Kunwari''', '''Shahi-Bai''' and '''Shahi Begum'''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A history of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=80362053}}</ref>

She was bestowed an honorific Muslim name, ''''Wali Nimat Begum'''' ({{lit}} 'Blessings of God') by Akbar, in 1564, after two years of her marriage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Srivastava|first1=Ashirbadi Lal| title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|date=1947|volume=7|page=368}}</ref> She was given the high honor of being titled as ''''Mariam-uz-Zamani'''' ({{lit}} 'Mary/Compassionate of the Age') by Akbar on the occasion of birth of their son, [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Verma|first1=Chob Singh|title=Splendour of Fatehpur Sikri|date=1999|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PG189 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=374 |language=en}}</ref> This was the title by which she was referred to in contemporary Mughal chronicles, including Jahangir's autobiography, the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]''.{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p = 78}} Apart from the title of Mariam-uz-Zamani, she also bore two more glorious titles of ''''Mallika-e-Muezamma'''' ({{lit}} 'Exalted Empress')<ref name=Lal>{{cite book|first=Muni|last=Lal|title=Akbar|year=1977|pages=133|publisher=V.P. House Private ltd., Delhi}}</ref> and ''''Mallika-e-Hindustan'''' ({{lit}} 'Empress of Hindustan').<ref name=Lal/> She was commonly referred as ''''[[Shahbanu|Shahi Begum]]'''' ({{lit}} '[[Empress consort|Imperial consort]]') throughout her reign.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine Blanshard|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&q=maryam+zamani+mosque&pg=PA117|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="SB">{{cite book |last1=Badayuni |first1=Abdul Qadir |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh |date=1590 |volume=2 |page=112}}</ref> She would officially use the name ''Wali Nimat Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba''.<ref name=Sujan>{{cite book|last1=Sujan Rai|first1=Bhandari|author-link=Sujan Rai Bhandari |title=Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh|date=1695|publisher=Zafar Hasan|page=374}}</ref>

==Erroneous identification==
[[File:Bishan Das. The Birth of Prince, ca 1610-15, Page from Jahangirnama, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (cropped).jpg |thumb| Mariam-uz-Zamani rests on bed after giving birth to prince [[Jahangir|Salim]], painting from ''[[Jahangirnama]]'', c. 1610-15]]
=== The misnomer of Jodha Bai ===
During the rule of Emperor Akbar, he issued a decree that prohibited the mention of the names of women of his [[Mughal Harem|seraglio]] in public. This was due to the high regard and sanctity placed upon Mughal women, such that even their names were not to be spoken aloud. Instead, they were to be referred to, using an epithet that denoted their place of birth, country, or city where they were first viewed with affection by the Emperor. This practice was intended to preserve the privacy and honour of these women, who were considered important members of the royal household,<ref name=:25/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon A Fable |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/once-upon-a-fable/236712 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Outlook India|date=5 February 2022 }}</ref> hence Mariam Zamani had been addressed as the daughter of [[Raja Bharmal]]<ref name="Akbarnama" /> or sister of [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]]<ref name="Fazl1"/> in Akbarnama. Her son, Salim referred to her by her title, Hazrat Mariam-uz-Zamani in his chronicles. This led to the confusion and freedom exercised by various historians to guess and speculate her birth name.

The name by which she is most popularly known in modern times is ''' 'Jodha Bai' '''.<ref name="Bonnie" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="ManuS"/> The name 'Jodha Bai' was first used to Mariam-uz-Zamani in [[James Tod|James Tod's]] ''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan'', a colonialist history written in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jhala|first1=Angma Dey|title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India|date=2011|publisher=Pickering & Chatto Limited|page=119}}</ref> This naming appears to have been an error, given that it implies a relationship with the royal family of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], rather than that with the Rajas of Amber.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Ramananda|title=The Modern Review, Volume 112|date=1962|publisher=Prabasi Press Private Limited|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gTSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+very+name+of+Jodha+Bai+suggests+that+she+was+a+princess+of+Jodhpur,+whereas+all+%22}}</ref> Instead, it is assumed that 'Jodha Bai' or 'Jodh Bai' in fact refers to the wife of Jahangir, [[Jagat Gosain]], the daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Raja Udai Singh]] of Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandra |first=Satish |date=1 July 2008 |title=Jodha Bai—Who Is She? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/037698360803500214 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=237–239 |doi=10.1177/037698360803500214 |s2cid=148336450 |issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="ToI_2007_Trade_Invasion">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Trade_not_invasion_brought_Islam_to_India/articleshow/2144414.cms| title=Trade, not invasion brought Islam to India|author=Atul Sethi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2007| access-date=15 February 2008}}</ref>

===Misidentification as Christian===
Mariam-uz-Zamani's identity has been throughout centuries falsely inferred as Christian primarily on the pretext of her title, 'Mariam', and the absence of her background details from official Mughal chronicles giving rise to speculation about her race and religion.<ref name=:05>{{cite book|last=Ashirbadi Lal|first=Srivastava|title=Medieval Indian Culture|year=1964|publisher=Universal Publications|page=184|url=
https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241622/page/183/mode/2up}}</ref> It was presumed by various writers that since she was named Mariam, she must have been a Christian woman. However Islam reveres [[Mary in Islam|Mary or Mariam]] as their own. Maryam is the only woman named in their holy book [[Quran]] and as per Muslims, she was the greatest woman to ever live. This signifies the honour bestowed upon the empress and her distinguished rank as Akbar's wife as a title with an identical name, '[[Hamida Banu Begum|Mariam Makani]]' was bestowed over Akbar's mother by Akbar.

According to Edmund Smith, the story of Salim's mother being of Christian origin was started by some visitors of Fatehpur Sikri who expressed the idea that the painting in Mariam's house at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] represented annunciation and therefore believed that Mariam must have been a Christian, however, the liberal historian of Akbar, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] makes no mention of her being Christian or Akbar ever having a Christian wife. Additionally [[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]], a chronicle written in the Mughal era, explicitly states Mariam-uz-Zamani as a daughter of [[Raja Bharmal]], therefore putting end to the supposition of her being a Christian.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://archive.org/details/biostor-281458/page/72/mode/2up
| title = The Mother of Jahángir
| last = Shyamal Das
| first = Mahamopadhyaya Kaviraja
| date = 1888
| via = archive.org
| publisher = Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal
| access-date = 2 February 2024
| quote = Q. 5. Was Jahángir's mother (a) the daughter or (b) the granddaughter of Bhár Mall ? (a) Jahángír's mother was the elder daughter of Rájá Bhar Mall Kachhwáhá of Amber (Jaipur). She had been married to Akbar, according to Abu-l-Fazl, ft at Sambhar in H. 969 (A. D. 1562). Like Abu-l-Fazl, the other Muhammadan authors have, through prejudice, omitted the name of this lady in their narrative of Jahángir's birth. But Munshi Suján Rái who is considered a reliable authority by the Persian authors, and most likely derived the information relating to Jahángírs birth from the contemporaries of Akbar and Jahangir, plainly says in his. KAulásatu-t-Tawirtkh.t that Jahangir was born of the daughter of Raja Bhar Mall Kachhwáhá, in H. 977 (A. D. 1570), which is also the uniform statement of the Mirát-i- Aftáb Numa,§ the Siyaru-l-Mutakhirin, and the Tdrtkh-1-Rashidu-d-din Khan. The historians of Ráj'pütáná likewise agree in stating Jahangir to have been born of an Amber princess. }}</ref> It was not only that the painting in Sonahra Makan may have led to speculation of her as Christian but the name Maryam (Mary) has also led weight to the theory of "Christian wife" however Maryam is a common name among Muslims and Maryam-uz-Zamani (Mary of Age) was conferred upon her on the birth of her son, prince Salim.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Dr. J. Ph.|title=Annual Report Archaeological Survey Of India 1910-II|year=1910|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, India|page=94|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207520/page/n201/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Edmund W.|title=Mughal Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri|year=1973|publisher= Indological Book|location=Delhi|volume=I|page=31}}</ref> For the verification of the assertion of her association with Christianity, Edmund Smith had her crypt opened to find out whether [[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani|the tomb]] was that of a Christian lady, but he did not find any trace of the cross.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Ashirbadi Lal |first=Srivastava |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241622/page/203/mode/2up?q=Mariam-uz-Zamani%27s+tomb |title=Medieval Indian Culture |publisher=Universal Publications |year=1964 |pages=204–205}}</ref>

==Marriage and relationship with Akbar==
[[File:AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam-uz-Zamani]]

Mariam-uz-Zamani's marriage was the result of a conflict between her father and Akbar's brother-in-law, Sharif-ud-din Mirza, the [[Hakim (title)#Hākim (حاكم)|Hakim]] of [[Mewat]]. Raja Bharmal had been facing harassment at Sharif-ud-din's hands, on account of his conflict with Sujamal. Bharmal agreed to pay peshkash and had given his son and Mariam-uz-Zamani's full brother, Jagannath, and two nephews, Raj Singh, son of [[Askaran|Raja Askaran]] and Khangar, son of Jagmal, as hostages but Sharif-ud-din wished to destroy him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|pages=35 & 43}}</ref> So he approached Akbar to request his intervention. The Emperor agreed to mediate on the condition of Raja Bharmal's submission, as well as the suggestion that his daughter be given to Akbar in marriage.<ref name=":0" />

Raja Bharmal then espoused his gentle daughter, who was veiled in chastity, in honourable wedlock to Emperor Akbar, and she was subsequently enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts.<ref name=NT>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad |first=Nizamuddin |title=Tabaqat-i-Akbari |year=1936 |volume=II |pages=258|quote=When he arrived in the town of Sambar, Raja Bihari Mai, who was one of the renowned Rajas of that country, came with his son, Bhagwan Das, and entered the imperial service, with great loyalty and sincere devotion; and was honoured with various favours and royal benefactions; and his daughter, who was veiled in chastity, was ennobled by a marriage with His Majesty, and was enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2532/page/n267/mode/2up?q=258}}</ref><ref name=:11>{{Cite book |last=Badayuni |first=Abdul Qadir |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh |year=1884 |volume=2|quote=Raja Bharmal then espoused his gentle daughter to Emperor Akbar in honourable wedlock.|page=45|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196147/page/n67/mode/2up}}</ref> Akbarnama quotes, "Raja Bharmal introduced his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion."<ref name=Akbarnama/>

The marriage, thus, a political one, took place amidst proper festivity on 6 February 1562, while Akbar was on his way back to Agra from Ajmer (after offering prayers at the [[tomb of Moinuddin Chishti]]) at the imperial military camp in [[Sambhar, Rajasthan]], instead of the bride's natal home. As per Abu'l Fazl, Akbar accepted the marriage proposal of the daughter of Raja Bharmal due to a divine vision he had at Ajmer Sharif. The Amber princess's marriage provided her family's powerful support throughout the reign.<ref name= Smith6>{{cite book|last=Smith|first= Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar the Great Mogul|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|year=1917|isbn=978-0-89563-471-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n83 58]}}</ref>

The youthful Rajput princess in due time became not only the first lady of the empire but also a much-cherished, much-admired and much-loved object of the Emperor's heart. A true and honourable wife, she became the mother of Prince Salim in 1569 and thereafter, her ascendency to a unique place in the royal palace dazzled every eye. When Akbar initiated his high-minded experiment in the equality of all religions, she became a living symbol of liberalism both in religious and state affairs. She had a surfeit of intelligence, wit and female magnetism that charmed Akbar. Lack of vanity was the ornament she wore with almost divine grace. In the youth, in middle age and later when passion was no more than a pleasant memory, she was a perfect companion to the monarch.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Mughal Glory|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd|date=1988|pages=58–59}}</ref>

Views of eminent historians about their marriage:

{{Blockquote|text="Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere, and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on the socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar."|author=[[Jarava Lal Mehta|Historian J.L. Mehta]]|source=''Advanced study in the history of medieval India''(1981)<ref name=Mehta />}}

{{Blockquote|text="The heavenly reward, was not long in coming... Raja Bihari Mal of Jaipur arrived to seek a military alliance with the Mughals, and in the pledge of his loyalty, offered his eldest daughter in marriage to Akbar. The Emperor, still under the spiritual spell of Ajmer, thought the offer part of some grand design of the Khwaja and accepted it without hesitation... Jodha Bai entered the harem as a Hindu, not as a Muslim. The insistence on conversion was waived at the instance of her father. A small, exquisite temple was built within the four walls of the fort; she went there every morning to pray and also perhaps to underline her identity as a proud Rajput. With a blue-blooded Rajput princess in the harem, there came about a radical change in the style of life in the palace and at the court. Jodha Bai was as good-looking as she was tactful. Warm-hearted liberalism added lustre to her physical charm. Akbar respected her. So did everybody else. Maham Anaga, in particular, became very fond of her. Soon she became the centre around which life in the palace revolved. Akbar often consulted her on important matters; her responses were invariably high-minded and above partisanship. An equation of complete trust gradually developed between the two. The future greatness of Akbar was in no small measure due to the large-heartedness of Jodha Bai. With a lesser person in her place, the story of the reign of Akbar might have been different."<ref>{{cite book|first=Muni|last=Lal|title=Akbar|date=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n113/mode/2up?q=Jodha+bai}}</ref>|source= Muni Lal, 1980 }}

{{Blockquote|text="No marriage in medieval Indian history was, politically, so happy and fruitful, as the one contracted by Akbar with the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer in January 1562. It symbolized the dawn of a new era in Indian politics; it gave the country a line of remarkable sovereigns; it secured to four generations of Mughal Emperors the services of some of the greatest captains and diplomats that medieval India produced."<ref>{{cite book|first=Beni|last=Prasad|title=History of Jahangir |date=1930|page= 2|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009}}</ref>|author=Dr. Beni Prasad|source=History of Jahangir}}

{{Blockquote|text="It was indeed, in more than one way, a marriage made in heaven. Not only was the princess of Amber to become a highly respected Qadasi Arkani Mariam-uz-Zamani (the pillar of purity, Mary of Age), the queen mother of Akbar's firstborn son and later successor: this marriage also sealed the mighty Rajput-Mughal alliance that would become the backbone of Akbar's military power and the very foundation of Mughal Empire. In itself, there was nothing unusual about Hindu kings offering their daughters to Muslim rulers as a token of their submission, but Akbar's attitude towards his wife and her family was significantly different. Contrary to the usual practice, he did not ask her to convert to Islam but allowed her to maintain a Hindu shrine in the imperial residence, he occasionally would participate in the Hindu festivities. Her relatives were not treated as mere vassals, but as true allies, friends, and family members, in every respect, equal or superior to the leading Muslim amirs. In short, Akbar's alliance with the Rajput house of Amber was the very cornerstone upon which his military might and the internal cohesion of his empire was founded."|author=Dirk Collier|source=''The Great Mughals and their India''}}

==Family advancement==
Mariam-uz-Zamani's family became some of the highest-ranking nobles in Akbar's court.<ref name=rank>{{Cite book |last=Fazl |first=Abul |title=The Akbarnama |year=1910 |publisher=ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL |page=36| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.469730/page/n37/mode/2up?q=High+rank}}</ref> The Rajas of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] especially benefited from their close association with the Mughals and acquired immense wealth and power. Her family was held in high esteem by Akbar for their unmatchable courage, devotion, and loyalty all of which greatly endeared to the Emperor. Of twenty-seven Rajputs in [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]] list of [[mansabdar]]s, thirteen were of the Amber clan, and some of them rose to positions as high as that of imperial princes.

[[File:20191219 Fort Amber, Amer, Jaipur 0955 9481.jpg|thumb|[[Amber Fort]], native home of Mariam-uz-Zamani]]

After her marriage to Akbar, her father, [[Bharmal|Raja Bharmal]], was immediately made the commander of 5000 cavalry units, the highest rank that could be held by the noble in the court.<ref name=rank/> In the year 1585 Mariam-uz-Zamani's brother, [[Bhagwant Das]], became commander of 5000 cavalry units and bore the proud title [[Amir al-umara|Amir-ul-Umra]] (Chief Noble). His son, [[Man Singh I]], rose even higher to become commander of 7000 forces, the first to hold that rank in Akbar's reign, and it was only later that Akbar's foster brother [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] was raised to the same rank.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Aziz |last=Ahmad |url=http://archive.org/details/StudiesInIslamicCultureInTheIndianE |title=Studies In Islamic Culture In The Indian E |date=31 December 2014 |pages=103 |language=English}}</ref> Akbar referred to Raja Man Singh farzand (son).{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p = 146}} Even Raja Bihari Mal was denied that eminent rank, he did not cross the five thousand mark. However, it may be of interest that of the four hundred and sixteen Mansabdars of Akbar, only forty-seven were Rajputs, and the aggregate of their quotas amounted to fifty-three thousand horses. Of these, seventeen held Mansabs of from two thousand to five thousand and thirty from one hundred to two thousand. The princes of Amber, Marwar, Bikaner, Bundi, Jaisalmer and Bundelkhand held Mansabs of above one thousand, but Amber alone held the dignity of five thousand.{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=134}} His equation with the Amber Raja and his nephew Man Singh was conditioned in no small measure by his tenderness, tantamounting almost to love, for Mariam Zamani.{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=143}}

[[Akbar]]'s respect for the family of Mariam-uz-Zamani was profound. As per Badani, Akbar shared an intimate relationship with the Amer clan. After the death of the fiancé of one of the daughters of [[Raja Bharmal]] and younger sister of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Sukanya, in the Battle of [[Paronkh]] in October 1562, Akbar personally took responsibility for her marriage to a Rajput clan and adopted her as her own daughter.<ref>{{cite report |first=Badani|last=Professor|title=Akbar's intimate relationship with Rajput clan|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|date=1990}}</ref> To honour them, he visited her native town, Amer, in the year 1569 and enjoyed the largesse bestowed over him by his in-laws. During this time, Mariam-uz-Zamani was into the fourth month of her pregnancy and thereafter was shortly delivered with Salim. Abul Fazl notes that his stay in Amer was of a month and a half and Akbar was showered with several noticeable gifts.

Mariam-uz-Zamani also arranged the marriage of the [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|daughter of her brother]], Raja Bhagwant Das, to [[Jahangir|Salim]] on 13 February 1585. Man bai became the first and chief consort of Prince Salim. For this marriage Akbar personally visited the town of Amer and as a token of respect for her family carried the palanquin of her daughter-in-law on his shoulders for some distance. The gifts given by Mariam Zamani to the bride and bride-groom were valued at twelve lakh rupees.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Mughal Glory|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd|date=1988|page=87}}</ref> Man Bai later became the mother to Akbar's favourite grandson, [[Khusrau Mirza]],{{sfn|Smith|1917|p=225}}{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=273}} and received the prestigious title of '[[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]]'.{{Sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p=56}}

==Religion, style and birth of children==
Akbar, at the insistence of Raja Bharmal, did not convert the princess to [[Islam]] and permitted her to perform Hindu rituals in her palace.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=136}} Although the marriage was a result of a political alliance, the two are believed to have gradually developed an intimate and affectionate bond. Akbar also participated in the [[worship|pooja]] performed by the empress.<ref>{{cite web|title='Love Jihad', Mughals, Propaganda: Ira Mukhoty Responds|date=17 January 2021 |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Love-Jihad-Mughals-Propaganda-Ira-Mukhoty-Responds/}}</ref><ref name="Findly10">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |title=Mughal Women |publisher=American Oriental Society |pages=233|jstor=603650 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Emperors of the Peacock throne|first=Abraham|last=Eraly|page=136}}</ref> She gradually became his favourite wife. She was a devotee of Lord Shiva and Lord Krishna. The palace commissioned for her by Akbar in the imperial harem was decorated with paintings of Lord Krishna, and, gems and frescoes. Akbar also commissioned the [[Nilkanth temple (Mandu)|Nilkanth temple]] in the current day Mandu district of Madhya Pradesh, dedicated to Lord Shiva, in Islamic architecture. The Palace adjoining the Nilkanth temple, became the favourite place of retreat for her son, Emperor Jahangir.

Harka bai arrived at Akbar's court resplendent in the sensuous and excessively feminine style of the Rajput nobility.<ref name=:25/> She is illustrated to wear heavy, swinging, and gathered ghagra which would stop well above her ankle and a tightly fitting choli, tied at back with tasselled strings. Her head and shoulders were covered with an odhani but so translucent and fine that her bare midriff and arms were visible through that shimmering dupatta. Light would flicker against her heavy gold jewellery -swinging earrings, nose rings, clinging bracelets, and girdle of gold.
In a few years, the culture and dressing style of this Rajput princess influenced the Mughal dresses and etiquette of the Mughal court.<ref name=:25/> Cohen suggests that by including the textiles like bandhani in the royal paintings made in the region near the birthplace of Maryam Zamani, Akbar and Jahangir might be acknowledging her importance.<ref name=cohen>{{cite journal|title=The Emperor's Humbler Clothes: Textures of Courtly Dress in Seventeenth-Century South Asia|last=Houghteling|first=Sylvia|journal=Ars Orientalis |year=2017 |volume=47|page=103|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.005 |jstor=45238933 |s2cid=191885191 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Her roots were deeply embedded in the Rajput culture and style which was exhibited in her colourful and elaborated [[Dupatta|odhani]] or embroidered lehengas.

===Birth of twins===
On 19 October 1564, after two years of her marriage, Mariam-uz-Zamani gave birth to twin sons, Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain.{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=133}}<ref name=:100>{{Cite book |last=Foreign Department Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35314 |title=References In The Press To The Visit Of Their Royal Highnesses, The Prince And Princess Of Wales To India, 1905-06 |date=1905 |pages=421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Havell |first=E. B. (Ernest Binfield) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofaryanru00have |title=The history of the Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar |date=1918 |publisher=New York, Frederick A. Stokes company |others=The Library of Congress |pages=469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Havell EB |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9313 |title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co, London |others=Kerala State Library |pages=107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture |date=2004 |others=Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |pages=35 |oclc=61751123}}</ref> Akbar arrived in Agra on 9 October 1564 for the birth of twins.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=Ain-I-Akbari|year=1590|volume=1|page=49}}</ref> Both of them died within less than a month of their birth. Mirza Hussain died on 29 October 1564 and Mirza Hassan died on 5 November 1564. She was, however, honoured with the name of 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessing of God) by Akbar after giving birth to her twins.

Grief struck, Akbar took Mariam-uz-Zamani along with him after their sons' demise on his campaign, and during his return to Agra, he sought the blessings of [[Salim Chisti]], a reputed Khawaja who lived at [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Della|title=The 9th edition of the concise oxford Dictionary of English|year=1995|volume=7|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Akbar confided in [[Salim Chisti]] who assured him that he would be soon delivered of three sons who would live up to a ripe old age.

===Birth of Prince Salim===
Few years before the birth of [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]], Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani went barefoot on a pilgrimage to [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] to pray for a son.<ref name = AzizAhmad>{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|title=Studies of Islamic culture in the Indian Environment|year=1964|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Findly|1993|p=189}}: "Jahangir opened his memoirs with a tribute to the Sufi, calling him 'the fountainhead of most of the saints of India', and in late 1608 he recalled his father's pilgrimage with Mariam-uz-Zamani to Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti's shrine in hopes of sons by making his own pilgrimage to Akbar's tomb in Sikandra."</ref> In 1569, [[Akbar]] heard the news that his chief consort was expecting a child again and hoped for the first of the three sons that had been promised to him after the death of the twins by Khawaja [[Salim Chisti]]. The expectant empress was sent to the Salim Chisti humble dwelling in Fatehpur Sikri during the latter period of her pregnancy. [[Akbar]] himself travelled often from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri during her period of pregnancy to take care of the empress for whom a royal palace named Rang Mahal was constructed in [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Nizamuddin|title=Tabaqat-i-Akbari|date=1599|page=144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beni Prasad |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009 |title=History Of Jahangir 1930 |date=1930}}</ref>

During the time of Mariam-uz-Zamani's pregnancy with Salim, says Jahangir in his memoirs, the baby stopped kicking in the womb abruptly. When the matter was reported to Akbar, who was engaged in hunt of cheetahs at that time, vowed that if the baby resumes kicking, he would never hunt cheetahs on Fridays throughout his life and Jahangir further notes, that Akbar kept his vow throughout his life. Jahangir, too, in reverence for his father's vow, never hunted cheetahs on Friday.{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|pp=45–46}}

[[File:Birth of jahangir.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting describing the scene of the birth of [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]], seated next to Mariam Zamani on the chair is [[Hamida Banu Begum|Mariam Makani]], grandmother of Prince Salim.]]

On 31 August 1569, the empress gave birth to a boy who received the name, [[Jahangir|Salim]], in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast and festivities which were held up to seven days on the occasion of his birth and ordered the release of criminals with great offence. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his wife and son after forty-one days after his birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=H. |title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 |date=1907 |pages=502–506}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad Khwajah Nizamuddin |title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Vol-ii |date=1936 |pages=357–358}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=W. H. |title=Muntakhab - Ut - Tawarikh Vol. 2 |date=1884 |pages=112, 124}}</ref>

While meeting the empress after the birth of Salim, Akbar presented her with jewellery worth one lakh gold coins and gave a 'Rajvanshi pat' on her head expressing love.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Nandani|title=Rajasthan State Archives-Imperial records|date=1576}}</ref>{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=159}} She was subsequently given the high honour of being titled 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' (Mary/Compassionate of the Age).{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=133}} The ranks of [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]] and [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] were raised by two thousand horses each, and they were presented with robes of honour graded next only to those bestowed upon members of the royal family.{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=160}} Akbar broke his records of generosity by giving rich awards and extensive Jagirs to the elite of the court.

==As Empress of Hindustan==
She was referred as Queen of the country during her husband's reign<ref name=":14"/> and Queen Mother during the reign of her son. The Empress held a significant influence over Akbar.<ref name=RI /><ref name=imp/> Her high rank in the imperial harem provided her with substantial power and privilege.<ref name=:25/> Tirmizi proclaims it was her retirement as the Empress Consort of the Mughal Empire after the demise of her husband, Akbar that led to the decline of Rajput influence in the Mughal court.<ref name=:4/> She is described as a charismatic and adventurous woman{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=177}} having a high-spirited disposition and a taste for the unusual.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=150}} She commanded unreserved respect from all communities not only for her distinguished virtues of tolerance but also for her wide-ranging munificence and solicitude for the poor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Mughal Glory|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd|date=1988|page=59}}</ref>

[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] describes her with following words in Akbarnama, "Raja Bharmal's eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect".<ref name=Akbarnama>{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul |title=The Akbarnama |year=1907 |publisher=ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL |pages=242 |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Henry|volume=II|quote= In order to effect this purpose he thought of a special alliance, to wit that he should by means of those who had the right of entree introduce his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion. In as much as graciousness is natural to His Majesty the Shahinshah his petition was accepted and His Majesty sent him off from this station along with Caghatai Khan in order that he might arrange for this alliance, which is the material of the eternal glory of the family, and quickly bring his daughter.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649/page/n251/mode/2up}}</ref> Abul Fazl calls her "the choicest apple from the garden of paradise".{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=159}} Another contemporary Portuguese traveler, Thomas Roe, describes her as a 'great adventurer'.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=177}}

She is often considered, in tradition, as a major driving force and prime inspiration for Akbar's promotion of secularism.<ref name=lal9/> In the words of historian Lal, "The personality and beauty of Mariam-uz-Zamani were indeed partly responsible for Akbar's religious neutrality."{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=213}} She was an active partner in Akbar's search for Divine religion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Mughal Glory|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd|date=1988|page=63}}</ref> Nizamuddin Ahmad professes '' 'daughter of Raja Bihari Mal, who was veiled in chastity, was ennobled by a marriage with His Majesty and was enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts.' ''<ref name=NT/> [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Abdul Qadir Badayuni]] describes her as a woman with a gentle disposition.<ref name=:11/>

{{Blockquote|text=" In the perspective of my work, Harkha Bai's depiction has been particularly problematic... we forget many complicated and nuanced ways in which Harkha Bai influenced Akbar and the Mughal court. We ignore the cultural, culinary, artistic, and religious impact of this Rajput queen, reducing her instead to the usual, tired trope of a love interest of the central male figure. She has been terribly written out of history. She had an amazing life and went on to become a very influential, powerful, and wealthy woman. Her life was not a typical Mughal life of a queen that we imagine, of putting on ittar and perfume and changing clothes every hour."<ref>{{cite web|title=Transcending the Stereotypical Portrayal of Mughal Women|url=https://www.theperspectivemag.com/post/transcending-the-stereotypical-portrayal-of-mughal-women-with-ira-mukhoty|date=6 March 2021|access-date=27 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629161321/https://www.theperspectivemag.com/post/transcending-the-stereotypical-portrayal-of-mughal-women-with-ira-mukhoty|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=:07>{{cite web |title=Ruby Lal and Ira Mukhoty on the powerful women of Mughal Empire |date=25 January 2019 |url=https://www.indianwomenblog.org/authors-ruby-lal-and-ira-mukhoty-on-the-powerful-women-of-the-mughal-empire/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809142341/https://www.indianwomenblog.org/authors-ruby-lal-and-ira-mukhoty-on-the-powerful-women-of-the-mughal-empire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|author=Ira Mukhoty|source=The Perspective Magazine}}

Akbar had commissioned several palaces for her in Fatehpur Sikri, Mandu, Lahore, and Agra.<ref name=lal9>{{cite book|first=Muni|last=Lal|title=Akbar|year=1977|publisher=V.P. House Private ltd., Delhi}}</ref> In Agra, her palace of residence is believed to be [[Jahangiri Mahal]], constructed by Akbar for his Hindu wives. When Akbar moved his court to [[Fatehpur Sikri]] in 1571, she resided in one of the most magnificent and beautiful palaces of Fatehpur Sikri which was built in the Zenana complex. This palace was built as per Rajasthani architecture. This palace commonly known as [[Jodha Bai Mahal]] was also internally connected to the Khawabgah of Akbar. Her palace was decorated with paintings of Lord Krishna and in its time is reported to be studded with gems and frescoes. This palace also includes a temple used by the empress for her prayers and a Tulsi math. Jodha Bai's Mahal was a masterpiece with its commotion of Indian and Persian architecture. This was the biggest residential palace in the city, and to this day it stands, though in ruins, as a monument of Akbar's love for the Amber princess.{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=179}}

[[File: Fatehpur Sikri 120.JPG|thumb|Khawabgah of Mariam-uz-Zamani within her palace in Fatehpur Sikri, commonly known as [[Jodha bai Palace]].]]
Her palace in Mandu called [[Nilkanth temple (Mandu)]] or as recorded by Jahangir in his biography, [[Imarat-i-Dilkhusha]] (the heart-pleasing abode), was the favourite retreat place of Jahangir where he would celebrate his birthdays with his mother as recorded by Thomas Roe, a Christian missionary in Jahangir's court. This palace was commissioned by Akbar for her in the year 1574 and has a Lord Shiva temple inside with a Shiv Ling and is built as per Mughal architecture on a hilltop.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=ranasafvi |date=6 August 2018 |title=Nilkanth Mahal / Palace, Mandu |url=https://ranasafvi.com/nilkanth-mahal-palace-mandu/ |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=Rana Safvi |language=en-US}}</ref> She was also the patron of several towns during her reign and held many jagirs.<ref name=":10" />

She would often travel to her hometown, Amber, which was just 200 km away from her home.<ref name=:25/> During the Gujarat campaign when her brother Bhupat died during the battle of Sarnal, Akbar sent Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was travelling with him, to her native town Amer, to pay condolences and to partake in the mourning ceremony of her brother.<ref name=Fazl1/>

==Powers and influence==
The Empress was the wealthiest woman of her time having substantial personal wealth and she used her influence and wealth to build gardens, wells, and mosques around the countryside.<ref name=:25/> During the reign of Akbar and Jahangir, she was often honoured by the members of the court and notable citizens who would present her with gifts and jewels as per their station.<ref name=":14"/><ref name=Findly10/>{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=112}} Mariam-uz-Zamani had numerous agents, middlemen, and financial advisers, "mirroring in miniature the Emperor's finance ministry".<ref name=:25>{{Cite book |last=Mukhoty |first=Ira |title=Daughters of the Sun: empresses, queens and begums of the Mughal Empire |date=2018 |isbn=978-93-86021-12-0 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |location=New Delhi |oclc=1040634538}}</ref> She had her vakils to advise her and maintain her various properties.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=96}}

She was one of the four senior-most figures in the Mughal court and the only woman to hold the highest military rank which was at par with the rank of the emperor itself, 12,000 cavalry units.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=232}} She was known to receive a jewel from every nobleman "according to his estate" each year on the occasion of the New Year's festival, an honour bestowed upon no other Mughal Empress. Jahangir accompanied by his courtiers would on the eve of the new year present her with jewels and presents at her palace.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=232}} She had also made sincere efforts to spread education among the common people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Posthumous portrait of Mariam uz-Zamani.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century sketch of Mariam-uz-Zamani]]

She was the senior-most woman in the imperial harem and held a high rank since the reign of her Emperor husband.<ref name=:25/> Muni Lal refers to her as the First Lady of the Empire. She had the right to issue official documents and edicts in her name, called Farman (sovereign mandates).<ref name=Farman>{{cite book|last1=Tirmizi|first1=S.A.I.| title=Edicts from the Mughal Harem, Farman of Marium uz Zamani|date=1979|publisher=Idarah-I-Adabiyat-I-Delli|page=69}}</ref> Issuing of such orders was confined to the highest ladies of the [[Mughal Harem|harem]] such as [[Hamida Banu Begum]], Nur Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal and Jahanara Begum.<ref name=Tirmizi1>{{cite book|last=Tirmizi|first=S.A.I.|title=Edicts from the Mughal Harem|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli|year=1979|oclc=465427663|pages=127–128}}</ref><ref name=Mishra>{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=Rekha|title=Women in Mughal India, 1526–1748 A.D|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|isbn= 978-81-215-0347-1|page=67}}</ref> Mariam-uz-Zamani's retirement after her husband's death along with the death of [[Jagat Gosain]] led to the decline of Rajput influence in the Mughal court.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Tirmizi|first=S. A. I.|title=Mughal Documents|publisher=Manohar|year=1989|pages=31}}</ref>

Akbar's Imperial harem was re-organized into a fortress-like institution which is quite in contrast to the image of the reigns of Babur and Humayun. Harbans Mukhia attributed this change to the growing influence of Rajput cultural ethos on Akbar ever since his marriage in 1562 to Mariam-uz-Zamani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhia |first=Harbans |title=The Mughals of India |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Pub |isbn=978-0-470-75830-4 |location=Malden, MA |pages=132–133 |oclc=214282198}}</ref> Ira Mukhoty draws a parallel between Akbar's reverence for sun worship and Harka Bai's family clan emblem being Lord Surya (sun).<ref name=:25/>

The Empress held considerable freedom of speech in the matters of court.<ref name=RI>{{Cite journal |last=Iftikhar|first=Rukhsana|year=2014 |title=An analytical study of political domination of Mughal women|journal=Behind the Veil|page=21}}</ref> One of the episodes recorded by [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Badayuni]] is that once on the execution of a Brahmin by a conservative Muslim courtier of Akbar while Akbar had ordered the investigation to be continued, the Hindu wives taunted Emperor Akbar publicly for failing to maintain the abidance of his order.<ref name=gen/> The religious ulemas of Akbar's court were utterly displeased by the influence of Mariam-uz-Zamani and his Hindu wives on him in making him follow the rituals and practices of Hindu culture. Since his early youth, he is said to have complimented his Hindu wives by ordering the continuous burning of the hom and later himself adopted this practice when he established his religion in latter part of his years, 'Tawhid-i-illahi'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Badayuni|first1=Abdul Qadir|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh|date=1590|volume=II|page=269}}</ref>

Akbar taking note of the disapproval of his Hindu wives stopped eating beef as the cow was regarded as a sacred animal in their religion. His Hindu wives influenced him to refrain from eating onions and garlic. They also exerted enough influence on him to never keep a beard and abstain from association with people who kept beards. To gain the love of his Hindu wives and their goodwill, says Badayuni, he abstained entirely from everything that was a natural abhorrence to them and took it as a mark of special devotion to himself if men shaved their beards so that it became common practice.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Badayuni|first1=Abdul Qadir|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh|date=1590|volume=2|pages=312–313}}</ref>

The influence of Mariam-uz-Zamani and his Hindu wives was highly resented by the Muslim conservatives of the court, even more, when Akbar had ordered everyone in the court to stand up during the evening prayers of his Hindu wives when they would light up the hom in their temples to honour their traditions and culture and made sure that he was no exception to it.<ref name=gen/>

One of her intercessions in the inclination of his son included in May 1603, when Akbar suggested that Salim should undertake a military expedition for chastizement of Rana Amar Singh who was making encroachments on Mughal territories in Rajasthan. Salim suspicious of his father's motives expressed his reluctance to accept the assignment however this provoked Akbar to issue a formal firman appointing Shahzada Salim to the command of the proposed expedition. The ladies of the harem, Mariam-uz-Zamani and [[Salima Sultan Begum]] requested the Emperor not to press the matter, and let Salim continue to live under his eye at the court. Akbar succumbed to their pleas and withdrew the firman.{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=299}} Muni Lal says that at the time when Akbar marched towards Salim to wage a war, Mariam-uz-Zamani was torn by conflicting loyalties between father and son.<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1980|p=301}}: "Akbar's mind was made up. Salim had to be saved from himself. Orders were issued for a force to be ready immediately. The expedition was to be led by the Emperor himself. Here was a bold decision—perhaps the boldest of his life—by the 62-year-old, grief-stricken monarch to wage a war against his son. Mariam Zamani was torn by conflicting loyalties. So was the old and weak Mariam Makani. They pleaded with Akbar for restraint but to no avail. The Emperor had geared himself to a pitch of resolve from where there was no going back. He moved out of Agra on 21 August 1604. This time there were no ladies in his entourage."</ref>

Muni Lal notes another intervention of her alongside Salima Sultan Begum to revoke the orders of house arrest for Salim by Akbar. After the death of Hamida Bano Begum, to cease his rebellions and put an end to his alcoholism and debauchery, Akbar ordered he should be kept in solitary confinement in ghusalkhana and ordered no serving of alcohol and opium. Salim begging for wine the entire time behaved like a madman. Akbar appointed his physician to recommend the minimum necessary alcohol for his health. Muni Lal claims, 'the taming of the temperamental Salim bristled with complications, especially when Mariam Zamani and Salima Begum took into their scheming heads to leave no design unused to win freedom for their Baba. The pressure from the senior queens became too compelling to be resisted for long. Akbar gave in and allowed Salim to shift to his palace.<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1980|p=303}}: "Some chroniclers aver that Emperor gave smack on his son's face, felled him and ordered that he should be kept in solitary confinement in one of the ghusalkhanas of the fort. Alcoholic drinks and opium were not permitted to be served to him. Salim was in agony. On the second day, he raved like a madman and begged for a cup of his favourite wine. The Emperor relented and deputed one of his physicians to examine the Prince and prescribe such quantities of alcohol as he considered necessary for his health. The taming of the temperamental Salim bristled with complications, especially when Mariam Zamani and Sultan Salima Begum took into their scheming heads to leave no design unused to win freedom for their Baba. The pressure from the senior ladies became too compelling to be resisted for long. Akbar gave in and allowed Salim to shift to his palace."</ref>

===Khusrau's affair===

After the death of Akbar in the year 1605, she became the prime shield of her grandson, [[Khusrau Mirza]], and as noted by a Christian missionary present in the Mughal court, she secured a pardon for the prince along with [[Salima Sultan Begum]], [[Shakr-un-Nissa Begum]], and Emperor Jahangir's other sisters upon Jahangir's succession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xavier|first=Jesuit|title=Missoes Jesuitas Na India|page=44|year=1606|publisher=British Library London, MS 9854}}</ref> [[Nur Jahan]] is noted to have faked tears in front of her mother-in-law, Queen Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani for the possession of the charge of Prince Khusrau who was considered a powerful contender to the throne by the ambitious empress Nur Jahan however, she did not succeed.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=365}}
Succumbing to the pleas of his mother, sisters, Khusrau's stepmothers and sisters, Jahangir did not transfer the control of Khusrau to Nur Jahan or Prince Khurram.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=122}}

==As an entrepreneur==
{{Main article|Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet}}

Mariam-uz-Zamani was greatly interested in trade and commerce and is the earliest recorded woman who consistently engaged in inland and overseas trade.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=232}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=Rahimi+ship&pg=PA238 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |pages=238 |language=en}}</ref> Mariam-uz-Zamani, a successful businesswoman and merchant, had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade.<ref name=:08/> Among all the woman traders of the Mughal empire, namely Nur Jahan and Jahanana Begum, she is regarded as the most prodigious of them all.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=232}} During the reigns of [[Akbar]] and [[Jahangir]], she built ships that carried pilgrims to and from the Islamic holy city [[Mecca]], ran an extensive trade of silk and several spices to international borders, and oversaw the trade with Gulf countries and nations. Akbar took a significant interest in Mariam-uz-Zamani's business and invested time and money in her trading endeavours. He often had long discussions about her business with her.<ref name=DirkCollier>{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Dirk|title=The Emperor's writings: Memories of Akbar the Great |year=2011|page=326}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani ... She stands out as an adviser who maintained that without a strong navy, the Mughal Empire would be overtaken by foreign armies. As the Mughals had come from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, both landlocked countries, the concept of a navy was just not in their DNA. But then Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi.<ref name=Qa>{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |date=January–June 2021 |title=History of Indian Ocean-A South Indian perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/12_v7_1_21.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=186 |quote=The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai. She stands out as an adviser who maintained that without a strong navy, the Mughal Empire would be overtaken by foreign armies. As the Mughals had come from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, both landlocked countries, the concept of a navy was just not in their DNA. But then Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi.}}</ref>|author=Aiysha Safdar}}

Regarded as a woman who built the first large sea-faring ships of the Mughals at Lahore, she was the owner and patron of the largest ships named ''[[Rahīmī]]''{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=227}} and afterward ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]''.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497/harking-back-the-empress-and-her-two-doomed-pilgrim-ships|date= 11 April 2021}}</ref> No other noblewoman on record seems to have been as adventurous a trader as the Queen Mariam-uz-Zamani, however, and no trader's ship (especially [[Rahīmī|the Rahimi]]) seems to have got into as much trouble as hers.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p = 233}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume= II |date=1897 |page=213 |language=English}}</ref> [[Nur Jahan]] and [[Jahanara Begum]] carried on the legacy of Mariam-uz-Zamani by engaging in overseas trade and commerce.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gascoigne |first1=Bamber |url=http://archive.org/details/greatmoghuls00gasc |title=The great Moghuls |last2=Gascoigne |first2=Christina |date=1971 |publisher=New York, Harper & Row |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-06-011467-1 |pages=165}}</ref>

