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List of Indian Bengali films of 1977

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Kumta Assembly constituency

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{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kumta
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 78
| map_image = 78-Kumta constituency.svg
| mla = Dinakar Keshav Shetty
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sharada Mohan Shetty
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:188894}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Kumta Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Uttara Kannada district]]. [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] is the current MLA from Kumta.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ramkrishna Biranna Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Vasantlata. V. Mirjankar
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || H. R. Manjanath || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sitaram Vasudev Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nayak Seetaram Vasudev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Karki. M. P || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[N. H. Gouda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Krishna Hanuma Gouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Karki. M. P || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | Mohan Krishna Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Sharada Mohan Shetty]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kumta">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kumta |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1078.htm?ac=78 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425172257/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1078.htm?ac=78 |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,965 |percentage = 40.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suraj Naik Soni |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,289 |percentage = 39.92% |change = {{increase}}28.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alva Nivedith |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,270 |percentage = 12.97% |change = {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwar Gouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,588 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,085 |percentage = 1.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Roopa Gajanan Naik |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,960 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 676 |percentage = 0.46% |change = {{decrease}}21.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,849 |percentage = 78.80% |change = {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,530}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,894 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,392 |percentage = 40.63% |change = {{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sharada Mohan Shetty]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=26,642|percentage=18.23%|change={{decrease}}9.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suraj Naik Soni|party=Independent politician|votes=20,474|percentage=14.01%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nayak Pradeep Dayanand|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=16,561|percentage=11.33%|change={{decrease}}15.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Yashodhar. G. Naik|party=Independent politician|votes=11,512|percentage=7.88%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Jatti Gouda|party=Independent politician|votes=5,089|percentage=3.48%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=2,192|percentage=1.50%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohan Baglu Patgar|party=Indian New Congress Party|votes=1,274|percentage=0.87%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagraj. N. Naik|party=All India Mahila Empowerment Party|votes=984|percentage=0.67%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,750 |percentage = 22.40% |change = {{increase}}22.09 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=146,474|percentage=81.20%|change={{increase}}7.03}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,177}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,394 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharada Mohan Shetty]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,756 |percentage = 27.32% |change = {{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=36,336|percentage=27.01%|change={{decrease}}1.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suraj Naik Soni|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,411|percentage=21.12%|change={{decrease}}7.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gouda Gayatri Manjunath|party=Karnataka Janata Paksha|votes=14,286|percentage=10.62%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohan Baglu Patgar|party=Independent politician|votes=3,070|percentage=2.28%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagaraj Shridhar Shet|party=Hindusthan Nirman Dal|votes=1,534|percentage=1.14%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vasant Jogalekar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=978|percentage=0.73%|change={{decrease}}0.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahabaleshwar Ramakrishna Bhat Madguni|party=Independent politician|votes=881|percentage=0.65%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 420 |percentage = 0.31% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=124,331|percentage=74.17%|change={{increase}}5.09}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,517}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,621 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,792 |percentage = 28.76% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Krishna Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,772 |percentage = 28.74% |change = {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashibhushan Hegde |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,201 |percentage = 28.21% |change = {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Ganapathi Hegde |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,624 |percentage = 8.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shet Savitri Shridhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,854 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nathakumar Gowda |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,819 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tippayya Nagappa Naik |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 1,011 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhandari Sadanand Annappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 992 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20 |percentage = 0.02% |change = {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,294 |percentage = 69.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,065}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,309 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Krishna Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,738 |percentage = 33.78% |change = {{decrease}}17.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashibhushan Hegde |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,273 |percentage = 30.41% |change = {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinakar K. Shetty |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 28,796 |percentage = 28.00% |change = {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Shet |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,296 |percentage = 3.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Timmanna Devanna Hegde |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,600 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hegde Venkataraman Vasudev |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Karki. M. P |party = Independent politician |votes = 729 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Jadugar |party = Independent politician |votes = 630 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,465 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{decrease}}10.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,827 |percentage = 69.52% |change = {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,826}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,900 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Krishna Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,315 |percentage = 51.20% |change = {{increase}}36.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Karki. M. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,940 |percentage = 37.22% |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gouda Nagesh Kuppa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,752 |percentage = 11.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,375 |percentage = 13.98% |change = {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,912 |percentage = 67.12% |change = {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,501}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,403 |percentage = 4.74% |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,435 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}17.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Karki. M. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,379 |percentage = 34.06% |change = {{increase}}17.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 25,136 |percentage = 29.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Hanuma Gouda |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 15,853 |percentage = 18.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upparkar Ibrahim Eusen |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,071 |percentage = 15.15% |change = {{decrease}}28.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hegde Timmanna Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 962 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,243 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{decrease}}8.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,422 |percentage = 69.31% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,266}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,145 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}5.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,582 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Hanuma Gouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,556 |percentage = 43.86% |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamalakar Gokaran |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,182 |percentage = 30.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karki. M. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,710 |percentage = 16.13% |change = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Gouda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,615 |percentage = 5.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pai. N. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,268 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yakub Saheb. A. Shaikh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,374 |percentage = 13.17% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,167 |percentage = 68.86% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,789}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,378 |percentage = 7.49% |change = {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,675 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Gouda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,959 |percentage = 47.76% |change = {{increase}}25.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayak Honnappa Lakshman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,706 |percentage = 35.03% |change = {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karki. M. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,312 |percentage = 9.74% |change = {{decrease}}27.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Durgappa Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,730 |percentage = 5.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Hanamayya Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 462 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Nandish Jattappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 403 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,253 |percentage = 12.73% |change = {{increase}}9.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,949 |percentage = 66.68% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,826}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,123 |percentage = 1.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,899 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Karki. M. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,004 |percentage = 37.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayak Seetaram Vasudev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,026 |percentage = 33.78% |change = {{increase}}29.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Shivaram Jatti |party = Janata Party |votes = 12,421 |percentage = 22.05% |change = {{decrease}}20.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakkumane Rama Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,890 |percentage = 3.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaonkar Vasant Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,506 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganjekar Shesh Durga |party = Independent politician |votes = 475 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,978 |percentage = 3.51% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,781 |percentage = 63.98% |change = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,322}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,459 |percentage = 2.53% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,305 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nayak Seetaram Vasudev |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,894 |percentage = 47.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Ranayya Shivappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,001 |percentage = 42.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Ramakant Raghavendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,573 |percentage = 4.40% |change = {{decrease}}51.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Krishna Bhat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,247 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Nalini Balakrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 918 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatraman Krishna Gaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 807 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,893 |percentage = 4.95% |change = {{decrease}}14.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,945 |percentage = 69.93% |change = {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,440}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,505 |percentage = 2.51% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,720 |ref = |change = {{increase}}38.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Vasudev Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,698 |percentage = 55.98% |change = {{increase}}30.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra. S. Bhagwat |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 14,088 |percentage = 36.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hegde Ganapatishankar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,976 |percentage = 7.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,610 |percentage = 19.63% |change = {{decrease}}25.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,617 |percentage = 63.93% |change = {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,762}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,973 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}14.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Manjanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,049 |percentage = 70.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Vimalanand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,957 |percentage = 25.30% |change = {{decrease}}25.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. V. Timmappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,401 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,092 |percentage = 45.45% |change = {{increase}}34.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,344 |percentage = 65.97% |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,610 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantlata. V. Mirjankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,225 |percentage = 50.48% |change = {{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Keshav Pai |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,197 |percentage = 39.73% |change = {{increase}}10.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasinh Govind Shanbhag |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 5.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venktappa Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 624 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seetaram Nagappa Shanbhag |party = Independent politician |votes = 604 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,028 |percentage = 10.75% |change = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,512 |percentage = 53.62% |change = {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,180}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,767 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantlata. V. Mirjankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,034 |percentage = 45.99% |change = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chittal Damodhar Vithoba |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,938 |percentage = 29.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Devappa Ayyu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,459 |percentage = 11.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hegde Shridhar Ishwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,385 |percentage = 7.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanbhag Sitaram Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,702 |percentage = 5.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,096 |percentage = 16.70% |change = {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,518 |percentage = 55.43% |change = {{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,518}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,060 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kumta Honavar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramkrishna Biranna Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,079 |percentage = 44.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Gopal Naik |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 11,095 |percentage = 33.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamat Laxman Subraya |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,154 |percentage = 18.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gauda Lingu Gopu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,191 |percentage = 3.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,984 |percentage = 11.89% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,519 |percentage = 60.22% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,519}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,661 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttara Kannada district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|14.43|74.42|display=title}}

List of Rajya Sabha members from the Aam Aadmi Party

2026-04-26T03:18:23Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{Short description|Aam Aadmi Party upper house members}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

'''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]''' is a political party in India, It is currently the [[ruling party]] of the [[Punjab, India|state of Punjab]]. The Rajya Sabha members are elected for a six year term.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!{{Number sign}}
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statewise List |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/memberstatewise.aspx |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
!Constituency
!Term start
!Term end
!Term
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[N. D. Gupta]]
|rowspan="3" |[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|Delhi]]
|28 January 2018
|27 January 2024
|1
|
|-
|2
|[[Sushil Gupta]]
|28 January 2018
|27 January 2024
|1
|
|-
|3
|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|28 January 2018
|27 January 2024
|1
|
|-
|4
|[[Ashok Kumar Mittal]]
|rowspan="7" |[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]
|10 April 2022
|24 April 2026
|1
|rowspan="4" |Resigned from the Aam Aadmi Party on 24 April 2026 and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.
|-
|5
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|10 April 2022
|24 April 2026
|1
|-
|6
|[[Raghav Chadha]]
|10 April 2022
|24 April 2026
|1
|-
|7
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]
|10 April 2022
|24 April 2026
|1
|-
|8
|[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|10 April 2022
|1 July 2025
|1
|Resigned from the Rajya Sabha after being elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in a by-election.<ref>[https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=206822 Sanjiv Arora Resigned from Rajya Sabha after elected to Punjab Assembly]</ref>
|-
|9
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]]
|4 July 2022
|9 April 2028
|1
|
|-
|10
|[[Vikramjit Singh Sahney]]
|4 July 2022
|9 April 2028
|1
|Resigned from the Aam Aadmi Party on 24 April 2026 and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.
|-
|(1)
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|[[N. D. Gupta]]
|rowspan="3" |Delhi
|28 January 2024
|27 January 2030
|2
|
|-
|(3)
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|28 January 2024
|27 January 2030
|2
|
|-
|11
|[[Swati Maliwal]]
|28 January 2024
|24 April 2026
|1
|Resigned from the Aam Aadmi Party on 24 April 2026 and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.
|-
|12
|[[Rajinder_Gupta|Rajinder Gupta]]
|Punjab
|24 October 2025
|24 April 2026
|1
|Elected in a by-election following the resignation of [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]. Resigned from the Aam Aadmi Party on 24 April 2026 and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

*{{Official website|http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/|name=Official website of Aam Aadmi Party}}
*{{Official website|http://rajyasabha.nic.in/|name=Official website of the Rajya Sabha}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}
{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Aam Aadmi Party|*]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha by political party|Aam]]

Mujahidul Islam Qasmi

2026-04-24T20:45:26Z

Trena17I0666860: done

{{Short description|Indian Mufti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mujahidul Islam Qasmi {{Nastaliq|قاضی مجاہد الاسلام قاسمی}}
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana, Qazi
| birth_date = 1936
| birth_place = [[Jale, Bihar|Jale]], Darbhanga, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2002|4|4|1936}}
| office1 = President of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 = 2002
| successor1 = [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]]<ref name="pioneer" />
| office2 = 1st President of [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]
| term_start2 = "office established"
| term_end2 = 4 April 2002
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Zafeeruddin Miftahi]]<ref>{{cite book |author= Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi|author-link=Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi|editor1-last=Qāsmi |editor1-first=Muhammad Saud Alam |title=Hayāt-e-Zafeer |trans-title = The Life of Zafeer|publisher=IFA Publications |location=[[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]] |edition=September 2011 |language=Urdu|chapter= Mawlāna Mufti Zafeeruddin ki Ilmi wa Dīni Khidmāt (Educational and Religious Services of Mawlāna Mufti Zafeeruddin)|pages= 153–154}}</ref>
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography| embed = yes
|religion=[[Islam]]
|denomination = Sunni Hanafi
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|disciple_of = [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|founder = [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]
|relatives = {{Bulleted list|[[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] (nephew)|[[Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani]] (grandnephew)}}
}}
}}
{{Deobandi}}
'''Mujahidul Islam Qasmi''' (1936–4 April 2002) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Mufti]], [[Qadhi]] and Islamic scholar, founder of [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]. He served as the President of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="pioneer">{{cite news |title=Rabey Hasani Nadwi re-elected president of AIMPlB |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/rabey-hasani-nadwi-re-elected-president-of-aimplb.html |accessdate=22 May 2020 |publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="milligazette" /><ref>{{Cite thesis|first=MOHAMMED|title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges|date=2018|degree=Phd|publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard University]]|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/326073|last=ULLAH|pages=129–132|hdl=10603/326073}}</ref>

==Biography==
Qasmi was born in 1936 in Jale [[Darbhanga]], [[British India]]. He was educated at Madrasa Mahmood al-Ulum, [[Damla, Bihar|Damla]] and local madrasas of [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and later joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] from where he graduated in 1955. In Deoband, he studied under [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]] and Abdul Haffeez Balyawi.<ref name="milligazette">{{cite news |author1=M Sulaiman Akhtar Farooqui |title=Qazi Mujahidul Islam Qasmi remembered |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01052002/0105200238.htm |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Milli Gazette]]}}</ref><ref name="mashahir">{{cite book |author1=Dr Muhammad Ghitreef Shahbaz Nadwi |title=Aalam-e-Islam Ke Chand Mashaheer (Sawaneh wa Afkar ka Mutala) |trans-title = Few Islamic Contemporaries |publisher=Rahbar Book Service, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi |pages=222–230|edition=March 2017 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

Qasmi taught in Jamia Rahmania in [[Munger]] and established [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]] in 1989. He was also a member of [[International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|International Islamic Fiqh Academy]], Jeddah, Fiqh Academy of [[Mecca]] and [[Aligarh Muslim University]]'s court.<ref name="zafar">{{cite book |author1=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |author-link=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |title=Qalmi Khake |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-89964-96-2 |pages=233–234 |edition=1st, 2013 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlāna Qazi Mujāhidul Islam Qāsmi|year=2015 }}</ref> He was founding member of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]<ref name="Constanze">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHHtWL7VK14C&q=Mujahidul+Islam+Qasmi&pg=PA206 |accessdate=22 May 2020|title=Reproductive Health Behavior and Decision-making of Muslim Women: An Ethnographic Study in a Low-income Community in Urban North India|isbn=9783643107701|last1=Weigl|first1=Constanze|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> and was appointed as its president after the death of [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]] in 1999. He launched [[All India Milli Council]] to bring Muslim organizations altogether on a single platform. Through Milli Council, Qasmi played a key role in the removal of [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]] and restored confidence of Muslim youth.<ref name="milligazette" />

Qāsmi's religious and legal verdicts have been published as ''Fatawa Qadhi'' in Urdu by the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we1fAQAAQBAJ |title = Legal Judgments by the Great Qazi|last1 = Qasmi|first1 = Maulana Mujahidul Islam}}</ref>

He died of cancer on 4 April 2002.<ref name="mashahir" />

==Literary works==
Qasmi authored over 40 books which include:<ref name="milligazette" />
* ''Al-Waqf''
* ''Annizamul Qadai''
* ''The Islamic Concept of Animal Slaughter''<ref name="slaughter">{{cite book |title=The Islamic Concept of Animal Slaughter |date=January 2009 |publisher=Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah |location=[[Lebanon]] |isbn=978-2-7451-6060-7}}</ref>
* ''Contemporary Medical Issues in Islamic Jurisprudence''.<ref name="medical">{{cite book |title=Contemporary Medical Issues in Islamic Jurisprudence |date=January 2009 |publisher=Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah |translator= Salar M Khan |location=[[Lebanon]] |isbn=978-2-7451-6064-5 |pages=232}}</ref>

==Awards==
Qasmi was conferred with following awards:<ref name="nooralam">{{cite book |author1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=Deoband |pages=592–622 |edition=5th, February 2017 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlana Qadhi Mujahid al-Islam Qasmi.. Ek Azeem Faqeeh}}</ref><ref name="khalid">{{cite book |author1=Khalid Saifullah Rahmani |title=Hayat-e-Mujahid |trans-title= The Life of Mujahid|publisher=Farid Book Depot |location=Delhi |pages=153–154 |edition=June 2004 |language=Urdu}}</ref>
* Community Leadership Award from Al-Ameen Educational Trust
* 2nd Shah Waliullah Award from Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi <ref name="ios">{{cite web |title=Shah Waliullah Award |url=http://www.iosworld.org/content.aspx?id=318 |website=iosworld.org |accessdate=16 June 2020}}</ref>
* Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Award from American Federation of Muslims of Indian Origin
* Best Islamic Personality Award from [[Muslim Educational Association of Southern India]]
* Fiqh Award from Executive Arbitration Committee, [[Government of Kuwait]]
* Gold Medal from the [[Cabinet of Morocco]]

==Legacy==
Nomana Khalid wrote her [[Master of Philosophy|M Phil]] thesis "Qadhi Mujahidul Islam Ki Fiqh-e-Islami Mein Khidmat" from [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University, Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nomana Khalid |title=Qadhi Mujahidul Islam Ki Fiqh-e-Islami Mein Khidmat |publisher=[[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Muftis]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]

{{Islamic-scholar-stub}}

Jasvir Singh (kabaddi)

2026-04-24T12:07:36Z

Trena17I0666860: started a biography

{{short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jasvir Singh
| image = File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Arjuna Award, 2017 to Shri Jasvir Singh for Kabaddi, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2017.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Jasvir Singh (on the left)
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname = Nawab
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Kabaddi]] Player
| years_active = 2007–present
| employer =
| agent =
| height =
| weight =
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position = Raider
| event =
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| league_type = [[Kabaddi]]
| club = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]](2014–2018) [[Tamil Thalaivas]](2018–present)
| team = [[India national kabaddi team]]
| turnedpro =
| coach = [[Kasinatha Baskaran]] [[Balwan Singh]]
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|Kabaddi World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2016 Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)|2016 Kabaddi World Cup]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Jasvir Singh''' (born 4 April 1984) is an Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] player. He was a member of the [[India national kabaddi team]] that won [[Asian Games]] Gold medal in 2014 and World Cup in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/asian-games-2014-indian-men-win-seventh-kabaddi-gold-717895.html | title=Asian Games 2014: Indian men win seventh kabaddi gold | publisher=IBNLive.com | date=3 October 2014 | accessdate=25 February 2016 | archive-date=26 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026154104/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/asian-games-2014-indian-men-win-seventh-kabaddi-gold-717895.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.2016kabaddiworldcup.com/teams/12-India-teamprofile |title=2016 Kabaddi World Cup :: India Kabaddi Team Profile – Information About Team India |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906075346/http://www.2016kabaddiworldcup.com/teams/12-india-teamprofile |url-status=dead }}</ref> He hails from [[Panipat]] and serves in the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC).<ref name="Roy, 2016">{{cite news|last1=Roy |first1=Dhananjay |title=Kabaddi World Cup: With scorpion kick, Jasvir Singh ready to sting |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Kabaddi-World-Cup-With-scorpion-kick-Jasvir-Singh-ready-to-sting/articleshow/54651321.cms |accessdate=27 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |date=3 October 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161027161532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Kabaddi-World-Cup-With-scorpion-kick-Jasvir-Singh-ready-to-sting/articleshow/54651321.cms |archivedate=27 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He serves as fire safety officer.

== Early life ==
He was born on 4 April 1984 in [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], India.

==Pro Kabaddi League==
He played for [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] from season 1 to season 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/5-kabaddi-players-gladly-go-war | title=5 kabaddi players who you would gladly go to war with | date=5 August 2015 | accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-pro-kabaddi-league-jasvir-singh-fights-injury-to-help-jaipur-pink-panthers-thrash-bengaluru-bulls-2180272 | title=Pro Kabaddi League: Jasvir Singh fights injury to help Jaipur Pink Panthers thrash Bengaluru Bulls | date=20 February 2016 | accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref> In season 6, he played for [[Tamil Thalaivas]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== World Cup 2016 and Awards ==
Jasvir Singh was a member of the gold medal-winning team at the [[2016 Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)|2016 Kabaddi World Cup]]. He awarded the [[Arjuna award]] in 2017 For his excellence in the game of [[Kabbadi]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jasvir}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Panipat district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)

2026-04-19T16:58:58Z

Trena17I0666860: started biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Jagannath Singh
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1985
| predecessor = [[Jagannath Sinha]]
| successor = [[Joy Prakash Tewari]]
| constituency = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[Joy Prakash Tewari]]
| successor1 = [[Jagannath Sinha]]
| constituency1 = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Jagannath Singh''' is an Indian politician from Assam who is affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond constituency]] in the 1978, 1983 and [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="eci1978">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ | title=STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHANSABHA) 1978 | publisher=Election Commission of india | accessdate=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="assam">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1978-83 | publisher=Govt. of Assam | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1978 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3996-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1978/?do=download |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3998-assam-1983/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1983-85.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1983–85|accessdate=13 September 2019|website=Assam Legislative Assembly
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 1983|accessdate=13 September 2019|website=www.elections.in
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4003-assam-1991/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1991-96.html|title=Assam assembly 1991-96|last=Assam|first=Assembly|date=|website=Assam assembly|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1991-96.html|title=Assam legislative assembly|last=Assam Assembly 1991-96|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jagannath }}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

List of villages in Purba Medinipur district

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{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

This is an alphabetical list of villages in [[Purba Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A–C ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Astichak]]
* [[Alangiri]]
* [[Bara Bankuya]]
* [[Baratala]]
* [[Bathuary]]
* [[Bargoda]]
* [[Balighai]]
* [[Bhabanipur, Purba Medinipur|Bhabanipur]]
* [[Bhagabanpur]]
* [[Bhogpur, Purba Medinipur|Bhogpur]]
* [[Bhupatinagar]]
* [[Brajalalchak]]
* [[Chaitanyapur]]
* [[Chak Srikrishnapur]]
* [[Chandipur, Purba Medinipur|Chandipur]]
* [[Chatara]]
{{div col end}}

== D ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Daisai]]
* [[Dakshin Maynadal]]
* [[Dalimbachak]]
* [[Dariapur, Purba Medinipur|Dariapur]]
* [[Depal]]
* [[Dholmari]]
* [[Dihibahiri]]
* [[Durmut]]
{{div col end}}

== G–J ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Gangadharbar]]
* [[Geonkhali]]
* [[Golara Nij]]
* [[Jabda]]
* [[Janka, Contai|Janka]]
* [[Janu Basan]]
* [[Jukhia]]
* [[Junput]]
{{div col end}}

== Kukurmuri ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kajlagarh]]
* [[Kalaberia]]
* [[Kamarda]]
* [[Kharipukuria]]
* [[Khejuri]]
* [[Kishorchak]]
* [[Kismat Bajkul]]
* [[Kukrahati]]
{{div col end}}

== M–P ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Madhabpur, Purba Medinipur|Madhabpur]]
* [[Mahishadal]]
* [[Majna]]
* [[Mandarmani]]
* [[Marishda]]
* [[Moyna, Purba Medinipur|Moyna]]
* [[Namalbarh]]
* [[Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur|Nandakumar]]
* [[Nayachar]]
* [[Palpara, Purba Medinipur|Palpara]]
* [[Panchetgarh]]
* [[Panchrol]]
* [[Patashpur]]
* [[Pratapdighi]]
* [[Purbba Gopalpur]]
{{div col end}}

== R–U ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ramchandrapur, Purba Medinipur|Ramchandrapur]]
* [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur|Ramnagar]]
* [[Reyepara]]
* [[Shankarpur]]
* [[Shipur]]
* [[Shyamsundarpur Patna]]
* [[Silaberia]]
* [[Sona Chura]]
* [[Srigouri]]
* [[Srikantha, Purba Medinipur|Srikantha]]
* [[Sutahata]]
* [[Tethi Bari]]
* [[Tilkhoja]]
* [[Uttar Mechogram]]
{{div col end}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district|*]]
[[Category:Districts of India-related lists|Purba Medinipur district]]

Daya Shankar Mishra

2026-04-19T05:04:15Z

Trena17I0666860: created a page...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daya Shankar "''Dayalu''" Mishra
| image = Dr. Dayashankar Mishra Dayalu.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2022
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]]
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| preceded = [[Neelkanth Tiwari]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| constituency1 = ''elected by [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] members''
| predecessor1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| 2namedata = *AYUSH
*Food Security (MOS)
*Drug Administration (MOS)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|06|27}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
}}
[[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr]]. '''Daya Shankar Mishra''' (born 27 June 1972), also known as '''Dayalu''', is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] serving as a [[Minister of State]] in the [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Second Yogi Adityanath Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=Yogi 2.0: बिना चुनाव लड़े योगी कैबिनेट में बने राज्य मंत्री, जानें कौन हैं दयाशंकर मिश्रा 'दयालु' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-dayashankar-mishra-dayalu-is-ministers-of-state-in-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-know-inside-story-nodark-4152998.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आखिर कौन हैं दयाशंकर मिश्र 'दयालु': ना विधायक ना एमएलसी फिर भी बने योगी सरकार में मंत्री |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/neither-mla-nor-mlc-yet-dayashankar-mishra-became-kind-minister-in-yogi-government |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi 2.0 Cabinet : दयाशंकर मिश्रा 'दयालु' को बनाया गया राज्‍यमंत्री, भाजपा ने पूर्वांचल से उनपर जताया भरोसा |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-dayashankar-mishra-dayalu-appointed-as-minister-from-poorvanchal-22570238.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=Yogi Adityanath Oath Ceremony: जानें योगी मंत्रिमंडल के नए साथी डॉ दयाशंकर मिश्र "दयालु" कौन हैं.... {{!}} Yogi Adityanath Oath Ceremony Know who is new minister of Yogi cabinet Dr Dayashankar Mishra Dayalu |url=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/yogi-adityanath-oath-ceremony-know-who-is-new-minister-of-yogi-cabinet-dr-dayashankar-mishra-dayalu-7421433/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=योगी कैबिनेटः नीलकंठ तिवारी आउट, वाराणसी के दयाशंकर मिश्र दयालु की एंट्री, जानिये कौन है |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-yogi-cabinet-neelkanth-tiwari-out-entry-of-dayashankar-mishra-dayalu-of-varanasi-know-who-is-6104273.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> He had fought the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] Assembly elections from [[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]] constituency over [[Indian National Congress]] symbol.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2014-04-02 |title=Congress leader Dayashankar Mishra Dayalu joins BJP |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/congress-leader-dayashankar-mishra-dayalu-joins-bjp-114040200505_1.html |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Dayashankar Misra Dayalu |url=https://www.electwise.in/politician/dr-dayashankar-misra-dayalu/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Electwise |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Daya Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sandhol Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:38:09Z

Trena17I0666860: Made a entry added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sandhol
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1952
|abolished = 1957
|electors = 34,057
|mla = Kashmir Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
| constituency_no = 0
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Sandhol Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kashmir Singh Hari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandhol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,878 |percentage=24.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,323 |percentage=21.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,312 |percentage=21.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,879 |percentage=18.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rup Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=842 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=809 |percentage=5.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anup Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=718 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=555 |percentage=3.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,761 |percentage=46.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,057 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.858|76.652|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Binu Pappu

2026-04-09T18:25:01Z

Trena17I0666860: created new entry

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Binu Pappu.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Binu Pappu in 2019
| birth_name = Binu Padmadalakshan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height =
| othername =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|assistant director}}
| yearsactive = 2014{{Endash}}present
| spouse = Ashita Alex
| parents = [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
}}
'''Binu Padmadalakshan''', known Professionally as '''Binu Pappu''', is an Indian actor and assistant director who works in Malayalam films. He is known for his roles in films such as ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'', ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'', ''[[Operation Java]]'' and ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2021-05-26 |title=How 'Operation Java' helped Binu Pappu make his mark in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-binu-pappu-on-his-cop-act-in-operation-java-and-his-journey/article34649304.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In addition to acting, he has worked as an assistant director, assisting [[Aashiq Abu]] in his films [[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']] (2019) and ''[[Naradan]]'' (2019). He also worked in [[Khalid Rahman]] film ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022), in addition to working in other film such as [[Ambili (film)|''Ambili'']] (2019), ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' (2020), ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' (2021),''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022) and ''[[Thudarum]]'' (2025).

== Early life ==
Binu Pappu was born in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the son of veteran actor [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]], who died in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Binu Pappu shares father Kuthiravattam Pappu's character poster for 'Manichitrathazhu' re-release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/binu-pappu-shares-father-kuthiravattam-pappus-character-poster-for-manichitrathazhu-re-release/articleshow/112340400.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Binu Pappu pens heart touching note about father on his death anniversary |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/binu-pappu-pens-heart-touching-note-about-father-on-his-death-anniversary-1.8347146 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> He pursued a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[History]] at the [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]], [[Kozhikode]]. He is married to Ashita Alex.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-09 |title=Binu Pappu pens a romantic note for his wife on their wedding anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/binu-pappu-pens-a-romantic-note-for-his-wife-on-their-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/89456599.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before working in the film industry, he had worked as an animator in [[Bengaluru|Bengalaru]] for 13 years.<ref name=":2" /> Binu made his acting debut in the film ''Gunda'', directed by Salim Baba, where he was worked alongside [[Kalabhavan Mani]] and [[Tini Tom]]. He then worked with director [[Aashiq Abu]] in two of his films, ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'' (2014) and ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' (2015). His role as Joy Pulimoottil in the crime-thriller ''[[Operation Java]]'' (2021) was appreciated by critics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In addition to working as an actor, he has assisted [[Aashiq Abu]] for his films ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'', [[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']] (2019), ''[[Naradan]]'' (2022), and ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022), in addition to working as an assistant director in ''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]'' (2019), ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' (2020) and ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' (2021).

== Filmography ==
=== As actor ===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Gunda'' || Christy ||
|-
| ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'' || Sourav ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || Kareem ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Ajayan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Prabhakaran Eeraali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Kala Viplavam Pranayam]]'' || Cirlce Inspector ||
|-
|| ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]'' || Forest Officer ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || Jail Warden Mathew ||
|-
|| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Dr. Sudevan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]'' || Ganapathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Roudram 2018]]'' || Taxi Driver ||
|-
|| ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'' || Ravi Prakash ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' || Abukka's Friend at tile factory ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''[[Operation Java]]'' || Joy Pulimoottil ||<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Operation Java: An engaging cybercrime thriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/operation-java-an-engaging-cybercrime-thriller-988278.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ice Orathi'' || Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || CM's Gunman Ashokan ||
|-
| ''Kachi'' || Criyac ||
|-
| ''Ennivar'' || Nishad ||
|-
| ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' || C I Of Police ||
|-
|''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || Krishna Das ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2021-12-04 |title=Bheemante Vazhi movie review: Lighthearted drama elevated by some clever moments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/dec/04/bheemante-vazhi-movie-review-lighthearted-drama-elevated-by-some-clever-moments-2391499.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2022 || ''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]'' || S.I. Pramod Peter ||
|-
|| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || Kalappurakkal David || Also playback singer
|-
|| ''[[Antakshari (2022 film)|Antakshari]]'' || Jayachandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Solamante Theneechakal]]'' || Public Prosecutor Stephen Philip ||
|-
|| ''[[Sundari Gardens]]'' || Dr.Mahi Mohan ||
|-
| ''Chattambi'' || Baby ||
|-
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' || Britto Vincent ||Also associate director<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Binu Pappu was not supposed to be Britto in 'Saudi Vellakka' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/12/04/binu-pappu-not-supposed-britto-saudi-vellakka.html |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Binu Pappu was not supposed to be Britto in ‘Saudi Vellakka’ |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
|''[[Jackson Bazaar Youth]]''
|SP George Simon IPS
|
|-
| ''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]'' || Raghu||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Months after controversy over title, Malayalam film Higuita gets release date |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/months-after-controversy-over-title-malayalam-film-higuita-gets-release-date-174553 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ayalvaashi]]'' ||Benny ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]'' || Rashid||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham trailer is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/19/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-trailer-is-out-42487.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nalla Nilavulla Rathri]]''
|Joshi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title='Nalla Nilavulla Rathri' movie review: Murphy Devassy's directorial debut fails to live up to its interesting premise |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review-murphy-devassys-directorial-debut-fails-to-live-up-to-its-interesting-premise/article67026869.ece |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Journey of Love 18+]]''
|Rajesh
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2023-07-07 |title=18 Plus review: Director Arun D Jose's rom-com criticises casteism in Kerala |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/18-plus-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]'' || Fabi Manjooran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Bhavana-Shaji Kailas film Hunt gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/bhavana-shaji-kailas-film-hunt-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nunakkuzhi]]'' || Producer Sajan Chamakala ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-08-15 |title='Nunakuzhi' movie review: Jeethu Joseph's comic caper is a briskly paced fun ride |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nunakuzhi-movie-review-jeethu-josephs-comic-caper-is-a-briskly-paced-fun-ride/article68528719.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2025 || ''[[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Tony Francis ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathew Thomas - Arjun Ashokan Starrer 'Bromance' Starts Rolling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mathew-thomas-arjun-ashokan-starrer-bromance-starts-rolling/articleshow/111980061.cms|access-date=27 July 2024|website=[[The Times Of India]] |date=24 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Abhilasham]]'' || Pachikka||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-17 |title=Abhilasham gets a release date, trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/17/abhilasham-gets-a-release-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thudarum]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Benny ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-08 |title=Mohanlal and Tharun Moorthy's film titled Thudarum, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/08/mohanlal-and-tharun-moorthys-film-titled-thudarum-first-look-out |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eko (film)|Eko]]'' || Sukumaran ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-08 |title=Sandeep Pradeep's Eko gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/08/sandeep-pradeeps-eko-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]'' || Alex || [[JioHotstar]] Web Series<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-12-05 |title=Nivin Pauly's Pharma gets a premiere date, trailer out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Dec/05/malayalamnews2025dec05nivin-paulys-pharma-gets-a-premiere-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Anomie (film)|Anomie]]'' || Shanmughan||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-16 |title=Bhavana-starrer Anomie gets a release window, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/16/bhavana-starrer-anomie-gets-a-release-window-first-look-out |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TableTBA}} || {{Pending film| Musasi}} || {{TBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-29 |title=Prabhudeva's Musasi prevue is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/Mar/29/prabhudevas-musasi-prevue-is-here |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Other crew positions ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Position
! scope="col" | References
|-
| 2016
|''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]''
| rowspan="5" |Assistant director
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Mayanadi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]''
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || rowspan="5" | Associate director ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Naaradan (film)|Naaradan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Puzhu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2021-09-14 |title=Tharun Moorthy's next titled Saudi Vellakka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/14/tharun-moorthys-next-titled-saudi-vellakka-26641.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 ||{{Pending film| Torpedo}} || Writer ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharun Moorthy's upcoming movie Torpedo to star Fahadh Faasil, Arjun Das, and Naslen|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/torpedo-thudarum-tharun-moorthy-fahadh-faasil-arjun-das-naslen-ganapathi/article69521318.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8527632}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pappu, Binu}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Tapash Chatterjee

2026-04-07T03:20:56Z

Trena17I0666860: Made first post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Tapash Chatterjee''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tapash Chatterjee(All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Rajarhat New Town (North 24 Parganas) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1131 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Rajarhat New Town, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajarhat-new-town-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797195-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chatterjee is from [[Rajarhat (community development block)|Rajarhat]] New Town, North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Pannalal Chatterjee. He completed his bachelor's degree in commerce in 1981 at a college affiliated with [[Calcutta University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chatterjee won from Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 127,374 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bhaskar Roy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 56,432 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajarhat-new-town Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Rajarhat-new-town Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-rajarhat-new-town-constituency-115.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal poll results: TMC's Tapas Chatterjee reacts after winning from Rajarhat New Town constituency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/kolkata/west-bengal-poll-results-tmcs-tapas-chatterjee-reacts-after-winning-from-rajarhat-new-town-constituency/videoshow/82358360.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, he contested on CPI (M) seat and lost to [[Sabyasachi Dutta]] of the [[Trinamool Congress]] by a margin of 7,747 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajarhat New Town Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Tapash Chatterjee of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rajarhat-new-town-election-result-2021-live-updates-rajarhat-new-town-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695927.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajarhat New Town Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajarhatnewtown-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Tapash}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:People from Bidhannagar subdivision]]

Ashok Chaturvedi

2026-04-07T01:38:27Z

Trena17I0666860: creating a post.

{{short description|Indian police and intelligence official}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Chaturvedi
| image =
| image_size = 100px
| order = [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
| term_start = 1 February 2007
| term_end = 31 January 2009
| predecessor = [[P. K. H. Tharakan]]
| successor = [[K. C. Verma]]
| party =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| profession =
}}

'''Ashok Chaturvedi''', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (1947 - September 18, 2011) was the [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing|chief]] of India's external intelligence agency the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] ('''R&AW''') from 1 February 2007 to 31 January 2009. Chaturvedi succeeded [[P.K.H. Tharakan]], a 1968 batch officer of the IPS Kerala cadre who retired on 31 January 2007.

Chaturvedi was part of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) as a 1970 batch officer from the [[Madhya Pradesh]] cadre before joining R&AW's own service cadre the Research and Analysis Service (RAS). Chaturvedi, who was an analyst on [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]], had also served in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Canada]] besides a stint in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20070729212848/http://www.indianexpress.com/printerFriendly/21318.html "Ashok Chaturvedi to be new RAW chief", The Indian Express, 20 January 2007]</ref>

== The V.K. Singh Book Dispute ==
Controversy and media speculation about his future has also continued to follow Chaturvedi's career with his failed attempts to ban the publication and sale of the book, ''India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing R&AW, ''written by Major General V.K. Singh, formerly a colleague and Joint Secretary in R&AW. In the book, V.K. Singh made a number of claims about R&AW including petulant conduct from a senior officer within the organization who went on unauthorised leave for eight months after being overlooked for promotion and who was tagged with malfeasance and ineptitude. The book was published and distributed both in India and abroad in June 2007 and the matter had largely been forgotten.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/printerFriendly/205026.html "Ban it: RAW responds to critical book by ex-official", Indian Express, 15 July 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109194127/http://www.indianexpress.com/printerFriendly/205026.html |date=9 November 2007 }}</ref><ref name="LATimes" />

However, Chaturvedi curiously resurrected the issue months later when V.K. Singh's home was raided on 21 September 2007 by officials from the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI). A case was registered against V.K. Singh under the Official Secrets Act of India (OSA). The following day the offices of the publishers of the book, Manas Publications, were also raided.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/printerFriendly/219738.html "CBI raids ex-RAW officer who wrote book questioning his agency boss", Indian Express, 22 September 2007]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/49128/raw-man-writes-revealitall-book-cbi-raids-his-home.html "Former Raw official has house raided", CNN-IBN, 22 September 2007]</ref>

Addressing a media conference where former intelligence officials were present to support him, V.K. Singh spectacularly revealed that the R&AW officer who went on an eight-month leave of absence without permission was in fact Ashok Chaturvedi.<ref name="Telegraph RAW writer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525225948/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070928/asp/nation/story_8369503.asp "RAW writer strikes again", The Telegraph, 28 September 2007]</ref> Singh said that,
<blockquote>... an act of gross indiscipline…can he (Chaturvedi) bring discipline to the organization if he does not attend office for eight months?<ref name="Telegraph RAW writer" /> </blockquote>

The investigative magazine, ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', stated that Chaturvedi appeared to have a personal vendetta against V.K. Singh. They also claimed that sources from the CBI had confirmed to them that the R&AW officer, mentioned in VK Singh's book, who went on unofficial leave for eight months was indeed Chaturvedi.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130130211156/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071008&fname=VK+Singh+(F)&sid=1 "The Iron Fig Leaf - Outlook scooped V.K. Singh's expose on RAW", Outlook Magazine, 8 October 2007]</ref>

The raid on V.K. Singh's house had also been embarrassing for Chaturvedi as initially the wrong address, belonging to another retired R&AW official, was raided in East Delhi instead of the author's house in [[Gurgaon]]. It took the officials another three hours before they finally reached the correct residence. Ironically, the whole controversy has embarrassed the Indian government and revived the sales of Singh's book. In fact, the publishers ordered another print run of 3,000 copies because of the high demand. The whole incident has also created a new debate over the freedom of expression in India and the level of public accountability of the countries' intelligence agencies. Legal experts also believe it would be a futile attempt to charge V.K. Singh under the Official Secrets Act, particularly as other former intelligence officials have released books that have been deemed to be more damaging in terms of disclosing R&AW's secrets, but no action was ever taken against them.<ref name="LATimes">[http://www.calendarlive.com/books/la-fg-secrets2nov02,0,244745.story?coll=cl-books-features "Book on India spy agency hits nerve", The Los Angeles Times, 2 November 2007]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026944&ch=9%2F22%2F2007+1%3A03%3A00+PM |title="CBI raids 'RAW' book publisher", NDTV, 22 September 2007 |access-date=4 October 2007 |archive-date=4 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004224854/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026944&ch=9%2F22%2F2007+1%3A03%3A00+PM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=surya%2Fsurya41.txt&writer=surya "Shooting the Messenger", The Pioneer 9 October 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012114515/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=surya%2Fsurya41.txt&writer=surya |date=12 October 2007 }}</ref>