===East India Company===
In late 1610 or early 1611, when Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship was being loaded for Mocha, she sent one of her agents to buy indigo in [[Bayana]] (an important centre of indigo production 50 miles southwest of Agra) to be put aboard the ship for sale in Mocha.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=233}} Just as the deal was being completed, however, [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]], arrived and did what no Indian would dare to do. He offered a little more than she would have given, got the indigo, and made off with it.{{sfn|Findly|1988|p= 233}}<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=123}}</ref> William Finch was an agent of [[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|Hawkins]], ambassador of [[East India Company]] who was well received by Jahangir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=83}}</ref><ref name=":25"/>

When Mariam-uz-Zamani heard that she had been outbid by an Englishman and had to suffer a great loss as the ship was set to sail, she was furious and complained to her son, the emperor, who made the English representative at the court, William Hawkins, suffer for a long time after that,{{sfn|Findly|1988|p = 233}}<ref name=":16" /> mentioning that he had no choice but to curry favour with the jesuits to obtain safe conduct that would allow him and his wife to travel to Goa, from where they would embark for Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=92}}</ref> [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]], on the other hand, struggled to sell the acquired indigo in [[Lahore]] and had come to the conclusion that the prospects of English trade in India were hopeless. He informed Hawkins that he planned to sell the indigo in [[Aleppo]], a Syrian city, and then travel back to [[England]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jourdain |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/journalofjohnjou00jouriala |title=The journal of John Jourdain, (1608-1617) |date=1905 |publisher=Cambridge [Eng.]: Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=University of California Libraries |pages=157–158}}</ref>

William Finch's hasty decision to outbid the charismatic Mariam-uz-Zamani had catastrophic consequences for the immediate future of the East India Company at Jahangir's court.<ref name=":25" /><ref name="ManuS" /> The repercussions were so severe that in 1612, English [[John Jourdain|Captain Jourdain]] noted, " the Queen's ship, [[Rahīmī|the Rahimi]], was bound for Mocha, & the [local] merchants would not lade their goods aboard until wee [Europeans] were gone from the country."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jourdain |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/journalofjohnjou00jouriala |title=The journal of John Jourdain, (1608-1617) |date=1905 |publisher=Cambridge [Eng.]: Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=University of California Libraries |pages=186–187}}</ref>{{sfn|Findly|1988|p = 233}}

===Conflict with the Portuguese===
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] maintained relatively amicable relations during Akbar's reign, despite hostilities, and continued well until Jahangir's reign.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=129}} During the reign of Jahangir, the Portuguese were threatened by the presence of other European traders, especially [[British Empire|the English]], in the Mughal Court.<ref name=":25"/> In order to pressurize the Emperor to expel European rivals from the Mughal court, the Portuguese challenged Jahangir's authority and prestige by targeting a ship owned by his mother, the Queen Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Great Britain. Public Record Office |url=http://archive.org/details/colonialrecordsc02greauoft |title=Colonial Records. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial |last2=Great Britain. Colonial Office |last3=Great Britain. India Office |date=1860 |publisher=London: Longmans, H.M.S.O. |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |page=258}}</ref>

[[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|William Hawkins]] noted that on 1 February 1609, he witnessed a great stirre touching the Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship as it prepared to carry goods to Mocha, an Arabian port south of [[Mecca]] at the Red Sea's entrance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=129–130}}</ref> The Portuguese threatened to abscond with the ship to Diu unless she paid an exorbitant fee for a cartaz or pass.{{sfn|Findly|1988|pp=229, 233}} It is recorded that the Portuguese demanded 1,00,000 mamudies for their cartaz and then 20,000; eventually, to forestall violence, the two sides were able to compromise on a much smaller payment of 1,000 rialls and some odd money.<ref name=":1"/>{{sfn|Findly|1988|pp=229, 233}}

One incident in particular that caused a rift between the Mughals and the Portuguese was the seizure and burning<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume=II|date=1897 |pages=229 |language=English}}</ref> of Mariam-uz-Zamani's greatest pilgrimage ship, [[Rahīmī|the Rahimi]], in September 1613.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=130}} Although she was carrying the necessary [[Cartaz|Portuguese pass]] and did not violate any terms applied on it, still, out of greed/anger at the new Mughal friendship with the English, the Portuguese acted "contrary to their pass" and carried off "the Rahimi" with all of her richly laden cargo, worth 100,000 pounds, equivalent to today's currency, half a billion rupees, and the approximately 700 passengers still on board to Goa.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=191, 192, 203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}</ref> [[Jeronimo de Azevedo]] celebrated the capture of the Rahimi as "worthy prey that was brought and for giving the Mughals a cause of sorrow."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}</ref>

When it became clear that the Portuguese had no intention of returning the Queen Mother's ship, Jahangir sent Muqarrab Khan, his governor, to stop all shipping activities at Surat, the major Indian fort for seagoing trade and to lay siege to the Portuguese town of [[Daman and Diu|Daman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Alexander |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70311 |title=Tuzuk-i-jahangiri Or Memoirs Of Jahangir Vol.1 |date=1909 |pages=255}}</ref> The Jesuit church in Agra, which had been built under Akbar, was closed, and all allowances to Portuguese priests in Mughal India were suspended.<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume=II |date=1897 |pages=96, 107, 149, 150 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Great Britain. Public Record Office |url=http://archive.org/details/colonialrecordsc02greauoft |title=Colonial Records. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial |last2=Great Britain. Colonial Office |last3=Great Britain. India Office |date=1860 |publisher=London: Longmans, H.M.S.O. |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=316}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=South Asia in World History |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976034-3 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>

The entire Mughal court, as well as the city of Surat, was in an uproar, and the tumult and outcry at the Mughal court were unprecedented. In the words of Findly, "Rahimi incident was the only act of piracy against India, which, on record, evoked a severe and intense response from the Mughal government."{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=228}} The extreme actions taken by Jahangir were unusual, as the Mughal court had grown used to the rapacious brutality of the Portuguese and would react by ignoring it or accommodating it. But for Rahimi, which has been seized by the Portuguese, Mariam-uz-Zamani's flagship pilgrim ship, the queen mother demands retribution. This was an unusual situation, demonstrating the great cultural upheavals and the tectonic changes that were shaping the Mughal empire: this was a [[Hindu]] queen's [[Muslim]] ship, carrying Hajj pilgrims in [[Christian]] waters patrolled by the [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese armada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhoty |first=Ira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjaYuQEACAAJ |title=Daughters of the Sun: Empresses, Queens and Begums of the Mughal Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-93-86021-12-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The Portuguese realizing their loss tried for peace<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orme |first=Robert |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalfrag00orme |title=Historical fragments of the Mogul empire. |date=1805 |publisher=London: F. Wingrave |others=University of California Libraries |pages=360 |quote=The Portuguese viceroy, after retreating from Captain Downton, stopped at Bassein, before he proceeded to Goa, and instructed his governor of Daman to endeavour a reconciliation with Surat; to which end the Jesuit Hieronimo Xavier worked more efficaciously at Agra, by proffers and apologies, which gained the emperor's mother from motives of religion, and his wife by expectation of presents.}}</ref> and later agreed to compensate the Mughal government for the loss of the Queen Mother's vessel and "to grant certain additional passes to native vessels proceeding to the Red Sea," but since the agreement was contingent upon the expulsion of the English, Jahangir resisted. Eventually, an agreement was made by the emperor by which the Portuguese had to pay "three lakhs of rupees for the ship taken," but the issue of English expulsion was left hanging as Jahangir became increasingly aware of English power at sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13774 |title=Letters received by the East India Company|volume=III |date=1899 |pages=xxxvii-xxxviii |language=English}}</ref> The Portuguese capture of Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship thus served to bring about a major change in the relationship between the two governments and was, by a fortunate accident, a substantial windfall for the English.

{{Blockquote|text="The Great Mogul's mother was a great adventurer, which caused the Great Mogul to drive the Portingals out of this place."<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Foster|title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume=II|date=1897|page= 213|url=https://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII/page/n235/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>|author=William Foster|source=Letters Received By The East India Company (Vol II)}}

===Post Rahimi Business Activities===
Mariam-uz-Zamani carried on with her commercial and pilgrimage ships despite losing her 'greatest pilgrimage ship', [[Rahīmī|the Rahimi]]. She was in command of a fleet of ships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Prasun |date=2012 |title=Gender and Travel Writing in India, c. 1650-1700 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41633802 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=40 |issue=3/4 |pages=66 |jstor=41633802 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> In 1617, two English pirates tried to seize Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship, which was returning from the Red Sea with numerous hajjis and valuable cargo, but in the nick of time, the ship was rescued. If it had not been for the fortunate interposition of the fleet of the East India Company, which came up before the contest was decided, the result of Englishmen's selfish enterprise would have been the closing of the busiest markets in India to English commerce.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228253 |title=History Of England|volume=III|date=1883 |pages=216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roe |first1=Thomas |url=http://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma01fostgoog |title=The Embassy |last2=Foster |first2=William |date=1899 |publisher=London, Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=Harvard University |pages=421, 425, 454, 480}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13787 |title=Letters received by the East India Company vol.6 |date=1902 |pages=xxx,173, 175, 228, 274 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Noel Sainsbury |first=Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 |title=Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621 |date=1870 |publisher=Longman & Co., and Trubner & Co., London |others=Kerala State Library |pages=lxxvi–lxxx, 77, 121}}</ref>

After the loss of her ship Rahimi, the Dowager Empress then ordered the build of an even larger ship with 62 guns and the placement of over 400 musket men. It was named '[[Ganj-I-Sawai]]' and in its day was the most fearsome ship in the sea with the objective of trade and taking pilgrims to Mecca and on the way back converting all the goods into gold, and silver, and bringing back the pilgrims.<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |year=2021 |title=History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.}}</ref>

==Jahangir's relationship with his mother==
Throughout his life, [[Jahangir|Salim]], showed many expressions of duty and displayed the strong affection he had for his mother. He paid obeisance to his mother by touching her feet and records these instances with a sense of pride in his memoirs. His reference to his mother was preceded by the epithet '[[Hadrat|Hazrat]]'. Jahangir referred to her as "Hazrat Mariam-uz-Zamani", "Her Majesty" or at times "my exalted mother" out of his love for her in his memoirs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri|year=1625|page=292|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first2= Henry|editor-last2=Beveridge}}</ref> The stature and reverence Jahangir held for his mother were exceptional, he would carry her palanquin on his shoulders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Terry|first=Edward|title=A voyage to East India|year=1616|page=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammad Azhar Ansari |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.219835 |title=European Travellers Under The Mughals 1580 1627 |date=1975 |pages=78}}</ref>

As early as about 1595, in a story recorded by the Portuguese traveller [[Bento de Góis|Benedict Goes]], when Mariam-uz-Zamani was travelling to a certain place, she was robbed of all her possessions and was left without the ordinary necessities of life. Jesuit Benedict Goes hearing this assisted her as far as his means permitted. When this news was delivered to Akbar's court, there was great astonishment among the attendants of the court. Goes was then praised and thanked at the court for assisting the queen as the assistance she sought from her countrymen was delivered to her by a stranger. When Mariam-uz-Zamani reached Akbar's court safely, many people, with gifts in their hands, went forth from the city to welcome her. A message was then sent to Prince Salim, who was at a distance of eight days from the Agra, came in haste to see his mother and two days post arriving at the capital, he met Benedict for which Salim personally came out to receive him. As per the custom of the country, Goes would have embraced Salim's feet but Salim did not permit him and immediately raised him kindly by his arm, made enquiries for his health and ordered full repayment of the advances he lent to his mother.<ref name=":14">{{cite book |last=Payne |first=C.H. |title=Jahangir and the Jesuits |date=1930 |publisher=George Routledge and sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537038/page/n173/mode/2up]}}</ref>{{sfn|Findly|1988|p=233}}

Jahangir would greet his mother by performing Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim before her. In 1607 when Jahangir decides to visit [[Gardens of Babur]], he decides to take his mother and his harem along with a large royal entourage encompassing of his sons and notes in his memoirs, "''I ordered Khurram to attend upon Hazrat Maryam-Zamani and the other ladies and to escort them to me. When they reached the neighbourhood of Lahore.. I embarked on a boat and went to a village named Dahr to meet my mother, and I had the good fortune to be received by her. After the performance of obeisance and prostration rites of Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim before my exalted mother...''"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of India|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/60/mode/1up?q=Maryamuzzamani|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|pages=61|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref>{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p=76}} During the plague of Agra when Jahangir was in Fatehpur Sikri, he says, "''On January 1619, Mallika Mariam-uz-Zamani came from Agra to meet me and I attained the happiness of waiting on her. I hope that the shadow of her protection and affection will always be over the head of this supplicant''."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of India|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/292/mode/1up?q=Maryamuzzamani|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|pages=292|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref>

The courtesies and largesse demonstrated by Jahangir surface the proof of the amount of respect and love he held for his mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. Jahnagir on the occasion of New Year, accompanied by his courtiers, would personally go to the house of Mariam Zamani where each nobleman presented her with jewels according to their estate.<ref name=Findly10/> In the words of Edward Terry, a foreign traveller to the Mughal court, "''Jahangir's affection for his mother Her Majesty Mariam-uz-Zamani were exceptional, and not seldom would he show many expressions of duty and display his strong affections for her''". She hosted several events and royal functions at her palace,<ref name=:08/> like Jahangir's solar and lunar weighings,{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p = 78, 230}} all his birthday celebrations, Jahangir's marriage to the Amer princess, daughter of Kunwar Jagat Singh,{{Sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p=145}} [[Muhammad Parviz|Shahzada Parviz's]] wedding to the daughter of [[Sultan Murad Mirza]] and the [[henna ceremony]] of [[Ladli Begum]], daughter of [[Nur Jahan]] and [[Shahryar Mirza]].{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=165}}{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p = 81}}

==Patron of Architecture and architectural legacy==
Mariam-uz-Zamani was one of the great female patrons of art and architecture of her time.<ref name=:09>{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.79132 |title=Mughal architecture |date=1990 |pages=90}}</ref> She constructed one of the earliest built mosques in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], as per Mughal architecture, known as the [[Begum Shahi Mosque]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /> She sponsored a remarkable public work, a baoli (step-well) along with a garden near the old [[Idgah, Uttar Pradesh|district]] at Brahambad, [[Bayana]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":09" /><ref name=":9" /> However, only the baoli remains. She laid a large garden around the [[Akbar's tomb|tomb]] of her deceased Emperor husband, [[Akbar]] and was also later buried there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 1905 |title=Selections from the native newspapers published in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh. |pages=262 |work=Al-Aziz (7 August 1905) |jstor=saoa.crl.25922623 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25922623}}</ref> She also commissioned the entrance to the Lahore fort, known as Masjidi Darwaza, now corrupted into Masti Darwaja (Masti Gate).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |date=January 2019 |title=Lahore Fort-A Mughal Monument on the Verge of Decline |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/14/Vol_56_No.1_2019.html |volume=56 |page=28}}</ref>

Both Mariam-uz-Zamani's mosque and baoli (step-well) had an inscription attesting to her role in the construction of these historical monuments. The mosque was constructed during the early period of [[Jahangir]], in 1023 A.H./1614 A.D., as recorded in a Persian inscription fixed on the facade of the northern gate.<ref name=":8"/> A marble inscription on the gate of the baoli (step-well) dates it to the seventh year of [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]] reign (1612); it was thus built at the same time as [[Begum Shahi Mosque|Begum Shahi's mosque]] at Lahore.<ref name=":09" /> Thus Jahangir's reign bears the stamp of female patronage.<ref name=":12" />

One of the strongest surviving evidences that Mariam-uz-Zamani (also known as Jodha Bai), consort of Emperor Akbar, was actively involved in state affairs is a '''farman''' (imperial decree) issued in her name during the reign of her son, Jahangir. This document is the only known surviving '''farmān''' that explicitly refers to her as '''Wali Nimat Begam''', mother of '''Nuruddin Jahangir'''. The original document is preserved at the '''Red Fort Museum''', catalogued as ''Archaeological Survey of India No. G. 51; IHRC VIII, pp. 167–169''.<ref>Red Fort Museum, Archaeological Survey of India No. G. 51; IHRC VIII, pp. 167–169.</ref>

<blockquote>
In the name of Allah the Great.
From Wali Nimat Begam, mother of Nuruddin Jahangir, the King.
Let it be known to the noble officials and the revenue collectors that our faithful court servant, Mudabbir Beg, has been granted a jagir in the Chaupala region in the sarkar of Sambhal, in recognition of his service. It has, however, been reported that the revenue from this land has not been delivered to him but has instead been wrongfully seized by tax collectors (gumasta) and one Suraj Mal, who has unlawfully taken over his rights. It is therefore hereby ordered that upon receipt of this order, you summon all parties involved, fully investigate the matter, and ensure that all revenue—both current and overdue—is delivered to Mudabbir Beg. No one, including Suraj Mal, is permitted to misappropriate even a single coin such as a fulus or jital. This order must be executed without delay and without deviation, according to the date mentioned in the month of Tir of the Ilahi year."<ref>Tirmizi, S. A. I. ''Edicts from the Mughal Harem''. New Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1999.</ref></blockquote>

===Begum Shahi Mosque===

[[File:Mosque_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_5_(WCLA).jpg|thumb|[[Begum Shahi Mosque]], one of the earliest and most exquisite mosques of Mughal Empire in [[Lahore]].]]

[[Begum Shahi Mosque]] is the earliest dated exquisite mosque of the [[Mughal Empire]] built during [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]] reign.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Ahmad Nabi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.69947 |title=Pakistan archaeology no.7 |date=1970 |pages=121–122}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Latif |first=Syad Muhammad |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536426 |title=Lahore Its History, Architectural Remains And Antiquities |date=1892 |pages=131–132}}</ref><ref name=:12>{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.79132 |title=Mughal architecture |date=1990 |pages=83}}</ref> This mosque was named after her in her honour and is known as the Begum Shahi Mosque. It is located close to the old Masti Gate of the [[Walled City of Lahore]], opposite the eastern walls of the [[Lahore Fort]].<ref name=":7" /> It stands out uniquely for its frescoes, which are significant for their perfect technique and variety of subjects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Ahmad Nabi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.69947 |title=Pakistan archaeology no.7 |date=1970 |pages=126}}</ref> It featured the earliest dated Iranian motif in [[Mughal architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Blanchard |url=http://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=116, 132}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="These paintings are unrivalled in Pakistan and perhaps in India "for their delicacy and lively variety" and for their harmonious golden tone, which is due only in part to age."<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert Eric|last=Mortimer Wheeler|title=Five thousand years of Pakistan |date=1950|page= 83|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.17045/page/n88/mode/1up}}</ref>|author=Mortimer Wheeler|source=Five thousand years of Pakistan}}

{{Blockquote|text="Never in the history of the architecture of the early Moghul period do we find such an extensive and exclusive use of this type of decoration. The endless variety of geometric floral and inscriptional designs spread over the interior surface in a subtle colour scheme is a characteristic not seen elsewhere."<ref>{{cite book|first=Ahmad Nabi|last=Khan|title=Pakistan archaeology no.7 |date=1970|page= 126|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.69947/page/n185/mode/1up}}</ref>|author=Ahmad Nabi Khan|source=Pakistan archaeology no.7}}

This mosque stands as the best example of the fusion of Timurid and Safavid components. The prayer hall of Begum Shahi Mosque is a single-aisle five-bay structure with elaborate painted decoration. Its inner central dome reveals one of the first dated occurrences of a network developed from points arranged in concentric circles.<ref name=:12/>

The mosque features [[Lahore|Lahore's]] first five-bay prayer chamber that would later be typical of all later Mughal mosques such as the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] and [[Badshahi Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Shoaib |date=6 October 2021 |title=Maryam Zamani Mosque undergoing restoration |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1650318 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> The ceilings of [[Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah|tomb Itimad-ud-Daula]], with their richly polychromed net vaulting and stellate forms, are a more refined version of those at [[Begum Shahi Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Blanchard |url=http://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_zTtwAACAAJ |title=Jahangir and the Angels: Recently Discovered Wall Paintings Under European Influence in the Fort of Lahore |date=1983 |pages=176 |language=en}}</ref> The spectacularly painted prayer chamber of [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] and its interior, as well as the central pishtaq's recessed arch and stellate vaulting, are richly polychromed using a technique similar to that on [[Begum Shahi Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Blanchard |url=http://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=225–226}}</ref>

At the time of its construction, this was the only important mosque located in the vicinity of the [[Lahore Fort|Lahore fort]], and therefore it was frequented by the nobility of the Mughal court. The mosque remained frequented for prayer by the Mughal nobility and the common man alike for more than two hundred years until it was turned into a gunpowder factory by [[Ranjit Singh]].

===Mariam-uz-Zamani's Baoli===

[[File:Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana.jpg|thumb|left|Maryam Zamani's [[Stepwell|Baoli]] at Bayana]]
[[File:Majestic gateway of Maryam Zamani's baoli.jpg|thumb|right|Majestic gateway of Maryam Zamani's baoli]]

Around 1612 AD, she commissioned a great step well and a large garden in Bayana near district Brahmabad.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal |last=Bargoti |first=Rajeev|year=1991|title=Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana |publisher=Indian History Congress|page=464|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142642 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52|jstor=44142642}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India |year=1921 |page=148 |quote=The first of November I was sent to buy nill or indigo at Byana. I lodged that night at Menha poore, a great saray, by which is a garden and moholl [mahal, palace] or summer house of the Queene Mothers, very curiously contrived.}}</ref> The step well was much appreciated by her son, Jahangir, who visited it around 1619 and noted that it was a grand building and was very well built at an expense of just 20,000 rupees. The baoli was considered by the English traveller, Peter Mundy to be "the best of this Kinde that I have yet seene,... a very costly and curious piece of worke".<ref name=:09/> Further he notes that it is a grand building with beautiful gates, cupolas, arches, chawtress, galleries, pillars and rooms above and below. The step-well consists of a gate, four flights of stairs leading down to the water level and a well-shaft at the farther end of the main axis, all constructed in red sandstone. Another European traveller, Thevenot who noticed this complex of garden and baoli notes it as a Royal house insinuating that this building was also meant to house the royal owner of this complex during her occasional visits to the locality.<ref name=:10/>

The main gateway of the baoli is represented by a double-storeyed structure facing east where the smaller rectangular portal is framed into a high arch. This gateway appears to be typically representative of the post-Fatehpur Sikri Mughal architecture of the early 17th century, it also carries an imprint of Rajput conceptions. Although there are only two stories, it is constructed to give the three-storeyed effect from the front. The baoli was built as a part of the garden built by the empress.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bargoti |first=Rajeev|year=1991|title=Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana |publisher=Indian History Congress|page=465|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142642 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52|jstor=44142642}}</ref> Rajeev Bargoti notes that her interest in indigo trade might have been because her revenue free grants were located in the indigo producing tract around Bayana including pargana Jansath.<ref name=:10>{{cite journal |last=Bargoti |first=Rajeev|year=1991|title=Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana |publisher=Indian History Congress|page=466 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142642 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52|jstor=44142642}}</ref>

Inscription on Mariam-uz-Zamani Baoli (step-well): 

{{Blockquote|text="1. During the reign of [[Jahangir|Shah Nuruddin Jahangir]], the world became a garden because of his benevolence.
2. By the order of his mother, '''Maryam Zamani''', the divine light became bright.

3. There was built a bagh (garden) and a beautiful baoli (step-well), which made paradise blush with shame.
4. The intelligence said for the hijra date: "San I haft julus padshahi" (the seventh regnal year of the king). " <ref>{{cite journal|first=Rajeev|last=Bargoti|title=Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana a Note |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1991|volume=52|page= 465 |jstor=44142642 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142642}}</ref>|author=Rajeev Bargoti|source=Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana}}

==Death==
[[File:Mariam's Tomb, Sikandra, Agra.JPG|thumb|[[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]], Sikandra, Agra]]

Mariam-uz-Zamani died in May 1623, immensely rich and powerful,<ref name="mint" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barot |first=Chintal |date=17 December 2021 |title=Mughal Women: History's Hidden traders |url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/mughal-women-historys-hidden-traders/ |website=[[Madras Courier]]}}</ref><ref name=":25" /> and due honour was given by burying her in a mausoleum close to that of Akbar.<ref name=mint>{{cite web|title=Jodha, More than Akbar's wife| work=mint |url= https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Iod50fcAtBjGrbfue3WI9H/Jodhabai-More-than-Akbars-wife.html#ampf=| date = 17 February 2018
| last1=Pillai | first1=Manu S. }}</ref><ref name=":08">{{harvnb|Findly|1993|pp=177–178}}: "About this time, Jahangir's own immediate family experienced some changes. His mother, the charismatic and adventurous Hindu widow of Akbar, Maryamuzzamani, died early in the summer of 1623 in Agra and was buried in a tomb in Sikandra near her husband, Akbar. Maryamuzzamani had played an important social role in Jahangir's life by hosting most of his family celebrations at her own home, and she had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade. Though Jahangir must have grieved immensely at her death, his notice of it in his memoirs was very short, saying only that “I trust that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy.” She was the last in the illustrious series of parents to die in this period, and her death came, strangely, only four years before Jahangir's own."</ref> Her desire of being close to her husband even in death is visible in the proximity of her tomb to that of her husband, Akbar. There is no concrete evidence stating the reason for her death though it is believed to have been because of sickness. Jahangir had made several references in his autobiography towards her declining health since 1616 and calls her decrepit.

Her tomb, built between 1623 and 1627, is on Tantpur Road in Jyoti Nagar, next to the tomb of Akbar. [[Mariam's Tomb]], commissioned by her son, Jahangir, who is believed to have grieved her loss immensely,<ref name=:08/> is only a kilometre from [[Tomb of Akbar the Great]], in the direction of Mathura<ref>{{Cite book |last=Havelli EB |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9313 |title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co, London |others=Kerala State Library |pages=102}}</ref> and she stands as the only wife buried close to Akbar. Her tomb resembles her husband's mausoleum in one important aspect, the upper storey of both is open to the sun and rain, and its upper corners are embellished by beautiful pavilions surmounted by lovely domes.<ref name=":3" /> The grave itself is underground with a flight of steps leading to it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agraredco.com/monuments/tomb-of-mariam-zamani |title=Tomb of Mariam Zamani |publisher=Agra Redco |access-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317230512/http://agraredco.com/monuments/tomb-of-mariam-zamani/ |archive-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Issue==
[[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] and Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum are confirmed to have at least three children:

* [[#Birth of twins|Hassan Mirza]] (19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 5 November 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hussain)<ref name=:100/>
* [[#Birth of twins|Hussain Mirza]] (19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 29 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hassan)<ref name=:100/>
* [[Jahangir|Jahangir (Salim)]] (30 August 1569, [[Fatehpur Sikri]], Mughal Empire — 28 October 1627, Rajouri, Mughal Empire)<ref name="Mehta"/>
She was also the foster mother of one of her stepchildren:
* [[Daniyal Mirza]] (1572 - 1605).

==In popular culture==
===Films and TV serials===
* [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]] portrayed Rani Jodha Bai in the 1953 film ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/965462/the-emperor-s-healing-touch|title=The emperor's healing touch|date=17 September 2009 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
* [[Durga Khote]] portrayed Jodha Bai in the 1960 Indian epic film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Ashish | last1=Rajadhyaksha | first2=Paul | last2=Willemen | url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=New Delhi | orig-year=1994 | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-563579-9 |page=365}}</ref>
* Zohra Mirza played the role of Jodha Bai in 1958 Urdu film ''[[Anarkali (1958 film)|Anarkali]]''.
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] played the role of Jodha bai in the Telugu movie ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]''
* Puja Acharya donned the role of Mariam-uz-Zamani as 'Jodha Bai' in the Doordarshan television series ''Akbar The Great'' (1988–1989)
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] portrayed Jodha Bai in the 2008 film ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' directed by [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/will-u-b-my-jodha-news-bollywood-kkfv2kcffecsi.html |title=Will U B My Jodha? |date=14 July 2005 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161209083533/http://www.sify.com/movies/will-u-b-my-jodha-news-bollywood-kkfv2kcffecsi.html |archive-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[Paridhi Sharma]] played the role of Jodha Bai in the historical drama series ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]'' which ran from 2013 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-show-review-so-far-so-good-1853274|title=Show review: So far, so good|first=Chaya|last=Unnikrishnan|date=26 June 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref>
* [[Delnaaz Irani]] portrayed Jodha Bai in the historical comedy series ''[[Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal]]'' from 2014 to 2016. She was replaced by Pragati Mehra in 2016 for a few episodes as she was unavailable due to personal issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-being-replaced-Delnaaz-is-back-on-Akbar-Birbal/articleshow/54896166.cms|title=After being replaced, Delnaaz is back on 'Akbar Birbal' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref>
* Tasha Kapoor portrayed the role of Heer Kunwari aka Jodha Bai in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap]]''{{verify source|date=November 2023}}
* Jodha Bai was portrayed by [[Gurdeep Kohli]] in the [[Colors TV]] series ''[[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gurdeep-kohli-punjj-dons-10kg-costume-for-tv-show/articleshow/65900753.cms|title=Gurdeep Kohli Punjj dons 10kg costume for TV show – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Aditi Sajwan]] portrayed the empress in the [[Star Bharat]] comedy series ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Akbar Ka Bal Birbal's Aditi Sajwan aka Rani Saheba's new best friend on the sets of the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akbar-ka-bal-birbals-aditi-sajwan-aka-rani-sahebas-new-best-friend-on-the-sets-of-the-show/articleshow/77938058.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Anuradha Tarafdar played the role of Jodha Bai in Manohar Arshi's film, ''Akbar's Bridge''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akbar's Bridge|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19960430-manohar-ashis-film-akbars-bridge-glorifies-emperors-winning-cosmopolitan-ways-833456-1996-04-30|access-date=18 June 2022|date=30 April 1996|website=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Sandhya Mridul]] portrayed Jodha Bai in ''[[Taj: Divided by Blood]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sandhya-mridul-unveils-her-character-in-taj-divided-by-blood--news-265543|title=Sandhya Mridul Unveils Her Character In 'Taj: Divided By Blood'|date=26 February 2023|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2023}}
* Jodha Bai is also a major character in [[Salman Rushdie]]'s 2008 novel ''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]''.
* She is the pivot character in the book of [[Subhadra Sen Gupta]], ''The Teenage Diary of Jodh Bai'', as the character Jodh bai.

==See also==
*[[Begum Shahi Mosque]]
*[[Jodha Bai Mahal]]
*[[Nilkanth temple (Mandu)]]
*[[Rahīmī]]
*[[Ganj-I-Sawai]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne the saga of the great Mughals |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral |url-access=limited |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin books |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |publisher=American Oriental Society|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society
|volume=108 |number=2 |date=April–June 1988 |pages=227–238|doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bargoti |first=Rajeev|year=1991|title=Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana |publisher=Indian History Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142642 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=464–469|jstor=44142642 }}
* {{cite book| last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |title=Nur Jan:Empress of Mughal India |location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia/page/n134/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Maryamuzzamani| publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Muni |year=1980 |title=Akbar| url= https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n113/mode/2up |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-0-7069-1076-6 |oclc=7796032 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukhoty |first=Ira |title=Daughters of the Sun: empresses, queens and begums of the Mughal Empire |date=2018 |isbn=978-93-86021-12-0 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |location=New Delhi |oclc=1040634538}}
* {{cite book|first=Muni|last=Lal|title=Mughal Glory|year=1988|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd|isbn=81-220-0076-2|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|first1=Emperor |last1=Jahangir|first2=Wheeler McIntosh|last2=Thackston|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha |publisher=Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha], 316|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mariam uz-Zamani}}
*[https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Iod50fcAtBjGrbfue3WI9H/Jodhabai-More-than-Akbars-wife.html#ampf=|title= Jodha, More than Akbar's wife], ''LiveMint''
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/jodha-bai-344257-2016-10-01 Unknown fact about Queen Mother Mariam uz Zamani], ''India Today''
*[https://www.dawn.com/news/1542722 Harking back: Mystery of the Rajput empress Mariam Zamani], Dawn
*[https://www.utsavpedia.com/fashion-cults/jodha/ Jodha, Queen of sheer opulence], Utsavpedia
*[https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497/harking-back-the-empress-and-her-two-doomed-pilgrim-ships Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships], Dawn

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mariam-Uz-Zamani}}
[[Category:Mariam-uz-Zamani| ]]
[[Category:1540s births]]
[[Category:1623 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Wives of Akbar]]
[[Category:Rajput princesses]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:16th-century businesspeople]]
[[Category:16th-century businesswomen]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Mothers of Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Keshoraipatan

2026-03-26T13:23:13Z

TrinaAshby9096: cleaned up structure additionally and added references

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keshoraipatan
| official_name = K.Patan Bundi
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Ground view , kaishawray patan.jpg
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bundi, Rajasthan|Bundi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]] (zilla)
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bundi]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_total = 24627
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 323601 323602
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07438
| registration_plate = RJ 08(bundi district)
}}

'''Keshoraipatan''' is a city located in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The town is famous for [[Keshav Rai Temple|the temple of Keshav Rai Ji Maharaj]] or Lord [[Vishnu]] which lies on banks of the [[Chambal River]].
The town is 20 km from the well known education hub of India, Kota.
Mratunjaya Mahadev temple is another important shrine of the town. The temple is one of the oldest temples of Rajasthan. There is a very old [[Jain]] temple of lord [[munisuvrat]] in the city. Kalyanrai temple is old temple of Keshavraiji. Here is a [[Hillock|Teela]] (''Knoll in English'') where coins and many ancient things are found. Many devotees take a bath in the Chambal River during Kartik poornima.

==Demographics ==
[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Hindi]] are the local languages here.
According to the census of 2011, the population of the town was 24,627.
There are 25 wards in the town, majority holders are from Indian National Congress (INC).
Municipality Elections were held and current chairman is Kanhaiya Lal Karad from Congress (2021–2025).

== Notable sites ==
[[File:Keshoraipatan Jain temple - Munisuvratnatha.jpg|thumb|Munisuvrata statue at Keshoraipatan Jain temple]]

* '''Keshoraipatan Jain temple''' is a famous Jain temple dedicated to [[Munisuvrata]], twentieth [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Ahuja|2022|p=49}} The temple considered a fine example of architecture and detailed sculptures.{{sfn|Chouhan|2020|p=689}} [[Nemichandra]], a 10th-century [[Jain]] [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]], composed ''Laghudravya Saṁgraha'' here.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=402}}
* '''Shri Keshav Rai ji Temple''' was built in 1641 by [[Rao Raja Chattar Sal]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]. The architecture and sculptures of the temple are unique. It is located at the bank of the Chambal River where the river touches the temple in a half-moon shape. The main Pujari (Mathaadheesh) takes care of the management and spiritual activities of the entire series of temples as per the legacy and the culture.

== Education ==
===Schools ===
* Keshav Bal Vidya Niketen Sr. Sec. School
* Govt. Sr. Sec. School, Keshorai Patan
* Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School, Keshorai Patan
* Aryan Academy Convent School
* Global Paramount School
* Modern Public School
* National Public School
* Shiv Jyoti Secondary School
* Saraswati Vidya Mandir
* Ideal Public School
* Indian Convent School (ICS)
* Punjab Convent School

===Colleges ===
* Patan Girls College, Keshoraipatan
* Aazad B.ed. College, Bundi
* Government Post Graduate College Of Bundi

=== Computer Institutes ===
* Jai Sai Nath Computer Coaching Institute
* Shree Radhe Krishna Computer Center

==Transport==

===Train===
Keshorai Patan [[Railway Station]], Gurla West Railway Station are the very nearby railway stations to Keshoraipatan. However Kota Jn Rail Way Station is a major railway station {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} near to Keshoraipatan.

===Bus===
Shri Keshav Bus Stand is the major bus stand in Keshoraipatan.

===Boat===
The Chambal River is the major river here, one can visit via boat.