Chaturvedi had sanctioned publication of a book written by [[K. Sankaran Nair]], a former head of R&AW, in which the Gandhi family, particularly former Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], is reported to have been behind a number of controversial deals involving bribery. It has been questioned as to why Chaturvedi tried to gag V.K. Singh yet allowed Nair's book to be published without any scrutiny. This has brought Chaturvedi into a direct confrontation with the [[Nehru-Gandhi Family]].<ref name="Khaleej RAW">[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2007/December/opinion_December60.xml&section=opinion&col "A RAW deal", Khaleej Times, 16 December 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910123915/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data%2Fopinion%2F2007%2FDecember%2Fopinion_December60.xml&section=opinion&col |date=10 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071119&fname=Book+Inside+(F)&sid=1 "Spooks 'n Sprouts: An ex-RAW chief lays bare the intrigue-ridden Indira years", Outlook Magazine, 19 November 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115114709/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071119&fname=Book+Inside+%28F%29&sid=1 |date=15 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/story/238968.html "Indira govt paid $11 m, not $6 m, as bribe for Iran loan: ex-official on former RAW Chief's disclosures", Indian Express, 14 November 2007]</ref>

After the V.K. Singh book dispute, Chaturvedi issued a directive wanting all R&AW's current employees to sign a declaration that they would not write about their careers after they leave the agency. Opinion, however, is divided on the issue as many say it's unfair to censor such voices. The declaration wants to bar officers from writing about the agency even after the two-year cooling off period post-retirement. The new ruling would mean that officers would have to take permission to write and even then it cannot be published without prior clearance from the agency. The declaration says for any violation the officer will be held "liable for action", such as no pension, to charges under the Official Secrets Act.<ref>[http://zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=396765&sid=NAT&sname "Raids on RAW official V K Singh was meant to dissuade others", ZEE News, 23 September 2007]</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070027943&ch=10/1/2007%209:53:00%20PM "Ex-RAW spies criticise govt over raid", NDTV, 1 October 2007] {{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== The Colombo Spy Scandal ==

In October 2007 another highly damaging controversy erupted for Chaturvedi when it transpired R&AW was forced to recall one of its officers who was stationed at the Indian [[High Commission]] in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. Ravi Nair, who held the rank of Joint Secretary within R&AW, was sent back to New Delhi when it transpired that he had developed "irregular relations" with a Chinese woman. Officials posted at the Indian High Commission, sent reports about Nair to their respective departments paving the way for his recall. What was of particular concern, was that Nair had started the relationship with the same woman during a previous posting to the Indian Consulate in [[Hong Kong]]. He apparently continued to maintain ties with her after he was posted to Colombo in 2006.<ref>[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/s2053093.htm "India spy chief recalled for China liaison", Radio Australia, 8 October 2007]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/225510.html "RAW suspects 'Chinese connection' between its officer in Colombo and a woman, calls him back", Sunday Express, 7 October 2007]</ref>

Infighting within R&AW also may have led to the Nair's recall from Sri Lanka. In fact, Nair's activities had aroused suspicion prior to his posting in Colombo, whilst at the agency's [[Chennai]] office when it was alleged he was involved in another extramarital affair. Following reports from the Chennai office, then head of R&AW [[P.K.H. Tharakan]], directed his second-in-command at the time and the current R&AW chief Ashok Chaturvedi to conduct an inquiry and take suitable steps. However, Chaturvedi did not take any action and conversely Nair's name was put forward for the Colombo posting, considered one of R&AW's most sensitive stations. Outlook Magazine stated that had Chaturvedi conducted an inquiry and taken action at Tharakan's behest, Nair would never have been considered for the posting to Sri Lanka and R&AW could have saved itself the embarrassment Nair has caused.<ref name="Outlook Investigation" /><ref>[http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14539606&vsv=SHGTslot1 "Infighting in RAW led to officer's recall", Sify News, 8 October 2007]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The Colombo and Chennai scandals were apparently not Nair's first transgression. At various other foreign postings and travels, several allegations were filed against him in internal R&AW reports by senior intelligence officers. Prior to his posting in Sri Lanka, Nair had previously been stationed to the [[United States]], [[Bhutan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Hong Kong]] but despite all the controversy surrounding him, Nair continued to receive support from Chaturvedi and another former head of R&AW, [[K. Sankaran Nair]]. Instead of being reprimanded by Chaturvedi, Nair has been allowed to carry on with his duties.<ref name="Outlook Investigation">[https://archive.today/20130131101043/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071022&fname=Raw+(F)&sid=1&pn=1 "Investigation Scandal in RAW", Outlook Magazine, 22 October 2007]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021143910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-09/india/27960978_1_raw-officer-intelligence-agencies-postings "Cover-up games intelligence agencies play", The Times of India, 9 October 2007]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=5f454bf6-80b6-4554-97f1-9489ef526bd3&&Headline=India+recalls+RAW+official+from+Sri+Lanka "India recalls RAW official from Sri Lanka", Hindustan Times, 7 October 2007]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== The Indian Intelligence Briefing Mishap ==
In December 2007, it was revealed that there had been a massive intelligence failure inside R&AW. It was in relation to the [[state of emergency]] declared by the President of Pakistan, [[Pervez Musharraf]]. Apparently, just days before Musharraf installed emergency rule, Chaturvedi had advised the Indian Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh]], that the situation in Pakistan was stable and that there was no chance that Musharraf would declare martial law.<ref name="Khaleej RAW" />

Not anticipating any major change in Pakistan, Chaturvedi did not feel the need to prepare for any unpredictable change in circumstances. On 3 November 2007, Musharraf suspended the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] and [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency|declared a state of emergency]]. New Delhi was caught completely off guard and the Indian prime minister apparently "was livid."

== The Nepal Exposure ==
Unlike his predecessors who specialised in [[Pakistan]] or [[China]], Chaturvedi is the first head of India's Intelligence agency whose area of expertise is [[Nepal]]. However, in December 2007 the R&AW Chief faced another embarrassing scandal when the 'Nepal Weekly' magazine revealed that R&AW was trying to interfere in the internal political dynamics of Nepal. The magazine also revealed the names of various R&AW agents working at the Indian embassy in the Nepalese capital, [[Kathmandu]] which included Suresh Dhundiya, R&AW's station chief in Kathmandu, and his deputies Alok Tiwari posted as First Secretary (Education) and K. V. Johri, a counsellor. It was also publicized that Dhundiya was being replaced as station chief by [[Alok Joshi]]. This revelation resulted in Joshi being exposed before he even assumed his new position thus compromising R&AW's intelligence apparatus in Nepal. To make matters worse, Nepalese newspapers were also able to find out the detailed travel plans of Chaturvedi's visit to Nepal in December 2007, including the airline he flew on and which hotel he stayed in.<ref name="Telegraph Mysterious">[http://www.telegraphnepal.com/news_det.php?news_id=2548 "Mysterious visit of RAW chief and its impact", Telegraph Nepal, 22 December 2007]</ref><ref name="Khaleej Nepal">[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/subcontinent/2007/December/subcontinent_December300.xml&section=subcontinent&col "Ties with Nepal hit as Maoists call the shots", Khaleej Times, 9 December 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910123929/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data%2Fsubcontinent%2F2007%2FDecember%2Fsubcontinent_December300.xml&section=subcontinent&col |date=10 September 2012 }}</ref>

Chaturvedi forced the interim government of [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] to award a contract to an Indian firm for a hydropower project. It has also been alleged that Chaturvedi may have financially benefited personally from the deal. Questions have been raised in India as to why the head of an Indian intelligence agency was promoting a commercial company in Nepal.<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C02%5C23%5Cstory_23-2-2008_pg4_11 “Gaffes, mismanagement – RAW chief on his way out”, The Daily Times, 23 February 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606180449/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C02%5C23%5Cstory_23-2-2008_pg4_11 |date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

The timing of these events coincided with worsening relations between India and Nepal. In a snub to India, Nepal's Foreign Minister [[Sahana Pradhan]] requested a high level Chinese delegation visiting Kathmandu to extend the Tibet rail into Nepal. The request carries significance against the backdrop of Nepal's warning to India not to go ahead with a proposed highway along the India-Nepal border.<ref name="Khaleej Nepal" />

The Telegraph Weekly of Nepal commented that "With R&AW facing continuous debacle in its Nepal affairs, it is highly likely that the R&AW machinery will come in a heavy way in order to regain its lost ground in Nepal. Chaturvedi is being told to pack up by the New Delhi set-up, it is talked".<ref name="Telegraph Mysterious" />

== Diplomatic Faux Pas ==
In a number of important meetings, Chaturvedi did not appear to know who he was actually meeting. On one particular occasion, [[Timothy J. Keating]], the commander of the [[United States Pacific Command]] made an official trip to India in August 2007 and met a number of senior Indian defense and intelligence chiefs including Chaturvedi. However, Chaturvedi did not know who Keating was, and kept referring to him as [[John Negroponte]], the U.S. deputy Secretary of State. In another episode, before leaving on a trip to China in January, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked Chaturvedi for a briefing about his perspectives of the current senior leadership in China. Instead of delegating the task to the China section within R&AW, Chaturvedi attempted to put together his own report which talked about [[Jiang Zemin]] and [[Zhu Rongji]], the former president and premier respectively, both of whom retired in 2003.<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk" /><ref name="hindustantimes.com">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=fe0260a8-186f-4242-98dd-0269b69e44ab&&Headline=R%26amp%3bAW+in+for+a+major+shake-up%3f "R&AW in for a shake-up?”, The Hindustan Times, 21 February 2008]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Government Sanctions Dismissal ==
Because of the repeated instances of incompetence and scandals during Chaturvedi's tenure and the continuing decline of the intelligence agency, it had been reported by the Indian and foreign press that the R&AW chief would be removed from his post, which has never happened before.<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk" /><ref name="hindustantimes.com" /><ref>[https://archive.today/20120908001310/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20080128&fname=RAW+(F)&sid=1&pn=1 “Exclusive Raw Corruption Probe”, Outlook Magazine, 28 January 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/the-buzz-is-about-sdz.aspx “It’s spy vs spy now”, Asian Age, 3 March 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503030235/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/the-buzz-is-about-sdz.aspx |date=3 May 2008 }}</ref>

It was reported that several Western intelligence agencies were reluctant to share classified information with R&AW's top officials, because of Chaturvedi. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and other senior officials of his secretariat were unhappy with him as a result.<ref name="hindustantimes.com" />

The Middle East Times revealed that at a closed-door meeting at the start of 2008 which all of India's intelligence and military chiefs were present, Chaturvedi was asked for his opinion on the upcoming security challenges the country faced. The R&AW chief presented his views while chewing tobacco and sounding incoherent. Narayanan asked him to clean out his mouth. But "Embarrassment turned to humiliation when Chaturvedi resumed his analysis only to be told by Narayanan that he was making more sense when the tobacco was in his mouth."<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.metimes.com/International/2008/05/29/indias_spy_chief_controversy_continues/8901/ “India's spy chief controversy continues”, Middle East Times, 29 May 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006204603/http://www.metimes.com/International/2008/05/29/indias_spy_chief_controversy_continues/8901/ |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>

The pressure to sack him on the grounds of gross incompetence had reached Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who supported by senior leaders in the ruling Congress Party, gave his approval to quietly remove Chaturvedi.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Chaturvedi made a direct personal appeal to Congress Party President [[Sonia Gandhi]] to save his job, claiming that he was not in good health and that he should be allowed to serve out the remainder of his service period. Gandhi, passed the responsibility for the decision to Narayanan with her recommendation for a review. Narayanan deferred making any decision thus reprieving Chaturvedi. G.S. Bajpai, a former head of R&AW and Tripathi's father-in law, also intervened and pleaded the case to keep Chaturvedi when it looked like he would be sacked. Quoting sources from the Prime Minister's Office, the Middle East Times claimed that "The Congress Party was worried that if Chaturvedi was sacked it would be a sign of admitting that they had made a mistake."<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Criticism has focused on Narayanan himself, who despite being a respected figure within India for his record with the domestic spy agency, the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), he has had to take criticism for sanctioning Chaturvedi's appointment and continuing in persisting with him.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==Unsanctioned Post-Retirement Perks==
In the 8 February 2010 edition of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]'' it was reported that following his retirement, Chaturvedi had a diplomatic passport issued for himself and his wife and was able to utilize [[Government of India]] funds for their personal international trips. According to Outlook Magazine, "Only grade ‘A’ ambassadors—usually IFS ([[Indian Foreign Service]]) officers posted in key countries like the UK and US—are allowed to hold diplomatic passports after retirement. The majority, who do not fit that bill, hold passports issued to ordinary citizens. In fact, all former R&AW chiefs Outlook spoke to confirmed they had surrendered their diplomatic passports the day they retired. And their spouses weren’t entitled to diplomatic passports even while they were in service."<ref>Outlook reports on RAW corruption: http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264027</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[P.K.H. Tharakan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[R&AW#Secretaries of R&AW|Director of R&AW]]
|years=1 February 2007 – 31 January 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[K. C. Verma]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Ashok}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Indian spies]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Research & Analysis Wing]]

Manu Sharma

2026-04-06T20:52:13Z

Trena17I0666860: starting

{{Short description|Indian convicted murderer (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Manu Sharma
| other_names =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_date = {{bya|1977}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Self employed
| employer = Siddhartha Vashishta Charitable Trust
| spouse = {{marriage|Preity Sharma |2015}} <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/manu-sharma-gets-april-2015-marriage-registered-at-ut-registrar-s-office/story-uWvNhUlGNn9sRGMmzt0F9L.html#:~:text=Sector%2017%20here.-,Out%20on%20parole%2C%20Sharma%2C%2039%2C%20arrived%20at%20the%20registrar's,the%20slip%20to%20the%20media. | title=Manu Sharma gets April 2015 marriage registered at UT registrar's office | publisher=Hindustan Times | work=Monica Sharma | date=20 January 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref>
| parents = [[Venod Sharma]] (father)
| relatives = [[Kartikeya Sharma]] (brother)
| children =
}}
'''Manu Sharma''' (born 1977) is an Indian convicted murderer who was imprisoned for the 1999 [[murder of Jessica Lal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-02 |title=Jessica Lal's murderer Manu Sharma walks out of Tihar jail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jessica-lal-s-murderer-manu-sharma-walks-out-of-tihar-jail/story-vqmiGQ58U8jZzaJte1Q68H.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204005326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jessica-lal-s-murderer-manu-sharma-walks-out-of-tihar-jail/story-vqmiGQ58U8jZzaJte1Q68H.html |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He was released in June 2020 on grounds of good behaviour. Sharma is the son of the former [[Indian National Congress]] leader, [[Venod Sharma]], and the brother of media baron, [[Kartikeya Sharma]].

Sharma is one of several high-profile criminals brought to trial in India through media activism, with his conviction among those viewed as demonstrating the impact of the general public in correcting imbalances in the Indian legal process.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=12dd04bf-0796-4b52-bf3d-d4a291ebd120&ParentID=63d4699b-619d-49a4-9c0a-4adc214bf63c&&Headline=Courts+see+through+flip-flops+of+witnesses |title=Courts see through flip-flops of witnesses – BMW case: Sanjeev Nanda found guilty |date=10 September 2008 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125114455/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=12dd04bf-0796-4b52-bf3d-d4a291ebd120&ParentID=63d4699b-619d-49a4-9c0a-4adc214bf63c&&Headline=Courts+see+through+flip-flops+of+witnesses |archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

He has changed his name and now his official name is Siddharth Sharma.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/manu-sharma/|title=Notorious killer linked to major Scotch whisky development|date=8 December 2024}}</ref> He is behind the brand that manufactures [[Indri_(whisky)|Indri whisky]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==

Sharma was born in 1977. His father was a member of parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]] during the 1990s, elected on an [[Indian National Congress]] ticket. He was later elected to the Haryana legislature.<ref name="gulf">{{Cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=239728&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22 |title=Homicide conviction punctures legal armour of India's elite |date=5 September 2008 |work=[[Gulf Times]] |access-date=18 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607192411/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=239728&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> His uncle is the son-in-law of former [[President of India]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121911590100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121035413/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121911590100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2010 |title=Manu Sharma, Vikas Yadav and Gill convicted in Jessica Lal murder case |date=19 December 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref>

Sharma has [[asthma]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/31051999/crime.html |title=Wanton Ways |date=30 May 1999 |access-date=18 September 2008 |publisher=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906195755/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/31051999/crime.html |archive-date=6 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He completed two years of undergraduate courses in Commerce at a college in [[Chandigarh]].

On 22 April 2015, Sharma married Preity Sharma, a [[Mumbai]] based model. The marriage was delayed due to Sharma's conviction.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/post-wedding-hush-at-manu-sharmas-house/articleshow/47064946.cms | title=Post wedding, hush at Manu Sharma's house | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 April 2015 | accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/473942/jessica-lal-killer-manu-sharma.html |title=Jessica Lall murder convict Manu Sharma weds Mumbai woman |last=Varinder Bhatia |date=26 April 2015 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

== Murder and conviction ==
{{Main|Murder of Jessica Lal}}

In the late 1990s, Sharma was known to be a regular party-goer in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40618 |date=11 January 2003 |access-date=18 August 2008 |publisher=India Express|title=City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News }}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 29 April 1999, he was present at a party where an unlicensed bar was operating. Jessica Lal refused to serve him, despite being offered 1000 rupees, and Sharma then fired a .22 pistol and killed her.<ref name="IT">{{Cite news |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/cover.html |title=Murder of a Model] |date=17 May 1999 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828034344/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/cover.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=rediffaug /> Sharma was arrested and charged with murder, destruction of evidence and other offences.<ref name="rediffaug">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/03jess.htm |title=Manu Sharma, Vikas Yadav charged with Jessica Lal's murder] |date=3 August 1999 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> During the trial, 32 witnesses [[Hostile witness|turned "hostile"]]. Seven years after the case was opened, on 21 February 2006, Sharma and eight others of the twelve accused were acquitted. The trial judge commented after the outcome that: {{quote|The court has acquitted them because the Delhi police failed to sustain the grounds on which they had built up their case. The police failed to recover the weapon which was used to fire at Jessica Lal as well as prove their theory that the two cartridges, emptied shells of which were recovered from the spot, were fired from one weapon.<ref name="Hindu20060222">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/22/stories/2006022214170100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225090930/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/22/stories/2006022214170100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=All accused acquitted in Jessica Lal murder case |date=22 February 2006 }}</ref>}}

After his acquittal by the trial court, Sharma was ostracized with [[SMS]] campaigns being sent out to boycott all establishments owned by the Sharma family.<ref name="shunned">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1436468.cms |title=Manu Sharma – acquitted, but shunned |date=3 March 2006 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> The acquittal led to widespread public outcry. In March 2006, the case was re-admitted in the [[Delhi High Court]] where it was tried on a fast-track basis. Among the evidence re-introduced were two spent cartridges recovered from Sharma's car; the ballistic analysis for one of which showed it as matching the bullet recovered from Lal's skull.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=203723 |title=Getting Away With Murder: Jessica case: Court comes down hard on witnesses |last=Sharma |first=Tanu |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=15 September 2008 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This evidence had been overlooked by the trial court. On 18 December 2006, the High Court ruled Sharma guilty of murdering Jessica Lal and sentenced him to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-19 |title=Jessica Lall murder: SC upholds Manu Sharma's life sentence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jessica-lall-murder-sc-upholds-manu-sharmas-life-sentence/articleshow/5830649.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After conviction, he was imprisoned in the [[Tihar Jail]]. Sharma appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] through his counsel [[Ram Jethmalani]]. However, the court upheld his sentence of life imprisonment on 19 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=570289 |title=Jessica murder case: SC refuses bail to Manu Sharma |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=18 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911022825/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=570289 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Sharma was incarcerated in the Tihar Jail along with co-accused [[Vikas Yadav (murderer)|Vikas Yadav]] and Amardeep Singh Gill, who had been sentenced for destroying the evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=15687 |title=Manu wants mattress, heater; sorry, says jail |date=20 December 2006 |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> Along with another high-profile convict, Santosh Kumar Singh, Sharma was involved in helping other prisoners draft legal appeals.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Relaxed_Manu_helps_inmates_in_Tihar/articleshow/940024.cms |title=Relaxed Manu helps inmates in Tihar |date=27 December 2006 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref>

On 24 September 2009, the Delhi Lieutenant Governor granted Sharma 30-day parole from jail on the grounds that he needed to attend to his ailing mother, attend the last rites of his grandmother,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/paroles-ins-and-outs-to-perform-ritual-for/539887/ |title=Parole's ins and outs: to perform ritual for late grandmother, attend to aged mother |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=14 November 2011 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> and also look after the family business which was suffering in his absence.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-25/delhi/28078425_1_manu-sharma-venod-sharma-parole |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-25/delhi/28078425_1_manu-sharma-venod-sharma-parole |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Manu Sharma out on 30 day parole }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jessica-case-hc-to-hear-manus-parole-plea/202038-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115155517/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jessica-case-hc-to-hear-manus-parole-plea/202038-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2011 |title=Jessica case: HC to hear Manu Sharma's parole plea |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=14 November 2011 |publisher=IBN}}</ref> It was later revealed that the parole was granted despite an objection from the Delhi police.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-12/news/27644474_1_manu-sharma-model-jessica-lall-siddharth-vashisht |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232937/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-12/news/27644474_1_manu-sharma-model-jessica-lall-siddharth-vashisht |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2014 |title=Manu got parole despite Delhi police objection |date=12 November 2009 |work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