==See also==
*[[Sarsala]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book | last=Ahuja | first=Sushma |title=Satyam Shivam Sundaram: Female Figurine in Temple Art | year=2022 | publisher=[[Notion Press]] |url={{Google books|jfh3EAAAQBAJ|pg=PP49|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | isbn=9798886675054 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chouhan |first=T.S. |title=Geography of Rajasthan |url={{Google books|OGAsEAAAQBAJ|page=689|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=2020 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=9789389184297 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through the Ages |url={{Google books|_3O7q7cU7k0C|page=402|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=1972 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 }}

{{Bundi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bundi district]]

{{Kotadivision-geo-stub}}

Abbas Ali Mahdi

2026-03-23T17:33:28Z

TrinaAshby9096: New

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Abbas Ali Mahdi
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prof Abbas Ali Mahdi.jpg
| image_size =
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| other_names =
| occupation = [[Vice-chancellor]], Author
| period =
| known_for = [[Metal toxicity]], [[Biochemistry]]
| title =
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| education = [[M.Sc.]], [[Ph.D.]], D.Sc.
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
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| workplaces = [[Era University]], [[King George's Medical University]]
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}}
'''Abbas Ali Mahdi''' is an Indian [[Academic staff|academic]] and currently [[Vice-chancellor]] of [[Era University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amity University's environment round-table stresses on fighting pollution through awareness-building |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/amity-university-s-environment-round-table-stresses-on-fighting-pollution-through-awareness-building/story-xeSWe0ERPHNj4W9rBSv01K.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Earlier it was for only UP, but now this will work under Prof Abbas Ali Mahdi at the Department of Biochemistry, KGMU, as the All India Referral Centre. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/earlier-it-was-for-only-up-but-now-this-will-work-under-prof-abbas-ali-mahdi-at-the-department-of-biochemistry-kgmu-as-the-all-india-referral-centre-/articleshow/23596691.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Prof Santosh |title=Software Engineering: Design, Development, and Management |date=14 August 2024 |publisher=Academic Guru Publishing House |isbn=978-81-979010-1-0 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Software_Engineering_Design_Development/hi8wEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=prof+abbas+ali+mahdi&pg=PR5&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>

== Education and career ==

He was Research Associate at Aligarh Muslim University from 1985 to 1991.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} In 2003 he joined as the associate professor at [[King George's Medical University]] and later in 2005 he became the full time professor at King George's Medical University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Abbas Ali Mahdi - Biochemistry |url=https://kgmu.org/department_faculty.php?dept_type=2&dept_id=3 |website=kgmu.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Orientation of first batch of PG in biochemistry at KGMU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/orientation-of-first-batch-of-pg-in-biochemistry-at-kgmu/articleshow/91528364.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 May 2022}}</ref> He worked as head of the department at King George's Medical University from 2010 to 2023.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In 2023 Mahdi became the Vice Chancellor of [[Era University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=डॉ. अब्बास बने एरा यूनिवर्सिटी के कुलपति |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-dr-abbas-became-vice-chancellor-of-era-university-7816787.html |website=www.livehindustan.com |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)]] |language=hi |date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

==Research==

He served as the president of Indian Academy of Biomedical Sciences from 2013 to 2014. He is also former secretary general of Indian Academy of Biomedical Sciences (IABS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary General |url=https://www.iabs.in/secretary-general |website=www.iabs.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When time stood still for a man who wrote through time |url=https://timeskuwait.com/when-time-stood-still-for-a-man-who-wrote-through-time/ |website=Times Kuwait |date=29 June 2025}}</ref> He has made contributions in the fields of [[natural product]]s, [[metal toxicity]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Amity University's environment round-table stresses on fighting pollution through awareness-building |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/amity-university-s-environment-round-table-stresses-on-fighting-pollution-through-awareness-building/story-xeSWe0ERPHNj4W9rBSv01K.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=18 September 2019}}</ref> and [[Free Radical Biology and Medicine|free radical biology]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Heavy metals in herbal medicines may be toxic' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/heavy-metals-in-herbal-medicines-may-be-toxic/articleshow/6843974.cms |website=The Times of India |date=31 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Can my shampoo give me cancer? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/can-my-shampoo-give-me-cancer/cid/1313744#goog_rewarded |website=.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

His studies on oxidative stress–induced perturbations of antioxidant levels in the seminal plasma of infertile men indicated improvement following treatment with certain herbal preparations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mohammad Kaleem |last2=Mahdi |first2=Abbas Ali |last3=Shukla |first3=Kamla Kant |last4=Islam |first4=Najmul |last5=Rajender |first5=Singh |last6=Madhukar |first6=Dama |last7=Shankhwar |first7=Satya Narain |last8=Ahmad |first8=Sohail |title=Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028209010140 |website=Fertility and Sterility |pages=989–996 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.046 |date=1 August 2010}}</ref>
==Selected publications==
*"[https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(09)01014-0/fulltext Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertility and sterility.]", Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Rajender S, Madhukar D, Shankhwar SN, Ahmad S., 2010, Vol:94, Issue:3, P:989-996,
*"[https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(08)03935-6/fulltext Mucuna pruriens improves male fertility by its action on the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis. Fertility and sterility]", Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Ahmad MK, Shankhwar SN, Rajender S, Jaiswar SP, 2009, Vol:92, Issue:6, p: 1934-1940,
*"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/ecam/nep138 Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male Fertility]", Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Ahmad MK, Rajender S, Shankhwar SN, Singh V, Dalela D, 2011
*"[https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(07)02951-2/fulltext Effect of Mucuna pruriens on semen profile and biochemical parameters in seminal plasma of infertile men]", Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Jaiswar SP, Ahmad S, 2008, Volume:90, Issue:3, P:627-635
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899308028217?via%3Dihub Influence of age on aluminum induced lipid peroxidation and neurolipofuscin in frontal cortex of rat brain: A behavioral, biochemical and ultrastructural study]", Tripathi S, Mahdi AA, Nawab A, Chander R, Hasan M, Siddiqui MS, Mahdi F, Mitra K, Bajpai VK, 2009, Volume 1253, Pages:107-116
*"[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098409 Aluminium Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Cell Death in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Line Is Independent of p53]", Mustafa Rizvi SH, Parveen A, Verma AK, Ahmad I, Arshad M, Mahdi AA, 2014

==Awards & honors==
*In March 2024, Mahdi received a [[D.Sc.]] (h c.) from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=273 students awarded degrees at AIIMS Bhopal 3rd convocation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/273-students-awarded-degrees-at-aiims-bhopal-3rd-convocation/articleshow/108172945.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahdi, Abbas Ali}}
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]

List of Indian women's football champions

2026-03-21T13:41:35Z

TrinaAshby9096: created the data from scratch

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

The '''Indian women's football champions''' are the winners of the highest national league in [[women's football in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Gokulam Kerala crowned champions of Indian Women's League after dramatic final vs KRYPHSA FC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/iwl-2020-gokulam-kerala-crowned-indian-womens-league-champions-kryphsa-fc-3-2-final-1646561-2020-02-14 |website=Indiatoday.in}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Indian Women's League]] was incorporated.<ref name="21April">{{cite news|last1=Puri|first1=Rohan|title=Women's football league from October|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Womens-football-league-from-October/articleshow/51922352.cms|access-date=22 April 2016|work=Times of India|date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926070630/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Womens-football-league-from-October/articleshow/51922352.cms|archive-date=26 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

A proper league system for [[women's football in India|women's football]] was established in 2016 with the commencement of [[Indian Women's League]] (IWL), The league was launched as India's first professional football league for women with the aim to increase the player pool for [[India women's national football team|India national team]]. Since [[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]] season, the clubs that become champions are granted an opportunity to play in the [[AFC Women's Club Championship]], the top tier women's club football competition in [[Asian Football Confederation|Asia]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Gokulam Kerala FC to represent India in AFC Women's Club Championship 2020-21|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-fc-to-represent-indian-in-afc-womens-club-championship-2020-21/article35337451.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510091353/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-fc-to-represent-indian-in-afc-womens-club-championship-2020-21/article35337451.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> which was succeeded by the [[AFC Women's Champions League]] from the 2023–24 season.<ref name="afc24">{{cite web |title=AFC unveils key details for inaugural AFC Women's Champions League 2024/25 |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/womens_football/news/afc_unveils_key_details_for_inaugural_afc_womens_champions_league_202425.html |website=the-afc.com |publisher=[[Asian Football Confederation]] |access-date=18 May 2024 |language=en |date=12 April 2024}}</ref>

==National League Champions==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ National league champion determination
|-
!Season(s)
!Format
|-
|2016–2020
|Indian Women's League knockout stage winner
|-
|2021–2022
|Indian Women's League first placed team
|-
|2022–2023
|Indian Women's League knockout stage winner
|-
|2023–present
|Indian Women's League first placed team
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Champions (number of titles)
! Runners-up
! Third place
! Winning coach
! Top scorer (club)
! Goals
|-
| [[2016–17 Indian Women's League|2016–17]]
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]]
| rowspan="4"|–{{Efn|The tournament was organised as a knock-out tournament and third place decider matches weren't played, hence no team was recognised for the third place.|name=IWL 2016-22}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bembem Devi Oinam]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kamala Devi Yumnam]] (Eastern Sporting Union)
| align=center|12
|-
| [[2017–18 Indian Women's League|2017–18]]
| [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]]
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sukla Dutta
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bala Devi Ngangom]] (KRYPHSA)
| align=center|12
|-
| [[2018–19 Indian Women's League|2018–19]]
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Amrutha Aravind
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bala Devi Ngangom]] (Manipur Police)
| align=center|26
|-
| [[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya P. V.]]
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| align=center|16
|-
| [[2020–21 Indian Women's League|2020–21]]
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |''Cancelled''
|-
| [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (2)
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| align=center|20
|-
| [[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (3)
| [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| –{{Efn|The tournament was organised as a knock-out tournament and third place decider matches weren't played, hence no team was recognised for the third place.|name=IWL 2016-22}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| align=center|29
|-
| [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Crispin Chettri]]
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| align=center|20
|-
| [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| align=center|24
|}
{{notelist}}

==Total titles won==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!Club
!Winners
!Runners-up
!Winning seasons
!Runner-up seasons
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|3
|2
|[[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
||[[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
|-
|[[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|1
|1
|[[2016–17 Indian Women's League|2016–17]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Women's League|2017–18]]
|-
|[[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]]
|1
|1
|[[2017–18 Indian Women's League|2017–18]]
|[[2016–17 Indian Women's League|2016–17]]
|-
|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|1
|1
|[[2018–19 Indian Women's League|2018–19]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]]
|-
|[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|1
|–
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
|–
|-
|[[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
|1
|–
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
|–
|-
|[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
|–
|1
|–
|[[2018–19 Indian Women's League|2018–19]]
|-
|[[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
|–
|1
|–
|[[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]]
|-
|[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|–
|1
|–
|[[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
|}

===By state===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! Championships
! Clubs
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| align="center"|3
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (3)
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| align="center"|2
| [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]] (1), [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]] (1)
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| align="center"|1
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]] (1)
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align="center"|1
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] (1)
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| align="center"|1
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] (1)
|}

===By city/town===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! City / Town
! State
! Championships
! Clubs
|-
| [[Kozhikode]]
| [[Kerala]]
| align="center"|3
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (3)
|-
| [[Imphal]]
| [[Manipur]]
| align="center"|1
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]] (1)
|-
| [[Cuttack]]
| [[Odisha]]
| align="center"|1
| [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]] (1)
|-
| [[Madurai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align="center"|1
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] (1)
|-
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
| align="center"|1
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]] (1)
|-
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| align="center"|1
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] (1)
|}

=== By region ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Region
!Championships
|-
|[[South India|South]]
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[East India|East]]
| align="center" |3
|-
|[[Northeast India|Northeast]]
| align="center" |1
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian Women's League]]
* [[Football in India]]
* [[Women's football in India]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Women's League}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Women's football in India|I]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League| ]]
[[Category:National women's association football champions|India]]

Ficus sycomorus

2026-03-15T03:35:03Z

TrinaAshby9096: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Species of fig}}
{{Distinguish|text=Sycamore trees ''[[Platanus]]'' and ''[[Acer pseudoplatanus]]''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Ficus sycomorus 0003.jpg
|image_caption = Leaves and [[syconia]] of ''Ficus sycomorus''
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Ficus sycomorus'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T146188430A146199148 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146188430A146199148.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Ficus (plant)
|parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus
|species = sycomorus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|range_map = Zasieg ficus sycomorus distribution.png
|range_map_caption =
}}

'''''Ficus sycomorus''''', called the '''sycamore fig''' or the '''fig-mulberry''' (because the leaves resemble those of the [[mulberry]]), '''sycamore''', or '''sycomore''', is a [[ficus|fig]] species that has been cultivated since ancient times.<ref name="Zohary"/>

== Description ==

''Ficus sycomorus'' grows to {{Convert|20|m}} tall and has a considerable spread, with a dense round crown of spreading branches. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is green-yellow to orange and exfoliates in papery strips to reveal the yellow inner bark. Like all other figs, it contains a [[latex]]. The [[leaves]] are heart-shaped with a round apex, {{Convert|14|cm|frac=4}} long by 10&nbsp;cm wide, and arranged spirally around the twig. They are dark green above and lighter with prominent yellow veins below, and both surfaces are rough to the touch. The petiole is {{Convert|0.5–3|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long and pubescent.

Flowering and fruiting occurs year-round, starting in April or later depending on variety, peaking from July to December. The [[fruit]] is a large edible fig, 2–3&nbsp;cm in diameter, ripening from buff-green to yellow or red. It is borne in thick clusters on long branchlets or the leaf axil. It is sometimes separated into five successive "crops".<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==

The specific name came into English in the 14th century as ''sicamour'', derived from Old French ''sagremore, sicamor''. This in turn derives from Latin {{lang|la|sycomorus}}, from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|σῡκόμορος}} ({{translit|grc|sykómoros}}) 'fig-mulberry'. The Greek name may be from the Greek tree-names {{translit|grc|sykón}} '[[fig]]' and {{translit|grc|moron}} '[[mulberry]]', or it may derive from the Hebrew name for the mulberry, {{translit|he|shiqmah}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sycamore (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/sycamore |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

The name ''[[sycamore]]'' spelled with an A has also been used for unrelated trees: the great maple, ''[[Acer pseudoplatanus]]'', or plane trees, ''[[Platanus]]''. The spelling "sycomore", with an O rather than an A as the second vowel is, if used, specific to ''F.&nbsp;sycomorus''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sycomore | title=sycomore | work=Merriam-Webster.com | access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sycamore | access-date=2016-10-30 | title=sycamore | work=Collins English Dictionary }}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==

''Ficus sycomorus'' is native to [[Africa]] south of the [[Sahel]] and north of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]], excluding the central-west [[rainforest]] areas. It grows naturally in [[Lebanon]]; in the southern [[Arabian Peninsula]]; in [[Cyprus]]; in very localised areas in [[Madagascar]]; and in [[Israel]], [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] and [[Egypt]]. In its native habitat, the tree is usually found in rich soils along rivers and in mixed woodlands.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==Cultivation==

Two major varieties are known in Egypt. Roumi (also called Falaki or Turki), which has more horizontally spread branches, stouter shoots and petioles, more densely spaced leaves that are wider than they are long, and larger, flatter, broad pink fruits; and Kelabi (also called Arabi or Beledi), which has more vertical branches, is more slender, has smaller leaves and has smaller yellowish pear shaped fruits.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Walsingham |first2=F. G. |title=The Sycamore Fig In Egypt|journal=Journal of Heredity |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/8/1/3/835258?redirectedFrom=PDF |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.1093/jhered/8.1.3 |year=1917 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In modern history, many Egyptians would once a year (on the day of a particular saint) make a ring of bruises and cuts around the base of their sycamore trees.{{why|date=March 2024}}<ref name=":0"/>

According to [[botany|botanists]] [[Daniel Zohary]] and Maria Hopf, cultivation of this species was "almost exclusively" by the [[ancient Egypt]]ians.<ref name="Zohary" /> Remains of ''F. sycomorus'' begin to appear in predynastic times and occur in quantity from the start of the [[third millennium BC]]. It was the ancient Egyptian [[tree of life]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Death and salvation in ancient Egypt |first1=Jan |last1=Assmann |first2=David |last2=Lorton |others=translated by David Lorton |page=171 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8014-4241-4}}</ref> Zohary and Hopf note that "the fruit and the timber, and sometimes even the twigs, are richly represented in the [[tomb]]s of the Egyptian Early, Middle and Late Kingdoms."<ref name="Zohary"/> In numerous cases the parched fruiting bodies, known as [[Syconium|sycons]], "bear characteristic gashing marks indicating that this art, which induces ripening, was practised in Egypt in ancient times."<ref name="Zohary">{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2=Maria |last2=Hopf |title=Domestication of plants in the Old World |edition=fourth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |pages=130–131}}</ref>

Although this species of fig requires the presence of the [[symbiotic]] [[wasp]] ''[[Ceratosolen]] arabicus'' to reproduce sexually, and this insect is extinct in Egypt, Zohay and Hopf have no doubt that Egypt was "the principal area of sycamore fig development."<ref name="Zohary"/> Some of the caskets of mummies in [[Egypt]] are made from the wood of this tree. In tropical areas where the wasp is common, complex mini-ecosystems involving the wasp, nematodes,<ref name="Susoy 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Susoy |first1=Vladislav |last2=Herrmann |first2=Matthias |last3=Kanzaki |first3=Natsumi |last4=Kruger |first4=Meike |last5=Nguyen |first5=Chau N. |last6=Rödelsperger |first6=Christian |last7=Röseler |first7=Waltraud |last8=Weiler |first8=Christian |last9=Giblin-Davis |first9=Robin M. |last10=Ragsdale |first10=Erik J. |last11=Sommer |first11=Ralf J. |title=Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs |journal=Science Advances |year=2016 |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=e1501031 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501031 |pmid=26824073 |pmc=4730855 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1031S }}</ref><ref name="Kruger 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Kruger |first1=Meike S. |last2=Kanzaki |first2=Natsumi |last3=Giblin-Davis |first3=Robin M. |last4=Greeff |first4=Jaco M. |title=Molecular diversity and relationships of fig associated nematodes from South Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 August 2021 |volume=16 |issue=8 |article-number=e0255451 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255451 |pmid=34375357 |pmc=8354458 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655451K |doi-access=free }}</ref> other parasitic wasps, and various larger predators revolve around the life cycle of the fig. The trees' random production of fruit in such environments assures its constant attendance by the insects and animals which form this ecosystem.

Sycamores were often planted around artificial pools in ancient Egyptian gardens.<ref name=":2">{{citation |chapter=The Sycamore in Ancient Egypt |first1=Mohammed F. |last1=Azzazy |first2=Azza |last2=Ezzat |title= Liber Amicorum–Speculum Siderum: Nūt Astrophoros Archaeopress Egyptology |date=2016 |publisher= Archaeopress |isbn= 978-1-78491-523-0}}.</ref>

The sycamore tree was brought to Israel by [[Philistines]] during the Iron Age, along with [[opium poppy]] and [[cumin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150828112741.htm |title=Philistines introduced sycamore, cumin and opium poppy into Israel during the Iron Age |newspaper=Science daily |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Nature |journal=Scientific Reports |date=25 August 2015 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=13308 |doi=10.1038/srep13308 |last1=Frumin |first1=Suembikya |last2=Maeir |first2=Aren M. |last3=Kolska Horwitz |first3=Liora |last4=Weiss |first4=Ehud |pmid=26304818 |pmc=4642518}}.</ref> These sycamore trees used to be numerous in western [[Beirut]], lending their name to the neighborhood of Gemmayzeh (({{lang|ar|الْجُمَّيْزَة}} {{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-Ǧummayzah}}), "sycamore fig").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://labnehandfacts.com/media/discoverlebanon/gemmayzeh-name-origins/ |title=Gemmmayzeh name origins |date=25 July 2019}}</ref> However, the trees have largely disappeared from this area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2005/Aug-31/6628-gemmayzeh-changing-new-habits-come-to-an-old-quarter.ashx |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=16 November 2021 |date= 31 August 2005 |title=Gemmayzeh changing: new habits come to an old quarter |first1=Jim |last1=Quilty |first2=Leila |last2=Diab |quote=... named after a sycamore tree that was once a landmark here.}}</ref>

===Gardens===

In the [[Near East]] ''F. sycomorus'' is an orchard and [[ornamental tree]] of great importance and extensive use. It has wide-spreading branches and [[shade tree|affords shade]].

== In culture ==

=== Judaism and Christianity ===

[[File:CairoVirginTree.jpg|alt=CairoVirginTree|thumb|The "Tree of the Virgin" in Egypt.]]

In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the sycomore is mentioned seven times ({{langx|hbo|שִׁקְמָה|shiqmā}}; Strong's number 8256) and once in the [[New Testament]] ({{langx|grc-x-koine|συκομoραία|sykomoraia}} or {{lang|grc|συκομορέα}} {{transliteration|grc|ALA-LC|sykomorea}};<ref>{{LSJ|sukomore/a|συκομορέα|ref}}.</ref> Strong's number 4809). It was a popular and valuable fruit tree in [[Jericho]] and [[Canaan]].<ref name="moldenke 106 108">{{cite book |last=Moldenke |first=Harold N. |title=Plants of the Bible |date=1952 |publisher= Chronica Botanica Company |location=Waltham, Massachusetts USA |pages=106–108}}</ref>

In [[El Matareya, Cairo|El Matareya]], there is a sycamore known as the Tree of the Virgin, which serves as a pilgrimage site. It is not the same tree; instead, when the previous tree that stands in this spot dies, a new one is planted from cuttings of the old tree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-18 |title=The Virgin's Tree in Egypt: A Story of Survival |url=https://www.photorientalist.org/exhibitions/egypts-virgin-tree-story-survival/article/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Photorientalist |language=en-US}}</ref> It is said that the Holy Family took refuge in this tree.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sachs |first=Susan |date=2001-12-26 |title=Cairo Journal; A Tree Drooping With Its Ancient Burden of Faith |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/26/world/cairo-journal-a-tree-drooping-with-its-ancient-burden-of-faith.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic pope]] Theophilus also recounted that [[Joseph (Bible)|Joseph]] had a walking stick, which an infant [[Jesus]] broke. When Joseph buried the pieces of the stick, a sycamore grew forth and provided shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=El-Aref |first=Nevine |title=Virgin Mary Site Inaugurated |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1207/476492/AlAhram-Weekly/Heritage/Virgin-Mary-site-inaugurated.aspx}}</ref>

=== Other religions ===

In Ancient Egypt, the sycamore was associated with the goddesses [[Hathor]], [[Isis]], and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]]. In the case of the latter, prayers exist referring to the "sycamore of Nut", and asking for water and breath. These goddesses were sometimes depicted as trees, sometimes standing in front of them with vessels of water, or sometimes as a tree with human body parts, such as an arm or breast. It was the most significant depicted life giving tree in ancient Egypt.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=R. Osborne |first=William |title=The Tree of Life in Ancient Egypt and the Book of Proverbs |journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions}}</ref> Sycamores are referenced in ancient Egyptian love poetry as a meeting place for lovers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2"/> There are references to twin sycamores of [[turquoise]] in funerary contexts which [[Ra]] comes forth from, indicating they likely face east,<ref name=":1"/> or are located on the eastern horizon.<ref name=":2"/>

In modern Egyptian folklore, the sycamore retains an association with mysticism and magic. In the story "It Serves Me Right!", it is used to represent the Tree of Lifespans. The fruit from this tree dries up at the end of a life, but is fresh when one still has more life to live. Therefore, the inhabitants of a land found at the bottom of a well in the story only eat the dry, bad sycamore fruits and leave the good ones alone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=El-Shamy |first=Hasan |title=Folktales of Egypt |date=1980 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-20624-6 |pages=87–93}}</ref>

In [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu religion]], the sycomore is a sacred tree. All sacrifices to [[Ngai]] (or Murungu), the supreme creator, were performed under the tree. The name of the Kikuyu tribe is derived from the name of the tree in Kikuyu (''Mũkũyũ''). Some of those ceremonies carried out under the tree are still observed.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://mukuyu.wordpress.com/2008/11/13/origins/ |title= Gikuyu Origins |date= 13 November 2008 |access-date= 9 April 2015 |website= Mukuyu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= African Religions and Philosophy |last= Mbiti |first= John |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1990 }}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Ficus sycomorus - Leaves.jpg|Leaves
File:Ficus sycomorus - Stem with fruits.jpg|Trunk with unripe fruit
File:Sycamore fruits.jpg|Fruit
File:Sycomore in Ethiopia.jpg|In Ethiopia
</gallery>

==See also==

* ''[[Ficus vasta]]''
* [[Sycamine]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ficus sycomorus}}
* [http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Sycomorus/Section_Sycomorus/Subsection_Sycomorus/Ficus_sycomorus_sycomorus.htm Figweb.org - ''Ficus sycomorus'']
* PBS ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'' documentary: ''The Queen of Trees'' (on the sycamore fig in Kenya)
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060408122418/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/queenoftrees/index.html pbs.org: ''The Queen of Trees'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929222501/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/php/search.php?search=search&keywords=queen&show_title=none pbs.org/wnet/nature: Sycamore fig in Kenya]

{{WestAfricanPlants|Ficus sycomorus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q750217}}

[[Category:Ficus|sycomorus]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Flora of Palestine (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Africa]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants in the Bible]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Sabatham

2026-03-13T03:48:45Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sabatham poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| story = Bala Murugan
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] T. K. Bhagavathi [[Nagesh]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = P. N. Sundaram A. Somasundaram
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Devanayaki Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1971|4|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sabatham''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|b|ə|θ|əm}} {{translation|Challenge}}) is 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film, directed by [[P. Madhavan]] and written by Bala Murugan. Music was by [[G. K. Venkatesh]]. The film stars [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Nagesh]] and [[T. K. Bhagavathi]], with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasami]] and [[Anjali Devi]] in supporting roles. It was released on 14 April 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arasaratnam |first=Rajeevan |date=November 8, 2020 |title=நான் அறிந்த இசை அரசன் எஸ்.பி.பியும் அவரின் இன்னிசை சாம்ராஜ்யமும்; பகுதி 10 -என்.கே.எஸ். திருச்செல்வம் |url=https://admin.thinakkural.lk/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-10/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819045149/https://admin.thinakkural.lk/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-10/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=[[Thinakkural]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2022}}
Sivakami makes a gentle challenge to her father-in-law, as to how she should manage her problems in the household.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Sivakami
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Muthu
* [[T. K. Bhagavathi]] as Selva Nayagam and Durai Singam
* [[Nagesh]] as Shanmugam
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Rangaiya
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Valli Muthu
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Rajeswari
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Lakshmi
* [[Neelu]]
* [[K. R. Indira Devi]] as Yesotha
* Indra
* C. R. Rajakumari
* Bhavani
* [[Sridevi]] as [[Krishna]]n
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as [[Draupadi]]
}}

== Production ==
The film features [[Play within a film|a play]] based on the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', where Sridevi plays Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayak |first=Satyarth |title=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |title-link=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789353056780 |location=India |pages=11 |author-link=Satyarth Nayak}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabatham |url=https://indiancine.ma/ORD/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230411023729/https://indiancine.ma/ORD/info |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The song "Thoduvandhenna Thendralo Malargalo" was inspired in part by the Hindi song "Woh Hain Zara Khafa Khafa" from ''[[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]'' (1967),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shagird |url=http://myswar.co/album/shagird-1967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726114100/http://myswar.co/album/shagird-1967 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=MySwar}}</ref> and attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=எங்கேயும்... எப்போதும்... எஸ்.பி.பி...! உருகும் கவிப்பேரரசு வைரமுத்து |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/anywhere-always-sbp-melting-poetry-diamond |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819044047/https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/anywhere-always-sbp-melting-poetry-diamond |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2018 |title=புதிய இசையமைப்பாளர்களால் ஏன் புகழ் பெற முடியவில்லை? |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=13732&id1=3&issue=20180608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922153743/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=13732&id1=3&issue=20180608 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Aattathai Aadu Puliyudan" also attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=வேணுகோபாலன் |first=எஸ்.வி. |date=21 June 2020 |title=அஞ்சலி: ஏ.எல்.ராகவன் -மென்குரலே நீ வாழ்க! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/560447-al-raghavan-memories.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907072126/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/560447-al-raghavan-memories.html |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aadum Alaigalil Neethi" (Mahabharatham) || [[S. Janaki]] || 08:20
|-
| "Thoduvathenna Thendralo" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 03:45
|-
| "Nenjukku Neethi Undu" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] ||
|-
| "Aattathai Aadu Puliyudan" || [[L. R. Eswari]], [[A. L. Raghavan]] || 04:17
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Madhavan}}

[[Category:1970s feminist films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Aalayamani

2026-03-11T02:08:38Z

TrinaAshby9096: Stub

{{short description|1962 film by K. Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aalayamani
| image = Aalayamani poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| screenplay = [[Javar Seetharaman]]
| story = G. Balasubramaniam
| producer = [[P. S. Veerappa]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing = [[K. Shankar]] [[K. Narayanan]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = P. S. V. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1962|11|23|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=81-90 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp9.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140915141300/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp9.htm |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Aalayamani''''' ({{translation|Temple bell}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Shankar]] and produced by [[P. S. Veerappa]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]. It was released on 23 November 1962, and ran for over 100 days in theatres. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' (1964), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1968) and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Oru Raagam Pala Thaalam]]''.

== Plot ==
Thyagarajan "Thyagu" is a lonely rich bachelor, subjected to a deep-seated trauma from having witnessed the death of a childhood playmate, caused by his possessiveness. This is recurring theme in Thyagarajan's life, leading to disastrous results.

The movie begins with an imposing bell being rung, a voice narrates the story of a poor man, Arumugam Pillai, who was about to commit suicide on the death rock, but was stopped by the sound of the divine bell from the temple. He decides to take another chance with his life and soon he becomes a rich man and his son is none other than Thyagu, our hero!

Thyagarajan meets and becomes close friends with a virtuous man Sekhar and there is a well grown sense of mutual admiration and fondness amongst the friends. Sekhar and Meena are in love and Sekar promises he will ask her hand in marriage. Unbeknownst to both of them, Thyagu comes across Meena, whose father Muthaiah Pillai works in Thyagu's estate and impressed by her vivacity, Thyagu falls head over heels for her. This has all the makings of a typical love triangle.

Meena has a sister, Pushpalatha, who falls in love with the villain Aatkondan Pillai's son who demands a large amount in dowry. Muthaiah Pillai is unable to rustle up the requisite cash and is now in the doldrums concerned about the fate of his elder daughter's marriage. Thyagu comes helping with the cash and they are wedded. Shortly thereafter, Thyagu proposes to marry Meena and sends Sekhar as his messenger.

Except Sekhar and Meena, to their obvious shock and despair, it looks to the rest of the relatives that Thyagu and Meena are a pair made for each other. Sekhar, realising the extent of love and the depth of feelings of Thyagu asks Meena to forgo their feelings and that she should go ahead and marry Thyagu. The family members of both the families get together and agree to the arrangement. By this time, Thyagu, injured in a serious accident loses the use of both his legs and ends up being a cripple for life. The loyal partner Meena pitches into the effort to care for Thyagu and spends all her time caring for him.

Sekhar can't forget Meena and tries to be close with her, while she honours her commitment to Thyagu and keeps Sekhar at a distance. Thinking Sekhar as a single, Prema, daughter of the Aatkondan Pillai, expresses her feelings for Sekhar and he fails to respond in kind.

All these pent up emotions of love, friendship, loyalty, jealousy and physical debilitation boils over at one point and things take a turn for the worse for all three. Goaded by the feelings of inadequacy, Thyagu builds in his mind a picture, that his dear friend Sekhar is out to get his love, and decides to take matters into his hands and get rid of Sekhar. The lingering doubts about his friend and lover is now fuelled by his restive passions which are burning brightly.

Thyagu plans that the appropriate location for revenge is the Death rock known for its enchanting scenery and dangerous cliffs, where once his father attempted suicide. He was to drive Sekhar to the edge and push him to death from the face of the cliff. Thyagu leads Sekhar to the cliff and reveals his anger and frustration about their perceived relationship, questioning the sincerity of his friend and his lover. A visibly angered Sekhar repulses by revealing the magnitude of his sacrifice he made for his close friend and to prove his innocence, Sekhar swears to take his own life from the same Death rock. Truth dawns on Thyagu, now deeply humiliated, jumps from the cliff to the tumultuous sea below.

While Sekhar and Meena are mourning for their loss, Thyagu gets rescued by a fisherman and the shock of falling from the cliff has given back Thyagu the partial use of his legs. Meena now deems her as a widow and convinces Sekhar to marry the girl who loves him. On the wedding day, Thyagu, now dressed as a nobody shows up for the wedding and happens to overhear a conversation of Meena declaring that there is no life and happiness left due to Thyagu's death. This convinces Thyagu to reveal his identity and console Saroja, while Aatkondan Pillai with an eye on Thyagu's money thinks otherwise. Thyagu is hit on the head and falls unconscious, the marriage completes and Meena decides to take her life from the same cliff Thyagu plunged to death and seen running towards the cliff. Conscious now, Thyagu goes after Meena to stop her from committing suicide, calling out loud to stop and limping all the way behind her.

Meena sees Thyagu is alive and changes her mind and the lovers unite. In the background, the song "Ponnai Virumbum Boomiyile" (meaning: In a world of wealth lovers, the dear one who loved me) is being played, a happy Thyagu and Meena waves us a farewell, the movie ends.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Thyagarajan "Thyagu"
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Meena/Vanampadi
*[[S. S. Rajendran]] as Sekar
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Prema
*[[P. S. Veerappa]] as Pakkiri
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Aatkondan Pillai
*[[M. V. Rajamma]] as Sekar's mother
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Parvathi
*[[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Aatkondan Pillai's son
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Muthaiah Pillai
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Doctor
*[[C. R. Parthiban]] as Doctor
*K. Natarajan as Thyagu's manager
*[[Master Sridhar]] as young Thyagu
*Master Mohan as young Babu
}}

==Production==
The scene where Ganesan and Rajendran play tennis was shot at Egmore Tennis Stadium.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=25 August 2020 |title=#MadrasThroughTheMovies: Films that captured the 'sport'y Madras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-films-that-captured-the-sporty-madras/articleshow/77729580.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306041759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-films-that-captured-the-sporty-madras/articleshow/77729580.cms |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and lyrics for all songs were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aalayamani (1962) |url=https://gaana.com/album/aalayamani-tml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503050753/https://gaana.com/album/aalayamani-tml |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The songs like "Kallellam Manikka", "Satti Suthadhada" and "Ponnai Virumbum" were well received.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=14 November 2015 |title=Aalayamani (1962) TAMIL |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-aalayamani-was-one-of-the-biggest-hits-of-1962/article7877439.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503085422/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-aalayamani-was-one-of-the-biggest-hits-of-1962/article7877439.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Philips, an [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]] guitarist, played the guitar for "Satti Sutthadhada".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2014 |title=Harmony with strings |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/harmony-with-strings/article6641033.ece |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207094623/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/harmony-with-strings/article6641033.ece |archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> It was based on the [[raga]] ''[[Bilaskhani Todi|Bilaskhan-i Todi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 July 2015 |title=Hindustani raag and hit songs |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-msvs-favourite-hindustani-raag-bilaskhanitodi/article7456091.ece |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829235231/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-msvs-favourite-hindustani-raag-bilaskhanitodi/article7456091.ece |archive-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> The song "Kallellam Maanikka" is based on [[Mayamalavagowla]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey — The magic of Mayamalavagowla |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170416/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=15 November 2020}}</ref> but also has an [[Arabic music|Arabic]] tinge.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=3 June 2025 |title=Want information about any Hindi or Tamil film song? Ask record-collector T.S. Gopal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-documenter-collector-ts-gopal-shares-his-60-years-of-musical-journey/article69648505.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612184056/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-documenter-collector-ts-gopal-shares-his-60-years-of-musical-journey/article69648505.ece |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Sujatha Narayan noted that the song "Nallai Allai" from ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (2017) was similar to "Ponnai Virumbum" from this film "in its mood, with the man reminiscing how his love for a woman of such character has changed him for the better."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=26 March 2017 |title=Sangam poems in contemporary songs |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/26/sangam-poems-in-contemporary-songs-1586219--1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503051525/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/26/sangam-poems-in-contemporary-songs-1586219--1.html |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kallellam Manikka" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]] || 05:00
|-
| "Kannana Kannanukku" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[P. Susheela]] || 05:10
|-
| "Karunai Magan" || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || 00:57
|-
| "Maanattam" || P. Susheela || 03:36
|-
| "Ponnai Virumbum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:03
|-
| "Satti Sutthadhada" || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:21
|-
| "Thookkam Un Kangalai" || [[S. Janaki]] || 03:22
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Aalayamani'' was released on 23 November 1962.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=பா. |date=27 May 2016 |title=சரோஜா தேவி: 6. அழுமூஞ்சி...! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/may/28/சரோஜா-தேவி-6.-அழுமூஞ்சி...-2516292.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503051958/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/may/28/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-6.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF...-2516292.html |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Aalayamani'' is an engrossing film, which though sometimes exceeds the bounds of possibility assures a fair return for cinegoers' fare."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 1962 |title='Aalayamani' has an off-beat theme |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19621207&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the performances of various cast members and the cinematography, but felt Vijayakumari was underutilised.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=16 December 1962 |title=ஆலயமணி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1962/dec/16-12-1962/p53.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220723081505/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1962/dec/16-12-1962/p53.jpg |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=ta}}</ref> The film celebrated its 100th day at the Vijaya Gardens, Kodambakkam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 1963 |title=Madras cinemas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630315&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Aalayamani'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' (1964), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1968),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 June 2012 |title=Lights, Camera, Conversation… — The north-south non-divide |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-the-northsouth-nondivide/article3532112.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518195852/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-the-northsouth-nondivide/article3532112.ece |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Oru Raagam Pala Thaalam]]'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=தமிழ் டூ மலையாளம் உண்டல்லோ? |language=ta |pages=12 |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1962 drama films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Javar Seetharaman]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Tenaliraman (film)

2026-03-07T04:51:15Z

TrinaAshby9096: Adding initial bio more to come...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Yuvaraj Dhayalan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tenaliraman
| image = Tenaliraman 2014.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Yuvaraj Dhayalan]]
| producer = Kalpathi S. Aghoram Kalpathi S. Ganesh Kalpathi S. Suresh
| writer = [[Aaroor Dass]] (dialogues) Yuvaraj Dhayalan
| starring = [[Vadivelu]] [[Meenakshi Dixit]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = Ramnath Shetty
| editing = Raja Mohammed
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|18|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2014 |title=Vadivelu's 'Thenaliraman' to Release on April 18 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/mar/30/vadivelus-thenaliraman-to-release-on-april-18-592587.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/mar/30/Vadivelus-Thenaliraman-to-Release-on-April-18-592587.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=IANS}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 116 mins
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|35|c|year=2014}}<ref>[http://ca.ibtimes.com/articles/548648/20140417/tenaliraman-box-office-comedian-vadivelu-tenali-raman.htm Tenaliraman budget – International Business Times Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013144/http://ca.ibtimes.com/articles/548648/20140417/tenaliraman-box-office-comedian-vadivelu-tenali-raman.htm |date=19 April 2014 }}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|23|c|year=2014}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman box office report {{!}} InReporter |url=http://www.inreporter.com/tenaliraman-25-days-box-office-collection-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811062508/http://www.inreporter.com/tenaliraman-25-days-box-office-collection-report/ |archive-date=11 August 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>
}}
'''''Tenaliraman''''' (previously titled ''Jagajala Pujabala Tenaliraman'') is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Yuvaraj Dhayalan]]. [[Vadivelu]] stars in this film in dual roles. [[Meenakshi Dixit]] plays the pivotal role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imman's tune for Vadivelu's 'Thenali Raman' – The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-interviews/38673008_1_vadivelu-double-role-thenali-raman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720051617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-interviews/38673008_1_vadivelu-double-role-thenali-raman |archive-date=20 July 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> The film released to negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Tenaliraman is an average entertainer |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-tenaliraman-is-an-average-entertainer-south/20140421.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505124530/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-tenaliraman-is-an-average-entertainer-south/20140421.htm |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Tenaliraman is an intelligent guy and a rebel leader who is fighting a battle against Maamannar Krishnadevarayar the King who has no time for his people and is controlled by his corrupt ministers. The king with 36 wives and 52 children believes his nine ministers are Navarathnams (nine jewels) of his court. Soon Tenaliraman is able to infiltrate into the court as he is able to charm the king with his all-round talents including singing, dancing, sharp wit and amazing sense of humor. Meanwhile, other ministers in the court sell out to the Chinese who want to take over the kingdom and expand their market. Tenaliraman comes to the king's rescue and whether he does it single-handedly forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vadivelu]] as [[Tenali Raman]]/Maamannar (The King of Vikata Nagaram)<ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2014 |title=Etcetera: In Tamil film – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-in-tamil-film/article5617808.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408093551/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-in-tamil-film/article5617808.ece |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Meenakshi Dixit]] as Princess Maadhulai (voice-over by [[Deepa Venkat]])<ref name="autogenerated6" />
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Parasbaram , ruler of a rival kingdom<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |title=Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman first look – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Jagajala-Pujabala-Thenaliraman-first-look/articleshow/31326985.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Jagajala-Pujabala-Thenaliraman-first-look/articleshow/31326985.cms |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=5 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Manobala]] as Education Minister<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=First look poster of Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman revealed – Tamilstar.com |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-first-look-poster-of-jagajala-pujabala-thenaliraman-revealed-jagajala-pujabala-thenaliraman-vadivelu-03-03-146672.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306183803/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-first-look-poster-of-jagajala-pujabala-thenaliraman-revealed-jagajala-pujabala-thenaliraman-vadivelu-03-03-146672.htm |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Eating Joint Owner
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Ex Chettiar/Man carrying bags of rice on cart<ref name="autogenerated7" />
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Kaaliappa, Tenaliraman's comrade
* [[Joe Malloori]] as Nandivarma Rayar<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web |title='Thenaliraman' music to take audience on time travel: Imman {{!}} TopNews |url=http://www.topnews.in/light/thenaliraman-music-take-audience-time-travel-imman-267228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330094841/http://www.topnews.in/light/thenaliraman-music-take-audience-time-travel-imman-267228 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>
* [[G. M. Kumar]] as Chief Minister, the head of the navarathnams (nine jewels)<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |title=Imman on Tenaliraman's music – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Imman-on-Tenaliramans-music/articleshow/31787066.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516075828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Imman-on-Tenaliramans-music/articleshow/31787066.cms |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Bala Singh]] as Naganadha, One of the ministers<ref name="autogenerated7" />
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Environmental Minister
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Health Minister
* [[Chelladurai]] as One of the Ministers
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Street dancer/Beggar
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Vendor in the street
* [[George Maryan]] as Eating Joint worker
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Leader of the thief gang
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as One of the Ministers
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Maamannar's soldier
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Kongana Valli, one of the 36 queens
* [[Devadarshini]] as Eating Joint Owner's Sister<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu is back |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20141912041912/Shoot-over-for-Thenaliraman.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314072404/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20141912041912/Shoot-over-for-Thenaliraman.col |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>
* [[Amritha Aiyer]] as Maadhulai's friend
* Baby Neha as one of Maadhulai's Sisters
;Uncredited
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as One of the Ministers
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Cannibal tribe leader<ref name="autogenerated7" />
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Beggar who acts like a blind person
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Candidate for Nandivarma Rayar's post
* [[Gothandaraman|Pei Krishnan]] as Whipper
* Nickson Cheng as Chao Gong Gong, leader of the Chinese traders
* Vivienne Tseng as Courtesan Hong
* Wilson Ng as General Wang
* Minnale Ravi as Royal Barber
* Sumathi as Villager
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on 20 May 2013 under the working title ''Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 2 years comedian Vadivelu shoots for a film |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/after-2-years-comedian-vadivelu-shoots-for-a-film/393038-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608031942/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/after-2-years-comedian-vadivelu-shoots-for-a-film/393038-71-180.html |archive-date=8 June 2013 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> [[Meenakshi Dixit]] was selected to play the female lead in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu tricks his heroine – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vadivelu-tricks-his-heroine/articleshow/20942881.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709164329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/news-interviews/40406944_1_heroine-vadivelu-film |archive-date=9 July 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's first look was shown via stills in October 2013, much to the delight of Vadivelu's fans, confirming that the shooting of the film was underway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's first look in JPT out |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131023/entertainment-kollywood/article/vadivelu%E2%80%99s-first-look-jpt-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202115909/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131023/entertainment-kollywood/article/vadivelu%E2%80%99s-first-look-jpt-out |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> Portions of the film were also shot in China and [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's China connect – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-China-connect/articleshow/28514258.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111024502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-07/news-interviews/45953955_1_ace-comedian-vadivelu-film-dual-role |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but the news of shooting the film in China was however clarified by Vadivelu as untrue, "We had plans to go to China and shoot. But that didn't materialize because of time constraints. We, however, overcame that issue by getting Chinese actors from [[Singapore]] to come down here and shoot."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Never underestimate a youngster – Vadivelu – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Never-underestimate-a-youngster-Vadivelu/articleshow/33863297.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418055720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Never-underestimate-a-youngster-Vadivelu/articleshow/33863297.cms |archive-date=18 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The scenes in the film have extensive CGI ([[computer-generated imagery]]) work. The work is about 95 minutes of the running time of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's next is a visual treat – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-next-is-a-visual-treat/articleshow/32142177.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317041444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-next-is-a-visual-treat/articleshow/32142177.cms |archive-date=17 March 2014 |access-date=16 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tenaliraman
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 April 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Amara (film)|Amara]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Yennamo Yedho]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

[[D. Imman]] composed the music for the film and singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]] had sung a track penned by Viveka. The song was one of the high points in the film.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131110024331/http://www.sify.com/movies/shreya-ghosal-sings-for-thenaliraman-news-tamil-nlhlm7aehdb.html Shreya Ghosal sings for `Thenaliraman`]</ref> Apparently, [[Vadivelu]] himself had crooned a number as well and that he had done a terrific job in singing the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu gets behind the mike – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelu-gets-behind-the-mike/articleshow/29658844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201143328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelu-gets-behind-the-mike/articleshow/29658844.cms |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Singer Krishnaraj had also delivered a song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=Vadivelu's 'Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman' exploring the early 70s {{!}} Tamil Cinema News › KollyInsider |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2014/01/vadivelus-jagajala-pujabala.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222627/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2014/01/vadivelus-jagajala-pujabala.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Singer and actress [[Andrea Jeremiah]] had sung a Middle Eastern flavoured number and furthermore, Imman had confirmed that the soundtrack of the film will consist of 5 songs and 3 theme songs and that a 70's kind of feel would be present in each track.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's 'Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman' |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20142701022717/Vadivelus-Jagajala-Pujabala-Thenaliraman.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202161517/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20142701022717/Vadivelus-Jagajala-Pujabala-Thenaliraman.col |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Talking about the music of the film Imman posted on his Twitter page "Tenaliraman audio is designed to achieve the sound of early 60's and 70's. Melody making and orchestration is set to the period with the mix and master of today's digital sound. This film's music did take me for a time travel and hope it does with the listeners too."<ref name="autogenerated7" /> The audio of the film was launched on April Fool's Day. Imman had tweeted, "The background score is in full swing, and nearing completion. I'm sure u guys gonna love Vadivelu sir back on screen! Audio on April 1".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140324012748/http://www.sify.com/movies/jagajala-pujabala-thenaliraman-audio-on-april-1-news-tamil-odxlQobidjf.html `Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman` audio on April 1]</ref> In addition to Viveka, [[Puthumaipithan]]'s lyrics were also used.<ref name="autogenerated3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140329231647/http://www.sify.com/movies/jagajala-pujabala-tenaliraman-gets-a-u-certificate-news-tamil-od3jK0jcfhj.html `Jagajala Pujabala Tenaliraman` gets a U certificate]</ref>