In November 2009, Chief Minister [[Sheila Dikshit]] came under criticism for granting parole to Sharma after media reports of him visiting night clubs in Delhi emerged. During the parole, he got involved in a brawl with the son of police commissioner of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/delhi/28102367_1_manu-sharma-jessica-lall-parole |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103061910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/delhi/28102367_1_manu-sharma-jessica-lall-parole |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Manu Sharma partying hard, yet CM defends parole |date=10 November 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2009}}</ref> After a public uproar that he violated parole norms, the Delhi Government had to cancel his parole<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/news/28447078_1_manu-sharma-parole-norms-parole-decision |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217145206/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/news/28447078_1_manu-sharma-parole-norms-parole-decision |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2014 |title=Delhi Govt asks police to probe if Manu violated parole norms |date=10 November 2009 |work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> and on 10 November 2009, Sharma returned to Tihar Jail.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Manu-Sharma-granted-5-day-parole/Article1-769854.aspx |title=Paroled, reveller Manu Sharma to be out again |date=16 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125075256/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Manu-Sharma-granted-5-day-parole/Article1-769854.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

Sharma established the Siddhartha Vashishta Charitable Trust during imprisonment. It is managed by his mother and brother. According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the Trust is intended to assist causes such as" child education, cancer awareness, [and] rehabilitation of prisoners etc." By July 2011, it had provided assistance to at least 130 children of prison inmates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/manu-sharmas-trust-showcases-tihar-art-he/814950/ |title=Manu Sharma's trust showcases Tihar art, he talks of misery in jail |date=9 July 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Manu-Sharmas-trust-saves-a-3-year-old/articleshow/10063449.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016155518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/people/30183745_1_aiims-life-imprisonment-child-education |url-status=live |archive-date=16 October 2011 |title=Manu Sharma's trust saves a 3-year-old |last=Sharma |first=Suruchi |date=21 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref>

Sharma was granted five days' parole in November 2011 to attend the wedding of his younger brother.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/20296-police-oppose-manu-sharmas-parole-plea.html |title=Police oppose Manu Sharma's parole plea |date=14 November 2011 |work=The Pioneer |access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> The parole restricted his movements to the cities of Karnal, Chandigarh, and Ambala, and prevented him from visiting any night club.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jessica-Lal-murder-case-Manu-Sharma-granted-parole-for-five-days/articleshow/10751960.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413055358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-16/india/30405164_1_30-day-parole-manu-sharma-parole-application |url-status=live |archive-date=13 April 2013 |title=Manu Sharma granted parole for five days |date=16 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2632562.ece |title=Delhi HC grants parole to Manu Sharma, serving life for Jessica Lal killing |date=16 November 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref> Sharma was granted nine days parole in December 2013<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jessica-lal-murder-case-manu-sharma-gets-nineday-parole/article5473878.ece |title=Jessica Lal murder case: Manu Sharma gets nine-day parole |date=18 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> and 30 days on 26 December 2014 to appear for his master's degree exams.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jessica-Lall-murder-case-Manu-Sharma-gets-30-days-parole/articleshow/45651665.cms |title=Jessica Lall murder case: Manu Sharma gets 30 days parole |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>

Considering his good conduct, Sharma was moved to an "open jail" in November 2017 where he was allowed to leave prison everyday and return in evening.<ref>{{Citation |title=Growing Economy work. He lives for another JK days in retirement without his adult life. This we have his death. This consistent upward his adulthood and less rapidly in the later his adulthood while he is |date=2013-05-13 |work=The Growing Economy |pages=196 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203106594-46 |access-date=2025-01-10 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203106594-46 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |isbn=978-0-203-10659-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On 2018, Sabrina Lal, the only surviving family member of [[Murder of Jessica Lal|Jessica Lal]] said in a letter to the welfare office of Tihar jail that she had no objection to the release of Manu Sharma as he had spent 15 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/19-years-of-jessica-lall-murder-case-a-look-back/ |title=19 years of Jessica Lall murder case: A look back |date=2018-04-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> On 2 June 2020, Delhi Lieutenant Governor allowed the release of Sharma after a recommendation by the Sentence Review Board (SRB).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Delhi Lieutenant Governor allows release of Manu Sharma, convicted for killing Jessica Lal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-lieutenant-governor-allows-release-of-manu-sharma-convicted-for-killing-jessica-lal/story-JHu7iQyL3GD6MMGwyeBBkK.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The decision was taken by SRB on 13 May 2020 under the chairmanship of Delhi Home Minister, [[Satyendra Kumar Jain|Satyendra Jain]]. His sentence was supposed to end on 6 May 2023.{{Cn|date=November 2021}}

Sharma was released from imprisonment in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jessica-lall-murderer-manu-sharmas-life-term-ends-after-17-yrs/articleshow/76166298.cms|title=Jessica Lall murderer Manu Sharma's life term ends after 17 yrs|website=Times Of India|accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> After his release Manu Sharma expressed regret in an interview to ''[[The Times of India]]'' for killing Jessica Lal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/deeply-regret-what-happened-21-yrs-ago-manu/articleshow/76204552.cms | title=Deeply regret what happened 21 years ago, says Manu Sharma | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Abhinav Garg | date=5 June 2020 | accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref>

After release, he is involved in [[Indri_(whisky)|Indri whisky]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hindustanherald.in/indri-whisky-manu-sharma-unequal-justice-question/|title=Indri Whisky and India’s Unequal Justice: Why Manu Sharma’s Return Should Worry Us - Hindustan Herald|first=Ananya|last=Sharma|date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

== In media ==
*''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'', a 2011 Indian political crime thriller film directed by [[Rajkumar Gupta]] starring [[Vidya Balan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]], based on the [[Murder of Jessica Lal]] case.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikinews|New Delhi: Video shows witnesses in the Jessica Lall murder case being bribed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Manu}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Drinking establishment owners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Sharma family|Manu Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:1999 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]

2025 Kerala local elections

2026-04-06T16:00:57Z

Trena17I0666860: creating a stub.

{{Short description|Local government elections in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Kerala local elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = [[2020 Kerala local elections]]
| previous_year = [[2020 Kerala local elections|2020]]
| next_election = [[2030 Kerala local elections]]
| next_year = [[2030 Kerala local elections|2030]]
| election_date = 9–11 December 2025
| seats_for_election = 1199 of 1200 local bodies in Kerala{{Efn|[[Mattanur]] municipality elections are held in a different cycle, hence elections to this municipality are not held in 2025.}}
| 1blank = Grama Panchayat
| 2blank = Block Panchayat
| 3blank = District Panchayat
| 4blank = Municipality
| 5blank = Corporation
| turnout = 73.69% ({{decrease}}2.51%)
| alliance1 = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1data1 = 505
| 2data1 = 79
| 3data1 = 07
| 4data1 = 54
| 5data1 = 04
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = 38.81%
| swing1 = ({{increase}}2.8%)
| alliance2 = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1data2 = 340
| 2data2 = 63
| 3data2 = 07
| 4data2 = 28
| 5data2 = 01
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 = 33.45%
| swing2 = ({{decrease}}4.5%)
| alliance3 = {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1data3 = 26
| 2data3 = 00
| 3data3 = 00
| 4data3 = 02
| 5data3 = 01
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 = 14.71%
| swing3 = ({{decrease}}0.29%)
| map_caption = 2025 Kerala local elections results
| map_image = File:2025 Kerala local elections results.png
| image1 =
}}

Elections to local governments ([[Local government in Kerala#Panchayat raj institutions (PRIs)|Panchayats]], [[Municipal governance in India|Municipalities]] and [[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporations]]) in [[Kerala]] were held on 9 December 2025 and 11 December 2025 in 2 phases. Results were announced on 13 December 2025 through the [[Kerala State Election Commission]]'s official results portal after conclusion of counting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2025-11-10 |title=Kerala local body elections 2025 to be held in two phases on December 9 and 11; counting on December 13 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-local-body-elections-2025-to-be-held-in-two-phases-on-december-9-and-11-counting-on-december-13/article70261806.ece |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala local body election to be held in two phases on December 9, 11; counting of votes on Dec 13|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/10/kerala-local-body-election-to-be-held-in-two-phases-on-december-9-and-11-counting-of-votes-on-dec-13|work=The New Indian Express|date=2025-11-11|access-date=2025-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-13 |title=Kerala local body polls 2025 results highlights: UDF clinches decisive win; PM Modi thanks voters as NDA scripts history in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-local-body-polls-2025-results-live-updates/article70391419.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Kerala State Election Commission|State Election Commission, Kerala]] had completed preparatory processes, including finalising electoral rolls, delimitation of wards, and scheduling. According to the final voter's list published by the [[Kerala State Election Commission]], the State had a total of 2,84,30,761 registered voters.<ref>{{Cite news|title=2025 local body polls in Kerala: State Election Commission caps voter number per polling station at 1,500 in civic bodies; 1,200 in panchayats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/2025-local-body-polls-in-kerala-state-election-commission-caps-voter-number-per-polling-station-at-1500-in-civic-bodies-1200-in-panchayats/article70220739.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-10-30|access-date=2025-11-28|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Tiki|last=Rajwi}}</ref>

== Background ==
Local body elections in Kerala are held every five years to elect members to grama, block, and [[District council (India)|district panchayats]], as well as [[Municipality|municipalities]] and [[municipal corporation]]s. The [[2020 Kerala local elections]] were held in December 2020, resulting in a decisive victory for the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala local body polls in three phases in December|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/06/kerala-local-body-polls-in-three-phases-in-december-2220220.html|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Ward delimitation 2025 ==
In preparation for the 2025 Kerala local body elections, the state undertook a ward delimitation exercise based on the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]]. As a result, the total number of wards across local self-government institutions increased from 21,900 to 23,612, adding 1,712 new. The exercise was carried out by a Delimitation Commission, Kerala headed by State Election Commissioner A. Shajahan and covered all districts of the state. Public hearings were held before issuing the final notifications between May and July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-13 |title=Delimitation: Over 1.7k new wards in Kerala local body polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Aug/13/delimitation-over-17k-new-wards-in-kerala-local-body-polls |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=Ward delimitation exercise in Kerala local bodies completed: State Delimitation Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ward-delimitation-exercise-in-kerala-local-bodies-completed-state-delimitation-commission/article69924380.ece |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The number of wards in the state’s 87 municipalities increased from 3,113 to 3,241, while the six municipal corporations saw an increase from 414 to 421 wards. In the 941 grama panchayats, the total number of wards rose from 15,962 to 17,337. The 152 block panchayats recorded an increase from 2,080 to 2,267 wards, and the 14 district panchayats now have 346 wards, up from the previous 331.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Final notification on delimitation in urban local bodies in Kerala issued |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/final-notification-on-delimitation-in-urban-local-bodies-in-kerala-issued/articleshow/121502911.cms |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The State Election Commission held the polling in 2 phases in December 2025. The first phase was held on December 9 for the districts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]; The second phase was then held on December 11 for the districts of [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], and [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala local body elections scheduled for November–December 2025 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-local-body-elections-2025-y6i1w823 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=23 September 2025}}</ref>
District administrations released preliminary notifications regarding reservation draws, ward delimitations, and procurement for polling materials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayat Election 2025 – Alappuzha District |url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/document-category/panchayat-election-2025/ |publisher=Alappuzha District Administration |date=29 October 2025 |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref>

== Voter rolls ==
The SEC has undertaken summary revision of electoral rolls with house-to-house enumeration and verification of entries. Political parties have raised concerns regarding alleged duplication of entries and have submitted complaints to district collectors and the SEC.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Voter list revision underway in Kerala: House-to-house enumeration begins |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-local-body-elections-2025-y6i1w823 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=2.75 lakh double votes, CPM manipulated list, alleges BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/2-75-lakh-double-votes-cpm-manipulated-list-alleges-bjp/articleshow/123174487.cms |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In July 2025, voter list was published listing 2,66,78,256 registered voters—of whom 1,40,45,837 were women, 1,26,32,186 men and 233 transgender voters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala local body polls: Know how to check or add your name in the voters’ list |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/24/kerala-local-body-polls-know-how-to-check-add-your-name-in-voters-list.html |website=Onmanorama |publisher=Malayala Manorama |date=24 July 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> After summary revision and disposal of claims and objections, the final voters’ list was published in September 2025, showing a total of 2,83,12,472 voters—an increase of 16.34 lakh over the draft list.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Election Commission publishes updated voters list for local body elections |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-election-commission-publishes-updated-voters-list-for-local-body-elections-qqr5jwkb |work=Mathrubhumi English |date=26 September 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> The SEC allowed new voter applications and corrections until 12 August 2025, following which the rolls were frozen for the conduct of elections.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala local election voter list update extended; last date August 12 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-local-election-voter-list-update-o537cfju |work=Mathrubhumi English |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> The complete electoral roll can be accessed on the SEC’s official voter-search portal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electoral Roll – State Election Commission, Kerala |url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/public/voters/list |publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

== Parties and coalitions ==
The main political alliances contesting the elections were expected to be:

* The [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and including the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), [[Kerala Congress (M)]], [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S) (Thomas Faction)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP (SP)]], [[Congress (Secular)]], and several smaller left-aligned groups.
* The [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]], led by the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and including the [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]], [[Kerala Congress]] factions such as [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|KC(Jacob)]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]], and [[Communist Marxist Party (John)|CMP(J)]].
* The [[National Democratic Alliance|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]], led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and including the [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS]], [[Kerala Kamaraj Congress]] and allied regional partners.

In addition, several minor and independent parties also fielded candidates in various wards, including the [[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]], [[Welfare Party of India]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], and [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|Twenty20]], a civic platform based in [[Kizhakkambalam]]. Independents and local issue-based collectives were also expected to contest extensively across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala local body elections scheduled for November–December 2025 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-local-body-elections-2025-y6i1w823 |website=Mathrubhumi English |date=23 September 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Smaller parties gear up for 2025 local polls across Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/09/30/kerala-local-body-polls-smaller-parties-prepare.html |website=Onmanorama |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

== Conduct ==
The [[Kerala State Election Commission]] had released administrative circulars related to polling arrangements, counting centres, and electronic publication of trends and results through the TREND 2025 portal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOCAL BODY ELECTIONS KERALA – TREND 2025 |url=https://www.sec.kerala.gov.in/results/trend2025/index.php |publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala |access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref>

== Results ==
Results were published by the SEC on its official portal after counting.
This is a summary of the outcome.
=== Vote share ===
The following table summarizes the party-wise vote share and total votes polled across the four primary tiers of local self-government in Kerala. The 2025 elections saw a significant shift, with the United Democratic Front (UDF) emerging as the largest alliance in terms of total vote percentage across all segments.

=== Consolidated Vote Share by Local Body Tier (2025) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|Alliance
|Corporations
|Municipalities
|Grama Panchayats
|District Panchayats
|Total Vote Share (Statewide)
|-
|'''UDF'''
|35.51%
|39.07%
|39.15%
|42.01%
|'''38.81%'''
|-
|'''LDF'''
|33.63%
|29.63%
|34.51%
|38.66%
|'''33.45%'''
|-
|'''NDA'''
|22.60%
|14.29%
|13.73%
|15.66%
|'''14.71%'''
|-
|'''Others'''
|8.25%
|17.01%
|12.61%
|3.67%
|'''13.03%'''
|}
Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=Kerala Local Body Elections 2025 at a glance: Infographics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-local-body-polls-2025-trends-ldf-udf/article70391580.ece |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-19 |title=Kerala local body polls: UDF won 38.81% and LDF 33.45% of votes, show vote share data released by State Election Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-local-body-polls-udf-won-3881-and-ldf-3345-of-votes-show-vote-share-data-released-by-state-election-commission/article70416628.ece |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote share
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 38.81
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value2 = 33.45
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value3 = 14.71
| color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 13.03
| color4 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}

=== Local body wise ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat Share in Grama Panchayats (By alliance)
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 63.66
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value2 = 27.13
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value3 = 2.76
| color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 7.45
| color4 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat Share in Block Panchayats (By alliance)
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 51.97
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value2 = 41.44
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| value3 = 6.59
| label3 = Others
| color3 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat Share in District Panchayats (By alliance)
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 50.00
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value2 = 50.00
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat Share in Municipalities (By alliance)
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 62.76
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value2 = 32.55
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value3 = 2.32
| color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 2.37
| color4 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat Share in Corporations (By alliance)
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 66.66
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| value2 = 16.66
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value3 = 16.66
| color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}

=== Summary ===


{| class="wikitable"
|+
2025 Kerala local body elections
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="5" |Local Bodies in lead
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|
|-
!UDF
!LDF
!NDA
!Others
!Tie
|-
|'''Grama Panchayats'''
|505 ({{Increase}}184)
|340 ({{Decrease}}174)
|26 ({{Increase}}7)
|6
|64
!941
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|79 ({{Increase}}41)
|63 ({{Decrease}}45)
|0 ({{Steady}})
|0 ({{Steady}})
|10
!152
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|7 ({{Increase}}4)
|7 ({{Decrease}}4)
|0 ({{Steady}})
|0 ({{Steady}})
|0
!14
|-
|'''Municipalities'''
|54 ({{Increase}}13)
|28 ({{Decrease}}15)
|2 ({{Steady}})
|1 ({{Increase}}1)
|1
!86
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|4 ({{Increase}} 3)
|1 ({{Decrease}}4)
|1 ({{Increase}} 1)
|0 ({{Steady}})
|0
!6
|}

=== Ward-wise ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Wards in lead
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|-
!UDF
!LDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|'''Grama Panchayats'''
|8,021 ({{Increase}}2,128)
|6,568 ({{Decrease}}694)
|1,447 ({{Increase}}265)
|1,299 ({{Decrease}}321)
!17,337
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|1241 ({{Increase}}514)
|923 ({{Decrease}}343)
|54 ({{Increase}}17)
|49 ({{Steady}})
!2267
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|195 ({{Increase}}85)
|149 ({{Decrease}}63)
|1 ({{Decrease}}1)
|1 ({{Decrease}}5)
!346
|-
|'''Municipalities'''
|1,458 ({{Increase}}286)
|1,100 ({{Decrease}}67)
|324 ({{Increase}}4)
|323 ({{Decrease}}93)
!3,205
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|187 ({{Increase}}67)
|125 ({{Decrease}}82)
|93 ({{Increase}}33)
|15 ({{Decrease}}12)
!346
|}

===Muncipal Corporations===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Municipal Corporations
! rowspan="3" |Corporation
! colspan="4" |Wards won
! rowspan="3" |Total
! rowspan="3" |Alliance in majority (2020)
! rowspan="3" |Alliance in majority (2025)
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
| style="background:black|
|-
!UDF
!LDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|[[File:C13006 - Kannur Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|center|frameless]]'''[[Kannur Municipal Corporation|Kannur]]'''
|'''36 ({{Increase}}2)'''
|15 ({{Decrease}}4)
|4 ({{Increase}}3)
|1 ({{Steady}})
!56
|'''UDF'''
|'''UDF'''
|-
|[[File:C07003 - Cochin Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]
'''[[Kochi Municipal Corporation|Kochi]]'''
|'''47 ({{Increase}}16)'''
|20 ({{Decrease}}14)
|6 ({{Increase}}1)
|3 ({{Decrease}}1)
!76
|'''LDF'''
|'''UDF'''
|-
|[[File:C02002 - Kollam Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]'''[[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam]]'''
|'''27 ({{Increase}}18)'''
|16 ({{Decrease}}23)
|12 ({{Increase}}6)
|1 ({{Steady}})
!56
|'''LDF'''
|'''UDF'''
|-
|[[File:C11005 - Kozhikode Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]'''[[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation|Kozhikode]]'''
|28 ({{Increase}}11)
|'''35 ({{Decrease}}16)'''
|13 ({{Increase}}6)
|3 ({{Increase}}3)
!76
|'''LDF'''
|'''LDF'''
|-
|[[File:C01001 - Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]'''[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram]]'''
|20 ({{Increase}}10)
|29 ({{Decrease}}24)
|'''50 ({{Increase}}15)'''
|2 ({{Decrease}}1)
!101{{Efn|Elections to ward 66-Vizhinjam were postponed due to the death of a candidate.|name=|group=}}
|'''LDF'''
|'''NDA'''
|-
|[[File:C08004 - Thrissur Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]'''[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation|Thrissur]]'''
|'''33 ({{Increase}}9)'''
|11 ({{Decrease}}13)
|8 ({{Increase}}2)
|4 ({{Increase}}3)
!56
|'''''Hung/LDF{{Efn|LDF later won mayorship over the corporation with support from independent members|name=|group=}}'''''
|'''UDF'''
|}