The album received mixed reviews from critics, many of whom felt that the songs would look better on screen. ''Behindwoods'' gave 2/5 saying, "Imman's usual magic is missing".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman Music Review – Behindwoods |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407235339/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-songs-review.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> ''Only Kollywood'' gave it 2.75/5 praising Imman's experimental songs, particularly "Aanazhagu", but finally stating that the songs overall were mediocre by Imman's standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2014 |title=Tenaliraman Music Review – Only Kollywood |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/tenaliraman-songs-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406135643/http://www.onlykollywood.com/tenaliraman-songs-review/ |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> ''Therarefield'' gave a mixed review stating, "Tenaliraman captures the yesteryear ambience in its sounds to mixed results".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman Music Review – therarefield |url=http://therarefied.blogspot.com/2014/04/music-review-tenali-raman-tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101164933/http://therarefied.blogspot.com/2014/04/music-review-tenali-raman-tamil.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> ''Cinemagrind'' gave 2.5/5 saying, "Staying true to the script, Imman has no freedom to experiment. Average vintage album!"<ref>[http://www.cinemagrind.com/movies/music-review/3-music-review/318-tenaliraman Tenaliraman Music Review – cinemagrind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214401/http://www.cinemagrind.com/movies/music-review/3-music-review/318-tenaliraman |date=8 April 2014 }}</ref> Nevertheless, songs like "Aanazhagu" and "Rampappa" became instant hits among the masses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman Music Review – OneIndia |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/movies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419192853/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/movies/thenaliraman/songs.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' wrote, "The usual Imman touch is missing".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131026162711/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/18049.html Tenaliraman – Jagajala Pujabala Thenaliraman – Music Review]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aanazhagu
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Aey Vaayadi
| extra2 = Krishnaraj
| lyrics2 = Viveka
| length2 =
| title3 = Udal Vaangalaiyo
| extra3 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics3 = Viveka
| length3 =
| title4 = Nenje Nenje
| extra4 = Hariharasudan
| lyrics4 = Viveka
| length4 =
| title5 = Rampappa
| extra5 = Mukesh, [[Vadivelu]]
| lyrics5 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Aanazhagu (Karaoke)
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =
| title7 = Udal Vaangalaiyo (Karaoke)
| extra7 =
| lyrics7 =
| length7 =
| title8 = Nenje Nenje (Karaoke)
| extra8 =
| lyrics8 =
| length8 =
}}

== Release ==
The film, initially set for release on 11 April 2014, was postponed to release a week later on 18 April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's 'Thenaliraman' to release April 18 – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-Thenaliraman-to-release-April-18/articleshow/33113188.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405104550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-Thenaliraman-to-release-April-18/articleshow/33113188.cms |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=2 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film released across 16 countries worldwide. It released in 19 screens in the US and 12 in the [[UK|United Kingdom]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417144259/http://www.sify.com/movies/tenaliraman-will-have-a-wide-release-overseas-news-tamil-oerjQJfghjj.html Tenaliraman will have a wide release overseas]</ref> The satellite rights of the film were secured by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun TV fighting for all – ChennaiOnline |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/TV-Corner/20145024015008/Sun-TV-fighting-for-all.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054146/http://chennaionline.com/movies/TV-Corner/20145024015008/Sun-TV-fighting-for-all.col |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
The official 3-minute trailer for the film was released on 27 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's Tenaliraman trailer – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-Tenaliraman-trailer/articleshow/32831580.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329022700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-Tenaliraman-trailer/articleshow/32831580.cms |archive-date=29 March 2014 |access-date=28 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140329092510/http://www.sify.com/movies/nsm-tenali-raman-trailers-out-today-news-tamil-od2jVXijhhb.html NSM & Tenali Raman trailers out today]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu Nets 30K Hits on Return – The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vadivelu-Nets-30K-Hits-on-Return/2014/03/29/article2136589.ece1#.UzZ1z62Sxbs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330053528/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vadivelu-Nets-30K-Hits-on-Return/2014/03/29/article2136589.ece1#.UzZ1z62Sxbs |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title=Trailer of Comedian Vadivelu's Comeback Film 'Jagajala Pujabala Tenaliraman' Released – International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/545422/20140328/vadivelu-tenaliraman-trailer-jagajala-pujabala-tenali-raman.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150509/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/545422/20140328/vadivelu-tenaliraman-trailer-jagajala-pujabala-tenali-raman.htm |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=28 March 2014 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> In its trailer review, ''Behindwoods'' wrote "However, for now, Vadivelu is back. Dum.".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer Review – Tenaliraman – Behindwoods |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/a-trailer-review-of-jagajala-bujabala-tenaliraman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330183436/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/a-trailer-review-of-jagajala-bujabala-tenaliraman.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
In an interview with [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 14 April 2014, Vadivelu mentioned that the idea of the King having 36 wives and 52 children was based on [[Ziona]] Chana, who lives in Baktawang village of the [[Mizoram]] state of [[India]] and who holds the world record for the world's biggest family with 39 wives, 94 children, 14 daughters-in-law and 33 grandchildren, 181 in total.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Commenting on the film, the film's director Yuvaraj spoke of how much faith Vadivelu has put in him and he efforts he made in the film, "There are several reasons for viewers to watch this film. The first is [[Vadivelu]] sir. My film will mark his return to cinema after a two-year break. He will be seen in dual roles and both roles will make you smile. To differentiate between the two characters he plays in the film, Vadivelu sir created a different body language for one of the characters. For instance, he created a different walking and talking style for a particular character. In fact, he would blink several times more while playing this character. It was amazing to see the way he transformed himself. Vadivelu sir received several offers, but he chose my film to mark his comeback and gave me the opportunity to work with him. I am just 27 years old. When some top heroes are scared to trust youngsters, he has shown that he has immense faith in the youth of this country." he said<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu created a new body language – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelu-created-a-new-body-language/articleshow/33745833.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415142722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelu-created-a-new-body-language/articleshow/33745833.cms |archive-date=15 April 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Actress [[Meenakshi Dixit]] was aware of the fact that the film did not feature a regular hero, yet she agreed to work in the film because she didn't want to miss an opportunity to work with Vadivelu, "I was told by many people not to do this film but my heart was all for it. I was sure about one thing that maybe I'm not working with a regular hero but I will not get an opportunity to work with a legendary comedian. Moreover, the movie concentrates more on the content rather than just the hero. I'm very proud to be a part of such a prestigious project by a great production house. Working with him was an experience of a lifetime. I have learnt a lot from him. He is the most humble and grounded person I have ever met in my life. It was a challenge to match the comic timing of Vadivelu because he would improvise randomly on sets. I would have practiced my lines for hours and then when we do the scene, everything would have been improvised by Vadivelu. So, catching up with him was a challenge." she said<ref>{{Cite web |title=Didn't want to miss working with Vadivelu – Meenakshi Dixit – nowrunning |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/didnt-want-to-miss-working-with-vadivelu-meenakshi-dixit/93628/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191838/http://www.nowrunning.com/didnt-want-to-miss-working-with-vadivelu-meenakshi-dixit/93628/story.htm |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, Vadivelu stated, "This is a very good film, one people must watch," he said and added, "I am sure they will like it. I wanted to mark my return with a film that would stand out. And I chose this script after listening to several others. We have added some imaginary events to short stories we know and have shot the film in a manner that will not hurt anybody's feelings or sentiments," he said. Pointing out to him that his director Yuvaraj was grateful that he had been entrusted with the task of directing a film that marked his return to cinema and he replied, "Today's youngsters are full of passion. This youngster was like camphor. If I began narrating a scene, he would complete it for me. He is sharp and has a bright future. He might be 26, but has the wisdom of a 62-year-old. I've realized that one must never dismiss or underestimate anybody just because they are young. In fact, I have worked as an assistant director to him in this film. My producer has placed a lot of faith in me. Despite several people trying to dissuade him from making this film, he has backed me. I am grateful for the support he has extended." he said.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Never underestimate a youngster – Vadivelu – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Never-underestimate-a-youngster-Vadivelu/articleshow/33863297.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418055720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Never-underestimate-a-youngster-Vadivelu/articleshow/33863297.cms |archive-date=18 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404053723/http://www.sify.com/movies/thankful-to-my-producers-for-backing-me-vadivelu-news-national-oedpaNjejie.html Vadivelu thanks producer for backing him]</ref>

=== Allegations of depiction of historical figures ===
Certain Telugu associations had written to the Censor Board seeking the removal of any scene that degrades [[Tenali Raman]], the legendary minister in King [[Krishnadevaraya]]'s court. The organisations had petitioned the censor board to appoint an expert committee of Andhra historians to check the movie.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005705/http://www.sify.com/movies/vadivelu-s-tenaliraman-runs-into-trouble-news-tamil-od5lkIadcje.html Vadivelu's Tenaliraman runs into trouble]</ref> It was understood that he plays the roles of Tenali Raman and his King Krishnadevaraya. In his interview to a leading National newspaper, the film's director, Yuvraj Dhayalan had clarified that Vadivelu had not acted as King Krishnadevaraya in his film. He also added that his film was not based on any real incidents and it was a summation of a few moral stories about Tenaliraman.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071910/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/105514.html Vadivelu is not Krishnadevaraya – Indiaglitz]</ref> Commenting on the issue, the director of the film, Yuvaraj Dhayalan had said that he was ready to screen his film to any committee that had raised concerns and that they could very well ask him to show the film to them. He confirmed that there will be no scenes that will degrade Tenali Rama and that the Censor Board had looked into all the concerns posed by the Telugu associations and cleared the film with a 'U' certificate without any cuts. He furthermore said that the film has been in the making for a very long time and people knew very well that Vadivelu was acting in it and that they should have raised this concern some six months ago and not around the time of the release of the film and that the intentions of the entire team of the film was not to hurt anyone's sentiments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No scene in my film degrades Tenali Raman – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/No-scene-in-my-film-degrades-Tenali-Raman/articleshow/32964658.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331032703/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/No-scene-in-my-film-degrades-Tenali-Raman/articleshow/32964658.cms |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Addressing the concerns raised by the Telugu groups, [[Vadivelu]] himself also stated that there was no mention of the Krishnadevaraya in the film and that the word "Manna" only was used to address the King throughout the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2014 |title=Master of gags is back – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/master-of-gags-is-back/article5862493.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405025555/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/master-of-gags-is-back/article5862493.ece |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=3 April 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> An official statement signed by R. Rangarajan, director of AGS entertainment, which produces the film, stated that the film is an imaginary story conceived on the basis of Tenaliraman's moral stories and that the film doesn't reflect neither the life history of Tenaliraman nor that of any person with whom Tenaliraman was associated with/lived with and that the story of the film is an imaginary one reflecting the lifestyle of people who lived in the 15th century in the backdrop of the present happenings and events and that all the characters appearing in the film are fictitious.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadivelu's Tenaliraman in controversy – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-Tenaliraman-in-controversy/articleshow/33276924.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406070839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vadivelus-Tenaliraman-in-controversy/articleshow/33276924.cms |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Telugu groups moved to the High Court on Friday and also sought the intervention of the Tamil Nadu government. On Friday, two Telugu organisations filed a writ petition in the Madras High Court seeking a direction to the Tamil Nadu Government to pass appropriate orders on their representation with regard to the film. The petitioners, Tamil Nadu Telugu Makkal Peravai and Tamil Nadu Telugu Yuva Sakthi, said that the film's producer had not considered the facts about King Krishnadevaraya and that they had produced the movie with its own ideology. "History should not be twisted;" the petitioners said. At a press meet in the city, representatives of various Telugu organisations said they were also attempting to make a representation to the Chief Secretary seeking a halt to the release of the film. "Tenaliraman is a historic character who was a poet in the court of Krishnadevaraya, a great king. But the trailer of this film shows the king as a person who has many wives and children, and ignored his subjects." Thangavel Swamy of Sillavar Rajakambalam Naicker Sangam, one of the protesting groups, said.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2014 |title=Tenaliraman runs into roadblock – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tenaliraman-runs-into-roadblock/article5902331.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141214/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tenaliraman-runs-into-roadblock/article5902331.ece |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The petition also stated to the film's producers to screen the movie to its representatives or authorities appointed by the court before the movie's release so as to be sure of what the movie contained.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/hc-moved-against-vadivelu-s-comeback-film-tenaliraman_153404.html HC moved against Vadivelu's comeback film Tenaliraman – zeenews.india.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413112726/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/hc-moved-against-vadivelu-s-comeback-film-tenaliraman_153404.html |date=13 April 2014 }}</ref> The petition was taken up for hearing on 11 April 2014 by Justice Satish Kumar Agnihotri (acting Chief Justice) and Justice M. M. Sundaresh. Justice Sathish Kumar Agnihotri said that since he did not know Tamil, he could not judge about the contents of the film. Hence he had posted the petition to another division bench.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140415064431/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/106096.html HC moved against Vadivelu's comeback film Tenaliraman – Indiaglitz]</ref>

=== Clearing of the film ===
On 16 April 2014, a division bench consisting of Justices [[N. Paul Vasanthakumar]] and M. Sathyanarayanan refused to stall the release of the film but asked its producers to prominently display a disclaimer at the beginning of the film stating that it was a fictional work and that it was not intended to hurt the sentiments of religious or any other groups. Earlier, the producer had filed an affidavit stating that there was no mention of King Krishnadevaraya anywhere in the movie and pointed out that the Madurai bench of the high court had already dismissed a similar PIL.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2014 |title=HC refuses to stall Tenaliraman – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Madras-high-court-refuses-to-stall-release-of-Vadivelus-comeback-film-Tenali-Raman/articleshow/33819099.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416172637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Madras-high-court-refuses-to-stall-release-of-Vadivelus-comeback-film-Tenali-Raman/articleshow/33819099.cms |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HC Dismisses Petition Against Tenaliraman – OneIndia |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/madras-hc-dismisses-petition-against-vadivelu-thenaliraman-136802.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205634/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2014/madras-hc-dismisses-petition-against-vadivelu-thenaliraman-136802.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman clears legal hurdle – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vadivelus-comeback-film-clears-legal-hurdle/articleshow/33836388.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417212457/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vadivelus-comeback-film-clears-legal-hurdle/articleshow/33836388.cms |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Support for the film ===
Director and political activist [[Seeman]]<ref>[http://news.taaza.com/uncategorised/1280719-thenaliraman-based-on-fictional-stories-producer.html Tenaliraman based on fictional stories – newstaaza.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074352/http://news.taaza.com/uncategorised/1280719-thenaliraman-based-on-fictional-stories-producer.html |date=7 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140412025904/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/105832.html Seeman comes in support of Vadivelu – Indiaglitz]</ref> and directors [[Bharathiraja]] and [[V. Gowthaman]] supported the film,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140410075043/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/105917.html Another director supports Vadivelu – Indiaglitz]</ref> the latter terming the allegations as systematic attacks to prevent the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharathiraja supports Vadivelu – OneIndia |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/vadivelu-thenaliraman-bharathiraaja-support-136669.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416070139/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2014/vadivelu-thenaliraman-bharathiraaja-support-136669.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indiawest.com/news/18300-now-bharathiraja-stands-up-for-vadivelu-s-rights.html Bharathiraja stands up for Vadivelu's rights – Indiawest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416210343/http://www.indiawest.com/news/18300-now-bharathiraja-stands-up-for-vadivelu-s-rights.html |date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2/5 and wrote, "Vadivelu does make an effort to look and sound different in the two roles, varying his body language – to appear dignified as the king and comical as the jester" and concluded that, "''Tenaliraman'' is meant for Vadivelu fans and is a good movie for the summer."<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-tenaliraman-is-meant-for-vadivelu-fans/article1-1209863.aspx Tenaliraman movie review – The Hindustan Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419131204/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-tenaliraman-is-meant-for-vadivelu-fans/article1-1209863.aspx |date=19 April 2014 }}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 and wrote, "Performance wise, there is little scope for anyone other than Vadivelu. Though the film is set in the 15th century, the issues dealt with are quite contemporary such as foreign direct investment, rampant corruption and bribe-giving and receiving. Director Yuvaraj has tried to present a socially relevant issue in a humorous manner."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman movie review – Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-tenaliraman-is-an-average-entertainer-south/20140421.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728050223/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-tenaliraman-is-an-average-entertainer-south/20140421.htm |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole, ''Tenaliraman'' is a perfect family outing this summer, as some laughs are guaranteed. Watch it for Vadivelu!".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140418164820/http://www.sify.com/movies/tenaliraman-review-tamil-15053564.html Tenaliraman movie review]</ref> The ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "Clearly the film rests entirely on Vadivelu's shoulders. He delivers a noteworthy performance both as the king and as Tenali, but it is the character of Maamannar that draws the most laughs from the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Tenaliraman movie review – Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140419/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-thenaliraman-must-watch-vadivelu-fans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419222124/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140419/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-thenaliraman-must-watch-vadivelu-fans |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Tenaliraman'' is amusing, especially if you like loud comedy."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tenaliraman movie review – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tenaliraman/articleshow/33940232.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419162208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tenaliraman/articleshow/33940232.cms |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Vadivelu uses suitable body language and expressions to demarcate the two roles – of a simpleton king, unaware of the real state of his people and of the scheming by his ministers; and of the witty shrewd Tenali who brings the king to his senses. What makes the film watchable is Vadivelu's screen presence."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman movie review – The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Vadivelus-Presence-Makes-It-Watchable/2014/04/20/article2178709.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051312/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Vadivelus-Presence-Makes-It-Watchable/2014/04/20/article2178709.ece |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Vadivelu's timing is intact. He has a terrific scene where he spouts gibberish, unable to put together words to describe his plight."<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2014 |title=Tenaliraman movie review – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/tenaliraman-clown-of-thorns/article5928821.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420015448/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/tenaliraman-clown-of-thorns/article5928821.ece |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Siddarth Srinivas of ''Cinemalead'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Copacetic period comedy highlighted by Vadivelu's performance."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman movie review – Cinmealead |url=http://cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-tenali-raman-movie-review-review288.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419120619/http://cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-tenali-raman-movie-review-review288.htm |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' gave 2.5/5 stars and concluded, "''Tenaliraman'' is an enjoyable light-hearted entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman movie review – Indiaglitz |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tenaliraman-tamil-movie-review-18049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190047/http://www.indiaglitz.com/tenaliraman-tamil-movie-review-18049 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "In all, ''Tenaliraman'', as a standalone film, may find patrons in family audiences and children and may come across as a welcome break for this summer vacation."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman movie review – Behindwoods |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025119/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-review.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave 2.75/5 and concluded, "''Tenaliraman'' is mounted on a political platform and successfully gets away without setting off land mines. However, ''Tenaliraman'' looks like a poor cousin of Imsai Arasan and lacks some genuinely interesting moments and necessary sting that is quintessential to political satires. Nevertheless, ''Tenaliraman'' is watchable only for Vadivelu!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman movie review – Moviecrow |url=http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1479/jagajala-pujabala-tenaliraman-tamil-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220516/http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1479/jagajala-pujabala-tenaliraman-tamil-movie-review |archive-date=18 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=MovieCrow}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected 3.2 million in [[world]]wide alone during its first week of release (from 18 April 2014 to 20 April 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman 1st week box office collection – Behindwoods |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-apr-20.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424033134/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-apr-20.html |archive-date=24 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> It collected 2.65 million in its second week (from 21 April 2014 to 27 April 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman 2nd week box office collection – Behindwoods |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-apr-27.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429013721/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-apr-27.html |archive-date=29 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The film collected 2.2 million in its third week (from 28 April 2014 to 4 May 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman 3rd week box office collection – Behindwoods |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-may-04.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505111723/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-may-04.html |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> The films collected 0.32 million in its fourth week (from 5 May 2014 to 11 May 2014), therefore taking the box office tally in Worldwide to 22.9 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman 4th week box office collection – Behindwoods |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-may-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513172933/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-may-11.html |archive-date=13 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> The final verdict by Behindwoods was "Average".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenaliraman box office verdict – Behindwoods |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-may-04.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505111723/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tenaliraman/tenaliraman-box-office-may-04.html |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3646264}}
{{AGS Entertainment}}

[[Category:2010s political satire films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Tenali Rama]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Films about poets]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films set in the 15th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 controversies]]

All Rounder (1998 film)

2026-03-05T02:44:24Z

TrinaAshby9096: enhanced information based on references and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = All Rounder
| image = All Rounder (1998 film poster).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = Nadiminti Narasimha Rao {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = T. Prabhakar Satya Prasad
| screenplay = K. L. Prasad
| producer = Nimmagadda Venkateswara Rao Palli Kesava Rao Mandava Suresh
| director = T. Prabhakar
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Sanghavi]]
| music = Veena Paani
| cinematography = C. Vijay Kumar
| editing = B. R.
| studio = Surya Teja Movie Makers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1576367/ |title=All Rounder (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|3|27}}
| runtime = 127 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''All Rounder''''' is a 1998 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by Nimmagadda Venkateswara Rao, Palli Kesava Rao and Mandava Suresh under the Surya Teja Movie Makers banner and directed by T. Prabhakar. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sanghavi]] and music composed by Veena Paani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/allroundar-movie/18533 |title=All Rounder (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> The film was recorded as a ''flop'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/4550?ed=Tolly |title=All Rounder (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710221003/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/4550?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a village where Balaraju is a [[Snake charming|snake charmer]]. Once Ramya, the vainglory daughter of tycoon Bapineedu, visits therein. Awkwardly, she acquaints Balaraju with a quarrel. So, to seek vengeance, Ramya bets him to play his snake continuously for 6 hours. Contingent upon him, Ramya will knit if Balaraju triumphs or if he should turn into her slave. He ultimately wins when she forges him to approach her father. So, Balaraju sets foot in the city when Ramya mortifies and casts him out. Now, he aims to teach her a lesson, civilizes himself, and craves to be an ''All-Rounder.'' Following, as unbeknownst, he arouses love in Ramya. Afterward, Ramya becomes aware of it and ruses to charge Balaraju. Hence, she puts him up for a millionaire's abduction on her birthday to amass fortune towards her father's acceptance of their nuptial. However, Balaraju wittily seizes Bapineedu to tease Ramya. Unfortunately, he is re-captured by his sly P.A.JP for his cell phone, which embodies his business secrets, and indicts Balaraju. Today, the Police Department assigned SI Appa Rao & Constable Engine Oil Anjeeneyulu to prison Balaraju. Anyhow, his snake always shields him. Therefore, they hired a modern snake charmer, Anaconda, to aid them. Parallelly, Balaraju learns JP's hellish hue; fortuitously, he holds Bapineedu's cell phone. Thus, he starts his game in various disguises and mocks the blackguard. Anaconda chases him as ''White on Rice,'' but he constantly counterstrikes him. Meanwhile, JP bribes Appa Rao, who wiles to slay Bapineedu. At this, upstanding Anjeneeyulu aids Balaraju, who detects Bapineedu's whereabouts. Besides, Ramya senses Balaraju's integrity and bows down. Hereupon, everyone steps in at one spot when Balaraju & Anakonda face off with snakes. Startlingly, the two discern as childhood buddies and conjoin. At last, they cease the baddies and secure Bapineedu. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Balaraju & Ramya.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Balaraju
*[[Sanghavi]] as Ramya
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Anaconda
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Head constable Engine Oil Anjineelu
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as S.I. Appa Rao
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as J.P.
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Bapineedu
*Rajendra Babu as Chandram
*[[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Sweet Shop Owner
*[[Bandla Ganesh]] as Pilla Pilasa
*Ratna Sagar as Balaraju's grandma
*Madhurisen as Anjineelu's sister
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Hindi-speaking watchman
*[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Raksha]] as [[Item number]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = All Rounder
| type = film
| artist = Veena Paani
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:39
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = Veena Paani
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The score was composed by Veena Paani. The soundtrack album was released by Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/2394/All%20Rounder(1998)/ |title=All Rounder (Songs) |work=Cineradham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818070757/http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/2394/All%20Rounder(1998)/ |archive-date=18 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Rounder Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG_E5805_1200x1200.jpg?v=1669850862 |website=vintagestore.in |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = ''All Rounder'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:39
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = All Rounder
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:54
| title2 = Bhali raa Bhali raa
| lyrics2 = Sai Sriharsha
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Yeppudeppudo
| lyrics3 = [[Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma]]
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Golconda Chowrastra
| lyrics4 = Polisetti
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length4 = 4:54
| title5 = Attaru Saayibo Raara
| lyrics5 = Polisetti
| extra5 = Pranav Kumar
| length5 = 5:08
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1576367}}

[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]

March 22 (film)

2026-03-03T21:28:48Z

TrinaAshby9096: started first entry from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = March 22
| image = March 22 (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]
| producer = Harish Sherigar Sharmila Sherigar
| writer = Kodlu Ramakrishna
| screenplay = Madhu B. A.
| story = Kodlu Ramakrishna
| starring = {{Plainlist|

*Aryavardhan
*[[Kiran Raj]]
*[[Meghashree]]
*Deepthi Shetty
}}
| music = N. J Ravishekar Mayavi [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cinematography = Mohan M. M.
| editing = Basavaraj Uras
| studio = Acme Movies International
| released = {{film date|2017|8|25|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''March 22''''' (World Water Day) is a 2017 Indian [[Epic film|epic periodical]] Kannada-language film directed by [[Kodlu Ramakrishna|Kodlu RamaKrishna]] and produced by NRI entrepreneur, managing director of Acme building materials Inc LLC, Dubai and singer Harish Sherigar under the banner of Acme Movies International. It stars Arya Vardan, [[Kiran Raj]], [[Meghashree]], and Deepthi Shetty in the lead roles and [[Anant Nag]] in a supporting role. The film's music was created by N. J Ravishekar Mayavi and [[Manikanth Kadri]], dialogue by Madhu B.A, [[cinematography]] by Mohan M.M, editing by Basavaraj Uras, and choreography by [[Madan–Harini|Madan Harini]].

The movie carries a message regarding unity, living in communal harmony, and the awful use of religion by some people due to their "ego."

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Aryavardhan as Salman
* [[Kiran Raj]] as Rahul
* [[Meghashree]] as Amrutha
* Deepthi Shetty as Rukshana
* [[Anant Nag]] as geologist
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Basavanagowda Patil, a legislator
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Chikkmath
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Sanganna
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Mumtaj
* Padmaja Rao as Ramakka
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as geologist
* YuvaKishor as Siddarth
* Srijan Rai
* Shantha Acharya as Parvathi
* Prashobitha Prabhakar as Rahul's sister
* Chidanand Poojary
* Suvarna Sathish Poojary as Shailaja
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Mathadheeswara
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Ravindranath
* Harish Sherigar as Chief Minister
* Sharmila Sherigar as minister
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
N. J Ravishekar Rajamaga & [[Manikanth Kadri]] has composed the score and original soundtrack for the film. It was released by ZEE Music Co.
*"Ganesha Song"
*"Water Song"
*"Duet Song 1"
*"Duet Song 2"
*"Pathos Song"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "If you’re tired of the usual masala film that lurches between fights, punch dialogues and romantic songs and item numbers, you might find ''March 22'' worth a watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehar |first1=Rakesh |title=‘March 22’ review: The film offers an old fashioned secular message, with troubling overtones |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/march-22-review-film-offers-old-fashioned-secular-message-troubling-overtones-67378 |work=The News Minute |date=25 August 2017 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228153812/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/march-22-review-film-offers-old-fashioned-secular-message-troubling-overtones-67378 |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/march-22/movie-review/60222553.cms | title=March 22 Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of March 22 by Times of India | work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=468616</ref>

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kannadigaworld.com/kannada/karavali-kn/291237.html |title=ಖ್ಯಾತ ಉದ್ಯಮಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಹರೀಶ್ ಶೇರಿಗಾರ್ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರ "ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 22"ಕ್ಕೆ 800 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಪುರಾತನ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂಹೂರ್ತ |publisher=Kannadiga World |date=2016-11-09 |accessdate=2017-04-10}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udayavani.com/kannada/news/balcony-sandalwood-news/178369/bandru-again-kodlu-ramakrishna |title=ಮತ್ತೆ ಬಂದ್ರು ಕೂಡ್ಲು ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ {{pipe}} Udayavani - ಉದಯವಾಣಿ |website=Udayavani |date=2016-11-12 |accessdate=2017-04-10 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115200522/http://www.udayavani.com/kannada/news/balcony-sandalwood-news/178369/bandru-again-kodlu-ramakrishna |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=422638 |title=Dubai: 'March 22' a unique Kannada movie by Harish Sherigar, Muhurat held |website=Daijiworld.com |date=2016-11-10 |accessdate=2017-04-10 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015108/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=422638 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12920940}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodlu Ramakrishna]]

Sammanam (1997 film)

2026-03-03T21:16:46Z

TrinaAshby9096: further update section for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sammanam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sundar Das]]
| writer = [[C. V. Balakrishnan]]
| starring = [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Manju Warrier]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| producer = N. Krishnakumar (Kireedam Unni)
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| editing =[[N.Gopalakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N]]
| released = {{Film date|1997}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Sammanam''''' is a 1997 [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam-language]] Indian feature film directed by [[Sundar Das]], starring [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Manju Warrier]] and [[Kalabhavan Mani]] in lead roles.<ref name="malayalachalachithram">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3079|title=Sammaanam (1997)|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=2014-09-26}}</ref><ref name="msidb">{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?5780|title=Sammaanam [1998]|publisher=en.msidb.org|accessdate=2014-09-26}}</ref>
This is the debut film of [[Alagappan N]] as cinematographer.

==Cast==
*[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] as Thirumeni
*[[Keezhoottu Sreekandan]] as Appu
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Vishwan
*[[Manju Warrier]] as Rajalakshmi
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Moidu
*[[Bindu Panicker]]
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
*Kannur Sreelatha as Aminamma
*Kaviyoor Renuka as Subhadramma
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Ramashan
*[[Mamukkoya]]
*[[NF Varghese]] as Vasudevan
*Salu Koottanad as Shankarankutty
*Vishnuprakash

==Soundtrack==
All the Lyrics were penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]] and music composed by Johnson
*"Mampulli Marukulla" – Sujatha Mohan
*"Devi Ennum Neeyen" – K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
*"Poovaalthumbi" – K. J. Yesudas
*Njalippurakkale" – Kalabhavan Mani

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355992}}
* {{YouTube|id=QcGxV8RsONI|title=Sammanam}}

[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar Das]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

28 Degree Celsius

2026-03-03T09:10:04Z

TrinaAshby9096: New

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Anil Viswanath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 28 Degree Celsius.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anil Vishwanath
| writer = Anil Vishwanath
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Sai Abhishek
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Naveen Chandra]]
* [[Shalini Vadnikatti]]
}}
| cinematography = Vamsi Patchipulusu
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sricharan Pakala]] '''Songs:''' Shravan Bharadwaj
| studio = {{plain list|
* Veeranjaneya Productions
* Riverside Cinemas
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''28 Degree Celsius''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Anil Vishwanath.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-04-03 |title='28°C' Will Be Well Received in Theatres, TV, and OTT - Hero Naveen Chandra |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/28c-will-be-well-received-in-theatres-tv-and-ott-hero-naveen-chandra-959687 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Naveen Chandra]] and [[Shalini Vadnikatti]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=Naveen Chandra: డైరెక్టర్‌ను చాలా ఇబ్బంది పెట్టారు, ఓటీటీల్లో కూడా సరైన ఆఫర్స్ రాలేదు.. హీరో నవీన్ చంద్ర కామెంట్స్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/naveen-chandra-comments-on-28-degree-celsius-ott-offers-and-director-anil-vishwanath-problems-to-release-movie-121744002952208.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The film was released on 4 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-25 |title=28 Degree Celsius trailer: A couple's love is put to test under paranormal circumstances |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/25/28-degree-celsius-trailer-a-couples-love-is-put-to-test-under-paranormal-circumstances |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
28 Degree Celsius follows the heartfelt story of Anjali, a bright and compassionate young medical student who falls deeply in love with Karthik. As the two tie the knot and embark on their journey together, life takes a devastating turn.

Shortly after their marriage, Anjali is diagnosed with a rare and life-threatening illness. Her only hope lies in a specialised treatment available in Georgia. Her husband, Karthik does everything in his power to get her the care she needs, accompanying her overseas. After a brain injury, Anjali is dependent on maintaining exactly 28°C body temperature.

Sadly, Anjali dies unexpectedly, leaving Karthik heartbroken and full of unanswered questions.

Crushed by Anjali's death, Karthik senses that something is not right. As he refuses to accept the official explanation of her death, he begins a quest for the truth. What begins as a search for closure soon unravels a tangle of dark secrets, hidden motives, and dangerous people who do not want the truth revealed.

As Karthik digs deeper, shocking revelations come to light, forcing him to confront painful realities and powerful enemies.

==Cast==
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Dr. Karthik
* [[Shalini Vadnikatti]] as Dr. Anjali Karthik
* Deviyani Sharma as Geetha
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Karthik's friend
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Dr. Harsha
* Chalapathi Raju as Anjali's father
* Abhay Betiganti as goon
* Ajay Kumar
* Santhoshini Sharma as Karthik's colleague
* Sirisha
* Raj Deep Nayak
* Neeraj
* Nitish Pande
* Prasanna Kumar
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Dr. Subramanyam, a doctor and professor at Andhra University
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as CBI Officer

== Production==
The film began production in 2019 and shooting was completed later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naveen Chandra and Shalini Vadnikatti's 28C teaser is super intriguing! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-and-shalini-vadnikattis-28c-teaser-is-super-intriguing/articleshow/69072804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502034050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-and-shalini-vadnikattis-28c-teaser-is-super-intriguing/articleshow/69072804.cms |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=The Times of India|date=27 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/i-learnt-everything-about-camera-by-sheer-experience-evaru-cinematographer-vamsi-pachipulusu/articleshow/70740626.cms|title="I learnt everything about camera by sheer experience": Evaru cinematographer Vamsi Pachipulusu|date=20 August 2019|work= The Times of India}}</ref> The film's release was stalled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Kittu Vissapragada
| all_music = Shravan Bharadwaj
| title1 = Theeru Maaruthondhe
| length1 = 4:07
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title2 = Gnapakame
| length2 = 4:01
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title3 = Cheliya Cheliya
| length3 = 4:26
| extra3 = [[L. V. Revanth]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''28 Degree Celsius'' was released on 4 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-04-04 |title=28 degrees celsius Review: '28 డిగ్రీ సెల్సియస్' రివ్యూ {{!}} Naveen Chandra Starrer 28 Degree Celsius movie review avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/naveen-chandra-starrer-28-degree-celsius-movie-review-avm-62076.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

[[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] also gave the same rating and a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title='28 డిగ్రీస్‌ సెల్సియస్‌' మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} 28 Degree Celsius Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/index.php/telugu-news/movies/28-degree-celsius-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2413784 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> [[Asianet News Network|''Asianet Telugu'']] gave a rating of 2.25 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aithagoni.raju@asianetnews.in |title=28 Degree Celsius Movie Review: '28 డిగ్రీ సెల్సియస్‌' మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/28-degree-celsius-movie-review-in-telugu-arj-su6yws#image3 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=12740666|title=28 Degree Celsius}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 romance films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United States]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic thriller films]]

Jigel

2026-03-03T09:09:30Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added First Details W/ Sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jigel poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Malli Yeluri
| writer =
| producer = Y Jagan Mohan Allam Nagarjuna
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Thrigun]]
* [[Megha Chowdhury]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
}}
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = Mantra Anand
| studio = Apple Creations Sri Indira Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|07}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Jigel''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by Malli Yeluri. The film stars [[Thrigun]] and [[Megha Chowdhury]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], and [[Raghu Babu]]. The film was produced by Y Jagan Mohan and Allam Nagarjuna under the banner of Apple Creations and Sri Indira Combines.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JigelUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/jigel/movieshow/118807367.cms |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Thrigun]]
* [[Megha Chowdhury]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Balireddy Pruthviraj]]
* Madhu Nama Dan
* Mukku Avinash
* Jayavani

== Production ==
The film is directed by Malli Yeluri. Vasu is the cinematographer, editing is done by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]. The film has music composed by Mantra Anand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=థ్రిల్లర్‌ 'జిగేల్‌' |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/general/0201/125039047 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303091607/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/general/0201/125039047 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' critic wrote that "Overall, Jigel successfully captivates the audience with its mix of romance, comedy, and suspense-thriller elements. It’s a fun and engaging watch. Go and watch it!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Jigel Movie Review |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/jigel-movie-review-1865386 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "If you’re looking for a feel-good heist comedy with romance and suspense, Jigel is definitely worth watching!" and rated three out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 March 2025 |title='Jigel' movie review: Entertaining and well-crafted |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jigel-movie-review-entertaining-and-well-crafted-951664 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' wrote that "This film will entertain the audience of all centers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Jigel Movie: జిగేల్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/triguns-jigel-movie-review-bh-2732573.html |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt35946578}}

[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 romance films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Hawayein (film)

2026-03-03T05:19:39Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added Initial Pg First Draft.

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hawayein
| image = HawayeinPoster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| writer =
| starring = [[Babbu Mann]] [[Mahi Gill]] [[Ammtoje Mann]]
| director = [[Amitoj Mann]]
| producer = {{ubl|Nippy Dhanoa| Amitoj Mann|Babbu Maan <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031017/main4.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823045217/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031017/main4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| distributor = [[Baldev Bhatti]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|08|22|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=568|title=Hawayein - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822091929/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=568|url-status=live}}</ref>
| runtime = 176 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hawayein-2003|title=Hawayein|website=www.bbfc.co.uk}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| language = Hindi Punjabi
| music = Babbu Mann
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Hawayein''''' ({{translation|Winds}}) is a 2003 Indian [[drama film]] directed by [[Amitoj Mann]], who also stars along with [[Babbu Mann]] and [[Mahi Gill]]. The film is based on the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 Sikh Genocide]] and its aftermath, which led to its ban by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress government]] in Punjab and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/qlaLeBCAgsfeK0H03UU50K/Films-banned-in-Punjab.html|title=Banned in Punjab|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Rajeev |last=Tyagi |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/190210-1984-anti-Sikh-riots-Hawayein-banned-controversial-film.htm |title=Winds of Change|publisher=[[Mid-day]] |date=19 February 2010 |accessdate=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223919/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/190210-1984-anti-Sikh-riots-Hawayein-banned-controversial-film.htm |url-status=dead |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Plot==
''Hawayein'' is a film that emerges from the consequences of [[Operation Blue Star]] and is based on the aftermath of India's Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi's assassination in 1984 – the 1984 Sikh genocide in Delhi and other places in India, and the subsequent victimization of the people of Punjab in the years that followed. This film depicts real-life events, and most of the situations shown are authentic, seen through the eyes of the "Sarabjeet." It is the story of his journey from innocence to disillusionment, from being a simple, music-loving student to becoming one of the most wanted militants in the country. This film is an honest exploration of the reasons that led to the angst of the youth of Punjab and the turmoils suffered by their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hawayein.indiatimes.com/flash.html|title=H A W A Y E I N the film|website=hawayein.indiatimes.com|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214002954/http://hawayein.indiatimes.com/flash.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ammtoje Mann]] as Sarabjeet
* [[Babbu Mann]] as Kanpuria
* [[Mukul Dev]]
* [[Tom Alter]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* [[Sardar Sohi]]
* [[Kamini Kaushal]]
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
* [[Mahi Gill]]
* [[Gursahib Singh Cheema]]
* [[Rama Vij]]
* Anandee Tripathi as muskan

==Track listing==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hawayein
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Babbu Maan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| title1 = Pabb Chak De
| length1 =
| extra1 = Babbu Maan
| title2 = Nachoongi Saari Raat
| length2 =
| extra2 = [[Jaspinder Narula]], Babbu Maan
| title3 = Aaja O Yaara
| length3 =
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Preeti Uttam, Babbu Maan
| title4 = Teri Yaad
| extra4 = Sukhwinder Singh, Preeti Uttam, Babbu Maan
| length4 =
| title5 = Meri Muskaan
| length5 =
| extra5 = Babbu Mann
| title6 = Meri Muskaan 2
| length6 =
| extra6 = Babbu Mann
| title7 = Hawayein
| length7 =
| extra7 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], Babbu Maan
| title8 = Bhangra Paa Laiye
| length8 =
| extra8 = Sadhana Sargam, Bhavdeep, Babbu Maan
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Films based on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Punjab Police (India)]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kandahari Begum

2026-02-26T15:39:34Z

TrinaAshby9096: small fix structure per standard format

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kandahari Begum
| title = [[Safavid]] princess [[Empress consort|Empress]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| succession =
| reign =
| image =
| caption =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shah Jahan]]|10 December 1610}}
| issue = [[Parhez Banu Begum]]
| full name =
| house = [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] (by birth) [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] (by marriage)
| father = [[Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza|Sultan Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safavi]]
| mother =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1593
| birth_place = [[Kandahar]], [[Kabul Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern-day [[Afghanistan]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_place = Kandahari Bagh, [[Agra]]
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
}}

'''Kandahari Begum'''{{efn|{{langx|fa|{{nq|قندهاری بیگم}}}}}} (''also spelled Qandahari Begum''; c. 1593 – ?; also known as ''Kandahari Mahal''; meaning "Lady from [[Kandahar]]") was the first wife of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] and the mother of his first child, Princess [[Parhez Banu Begum]].

==Family and early life==
Kandahari Begum was born a princess of the prominent [[Safavid dynasty]], the ruling dynasty of Iran (Persia) and one of its most significant ruling dynasties. She was the daughter of the deceased Persian nobleman from the northern mountains at [[Kandahar]], [[Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza]], of the royal house of Persia, who was the son of [[Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi|Soltan Hosayn Mirza]], the son of [[Bahram Mirza Safavi|Bahram Mirza]], the son of Shah [[Ismail I]], founder of the Safavid dynasty.<ref>Nagendra Kr Singh, ''Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: Muh-R'' (2001), p.427</ref> He was the ancestor of [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas I]] and also cousin to the Persian ruler.{{sfn|Nicoll|2009|p=64}}

Mirza Muzzaffar having some problems with the Safavid ruling authorities and perceiving the Uzbek pressure to capture Kandahar was forced to capitulate on terms to surrender it to the Mughals. Therefore, as Akbar who was keenly waiting for any chance to capture Kandahar, immediately sent Shah Beg Khan Arghun, Governor of Bangash, to take prompt possession of Kandahar, and though, as in all his undertakings, Muzaffar wavered at the last moment and had recourse to trickery, he was obliged by the firm and prudent behavior of Shah Beg Khan. In this way Kandahari Begum had to leave her native place to visit [[India]] in the company of her father during Akbar's reign, near the end of 1595 when her father and her four brothers, Bahram Mirza, Haider Mirza, Alqas Mirza and Tahmasp Mirza and 1000 qazilbash soldiers arrived in India. Muzaffar Khan received from Akbar the title of Farzand (son), and was made a Commander of five thousand, and received [[Sambhal]] as ''[[Jagir]]'' (property), “which is worth more than all Kandahar.”