;Seats Won by Other Parties
The [[Aam Aadmi Party]] has opened its account in Kerala by winning 3 seats in the Kerala local body elections, all secured by women candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=AAP wins three seats in Kerala local body elections |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/aap-wins-three-seats-in-kerala-local-body-elections-all-women-candidates-emerge-victorious-immomfzl |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Aikkaranad|Aikaranadu]] Grama Panchayat, [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|Twenty20]] won all 16 wards while in [[Kizhakkambalam]] Grama Panchayat, it won 14 of 21 wards and retained that panchayat. In [[Thiruvaniyoor]], it secured 9 of 18 wards. Though Twenty20 lost control of some of its previously held panchayats such as [[Mazhuvannoor]] and [[Kunnathunad]], they have won seats in a few other panchayat wards (e.g., Poothrikka, Vengola, Manakkad). It also one 3 divisions in [[Vazhakulam]] Block Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Twenty20 loses two panchayats wins Kizhakkambalam Aikaranadu in local polls |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/12/13/mes13-kl-civic-polls-twenty20.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=the week |language=en}}</ref>

===District wise results===
The following are the district-wise local body election results based on majority:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Panchayat Election 2025 Results {{!}} Mathrubhumi |url=https://results.mathrubhumi.com/result/panchayat-2025 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=results.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! class="sortable" | District<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Body Elections 2025 - TREND by State Election Commission Kerala |url=https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=trend.sec.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
! Alliance
! Gram Panchayats
! Block Panchayats
! District Panchayats
! Municipalities
! Corporations
|-
| rowspan="4" | Thiruvananthapuram
! Total || 38 || 8 || 1 || 2 || 1
|-
| LDF || 21 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| UDF || 16 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| NDA || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| rowspan="4" | Kollam
! Total || 35 || 9 || 1 || 4 || 0
|-
| LDF || 18 || 6 || 1 || 3 || 0
|-
| UDF || 17 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Pathanamthitta
! Total || 28 || 7 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| LDF || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| UDF || 21 || 7 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| NDA || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Alappuzha
! Total || 32 || 10 || 1 || 3 || 0
|-
| LDF || 21 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| UDF || 11 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Kottayam
! Total || 36 || 11 | 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| LDF || 10 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| UDF || 26 || 9 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Idukki
! Total || 42 || 8 || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| LDF || 10 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| UDF || 32 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="5" | Ernakulam
! Total || 62 || 13 || 1 || 8 || 1
|-
| LDF || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| UDF || 57 || 12 || 1 || 8 || 1
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Others || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Thrissur
! Total || 55 || 11 || 1 || 5 || 1
|-
| LDF || 30 || 8 || 1 || 3 || 0
|-
| UDF || 24 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
| NDA || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Palakkad
! Total || 59 || 12 || 1 || 3 || 0
|-
| LDF || 37 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| UDF || 20 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0
|-
| NDA || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="5" | Malappuram
! Total || 82 || 14 || 1 || 11 || 0
|-
| LDF || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| UDF || 79 || 14 || 1 || 10 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Others || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Kozhikode
! Total || 52 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 0
|-
| LDF || 21 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| UDF || 31 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Wayanad
! Total || 17 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| LDF || 3 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| UDF || 14 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Kannur
! Total || 67 || 9 || 1 || 6 || 1
|-
| LDF || 47 || 8 || 1 || 4 || 0
|-
| UDF || 20 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
| NDA || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| rowspan="4" | Kasaragod
! Total || 25 || 6 || 0 || 2 || 0
|-
| LDF || 10 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| UDF || 14 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| NDA || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Kerala]]
* [[2020 Kerala local elections]]
* [[2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[Local government in Kerala]]
* [[Elections in Kerala]]
* [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://www.sec.kerala.gov.in/results/trend2025/index.php State Election Commission, Kerala – TREND 2025 Portal]
* [https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-local-body-elections-2025-y6i1w823 Mathrubhumi – Kerala local body elections 2025 coverage]
* [https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/document-category/panchayat-election-2025/ Alappuzha District – Panchayat Election 2025 documents]

{{Kerala elections}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:2025 in Kerala]]

Durgeshwar Lal

2026-04-04T20:31:37Z

Trena17I0666860: created new page...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durgeshwar Lal
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Purola Assembly constituency|Purola]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
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}}

'''Durgeshwar Lal''' is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand. He is a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Purola Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Purola, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Durgeshwar Lal with 25613 defeats INC's Malchand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/purola-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922960-2022-03-10 |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref>

Lal won the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]. He defeated Malchand of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 6029 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS281.htm?ac=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Durgeshwar Lal: Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/_CANDIDATENAME_-purola-candidate-s28a001c03/ |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Uttarakhand SDM lodged a police complaint against Durgeshwar Lal at Purola Police Station accusing him of uploading misleading posts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand SDM who lodged complaint against BJP MLA transferred |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttarakhand-sdm-who-lodged-complaint-against-bjp-mla-transferred/article65473631.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rituraj |title=SDM ने बीजेपी विधायक से जान का खतरा बताते हुए दर्ज कराई शिकायत, मांगी सुरक्षा |url=https://www.indiatv.in/india/national/uttarakhand-sdm-ss-saini-from-purola-of-uttarkashi-filed-complaint-against-bjp-mla-durgeshwar-lal-sought-security-2022-05-29-853862 |website=India TV Hindi News |language=hi |date=29 May 2022}}</ref>

== External links ==
[https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/dpages/present-members Present Members]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Durgeshwar}}

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}{{Uttarakhand-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mathukkutty

2026-04-01T23:19:09Z

Trena17I0666860: done

{{Short description|Indian radio/TV personality (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mathukkutty
| birth_name = Arun Mathew
| image = Mathukkutty keecheriyil.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|02|27}}
| birth_place = [[Perumbavoor, Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | [[Radio personality|Radio jockey]] | TV host | journalist | director | screenwriter}}
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| alma_mater = [[Union Christian College, Aluva]]
| spouse = Dr.Elizabeth Shaji Madathil
}}

'''Arun Mathew''' (born 27 February 1985), better known by his stage name '''Mathukkutty''', is an Indian radio jockey, television host, actor and director. He is known for his association with the [[Malayalam]] television shows on One TV, [[Mazhavil Manorama]], [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]], [[Zee Keralam]], [[Surya TV]] and for his role in the Malayalam film ''[[Ithihasa]]'', [[Campus Diary]], [[Kamuki]] and [[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]. His debut film as director was ''[[Kunjeldho]]''.

== Early life ==
Arun Mathew (Mathukutty) was born on 27 February 1985. He was raised in West Vengola, [[Perumbavoor]], Ernakulam to Mathukutty and Sosamma. He completed his bachelor's degree in Malayalam from the [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] in 2006. He joined [[Kerala Media Academy]] in Kakkanad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralamediaacademy.org/|title=Kerala Media Academy - Journalism - Media - Courses - Kerala|work=keralamediaacademy.org}}</ref> for a Postgraduate Diploma in Journalism. He started his career as editor trainee at Malayalam newspaper Veekshanam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veekshanam.com/|title=Veekshanam :Progressive National Daily|work=veekshanam.com}}</ref> He came to radio as a hobby and ended up as a radio host.

== Career ==
===Radio===
RJ Mathukkutty started his career as a radio jockey on [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] in 2007. He was working in Red FM, Thiruvananthapuram as a Radio Jockey and program producer for the shows. He was well known during his RJ career for presenting "Love On Air" and "Red Carpet". Later on, in 2017, after completing 9 years in radio, he left Red FM and joined Gold FM as Celebrity interviewer till late 2017.

===Television===
R J Mathukkutty debuted in television as celebrity interviewer in Surya TV.Later proceeded as anchor for 'Kutty Kalavara', a cookery show for children on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Im-an-expert-only-at-making-kattan-chaya/articleshow/51238219.cms|title='I'm an expert only at making kattan chaya'|work=Times of India|date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> He became quite popular after co hosting 'Dhe Chef', a cookery based reality show aired on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] in 2016 in mazhavil manorama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rj-mathukutty-on-dhe-chef.html|title='Chief of chefs, Mathukutty |work=Manorama Online}}</ref> He was the co anchor of 'Udan Panam Season 1', an outdoor Game show which is being aired on [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/udan-panam-a-new-game-show-on-mazhavil-manorama/articleshow/58576575.cms|title='Udan Panam', a new game show on Mazhavil Manorama|work=Times of India|date=8 May 2017 }}</ref> Currently he was the co anchor of "Udanpanam Season 2" and also the co host of "Europil Parann Parann Parann"- A Travelogue based on European Countries, both with "[[Raj Kalesh]]".

===Feature films===
R J Mathukkutty debuted in Malayalam films as the dialogue writer for the movie ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'', in 2015. The film and the catchy dialogues in the movie both were widely accepted by the crowd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/RJ-Mathukutty-turns-scribe/articleshow/33277107.cms|title=RJ Mathukutty turns scribe|work=The Times of India|date=5 April 2014 }}</ref> He has also done guest roles in various Malayalam movies including "[[Ithihasa]]" "[[Kamuki]]". He has done a notable role in 2016 Malayalam movie ''[[Campus Diary]]'' directed by Jeevan Das.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/TV-host-Mathukutty-makes-big-screen-debut/articleshow/52007824.cms|title=TV host Mathukutty makes big screen debut|work=The Times of India|date=27 April 2016 }}</ref> He had his directorial debut with the movie [[Kunjeldho]] in 2021 which was also written by him.

===Short films===
Mathukkutty has played the lead roles in Malayalam short films named "Kuliscene" directed by Rahul K Shaji in 2013 and "Bedroom" in 2015 directed by Sanjay Markose. He has also made a guest appearance in "Kozhibiriyani" in 2013. Later in 2017, he also played the leading role in the short film "Sorry" directed by Benjith Baby which attained wide viewer acceptance. He also appeared as a cameo in Mattoru Kadavil, sequel of Kuliscene Shortfilm

==Awards==
* Radio Active Bright Bulb Award for Red Carpet (2013)
* Radio Active Best Cupid Show Award for Love on Air (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|title=RJ Stars Who Rule The Malayalam Radio Town, Top Ten List|url=https://nettv4u.com/entertainment/malayalam/article/top-10-malayalam-rjs|access-date=2022-01-07|website=nettv4u|language=en}}</ref>
* Flash on Media Best RJ of the Year Award (2012)
* Media Awards Popular Anchor for Udanpanam (2019)

==Filmography ==
===Short films===
{| class=wikitable
|+ List of short film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013||''Kuliscene''||Sunny || Rahul K Shaji|| Acting Debut
|-
| 2013||''Kozhibiriyani ''|| || Fawaz/Vishnu||
|-
| 2014||''Bedroom''|| || Sanjayan Marcose||
|-
|2018||Sorry|||| Benjith Baby ||
|-
|2020|| Mattoru Kadavil, Kuliscene 2||Sunny|| Rahul K Shaji||Cameo
|}

===Web series===
{| class=wikitable
|+ List of web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kili (TV series)|Kili]]'' ||Actor
|}

===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Actor || [[Anwar Rasheed]]|| Cameo
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]''|| Actor || [[Sameer Thahir]]||
|-
| 2014||''[[Ithihasa]]''|| Actor || [[Binu Sadanandan]]||
|-
| 2014||''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''|| Actor || [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]||
|-
| 2015||''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]''|| Actor || [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]||
|-
| 2016||''[[Campus Diary]]''|| Actor ||[[Jeevan (director)|Jeevan]]||
|-
| 2018||''[[Kamuki]]''|| Actor ||[[Binu Sadanandan]]||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kunjeldho|Kunjeldo]]'' || Director || Mathukkutty ||Debut as director
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' || Actor || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] || Cameo as priest
|}

===As dubbing artist===
{| class=wikitable
|+ List of dubbing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014||''[[Koothara]]''|| [[Srinath Rajendran]] || |
|-
|2015||[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]|| [[G. Prajith|Prajith]] ||
|}

===As dialogue writer===
{| class=wikitable
|+ List of dialogue writing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
|-
| 2015 || ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' ||[[Roopesh Peethambaran]]
|}

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
|-
|2015||On the spot||Host||One TV
|-
|2015-2016||Kuttykalavara||Host||Flowers TV
|-
|2016 ||Dhe Chef||Co-host||Mazhavil Manorama
|-
|2017–2018 ||[[Udan Panam]]||Co-host||Mazhavil Manorama
|-
|2017||[[Midukki]]||Co-host||Mazhavil Manorama
|-
|2017–2019||Talk Time with Mathukutty||Host||YouTube
|-
|2018–2019||[[Udan Panam|Udan Panam season 2]]||Co-host||Mazhavil Manorama
|-
|2018–2019||Europpil Parannu Parannu||Co-host||Mazhavil Manorama
|-
|2020||Suryajodi No.1||Co-Host||Surya TV
|-
|2020-2021||Let's Rock and Roll||Co-Host||Zee Keralam
|-
|2021||Manjubhavangal||Co-Host||Zee Keralam
|-
|2021||Madhuram Shobhanam||Co-Host||Zee Keralam
|-
|2022||Adichu Mone||Co-Host/Mathukutty||Flowers TV
|-
|2022||Orukodi Kilukkam||Co-Host||Flowers TV
|-
|2022–Present||Samsthanasammelanam||Host||Flowers TV
|-
|2022–Present||innathe chintavishayam||Host||Flowers TV
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}9

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathukutty, RJ}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Badri Venkatesh

2026-04-01T23:18:32Z

Trena17I0666860: creating new entry.

{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Badri Venkatesh
| image =
| birth_name = Venkatesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|05|02}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = director, screenwriter
| years_active = 1996–present
}}

'''Badri Venkatesh''' (born 2 May 1974) is an Indian film director and television professional of work experience in film direction, [[Screen writing|film writing]], television fiction writing, reality show direction, event direction, and film making, cinematic teaching, creative management, novel writing and short fiction film making. Venkatesh made his directorial debut with the 2010 Tamil film ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/17708.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310172148/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/17708.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2009|title='Baana' Movie Launch|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref>

== Career ==
Venkatesh won the [[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|National award]] for his short film, ''VIdiyalai Nokki'', which also is the first Tamil short fiction film to win this accolade.

Venkatesh's popular works include screenplay and direction for the Tamil feature film ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'', released in 2010 and starring [[Atharvaa]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/baana-kaathadi-movie-review.html|title = Baana Kaathadi Review - Tamil Movie Baana Kaathadi Review}}</ref>

Apart from mainstream Tamil cinema, Venkatesh has been credited for leading a large number of TV shows including ''Nalaya Natchathiram Thangamazhai'' and ''Amul Super Kudumbam'' which is a wide-ranging mix of reality shows. He is also directing Miss South India, who is a beauty pageant for all 4 South Indian States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/badri-venkatesh|title=Kollywood Director Badri Venkatesh Biography, News, Photos, Videos}}</ref>

Venkatesh hails from the Nesapakkam district of Chennai. He is well known as the show director of the popular Celebrity Cricket League (3rd Edition), and the [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Awards]], the biggest Music awards in South India and various other events in South India.

Badri Venkatesh is back to feature films after a hiatus with the [[Atharvaa]] starrer ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/15/films-should-ease-the-stress-of-audiences-semma-botha-aagathey-director-badri-venkatesh-1815101.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518005438/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/15/films-should-ease-the-stress-of-audiences-semma-botha-aagathey-director-badri-venkatesh-1815101.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2018|title=Films should ease the stress of audiences: 'Semma Botha Aagathey' director Badri Venkatesh}}</ref> The long-delayed comedy-entertainer ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' starring [[Rio Raj]] and [[Remya Nambeesan]] was released in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/01/plan-panni-pannanum-will-hit-screens-this-month-says-director-badri-venkatesh-28156.html|title=Plan Panni Pannanum will hit screens this month, says director Badri Venkatesh|website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|1996
|''Vidiyalai Nokki'' ([[Short film]] )

|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
First [[Tamil films|Tamil]] Short Fiction Film to win this accolade.
|-
|2010
|''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]''
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3603435|Badri Venkatesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, Badri}}
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport

2026-03-28T16:27:40Z

Trena17I0666860: basic adjusted references to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Airport serving Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}{{Redirect|Kolkata Airport||Kolkata (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
| image = External view of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport.jpg
| image-width = 300px
| IATA = CCU
| ICAO = VECC
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label = '''CCU'''/VECC
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner =
| opened = {{start date and age|1924|12|21|df=yes}}
| city-served = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]
| location = [[Dum Dum]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| hub = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Air India Express]]
| [[Blue Dart Aviation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Dart Aviation – Network and Hubs |url=https://www.bluedartaviation.com/network |website=Blue Dart Aviation |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref>
| [[IndiGo]]
| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}}
| focus_city = [[Air India]]
| operating_base = [[SpiceJet]]
| elevation-f = 16
| elevation-m = 5
| metric-elev = yes
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc = [[UTC+05:30]]
| built = Early 1900s as the Calcutta Aerodrome
| coordinates = {{coord|22|39|17|N|088|26|48|E|type:airport_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|www.nscbiairport.com}}
| r1-number = 01L/19R
| r1-length-f = 9,291
| r1-length-m = 2,832
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 01R/19L
| r2-length-f = 11,919
| r2-length-m = 3,633
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| metric-rwy = yes
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 21,831,118 ({{increase}} 10.3%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 148,888 ({{increase}} 5.7%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 165,617 ({{increase}} 9.2%)
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| publictransit =
{{bus icon}} [[West Bengal Transport Corporation|WBTC]] AC Bus 
{{taxi icon}} Prepaid Taxis and App-based Cabs
}}

'''Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport''' {{airport codes|CCU|VECC}}{{efn|{{IPA|bn|netad͡ʒi suβaʃ t͡ʃɔndro boʃu antord͡ʒatik bimanbɔndor}}}} is an [[international airport]] serving the city of [[Kolkata]] and the [[Kolkata metropolitan region|Kolkata metropolitan area]], the capital metropolis of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the primary aviation hub for [[East India|eastern]] and [[northeastern India]]. It is located in [[Dum Dum]] and in proximity to [[Jessore Road]], approximately {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Dalhousie Square]] and [[Howrah Junction]] via the [[Howrah Bridge]]. The airport was originally known as '''Dum Dum Airport''' before being renamed in 1995 after [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], one of the most prominent leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]]. The airport's [[IATA]] code ''CCU'' is associated with "Calcutta", the city's name until 2001. Opened in 1924, the airport is one of the oldest airports in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/additional_information/airport_info|title=NSCBI Airport, Dum Dum|website=nscbiaiport.com|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>

Spread over an area of {{convert|6.64|sqkm|sqmi}}, the airport is the largest hub for air traffic in the eastern part of the country and one of the four operational airports in the state, the others being [[Bagdogra Airport]] in [[Siliguri]], [[Cooch Behar Airport]] in [[Cooch Behar]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] in [[Durgapur]]. The airport handled around 22 million passengers in the financial year 2024–25, making it the [[List of busiest airports in India|sixth-busiest airport in India]] in terms of passenger traffic, after [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]] and [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] airports.<ref name="AAI3"/> The airport is also a major centre for flights to northeast India, [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Middle East|Middle Eastern cities]] of [[Dubai]], [[Doha]] and [[Abu Dhabi]].

==History==
[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose arrives at Dum Dum aerodrome.jpg|thumb|270x270px|left|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] at the airport in 1938|alt=]]

=== Early history ===
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport was founded in the early 1900s as the '''Calcutta Aerodrome'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://nscbikolkata.weebly.com/history.html|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Netaji Subash Chandra Bose International Airport|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209131705/http://nscbikolkata.weebly.com/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport traditionally served as a strategic stopover on the air route from [[North America]] and [[Europe]] to [[Indochina]] and [[Australia]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} [[Douglas DC-3|Dakota 3]] was the first aircraft to land in the airport.<ref name=":7" /> In 1924, [[KLM]] began scheduled stops at Calcutta, as part of their [[Amsterdam]] to Batavia ([[Jakarta]]) route.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amsterdam- Batavia Flight |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200735.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511203746/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200735.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2009 |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=20 November 1924 |access-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Blue World|url=https://www.iflymagazine.com/en/magazines/usa/blueworld-1sthollandindie|access-date=14 July 2020|website=iFly KLM Magazine|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714222302/https://www.iflymagazine.com/en/magazines/usa/blueworld-1sthollandindie|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|date=5 November 1935|title=KNILM Time Table|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/knilm35e/kni35e-1.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217005103/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/knilm35e/kni35e-1.jpg|archive-date=17 December 2018|access-date=14 July 2020|website=timetableimages.com}}</ref> The same year, a [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft landed in Calcutta as part of the first round-the-world expedition by any air force.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amsterdam- Round-The-World Flights |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200288.html |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=22 May 1924 |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100929/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200288.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web|date=21 November 2018|title=5 Facts Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|url=http://www.airportsindia.online/5-facts-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-international-airport/|access-date=14 July 2020|website=AirportsIndia {{!}} Magazine|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221231/http://www.airportsindia.online/5-facts-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-international-airport/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web|last=PacificWrecks.com|title=Pacific Wrecks|url=http://pacificwrecks.com/|access-date=14 July 2020|website=pacificwrecks.com|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629123105/https://pacificwrecks.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The airport began as an open ground next to the [[Royal Artillery]] Armoury in [[Dum Dum]].<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Dum Dum – Cathedral Relief Service|date=16 January 2017 |url=http://www.cathedralreliefservice.net/locations/dumdum/|access-date=14 July 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714192723/http://www.cathedralreliefservice.net/locations/dumdum/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NORTH 24 PARGANAS - WEST BENGAL TOURISM|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas|access-date=7 December 2019|website=www.wbtourismgov.in|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2013|title=esq {{!}} air ministry {{!}} flying officer {{!}} 1920 {{!}} 0415 {{!}} Flight Archive|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200415.html|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230142754/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200415.html|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Sir [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]], Governor of Bengal, opened the Bengal Flying Club at Dum Dum/Calcutta aerodrome in February 1929.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 March 2012|title=aero club {{!}} aeroplane club {{!}} flying club {{!}} 1929 {{!}} 0480 {{!}} Flight Archive|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200480.html|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Flight Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306112810/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200480.html|archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> In 1930, the airfield was made fit for use throughout the year,<ref>{{cite news |title=State of Air Transport in the British Empire |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201033.html |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=29 August 1930 |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100256/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201033.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and other airlines began to utilise the airport. [[Air Orient]] began scheduled stops as part of a Paris to [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] route<ref>{{cite news |title=1930 Histoire d'Air Orient. |url=http://gap.air.orient.pagesperso-orange.fr/Air%20Orient%20historique.htm |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817010029/http://gap.air.orient.pagesperso-orange.fr/Air%20Orient%20historique.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Imperial Airways]] began flights from London to Australia via Calcutta in 1933, thus drew many airlines to Calcutta Airport.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Birth of Aviation and Its Arrival in India|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97607/6/06_chapter2.pdf|access-date=14 July 2020|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714180402/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97607/6/06_chapter2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|s2cid=126716007|date=2007|hdl=2134/4666|journal=GaWC Research Bulletin|title=Global networks before globalisation: imperial airways and the development of long-haul air routes|publisher=Loughborough University |last1=Budd |first1=Lucy }}</ref> Many pioneering flights passed through the airport, including [[Amelia Earhart]]'s in 1937.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amelia Earhart's Circumnavigation Attempt |url=http://www.tripline.net/trip/Amelia_Earhart's_Circumnavigation_Attempt-6410741502631003B225FC83C9742523 |work=Tripline.net |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026060604/http://tripline.net/trip/Amelia_Earhart%27s_Circumnavigation_Attempt-6410741502631003B225FC83C9742523 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alikhan|first=Anvar|title=The Indian adventures of Amelia Earhart before she disappeared into oblivion|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/842977/the-indian-adventures-of-amelia-earhart-before-she-disappeared-into-oblivion|access-date=14 July 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=8 July 2017 |language=en-US|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926010330/https://scroll.in/magazine/842977/the-indian-adventures-of-amelia-earhart-before-she-disappeared-into-oblivion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 June 1937|title=Amelia in Calcutta|url=https://www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org/AmeliaEarhart/NewsClips/clip370615.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229175805/http://www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org/AmeliaEarhart/NewsClips/clip370615.htm|archive-date=29 December 2016|access-date=14 July 2020|website=www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org}}</ref>

Calcutta played an important role in the [[Second World War]]. In 1942, the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[7th Bombardment Group]] flew [[B-24 Liberator]] bombers from the airport on combat missions over [[Myanmar|Burma]]. The airfield was used as a cargo aerial port for the [[Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)|Air Transport Command]] and was also used as a communication centre for the [[Tenth Air Force]].<ref>Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.</ref><ref name=":11" />

=== Post-independence (1947–2007) ===
[[File:HS 748 2A 9N-AAU Nepal Dum Dum 080974 edited-3.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Royal Nepal Airlines|Nepal Airlines]] at Dum Dum Airport in 1974|alt=]]

Passenger services grew after the Second World War. Calcutta became a destination for the world's first jet-powered passenger aircraft, the [[de Havilland Comet]], on a [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] (BOAC) route to London.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{cite web|date=7 June 2016|title=India as seen through vintage airline posters|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-as-seen-through-vintage-airline-posters/|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721120525/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-as-seen-through-vintage-airline-posters/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 1953|title=Civil Aircraft Accident Report of the Court Investigation on the Accident to Comet G-ALYV on 2nd May, 1953|url=http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/Comet1/G-ALYV_Report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415121817/http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/Comet1/G-ALYV_Report.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2015|access-date=9 July 2020|publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]|via=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]}}</ref> Furthermore, in 1964 [[Indian Airlines]] introduced the first Indian domestic jet service, using [[Sud Aviation Caravelle|Caravelle]] jets on the Calcutta–Delhi route.<ref>{{cite web|title=1965 - 1969|url=https://www.indianairmails.com/1965---1969.html|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Indian Airmails|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721135912/https://www.indianairmails.com/1965---1969.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between the 1940s and 1960s, the airport was served by several major airlines including [[Aeroflot]],<ref name="timetableimages">{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/su/su57/su57-04.jpg|title=Image: su57-04.jpg, (2391 × 1449 px)|publisher=timetableimages.com|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074022/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/su/su57/su57-04.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Air France]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/af5005i.htm|title=Air France|work=timetableimages.com|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006223347/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/af5005i.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alitalia]],<ref name="timetableimages2">{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/az61/az61-11.jpg|title=Image: az61-11.jpg, (2304 × 1325 px)|publisher=timetableimages.com|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200547/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/az61/az61-11.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cathay Pacific]],<ref name="timetableimages3">{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/i-bc/cathay19.jpg|title=Image: cathay19.jpg, (570 × 720 px)|publisher=timetableimages.com|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051212/http://timetableimages.com/i-bc/cathay19.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Japan Airlines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/jl6909.htm|title=JAL - Japan Air Lines|work=timetableimages.com|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006205552/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/jl6909.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Airlines]],<ref name="timetableimages4">{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/pr49/pr49-3.jpg|title=Philippine 1949 Timetable|publisher=timetableimages.com|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171749/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/pr49/pr49-3.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[KLM]],<ref name="timetableimages7">{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/sr51/sr51-06.jpg|title=Image: sr51-06.jpg, (2420 × 1222 px)|publisher=timetableimages.com|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073634/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/sr51/sr51-06.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lufthansa]],<ref name="timetableimages6">{{cite web |url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/az61/az61-11.jpg |title=Lufthansa timetable May 1, 1960 |publisher=timetableimages.com |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200547/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/az61/az61-11.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pan Am]],<ref name="timetableimages5">{{cite web|url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/pa/pa4508/pa45-07.jpg|title=PanAm Schedule|publisher=timetableimages.com|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073640/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/pa/pa4508/pa45-07.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Qantas]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Did You Know About The Old Kangaroo Route?|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70033/7-spots-on-the-original-kangaroo-route-followed-by-qantas-airlines|access-date=14 July 2020|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|language=en|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715122725/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70033/7-spots-on-the-original-kangaroo-route-followed-by-qantas-airlines|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Swissair]],<ref name="timetableimages7"/> and [[Scandinavian Airlines|SAS]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/sk55-06.htm |title=SAS – Scandinavian Airlines System |publisher=Timetableimages.com |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102213832/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/sk55-06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the introduction of longer-haul aircraft and the poor political climate of Calcutta during the 1960s and also during the year 1971, several airlines discontinued their service to the airport. The 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] saw a large increase of both refugees and disease in Calcutta, causing more airlines to cease services to the city. In 1975, the airport opened the first dedicated cargo terminal in India.

The 1990s saw new growth for Calcutta Airport, as the Indian aviation industry saw the arrival of new airlines such as [[Jet Airways]] and [[Air Sahara]]. A new domestic terminal named Terminal 2 was opened in 1995 making the international one Terminal 1, and the airport was renamed in honour of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. In 2000, a new international arrival hall was opened.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|title=History of Kolkata Airport|url=http://www.nscbiairport.org/history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012212642/http://www.nscbiairport.org/history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2011|access-date=14 July 2020|website=nscbiairport.org}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (Kolkata) International Airport|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/kolkuttaairport/|access-date=14 July 2020|website=Airport Technology|language=en-GB|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715210638/https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/kolkuttaairport/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The year 2005 saw the growth of [[low-cost carrier]]s in the [[Indian aviation]] sector, with new airlines including [[SpiceJet]], [[IndiGo]], and [[Kingfisher Airlines]]. This led to a dramatic rise in passenger numbers at the airport. Overcrowding in both terminals led to the implementation of a comprehensive modernisation plan for the airport.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of the Airline Industry in India|url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203989/10/08_chapter%201.pdf|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717072148/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203989/10/08_chapter%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Airport modernisation project commences|url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/kolkata-airport---kolkata-modernisation-project-commences-4847|access-date=14 July 2020|website=CAPA - Centre for Aviation|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714183019/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/kolkata-airport---kolkata-modernisation-project-commences-4847|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Law|first=Abhishek|title=Kolkata airport to turn swanky with modernisation|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/Kolkata-airport-to-turn-swanky-with-modernisation/article20441365.ece|access-date=14 July 2020|website=@businessline|date=3 June 2012 |language=en|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714194545/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/Kolkata-airport-to-turn-swanky-with-modernisation/article20441365.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Modernisation (2008–present)===
The modernisation plan for the Kolkata Airport received the final nod on 14 August 2008. The project, worth {{INRConvert|1942.51|c|lk=on|year=2008|mode=historical}}, included the construction of a new terminal building with a passengers handling capacity of 20 million passengers per annum (mppa), expansion of secondary runway, upgradation of the navigation facilities, addition of [[taxiways]] and parking bays and . The then existing domestic and international terminals had a capacity of 4.06 mppa and 0.88 mppa, respectively, and were already saturated having handled 6.45 million and 1.01 million passengers in 2007-08. During 2003–08, the airport saw a 21.4% growth in domestic traffic and 6.4% growth in international traffic with further traffic growth of 19% per annum expected till 2011-12. A series of approvals were granted between April 2007 and May 2008 from multiple authorities for the project.<ref name=":25">{{Cite press release|title=Government Approves Modernization/Expansion of Kolkata Airport|date=14 August 2008|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41337&reg=3&lang=2|access-date=29 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129081045/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41337&reg=3&lang=2|archive-date=29 November 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the secondary runway was to be extended to {{Convert|3239|m|abbr=on}} at a cost of {{INRConvert|35|c|lk=|year=2008|mode=historical}} along with the construction of 11 parking bays and a taxiway at {{INRConvert|65|c|lk=|year=2008|mode=historical}} and the upgradation of infrastructure including Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) equipment at {{INRConvert|185|c|lk=|year=2008|mode=historical}}. A fund of {{INRConvert|40|c|lk=|year=2008|mode=historical}} was also allocated to construct a [[grade separator]] and connecting the airport with the roadway and [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|railway network]] of the city. The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) would provide 80% of the project fund (₹1554 crore) while the rest would be sought through commercial borrowings. The AAI had already spent ₹32 crore for consultancy and other preparatory work for the project in the [[fiscal year]].<ref name=":25" /> The presence of a 119-year-old mosque that lies 30 metres from the secondary runway's northern end meant the runway would be expanded from the southern end. The proposed taxiway would join the northern ends of both the runways.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mouparna Bandyopadhyay |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Kolkata-airport-Map-redrawn-land-to-be-acquired-highrises-trimmed-to-save-mosque/317195/ |title=An expressindia article regarding the mosque built within the airport complex |publisher=[[ExpressIndia]] |date=1 June 2008 |access-date=11 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009225230/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Kolkata-airport-Map-redrawn-land-to-be-acquired-highrises-trimmed-to-save-mosque/317195/ |archive-date=9 October 2012 }}</ref>

In February 2014, the Kolkata Airport had sent a proposal to upgrade its [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS) facilities in the runway to the higher authorities. The approval and project sanction, worth {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=|year=2014}}, was received in August that year. The project was expected to be executed between February–March and December 2015. As part of the upgradation, the primary runway's southern stretch (01R), then equipped with a [[Instrument landing system#ILS categories|CAT II ILS]], would be upgraded to [[CAT IIIb|CAT III-B]]. This would reduce the chances of ceasing flight operations during foggy winter and harsh weather conditions when there is a drop in visibility. Flight operations were affected 12 times or 50[[CAT IIIb| ]]<nowiki/>hours, which delayed over 500 flights, during the winter of 2013–14. The CAT III-B lights, which will be guiding the aircraft on the taxiway till the parking bays, will be installed at 24 of the 54 bays.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanjay|first1=Mandal|title=Airport lands big CAT to fight fog|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140814/jsp/calcutta/story_18720367.jsp|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=14 August 2014|access-date=16 August 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085257/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140814/jsp/calcutta/story_18720367.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further, the pock-marked primary runway would be re-carpeted while the secondary runway would also be upgraded to [[Instrument landing system#ILS categories|CAT II]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fog, rain won't hold up flights any more|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Fog-rain-wont-hold-up-flights-any-more/articleshow/40205901.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2014|access-date=29 November 2025|issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816073829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Fog-rain-wont-hold-up-flights-any-more/articleshow/40205901.cms|archive-date=16 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The CAT III-B operations in the airport only began in 4 January 2018. Meanwhile, 19L was already equipped with CAT II.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kolkata airport becomes CAT-III-B-complaint|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kolkata-airport-becomes-cat-iii-b-complaint/articleshow/62368436.cms|work=The Times of India|date=4 January 2018|access-date=29 November 2025|issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112033104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kolkata-airport-becomes-cat-iii-b-complaint/articleshow/62368436.cms|archive-date=12 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:SAS Inaugural Calcutta (9).jpg |thumb|200x200px|left|[[Scandinavian Airlines]] is one of the many European airlines that used to operate to Kolkata. This is their inaugural flight to Kolkata.|alt=]]

The modernisation plan included some improvements of the airport's existing terminals, including the addition of extra ticketing counters, check-in kiosks, and cafes to the domestic terminal in 2009. However, the need to replace the airport's terminals entirely led to plans for a new integrated terminal, known as T2 to differentiate it from the older domestic block, to serve both international and domestic destinations. A Thai-based company, the Italian-Thai Development (ITD) Corporation (ITD-ITDCem JV, a consortium of ITD and ITD Cementation) and the 125-year-old iconic Project Management Consultant–[[Parsons Brinckerhoff]] (PB) was hired with Delhi-based designer Sikka Associates Architects to construct the building. Construction commenced in November 2008, and T2 was inaugurated on 20 January 2013 after overshooting the previous deadlines of July 2011 and August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/new-terminal-to-boost-jobs-and-tourism/943883/0|title=New terminal to boost tourism|newspaper=Financial Express|date=1 May 2012|access-date=17 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230459/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/new-terminal-to-boost-jobs-and-tourism/943883/0|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/New-airport-terminal-to-be-delayed/articleshow/11114626.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701122832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/kolkata/30520186_1_aai-kolkata-airport-airports-authority|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2012|title=New airport terminal to be delayed|date=15 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> The former airport hotel 'Ashok' was demolished to give way for two new five-star luxury hotels and a shopping mall in its place.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/misc/Articles.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=Aai.aero |access-date=11 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117021459/http://www.aai.aero/misc/Articles.jsp |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref>

Commercial operations were intended to start on 23 January 2013, the 116th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata airport's new terminal inaugurated|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kolkata-airports-new-terminal-inaugurated/499493/|access-date=21 January 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=21 January 2013|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084413/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kolkata-airport-s-new-terminal-inaugurated-113012100091_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the shift to the new terminal was only completed on 16 March 2013.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|date=10 December 2019|title=Shift complete, old terminals shut down|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shift-complete-old-terminals-shut-down/articleshow/18998653.cms?referral=PM|access-date=14 July 2020|website=Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210132523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shift-complete-old-terminals-shut-down/articleshow/18998653.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> [[Airports Council International]] named it the best improved airport in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region in 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 February 2015|title=Which airports offer the world's best customer service?|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/airports-best-customer-service/index.html|access-date=1 March 2015|publisher=CNN|archive-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226084851/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/17/travel/airports-best-customer-service/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 February 2014|title=Kolkata wins most improved airport award in Asia-Pacific|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kolkata-wins-most-improved-airport-award-in-asia-pacific-33797.html|access-date=14 July 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715095018/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kolkata-wins-most-improved-airport-award-in-asia-pacific-33797.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=10 June 2014|title=Kolkata Airport wins best improved airport award|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kolkata-airport-wins-best-improved-airport-award-114061001246_1.html|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714132008/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kolkata-airport-wins-best-improved-airport-award-114061001246_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport - a clean and green facility in Kolkata - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-international-airport-a-clean-and-green-facility-in-kolkata/articleshow/74208115.cms|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084415/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-international-airport-a-clean-and-green-facility-in-kolkata/articleshow/74208115.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 November 2025, the [[CAT IIIb|CAT III-B]] ILS for the 19L approach of the primary runway was activated for the first time. This was an upgrade from the [[Instrument landing system#ILS categories|CAT II ILS]] for the side, though the 01R approach was already equipped with CAT III-B earlier.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|title=Kolkata airport: Tech aid for runway's north end to ease landing amid fog|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airport-tech-aid-for-runways-north-end-to-ease-landing-amid-fog/articleshow/125622169.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 November 2025|access-date=29 November 2025|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web|title=To help pilots combat winter fog, Kolkata airport completes CAT III-B ILS upgrade|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/winter-fog-kolkata-airport-pilots-cat-iii-b-ils-upgrade-10376499/|website=The Indian Express|date=20 November 2025|access-date=29 November 2025|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129033805/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/winter-fog-kolkata-airport-pilots-cat-iii-b-ils-upgrade-10376499/|archive-date=29 November 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Runways===
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport has two parallel [[runway]]s, the primary runway 01R/19L has a capacity of approximately 35 flights per hour and the secondary runway 01L/19R has a capacity of 15 flights per hour. The secondary runway is usually used as a taxiway when the main runway is used. When the primary runway is shut down for maintenance purposes, the secondary runway is used.<ref>{{cite web|title=VECC - Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Airport {{!}} SkyVector|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/VECC/Netaji-Subhash-Chandra-Bose-Airport|access-date=9 July 2020|website=skyvector.com|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302140726/https://skyvector.com/airport/VECC/Netaji-Subhash-Chandra-Bose-Airport|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 May 2017|title=VECC AD 2.1 Aerodrome Location Indicator and Name|url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VECC-en-GB.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712173254/https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VECC-en-GB.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2020|access-date=10 July 2020|website=aim-india.aai.aero}}</ref> The secondary runway was expected to undergo a recarpeting under a {{INRConvert|224|c|year=2024}} project in 2025.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=18 December 2024 |title=Kolkata airport in 2025: New ATC tower, smooth secondary runway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airport-in-2025-new-atc-tower-smooth-secondary-runway/articleshow/116447230.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By September 2025, the improvements have enhanced the operating capacity of the airport to 35 to 40 flights per hour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=Kolkata Airport plans to have 132 parking bays; expand terminal by 2033 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-plans-to-have-132-parking-bays-expand-terminal-by-2033/articleshow/123617783.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Runways at NSCBI Airport
!Runway number
!Length
!Width
!Approach lights/[[Instrument landing system|ILS]]
|-
|01L/19R
|{{convert|2832|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|46|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|No ILS / CAT I<ref name=":23" />
|-
|01R/19L
|{{convert|3633|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|46|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|CAT III-B / CAT III-B<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" />
|}

===Hangars and ground services===
[[Air India]] operates hangars at the airport, while [[Bharat Petroleum]] and [[Indian Oil]] act as fuellers. Catering facilities are owned by Taj-Sats and [[Oberoi]] Flight Services.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us {{!}} Tajsats|url=https://www.tajsats.com/company/about-us|access-date=9 July 2020|website=www.tajsats.com|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712114314/https://www.tajsats.com/company/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2020|title=Oberoi Aviation {{!}} Oberoi Hotels & Resorts|url=https://www.oberoihotels.com/aviation/|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Oeroi Aviation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621123607/https://www.oberoihotels.com/aviation/|archive-date=21 June 2020}}</ref>