Mirza Muzaffar had exchanged the lordship of Kandahar for a high rank and splendid salary in the service of Emperor [[Akbar]]. His younger brother Mirza Rustam, also immigrated to India in Akbar's reign and rose to eminence under [[Jahangir]]. The Mughal Emperors made the most of this opportunity of ennobling their blood by alliance with the royal family of Persia even through a younger branch. Muzaffar found everything in India bad, and sometimes resolved to go to [[Persia]], and sometimes to [[Makkah]]. From grief and disappointment, and a bodily hurt, he died in 1603. His mausoleum (now a domeless crumbled down stone and brick structure with an underground burial chamber with Persian Nastaleeq calligraphed epitaph on the door facing South,) lies amidst other ruins in a garden complex that now is the campsite of the Bharat Scouts & Guides Delhi Jamboree, north of [[Humayun's Tomb]] at Delhi.

==Marriage to Shah Jahan==
===Betrothal===
When Jahangir to reconsider the Persian question at the end of 1609, pragmatism as always came to the fore. It would be madness to antagonize such a powerful personality, not least because a declaration of open hostilities between [[Agra]] and [[Isfahan]] would likely prompt [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas I]] to send arms, men and money to his [[Shiite]] allies in the three [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] kingdoms. That would doom the campaign led by his second son, [[Muhammad Parviz|Sultan Pervez Mirza]]. Persia's duplicity over Kandahar, then, had to be set aside and relations smoothed. As always, a politically expedient marriage would provide the answer, and with his eldest son, [[Khusrau Mirza]], in prison and Pervez already bound for [[Burhanpur]] and the southern front, his third son, Sultan Khurram, was the logical choice. The decision to shape this purely strategic alliance came as mixed news to the young man. On the one hand, he had been denied the consummation of his long standing betrothal to Arjumand Banu Begum later known as [[Mumtaz Mahal]]; set against that was the renewal of his central position on his father's attentions and in the politics of the moment.{{sfn|Nicoll|2009|p=64}}

And so it was that eighteen-year-old Khurram was compelled to make his first marriage to a young Persian maiden. Subsequent Mughal court recorders and biographers, however, merely accord the princess the blandly descriptive label ''Qandahari Mahal'', a clear indication of her lesser status at the court. The process of arranging the marriage appears to have taken some time. The Emperor [[Jahangir]] recorded two related entries in his memoirs, nearly a year apart. The first appeared as just one item of business in a typically humdrum account of the day's court transactions, regional promotions, salary checks and other miscellaneous imperial housekeeping chores. On Sunday, 12 December 1609, Jahangir sent fifty thousand rupees as a wedding pledge to Kandahari Begum's house. Jahangir writes in his ''[[Jahangirnama|Tuzuk]]'' that “previously to this I had the daughter of Mirza Muzaffar Husain, son of Sultan Husain Mirza Safavi, ruler of Qandahar, betrothed to my son Sultan Khurram, and on this the marriage meeting had been arranged, I went to the house of Baba Khurram and passed the night there.”

===Marriage===
Kandahari Begum married Prince Khurram on 8 November 1610 in [[Agra]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of Hindustan|first=Jahangir|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/104/mode/2up?q=Shahryar|title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution & Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Washington, D. C. & New York|pages=114|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=Wheeler Mclntosh}}</ref> There were several family connections between their two families. Khurram's official biographer, Muhammad Amin Qazvini, was far more eloquent in his description of the marriage. Indeed, effusive compliments were the order of the day and his delirious account left no superlative unexplored. The festive assembly was arranged in a beautifully appointed mansion that was traditionally assigned to the widow mother of the ruling emperor and located inside the thick walls of [[Agra Fort]] adjacent to the palatial State House. The astrologers duly consulted the marriage at an auspicious hour.{{sfn|Nicoll|2009|pp=64–65}}

On 21 August 1611,{{sfn|Nicoll|2009|p=74}} she gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter, who was named "[[Parhez Banu Begum]]" by her grandfather, Emperor Jahangir. However, in the ''[[Maasir-i-Alamgiri]]'', she is referred to as Purhunar Banu Begum.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarker|first1=Kobita|title=Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth : the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals|date=2007|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|location=Kolkata|isbn=9788170743002|page=187|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> She was the eldest child of her father, but the only child of her mother.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Findly|first1=Ellison Banks|title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India|url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find|url-access=limited|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195360608|page=[https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find/page/n110 98]}}</ref>

==Burial place==
She lies buried at Agra, in the center of the expansive unded at Agra founded by her ({{circa}} 1628 - 50), called Kandahari Bagh. She also had a mosque built, which was three arched, single dome mosque on the western side of the Kandahari Bagh at Agra. It served a quarry of bricks for constructing modern day buildings in the complex, and is no longer extant. The building over her tomb was largely destroyed during the period of anarchy which followed [[Aurangzeb]]'s death in 1707. The building, which is in the vault is converted into a dwelling place. Her tomb does not exist any more, just the compound it was situated in does, along with one of the entrance gates, a portion of the wall and a couple of the wall's corner cupolas. The British [[East India Company]] sold it to the [[Bharatpur State|Raja of Bharatpur]] who raised some modern buildings in it. The compound became property of the Bharatpur rulers at some point in the colonial era, and a mansion was built in place of the central tomb. Thence it became famous as "Bharatpur House". A gate and a few corner [[chhatri]]s of the original garden have survived.

==In popular culture==
*Kandahari Begum is a main character in Sonja Chandrachud's historical novel ''Trouble at the Taj'' (2011).
*Kandahari Begum is a principal character in Ruchir Gupta's historical novel ''Mistress of the Throne'' (2014).
*[[Negar Khan]] portrayed Kandahari Begum in the 2005 Bollywood film ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Akbar|title=Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0328503/|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=12 April 2017|date=1 May 2006}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first=Thomas William |last=Beale|title=The Oriental Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_63YIAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Asiatic Society|year=1881}}
*{{cite book|first=Ernest Binfield|last= Havell|title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj: Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024120200|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|year=1904}}
*{{cite book|title=Indica, Volume 40|publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.|year=2003|ref=Indica}}
*{{cite book|first=Syad Muhammad |last=Latif|title=Agra, Historical & Descriptive: With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537079|year=1896}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter |last=Mundy|author-link=Peter Mundy|title=The Travels of Peter Mundy, in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667 ...|publisher=Hakluyt society|year=1967}}
*{{cite book|first=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn|last= Mubārak|title=The Ain i Akbari, Volume 1|publisher=Rouse|year=1873}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Fergus Nicoll|last=Nicoll |first= Fergus |title=Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2009|isbn=978-0-670-08303-9 }}
*{{cite book|first=Nagendra Kr |last=Singh|title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: Muh-R|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|year=2001|isbn=978-8-176-48234-9 }}

{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Kandahari}}
[[Category:Safavid princesses]]
[[Category:1590s births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:People from Kandahar]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:17th-century Iranian women]]
[[Category:Wives of Shah Jahan]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]

Timmalapura

2026-02-20T06:19:43Z

TrinaAshby9096: fixed issues

#redirect [[Ballari district]]

Anil Relia

2026-02-13T20:37:14Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{short description|Indian art collector (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Relia
| image = Anil Relia, Art Collector.jpg
| caption = Art collector
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|2|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]]
| occupation = [[Art collector]]
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
| spouse = Tanuja Relia
| children = Radhika and Manan
}}

'''Anil Relia''' is an Indian [[art collector]], known for his [[portrait]] collection.<ref name="From Unspoken Fascination to a Selection of Indian Portraits">{{cite news|url=http://www.larryslist.com/artmarket/the-talks/from-unspoken-fascination-to-a-selection-of-indian-portraits/|title=From Unspoken Fascination to a Selection of Indian Portraits|last=Aiman|first=Sarah|publisher=Larry's List|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Portrait Collector">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-Portrait-Collector/2014/10/04/article2460457.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011105435/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-Portrait-Collector/2014/10/04/article2460457.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=The Portrait Collector|last=Mulchandani|first=Anil|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> He has over 3000 portraits and<ref name= "A Collection of Centuries">{{cite news|url= http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/A-collection-of-centuries/DNAHM74216|title=A Collection of Centuries|publisher=dna Syndication|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Portrait perfect |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/portrait-perfect/articleshow/71238428.cms |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> his personal collection includes many miniature paintings, early photographs along with works of artists like [[Raja Ravi Varma]], [[M. F. Husain]], [[Hemen Majumdar]], [[Bhupen Khakhar]], [[Jyoti Bhatt]], [[Haku Shah]], [[K. G. Subramanyan]], [[S.H. Raza]], [[Thota Vaikuntam]], [[Manu Parekh]] and many more.

== Early life ==
Born in [[Surat]] – [[Gujarat]], he graduated from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in Fine Arts Major (Applied Arts, [[Serigraphy]] and [[Photography]]) in 1978. Since childhood Anil showed a passion for collecting art. His first so called art collection consisted of the labels pasted on cloth bundles that would arrive near a warehouse close to his house. He would carefully peel the labels off, wash them and preserve them in his school book. This passion got all the more fueled in college and he started using his pocket money to collect works of art instead of spending it on other necessities. On completion of his studies he shifted to the city of [[Ahmedabad]] for work.<ref name=" A Passion for Prints, Pichhwais and Portraits ">{{cite news |url= http://www.artindiamag.com/quarter02_02_09/lead_featureSandhya02_02_09.html |title= Passionate about art |last= Bordewekar |first= Sandhya |publisher= Art India Magazine |access-date= 13 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130121151103/http://www.artindiamag.com/quarter02_02_09/lead_featureSandhya02_02_09.html |archive-date= 21 January 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Anil Relia began his career with being a [[graphic designer]] in an advertising firm in [[Ahmedabad]]. While working, as a pastime, he made [[Diwali]] cards for his family. The money earned, helped him quit his job and set up his own screen printing studio. Through this he was professionally involved in screen printing activities for a number of renowned designers and companies. His commitment towards quality brought him a plethora of accolades and awards, including one from the President of India. In 1994, M. F. Husain was looking for a serigrapher for his artworks - someone who could do justice to his art and this search led him to Ahmedabad.<ref name="Affordable Art ">{{cite news|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081027-affordable-art-737924-2008-10-16|title=Affordable Art |last= Bordewekar |first=Sandhya|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=16 October 2008}}</ref> During those times, not many people in India were undertaking work of such a large scale and impeccable quality. Anil Relia and M.F. Husain became so close friends that eventually Husain kept coming and frequenting the city. He was found visiting a tea stall which also has one of his works as well as an art gallery was also instituted with his name.<ref name="MF Husain and Ahmedabad’s Lucky tea stall">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/6i8uqTMsjQlygcUX57ba3J/MF-Husain-and-Ahmedabad8217s-Lucky-tea-stall.html.|title=MF Husain and Ahmedabad's Lucky tea stall|last=Trivedi|first=Soumitra|publisher=[[livemint]]|access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

Relia worked on the serigraph series of [[M. F. Husain]] and came out with many Limited Edition Serigraphs as well. With the use of technology, he could also come out with the largest serigraph ever done in India – Husain's Mother Teresa, which was launched at Paris in the year 2004.<ref name="Picasso of India">{{cite news|url= http://artanddeal.in/cms/?p=2799|title=Picasso of India|last= Bordewekar |first=Sandhya|publisher=Art and Deal}}</ref> This chance encounter changed the direction of Relia's life to one where his passion now lives and breathes. Looking at Relia's interest in Indian portraits,<ref name="When faces tell a thousand stories">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/When-faces-tell-a-thousand-stories/articleshow/6825677.cms|title=When faces tell a thousand stories |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> [[M. F. Husain]] has painted a family portrait and gifted it to him.<ref name="MF Husain's obsession with fame was matched only by his genius for art">{{cite news|url=https://www.theestablished.com/community/viewpoint/mf-husains-obsession-with-fame-was-matched-only-by-his-genius-for-art|title=MF Husain's obsession with fame was matched only by his genius for art|last=Relia|first=Anil|publisher=[[The Established]]|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Head Hunting">{{cite news|url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/head-hunting-7571|title=Head Hunting|last=Pathak|first=Santana|publisher=[[The Times of India Crest Edition]]|access-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101501/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/head-hunting-7571|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Relia accompanied Husain on his various adventures whether it be film making or other kinds of projects. The demise of Husain<ref name="Missing Husain">{{cite news|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-am-going-to-miss-husain-anil-relia-1553506|title= Missing Husain|last= Chaturvedi |first=Devika|publisher=dna Syndication|access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> brought a lacunae in his life and Relia lost a friend, philosopher and guide to the sands of time.

Anil Relia also works as Honorary Director at the art gallery known as [[Amdavad ni Gufa]], which was designed by artist [[M. F. Husain]] and architect [[B. V. Doshi]]. He founded the Archer Art Gallery in 1978. He also serves as Trustee of the Kala Ravi Trust, founded by Kalaguru [[Ravishankar Raval]].

== Art Collection ==
Anil Relia has been collecting art, especially portraits since 1970. His vision is to connect India in a thread of art and pay back his dues to the art that has been so gracious to him. He wants to involve as many people as possible through his work and efforts and sensitize them to art and culture. He has planned a series of exhibitions and shows based on the theme of portraits that he has painstakingly collected over the years, out of which fifteen have been already implemented and more are planned.<ref name="Art scene at its best">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20151123-art-scene-at-its-best-anil-relia-art-collector-820813-2015-11-09|title=Art scene at its best|last=Rathore|first=Anurita|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

#The Indian Portrait I - an artistic journey from miniature to modern<ref name="The Indian Portrait 1">{{cite news|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-ahmedabads-art-festival-to-exhibit-indian-potraits-through-ages-1458481
|title= The Indian Portrait 1|last= Shah |first=Jumana|publisher=DNA |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ahmedabad's art festival to exhibit Indian portraits through ages">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/When-faces-tell-a-thousand-stories/articleshow/6825677.cms|title=Ahmedabad's art festival to exhibit Indian portraits through ages|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait II - Sacred Journey of Tilkayat Govardhanlalji (1862 - 1934), Nathdwara<ref name="The Indian Portrait 2">{{cite news|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-ahmedabads-art-festival-to-exhibit-indian-potraits-through-ages-1458481|title=The Indian Portrait 2|last= Mukherjee Parekh |first=Runa|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait III - A Historical Journey of Graphic Prints up to Independence<ref name="The Indian Portrait - III: A Historical Journey of Graphic Prints up to Independence">{{cite news|url=http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/gallery-shows/indian-portrait-iii-historical-journey-graphic-prints-independence|title=The Indian Portrait - III|publisher=Asian Art Newspaper|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090241/http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/gallery-shows/indian-portrait-iii-historical-journey-graphic-prints-independence|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait IV - [[Muraqqa]] - an Anthological Journey of the Mughal Empire<ref name="The Indian Portrait 4">{{cite news|url= http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/When-alphabets-equals-numbers/DNAHM75925|title= The Indian Portrait |publisher= dna Syndication}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait V - Colonial influence on [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and his Contemporaries<ref name="The Indian Portrait 5">{{cite news|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20140929-into-the-city-805282-2014-09-19|title= The Indian Portrait 5|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait VI - A Photographic evolution from documentation to posterity<ref name="The Indian Portrait 6">{{cite news|url= http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=69656&boxid=2524&ed_date=2015-08-04&ed_code=1310009&ed_page=8
|title= The Indian Portrait 6|last= Shah |first=Kinjal|publisher=DNA |access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait VII - Trans-culturalisation of lens and brush through painted photographs<ref name="The Indian Portrait 7">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=71705&boxid=2383&ed_date=2015-09-22&ed_code=1310009&ed_page=8|title=Celebrating hand-coloured photos|last=Bhatt|first=Vrunda|publisher=DNA|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait VIII - Rajputana Nayak | Paintings from the Royal courts of Rajasthan 1660-1940 CE<ref name="From the royal courts of Rajasthan">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=78800&boxid=3352&ed_date=2016-02-17&ed_code=1310009&ed_page=8|title=From the royal courts of Rajasthan|publisher=DNA|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Colours of Rajputana">{{cite news|url=http://oldepaper.navgujaratsamay.com/details/8396-5820-1.html|title=Colours of Rajputana|last=Trivedi|first=Jayjit|publisher=[[NavGujarat Samay]]|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010356/http://oldepaper.navgujaratsamay.com/details/8396-5820-1.html|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait IX - A Parsi delight | Paintings, Photographs, Prints & Collectibles<ref name="Parsi portrayals">{{cite news|url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=PrRWuO%2bTgco%3d&issue=376|title=Parsi portrayals|last=Jijina|first=Farrokh|publisher=[[Parsiana]]|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="World of Parsi Portraits">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.navgujaratsamay.com/imageview_14501_52810506_4_72_04-12-2018_1_i_1_sf.html|title=World of Parsi Portraits|last=Trivedi|first=Jayjit|publisher=[[NavGujarat Samay]]|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait X - Visions of a Bygone Era: 1590-1890<ref name="Presenting a brief history of portraits">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/presenting-a-brief-history-of-portraits/articleshow/71158546.cms|title=Presenting a brief history of portraits|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Portrait by Archer: Waiting for a Permanent Museum">{{cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/reviews/the-indian-portrait-by-archer-waiting-for-a-permanent-museum/|title=The Indian Portrait by Archer: Waiting for a Permanent Museum|last=Gulati|first=Naresh|publisher=creativeyatra.com|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait XI - [[Jyoti Bhatt]]'s Photographs of His Contemporaries<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/reviews/the-great-saga-of-indian-portrait-keeps-going/|title=The Great Saga of Indian Portrait Keeps Going!|website=Creative Yatra|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/things-to-do-in-ahmedabad-today/articleshow/74447958.cms|title=Things to do in Ahmedabad today|date=March 3, 2020|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait XII - Chitrashala Press | Freedom Fighter Printer in Poona<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/reviews/the-saga-of-the-indian-portrait-continues-to-showcase-slices-of-history/|title=The Saga of the Indian Portrait Continues to Showcase Slices of History|website=Creative Yatra|language=en-US|access-date=2021-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/things-to-do-in-ahmedabad/81812299.html|title=Things to do in Ahmedabad today|date=November 28, 2021|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait XIII - Studio portraiture by Bourne & Shepherd of Princely India, 1870s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/now-time-travel-into-1870s-via-vintage-carte-de-visite/articleshow/95616072.cms|title=Now, time travel into 1870s via Vintage carte de visite|website=Times of India|last=Adhyaru|first=Priya|language=en-US|access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref>
#The Indian Portrait XIV - Dancing in the Shadows: Tawaifs – Courtesans
#The Indian Portrait XV - Variations in Expression, Modern and Contemporary Artists<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/exhibition-traces-indian-portraitures-evolution/articleshow/125066825.cms|title=Exhibition traces Indian portraiture's evolution|website=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/mf-husain-raja-ravi-varma-homi-bhabha-more-portrait-exhibition-opens-gates-to-a-gathering-of-familiar-faces-in-ahmedabad-10346309/|title=MF Husain, Raja Ravi Varma, Homi Bhabha & more: Portrait exhibition opens gates 'to a gathering of familiar faces' in Ahmedabad|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>

Apart from portraits, his collection of Nathdwara school miniatures paintings is also quite extensive. A book titled, [https://www.archerindia.com/portraits-of-devotion Portraits of Devotion - Popular Manorath Paintings from Nathdwara in the collection of Anil Relia], was published and launched in March 2019.<ref name="Archer’s Manorath collection lends itself to research and a Book is born">{{Cite web |url=https://creativeyatra.com/reviews/archers-manorath-collection-lends-research-book-born/ |title=Archer's Manorath collection lends itself to research and a Book is born|last=Gulati|first=Naresh|publisher=creativeyatra.com|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> The book is researched & authored by a London bred Italian writer Isabella Nardi<ref name="When an atheist speaks god's language">{{cite news|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/when-an-atheist-speaks-gods-language/articleshow/68261109.cms|title=When an atheist speaks god's language|last=Sonaiya|first=Janvi|work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> who specialises in South Asian paintings.

Another book on his Nathdwara painting collection titled, [https://www.archerindia.com/nathdwara-paintings-from-the-anil-relia-collection Nathdwara Paintings from the Anil Relia Collection - The Portal to Shrinathji], was published by Niyogi Books in November 2020.<ref name="Art by the book">{{Cite web |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/columns/the-informer/art-by-the-book/articleshow/79482577.cms|title=Art by the book|work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> This book explores Anil Relia’s comprehensive collection of Nathdwara paintings and sketches, celebrating the wide-ranging talents of various artists.<ref name="Capture the rare spirit">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/capture-the-rare-spirit.html|title=Capture the rare spirit|last=Nair|first=Uma|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> The books is authored by distinguished art historians Kalyan Krishna and Kay Talwar.<ref name="Power centre for kings, melting pot for art">{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/power-centre-for-kings-melting-pot-for-art-how-nathdwara-in-rajasthan-rose-for-300-yrs/595317/|title=Power centre for kings, melting pot for art|work=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Canvas steeped in devotion">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/canvas-steeped-in-devotion-205767|title=Canvas steeped in devotion|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.archerindia.com/about-us Archer Graphic Studio, website]
* [http://www.theindianportrait.com The Indian Portrait, website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Relia, Anil}}
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]
[[Category:Indian art curators]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]

Kathi Mahesh

2026-02-07T23:29:29Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added The Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian film critic and actor (died 2021)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kathi|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kathi Mahesh
| image = Katti mahesh.jpg
| caption = Mahesh in 2021
| birth_name = Kathi Mahesh Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|43|2021|7|10|noage=1}}
| birth_place = [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2021|7|10|43|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Hyderabad Central University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Critic|actor|writer|director}}
| style = [[Parallel cinema]]
| children = 1
}}
'''Kathi Mahesh Kumar''' (1977/78 – 10 July 2021)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=28 January 2012|title=Vying for alternate existence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Vying-for-alternate-existence/article13384726.ece|access-date=27 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sudhir|first1=Uma|last2=Majumder|first2=Soumyajit|date=10 July 2018|title=Film Critic Banned From Hyderabad For Comments On Lord Ram, Sita|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/kathi-mahesh-film-critic-banned-from-hyderabad-for-comments-on-lord-ram-sita-1881053|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 July 2021|title=Film critic Kathi Mahesh passes away|url=https://telanganatoday.com/film-critic-kathi-mahesh-passes-away|access-date=10 July 2021|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> was an Indian [[film critic]]<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=RIP Kathi Mahesh: Actor-filmmaker-critic succumbs to injuries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rip-kathi-mahesh-actor-filmmaker-critic-succumbs-to-injuries/articleshow/84295429.cms|access-date=10 July 2021|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and actor working in [[Telugu cinema]]. He appeared on the Telugu [[reality TV]] show ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu|Bigg Boss]]''.

== Personal life ==
Kathi Mahesh Kumar hailed from Yellamanda, a village in Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 July 2021|title=Mahesh Kathi's death: Dalit leader Manda Krishna alleges conspiracy, seeks probe|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-kathis-death-dalit-leader-manda-krishna-alleges-conspiracy-seeks-probe-152417|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> He was born into a [[Dalit]] family and belonged to [[Madiga]] community.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=10 July 2021|title=Film critic Mahesh Kathi, who met with an accident, passes away|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/film-critic-mahesh-kathi-who-met-accident-passes-away-chennai-152105|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Chandrasekhar|date=23 March 2021|title=Kathi Mahesh: తిరుపతిలో బీజేపీకి ఓడిపోవడానికి పవన్ కల్యాణ్ ఒక్కడు చాలు|trans-title=Kathi Mahesh: Pawan Kalyan is enough for BJP to lose in Tirupati|url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/tirupati/tirupati-bypoll-manda-krishna-madiga-likely-to-campaign-for-bjp-candidate-290396.html|access-date=21 July 2021|website=OneIndia Telugu|language=te}}</ref> He studied at [[Andhra Pradesh Residential School|AP Residential School]] at Gyarampalle near Piler.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=K.|first=Umashanker|date=13 July 2021|title=Kathi Mahesh laid to rest at native Yalamanda|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kathi-mahesh-laid-to-rest-at-native-yalamanda/article35291223.ece|access-date=21 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He studied MA Communication at [[Hyderabad Central University]] during 1998–2000.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2021|title=University of Hyderabad mourns the death of alumnus and film critic Kathi Mahesh|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/university-hyderabad-mourns-death-alumnus-and-film-critic-kathi-mahesh-152279|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

Mahesh was a vocal supporter of [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] and [[YSR Congress Party]] in the past and spoke in favour of Jagan Mohan Reddy in several television debates.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 July 2021|title=Andhra govt offers Rs 17 lakh for film critic Kathi Mahesh's treatment after accident|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhra-govt-offers-rs-17-lakh-film-critic-kathi-mahesh-s-treatment-after-accident-151646|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> He backed YSR Congress Party during the [[2021 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|2021 bye-elections]] for the [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2021|title=Actor, film critic Kathi Mahesh dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/actor-film-critic-kathi-mahesh-dead/article35254019.ece|access-date=21 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Mahesh started his career with ''Edari Varsham,'' based on [[Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak]]'s story ''Vuri Chivara Illu.<ref name=":0" />'' He was a co-writer of the film ''[[Minugurulu]],'' the "first Telugu script to be preserved in the Oscar Library's permanent core collection" and the first Telugu film to contend for the Academy Awards' best feature film (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102625.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127131721/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102625.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2014 |title=Minugurulu Grabs Best Indian Film CIICFF - Telugu Movie News |website=Indiaglitz.com |date=25 January 2014 |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/minugurulu-in-oscar-contenders-list-telugu-news-121833.html |title=Minugurulu in Oscar contenders list - Telugu Movie News |website=Indiaglitz.com |date=26 December 2014 |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref>

In his next film, the 2015 romantic comedy ''Pesarattu,'' he used flowcam technology popularized by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. It was the first crowd funded short film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=6 February 2015|title=Telugu cinema never expanded into meaningful cinema|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/telugu-cinema-never-expanded-into-meaningful-cinema-south/20150206.htm|access-date=27 June 2021|website=Rediff}}</ref> He played minor roles in the Telugu movies ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]'' (2014), ''Kiss Kiss Bang Bang'' (2017), and ''[[Kobbari Matta]]'' (2019).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=26 June 2021|title=Film critic Kathi Mahesh severely injured in car accident in Nellore|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/film-critic-kathi-mahesh-severely-injured-car-accident-nellore-151311|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2017, he appeared in season 1 of the Telugu reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)|Bigg Boss]]'', hosted by [[Jr. NTR]] and telecast on [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ch.|first=Sowmya Sruthi|date=6 August 2017|title=Bigg Boss Telugu, 5th August 2017, Episode 21 Update: Tarak announces Rs 50 lakh prize money; Siva Balaji, Mahesh Kathi and Dhanraj in safe zone|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-5th-august-2017-episode-21-update-tarak-announces-rs-50-lakh-prize-money-siva-balaji-mahesh-kathi-and-dhanraj-in-safe-zone/articleshow/59938747.cms|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

His last film, ''Egise Tarajuvvualu,'' touched on the need for developing scientific temperament among children.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Pasupulate|first=Karthik|date=10 October 2017|title=Kathi Mahesh: Egise Tarajuvvalu is the only Telugu film in the race to vie for top honours at ICFFI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kathi-mahesh-egise-tarajuvvalu-is-the-only-telugu-film-in-the-race-to-vie-for-top-honours-at-icffi/articleshow/61008101.cms|access-date=27 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Criticism on Telugu films ===
Mahesh rose to prominence for his sharp and controversial reviews on Telugu films. He had been a panelist on television news channels, often defending rationalist views.<ref name=":7" /> He accuses Tollywood of being casteist and feels that Telugu films lack new ideas and fail to address social issues.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=25 March 2017|title=For harsh review of 'Katamarayudu', a Telugu critic is getting threats from Pawan Kalyan fans|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/harsh-review-katamarayudu-telugu-critic-getting-threats-pawan-kalyan-fans-59246|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2017, he critically reviewed [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s movie, ''[[Katamarayudu]]'', and called the movie "a badly written film" with "a predictable screenplay". He also said that the movie was sexist and has a lot of derogatory comments against women. Soon after, he was trolled online and cyberbullied with abuses and threats on his [[List of Facebook features#Wall|Facebook wall]], allegedly by Pawan Kalyan's fans.<ref name=":9" />

== Other works ==
Mahesh worked with UNICEF, World Bank, Save the Children and the Clinton Foundation.<ref name=":3" />

== Legal issues ==
Mahesh was banned from entering Hyderabad on 9 July 2018 for a period of six months by the Telangana police, under the Telangana Prevention of Anti-Social and Hazardous Activities Act, 1980, for allegedly calling [[Rama]] a "cheat" and claiming that [[Sita]] would have been better off with [[Ravana]], during a debate, about a sedition case filed against Babu Gogineni,<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2021|title=Unconventional, controversial but Mahesh Kathi carved his space in a casteist world|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unconventional-controversial-mahesh-kathi-carved-his-space-casteist-world-152169|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> in a regional news channel. He was dropped at his native place in Chittoor district by the police.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana-police-ban-film-critic-mahesh-kathi-entering-hyd-6-months-84441|title=Telangana police ban film critic Mahesh Kathi from entering Hyd for 6 months|date=9 July 2018|publisher=}}</ref> He defended his comments citing his right to freedom of speech.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Naveen|date=1 July 2018|title=I am free to say what I want, do not regret: Kathi Mahesh|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/010718/i-am-free-to-say-what-i-want-do-not-regret-kathi-mahesh.html|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

A case was filed against him in February 2020 for referring to Rama as having mistresses and Sita wishing to eat the golden deer Rama was chasing, during an anti-CAA event held in Osmania University, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2020|title=Hyderabad police book film critic Mahesh Kathi for controversial comments on Hindu god|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hyderabad-police-book-film-critic-mahesh-kathi-controversial-comments-hindu-god-117903|access-date=30 October 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 25 June 2021, Mahesh met with an accident when his car collided with a truck near [[Nellore]], when he was travelling from [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]] towards [[Hyderabad]]. He was admitted to Medicover Hospitals in Nellore with severe head and eye injuries. The hospital stated that his health was in critical condition and then he was shifted to the ICU.<ref name=":2" /> The [[government of Andhra Pradesh]] offered a financial support of {{Indian Rupee|17 lakhs|link=yes}} from the Chief Minister's Relief Fund for his treatment.<ref name=":4" /> He was shifted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in [[Chennai]] for better treatment.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2021|title=Kathi Mahesh no more|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100721/kathi-mahesh-no-more.html|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> He died on 10 July at the age of 43.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/andhra-pradesh-telugu-actor-dalit-intellectual-kathi-mahesh-dies-at-43-1468710|title=Telugu Actor, Dalit Intellectual Kathi Mahesh Dies At 43; Sudheer Babu, Nani & Other Celebs Mourn His Death|work=adp LIVE|date=2021-07-10|access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref> He was survived by his wife and a son.<ref name=":8" /> His last rites were performed on 12 July at his native village of Yellamanda.<ref name=":8" />

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
==== As actor ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2011
| ''Edari Varsham'' ||
|''<ref name=":0" />''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]'' ||Policeman
|
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || Junky ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' ||Tea vendor
|
|-
|''Kiss Kiss Bang Bang''
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| ''[[Kobbari Matta]]'' ||Farmer
|
|-
| ''[[Amma Rajyam Lo Kadapa Biddalu]]''
|Special Officer
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|Kathi
|
|-
|''Nepotism''
|
|
|-
|''[[A1 Express]]''
|News reporter
|
|}

====Other roles====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Role
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Minugurulu]]'' ||{{partial|Co-writer}}
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Pesarattu (film)|Pesaratu]]'' || {{Yes|Director}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2017
| ''Egise Taarajuvvalu'' ||{{partial|Co-writer}}
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Result
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)]]''
| Contestant
| [[Star Maa]]
| 12th place - evicted on day 27
|}

=== Dubbing artist===
*''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2018; Telugu version) for Sam Paul

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6806425}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahesh, Kathi}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]

Chhapiheda

2026-02-06T15:40:55Z

TrinaAshby9096: starting initial entry first draft

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhapiheda
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.03|N|76.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 394
| population_total = 8,501
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 465679
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chhapiheda''' is a [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] city in [[Rajgarh district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It belongs to [[Khilchipur| Khilchipur Tehsil]].<ref name="indiatvnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/rajgarh/chhapiheda#:~:text=Chhapiheda%20Pin%20Code%20is%20465689,Rajgarh%2C%20Madhya%20Pradesh%2C%20INDIA.|author=India TV News|title=Chhapiheda Pin Code {{pipe}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Chhapiheda, Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh, India|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>

Chhapiheda is divided into 15 wards, for which elections are held every 5 years. Chhapiheda's postal code is 465689.

==Geographics==
Chhapiheda belongs to [[Bhopal Division]]. It is located 40 km away from the district headquarters Rajgarh.<ref name="fallingrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Chhapihera.html|website=fallingrain.com|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chhapihera, India|access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>
[[National Highway 752C (India)|National Highway 725C]] is through here, connecting it to [[Jirapur]] [[Pachore]] and [[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh|Aashta]].

==Demographics==

Chhapiheda has a population of 8,501 of which 4,346 are males while 4,155 are females as Census India 2011. The literacy rate of Chhapiheda City is 69.97% higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Chhapiheda, Male literacy is around 81.91% while female literacy rate is 57.63%.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802295-chhapiheda-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Chhapiheda Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 {{pipe}} Madhya Pradesh|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Khilchipur Assembly constituency]]
* [[Khilchipur]]
* [[Rajgarh District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhopal Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Ambika Pillai

2026-02-05T22:53:01Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ambika Pillai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other names =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref name="Sunday Guardian"/><ref name="Muthumani2014">{{cite AV media|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9TN-gmLHUWg|work=[[Asianet News]] Ithalukal|date=24 September 2014|publisher=[[YouTube]]|title=Ambika Pillai hair stylist: Ithalukal 24th Sep 2014}}</ref> [[Kerala]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[Make-up Artist]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* Surendra Nath(1980-1988)
* Rakesh Rocky( 1993-1996)
}}
| children = Kavitha
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* Gopinath Pillai
* Santha Pillai
}}
| awards =
| website = {{URL|www.ambikapillai.com}}
}}

'''Ambika Pillai''' is a [[hair stylist]] and [[make-up artist]] from [[Kollam]],<ref name="Sunday Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/delhi-gets-a-fancy-new-address-for-high-fashion-makeup|title=Delhi gets a fancy new address for high fashion makeup|date=9 September 2012|work=The Sunday Guardian|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011232250/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/delhi-gets-a-fancy-new-address-for-high-fashion-makeup}}</ref> [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Her work regularly appears in advertising campaigns, catwalk shows, fashion films, and editorials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leadingsalons.com/ambika_pillai.salon.235.htm |title=Website Leading Salons in The World |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054911/http://www.leadingsalons.com/ambika_pillai.salon.235.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ambika Pillai was born to cashew exporter Gopinath Pillai & Santha Gopinath Pillai in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. Her family then moved to her native place in Kollam, where she had a luxurious childhood, living in a bungalow by the backwaters of Kollam. After her boarding in Ooty, at the age of 7, she joined [[Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School]] in Kollam.<ref name="Pillai2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ambikapillai/posts/778158988901064|last=Pillai|first=Ambika|publisher=[[Facebook]]|title=Ambika Pillai on Facebook|quotation=I went to boarding [...] to Nazereth convent, Ooty . At the tender age of 5 [...] Renuka [...] started studying at mount Carmel convent Kollam [...] we joined Renu in MCC|date=5 September 2014|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=4 April 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210404133411/https://m.facebook.com/ambikapillai/posts/778158988901064</ref> She was married to Surenda Nath on 1980 at the age of 17 and moved to [[Calcutta]] to have a settled married life. Things did not turn out the way she had desired, and she instead had to be satisfied with living in a tiny one bed room apartment. They have one daughter, Kavitha. Later she married Rakesh (aka Rocky) in 1993 but due to his heavy drinking & gambling she left him.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Ambika-Pillai-through-the-looking-glass--/articleshow/1889924.cms | title=Ambika Pillai, through the looking glass... | date=23 February 2002 | first=Vinod | last=Nair | newspaper=The Times of India | publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman and Co]] | accessdate=5 July 2018 | archive-date=14 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814180329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Ambika-Pillai-through-the-looking-glass--/articleshow/1889924.cms}}</ref> Her three sisters, Gopika, Renuka and Devika were trained by her and are also into hair and skin makeover. She lives in [[New Delhi]] but frequently travels to [[Trivandrum]] and [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ravindra|first1=Rahul|title=Ambika Pillai's very own house of butterflies|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/decor/the-house-of-butterflies.html|accessdate=9 March 2015|publisher=Manorama Online|date=14 December 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 March 2015 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150310004004/http://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/decor/the-house-of-butterflies.html}}</ref>

==Career==
She started her career as a hair stylist and moved on to make-up. When Ambika started her first salon it was called Visions by Ambika. She later decided to develop it as a brand. At present Ambika Pillai is a brand by itself.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090405121525/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/03/12/stories/2009031250510100.htm The Hindu 1]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507105519/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/The-look-maker/2013/04/25/article1559867.ece Article Times of India]</ref> Pillai's salon has branches in [[South Extension]],<ref name="Business Digest"/> [[Punjabi Bagh]],<ref name="Business Digest"/> [[Rajouri Garden]],<ref name="Business Digest"/> [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]]<ref name="Business Digest"/> and [[Model Town (Delhi)|Model Town]]<ref name="Business Digest"/> in the [[Delhi National Capital Territory]]; [[Gurgaon]]<ref name="Business Digest"/> in [[Haryana]]; [[Chhatarpur]]<ref name="Sunday Guardian"/><ref name="Business Digest"/> in [[Madhya Pradesh]]; and [[Kochi]]<ref name="Business Digest"/> and [[Trivandrum]] in Kerala.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable";"
!Awards
!Year
|-
| Vogue Best Make-up Artist Award<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=50860_Vogue+Beauty+Awards+2011+acknowledges+the+best+in+the+Beauty+and+Wellness+Industry |title=Website Afaqs |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809095131/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=50860_Vogue+Beauty+Awards+2011+acknowledges+the+best+in+the+Beauty+and+Wellness+Industry |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.beautynewsindia.com/event-workshop/Vogue_Beauty_Awards_Winners_List1.php |title=Website Beauty News India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011232232/http://www.beautynewsindia.com/event-workshop/Vogue_Beauty_Awards_Winners_List1.php |archive-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Weddingsonline>[http://www.weddingsonline.in/suppliers/ambikapillai Website Weddingsonline]</ref>
|2011
|-
| Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Female Awards for Best Hair and Makeup artist<ref name="Business Digest">{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessdigestmagazine.org/lifestyle/ambika-pillai-saloon-comes-to-kochi/ |title=Business Digest |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011232256/http://www.businessdigestmagazine.org/lifestyle/ambika-pillai-saloon-comes-to-kochi/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Weddingsonline/>
|2009
|-
| Bharat Nirman Super Achievers Award<ref name="Business Digest"/><ref name=Weddingsonline/>
|2007
|-
| Zee Idea Fashion Awards for Best Make up artist of the year<ref name="Business Digest"/><ref name=Weddingsonline/>
|2006
|-
| Zee Idea Fashion Awards for Best Hair Stylist of the year<ref name="Business Digest"/><ref name=Weddingsonline/>
|2006
|-
| Kingfisher Fashion awards for the best hair designer of the year<ref name="Business Digest"/><ref name=Weddingsonline/>
|2000
|-
| IAAFA Award for Best Make-up Artist<ref name="Business Digest"/><ref name=Weddingsonline/>
|1996
|}

==Television==
Pillai has appeared as a judge in:
* [[Midukki]] ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Malayali Veetamma ([[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.ambikapillai.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Ambika}}
[[Category:Hairdressers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kollam]]
[[Category:Indian make-up artists]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nagen Saikia

2026-02-04T21:15:48Z

TrinaAshby9096: started new info v1

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name =
| image = [[File:Nagen Saikia.jpg|250px]]
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 11 February 1939
| birth_place = [[Golaghat]], [[Assam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = • Professor in [[Dibrugarh University]], • Former member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1986-1992.
| language = Assamese
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Mit-Bhash'' (মিতভাষ)
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1997) [[Assam Valley Literary Award]] (2007)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Nagen Saikia''' (born 11 February 1939) is an Indian writer. He was formerly a professor of [[Dibrugarh University]]. Saikia had also been a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1986-1992 and was the vice-chairman of the Upper House from 1990-1992.<ref>OneIndia News, Monday, 31 December 2007, 15:34 [IST]</ref> Saikia started his career as a teacher and went on to serve in different reputed institutions in various categories. He also delivered lectures on various topics about Assamese literature, including in the US and England. He has published numerous literary essays, short stories, novels, books and articles, to his credit. Saikia was conferred with the Sahitya Akademi award in 1997 for his short stories collection ''Andharat Nizar Mukh'' and was honoured by the Mohan Chandra Sahitya Sabha in 1980 for ''Chinta aru Charcha''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/12/31/dr-nagen-saikia-chosen-for-assam-valley-literary-award-2007-1199095486.html|title = Dr Nagen Saikia chosen for Assam Valley Literary Award, 2007|date = 31 December 2007}}</ref> He was conferred the [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|Fellow of Sahitya Akademi]], the highest honour conferred by the [[Sahitya Akademi|prestigious Literary body of the Nation, the Sahitya Akademi]] on the most distinguished Indian writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/fellows/sahitya_akademi_fellowship.jsp#Sahitya%20Akademi%20Fellows|title=..:: SAHITYA : Fellows and Honorary Fellows ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/fellows_29-1-2019.pdf|title=Press Release, election of fellows of Sahitya Akademy.|date=January 1, 2019|website=Sahitya Akademy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181401/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/fellows_29-1-2019.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saikia was born in 1939 Hatiakhowa to Umaram Saikia and Hemaprabha Saikia, [[Golaghat]] district of [[Assam]]. He belongs to the [[Chutia people|Chutia]] community residing in Upper Assam. He started his primary education in Borkathoni L.P. school and later went to Kakodonga M.E. School. He passed his matriculation from Dhekial H. E. School in 1957 securing first division. In 1959 he passed his I. A. (Higher Secondary) from [[Jagannath Barooah College]], [[Jorhat]]. He was graduated from [[Debraj Roy College]], [[Golaghat]] in 1961. He had done his Post- Graduation in [[Assamese literature|Assamese]] (Literature) from [[Gauhati University]], [[Guwahati]] in 1964. He did his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph. D.]] from [[Dibrugarh University]] in 1982 under the supervision of [[Mahendra Borah]] for his thesis ''A Critical Study of the Social and Intellectual Background of Modern Assamese Literature 1826-1903''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dibrugarhonline.com/2011/08/biodata-of-dr-nagen-saikia-pg-1.html |title=D!brugarh Online.com: Biodata of Dr. Nagen Saikia pg - 1 |website=www.dibrugarhonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222023131/http://www.dibrugarhonline.com/2011/08/biodata-of-dr-nagen-saikia-pg-1.html |archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref>

==Career==
Nagen Saikia started his professional career as a teacher in Hatiakhowa H.E. School and Dhekial H. E. School from 1959 to 1965. He served as an Assistant Editor in ''Asom Batori'' in 1965. From 1965 to 1971 Nagen Saikia served as a lecturer in Assamese in the [[Diphu Government College]], [[Jorhat College (Amalgamated)|Jorhat College]] and the [[Devicharan Barua Girls' College]]. In 1972 he joined as a lecturer in the department of Assamese in [[Dibrugarh University]] and continued till 1986. During this period he also served as a Secretary of the Co- Ordination Committee for publication of Text books in Assamese, [[Dibrugarh University]]. Saikia had also been a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1986-1992 and was the vice-chairman of the Upper House from 1990-1992. 
In 1992 Saikia joined as Professor of the [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]] chair in the department of Assamese in [[Dibrugarh University]]. He was an editor of ''Natun Dainik'', an Assamese daily in 2003 and ''[[Amar Asom]]'' in 2004-06.