===Terminals===
[[File:Bird eye view of the new terminal.jpg|thumb|Bird's eye view of the integrated terminal]]
The airport's new integrated terminal T2 is spread over {{convert|233000|m2|abbr=on}} and can handle 25 million passengers annually, compared to the previous terminal T1's capacity of five million. The terminal is an L-shaped structure, containing six levels. It contains 128 check-in counters that utilise CUTE (Common User Terminal Equipment) technology and has 78 immigration counters and twelve customs counters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/world-class-but-global-takers-slip-away-112042800037_1.html|title=World class, but global takers slip away|first=Probal|last=Basak|date=28 April 2012|access-date=7 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129072731/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/world-class-but-global-takers-slip-away-112042800037_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The terminal was developed in a project worth {{INRConvert|2325|c|lk=on|year=2013}}.<ref name=":17">{{cite web |last1=Niyogi |first1=Subhro |last2=Banerjee |first2=Tamaghna |date=5 April 2019 |title=Rs 1K crore expansion plan for Kolkata airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rs-1kcr-expansion-plan-for-kolkata-airport/articleshow/68730409.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rs-1kcr-expansion-plan-for-kolkata-airport/articleshow/68730409.cms |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Passenger lounges are provided by [[Air India]]. The terminal is equipped with 18 [[aerobridges]] and a further 57 remote parking bays. There are plans to construct an 18-foot bronze statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in the integrated terminal complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-airport-finds-place-for-forgotten-hero/articleshow/16858006.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103085027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/kolkata/34554351_1_netaji-statue-gandhi-sagar-dam |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Kolkata airport finds place for 'forgotten' hero |date=18 October 2010|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/second-lot-of-aerobridges-for-chennai-airport-arrive-at-kolkata-port/article4032004.ece |title=Second lot of aerobridges for Chennai International Airport arrive at Kolkata port |date=26 October 2010 |access-date=11 February 2013 |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first1=P. |last1=Oppili |first2=Sunitha |last2=Sekar |archive-date=29 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229190645/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/second-lot-of-aerobridges-for-chennai-airport-arrive-at-kolkata-port/article4032004.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kolkata's old international and domestic terminals closed permanently when the integrated terminal opened. However, there were plans to renovate the old international terminal to be used for future [[hajj]] services, while the domestic terminal could be used by regional airlines. An earlier proposal of continuing low-cost carrier operations from the existing domestic terminal has been shelved due to the need to fully utilise the new integrated terminal's capacity, making it the first airport in India to shift even its low-cost domestic airlines to the new integrated building upon completion.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web|date=4 May 2013|title=All flights from new terminal by March|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/All-flights-from-new-terminal-by-March/articleshow/15915345.cms|access-date=14 July 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504113102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/kolkata/33475094_1_terminal-1d-operations-shift-regional-airlines|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2013|first=Jayanta |last=Gupta|title=From March 15, all flights from new terminal in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/From-March-15-all-flights-from-new-terminal-in-Kolkata/articleshow/18803799.cms|access-date=14 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/From-March-15-all-flights-from-new-terminal-in-Kolkata/articleshow/18803799.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the old terminal will be replaced by a new terminal T3 to increase the overall capacity.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Tamaghna |last2= Niyogi |first2=Subhro |date=5 July 2024 |title=City airport's new terminal to handle 1.1 crore flyers a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airport-expansion-project-new-terminal-to-accommodate-11-crore-flyers-annually/articleshow/111499744.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

In the financial year from April 2011 to March 2012, Kolkata Airport served 10.3 million passengers, 85% of whom travelled domestically.<ref name="anna.aero">{{cite news|url=http://www.anna.aero/2013/03/13/kolkata-airport-new-terminal-opens-this-week/|title=Kolkata Airport: New terminal opens this week; Domestic capacity shrinks|date=13 March 2013|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-date=17 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317103622/http://www.anna.aero/2013/03/13/kolkata-airport-new-terminal-opens-this-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> The withdrawal of [[Lufthansa]]'s service to Frankfurt in March 2012 left Kolkata with no direct connections beyond Asia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Lufthansa-flies-out-of-Kolkata-skies/articleshow/12408866.cms|title=Lufthansa flies out of Kolkata skies|date=26 March 2012|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-date=29 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229043004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-26/kolkata/31239842_1_lufthansa-kolkata-london-german-carrier|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> However, other international operations increased in 2012.<ref name="anna.aero"/> The new terminal has attracted some airlines to expand their route networks to include Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=4490|title=Four international airlines seek flight to new Kolkata airport|date=28 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007060957/http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=4490|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/three-international-airlines-show-interest-in-kolkata/199222/on|title=Three international airlines show interest in Kolkata|date=28 September 2012|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-date=21 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221164952/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/three-international-airlines-show-interest-in-kolkata/199222/on|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2012, the [[Airports Authority of India]] upgraded the airport's cargo-handling capacity, enabling it to cater for the demand until 2015–16. There has been a 25 per cent growth in international cargo movement to and from Kolkata Airport and a 15 per cent increase in outward transit. Automobile parts accounted for the bulk of the growth in the movement of cargo from the city to other countries. In November 2008 the first Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) in West Bengal was opened at the airport. The CPC has an area of {{convert|742.5|m2|abbr=on}} and an annual storage capacity of 12,000 million tonnes. The CPC had been undergoing trials that started in June 2008 and were built with a {{INRConvert|6.75|c|lk=|year=2020}} grant-in-aid from the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) part of the [[List of Indian agencies#Ministry of Commerce|Commerce Ministry]].<ref>[http://www.freshnews.in/west-bengal-gets-first-centre-for-perishable-cargo-77103 A Freshnews article about the Perishable Cargo centre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729150911/http://www.freshnews.in/west-bengal-gets-first-centre-for-perishable-cargo-77103 |date=29 July 2013 }}</ref> The volume of export was 21,683 tonnes in 2008–09, during the current fiscal more than 23,042 tonnes of cargo were handled by the airport. Similarly, the volume of import cargo increased from 16,863 tonnes to 18,733 tonnes, increasing over ten per cent during the same period. However, in 2008–09 the total volume of cargo handled by the airport declined by 4.8% from the previous year.

On 3 June 2019, [[Singapore Airlines]] operated the Airport's maiden [[Airbus A350]] service from [[Singapore]] to Kolkata, enhancing the weekly seat capacity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Himatsingka |first1=Anuradha |title=Singapore Airlines to introduce Airbus A350 aircraft in Kolkata |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/singapore-airlines-to-introduce-airbus-a350-aircraft-in-kolkata/articleshow/69043988.cms |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131023404/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/singapore-airlines-to-introduce-airbus-a350-aircraft-in-kolkata/articleshow/69043988.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Gallery of the Intergrated Terminal 2
|width=170 | height=180 |noborder=no
|align=center
|mode=packed-hover
|File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Terminal 2 56 Aerobridge (01).jpg
|[[Airside]] of the terminal
|File:Interior of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport 02.jpg
|The ceiling is adorned with works by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=New terminal ceilings to sport Tagore works |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-terminal-ceilings-to-sport-tagore-works/articleshow/13073376.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925180512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-terminal-ceilings-to-sport-tagore-works/articleshow/13073376.cms |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|File:Airside of NSCBIA, Kolkata at night.jpg
|The airside at night
|File:Kolkata Airport Terminal (14668163978).jpg
|Check-in area
|File:Kolkata NSCBI Airport.jpg
|Departure Hall
|File:Kolkata Airport New Terminal Outside view.JPG
|Departures Level of Terminal 2
|File:Dum Dum Airport, Domestic terminal.jpg
|Domestic Section of Terminal 2
}}

=== Air Traffic Navigation Complex ===
[[File:ATC complex CCU.JPG|thumb|The new 56 m-tall ATC complex of NSCBIA under construction.]]
The Kolkata Airport is currently served by a legacy {{Convert|35|m|abbr=on}} building commissioned in 1972.<ref name=":22" /> However, the building grappled with space constraints for modernisation and monitoring limitations, especially for aircraft parked along international wing of T2 building.<ref name=":1" />

To solve the crisis, a new air traffic navigation (ATN) complex has been constructed under a project worth {{INRConvert|458|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=15 October 2025 |title=Short circuit exposes absence of emergency exit in new ATC bldg |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/short-circuit-exposes-absence-of-emergency-exit-in-new-atc-bldg/articleshow/124560345.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The complex includes area control and technical blocks. The spiral torch-shaped tower has a height of {{Convert|184|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=22 August 2023 |title=Construction over, new ATC tower at Kolkata airport to get gadgets soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/construction-over-new-atc-to-get-gadgets-soon/articleshow/102923446.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is equipped with advanced digital technology for communication and air traffic systems. The technical block will host flight data and radar data processing systems, data control processing system, and new monitoring systems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Sweety |date=25 March 2025 |title=Kolkata Airport begins operational trials for new ATC Tower |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-airport-begins-operational-trials-for-new-atc-tower-9904324/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016175054/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-airport-begins-operational-trials-for-new-atc-tower-9904324/lite/ |archive-date=16 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The area of the facility will increase from {{Convert|7640|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}} to {{Convert|14316|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}, while the same for the visual control room will be upgraded from {{Convert|1260|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}} to {{Convert|2475|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}.<ref name=":15" />

The project, conceptualised in 2008 to establish a {{Convert|86|m|abbr=on}} tall tower,<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=18 February 2017 |title=Controllers furious over decision to slash ATC tower height by half |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/controllers-furious-over-decision-to-slash-atc-tower-height-by-half/articleshow/57212647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220230124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/controllers-furious-over-decision-to-slash-atc-tower-height-by-half/articleshow/57212647.cms |archive-date=20 February 2017 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> was shelved in 2011 due to lack of funds. In January 2013, however, the top brass of the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) granted the in-principle approval for the project, worth {{INRConvert|240|c|lk=|year=2013|mode=historical}}. The execution would begin after the transition to new terminal was completed in July. While the surface movement control and tower units would be based in a glass chamber in the apex, the remaining units, including aerodrome control, approach control and area control would be hosted at a three-storied building at the base. The project details would then be sent to higher authorities for the budget to be sanctioned. Another 18 months was expected to float a tender and select bids for flight data processing system, radar data processing system, data control processing system and new monitors. An additional six months would be required for the systems installations and testing. Full operationalisation was expected by 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2013 |title=Iconic tower project back on board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Iconic-tower-project-back-on-board/articleshow/17975999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901172153/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Decks-cleared-for-new-ATC-at-airport/articleshow/20038072.cms |archive-date=1 September 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In May 2013, the project received a funding of {{INRConvert|270|c|lk=|year=2013|mode=historical}}, which includes {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=|year=2013|mode=historical}} for the building and {{INRConvert|150|c|lk=|year=2013|mode=historical}} to upgrade air navigation and surveillance systems.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2013 |title=Decks cleared for new ATC at airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/decks-cleared-for-new-atc-at-airport/articleshow/20038072.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As represented in the cover of AAI's Airports India magazine dated February 2016, the new ATC tower's height was revised to {{Convert|112|m|abbr=on}}. However, the height was again halved to {{Convert|57|m|abbr=on}} a year later in February 2017 when AAI released the tender for the construction of the facility, akin with the ATC tower in [[Edinburgh Airport]]. The ATC Guild (India), a union of the air traffic controllers of India, was unhappy with such revision and defended the earlier plan, stating that the height would not have caused safety hazard but a shorter tower would be obsolete much earlier.<ref name=":16" />

As of June 2022, the existing navigation and surveillance equipment, installed in 2013,<ref name=":1" /> was nearing its end of 10-year life cycle and required a new generation of control systems like Level IV [[Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System]] (A-SMGCS) as well as new automation system, voice communication, VHF antenna with three outputs, ground guidance and surveillance equipment for aircraft and other vehicles, and equipment to broadcast meteorological data to aircraft. The cost of the entire set of equipment is estimated at {{INRConvert|350|c|year=2022|mode=historical}} to {{INRConvert|400|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}. Meanwhile, the civil work of the new tower was expected for completion by the year's end.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2022 |title=New Kolkata airport ATC tower to be equipped with latest gadgets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-kolkata-airport-atc-tower-to-be-equipped-with-latest-gadgets/articleshow/92398598.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112034056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-kolkata-airport-atc-tower-to-be-equipped-with-latest-gadgets/articleshow/92398598.cms |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":15" />

While the civil work of the facility was completed in February 2024, the installation of electrical lines and optic fibre cables was completed in May. The commencement of trials was expected by October 2024 with operationalisation by 2025-end. Until then, the existing and the new complex will function parallelly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2024 |title=Kol airport launching parallel ATC facility for arriving, departing flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airport-launching-parallel-atc-facility-for-arriving-departing-flights/articleshow/109867276.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The operational trials of the new complex commenced on 24 March 2025. The tower, with a workforce of eight controllers along with technicians from Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) department, coordinated the take off and landing of around 40 aircraft between 2 pm and 4 pm. The first aircraft to land under the new ATC's supervision was an [[IndiGo]] flight from [[Bengaluru Airport|Bengaluru]]. Another team of controllers also stood by in the existing ATC tower to takeover responsibilities in case of any contingencies in the new facility. Such operations will continue to be undertaken from the new tower over the same time daily for three months before the duration can be increased. However, full-fledged operations will not begin within the next 18-24 months since the modern equipment is yet to be selected and procured. The equipment include a new generation automation system, [[Precision approach radar|approach radar]], advanced surface movement guidance and control system as well as abVHF communication equipment. Only after the tenders are floated will the equipment be procured, installed and operationalised. Until then, controllers in the new ATC tower will utilise modified equipment that was procured and installed in 2012 and 2013.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 March 2025 |title=Kolkata airport begins trials at new air traffic control tower |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airport-begins-trials-at-new-air-traffic-control-tower/articleshow/119439793.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 7 October, a [[short circuit]] in the [[Air conditioning|AC]] system of the new complex, detected by five controllers reporting for duty, revealed the lack of an [[emergency exit]]. This shut the operations from the facility until 20 October after which operations restarted. However, full operational clearance could only be received from the [[DGCA (India)|DGCA]], [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security|BCAS]] and the fire department after the emergency exit is arranged.<ref name=":14" />

== Expansion ==
The integrated terminal T2 was commissioned in 2013 with an annual capacity of 20 million passengers. The terminal served 9 million passengers in the first year. However, by 2016, the amount quickly rose to 16 million. At this rate, the terminal would be saturated by 2018. This necessitated the airport authority to plan another phase of expansions. In June 2017, the then director of Kolkata airport, Atul Dixit, unveiled the plans of the next phase of expansion to enhance the airport's capacity to 40 million passengers per annum.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=14 June 2017 |title=Kolkata eyes 40 million flyers annually in next 4 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-eyes-40-million-flyers-annually-in-next-4-years/articleshow/59135075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928143954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-eyes-40-million-flyers-annually-in-next-4-years/articleshow/59135075.cms |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first nod for a third terminal was received from the aviation ministry by then. The old air traffic control complex and both of the old terminals, located in the North of the T2, would be demolished to establish the third terminal.<ref name=":5" /> In September, a US aviation planning and development firm based in [[Cincinnati]], Landrum & Brown (L&B), was appointed to formulate a master plan to enhance the capacity and efficiency of the airport.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2017 |title=US firm to prepare masterplan for Kolkata airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/us-firm-to-prepare-masterplan-for-kolkata-airport/articleshow/60504531.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The plan was reportedly sanctioned in February 2020 and first phase expansion was expected to be completed within 30 months.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=23 February 2020 |title=Seal on Calcutta airport expansion plan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/seal-on-calcutta-airport-expansion-plan/cid/1748046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714165148/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/seal-on-calcutta-airport-expansion-plan/cid/1748046 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

Initially, the existing terminal will undergo an interim expansion of {{INRConvert|130|c|lk=on|year=2024}} that will see the terminal handle an additional 2 million passengers annually, bringing the total handling capacity of the existing terminal to 28 million passengers annually.<ref name=":18" /> Then, a new {{INRConvert|4500|c|lk=|year=2024}}<ref name=":18" /> expansion plan will be undertaken in two phases over a span of six years.<ref name=":12" />

Upon completion of the project, the new terminal will serve both domestic and international flights with annual capacity of 11 million passengers.<ref name=":12" /> This will bring the airport's capacity to 40 million.<ref name=":5" /> Further, the existing integrated terminal, which will exclusively handle domestic flights will have a revised capacity of 34 million passengers,<ref name=":21" /> taking the airport's overall capacity to 45 million (36 million domestic passengers and 9 million international passengers)<ref name=":21" /> by 2032–33.<ref name=":17" /> This will mark a nine-fold increase in the airport's capacity within two decades. The old terminals had a combined 5 million passengers per annum capacity until March 2013.<ref name=":17" />

=== Interim expansions ===
An interim expansion phase, also referred to as modular expansion phase,<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":19" /> will be implemented to meet the airport’s short-term passenger growth demands. In this phase, the old terminal and the T2 integrated terminal will be connected with three [[aerobridges]] and [[Moving walkway|walkalators]] as well as walk-in doors at ground level. The former will be used for boarding and de-boarding passengers from aircraft. Passengers arriving in the boarding building would take the connecting bridge to the terminal T2 and then leave the airport. This is meant to decongest the airport in peak hours and immediately enhance passenger capacity by a million.<ref name=":5" />

Under the modular expansion, the security hold area (SHA), the lounge where passengers wait after the security checks until the aircraft boarding begins, will be expanded for the integrated terminal T2. The SHA could be extended to the left of T2 in place of the old domestic terminal. Ten aerobridges are planned to be added to the terminal. Of the 18 existing aerobridges, 14 serve domestic flights while 4 serve international ones. Each bridge is capable of serving 10 flights per day.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":19" />

The expansion was underway as of April 2025, and is slated for completion by December. The project will add over {{Convert|71000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of space to the terminal. This includes an addition of {{Convert|60200|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} and {{Convert|10800|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} space in the international and domestic wings, respectively. While the domestic section will increase the SHA, the international wing also see the increase of food & beverage (F&B) space. The latter's departure space will also be reorganised including the {{Convert|32200|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} Immigration and Customs area being shifted to an equivalent area in the newly added southern section. A third of this will host the offices while the rest will be used for passenger amenities like additional seating and F&B section. The international wing's SHA will also increase by {{Convert|28000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2025 |title=Kolkata airport adds 71,000 sq ft to accommodate 20 lakh more flyers per annum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-airport-adds-71000-sq-ft-to-accommodate-20-lakh-more-flyers-per-annum/articleshow/119871828.cms |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":21" />

These expansions will enhance the airport's capacity to 28 million passengers per annum. A budget of {{INRConvert|130|c|year=2024}} has been earmarked for this phase. This will provide an additional time of four to five years, until 2030–31, to the airport authority for a long-term solution to accommodate the passenger growth, including the construction of a new terminal.<ref name=":18" />

=== Phase 1 ===
Under the first phase of expansion, the old domestic terminal, which was operation between 1995 and 2013 and has a built-up area of {{Convert|240000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name=":21" /> will be demolished and a new terminal, spread over an area of {{Convert|1300000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, will be constructed. This will increase the airport's capacity by 40% to 33 million passengers. As of 2019, the design of the new terminal was to be finalised by early 2020.<ref name=":17" />

As of December 2024, the demolition would begin in August 2025<ref name=":12" /> and would take a year. Simultaneously, a tender will be floated for the construction of the new terminal which is expected to commence in early 2026. The overall terminal project, worth {{INRConvert|4500|c|year=2024}}, will be completed in two phases. The new terminal would be designed in order to efficiently utilise its relatively shorter [[frontage]] but service more aircraft at a time than the existing linear integrated terminal.<ref name=":18" />

The new building will be U-shaped and have three sections — a rectangular section and two arm-like [[concourses]]. The rectangular section, located at the parking lot of old terminal, will host the check-in counters, security check portals and baggage handling facilities. Meanwhile, the two concourses, at the northern and southern ends of the rectangular sections and extending eastwards, will host the operational area like boarding gates and aerobridges. The rectangular section and southern arm will be built as part of the phase 1, which has been sanctioned by the AAI.<ref name=":12" />

As of July 2025, the demolition of the old domestic terminal is scheduled to be completed by the year-end or early 2026. The entire terminal that will be completed under this phase will exclusively serve international flights and will have an annual capacity of 9 million passengers.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title='From 26 million passengers to 45 million annually': Kolkata Airport's old domestic terminal to be demolished for new international facility |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-airport-old-domestic-terminal-demolition-10149267/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Phase 2 ===
By the time the first phase construction of the new terminal will be completed, the [[#New Air Traffic Navigation Complex|new Air Traffic Navigation Complex]] will be fully operational and the old tower building and former international terminal will be demolished.<ref name=":18" /> Following this, the second phase construction will commence. This includes the northern concourse, located at on the existing Air Traffic Services (ATS) building.<ref name=":12" /> Ultimately the new terminal will also require 21 parking bays connected with aerobridges.<ref name=":19" /> The construction is aimed to be completed in 2029–30. The terminal will handle both domestic and international traffic while the T2 will be dedicated to domestic traffic. In fact, after removing the immigration, customs, and other related operations, the capacity of T2 will also be increased by 0.6 million passengers.<ref name=":18" />