'''Travelled Abroad of Dr. Saikia'''
* Being invited as the Guest Speaker, delivered lectures on ‘Contributions of [[American Baptist International Ministries|American Baptist Missionaries]] towards the Development of Modern Assamese Literature, in the United States in 1988, under the auspices of [[Assam Association of North America]].
* Travelled China as a member of the Five-Member-Delegation of [[Indian Writers]], in 1993, organised by [[Sahitya Akademi]].
* Travelled England to deliver Lectures on Sankardeva in the month of October (1998).

'''Honorary Office :'''
* General Secretary, [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] (1973-1976, 1980-1985)
* Member, (in different times) Executive Committee, Book Selection Committee, Jatiya Nyas Samiti, Editorial Board of The Patrika, Literary Award Committees, Committee for plan and Programmes etc. of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]].
* Member, (in different times) General Body, Executive Committee, Encyclopedia Committee, Award Committee, Book Planning Committee, Administrative Reform Committee etc. of the Publication Board, [[Assam]].
* Member, Assamese Advisory Board, [[Sahitya Akademi]] (1975-1985, 1993-1998, 2003-2008)
* Member, General Council, [[Sahitya Akademi]] (1993-1998)
* Member, [[Authors’ Guild]] of India (1974)
* Member-Convenor, [[Assamese Bhasa Samiti]], [[Saraswati Samman]], [[New Delhi]] (1991-1994).
* Member, Court of the [[North-Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]] (1989-1992).
* Member, Chayan Parishad, Saraswati Samman (1993-1996)
* Member, Advisory Committee, Tai Language Course, [[Dibrugarh University]] (1992-2003).
* Member, Executive Council & Court [[Dibrugarh University]] and thereby member in other Committees.
* Member, Editorial Board, Prakas (Assamese Monthly) (1990-1992).
* Member, Editorial Board ‘Samjna’ (Assamese Monthly) (1975-1978).
* Editor, Sampratik, Poetry Magazine (1971).
* Chief Editor, Brahmaputra (for a short time) Assamese monthly (1985).
* President, Natakam, a Theatre Group (1966-1968) [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]].
* Member, Advisory Committee to the [[Education Minister, Assam]] (1986-1990).
* Member, State Advisory Committee for preservation of Cultural Identity (1986-1990).
* Member, Advisory Board of Implementation of Educational Scheme for [[Tea Garden Population of Assam]] (1986-1990).
* Vice-Chairman, State Level [[National Integration Council]] (1987-1990)
* Member, State Planning Board, [[Assam]] (1987-1990; 1998)
* Member, General Body, [[Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra]] (1987-1990, 1996-1999).
* Member, State Committee for Production of Text Books (1981-1983).
* Member, Governing Body of the [[North East Zone Cultural Centre]] (186-1990).
* Different Committees of the Parliament (1986-1992).
* Member, Panel of Vice-Chairman, [[Rajya Sabha]] (1990-1992).
* Member, (President of India’s Nominee) of the Planning and Academic Committee, [[Tezpur University]] (1999-2004).
* Member, State Planning Board, [[Assam]] (1996-2000).
* Member, Governing Body, [[Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre]], [[Kolkata]], (1998-2002).
* Member, General Council of [[Anundaram Barooah Institute of Language, Art & Culture]]. (1996-1999).
* Editor, Uttarayan, an Assamese Literary Monthly 2000-2001.
* Member, Selection of Vice-Chancellor for [[Dibrugarh University]] (1992 & 1997)
* Subject Expert, [[Assamese people|Assamese]] (National Level).
* Member, Executive Committee of [[Comparative Literature Association of India]].
* President, Sankari Sangeet Vidyapeeth (1997).
* Member, (Govt. of Assam Nominee) High Powered Committee, Literary and Culture Pensions (1997-2000).
* Member, Srimanta Sankardeva Award Selection Committee (1995-2000).
* Member, Expert Committee for Selection of Newspapers and Peridicals for Preservation in the Library, [[Kolkata]] (2003-2004).
* Jury Member of a few State and National Level Literary Awards.
* Member, [[International Comparative Literature Association]].
* Member, Council for Development of [[Languages of India|Indian Languages]], [[Govt. of India]].

==Awards==
* [[Mohan Chandra Sarma Award]], 1980
* President, Literary Section, [[Sreemanta Sankaradeva Sangha]], [[Dergaon]] Session, 1976
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 1997 for Short-story Collection ''Andharat Nijar Mukh''
* Title ''[[Vidya-Nidhi]]'', 1998 conferred by the International Buddhist Brotherhood Mission
* [[Assam Valley Literary Award]], 2007 for total Literary Contribution.
* [[Hariprasad Rai Award]], 2008.
* [[K. K. Handiqui Memorial Literary Award]], 2009.
* [[Jagadhatri Haramohan Award]], 2010.
* [[Sabda Sahitya Award]], 2013
* [[People of the Year 2015]] by [[Limca Book of Records]], 2015
* D.Litt. by [[Dibrugarh University]] in 2016
* [[ERDF Excellence Award]]-2015 by [[ERD Foundation]] ([[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]])

==Works==
'''Fiction: '''
* ''Kuber Hati Barua''(A collection of Short-stories), 1967
* ''Chabi Aru Frame''(A collection of Short-stories), 1969
* ''Bandha Kothat Dhumuha'' (A collection of Short-stories), 1971
* ''Matir Chakir Jui'' (A collection of Short-stories), 1976
* ''Astitvar Sikali'' (A collection of Short-stories), 1976
* ''Aparthiva-Parthiva'' (A collection of Short-stories), 1982
* ''Andharat Nizar Mukh'' (A collection of Short-stories), 1995
* ''Bhagna Upakul'' (Novel), 1983
* ''Amerikat Dahdin'' (Travelogue), 1988
* ''Maha Chinar Dinlipi'' (Travelogue), 1994
* ''Swapna aru Smriti'' and ''Dhulir Dhemali'' (Autobiographies), 2002
* ''Hemanta Kalar Ati Gadhulit'', (A collection of Short-Stories), 2001

''' Verses:'''
* ''Mita-Bhas'' ( A collection of short expressions, A new literary genre introduced by the author), 1995
* ''Swapna-Smriti-Visad'' (A collection of ''Mita-Bhas''), 1997

'''Non-fiction:'''
* ''Background of Modern Assamese Literature'', 1988
* ''Chinta Aru Charcha'', 1980
* ''Unabimsa Satikar AsamiyaBhasar Samkat'', 1988
* ''Bharatar Samskritik Aitijya aru Anyanya Rachana'', 1993
* ''Agnigarbha Asam'', 1993
* ''Asamiya Kabita aru Anyanya Bisay'', 1996
* ''Gavesana-Padhati-Parichaya'' (A Book on [[Research Methodology]] in Assamese), 1996
* ''Tulanamulak Sahitya-Bichar'' (A book on [[Comparative Literature]]), 1996
* ''Sambadikata: Eti Gadhur aru Pavitra Dayitva'', 2000
* ''Unavimsa Satikar Asam: Andhar aru Pohar'', 2002?
* ''Ejan Santa Tantir Jevan-Kahini'' (Monograph on Kavir), 2001
* ''Byaktitvar Bhaskarayya''
* ''Asamiya Varnamala'', 2001
* ''Sahitya Badabaichitrya'', 2003
* ''[[Maheswar Neog]]'' (Monograph)
* ''[[Anandachandra Baruah]]'' (Monograph)
* ''[[Sankardeva]]'' (Monograph)
* ''Asamiya Manuhar Itishas'', 2013

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, Nagen}}
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Valley Literary Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Sai (caste)

2026-02-04T05:57:29Z

TrinaAshby9096: rework details based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Muslim community in India}}{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
The '''Sai''', sometimes pronounced Sayee, are a Muslim community found in the states of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. They are also known as the Sain.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sai (Caste)}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Karan (caste)

2026-01-26T19:15:22Z

TrinaAshby9096: fix

{{Short description|Social community of Odisha, India}}
{{For|the same surname and title|Karanam}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name = Karan
|native_name = କରଣ
|subdivisions = Karan, Karan Vaishnav
|populated_states = [[Odisha]]
|religions = [[Hinduism]]
|languages = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|status = [[Forward caste]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajasekhar |first1=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0mOAAAAMAAJ&q=karana+caste+ |title=Affirmative Action and Political Participation: Elected Representatives in the Panchayats of Orissa |last2=Patnaik |first2=Pratyusna |last3=Manjula |first3=R. |date=2005 |publisher=Institute for Social and Economic Change |isbn=978-81-7791-122-0 |language=en}}</ref>
|related = [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]]
}}
The '''Karan''' is a community found in the state of [[Odisha]] in [[India]].<ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116|year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=116–}}</ref> The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004">{{Cite journal |last=Raut |first=L.N. |date=2004 |title=Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144743 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=65|pages=304–308 |jstor=44144743 }}</ref> They held [[Karanam]] posts in some parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], where they speak [[Odia language|Odia]] and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the [[Kayastha]]s of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].{{Clarify|reason=What role was that. It is more reader-friendly to spell out what that role is.|date=September 2025}}<ref name="Rao1990">{{cite book|author=M. Kodanda Rao|title=Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhxpLqX9bsC&pg=PA34|year=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-270-5|pages=34–}}</ref> In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&dq=karan+rank+next+to+brahmin&pg=PA116 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patra |first=Patitapaban |date=December 1994 |title=Archeological remains of Dhenkanal |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/118750 |journal=Utkal University, Department of History |volume=V |pages=205–206|hdl=10603/118750 }}</ref> They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, [[record keeper]]s and [[dewan]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Pramod Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GzaAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana |title=Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya |isbn=978-81-87661-52-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Ramesh P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl66OPnClpoC&pg=PA40 |title=Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal |last2=Biswal |first2=Durgesh Nandini |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8324-199-1 |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceDuDwAAQBAJ&dq=srikarana&pg=PA375 |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4103-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=Sri+Karana++Mahasenapati |title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak |date=2002 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad |isbn=978-81-902761-5-3 |language=en}}</ref> They owned most [[Zamindar]]is in Odisha.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Sadasiba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_UeAAAAMAAJ&q=athgarh+state+srikaran |title=Agrarian and Political Movements: States of Orissa, 1931 to 1949 |date=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0038-3 |language=en}}</ref> They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&dq=The+Two-headed+Deer%3A+Illustrations+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+in+Orissa&pg=PA90 |title=The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08065-2 |language=en}}</ref> Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for more than 50 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/how-the-patnaiks-despite-being-2-of-odishas-population-ruled-the-state-for-45-years-and-maybe-beyond/articleshow/110027397.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/14oriss.htm |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Origin==
===Divisions===
Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions [[Kshatriya]] Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana%20caste |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref> They are classified as Vratyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prinsep |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q_gAAAAMAAJ&dq=ray+karan+caste&pg=RA2-PA34 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1905 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref> Karanas used to observe rituals like [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] and [[Upanayana]] in their community.<ref name=bd>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Biswarup |date=1980 |title=Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—A Study on Inscriptions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141924 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=41 |pages=940–944 |jstor=44141924 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

===Medieval Period===
The frequent admission of land grants to princes, [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] and various officials gave rise to a new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owing to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004"/>

==Social status==
'''Medieval Period'''

Karanas along with [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] feature in the 10th century inscriptions of [[Odisha]] and are represented as heads of the local population. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Brahmana+Karana+-+Puroga+-+nivasi |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1995 |publisher=South Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref> Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and [[Marriage|married]] within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] monarch Vajrahasta III.<ref name="IHC_KRN_2004" /> They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as [[Dewan]]s in the princely states of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF4KAQAAIAAJ&q=held+high |title=Orissa District Gazetteers |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref> Karanas find mention in [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of [[Anangabhima Deva III]] of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva 4 of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of [[Odisha]].<ref name=bd/> The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUvRAAAAMAAJ&q=head+of+a+karan+family+samanta |title=History of Orissa in the 19th Century |date=1964 |publisher=Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> Some Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC1uAAAAMAAJ&q=karanas+received+land+grants |title=New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa |date=2000 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-23-3 |language=en}}</ref> They appear to be an important community in [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister and accountant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Dr Manas Kumar |date=May 7, 2022 |title=DDCE, Utkal |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204044741/http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2021 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=ddceutkal.ac.in }}</ref> Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of Anangabhima 3 of Eastern Ganga dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Biswarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana+caste |title=Orissa: Social, Cultural, and Religious Aspects |date=1985 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the Senadhyakshawara of the Kingdom or Commander in chief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parida |first=Asok Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jluAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+mahananda+senapati |title=Aspects of Socio-cultural Life in Early and Medieval Orissa |date=1996 |publisher=DSA Programme, Post Graduate Department of History, Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> Another official named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he governed four Dandapatas or Rajyas of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]], he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev 2 is said to have donated lands to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple of Puri]] as evidenced from inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=S. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY8MAQAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+senapati |title=Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa |date=2007 |publisher=Pratibha Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7702-148-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ramananda Ray]] was the governor of the southern territories in [[Gajapati Empire]], he was also a minister of [[Prataparudra Deva|Gajapati Prataparudra Deva]], [[Ramananda Ray]]a belonged to Karan community. The founder of [[Athgarh State]] was Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first=Jagannātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpgeAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste |title=Feudatory States of Orissa, 1803-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Vohra Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref>

'''Modern Period'''

In British colonial era, Karanas owned most [[Zamindar]]is in Odisha and were extremely rich.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+zamindar |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+zamindar+extremely+rich |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1995 |publisher=South Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/189767/11/11_chapter%25204.pdf |title=sg.inflibnet.ac.in |format= }}</ref> They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of [[Khurda kingdom|Khurda]] Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanabe |first=Akio |date= 2020|title=Genealogies of the "Paika Rebellion": Heterogeneities and Linkages |journal=International Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1017/S1479591420000157 |issn=1479-5914|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the [[Chief Ministers of Odisha]], hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.<ref name="VermaSingh2020">{{cite book|author1=Pramit Verma|author2=Pardeep Singh|title=Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7vbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=14 July 2020|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-820731-4|pages=83–}}</ref>

== Society and culture ==
'''Role in temple administration'''

Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] of Puri. They along with other key servitors manage the administration of temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servitors firm on Sri Jagannath temple lock |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/oct/13/servitors-firm-on-sri-jagannath-temple-lock-2209588.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 October 2020 }}</ref> Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-16 |title=Transfer of 'soul' during Nabakalebara {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/transfer-of-soul-during-nabakalebara/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Chief Ministers ===
* [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and freedom fighter.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Biren Mitra]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref name=":1" />
* [[Biju Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], freedom fighter, industrialist and pilot.<ref name="toi_patnaik">{{cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Ashok |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and former [[Governor of Assam]].<ref name="toi_patnaik" />
* [[Naveen Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] and second longest serving Chief Minister of any Indian state.<ref name=":3" />

=== Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers ===
* [[Madhusudan Das|Utkala Gouraba Madhusudan Das]]; Indian Lawyer, industrialist, social reformer, founder of [[Utkal Sammilani]] and prominent figure for creation of [[Orissa Province]] (present-day [[Odisha]], India).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Hiranya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV8uEAAAQBAJ&dq=madhusudan+das+karan+caste&pg=PT168 |title=Odisha of My Times: English Translation of "Mo Samayara Odisha" by Krishna Chandra Panigrahi |date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63850-732-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopabandhu Choudhuri|Gopabandhu Choudhury]]; deputy magistrate in British Government, Indian activist, social worker and freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=Choudhury++Karana |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramadevi Choudhury]]; freedom fighter, social reformer and [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner.
* [[Annapurna Maharana|Annapurna Choudhury]]; women's rights activist and freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-03 |title=Annapurna Maharana cremated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Annapurna-Maharana-cremated/articleshow/17870114.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Prabhat Kumar |date=October 2022 |title=Annapurna Maharana : a philanthropist |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2022/October/engpdf/203-204.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=2}}</ref>
* [[Braja Sundar Das]]; Zamindar of Tisania estate, freedom fighter, politician, poet and social reformer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ସଂ. |url=https://archive.org/details/jajapurara-dui-amlana-pratibha-bichitra-nanda-o-braja-sundar-1997 |title=ଯାଜପୁରର ଦୁଇ ଅମ୍ଳାନ ପ୍ରତିଭା – ବିଚିତ୍ରା ନନ୍ଦ ଓ ବ୍ରଜ ସୁନ୍ଦର |date=1997 |language=Or}}</ref>
* [[Sarala Devi]]; Independence activist, feminist, social activist, writer and first Odia woman to join the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] also the first woman to be elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=karana |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gopala Ballabha Das]]; writer, social reformer, deputy magistrate in British Government, assistant of Odisha commissioner during British rule and superintendent of all [[Princely state]] of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=Gopala+Ballabha |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jagabandhu Patnaik]]; [[Dewan]] of [[Porahat]] and the first martyr from [[Odisha]] in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcQtAAAAMAAJ&q=Jagabandhu+patnaik |title=Veer Surendra Sai |date=1985 |publisher=Department of Culture, Government of Orissa |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhagirathi Mahapatra]]; Indian lawyer, politician, founding member and first secretary of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=bhagirathi+mohapatra+karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nityanand Kanungo]]; social activist, former [[Governor of Bihar]] and [[Governor of Gujarat|Gujarat]], former union minister in [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Binod Kanungo]]; freedom fighter, [[Odisha Sahitya Academi Award|Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner and educator.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nilamani Senapati |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3044 |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Karaput |last2=Nabin Kumar Sahu |date=1966 |publisher=Cuttack, Superintendent Orissa Government Press}}</ref>
* [[Biswanath Pattnaik]]; social reformer and [[Bhoodan movement]] leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Ananya |date=2019-06-05 |title=Koraputia Gandhi: The Forgotten Legend Who Served Odisha's Tribals for 77 Years |url=https://thebetterindia.com/185187/koraputia-gandhi-odisha-biswanath-pattnaik/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sarangadhar Das]]; Indian nationalist revolutionary, member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]] for framing newly independent India's [[Constitution of India|constitution]].

=== Vaishnav Saints ===
* [[Achyutananda Dasa]]; 16th-century poet seer and Vaishnava saint.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA83 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ananta Dasa]]; Odia poet, mystic and one of the chief saint of Utkaliya [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&dq=ananta+dasa+karana&pg=PA86 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Balarama Dasa]]; 15th-century poet seer, litterateur, writer of [[Jagamohana Ramayana]] and [[Lakshmi Purana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4eAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=A Study of History of Orissa: From the Earliest Times to Mukundadeva |date=1984 |publisher=Panchashila |language=en}}</ref>

=== Historical Figures ===
* [[Bisara Mohanty]]; historical figure of Jagannath culture who rescued Daru Brahma (soul stuff) of Lord Jagannath from the river Ganga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Gopinath |date=July 2020 |title=Bisara Mohanty, An Ardent Devotee ISSN 0970-8669 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2020/Jun-Jul/engpdf/20-30.pdf |journal=Odisha Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIzXAAAAMAAJ&q=bisar+mohanty |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |last2=Schnepel |first2=Burkhard |date=2001 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-386-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramananda Ray]]; author of Jagannath Vallabha Natakam and the Governor of [[Gajapati Empire]].<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Madhavi Pattanayak]]; 16th-century poet and disciple of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rout |first=Savitri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC&dq=Madhavi+Dasi&pg=PA32 |title=Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2546-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Art & Literature ===
* [[Brajanath Badajena]]; Odia poet and descendant of 16th-century poet Raghu Arakhita.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eBtAAAAMAAJ&q=Brajanath+badajena+Karan |title=Proceedings |date=1976 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Banamali Dasa]]; Odia [[Bhakti movement|bhakti-poet]] and composer of [[Odissi music]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Janaki Ballabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&q=Karan |title=Banamali Das |date=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-449-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Birakishore Das|Jatiya Kabi Birakishore Das]]; National poet, social activist, politician and the editor of "Mo Desha" .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanti |first=Jagannatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zepjAAAAMAAJ&q=Birakishore+das |title=Children's Literature of Orissa |date=1993 |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Laxmikanta Mohapatra|Kanta Kabi Laxmikanta Mohapatra]]; illustrious Odia poet and patriot who wrote Odisha’s immortal state anthem “[[Bande Utkala Janani]]” and is revered as the voice of Odia nationalism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2020-06-07 |title=Bande Utkala Janani is State song of Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bande-utkala-janani-is-state-song-of-odisha/article31774388.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]; Odia poet and composer of [[Odissi music]].
* [[Radhanath Ray]]; poet, novelist, essayist, educationist, cultural relativist, orator and songwriter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopinath Mohanty |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.220244/2015.220244.Radhanath-Ray_djvu.txt |title=Radhanath Ray |date=1983}}</ref>
* [[Pratibha Ray]]; renowned author and academic, best known for her contributions to Odia literature. Jnanpith Award for her novel Yajnaseni, which powerfully reinterprets the character of Draupadi from the Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adhunik Sanskrit Sahitya Pustakalaya |url=https://sanskrit.nic.in/ASSP/writer/PratibhaR.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=sanskrit.nic.in}}</ref>
* [[Gourishankar Ray]]; writer and a prominent figure amongst the makers of [[Odisha|Modern Odisha]].
* [[Deba Prasad Das]]; [[Odissi|Odissi classical dancer and Guru]], recognized as one of the four first-generation masters who revived and structured the dance form, known for his robust style rooted in [[Gotipua|Gotipua traditions]] and recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPuADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=Orissa Society of Americas 39th Annual Convention Souvenir: For Annual Convention Held in 2008 at Toronto, Canada |publisher=Odisha Society of the Americas |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Artaballabha Mohanty]]; writer, literary critique and the publisher of only available print record of [[Madala Panji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-06 |title=Some Great Odiya Personalities |url=http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |access-date=2024-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306153914/http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |archive-date=2014-03-06 }}</ref>
* [[Kalicharan Pattnaik]]; eminent literary and artistic figure of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharitri E-Paper |url=https://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/231217/p6.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.dharitri.com}}</ref>
* [[Annada Shankar Ray]]; Indian poet and essayist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-11 |title=অন্নদাশঙ্কর রায় – |url=https://banglarmamatimanush.com/annada-sankar-roy-jyoti-bandyopadhyay/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511133459/https://banglarmamatimanush.com/annada-sankar-roy-jyoti-bandyopadhyay/ |archive-date=2020-05-11 }}</ref>
* [[Gopinath Mohanty]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-20 |title=Gopinath Mohanty Memorial Lecture today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/apr/20/gopinath-mohanty-memorial-lecture-today-1966706.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> novelist, winner of [[Jnanpith Award]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Surendra Mohanty]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-04 |title=Sambad: 24 and counting |url=https://orissamatters.com/2007/10/04/sambad/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Orissa Matters |language=en-US}}</ref> author, politician and [[Padma Shri]] award winner.

=== Education & Research ===
* [[Prana Krushna Parija]]; Indian botanist, scientist, politician, winner of [[Padma Bhushan]] and Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-19 |title=New Page |url=http://jagatsinghpur.nic.in/dist_portal/eminentperson.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119004950/http://jagatsinghpur.nic.in/dist_portal/eminentperson.htm |archive-date=2012-11-19 }}</ref>
* [[Sudhira Das]]; first woman engineer of Odisha, pioneering technical education for women in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swetaparna |title=First woman engineer of Odisha dies |url=https://sambadenglish.com/first-woman-engineer-of-odisha-dies/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=sambadenglish.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bidhu Bhusan Das]]; educator, public intellectual and ex-principal of Ranchi University (now [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]]), vice Chancellor of [[Utkal University]], an advisor to [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]] and played a key role in establishing [[Kathmandu|Kathmandu's]] [[Tribhuvan University]] also helped to setup [[Nagaland University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das, Bidhu Bhusan, 1922- - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89267884.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref>
* [[Prabhat Nalini Das]]; Public intellectual, first dean/director of Humanities division at [[IIT Kanpur]], vice chancellor of [[North-Eastern Hill University]] also served as a professor of English and head of the English department at several prestigious institutions including [[Delhi University]], [[Ranchi University]], [[Lady Shri Ram College]] and [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashutosh Sheshabalaya on Global Reach |date=May 9, 2013 |url=https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/17097/ashutosh-sheshabalaya |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The VoiceAmerica Talk |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219101712/https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/17097/ashutosh-sheshabalaya |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Madhu Sudan Kanungo]]; renowned Indian scientist in the fields of neuroscience and gerontology. He is best known for his Gene Expression Theory of Aging, also founder-director of Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, chancellor of [[Nagaland University]] and [[Padma Shri]] award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-16 |title=Noted scholar M S Kanungo passes away |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/varanasi/29819818_1_bhu-orientation-programme-swatantrata-bhawan |access-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/varanasi/29819818_1_bhu-orientation-programme-swatantrata-bhawan |archive-date=2012-09-16}}</ref>
* [[Jitendra Nath Mohanty]]; Indian philosopher, served as an Emeritus professor of Philosophy in [[Temple University|Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Some Memories of My Teacher, J.N. Mohanty – The Indian Philosophy Blog |url=https://indianphilosophyblog.org/2023/03/20/some-memories-of-my-teacher-j-n-mohanty/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=indianphilosophyblog.org}}</ref>
* [[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]]; Indian scholar, scientist and founder of Srujanika, a science education and research non profit organization situated in Bhubaneswar'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-03 |title=The digital book binder - The New Indian Express |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-digital-book-binder/2013/09/01/article1757468.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903203527/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-digital-book-binder/2013/09/01/article1757468.ece1 |archive-date=2013-09-03 }}</ref>

=== Jurists ===
* [[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]]; former justice of [[Supreme Court of India]], former chief justice of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] and [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-18 |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice A.K. Patnaik |url=http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/akpatnaik.htm |access-date=2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818021930/http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/akpatnaik.htm |archive-date=2013-08-18 }}</ref>
* [[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]; 32nd [[Chief Justice of India]] and former [[Chief Justice of Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-11-08 |title=G B Pattanaik takes oath as Chief Justice of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/G-B-Pattanaik-takes-oath-as-Chief-Justice-of-India/articleshow/27669480.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Bira Kishore Ray]]; first [[Orissa High Court|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court]] and first [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate general of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=ଓଡ଼ିଶା ହାଇକୋର୍ଟର ପ୍ରଥମ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଚାରପତି ବୀର କିଶୋର ରାୟଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରାଦ୍ଧବାର୍ଷିକୀ |url=https://odishasambad.in/remembering-first-chief-justice-of-odisha-highcourt-birakishore-ray-on-his-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Odisha Sambad |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sukanta Kishore Ray]]; former [[Orissa High Court|Chief Justice of Orissa High Court]] and [[Governor of Odisha|former Governor of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1301877170150935&set=basw.AboNUNr0IBOnV-RUCDm-Qa2FcZhFGUBB2-t4z92shOJHVxw34qeelqveLfBYs-pcWGVogrirYAp9HyCfiZ854A91w_aMNgNZg33czIiwwcKcu9sM5Rjocquzl_dp-x0agHOHSa2k9RiVJDmVqBt-7uoUD99n9Zqlkm_6hlqUtoHWrke7Ynjtwc1Xz_Z3G7ni1n5tzEr2AAspW4h_VCOVKQcqVieuhVYgpsrpOFizQNtJAHi_jEzlW7DlvG4yn42cQRjpwMfVp-MUDkwbZOQLfgENNKtlkrsYdE7-xsZA_f166G4IiCv3hIYV31ONFiHjiiU&opaqueCursor=AbpZlBMyzgd724HSzZjMNSjNQK42kuR3w58iF-JV9X_h8T0FhL2nwtssTo8Z7vrDY90h_ay50K6Dxy8eFBU2xnd51S2KRmcqpyBAbebQufIBGO_aNnGaBSbUpTpDg8Ce4S_iXRN4Le3IlXoonIh72EsL1yFGXvm9USHy8euRIqIYQ5-0RU3jn_6Ex77ZF-9XoxNhuYlZJhpito3iRQUDo5E7HQJcjoJJj3EM0sJD4s6GP3Mf4k1k2YJs91nHCdo_yLfS4vB70Zxvbo7yBsrBtnN55d_5uCSGyrVvAMMD2uiU7n5_BdUSkkE-bsjZXQndklj0MhDKUl44RmImzy-tJmwQbIfZa9eJatk3PmkZne2wr15Lwr41PJV-SzAS4guvdYTlSFSZdDmVeLdUFy7-fhg6hhc3bl4yiY1spv1zAKkdbvMZgx4gN_PIhxoDKKgGqpFQv2JlBf31qcQ8C1NhCUY2ubq68Xu0RIB24NJPZuevnPJe_KipqixDaRRSxxXx3E13qS5P3apvxZzWMYjnY2hn5bK2L31qdYp41tpARzId7-MbN2stiNG8cLKPFMO8bh-TuyF9Nj4CNHffKJcB-iCcqWmpBcLvEcmMHmJcYZzwKTyxBEaT9XxAxXVoutdHf1dt9SKmzPSKsZVPizNLemjmv4RIBjAAoGrGXZG9yb_tuDtZwA4FCWmbYiNYF--duRjBmKoE-C_zD1o-w3dT-IqPeInFAN5PqutZRe5ER8SaKsNzRe3uJrYhia3VQPX1DsUQvqlvZL4TA13jqxvcbFwM8PYVZX7y5_Cba_G-dEsUFbMnr30k1VGyD3cPbGN-sHCPACEsXiAEUpICk3B1xFTGcUAJYgV4DyMjEdqv32W8wHAkeGR7JhqyiJFzhv-RJGI |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
* Jugal Kishore Mohanty; former [[Sikkim High Court|Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2021-03-20 |title=Governor Biswa Bhusan pays tributes to Justice Jugal Kishore Mohanty |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/governor-biswa-bhusan-pays-tributes-to-justice-jugal-kishore-mohanty-677707 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pradip Kumar Mohanty]]; former [[Jharkhand High Court|Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court]] and former [[Chairperson]] of [[Lokpal|Lokpal of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-01 |title=Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty appointed as Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125123/http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/ |archive-date=2018-08-01 }}</ref>

=== Others ===
* [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]; retired [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General of the Indian Army]], 42nd [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], former [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-26 |title=Lt Gen Chandi Prasad Mohanty is General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Southern Army Command |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/24/lt-gen-chandi-prasad-mohanty-is-general-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-southern-army-command-2093740.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kishen Pattnaik]]; Indian politician, social activist, author, founder & editor of Hindi monthly periodical called ''Samayik Varta.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Sambad |date=2022-09-22 |title=ଖଡ଼ିଆଳର ପୂର୍ବତନ ବିଧାୟକ କପିଳ ନାରାୟଣ ତିୱାରୀଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ |url=https://sambad.in/state/kapil-narayan-tiwari-former-mla-of-khadial-passed-away-879906/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Sambad |language=or}}</ref>
* [[Jayanti Patnaik]]; four-time Member of Parliament, first Chairperson of [[National Commission for Women]] and wife of former Chief Minister of Odisha and ex governor of Assam [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|Shri Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-22 |title=NCW::Breif History |url=http://ncw.nic.in/frmABTBreifHistory.aspx |access-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322143848/http://ncw.nic.in/frmABTBreifHistory.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Niranjan Patnaik]]; former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]] and Ex Cabinet Minister.<ref name=":3" />
* [[Sarat Pattanayak]]; Indian politician and former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-23 |title=Old war horse Sarat Pattnayak appointed Odisha Congress chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/old-war-horse-sarat-pattnayak-appointed-odisha-congress-chief/articleshow/91749222.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Banamali Patnaik]]; Indian politician and former president of [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0ZPAQAAMAAJ&q=banamali+%22Patnaik%22+passed+obituary+1980 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1980 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>
* Samir Mohanty; Indian politician and former president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Samir Mohanty elected Odisha BJP president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samir-mohanty-elected-odisha-bjp-chief-president-narendra-singh-tomar-1637543-2020-01-16 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]; Indian politician, writer, film producer and founder-editor of the [[Odia language|Odia]] daily [[Sambad]].<ref name=":3" />
* [[Ashok Kumar Das]]; Indian politician and former leader of opposition in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] during [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-23 |title=Sons rise in Orissa politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-east/story/sons-rise-in-orissa-politics-48405-2009-05-22 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pranab Prakash Das]]; Indian politician, former Energy Minister and one of the prominent leader in [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen Patnaik's]] Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranab Prakash Das(BJD):Constituency- JAJPUR(JAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5577 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]; former Irrigation Minister and most powerful minister (known as Super Chief Minister) in [[Biju Patnaik|Biju Patnaik's]] cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-20 |title=Orissa Politics: Bijoy Mohapatra : In Jaya Chandra's Path - By Manoj Padhi |url=http://hindtoday.com/Blogs/ViewBlogsV2.aspx?HTAdvtId=596&HTAdvtPlaceCode=IND674ORISSA |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820041358/http://hindtoday.com/Blogs/ViewBlogsV2.aspx?HTAdvtId=596&HTAdvtPlaceCode=IND674ORISSA |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]; former state's Cabinet Minister in [[Fifth Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen Patnaik's Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naba Kisore Das(BJD):Constituency- JHARSUGUDA(JHARSUGUDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4872 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Manas Mangaraj]]; Indian politician, journalist and member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Odisha]] as member of [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manas Ranjan Mangaraj(BJD):(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=990 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Akshaya Mohanty]]; singer, lyricist, composer, musician, writer and Jayadev award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-25 |title=$ $ $ Akshaya Mohanty $ $ $ |url=http://akshayamahanty.com/life.htm |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152426/http://akshayamahanty.com/life.htm |archive-date=25 March 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Hara Patnaik]]; Indian actor, director, screenplay writer and singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-17 |title=Odia actor Hara Patnaik dead |work=IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odia-actor-hara-patnaik-dead/522747-8.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117232210/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odia-actor-hara-patnaik-dead/522747-8.html |archive-date=2015-01-17}}</ref>
* [[Akshay Parija]]: Indian film maker and businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=A Life Transformed |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=3237 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Harvard Business School Alumni |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bijay Mohanty]]; Indian actor, Jayadev award winner, Orissa Cine Critics Award winner, National Film Awards winner and 6 times [[Odisha State Film Awards]] winner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Odisha bids a tearful adieu to Bijay Mohanty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/odisha-bids-a-tearful-adieu-to-bijay-mohanty/articleshow/77110843.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Arindam Roy|Arindam Ray]]; Indian actor, politician and son in law of former leader of opposition [[Ashok Kumar Das]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Roy, BJP Candidate from Salipur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/arindam-roy-s18aed2008a094e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Roy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SALIPUR(CUTTACK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1179 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Buddhaditya Mohanty]]; Indian actor.
* [[Mahasweta Ray]]; Ollywood actress, [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha State Film Award winner]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-08 |title=Weaving a legacy of grace |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2010/Dec/12/weaving-a-legacy-of-grace-210240.html |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]]; Indian actor and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anubhav Mohanty(BJD):Constituency- KENDRAPARA(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10133 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Uttam Mohanty]]; Indian actor, [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha State Film Awards winner]] and Jayadev Award winner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttam Mohanty {{!}} Actor, Writer, Music Department |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0595948/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Babushaan Mohanty]]; Indian actor, playback singer and son of [[Uttam Mohanty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2022-07-31 |title=Babushaan celebrates birthday with fans, cuts cake; Announces new Odia film "Gajapati" |url=https://pragativadi.com/babushaan-celebrates-birthday-with-fans-cuts-cake-announces-new-odia-film-gajapati/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Surnames ==
Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:

[[Patnaik]], [[Mohanty]], [[Chowdhury|Choudhury]], [[Das (surname)|Das]], [[Rai (title)|Ray]], [[Mohapatra]], [[Samantray|Samantaray]], [[Routray]], Chhotray, Kanungo, [[Bakshi]], Raychoudhury, Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Narendra, [[Senapati|Mahasenapati]], Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, [[Jena (surname)|Badajena]], [[Behera (title)|Behera]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upadhyay |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y1uAAAAMAAJ&q=jena+karana |title=Origin of Orissa Names |date=2000 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |isbn=978-81-86472-60-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Karan+jena |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Dandapata |title=Proceedings |date=2006 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jena |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGZyHbmMVFEC&q=+karan+caste |title=Land Revenue Administration in Orissa During the Nineteenth Century |date=1968 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/15193/10/10_chapter%25203.pdf | title=Socio-historical profile of the Sukinda region | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613150032/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15193/10/10_chapter%203.pdf | archive-date=2018-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-18 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/devdutt-pattanaik--descendants-of-chitragupta-19083152 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hust |first=Evelin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xUqAAAAYAAJ&q=karan+kayastha |title=Women's Political Representation and Empowerment in India: A Million Indiras Now? |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-575-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=jagannath+in+history+and+religious+tradition |title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa |date=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mauchline Roberts |first=Elizabeth |title=Gandhi and the Indian nationalist movement to 1920 |date=2019-08-13 |work=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India |pages=14–27 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000628197/chapters/10.4324/9780367351717-2 |access-date=2024-10-26 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780367351717-2 |isbn=978-0-367-35171-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS5uAAAAMAAJ&q=bakshi |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Sundargarh |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Dipti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&dq=srikarana+mahasenapati&pg=PA77 |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |date=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-195-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Indian Anthropological |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9waBAAAAMAAJ&q=behera+karana |title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |date=1998 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moharana |first=Surendra |date=July 2016 |title=The Role of Daitas in Navakalevara |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2015/July/engpdf/115-122.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=116}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Madala Panji]], a chronicle of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] written by '''Karanas'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇigrāhī |first1=Śarata Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra86AAAAMAAJ&q=+madala+panji |title=The Cult and Culture of Lord Jagannath |last2=Panda |first2=Daityari |date=1984 |publisher=Rashtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rath |first=Bijaya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana |title=Cultural History of Orissa, A.D. 855-1110 |date=1983 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇigrāhī |first1=Śarata Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra86AAAAMAAJ&q=Karana |title=The Cult and Culture of Lord Jagannath |last2=Panda |first2=Daityari |date=1984 |publisher=Rashtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhoi dynasty]], a medieval Hindu dynasty founded by [[Govinda Vidyadhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt4nbp1VIhsC&pg=PA2687 |title=Indian Encyclopaedia |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-257-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC&pg=SL2-PA32 |title=General Studies History 4 Upsc |date=2005-11-01 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited |isbn=978-0-07-060447-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL2-PA175 |title=Indian History |isbn=978-1-259-06323-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o8BAAAAMAAJ&q=accountant |title=The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors |date=1953 |publisher=General Trading Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=govinda+vidyadhara+accountant |title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa |date=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&dq=govinda+vidyadhara&pg=PT340 |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brighenti |first=Francesco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnnXAAAAMAAJ&q=bhoi+karan |title=Śakti Cult in Orissa |date=2001 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0179-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce61AAAAIAAJ&q=bhoi+writer+ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age (711 - 1526 A.D.) |date=1959 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Athgarh State]], a [[Princely state]] founded by Raja Niladri Bhagirathi Barman Pattanayak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTduAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+bebarta |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Karani script|Karani Script]], an Odia Script introduced by '''Karanas,''' it was primarily used for court, land, temple, and accounting records as well as other administrative purposes.
* [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]
* [[Bengali Kayastha]]
* [[Karanam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]

1992 Indian presidential election

2026-01-25T06:52:28Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1992 Indian presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1987 Indian presidential election
| previous_year = 1987
| next_election = 1997 Indian presidential election
| next_year = 1997
| election_date = 16 July 1992
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image1_size = 100px
| nominee1 = '''[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| home_state1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''675,864'''
| percentage1 = '''65.86%'''
| image2 = No image.svg
| image2_size = 100px
| nominee2 = [[George Gilbert Swell]]
| party2 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| home_state2 = [[Meghalaya]]
| electoral_vote2 = 346,485
| percentage2 = 33.76%
| color2 = 921647
| 1blank = Swing
| 1data1 = 6.43% {{decrease}}
| 1data2 = ''New''
| map_image = 1992 Indian Presidential Election.svg
| title = President
| before_election = [[R. Venkataraman]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| after_election = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
The Election Commission of India held indirect tenth [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on 13 July 1992, with declaring the results on 16 July. [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] with 675,864 votes won over his nearest rival [[George Gilbert Swell]] who got 346,485 votes.

==Candidates==
This presidential election, saw many candidates competing for the presidency, due to the divide nationally for power. The top two candidates were, [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], put forth by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[George Gilbert Swell]], member of [[Rajya Sabha]], from [[Meghalaya]], as the [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate supported by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[National Front (India)|National Front]].

==Results==
Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website<ref>{{Cite web|title=Backgrounder|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/pr.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000529113554/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/pr.html|archive-date=2000-05-29|access-date=|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election to the Office of President of India 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/President_Election_08062017.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712110156/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/President_Election_08062017.pdf|archive-date=2017-07-12|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Media Division, Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Candidate
!Electoral Values
|-
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|675,864
|-
|[[George Gilbert Swell]]
|346,485
|-
|[[Ram Jethmalani]]
|2,704
|-
|[[Joginder Singh (politician)|Joginder Singh]]
|1,135
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,026,188'''
|-
|}
==See also==
* [[1992 Indian vice presidential election]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:1992 elections in India]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:July 1992 in India]]

Goutam Paul

2026-01-05T19:57:53Z

TrinaAshby9096: starting a article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Goutam Paul''' is an [[Indian politician]] who is serving as [[Member of 17th West Bengal Assembly]] from [[Karandighi Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF MPs and MLAs |url=http://uttardinajpur.gov.in/udelectionweb/Document/MP_MLA_List.pdf |website=Government of Uttar Dinajpur}}</ref> He is from [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goutam Paul-goutam Paul Aitc Candidate Karandighi Election Result 2021 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/west-bengal/candidates/goutam-paul-aitc-2021-karandighi-27-west-bengal |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He won securing 116,594 votes, defeating his nearest rival, Subhas Chandra Sinha of BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goutam Paul() Of Karandighi (West-bengal) Constituency Election Results 2022 |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/west-bengal/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2021/goutam-paul-25032-1 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Goutam}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital

2025-12-30T03:18:08Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added Initial Data Initial Version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
| org_group = 
| image = GtbhLogo.jpg
| caption = We Dare To Care
| logo =
| location = [[Dilshad Garden]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| region = East Delhi
| state = Delhi
| country = India
| healthcare = Personal
| type = Teaching tertiary care general hospital
| speciality =
| standards = 
| emergency = Medicine, surgery, trauma, burns, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics
| affiliation = [[University College of Medical Sciences]]
| beds = 1700<ref name="GTBH1"/>
| founded = 1979
| closed = 
| website = {{Official website|http://www.gtbhospital-gnctd.com}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.684|N|77.309|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_links = 
}}

'''Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital''' (or '''GTBH''' or '''GTB Hospital''') is a large hospital situated at [[Dilshad Garden]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], [[Delhi]], India, and is affiliated to and acts as the teaching hospital of [[University College of Medical Sciences]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="GTBH1">{{cite web |title=Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_gtbh/GTBH/Home/General+Information |website=health.delhigovt.nic.in |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125143704/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_gtbh/GTBH/Home/General+Information |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ucms">{{cite web |title=Welcome to University College of Medical Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi|url=https://ucms.ac.in |website=ucms.ac.in |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

GTBH was established in 1979{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} (fully functional in 1987) with a 350-bed capacity which has been expanded to 1700-beds.<ref name="GTBH1"/> It is the first [[Delhi Government]] tertiary care hospital in the [[East Delhi|Trans-Yamuna]] area, catering to the [[East Delhi]] population as well as people from adjacent states.<ref name="GTBH1"/>

==Location==
The Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital is located in [[Dilshad Garden]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], East Delhi.<ref name="GTBH1"/><ref name="ucms"/>

==History==
The hospital was established in 1987 with 350 beds, as an associated teaching hospital attached to the [[University College of Medical Sciences]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="GTBH1"/> In 2006 it was recorded to have near 1,000 beds.<ref name="Bhargava2006">{{cite book|last1=Bhargava|first1=S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjB0hVfCzqkC&dq=Guru+Teg+Bahadur+Hospital+number+of+beds&pg=PA146|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Delhi|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz publications|isbn=81-7835-356-3|location=Delhi|language=en}}</ref> Later figures report a capacity of 1,700 beds.<ref name="GTBH1"/>

[[UCMS]] was founded in 1971, due to the efforts of the [[Health Minister]] of New Delhi. It was proposed by the minister to provide medical education to every student who attained the eligibility criteria and wished to become a doctor. The criteria being stringent (minimum 60% aggregate), but it still caused a 100 or so students to be left out, even with the presence of two Medical Colleges in Delhi – [[Maulana Azad Medical College|MAMC]] and [[LHMC]]. That year classes began in the makeshift Department of [[Chemistry]], Delhi University, North Campus. This was to become the UCMS of tomorrow. It then started having its clinical postings (practicals) at [[Meerut Medical College]]. Shortly, it was shifted to [[Safdarjung Hospital]] in [[South Delhi]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

In 1986, it shifted to its present location at [[Dilshad Garden]] and was associated with Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, a 1000 bedded institution, as its teaching hospital.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Thus GTBH actually became functional in 1986 though construction was over in 1979 and some departments began functioning before 1987.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==Facilities==
{{Div col |colwidth=18em}}
* Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART)for HIV & AIDS treatment
* [[Outpatient department|Out Patient Clinics]]<ref name="GTBH1"/>
* Inpatient care (admissions)<ref name="GTBH1"/>
* Emergency services<ref name="GTBH1"/>
* Critical care
* [[Suraksha Clinic]]
* Specialist care
* Laboratory services<ref name="GTBH1"/>
* Imaging services
* Medico legal aid
* Nodal Center under National Programs
* Teaching facilities
* Examination services
{{Div col end}}

===Outpatient clinics===
[[File:Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital (side entry).jpg|thumb|Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital – entry to OPD – side]]

Outpatient clinics are held in the Outpatient Department. There are 3 floors (ground, 1st and 2nd floors). Each floor has approximately 100 rooms.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1979]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1979]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Kirkee War Cemetery

2025-12-15T05:32:32Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{Short description|CWGC cemetery in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = Kirkee War Cemetery
| map_type =
| established =
| type = [[war cemetery]]
| graves = 2297
| image = Kirkee War Cemetery, Pune.jpg
| location = Kirkee, [[Maharashtra]], India
| findagraveid = 2212403
| caption = Kirkee War Cemetery, c. 2005
}}
[[File:Kirkee War Cemetery, near Pune, Maharashtra.jpg|right|thumb|Kirkee War Cemetery]]

The '''Kirkee War Cemetery''' is a cemetery in [[Khadki]] (formerly named Kirkee), a cantonment in [[Pune]] (formerly Poona) in [[Maharashtra]], India. The cemetery was created to provide graves for the fallen from central and western India in the Second World War, where there could not be certainty about their graves elsewhere being permanently maintained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2016600/KIRKEE%20WAR%20CEMETERY |title=Cemetery Details |publisher=Cwgc.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Pune’s deep and unforgotten connection with the World Wars |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/punes-world-war-connection-maratha-war-memorial-pune-world-war-i-memorial-kirkee-war-cemetery/cid/1871783 |access-date=7 August 2023 |issue=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=25 June 2022}}</ref>

The cemetery holds the graves of 1,668 Commonwealth service personnel from World War II, and 629 from World War I who were reburied here from Bombay's [[Sewri Christian Cemetery]] in 1962. The graves from Sewri are unmarked and their names are listed on the Kirkee (1914–18) Memorial.

The Kirkee (1914–1918) Memorial is dedicated to 735 Commonwealth service personnel who died in India in World War I and whose graves were in various locations where they could not be maintained, to the 629 whose remains were reburied within the cemetery in 1962 from Sewri Christian Cemetery, and to about 193 soldiers of East and West African origin who died from 1939 to 1945 in various non-operational areas around the country.<ref name=cwgc2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/146500/KIRKEE%20(1914-1918)%20MEMORIAL|website=cwgc.org|title=CWGC Cemetery Report, Kirkee (1914–1918) Memorial. |accessdate=2017-07-31}}</ref> There is also the Kirkee (1939–1945) Memorial to 197 Commonwealth service personnel (excepting East and West African) who died in World War II and whose graves in other parts of India and in Pakistan are unmaintainable.<ref name=cwgc3>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2016601/kirkee-1939-1945-memorial/|website=cwgc.org|title=CWGC Cemetery Report, Kirkee (1939–1945) Memorial.|accessdate=2017-07-31}}</ref>

[[File:Kirkee War Cemetery2.jpg|thumb]]
The [[Cross of Sacrifice]] stands at the end of the cemetery. There are two special memorials erected by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<ref name="cwgc1">[https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2016600/kirkee-war-cemetery/] CWGC Cemetery Report, Kirkee War Cemetery.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Delhi War Cemetery]]
* [[Victory Tunnel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kirkee War Cemetery}}
* {{cwgc cemetery|2016600}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery}}

{{coord|18.5519|73.8567|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:History of Pune]]
[[Category:World War I cemeteries]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]

Neena Varakil

2025-12-01T05:51:09Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{short description|Indian long jumper (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Neena.V (cropped).jpg
| caption = Varakil at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Asian Championships]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|05|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Meppayur]], [[Kerala]], India
| height = 1.7 m
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Long jump]]
| pb = 6.66 m (2016)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Asian Indoor Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]]|[[Indoor athletics at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games#Women|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2018 Tehran]]|[[2018 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships#Women|Long jump]]}}
}}

'''Neena Varakil''' (born 2 May 1991) is an Indian former [[long jump|long jumper]].<ref name="things">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/asian-games-2018-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-neena-varakil-india-s-silver-medalist-in-women-s-long-jump|title=Asian Games 2018: 5 things you need to know about Neena Varakil, India's silver medalist in women's long jump|date=2018-08-27|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>

== Career ==
She achieved her personal best of 6.66 m in [[Bangalore]] in July 2016. She took gold in 2017 when she jumped 6.37 m in the sixth and final round. This was at the Asian Grand Prix Athletics Meet in [[Jiaxing]] in China.<ref name="longold">[http://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/asian-grand-prix-neena-varakil-wins-gold-in-womens-long-jump-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-qualifies-for-world-championships-2000123.html Asian Grand Prix: Neena Varakil wins gold in women's long jump, javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra qualifies for World Championships], 27 April 2017, ZeeNews.india.com, Retrieved 13 July 2017</ref> She gained a silver medal at [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump]] when her compatriot, [[Nayana James]], took bronze.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/asian-athletics-championships-2017-list-all-medal-winners-india|title=Asian Athletics Championships 2017: List of all medal winners for India|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Akash|last=Bhatt|date=2017-07-10|access-date=2017-07-14}}</ref>

In August 2018, she took a silver medal at the long jump at the Asian Games in Jakarta. At her fourth attempt she jumped 6 m 51 cm. The gold medal was taken by [[Thi Thu Thao Bui]] of Vietnam and the bronze went to [[Xiaoling Xu]] of China.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2018-08-27|title=Asian Games 2018: Neena Varakil wins silver in women's long jump|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/asian-games-2018-neena-varakil-wins-silver-in-womens-long-jump/article24793232.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After the event she said that she was stepping back from competition to concentrate on her family. Varakil is married to Pinto Mathew, who is an international hurdler. Varakil had helped her train for the Jakarta event as she was not happy with the national coach [[Bedros Bedrosian]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Manoj SS|date=Aug 28, 2018|title=neena varakil: After Asiad silver, Neena Varakil to focus on family {{!}} Asian Games 2018 News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/after-asiad-silver-neena-varakil-to-focus-on-family/articleshow/65571323.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varakil, Neena}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women long jumpers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Juhi Parmar

2025-11-25T06:21:45Z

TrinaAshby9096: small improved intro for consistency and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Juhi Parmar
| image = Juhi parmar at vikas's wedding.jpg
| caption = Juhi Parmar in 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|12|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ujjain]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sachin Shroff]]|2009|2018|end=divorce}}
| children = 1
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]''}}
|
}}

'''Juhi Parmar''' (born 14 December 1980) is an Indian anchor, actress, presenter, singer and dancer predominantly known for her work in [[Television in India|Hindi television industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-birthday-girl-juhi-parmar-her-show-tantra-and-being-single-mother-samairra-434343|title=EXCLUSIVE: Birthday girl Juhi Parmar on her show Tantra and being a single mother to Samairra|date=15 December 2018|website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> She gained recognition for her portrayal as Kumkum in the long-running [[soap opera]] ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' (2002–2009) and that of Devi [[Sanjna | Sandhya]] and Devi [[Chhaya]] in ''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]''. She then won the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]'' (2011–12).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/juhi-parmar-wins-bigg-boss-5/story-24qNiPbKytDZUlkDGrx5pI.html|title=Juhi Parmar wins 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=8 January 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar makes her comeback with 'Hamari Wali Good News' on Zee Tv |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/hamari-wali-good-news-juhi-parmar-to-play-saas-who-conceives-her-bahu-s-child-1721676-2020-09-14/|access-date=2020-09-28 |website=India Today |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==

Parmar debuted into [[Television in India|Hindi television]] as Samidha in [[Zee TV]]'s 1998 series ''[[Woh]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-birthday-girl-juhi-parmar-her-show-tantra-and-being-single-mother-samairra-434343|title=EXCLUSIVE: Birthday girl Juhi Parmar on her show Tantra and being a single mother to Samairra|date=15 December 2018|website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

After a short break, she began the next century of 2000s with [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Choodiyan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 November 2008|title=Juhi Parmar and Sachin Shroff set to tie the knot|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20081120/ARTICLE/311209942/1057|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712133231/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20081120/ARTICLE/311209942/1057|url-status=dead}}</ref> It featured her as Meghna, a caring and lovely sister who lost her mother in a horrific accident.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2015|title=We wanted to be together: Sachin Shroff and Juhi Parmar|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151205/entertainment-tvmusic/article/we-wanted-be-together-sachin-shroff-and-juhi-parmar|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Her first titular protagonistic role was in ''[[Shaheen (Indian TV series)|Shaheen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2013|title=Juhi Parmar is now a mom|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bigg-boss-winner-juhi-parmar-a-mom-now-152676-2013-01-27|website=India Today}}</ref> The same year she appeared in ''Yeh Jeevan Hai'' and first season of ''[[Rishtey (TV series) | Rishtey]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2013|title=It's a baby girl for Juhi Parmar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-a-baby-girl-for-juhi-parmar/story-slnRnpuk1ifaojLQlmjoSN.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2018|title=Juhi Parmar confirms she divorced husband Sachin Shroff for daughter's well-being|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/juhi-parmar-sachin-shroff-tv-stars-divorce-official-statement-out/184881|website=Times Now News}}</ref> In 2001, she was cast in the second season of ''[[Rishtey (TV series) | Rishtey]]'' and ventured into [[Gujarati cinema]] with ''Rangai Jaane Rangma'' followed by her Hindi foraying with ''Madhur Milan''.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 July 2018|title=Sachin Shroff Opens Up About His Failed Marriage, Says Juhi Parmar Never Loved Him|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sachin-shroff-opens-up-about-his-failed-marriage-with-juhi-parmar-1814607.html|website=News 18}}</ref>

The most beneficial break and major popularity for Parmar came in 2002, when she took on the titular lead part of Kumkum opposite [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] in ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'', a long-running soap opera that aired on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2018|title=Juhi Parmar was never in love with me, says Sachin Shroff on divorce|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/juhi-parmar-was-never-in-love-with-me-says-sachin-shroff-on-divorce/story-WLpXIsXf62uLMdtiNOgNjP.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Her performance as Kumkum made her a household name and was awarded with Best Actress (Critics) at [[Indian Telly Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2005-list-of-winners/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2005- list of winners|date=29 November 2005|website=Biz Asia Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2018|title=Juhi Parmar hits back at ex-husband Sachin Shroff through an open letter|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/juhi-parmar-sachin-shroff-5268800/|website=Indian Express}}</ref> One of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|most longest-running Indian television series]], it wrapped up in 2009 after a successful run of continuously seven years.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2018|title=Juhi Parmar and Sachin Shroff granted divorce|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/juhi-parmar-and-sachin-shroff-granted-divorce/articleshow/64875788.cms|website=Times of India}}</ref>

Simultaneously alongside ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]] '', Parmar also did appearances in several other commitments.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2018|title=I had to explain the divorce to my child, says single mom Juhi Parmar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/family/juhi-parmar-actress-single-mom-spend-quality-time-child-5295928/|website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/juhi-parmar-wins-bigg-boss-5/story-24qNiPbKytDZUlkDGrx5pI.html|title=Juhi Parmar wins 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=8 January 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar makes her comeback with 'Hamari Wali Good News' on Zee Tv |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/hamari-wali-good-news-juhi-parmar-to-play-saas-who-conceives-her-bahu-s-child-1721676-2020-09-14/|access-date=2020-09-28 |website=India Today |date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>

In 2003, Parmar won The Miss Rajasthan beauty pageant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kumkum-actress-juhi-parmar-is-unrecognisable-in-this-throwback-pic-1908250|title=Kumkum Actress Juhi Parmar Is Unrecognisable In This Throwback Pic|date=29 August 2018|website=NDTV}}</ref> She started her career with television serial ''[[Woh]]'' on [[Zee TV]]. Her biggest break came when she became a household name for her portrayal as Kumkum in [[Star Plus]]'s [[Indian soap opera]] ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' opposite [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] for which she also won the ''Best Actress (Critics)'' at the [[Indian Telly Awards]] in 2005. Juhi participated and became a finalist in the reality shows ''Say Shava Shava'' and ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''. She also became the winner of ''[[Comedy Circus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/11juhi.htm|title='I was lucky to have a partner like VIP'|date=11 September 2008|website=Rediff}}</ref>

In October 2011, Juhi was a contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|fifth season]] of the Indian version of the [[reality TV]] show ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'', ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. She survived for full 14 weeks and became the winner of the show In January 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/juhi-parmar-wins-bigg-boss-5/story-24qNiPbKytDZUlkDGrx5pI.html|title=Juhi Parmar wins 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=8 January 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-juhi-parmar-on-bigg-boss-five/20120109.htm|title=Juhi Parmar: I was not a silent player in Bigg Boss|date=9 January 2012|website=Rediff}}</ref>

She was also seen in a cameo role in [[And TV]]'s popular mythological drama series ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series) | Santoshi Maa]]'' along with her then husband [[Sachin Shroff]] and was seen in another successful mythological show ''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]'' from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/juhi-parmar-i-will-be-more-happy-if-i-get-play-more-negative-roles-future-432696|title=Juhi Parmar: I will be more than happy if I get to play more negative roles in the future|date=27 November 2018|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206091028/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/juhi-parmar-i-will-be-more-happy-if-i-get-play-more-negative-roles-future-432696|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/video/juhi-parmar-tv-show-karmaphal-daata-shani-one-year-completion/166589|title=EXCLUSIVE: Overwhelmed Juhi Parmar talks about her TV show Shani completing one year|date=8 November 2017|website=Times Now News}}</ref>

She appeared in the supernatural genre in the [[Colors TV]] show ''[[Tantra (TV series) | Tantra]] in 2018''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/juhi-parmar-to-debut-in-the-supernatural-genre-with-colors-tv-tantra-30658|title=Juhi Parmar To Debut In The Supernatural Genre With 'Tantra'|date=12 December 2018|website=Mumbai Live}}</ref> In 2020, during COVID-19, she played the lead protagonist role in the [[Zee TV]] show ''[[Hamari Wali Good News]]'', which ran for almost a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar makes her comeback with 'Hamari Wali Good News' on Zee Tv |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/hamari-wali-good-news-juhi-parmar-to-play-saas-who-conceives-her-bahu-s-child-1721676-2020-09-14/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915011112/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/hamari-wali-good-news-juhi-parmar-to-play-saas-who-conceives-her-bahu-s-child-1721676-2020-09-14 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=India Today|date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>

Since September 2025, she hosted [[Zee TV]]'s ''Kaahani Har Ghar Ki''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Hasti|date=24 July 2025|title=Exclusive! Juhi Parmar returns to TV to host a new show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/exclusive-juhi-parmar-returns-to-tv-to-host-a-new-show/articleshow/122881194.cms|access-date=3 September 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Parmar is originally from a [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] background.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 November 2008|title=Juhi Parmar and Sachin Shroff set to tie the knot|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20081120/ARTICLE/311209942/1057|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712133231/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20081120/ARTICLE/311209942/1057|url-status=dead}}</ref> She married Sindhi businessman and actor [[Sachin Shroff]] on 15 February 2009 at a palace in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2015|title=We wanted to be together: Sachin Shroff and Juhi Parmar|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151205/entertainment-tvmusic/article/we-wanted-be-together-sachin-shroff-and-juhi-parmar|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The couple have a daughter, Samairra Parmar, born on 27 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2013|title=Juhi Parmar is now a mom|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bigg-boss-winner-juhi-parmar-a-mom-now-152676-2013-01-27|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2013|title=It's a baby girl for Juhi Parmar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-a-baby-girl-for-juhi-parmar/story-slnRnpuk1ifaojLQlmjoSN.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In early January 2018, Parmar confirmed that they had recently filed for divorce.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2018|title=Juhi Parmar confirms she divorced husband Sachin Shroff for daughter's well-being|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/juhi-parmar-sachin-shroff-tv-stars-divorce-official-statement-out/184881|website=Times Now News}}</ref> After several months of arguing,<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2018|title=Juhi Parmar was never in love with me, says Sachin Shroff on divorce|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/juhi-parmar-was-never-in-love-with-me-says-sachin-shroff-on-divorce/story-WLpXIsXf62uLMdtiNOgNjP.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 July 2018|title=Sachin Shroff Opens Up About His Failed Marriage, Says Juhi Parmar Never Loved Him|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sachin-shroff-opens-up-about-his-failed-marriage-with-juhi-parmar-1814607.html|website=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2018|title=Juhi Parmar hits back at ex-husband Sachin Shroff through an open letter|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/juhi-parmar-sachin-shroff-5268800/|website=Indian Express}}</ref> the couple were granted a divorce in July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2018|title=Juhi Parmar and Sachin Shroff granted divorce|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/juhi-parmar-and-sachin-shroff-granted-divorce/articleshow/64875788.cms|website=Times of India}}</ref> Parmar was granted custody of their daughter.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2018|title=I had to explain the divorce to my child, says single mom Juhi Parmar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/family/juhi-parmar-actress-single-mom-spend-quality-time-child-5295928/|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998
| ''Jee Sahab''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Woh]]''
| Samidha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000
| ''[[Choodiyan (TV series)|Choodiyan]]''
| Meghna
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shaheen (Indian TV series)|Shaheen]]''
| Shaheen
|
|
|-
| ''Yeh Jeevan Hai''
| Saloni
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
| Swasti
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
| 2001
| Suman
|
|-
| 2002–2009
| ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Kumkum Rai / Kumkum Jatin Wadhwa / Kumkum Sumeet Wadhwa
| Also played the role of "Chanda" in 2003–2004 and "Kumkum Mishra" in 2008–2009
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002
| ''[[Virasaat (Sahara One)|Virasaat]]''
| Guest
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
| Kumkum
| Guest
|
|-
| ''Chhoo Lo Aasma''{{CN|date=August 2023}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kisme Kitna Hai Dum''{{CN|date=August 2023}}
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Devi (TV series) | Devi]]''
| Kalika Shastri / Kalika Raj Malhotra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| rowspan="2" | Kumkum
| Guest
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|
| Guest
|-
| 2006
| ''Tere Ishq Mein''{{CN|date=August 2023}}
| Hiba
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
| ''[[Star Voice of India]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| ''[[Antakshari - The Great Challenge]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| ''Rookhey Naina''{{CN|date=August 2023}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
| Guest host
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2008
| ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''
| rowspan="5" | Contestant
| Finalist
|
|-
| ''Say Shava Shava''
| Finalist
|
|-
| ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''
| Episode #11
|
|-
| [[Comedy Circus|''Comedy Circus Kaante Ki Takkar'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aajaa Mahi Vay]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]]''
| Kumkum
| Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus 2]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
|

|-
| ''Chhote Miyan''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]]''
| Chanda Rani
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009
| ''Chhote Miyan Bade Miyan''
| rowspan="3" | Host
|
|
|-
| Allah Tero Naam Ishwar Tero Naam{{CN|date=August 2023}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| ''[[Star Vivaah]]''
| rowspan="2" | Guest
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Maa Exchange]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]''
| Winner
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bigg-boss-5-juhi-parmar-wins-big-boss-season-5/articleshow/11407720.cms?from=mdr|title=Bigg Boss 5: Juhi Parmar wins Big Boss season 5|date=8 January 2012|website=Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
| Meera Malhotra
| Guest
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| Riddhima
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/juhi-parmars-next-show-a-reflection-of-society/|title=Juhi Parmar's next show a 'reflection of society'|date=19 November 2015|website=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]''
| Devi [[Sanjna|Sandhya]]/Devi [[Chhaya]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-juhi-parmar-is-back-where-she-belongs-2271896|title=Juhi Parmar is back where she belongs|date=10 November 2016|website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Tantra (TV series) | Tantra]]''
| Sumati Prithvi Khanna
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/juhi-parmar-to-debut-in-the-supernatural-genre-with-colors-tv-tantra-30658|title=Juhi Parmar To Debut In The Supernatural Genre With 'Tantra'|date=12 December 2018|website=Mumbai Live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Hamari Wali Good News]]''
| Renuka Mukund Tiwari/Meera Parmar / Meera Mukund Tiwari
|
|
|-
|2025–present
|''Kahaani Har Ghar Ki''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Lubna|date=18 July 2025|title=Juhi Parmar Returns To TV To Host Kahaani Har Ghar Ki: ‘Feels Like Coming Home’|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/juhi-parmar-returns-to-tv-to-host-kahaani-har-ghar-ki-feels-like-coming-home-ws-dkl-9468499.html|access-date=3 September 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="column"|Year
! scope="col"|Show
! scope="col"|Name
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''Yeh Meri Family'' || Neerja || Mother/School Teacher || Hindi|| Season 2 Onwards
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="column"|Year
! scope="col"|Show
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''Rangai Jaane Rangma'' || || Gujarati ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Madhur Milan'' || || Hindi || Telefilm for ETV Hindi
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Pehchaan: The Face of Truth]]'' || Swati Lal || Hindi/English ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Padduram]]'' || Gitanjali Mehra || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' || [[News Reporter]] || Hindi||
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2215791}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Juhi}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]
[[Category:Comedy Circus winners]]

Herman Benjamin

2025-11-12T19:06:00Z

TrinaAshby9096: minor corrected formatting for accuracy and corrected details

{{distinguish|Herman Benjamins}}
{{Short description|Indian choreographer (1931–1968)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Herman Benjamin
| birth_date = 1931
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1968|09|13|1931|df=y}}
| occupation = Choreographer, dancer
| years_active = 1958–1971
| notable_works =
| known_for = Choreographing bollywood songs
| awards = Indian Film Dance Directors Association (2012) (posthumously)
}}
'''Herman Benjamin''' (1931 – 13 September 1968) was a [[choreographer]] of dance numbers in various Bollywood movies from the late 1950s through to the early 1970s. Also known as "Harman", he started his career as a choreographer in the popular 1958 film ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]''. He choreographed a great number of movies featuring [[Shammi Kapoor]]. He also appeared onscreen as a dancing extra in several of the songs he choreographed. Among his most well known songs is [[Jaan Pehechan Ho]] which he also performed onscreen for the hit 1965 film ''[[Gumnaam]]''. The song gained international popularity 36 years later when it was featured in the opening scene of the American movie ''[[Ghost World (film)|Ghost World]]'' in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antiserious.com/herman-benjamin-the-man-who-prevented-dharmendra-from-ruining-a-party-33f837f1b75c|title = Herman Benjamin — the Man Who Prevented Dharmendra from Ruining a Party|date = 27 June 2016}}</ref>

He died in September 1968 <ref>https://seven45rpm.com/tag/hermanbenjamin/</ref> and several films he had choreographed dances for released after his death until 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antiserious.com/herman-benjamin-the-man-who-prevented-dharmendra-from-ruining-a-party-33f837f1b75c|title = Herman Benjamin — the Man Who Prevented Dharmendra from Ruining a Party|date = 27 June 2016}}</ref> The family of Benjamin was among those of other late choreographers that received awards on their behalf from the Indian Film Dance Directors Association (IFDDA) on January 9, 2012, for their contribution to the field of choreography.

==Filmography==
* 1971 ''[[Jawan Muhabat]]'' (choreographer - as Late Harman Benjamin)
* 1970 ''[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]'' (choreographer - as Late Herman)
* 1970 ''[[Suhana Safar]]'' (choreographer - as Late Herman)
* 1970 ''[[Tum Haseen Main Jawan]]'' (choreographer - as Late Herman)
* 1969 ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]'' (choreographer - as Harman)
* 1969 ''[[Pyar Hi Pyar]]'' (choreographer)
* 1969 ''[[Pyar Ka Sapna]]'' (dances)
* 1969 ''[[Vishwas]]'' (choreographer - as Late Herman)
* 1969 ''[[Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati]]'' (dances - as Late Herman Benjamin)
* 1968 ''[[Abhilasha (1968 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1968 ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' (dance director)
* 1968 ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'' (choreographer)
* 1968 ''[[Jhuk Gaya Aasman]]'' (choreographer - as Harman)
* 1968 ''[[Duniya (1968 film)|Duniya]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1967 ''Aag'' (dances - as Harman)
* 1967 ''[[Latt Saheb]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1967 ''[[Raat Aur Din]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1967 ''[[Raaz (1967 film)|Raaz]]'' (choreographer - as Harman Benjamin)
* 1967 ''[[Upkar]]'' (dances - as Herman)
* 1966 ''[[Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi]]'' (dances - as Herman)
* 1966 ''[[Do Badan]]'' (dances)
* 1966 ''[[Rustom Kaun]]'' (choreography - as Herman)
* 1966 [[Teesri Manzil]] (choreographer - as Harman)
* 1966 ''[[Husn Aur Ishq]]'' (dances - as Harman)
* 1965 ''[[Jab Jab Phool Khile]]'' (choreographer)
* 1965 ''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' (dances - as Herman)
* 1965 ''[[Mere Sanam]]'' (choreographer)
* 1965 ''[[Shreeman Funtoosh]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1965 ''[[Gumnaam]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1965 ''[[Tu Hi Meri Zindagi]]'' (dance director - as Herman)
* 1964 ''[[Daal Me Kala]]'' (choreographer: Vancouver - as Harman Benzamin)
* 1963 ''[[Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1961 ''[[Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai (1961 film)|Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (choreographer: additional choreography - as Herman)
* 1961 ''[[Jhumroo]]'' (choreographer)
* 1960 ''[[Ek Phool Char Kaante]]'' (choreographer)
* 1959 ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (choreographer - as Herman)
* 1958 ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://herman-benjamin.blogspot.com/2013/11/my-herman-benjamin.html Blog on Herman Benjamin the Choreographer.]
*{{IMDb name|id=1080727|name=Herman Benjamin}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724234008/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1400943 ]
*[http://herman-benjamin.blogspot.com/2013/11/my-herman-benjamin.html A blog about Benjamin]
*http://memsaabstory.com/2008/12/14/trivia-time-33/#more-5821

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benjamin, Herman}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}
{{India-dance-stub}}

Tarana

2025-11-10T22:52:13Z

TrinaAshby9096:

{{short description|Type of composition in Hindustani classical vocal music}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
'''''Tarana''''' is a type of composition in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocal music in which certain words (e.g. "odani", "todani", "tadeem" and "yalali") based on [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] phonemes are rendered at a medium (''madhya laya'') or fast (''drut laya'') rate. It was invented by [[Amir Khusro]] (1253–1325 CE)<ref>{{cite book
| last = Massey
| first = Reginald
| title = India's Dances
| year = 2004
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| pages = 13
| isbn = 81-7017-434-1
}}</ref>.{{explain|date=July 2022}} In modern times, the singer [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] helped popularize it and researched its origins and the syllables used. [[Nissar Hussain Khan]] was a tarana singer.

==Form==
A second, contrasting melody, usually with higher notes, is introduced once before returning to the main melody.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} The tarana may include a [[ruba'i|Persian quatrain]], and may use syllables from [[sitar]] or [[tabla]] such as "dar-dar" or "dir-dir"; singers might recite full compositions (e.g. tihais, gats, tukdas){{explain|date=July 2022}} within the body of the tarana.

==History==
[[Thakur Jaidev Singh]], a commentator on Indian music, said:

{{quote|
[Tarana] was entirely an invention of Khusrau... True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang)... But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau... introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense.<ref>{{Cite book | author=Singh, Thakur Jai Deva | chapter=Khusrau’s Musical Compositions | editor=Ansari, Zoe | title=Life, Times & Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi | year=1975 | publisher=National Amir Khusrau Society | location=New Delhi | pages=276}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|23|19|48|N|76|01|48|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-viwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Hindustani music genres]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]

Chowk, Prayagraj

2025-10-21T20:22:27Z

TrinaAshby9096: starting a stub from scratch

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chowk, Prayagraj
| image =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods of Prayagraj|South Prayagraj- Business Market]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolis]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prayagraj]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| caption =
| area =
| architect =
| architecture =
| added =
| governing_body = Prayagraj Metropolitan Region
| coordinates = {{coord|25|26|12.44|N|81|50|2.72|E|region:IN|display=it}}
| refnum =
}}

'''Chowk''' is a neighborhood in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is the historic [[city centre]] of Old [[Prayagraj]]. It is one of the oldest & largest business markets of India & lies in old Prayagraj. The landmark of this market is historic [[Prayagraj Clock Tower]], built in 1913, also known as '''Chowk Ghantaghar'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 Jan 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=bamrauli+airport&pg=PA41 }}</ref>

==History==

Chowk is a historical point, where once stood the [[Neem]] tree where numerous [[Resistance movement|freedom fighters]] were hanged in the first [[Indian War of Independence]]. The old church is situated here. The [[Grand Trunk Road]] passed through Chowk in its early days.

The area once had, residence of Pt [[Motilal Nehru]] and his son, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime minister]] of [[India]], Jawaharlal Nehru was born in an area called [[Mir Ganj]], which is now the notorious [[red light district]] of [[Prayagraj]], (which is now closed as per PIL filed and action taken by Highcourt Allahabad)

Other dignities from this area are Pt [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] and Pt [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]].

==Geography==
Chowk is situated in southern part of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation. It is part of the [[Ganges]] plain with [[alluvium]] soil.

==Amenities==
The main market of [[Prayagraj]] is a traditional bazaar, with products from garments to spices, sweets [[papad]]s and vegetables in the morning.

==Culture==
During [[Dusherra]] festivals Chowk is crowded with tens of thousands of people for watching the [[Chowkis]] of Pajava and Patherchatti [[Ramlila]] committees, that adorn their chowkis in competition.

==Education==
[[Bharati Bhavan Library]] is located in Chowk, containing many old Hindi manuscripts.

==Transport==
[[Autorickshaws]] used to ply to [[Katra, Prayagraj]] and other places. Public transport consists of [[cycle rickshaw]]. Roads are narrow and congested as it is part of the old city with little scope for expansion.

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
* [[Neighbourhoods of Prayagraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/North/Uttar_Pradesh/Allahabad/photo649073.htm Allahabad Photos]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090123151040/http://www.allahabadtoday.com/ Allahabad Today]
*[https://akvblogs.blogspot.com/2006/12/hari-ke-samose.html AKVS Blog]
*[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233617 Article in outlook India magazine]
*[http://saurabhnation.blogspot.com]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KUpRTz17RQ Old chowk Youtube]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OSXiiDtgMU Chowk at night]

{{Allahabad landmarks}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj]]

All singing, all dancing

2025-10-20T19:23:06Z

TrinaAshby9096: Stub

{{Short description|Idiom}}
[[File:BroadwayMelodyy1929.jpg|thumb|Poster advertising the 1929 film ''[[The Broadway Melody]]'', from which the idiom is derived]]

'''All singing, all dancing''' is an [[idiom]] meaning "full of vitality", or, more recently, "full-featured".<ref name=Proverbs>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2wKEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA104|title=English Proverbs: A Journey Through Timeless Wisdom|first=David|last=Yao|year=2004|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> It originated with advertisements for the 1929 musical film ''[[The Broadway Melody]]'', which proclaimed the film to be "All talking all singing all dancing".<ref name=Proverbs /><ref name=martin/><ref>{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Laurence E. |title=The Invisible Art of Film Music: A Comprehensive History |date=1998 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9781461673040 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clPmzY4YNNYC&dq=%22all+singing+all+dancing%22+broadway+melody&pg=PT36 |accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref>

The term actually predates talking films; it was used in 1895 to describe [[balladry]] as "primitive poetry."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d88_AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA1-PA49|page=49|title=Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature|volume=4-5|year=1895|publisher=Harvard University |access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

==20th century usage==
In the height of the 20th century, from 1930 to about 1990, the idiom referred principally to entertainment such as films, musical performances, musicals, early video games, mazes, fictional books, and the like.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

===Musical theatre and films as escapism===

So ubiquitous was the phrase used to describe the [[Broadway musical]] itself that it became the title of [[theatrical agent]] John Springer's 256-page, hardcover opus on the genre, ''All Talking All Singing All Dancing''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1309809.All_Talking_All_Singing_All_Dancing|first=John |last=Springer|title=All Talking All Singing All Dancing|year=1966|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ0pAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA50&article_id=7146,6792040|work=Deseret News| date=December 25, 1972|title=Kelly Back in Movies|first=Dan|last=Lewis|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> Film musicals are all about "All Singing! All Dancing! All Broadway!"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatermania.com/news/all-singing-all-dancing-all-broadway_2395/|work=Theatre Mania|title=Theater News All Singing! All Dancing! All Broadway!: An appreciation of the ten best Hollywood film versions of Broadway musicals.|date=August 7, 2002|access-date=November 30, 2024}}</ref>

Two retrospective films that covered the [[Classical Hollywood cinema]] of 1930s to the 1950s, ''[[That's Entertainment!]]'' and its sequel ''[[That's Entertainment, Part II]]'', were described in 1976 as "all singing, all dancing, all celebrating life," with the focus on "the very epitome of ‘escapist entertainment’ shunning real-life problems, social awareness, you name it."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5cuAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA39&article_id=4274,1168211|title=That's Entertainment, that's Cannes|work=Montreal Gazette|page=39|date=June 5, 1976|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> Shown in theaters during the [[1973–1975 recession]], the first installment was marketed with the tag line, "Boy. Do we need it now," which emphasized the psychological need for [[escapism]] that watching nothing but singing and dancing affords, instead of worrying about [[stagflation]], the [[Vietnam War]], and other social problems. That was true from 1929, when the phrase came into popular consciousness: the front page of an article promising an early "all-talking, all-singing, all-dancing film" covered the horrific carnage of the [[Cleveland Clinic fire of 1929]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQo_AAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA22&article_id=4410,4062446|title=Fox Follies will be seen in Detroit|date=May 15, 1929|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone, 02-1931 - NARA - 541927.jpg|thumb|Unemployed men in 1931. The [[Great Depression]] profoundly influenced [[pre-Code Hollywood]] both financially and artistically.]]

By 1930, this genre of films and musicals was described as a bad [[fad]], derided as "meaningless melanges of technicolored chorus girls and mechanical oop-a-dooping with such appalling frequency since the 'Broadway Medody' … a protracted orgy of all-singing, all-dancing, all-colored monstrosities."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OBbAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA6&article_id=3056,25475|title=The Moving Picture Album: All Singing, All-Dancing|first=Robert E. |last=Shereood|work=St. Joseph Gazette|date=March 30, 1930|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> There was a "glutting [of] the market" by 1930, but by then, the phase was used to describe films that were ''not'' musicals.<ref name=First>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg-UBJaPD-sC&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PR9|page=xx|title=The First Hollywood Musicals: A Critical Filmography of 171 Features, 1927 through 1932|first=Edwin M.|last=Bradley|isbn=9780786420292|publisher=McFarland|year=2004|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> In fact, 1930 was the Dawn of the Decade of Escapism: [[Alan Brinkley]], author of ''Culture and Politics in the Great Depression'', presents how escapism became the new trend for dealing with the hardships created by [[Great Depression|the stock market crash in 1929]]: magazines, radio and movies, all were aimed to help people mentally escape from the mass poverty and economic downturn. This was a piece with [[escapist fiction]], which metaphorically is dancing and singing set to words; readers turned to escapist fiction as it provided them a mental escape from the bleakness of the economy during that period of time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cappello|first=M.|year=2017|url=https://daily.jstor.org/how-we-escape-it-an-essay/|title= How We Escape It: An Essay, in JSTOR Daily.|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

===Plot, characters, and themes===
While serious drama, or even comedy, should have plot and [[characterization]], the whole point to an "all dancing, all singing [[extravaganza]]" was that such a "revue leaves little room for plot."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgwqAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA25&article_id=3078,1039980|title=Super revue leaves little room for plot: It's full of feathers, sequins, music, dancing|work=The News-Ledger|first=John|last=Wirt|date=April 3, 1992|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> Even without plot or development, "singing, dancing extravaganza" can still make room for a wholesome [[Theme (narrative)|theme]], such as "doing things for other is what [[Christmas]] is all about."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLA_AAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA22&article_id=4213,2435047|title=Every parent knows that children's fascination for dinosaurs seems almost inexhaustible (advertisement for Barney)|work=The Robesonian |date=December 6, 1996|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> In fact, when it first appeared, ''[[Godspell (film)|Godspell]]'' was described as an "all-singing, all-dancing retelling of the Gospel according to St. Matthew."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hMyAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA21&article_id=2836,715985|title=Godspell: Musical Gospel|first=Dane|last=Langken|work=Montreal Gazette|date=May 18, 1973|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

==Late 20th and early 21st century uses==

Starting in the mid-1990s, and continuing for the next three decades, the idiom also has come to be used to describe [[high tech]] gadgetry such as [[smartphone]]s, indicating that the product is very advanced, ambitious, or has an abundance of features.<ref name=Proverbs /><ref name=Oxford>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1n__mWpluMsC&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA106|page=106|title=English Idioms in Use: Advanced with Answers|first1=Felicity |last1=O'Dell|first2= Michael|last2=McCarthy |year= 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-74429-4 |access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyvsDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT146|title=Oxford Dictionary of Idioms|first=John |last=Ayto|year=2020|isbn=9780192584380|publisher=OUP Oxford |access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

===Extension of meanings===

While originally from [[show business]], such as theatre, stage shows, and movies, by extension to technology,<ref name=Oxford/> the phrase has been recently "most often applied to some computer wizardry that seems to do everything."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfY47TgrbiMC&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT10|title=Why is Q Always Followed by U?: Word-Perfect Answers to the Most-Asked Questions About Language|first=Michael |last=Quinion |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780141959696|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

For example, from a 1995 article in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'':<ref name=martin>{{cite web
| last = Martin
| first = Gary
| title = All singing, all dancing
| work = The Phrase Finder
| url = http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/28200.html
| accessdate = 2009-09-12}}</ref>

{{quote|"Satellites as small as a box of cornflakes can be launched at little cost by riding [[Piggyback (transportation)|piggyback]] with larger satellites. A handful of these '[[miniaturized satellites|microsatellite]]s' would be used instead of a single all-singing all-dancing 'platform' bristling with instruments."}}

The phrase also appears in the 1996 novel [[Fight Club (novel)|''Fight Club'']], and the 1999 [[Fight Club|film]] based on it, in which the character [[Fight Club (novel)#Tyler Durden|Tyler Durden]] excoriates his disciples: "You're the all singing, all dancing crap of the world."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqapAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA147|title=Fight Club|editor=Thomas E. Wartenberg|page =147|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136665639|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbTeDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA32|title=Film Directors and Emotion: An Affective Turn in Contemporary American Cinema|first1=Darragh |last1=Greene|first2=Graham |last2=Price|publisher=McFarlabd, Inc.|year=2020|isbn=9781476640082|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

A 1998 episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' was titled "[[All Singing, All Dancing]]".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-S4rDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA241|page=240|title=Music, Sound, and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer|first=Janet K.|last=Halfyard |year=2017|isbn=9781351557023|access-date=November 29, 2024}} The author called this episode "flaunted fakery".</ref>

By 1999, the phrase was called "hackneyed" and "clichéd", and even extended by meaning to many machines, such as cars,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp7voujROB4C&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA5|title=Cliches: Over 1500 Phrases Explored and Explained|page=5|first1=Betty |last1=Kirkpatrick|first2=Elizabeth |last2=McLaren Kirkpatrick |year=1999|isbn=9780312198442 |publisher=St Martin |access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> in 2007, "Used jokingly to describe any piece of equipment or technology that is the latest model," but for [[autistic]] readers, not to be taken literally,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PsPBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA16|title=An Asperger Dictionary of Everyday Expressions|page=16|first=Ian |last=Stuart-Hamilton|year=2007|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> and by 2010 to "an advanced computer or other gadget."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA12|page=12|title=Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199547937|year=2010|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

===Continued musical use===

Meanwhile, the idiom has continued to mean mindless musical merriment on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], such as [[Tommy Tune|Tommy Tune's]] [[White tie]] and tales show, "All singing, all dancing [[Big Band]] show” of 2002, which was consciously produced with temporarily erasing the [[9/11 terrorist attacks]] from the minds of the audience.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jL9eAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22All+singing%2C+all+dancing%22&pg=PA27&article_id=4083,3471408 |title=Tune thinks it's ''S'wonderful'' to be back in New York|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Mark|last=Kennedy|date=December 27, 2002|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> This was extended to [[Off-off-Broadway]] and [[marijuana legalization]], when [[La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club|La MaMa]] produced a musical described as "All Singing! All Dancing! All Legal! Cannabis!"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Sunday-Morning-Michael-Dale-All-Singing-All-Dancing-All-Legal-Cannabis-A-Viper-Vaudeville-Opens-at-La-MaMa-20220724|title=Sunday Morning Michael Dale: All Singing! All Dancing! All Legal! Cannabis! A Viper Vaudeville Opens at La MaMa|work=Broadway World| first=Michael |last=Dale|date=July 24, 2022|access-date=November 30, 2024}} ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' is the scientific name.</ref> The connections between "all-singing, all-dancing" and gay relationships is now explicit on ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-independent.com/hei-fi/entertainment/get-ready-to-singalonga-teenage-sex-education-6259761.html|title=Get ready to singalong-a teenage sex education|first=Adam |last=Sherwin|date=November 10, 2011|quote=Things are getting serious for the all-singing, all-dancing school kids in Glee. A controversial episode featuring a straight and a gay couple each losing their virginity has been praised for its mature attitude towards adolescent sexuality.|access-date=November 30, 2024}}</ref>

[[Bollywood]] has become the 21st century headquarters of all-singing, all dancing, which ''[[The Guardian]]'', in reviewing a typical "turkey", wrote that they are:
{{quote|fantastically awful. It's a product of a Bollywood machine that assumes that Indians have a subnormal intelligence and will watch anything. About 80% of all films made here are complete flops. The industry churns out a dizzying number of films, hoping that one will become the blockbuster that makes up for the rest.|Bollywood nights: An all-singing, all-dancing, counter terrorism turkey<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/05/bollywood|title=Bollywood nights: An all-singing, all-dancing, counter terrorism turkey: This week our man in Mumbai watches a movie that mixes love, dance, fabulous hair and issues of homeland security|first=Nirpal |last=Dhaliwal|work=The Guardian|date=August 6, 2008|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>}}

[[File:Alam Ara poster, 1931.jpg|thumb|right|Theatrical release poster for [[Alam Ara]]]]

This really carries on an almost century of tradition, since Mumbai-based cinema industry has been from the very beginning in 1931 a center of musical dance number movies: the [[lost film]], ''[[Alam Ara]]'', directed by [[Ardeshir Irani]], "was advertised as ‘All talking, all singing, all dancing’."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-bollywood-musicals|work=British Film Institute |title=10 great Bollywood musicals: Our 10-film tasting menu of some of the most spectacular musicals to come out of India.|date=November 7, 2019|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> A documentary has explored extensively this history of Indian all-dancing and all-singing film-making.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kingstonlibrary.org/event/bollywood-documentary/|title=Shalom Bollywood (Documentary Screening)|website=The Kingston Library|quote=A celebration of the all-singing, all-dancing history of Indian cinema, SHALOM BOLLYWOOD reveals the unlikely story of the 2000 year old Indian Jewish community and its formative place in shaping the world’s largest film industry.|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{wiktionary-inline}}
* [[Bread and circuses]]
* [[Language change]]
* [[Metalepsis]]
* [[Metaphor]]
* [[Simile]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:English-language idioms]]

The Apu Trilogy

2025-10-06T20:21:12Z

TrinaAshby9096: Adding the details w/ refs...

{{Short description|1955–1959 Indian film series by Satyajit Ray}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Apu Trilogy
| image = The Apu Trilogy.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[DVD Region|Region 2]] box set cover of Satyajit Ray's trilogy
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| producer = Satyajit Ray
| writer = Satyajit Ray
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]'' and ''Aparajito'' by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Subir Banerjee]]
* Pinaki Sen Gupta
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
}}
| music = [[Ravi Shankar]]
| cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]
| studio = {{small|([[Pather Panchali]])}} : [[Government of West Bengal]] {{small|([[Aparajito]])}} and {{small|([[Apur Sansar]])}} : [[Satyajit Ray| Epic Films]] / [[Satyajit Ray|Satyajit Ray Productions]]
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Classics]] / [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] {{small| ([[Pather Pachali]] was distributed by [[Aurora Film Corporation| The Aurora Film Corporation]])}}
| released = {{Film date|1955|08|26|[[Pather Panchali]]|1956|10|11|[[Aparajito]]|1959|05|01|[[Apur Sansar]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 342 minutes (total)
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Apu Trilogy''''' is a celebrated series of three Indian Bengali-language drama films directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]: ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955), ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956) and ''[[The World of Apu]]'' (1959). The trilogy's score was composed by [[Ravi Shankar]].

Adapted from two Bengali novels by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]—''[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]'' (1929) and ''Aparajito'' (1932)—these films are widely regarded as a cornerstone of Indian and world cinema and have been widely acclaimed as masterpieces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Age of Movies: Selected Writings of Pauline Kael (paperback) |url=https://www.loa.org/books/348-the-age-of-movies-selected-writings-of-pauline-kael-paperback/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Library of America |language=en-US}}</ref> Produced on a modest shoestring budget using an amateur cast and crew, the trilogy garnered widespread critical acclaim and won numerous prestigious awards, including three [[National Film Awards]] and multiple honours at the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]], [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]] and [[Venice Film Festival]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=77}}</ref> Notably, ''Pather Panchali'' was made with a budget of roughly {{INR}} 150,000,<ref>{{cite news |author=Pradip Biswas |date=16 September 2005 |title=50 Years of Pather Panchali |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=11150 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602000402/http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=11150 |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> approximately $45,300 at the time.<ref>{{cite web| title= The fallacy of 'dollar = rupee' in 1947 | publisher = DNA | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-the-fallacy-of-dollar-rupee-in-1947-1876776 | access-date = 19 August 2013 | date = 2013-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Isaksson|2007|p=40}}</ref>

==Plot summaries==
The three films comprise a "[[coming of age]]" narrative in the vein of a ''[[bildungsroman]]''; they describe the childhood, education and early maturity of a young [[Bengali people|Bengali]] named Apu (Apurba Kumar Roy) in the early part of the 20th century.

'''''Pather Panchali''''' (English, "Song of the Little Road") 
Apu's early experiences in rural [[Bengal]] as the son of a poor but high [[Caste system in India|caste]] family are presented. Apu's father Harihar, a [[Brahmin]], has difficulty in supporting his family. After the death of Apu's sister, Durga, the family moves to the holy city of [[Varanasi|Benares]].

'''''Aparajito''''' (English, "The Unvanquished") 
The family's finances are still precarious. After his father dies there, Apu and his mother Sarbajaya come back to a village in Bengal. Despite unrelenting poverty, Apu manages to get formal schooling and turns out to be a brilliant student. He moves to Calcutta to pursue his education. He slowly distanced himself from his rural roots and his mother who was not keeping well at the time. In the process the growing Apu comes into conflict with his mother. Later he is informed that, when his mother dies too, he has to learn to live alone.

'''''Apur Sansar''''' (English, "The World of Apu") 
Attempting to become a writer, Apu unexpectedly finds himself pressured to marry a girl whose mother rejected her mentally ill bridegroom on the day of their wedding. Their blossoming marriage ends in her death in childbirth, after which the despairing Apu abandons his child, but eventually returns to accept his responsibilities.

==Production==
In 1950, Ray had decided that ''[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]'', the classic coming of age story ([[bildungsroman]]) of [[Bengali literature]], published in 1928 by Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay, would be the subject matter for his first film. This semi-autobiographical novel describes the growing up of Apu, a small boy in a Bengal village. He went ahead with the film after meeting [[Jean Renoir]] during filming of ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]'' (1951) and after watching the [[Italian neorealism|Italian neorealist]] film ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) while he was in London. Besides the influence of [[European cinema]] and Bengali literature, Ray is also indebted to the [[Theatre of India|Indian theatrical tradition]], particularly the ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'' theory of classical [[Sanskrit drama]]. The complicated doctrine of ''rasa'' centers predominantly on feelings experienced not only by the characters but also conveyed in a certain artistic way to the spectator. The duality of ''rasa'' representation shows in ''The Apu Trilogy''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Darius|title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-62980-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop/page/1 1–4]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop/page/1}}</ref>

Ray gathered an inexperienced crew, although both his cameraman [[Subrata Mitra]] and [[art director]] [[Bansi Chandragupta]] went on to achieve great acclaim. The cast consisted of mostly amateur artists. Shooting started in late 1952, using Ray's personal savings. He had hoped that once the initial shots had been completed, he would be able to obtain funds to support the project, but such funding was not forthcoming.<ref name=makepanchali>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=74–90}}</ref> ''Pather Panchali'' was shot over the unusually long period of three years, because shooting was possible only from time to time, when Ray or production manager [[Anil Chowdhury]] could arrange further money.<ref name=makepanchali/> With a loan from the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]], the film was finally completed and released in 1955 to great critical and popular success, sweeping up numerous prizes and having long runs in both India and abroad. During the making of the film, Ray refused funding from sources who demanded a change in script or the supervision of the producer, and he ignored advice from the government (which finally funded the film anyway) to incorporate a happy ending in having Apu's family join a "development project".<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|p=95}}</ref> Even greater help than Renoir's encouragement occurred when Ray showed a sequence to [[John Huston]] who was in India scouting locations for ''[[The Man Who Would Be King]]''. The sequence is the remarkable vision Apu and his sister have of the train running through the countryside. It was the only sequence Ray had filmed due to his small budget. Huston praised Ray to [[Monroe Wheeler]] at the [[New York Museum of Modern Art]], saying that a major talent was on the horizon.

In India, the reaction to the film was enthusiastic; ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "it is absurd to compare it with any other Indian cinema [...]. ''Pather Panchali'' is pure cinema".<ref name="set1">{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=112–15}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, [[Lindsay Anderson]] wrote a glowing review of the film.<ref name="set1" /> However, the reaction was not uniformly positive. After watching the film, [[François Truffaut]] is reported to have said, "I don't want to see a movie of peasants eating with their hands".<ref name=filmifunda>{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420095943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 April 2005
|title=Filmi Funda Pather Panchali (1955)
|newspaper=The Telegraph
|date=20 April 2005
|access-date=29 April 2006
|location=Calcutta, India
}}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]], then the most influential critic of ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote a mixed review of the film that its distributor Ed Harrison thought would kill off the film when it got released in the United States, but it enjoyed an exceptionally long run.

Ray's international career started in earnest after the success of his next film, ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'').<ref name= robintrilogy/> This film shows the eternal struggle between the ambitions of Apu as a young man and the mother who loves him.<ref name= robintrilogy>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=91–106}}</ref> Some critics, notably [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]], rank it even higher than the first film.<ref name= robintrilogy/> Aparajito won the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]]. The film is also notable for its application of [[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|bounce lighting]] to recreate the effect of daylight on sets with the use of large scale diffusers, pioneered by the cinematographer [[Subrata Mitra]].<ref name=cinematographers>{{cite web|title=Subrata Mitra|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref>

Ray had not thought about a trilogy while making ''Aparajito'', and it occurred to him only after being asked about the idea in Venice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wood|1972|p=61}}</ref> The final installation of the series, ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu''), was made in 1959. A number of critics find this to be the supreme achievement of the trilogy ([[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]], [[Aparna Sen]]). Ray introduced two of his favourite actors, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], in this film. The film finds Apu living in a nondescript Kolkata house in near-poverty. He becomes involved in an unusual marriage with Aparna, the scenes of their life together forming "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depiction of married life",<ref name="harvnb">{{Harvnb|Wood|1972}}</ref> but tragedy ensues. After ''Apur Sansar'' was harshly criticised by a Bengali critic, Ray wrote an article defending it—a rare event in Ray's filmmaking career (the other major instance involved the film ''Charulata'', Ray's personal favourite).<ref>Ray mentions this in {{Harvnb|Ray|1993|p=13}}</ref> His success had little influence on his personal life in the years to come. Ray continued to live with his mother, uncle and other members of his extended family in a rented house.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=5}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Character
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956)
! width:10%;"| ''[[The World of Apu]]'' (1959)
|-
! Apurba "Apu" Roy
| [[Subir Banerjee]]
| Pinaki Sen Gupta (boy) Smaran Ghosal (adolescent)
| [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|-
! Durga Roy
| Runki Banerjee (child) Uma Dasgupta (teenager)
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Harihar Roy
| colspan="2" | [[Kanu Banerjee]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Sarbajaya Roy
| colspan="2" | [[Karuna Banerjee]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Indir Thakrun
| [[Chunibala Devi]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Prasanna
| [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Bhabataran
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Ramani Ranjan Sen
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Nanda Babu
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Charu Prakash Ghosh
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Headmaster
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Subodh Ganguly
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Aparna
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|-
! Kajal
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Alok Chakravarty
|-
! Pulu
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Swapan Mukherjee
|-
! Pulu's wife
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Sefalika Devi
|-
! Sasinarayan
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Dhiresh Majumdar
|-
! The Landlord
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Dhiren Ghosh
|-
|}

==Critical reception==
This trilogy is considered by critics around the globe to rank among the greatest achievements of [[Cinema of India|Indian film]], and it is established as one of the most historically important cinematic debuts. ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' won at least thirteen international prizes (including Best Human Document at the [[1956 Cannes Film Festival]]), followed by eleven international prizes for ''[[Aparajito]]'' (including the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]]) and numerous other awards for ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' (including the [[Sutherland Trophy]] at the [[London Film Festival]]). When Ray made ''Pather Panchali'', he worked with a cast and crew most of whom had never been previously involved in film. Ray himself at the time of directing ''Pather Panchali'' had primarily worked in the advertising industry, although he had served as assistant director on [[Jean Renoir]]'s 1951 film ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]''. From this foundation, Ray went on to create other highly acclaimed films, like ''[[Charulata]]'', ''[[Mahanagar]]'', and ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'', and his international success energised other Bengal filmmakers like [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]].


This extract from ''Youth'', by South African author [[J. M. Coetzee]], talks of the music in the ''Apu trilogy'', which is based on [[Indian classical music]]:

{{cquote|At the Everyman Cinema there is a season of Satyajit Ray. He watches the Apu trilogy on successive nights in a state of rapt absorption. In Apu's bitter, trapped mother, his engaging, feckless father he recognizes, with a pang of guilt, his own parents. But it is the music above all that grips him, dizzyingly complex interplays between drums and stringed instruments, long arias on the flute whose scale or mode – he does not know enough about music theory to be sure which – catches at his heart, sending him into a mood of sensual melancholy that lasts long after the film has ended.}}

On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''Pather Panchali'' has a 98% fresh rating based on an aggregate of 82 reviews<ref name=RT-Pather>{{Cite web |title=Pather Panchali {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pather_panchali |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref> and in 2009 was included in its list of top 100 foreign films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best of Rotten Tomatoes: Foreign|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt_genre.php?category=200010|access-date=19 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603095751/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt_genre.php?category=200010|archive-date=3 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Aparajito'' has a 96% fresh rating based on an aggregate of 25 reviews,<ref name=RT-Aparajito>{{Cite web |title=Aparajito {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aparajito |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''Apur Sansar'' (''The World of Apu'') has a 97% fresh rating based on an aggregate of 29 reviews.<ref name=RT-World>{{Cite web |title=The World of Apu {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_world_of_apu_1960 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref> This makes ''The Apu Trilogy'' one of the highest-rated film trilogies of all time (97%, 94%, 100%){{when|date=September 2024}}, along with the [[Toy Story (franchise)|''Toy Story'' trilogy]] (100%, 100%, 99%), [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' trilogy]] (91%, 96%, 93%), the original ''[[Star Wars]]'' trilogy (94%, 97%, 83%), and the [[Before trilogy|''Before'' trilogy]] (100%, 95%, 98%).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Film critic [[Roger Ebert]], when including the films in his [[Great Movies]] list, wrote about the trilogy: {{blockquote|The great, sad, gentle sweep of "The Apu Trilogy" remains in the mind of the moviegoer as a promise of what film can be. Standing above fashion, it creates a world so convincing that it becomes, for a time, another life we might have lived.<ref name="Ebert" />}}

==Theme==
Andre Robinson, in his book ''Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye'', comments that the three films differ in their predominant moods, and he compares the trilogy to the development of an [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] ''[[raga]]''.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=91}}

==Legacy==
''[[Sight & Sound]]'', the [[British Film Institute]]'s film magazine, listed ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' several times in its Critics' Poll of [[Films considered the greatest ever|all-time greatest films]], in 1962 (ranked #11),<ref name=Caldwell>{{cite web|author=Aaron and Mark Caldwell|title=Sight and Sound|publisher=Top 100 Movie Lists|year=2004|url=http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729180509/http://geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html|archive-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> 1982 (ranked #79),<ref name=SS-1982-ranking>{{cite web|title=SIGHT AND SOUND 1982 RANKING OF FILMS|url=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/1982.html|access-date=29 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022225459/http://geocities.com/the7thart/1982.html|archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> 1992 (ranked #6),<ref name=bfipoll>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html|title=The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992|work=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=20 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309164155/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html|archive-date=9 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 2002 (ranked #22),<ref>{{cite web|title=Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002: The rest of the critics' list|work=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105130210/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2002|access-date=24 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ivana Redwine|publisher=[[About.com]]|title="Apu Trilogy" DVD Review|url=http://homevideo.about.com/cs/worldfilm/gr/ApuTrilogyDVDRv.htm|access-date=14 March 2009|archive-date=7 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607043227/http://homevideo.about.com/cs/worldfilm/gr/ApuTrilogyDVDRv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2012 (ranked #42)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time | title= The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time | last=Christie | first=Ian|date=1 August 2012|access-date= 8 December 2013|work=Sight & Sound|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012020808/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> and 2022 (ranked #35).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Greatest Films of All Time|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time|website=bfi.org}}</ref> ''[[The World of Apu]]'' appeared in 1982, ranked at #42.<ref name=SS-1982-ranking/> In the 1992 edition, both ''[[Aparajito]]'' and ''The World of Apu'' were tied at #127,<ref name=SS-1992-ranking>{{cite web|title=SIGHT AND SOUND 1992 RANKING OF FILMS|url=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html|access-date=29 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022115725/http://geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html|archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> while ''The Apu Trilogy'' was ranked separately at #88.<ref name=Caldwell/> In a combined list of ''Sight & Sound'' critics' and directors' poll results in 2002, ''Pather Panchali'' was ranked at No. 28, ''[[The World of Apu]]'' at No. 93 and ''[[Aparajito]]'' at #160.<ref name=Cinemacom>{{cite web|title=2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors|publisher=Cinemacom|year=2002|url=http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> If the votes are combined, then ''The Apu Trilogy'' as a whole would be ranked at No. 14 in 1982,<ref name=SS-1982-ranking/> No. 4 in 1992<ref name=Caldwell/> and No. 14 in 2002.<ref name=Cinemacom/> In director's poll of ''Greatest films of all time'' by ''Sight & Sound'' magazine ''Pather Panchali'' ranked 48th in 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Directors' top 100|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/directors|website=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=2012|access-date=11 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209010504/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/directors|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 22nd in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Directors' 100 Greatest Films of All Time|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/directors-100-greatest-films-all-time|website=bfi.org}}</ref>

In 1988, [[John Kobal]]'s poll of critics and filmmakers ranked ''The Apu Trilogy'' at No. 35 on their list of Top 100 Movies.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Kobal Presents The Top 100 Movies|author=George C. Wu|publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]|url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/kobal/kobal.html|access-date=30 May 2009|archive-date=3 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503085917/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/kobal/kobal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Kobal Presents the Top 100 Movies by John Kobal|url=https://www.thegreatestfilms.com/List/John-Kobal/John-Kobal-Presents-the-Top-100-Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121191219/http://thegreatestfilms.com/List/John-Kobal/John-Kobal-Presents-the-Top-100-Movies|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 November 2016|website=The Greatest Films}}</ref> In 1998, the Asian film magazine ''[[Cinemaya]]'''s critics' poll of all-time greatest films ranked ''The Apu Trilogy'' at No. 7 on the list, while ''Pather Panchali'' alone was ranked at No. 2 on the same list. If the votes are combined, then ''The Apu Trilogy'' would be ranked at #1.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The "Sight & Sound" of Canons|first=Donato|last=Totaro|journal=Offscreen Journal|date=31 January 2003|url=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> In 1999, ''[[The Village Voice]]'' ranked ''Pather Panchali'' at No. 12 (tied with ''[[The Godfather]]'') in its top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list, based on a poll of critics, while ''The Apu Trilogy'' was ranked separately at No. 54 in the same poll. If the votes are combined, ''The Apu Trilogy'' would be ranked at #5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |title=Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll |access-date=27 July 2006|year=1999 |newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826201343/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10|archive-date= 26 August 2007}}</ref> In 2000, an audience poll of best [[Asian cinema|Asian films]] conducted by ''MovieMail'' ranked ''The Apu Trilogy'' at No. 2 on the list.<ref name=Lists>{{cite web|title=Lists|publisher=Film Journey|url=http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/lists|access-date=29 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523104422/http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/lists/|archive-date=23 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In January 2002, the trilogy as a whole was included on the list of the "Top 100 Essential Films of All Time" by the [[National Society of Film Critics]].<ref name=Carr81>{{Cite book |last=Carr|first=Jay |title=The A List: The National Society of Film Critics' 100 Essential Films |year=2002 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81096-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alistnationalsoc00jayc/page/81 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/alistnationalsoc00jayc |url-access=registration|access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Essential Films by The National Society of Film Critics|url=https://www.filmsite.org/alist.html|website=filmsite.org}}</ref> In 2021 the trilogy was ranked at No. 65 on ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine's list of ''The 100 best movies of all time''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 best movies of all time|work=Time Out New York |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/movies/best-movies-of-all-time|date=8 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' ranked ''The Apu Trilogy'' at No. 4 on its list of "10 greatest movie trilogies of all time".<ref>{{cite web|title=10 greatest movie trilogies of all time|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/greatest-movie-trilogies-star-wars-b1847608.html|website=The Independent|date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

''Pather Panchali'' was included in various other all-time greatest film lists, including [[Time Out (magazine)|''Time Out'' magazine]]'s "Centenary Top One Hundred Films" in 1995,<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 Films (Centenary) from Time Out Film Guide|publisher=[[Filmsite.org]]|url=http://www.filmsite.org/timeoutC.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''{{'}}s "Hot 100 Films From the Past" in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hot 100 Films From the Past by ''San Francisco Chronicle'' Film Critics|publisher=[[Filmsite.org]]|url=http://www.filmsite.org/sfchron2.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> the ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' "100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years" in 1999,<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years by Rolling Stone Magazine|publisher=[[Filmsite.org]]|url=http://www.filmsite.org/rstone2.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> and the British Film Institute's Top Fifty "Must See" Children's Films in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Top Fifty "Must See" Children's Films by the British Film Institute (BFI)|publisher=[[Filmsite.org]]|url=http://www.filmsite.org/100kidsfilms2.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> [[Akira Kurosawa]] ranked ''Pather Panchali'' at No. 37 on his ''Top 100 favourite films of all time'' list.<ref>{{cite web|title=From Stanley Kubrick to Martin Scorsese: Akira kurosawa once named his top 100 favourite films of all time|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/akira-kurosawa-100-favourite-films-list/|website=Far Out|date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akira Kurosawa's List of His Favourite Movies|url=https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html|website=Open Culture}}</ref> In 1996, ''The World of Apu'' was included in Movieline Magazine's "100 Greatest Foreign Films".<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Greatest Foreign Films by Movieline Magazine|publisher=[[Filmsite.org]]|url=http://www.filmsite.org/foreign100_2.html|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Movieline's 100 Best Foreign Films|publisher=[[GreenCine]]|date=6 April 2008|url=http://www.greencine.com/list?action=viewList&listID=10368|access-date=19 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604073223/http://www.greencine.com/list?action=viewList&listID=10368|archive-date=4 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2002, ''Pather Panchali'' and ''The World of Apu'' featured in "[[The New York Times]] Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made], THE FILM CRITICS OF THE NEW YORK TIMES, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2002</ref> ''The Apu Trilogy'' as a whole was included in film critic [[Roger Ebert]]'s list of [[The Great Movies]] in 2001<ref name="Ebert">{{cite news|title=The Apu Trilogy (1959)|author=Roger Ebert|author-link=Roger Ebert|publisher=rogerebert.com|date=4 March 2001|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> and in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]]'s [[Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies|All-Time 100 best movies]] list in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523235033/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2005|title=All-time 100 Movies|access-date=19 May 2008|magazine=Time|publisher=Time Inc|date=12 February 2005}}</ref> It was also ranked No. 17 in ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The 100 Best Films of World Cinema – 17. The Apu Trilogy
| url = http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=17
| work = Empire
| date = 2015-10-02
}}</ref> The original trilogy has been reconstructed via the Harvard Film archive & Criterion and was shown in Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA the 1st week of July 2015.

''[[Apur Panchali]]'' is a Bengali film based on [[Subir Banerjee]]'s life, who played child ''Apu'' in the [[Pather Panchali|first installment]] of ''Apu Trilogy''.<ref name="ndtvdec12">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kaushik-ganguly-s-next-film-on-pather-panchali-s-child-artiste-304914|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627155646/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kaushik-ganguly-s-next-film-on-pather-panchali-s-child-artiste-304914|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2013|title=Kaushik Ganguly's next film on ''Pather Panchali''{{'}}s child artiste|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=13 December 2012|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="toimar13">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-starts-shooting-for-apur-panchali/articleshow/19262757.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130113802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-29/news-interviews/38124476_1_parambrata-chatterjee-satyajit-ray-apur-panchali |url-status=live |archive-date=30 November 2013 |title= Parambrata starts shooting for ''Apur Panchali''| last=Ganguly| first=Ruman| date=29 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> Director [[Kaushik Ganguly]] won the award of best director for ''Apur Panchali'' in the 44th [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/news/kaushik-ganguly-named-best-director-apur-panchali-iffi-2013/2157| title= Kaushik Ganguly named Best Director for Apur Panchali at IFFI 2013|publisher= Dear Cinema | date=30 November 2013| access-date= 7 December 2013}}</ref> The director mentioned in an interview that he found similarities between certain parts of the life of Subir Banerjee and the iconic character Apu.<ref name="ndtvdec12"/> In the film actor [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] portrays a younger Subir Banerjee, while Ardhendu Bannerjee plays the role of the aged Banerjee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Param-to-play-Apu/articleshow/18928950.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131212174644/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-13/news-interviews/37651931_1_kaushik-pather-panchali-aparajito |url-status=live |archive-date=12 December 2013 | title= Param to play Apu| last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman|last2=Ghosh|first2=Madhushree |date= 13 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date= 12 December 2013}}</ref>

===Influence===
According to Michael Sragow of ''[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]'' in 1994:

{{blockquote|In the four decades since Ray's debut as a writer-director—with the first Apu movie, Pather Panchali (1955)—his influence has been felt both in the type of work other directors attempt and in the means they employ to execute it. The youthful [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Drama film|dramas]] that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy, which Terrence Rafferty has rightly called "cinema's purest [[Bildungsroman]]". In baggy-pants homage to Ray, American TV's cartoon-burlesque Bildungsroman, ''[[The Simpsons]]''—which could be called "The Education of [[Bart Simpson]]"—contains an Indian convenience-store owner named [[Apu Nahasapeemapetilon|Apu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An Art Wedded to Truth|first=Michael|last=Sragow|year=1994|journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html|access-date=11 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html|archive-date=12 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

Across the world, filmmakers such as [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{cite web | author=Chris Ingui | publisher=Hatchet | url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml | title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet | access-date=6 June 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214118/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml | archive-date=26 August 2009 | df=dmy-all}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raging Bull: A film review|author=Jay Antani|year=2004|publisher=[[Filmcritic.com]]|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Raging-Bull|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=8 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208084836/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Raging-Bull|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[James Ivory]],<ref>{{cite web
|author = Sheldon Hall
|publisher = Screen Online | url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html | title=Ivory, James (1928–) | access-date=12 February 2007}}
</ref> [[Abbas Kiarostami]], [[Elia Kazan]], [[Carlos Saura]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration|author=Suchetana Ray|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=11 March 2008|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915212023/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2009|access-date=6 June 2009}}</ref> [[Isao Takahata]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Thomas|title=Film Reviews: Grave of the Fireflies (Hotaru no Haka)|date=20 January 2003|url=http://www.danielthomas.org/pop/film_reviews/fireflies.htm|access-date=30 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030085422/http://www.danielthomas.org/pop/film_reviews/fireflies.htm|archive-date=30 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Barry Jenkins]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Director Barry Jenkins' 14 Favourite Films from Criterion Collection|url=https://nofilmschool.com/2017/06/director-barry-jenkins-14-favorite-films-criterion-collection|website=no film school|date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Barry Jenkins' Favourite Films:24 Classics Loved By the "Moonlight" Director|url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/barry-jenkins-favorite-films/|website=IndieWire|date=31 May 2017}}</ref> [[Philip Kaufman]],<ref name=Metroactive>{{cite web|title=Ghost 'World': The influential presence of Satyajit Ray's 'The World of Apu' lingers over some of the greatest American films of all time|author=Steve Palopoli|publisher=[[Metro Silicon Valley|Metroactive]]|date= 8–15 October 2003|url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/10.08.03/apu-0341.html|access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> [[Wes Anderson]]<ref name = "The Statesman">{{cite web
| title = On Ray's Trail
| url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1
| publisher = The Statesman
| access-date = 19 October 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103071501/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1  |archive-date = 3 January 2008}}</ref> and [[Danny Boyle]]<ref name=Jivani>{{cite web |author=Alkarim Jivani |title=Mumbai rising |work=[[Sight & Sound]] |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49511 |access-date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201115836/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49511/ |archive-date=1 February 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> have been influenced by ''The Apu Trilogy'', with many others such as [[Akira Kurosawa]] praising the work.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=96}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Martin Scorsese]] when talking about ''The Apu Trilogy'' remarked "without a doubt, in [Ray's] films the line between poetry and cinema, dissolved".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cinematic Poetry:The Restoration of "The Apu Trilogy"|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/features/cinematic-poetry-the-restoration-of-the-apu-trilogy|website=Roger Ebert|date=11 May 2015}}</ref> In [[Gregory Nava]]'s 1995 film ''[[My Family (1995 film)|My Family]]'', the final scene is duplicated from the final scene of ''Apur Sansar''. Similar influences and references to the trilogy can be found, for example, in recent works such as ''[[Sacred Evil]]'',<ref>{{cite news
|author = SK Jha
|publisher = Telegraph India | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618042430/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 June 2006 | title=Sacred Ray | access-date=29 June 2006
| location=Calcutta, India
| date=9 June 2006}}
</ref> [[Paul Auster]]'s 2008 novel ''[[Man in the Dark (novel)|Man in the Dark]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Man in the Dark, by Paul Auster: Reflections from a hall of mirrors where the present changes shape|author=Douglas Kennedy|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=19 September 2008|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/man-in-the-dark-by-paul-auster-934871.html|access-date=9 July 2009|location=London}}</ref> the ''[[Elements trilogy]]'' of [[Deepa Mehta]] and even in films of [[Jean-Luc Godard]].<ref>{{cite magazine
|author = André Habib
|magazine = Senses of Cinema | url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html | title=Before and After: Origins and Death in the Work of Jean-Luc Godard | access-date=29 June 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614150838/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html  |archive-date = 14 June 2006}}
</ref> The technique of [[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|bounce lighting]] pioneered by [[Subrata Mitra]], to recreate the effect of daylight on sets, has also had a profound influence on the development of [[cinematography]].<ref name=cinematographers/> [[Ravi Shankar]]'s soundtracks to the films were also a major influence on [[The Beatles]], specifically [[George Harrison]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leng|first=Simon|title=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison|year=2006|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation|Hal Leonard]]|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1423406099|pages=48–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRoFPFvI1joC&pg=PA48|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{see also|List of awards conferred on Satyajit Ray}}

===National awards===
;President's Medals
* '''Winner''' – 1955 – President's Gold & Silver Medals (New Delhi) – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Pather Panchali|publisher=Satyajit Ray official site|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pather.htm|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=23 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623012707/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pather.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Winner''' – 1959 – President's Gold Medal (New Delhi) – ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'')<ref name=apursan>{{cite web|title=Apur Sansar|publisher=Satyajit Ray official site|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/apursan.htm|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=29 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629110513/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/apursan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;[[National Film Awards]]
* '''Winner''' – 1956 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1956 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1960 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] – ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'')

===International film festivals===
;[[Cannes Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|1956]] – Best Human Document – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|1956]] – [[SIGNIS|OCIC Award]] (Special Mention) – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* Nominated – [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|1956]] – [[Palme d'Or|Golden Palm for Best Film]] – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')

;[[Venice Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – [[Golden Lion|Golden Lion of St. Mark for Best Film]] – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – Cinema Nuovo Award – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – Critics Award – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')

;[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – [[David O. Selznick|Selznick]] Golden Laurel for Best Film – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1960 – [[David O. Selznick|Selznick]] Golden Laurel for Best Film – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')

;[[British Film Institute|British Film Institute Awards]], [[London Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – [[FIPRESCI|FIPRESCI Award]] – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')
* '''Winner''' – 1960 – [[Sutherland Trophy|Sutherland Trophy for Best Original And Imaginative Film]] – ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'')
* '''Winner''' – 1980 – Wington Award – Apu Trilogy (for each film)<ref>{{cite web|title=Apu Trilogy|publisher=Satyajit Ray official site|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710145800/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;[[Edinburgh International Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1956 – Diploma of Merit – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1960 – Diploma of Merit – ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'')

;[[San Francisco International Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – Golden Gate for Best Picture – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1957 – Golden Gate for Best Director – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') – [[Satyajit Ray]]
* '''Winner''' – 1958 – Golden Gate for Best Picture – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')
* '''Winner''' – 1958 – Golden Gate for Best Director – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') – [[Satyajit Ray]]
* '''Winner''' – 1958 – International Critics' Award – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')

;[[Vancouver International Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1958 – Best Film – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')

;[[New York Film Festival]]
* '''Winner''' – 1959 – Best Foreign Film – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')

;[[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]] Film Festival
* '''Winner''' – 1958 – Critics' Award for Best Film – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')

===Other international awards===
;[[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|National Board of Review Awards]] (United States)
* '''Winner''' – [[Academy Award|1958]] – [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]] – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – [[National Board of Review Awards 1960|1960]] – [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]] – ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'')<ref name=apursan/>

;[[Kinema Junpo|Kinema Junpo Awards]] (Tokyo)
* '''Winner''' – 1967 – Best Foreign Film – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')<ref>https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Kinema_Junpo_Awards/1967 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040925233308/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Kinema_Junpo_Awards/1967 |date=25 September 2004}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

;[[Bodil Awards]] (Denmark)<ref>[http://www.filmkritik.dk/1b.lasso?n=4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007153021/http://www.filmkritik.dk/1b.lasso?n=4|date=7 October 2008}}</ref>
* '''Winner''' – 1967 – [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Best Non-European Film]] – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')
* '''Winner''' – 1969 – [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Best Non-European Film]] – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')

;[[British Academy Film Awards]] (United Kingdom)
* Nominated – [[11th British Academy Film Awards|1958]] – [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* Nominated – [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1959]] – [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')
* Nominated – [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1959]] – [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress]] – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') – [[Karuna Banerjee]]
* Nominated – [[15th British Academy Film Awards|1962]] – [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] – ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'')

;Other awards
* '''Winner''' – 1956 Golden Carbao ([[Manila]]) – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1956 Vatican Award (Rome) – ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
* '''Winner''' – 1958–1959 Golden Laurel for Best Foreign Film (United States) – ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Aparajito|publisher=Satyajit Ray official site|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/aparaji.htm|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121160346/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/aparaji.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1950s|Film}}
* ''[[Avijatrik]]''
* [[Cinema of West Bengal]]
* [[Cinema of India]]
** [[Parallel Cinema]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Isaksson |first=Folke |editor=Cardullo, Bert |title=Satyajit Ray: Interviews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQYs4X5d9WAC |year=2007 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-57806-937-8 |chapter=Conversation with Satyajit Ray |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103143738/http://books.google.com/books?id=fQYs4X5d9WAC |archive-date=3 January 2014}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Ray
|given1 = S
|year = 1993
|edition = 3
|title = Our films, their films
|publisher = Asia Book Corp. of America
|isbn = 978-0-86311-317-8
}}
* {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnkcLvYRNfMC|year=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06946-6}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Robinson
|given1 = A
|year = 2003
|title = Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker
|publisher = I. B. Tauris
|isbn = 978-1-86064-965-3
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Seton
|given1 = Marie
|author-link = Marie Seton
|year = 1971
|title = Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director
|publisher = Indiana University Press
|isbn = 978-0-253-16815-3
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Wood
|given1 = R
|year = 1972
|title = The Apu trilogy
|publisher = November Books Ltd
|isbn = 978-0-85631-003-4
}}

== Further reading ==
* Nyce, Ben (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHJZAAAAMAAJ Satyajit Ray: A Study of His Films]''. Praeger. 1988. {{ISBN|978-0275926663}}.

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q622380|title=Pather Panchali}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q622382|title=Aparajito}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q622376|title=The World of Apu}}
* [http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm The Apu Trilogy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710145800/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm |date=10 July 2017 }} at SatyajitRay.org
* [http://www.janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/ The Apu Trilogy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202004850/http://www.janusfilms.com/aputrilogy/ |date=2 December 2015 }} at [[Janus Films]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525000402/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,the_apu_trilogy,00.html The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959)] in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
* [http://artsandfaith.com/t100/apu.html Voted #17 on The Arts and Faith Top 100 Films (2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404172104/http://artsandfaith.com/t100/apu.html |date=4 April 2010 }}
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3804-the-apu-trilogy-behind-the-universal ''The Apu Trilogy: Behind the Universal''] an essay by [[Girish Shambu]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]

{{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apu Trilogy, The}}
[[Category:Film series introduced in 1955]]
[[Category:Cinema of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Barnala railway station

2025-09-01T01:30:20Z

TrinaAshby9096: New

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Barnala
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Sadar Bazar, [[Barnala]], [[Barnala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.3711|N|75.5500|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|228.86|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = [[Bathinda–Rajpura line]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible = [[Wheelchair ramp]]
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNN
| division = {{rwd|Ambala}}
}}
| opened =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_dot_label = Barnala railway station
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
}}

'''Barnala''' (station code: '''BNN''') is a railway station located in [[Barnala district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Barnala]] city which is the administrative headquarter of the district. Barnala station falls under [[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Barnala railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/barnala-bnn/1196|accessdate=8 September 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Barnala railway station is located at an elevation of {{convert|229|m|ft}}. This station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], Dhuri–Bathinda section of [[Bathinda–Rajpura line]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach Barnala|url=https://barnala.gov.in/how-to-reach/|accessdate=8 September 2020|publisher=Barnala district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barnala Train Station|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/BNN/|access-date=8 September 2020|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barnala Trains Schedule and station information|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/barnala-railway-station-bnn/|access-date=8 September 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
Barnala railway station is situated on double track electrified line. There are two electrified tracks at the station.<ref name=":0" /> The 68 km-long stretch from Dhuri station to Lehra Muhabbat station on [[Bathinda–Rajpura line]] was completed in July 2020, thereby providing complete electrification on Bathinda–Rajpura line.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 July 2020|title=Northern Railway completes electrification work on 130 km line in Punjab, Haryana|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/16/northern-railway-completes-electrification-work-on-130-km-line-in-punjab-haryana-2170697.html|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
Barnala railway station has 5 booking windows and all basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets, sheltered area with adequate seating. There is Two platforms at the station. Wheelchair facility is available and one foot overbridge (FOB).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Barnala railway station as on 31/03/2018|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BNN|accessdate=7 September 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/raildrishtiv3/initiativeGallery.jsp?initid=48&locid=BNN&locname=BARNALA Pictures of Barnala railway station]

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Barnala district]]
[[Category:Ambala railway division]]
[[Category:Barnala district]]

Janerian

2025-08-13T21:42:11Z

TrinaAshby9096: Added Basic Article W/ Infobox.

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Janerian
| other_name = ਜਨੇਰੀਆਂ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.740822|74.583852|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 622
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151212
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sadiq (town)|Sadiq]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Janerian''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਜਨੇਰੀਆਂ) is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janerian · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Janerian,+Punjab+151212/@30.7410518,74.578607,1282m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919dfd2f9ec9d29:0x79dc4734fea04cf5!8m2!3d30.741448!4d74.5836739!16s/g/1wfcmjwb!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUxNS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Janerian · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the population census of 2011, the village has population of 622 of which 317 are males while 305 were females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janerian Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35519-janerian-punjab.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of village is 374 Hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janerian (49) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/janerian-49-002420355190/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The Postal code of village is 151212.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: JANERIA, FARIDKOT, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/FARIDKOT/J/JANERIA |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}