=== Other developments ===
In 2019, the airport had 65 active parking bays. The parking bays remained fully occupied at night except for three parking bays that are required to be reserved for diverted flights. This necessitated to expand parking facilities with the growing demands of the [[List of airlines of India|Indian airlines]]. The AAI planned to develop over 380 parking bays in 23 airports. Airports in Kolkata and [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], followed by [[Lucknow airport|Lucknow]], would take the lead in this initiative.<ref name=":20" />

Amid this development, the AAI had earmarked {{INRConvert|200|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} to take the parking bays quantity to 105 by the end of 2024. An additional {{INRConvert|150|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} was earmarked extend the [[taxiway]] F of the airport. An amount of {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} had been invested to extend the taxiway and develop 20 parking bays by 2021. Work for the first set of 10 bays had begun following which the old airport fire station would be demolished for the next 10 bays. After the completion of these 20 bays, another contract, worth {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}, for the rest of 20 bays will be awarded.<ref name=":20">{{cite web|date=8 December 2019|title=105 parking bays, extended runway at Kolkata airport by 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/105-parking-bays-extended-runway-at-airport-by-2024/articleshow/72421001.cms|access-date=13 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901161403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/105-parking-bays-extended-runway-at-airport-/articleshow/72421001.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, as of 2025, the airport operates 73 parking bays. However, two additional bays will be made operational by the year-end and will be followed by activation of 10 bays and 19 bays in 2030 and 2032, respectively. In 2033, an additional 28 bays will be commissioned and will bring to the total number of parking bays to 132. This will ensure the parallel increase of terminal and [[airside]] infrastructure.<ref name=":19" /> Parking bays will also be developed on the eastern flank of the airport.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=Kolkata Airport plans to have 132 parking bays; expand terminal by 2033 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-plans-to-have-132-parking-bays-expand-terminal-by-2033/articleshow/123617783.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":20" />

The cargo terminal of the airport, currently located in the north western sector of the airport, will be moved to the west of the [[VIP Road, Kolkata|VIP Road]]. When relocated, the space occupied by the current cargo terminal will give way for the development of more parking bays as well as passenger terminal expansion.<ref name=":19" />

==Airlines and destinations ==
===Passenger ===



{{Airport destination list
| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=13-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Banerjee, Tamaghna|title=Arrival of two int'l airlines to take overseas flight count to 152 a week from Kolkata|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/arrival-of-two-intl-airlines-to-take-overseas-flight-count-to-152-a-week-from-kolkata/articleshow/98679369.cms|work=The Times of India|date=16 March 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

| [[Air India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/book/flight-schedule.html|title= Air India Flight Schedule|work=[[Air India]]|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> | [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]

| [[Air India Express]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|title=Our Network|work=Air India Express|access-date=23 January 2025|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519164551/https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AirIndiaX/status/1753727431989760164|title=Air India Express to launch flights to Chennai from Kolkata effective February 27|access-date=28 February 2024|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228112634/https://twitter.com/AirIndiaX/status/1753727431989760164|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]],<ref name="IX">{{cite web |title=Air India Express NW24 Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241112-ixnw24 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=12 November 2024 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113001851/https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241112-ixnw24 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]], [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]

| [[AirAsia]] |[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]

| [[Akasa Air]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/our-network|website=Akasa Air|access-date=22 September 2025|archive-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615150249/https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/our-network|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Niyogi|first=Subhro|title=Daily flight to Navi Mumbai from March 29|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/daily-flight-to-navi-mumbai-from-march-29/articleshow/129099111.cms|work=The Times of India|date=5 March 2026|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]],<ref>{{cite news | url= https://deshgujarat.com/2024/10/22/akasa-air-to-launch-ahmedabad-kolkata-port-blair-flight-next-month/|title=Akasa Air to launch Ahmedabad – Kolkata – Port Blair flight next month}}</ref> [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]]

| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.allianceair.in/book |title= Alliance Air |access-date= 31 January 2026 |archive-date= 31 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240331232306/https://allianceair.in/book |url-status= live }}</ref> | [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Lilabari Airport|Lilabari]], [[Rupsi Airport|Rupsi]]

| [[Bhutan Airlines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutanairlines.bt/about-us/routes/our-destinations|title=Bhutan Airlines Destinations|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406192300/http://www.bhutanairlines.bt/about-us/routes/our-destinations|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220726-b3sep22?rq=Kolkata%20 | title=Bhutan Airlines Tentatively Resumes Scheduled Service in mid-Sep 2022 | access-date=15 August 2022 | archive-date=27 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627150014/https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220726-b3sep22?rq=Kolkata%20 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paro International Airport|Paro]] 

| {{nowrap|[[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]]}} | [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biman-airlines.com/destinationmap|title=Biman Bangladesh Airlines flight routes|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120073100/https://biman-airlines.com/destinationmap|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| [[Buddha Air]] | [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddha Air to Resume Direct Kathmandu–Kolkata Flights from October 19|url=https://www.sharesansar.com/newsdetail/buddha-air-to-resume-direct-kathmandu-kolkata-flights-from-october-19-2025-09-24|website=ShareSansar|date=15 December 2016 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

| [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]] (resumes 18 April 2026)<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata to Kunming: Chinese Consul General pushes for more direct flights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-to-kunming-chinese-consul-general-pushes-for-more-direct-flights-10512243/|website=Indian Express|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

| [[Drukair]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drukair.com.bt/Destinations/Kolkata|title=Drukair About Kolkata Website|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519170214/https://www.drukair.com.bt/Destinations/Kolkata|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Gelephu Airport|Gelephu]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Ashley |title=Gelephu International Airport Welcomes Its First International Flight |url=https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/gelephu-international-airport-welcomes-its-first-international-flight |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=Daily Bhutan |publisher=Druk Asia |date=8 December 2025}}</ref> [[Paro International Airport|Paro]]

| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emirates.com/in/English/destinations/flights-to-kolkata.aspx|title=Emirates' Kolkata Webpage|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406193801/https://www.emirates.com/in/English/destinations/flights-to-kolkata.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emirates.com/in/English/help/covid-19/our-current-network-and-services/|title=Emirates' Destinations during COVID-19 Crisis|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408151739/https://www.emirates.com/in/English/help/covid-19/our-current-network-and-services/|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref>

| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/aviation/uae-airline-announces-new-daily-flight-to-indian-city | title=UAE airline announces new daily flight to Indian city | access-date=15 December 2022 | archive-date=27 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627150110/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/aviation/uae-airline-announces-new-daily-flight-to-indian-city | url-status=live }}</ref>

| [[flydubai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flydubai.com/en/destinations/route-map|title=Flydubai Route Map|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523204305/https://www.flydubai.com/en/destinations/route-map|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref>

| [[IndiGo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-kolkata-ccu|title=Kolkata Airport Route Map|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406193801/https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-kolkata-ccu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/|title=IndiGo Website|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519164040/http://www.goindigo.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Lengpui Airport|Aizawl]], [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport|Amritsar]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/economy-infra/aviation/news-indigo-adds-flights-to-singapore-bangkok-after-go-first-cancels-flights-interglobe-aviation-share-price-on-bse-nse-233237|title=IndiGo strengthens connectivity to Southeast Asia, adds flights connecting Singapore, Bangkok|work=Zee Business|date=3 May 2023|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515032500/https://www.zeebiz.com/economy-infra/aviation/news-indigo-adds-flights-to-singapore-bangkok-after-go-first-cancels-flights-interglobe-aviation-share-price-on-bse-nse-233237|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga]], [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Deoghar Airport|Deoghar]],<ref>{{cite news|title= PM Modi inaugurates Deoghar airport, flags off flight to Kolkata|url= https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-deoghar-airport-flags-off-flight-to-kolkata-10900691.html|work= Firstpost|date= 12 July 2022|access-date= 12 July 2022|archive-date= 2 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230102113627/https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-deoghar-airport-flags-off-flight-to-kolkata-10900691.html|url-status= live}}</ref> [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]], [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]], [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]], [[Gaya Airport|Gaya]], [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiGo to launch Ghaziabad Hindon - Kolkata, Ahmedabad eff 20JUL2025 |url=https://x.com/AviationAll_/status/1935696739966779490?t=OJ1lXX4_SBjoqc8qq4O2YQ&s=19| access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230307-6edom|title=INDIGO 1H23 DOMESTIC ROUTES ADDITION SUMMARY – 05MAR23|work=Aeroroutes|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627142713/https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230307-6edom|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiGo Tentatively Schedules Guangzhou Service Resumption in NW25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250929-6enw25can |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref name="Hanoi">{{Cite tweet |author=[[IndiGo]] |user=IndiGO6E |number=1513867038455914506 |title= Fly with us to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City | date= 12 April 2022}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],<ref name="Hanoi"/> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]], [[Donyi Polo Airport|Itanagar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Civil Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia flags off first flight from Itanagar's Donyi Polo Airport|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/civil-aviation-minister-jyotiraditya-scindia-flags-off-first-flight-from-itanagars-donyi-polo-airport/articleshow/95823390.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=28 November 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128090635/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/civil-aviation-minister-jyotiraditya-scindia-flags-off-first-flight-from-itanagars-donyi-polo-airport/articleshow/95823390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Jharsuguda Airport|Jharsuguda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1712476660409491829|title=IndiGo to launch flights to Jharsuguda from November 2023|work=JetArena|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015063917/https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1712476660409491829|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jorhat Airport|Jorhat]], [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Lucknow]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Flights to Navi Mumbai |url=https://www.goindigo.in/domestic-flights/flights-to-navi-mumbai.html |publisher=Indigo}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]], [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]], [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241202-6edec24hkt|title=IndiGo Plans Kolkata – Phuket late-Dec 2024 Launch|work=Aeroroutes|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Purnea Airport|Purnea]], [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]], [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo to start daily flights between Kolkata and Shanghai from March 29 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/business/indigo-to-start-daily-flights-between-kolkata-and-shanghai-from-march-29/cid/2149607 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Telegraph India |date=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]], [[Siem Reap–Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-commence-kolkata-siem-reap-service-in-nov-2025-1333781|title=IndiGo to commence Kolkata-Siem Reap service in Nov-2025|work=CAPA|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]], [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]], [[Changi Airport|Singapore]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]], [[Surat Airport|Surat]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]], [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]]

| {{nowrap|[[Malaysia Airlines]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/malaysia-airlines-to-restart-kuala-lumpur-kolkata-direct-flights-from-december-2/cid/2054121|title=Malaysia Airlines to restart Kuala Lumpur-Kolkata direct flights from December 2|work=telegraphindia|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009010827/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/malaysia-airlines-to-restart-kuala-lumpur-kolkata-direct-flights-from-december-2/cid/2054121|url-status=live}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Myanmar Airways International]]}} | [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-myanmar-airways-8m|title=Myanmar Airways Route Map|access-date=12 November 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231330/https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-myanmar-airways-8m|url-status=live}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways]]}} | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qatarairways.com/en-in/destinations/flights-to-kolkata.html|title=Qatar Airways' About Kolkata webpage|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408181800/https://www.qatarairways.com/en-in/destinations/flights-to-kolkata.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Singapore Airlines]]}} | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata-Singapore flights to resume at the end of November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/kolkata-singapore-flights-to-resume-at-the-end-of-november/articleshow/87776230.cms |website=Times of India Travel |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721165552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/kolkata-singapore-flights-to-resume-at-the-end-of-november/articleshow/87776230.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

| [[SpiceJet]]<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-spicejet-sg | title= SpiceJet Route Map | access-date= 3 September 2023 | archive-date= 7 March 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231411/https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-spicejet-sg | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="SJ">{{cite web|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|title=SpiceJet Flight Schedule|publisher=Official Website of SpiceJet|access-date=28 January 2026|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216083736/https://corporate.spicejet.com/Schedules.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name='SJ'></ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]],<ref name='SJ'></ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]]

| [[Star Air (India) | Star Air]] | [[Purnea Airport|Purnea]]<ref>{{cite web| title= Flight Schedule - StarAir Ticket Booking| url= https://www.starair.in/FaresAndRules/flightSchedule}}</ref>

| [[Thai AirAsia]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref>

| [[Thai Airways International]] | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref name="Thai">{{cite news| url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/2639869/thai-operates-flights-to-kaohsiung-penang-kolkata-with-airbus-a320| title=Thai Airways to resume Kolkata services| newspaper=Bangkok Post| date=September 2023| access-date=1 September 2023| archive-date=1 September 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901073246/https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/2639869/thai-operates-flights-to-kaohsiung-penang-kolkata-with-airbus-a320| url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Thai Lion Air]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thai airlines expand routes to capitalise on booming Indian tourism|date=10 December 2024 |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/business/corporate/40044026}}</ref>

| [[Thai VietJet Air]] | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Thai VietJet Air Adds Bangkok – Kolkata in mid-4Q25|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250721-vz4q25ccu|website=AeroRoutes|date=22 July 2025}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[US-Bangla Airlines]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usbair.com/flight_destination/route_map#international|title=US Bangla Flight routes|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815025535/https://usbair.com/flight_destination/route_map#international|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]]

}}

===Cargo===
{{Airport-dest-list

| [[Blue Dart Aviation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Blue Dart Aviation Ltd.|url=https://bluedartaviation.com/|access-date=4 August 2020|website=bluedartaviation.com|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223435/https://bluedartaviation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations, Blue Dart Aviation|url=https://www.bluedartaviation.com/corporatebg_net.htm|access-date=30 October 2021|website=bluedartaviation.com|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223435/https://bluedartaviation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]

| [[IndiGo|IndiGo CarGo]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]],<ref>{{cite news
|title=Lufthansa Cargo partners with IndiGo on Dhaka–Kolkata–Ho Chi Minh City cargo route
|url=https://www.stattimes.com/air-cargo/lufthansa-cargo-partners-with-indigo-on-dhakala-cargo-route-1355922
|work=The STAT Trade Times
|date=12 October 2023
|access-date=11 January 2026
}}</ref> [[Ezhou Huahu Airport|Ezhou]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stattimes.com/air-cargo/indigo-cargo-starts-kolkata-ezhou-flights-1352882|title=IndiGo CarGo start Kolkata-Ezhou flights|publisher=Stat Times|date=3 August 2024|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],<ref>{{cite news
|title=Lufthansa Cargo partners with IndiGo on Dhaka–Kolkata–Ho Chi Minh City cargo route
|url=https://www.stattimes.com/air-cargo/lufthansa-cargo-partners-with-indigo-on-dhakala-cargo-route-1355922
|work=The STAT Trade Times
|date=12 October 2023
|access-date=11 January 2026
}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Yangon Airport|Yangon]]

| [[My Indo Airlines]] | [[Yangon Airport|Yangon]]

| [[Qatar Airways|Qatar Airways Cargo]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar Airways Cargo have launched Scheduled Cargo Operations to Kolkata 🇮🇳|url=https://x.com/AviationAll_/status/1964624081048990077?t=gVuKTUozzrKYY7pkTPtpNQ&s=19|date=7 September 2025}}</ref> [[Macau International Airport|Macau]]

| [[YTO Cargo Airlines]] | [[Al Maktoum International Airport|Dubai–Al Maktoum]], [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]]
}}

[[File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport - Destination Map.png|thumb|center|500px|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport - Destination Map (January 2026). Countries in red show both passenger and cargo operations. Orange shows India, where the airport is located. Blue countries are cargo-only. The yellow countries (Saudi Arabia and Kyrgyzstan) are seasonally connected.]]

== Statistics ==
As of the financial year 2024–25, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is the sixth-busiest airport in India in terms of the total number of passengers served and with respect to the number of flights departing and arriving at the airport, which was about 21.8 million passengers in the FY and 408 flights a day respectively. This was a 10.3% increase from the previous year. Out of which, 19.4 million passengers were domestic travellers and 2.4 million were international travellers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Total passengers (Intl+Dom)|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf%7C%7D%7D%7C|date=24 April 2025}}</ref> The cargo traffic saw an increase of 9.2% from its previous year, with 165,617.9 metric tonnes of cargo, the best CCU has ever handled so far.<ref>{{cite news|title=Total (Intl+Dom.) freight|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf%7C%7D%7D%7C|date=24 April 2025}}</ref>

{{Airport-Statistics|iata=CCU}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Passenger and cargo traffic (2009–2025)
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Year
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Passengers
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Change
! rowspan="2" |Cargo ({{Abbr|MT|Metric tonne}})
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Change
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Ref
|-
!International
!Domestic
!Total
|-
|2009–10
|11,87,160
|68,58,564
|80,45,724
|{{steady}}
|1,10,256
|{{steady}}
|<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2011|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212339/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2011|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k11annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711224125/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k11annex4.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2010–11
|14,28,086
|82,03,586
|96,31,672
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 19.7%
|1,29,957
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 17.9%
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2011–12
|15,66,102
|87,37,889
|1,03,03,991
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 7.0%
|1,25,593
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 3.4%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2012|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212339/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2012|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212052/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex4.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2012–13
|16,44,339
|84,24,316
|1,00,68,655
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 2.3%
|1,23,491
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 1.7%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics. March 2013|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212339/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2013|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k13annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183717/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k13annex4.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2013–14
|17,65,013
|83,35,219
|1,01,00,232
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 0.7%
|1,29,782
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 6.2%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2014|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k14annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010501/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k14annex3.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2018|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2014|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k14annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010446/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/mar2k14annex4.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2018|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2014–15
|19,26,562
|89,90,107
|1,09,16,669
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 8.1%
|1,36,699
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 5.3%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2015|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k15annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225711/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k15annex3.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2018|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2015|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k15annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183845/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k15annex4.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2018|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2015–16
|22,17,473
|1,02,03,771
|1,24,21,244
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 13.8%
|1,39,679
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 2.2%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2016|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519060700/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2018|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2016|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k16annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010353/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k16annex4.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2018|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2016–17
|22,30,071
|1,35,89,468
|1,58,19,539
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 24.0%
|1,52, 415
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 9.0%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2017|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k17annex3R.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190227/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k17annex3R.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2018|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2017|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k17annex4R.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164755/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k17annex4R.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2017–18
|25,86,775
|1,73,05,749
|1,98,92,524
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 25.7%
|1,63,323
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 7.2%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2018|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k18annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224523/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k18annex3.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2018|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic statistics - Freight (Int'l+Dom.) March 2018|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k18annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224509/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k18annex4.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2018|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2018–19
|27,86,805
|1,90,90,545
|2,18,77,350
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 10.0%
|1,55,232
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 5.0%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2019|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K19Annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426163239/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K19Annex3.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2019|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Total Freight (Intl+Dom) March 2019|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K19Annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426163842/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K19Annex4.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2019|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2019–20
|29,39,322
|1,90,76,069
|2,20,15,391
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 0.6%
|1,53,468
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 1.1%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers (Int'l+Dom.) March 2019|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K20Annex3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426163239/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K20Annex3.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2019|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Total Freight (Intl+Dom) March 2019|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K20Annex4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426163842/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K20Annex4.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2019|access-date=13 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>
|-
|2020–21
|1,43,081
|75,85,825
|77,28,906
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 64.9%
|1,04,953
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 31.6%
|<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=TOTAL PASSENGERS (INTL+DOM)|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar202kAnnex3.pdf|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507151241/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar202kAnnex3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|title=TOTAL(INTL+DOM) FREIGHT|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar202kAnnex4.pdf|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507170733/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar202kAnnex4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021–22
|3,42,665
|1,06,93,443
|1,10,36,108
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 42.8%
|1,38,127
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 31.6%
|<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/>
|-
|2022–23
|19,56,019
|1,58,02,453
|1,77,58,472
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 60.9%
|1,36,022
| style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}} 1.5%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passenger Movement 2022-23|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225224744/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freight Movement 2022-23|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex4.pdf|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501080112/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023–24
|24,68,601
|1,73,15,816
|1,97,84,417
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 11.4%
|1,51,626
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 11.5%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passenger Movement 2023-24|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|access-date=19 April 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620120023/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freight Movement 2023-24|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|access-date=19 April 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419133127/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024–25
|24,19,466
|1,94,11,652
|2,18,31,118
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 10.3%
|1,65,617.9
| style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}} 9.2%
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Passenger Movement 2024-25|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freight Movement 2024-25|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Busiest domestic routes from CCU (2024–25)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Directorate General of Civil Aviation {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=yearly/4267/9616/html&mainundefined |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.dgca.gov.in}}</ref>
!Rank
!Airport
!Carriers
!Departing passengers
|-
|1
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
|[[Air India]], [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]], [[Akasa Air]]
|1,422,349
|-
|2
|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]
|[[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]
|1,180,899
|-
|3
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
|[[Air India]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]] ,[[SpiceJet]]
|1,071,297
|-
|4
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]
|[[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|604,223
|-
|5
|[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]]
|[[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]], [[Alliance Air (India)]], [[Air India Express]]
|552,468
|-
|6
|[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]
|[[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|535,483
|-
|7
|[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]]
|[[IndiGo]], [[Air India Express]]
|377,454
|-
|8
|[[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra]]
|[[SpiceJet]], [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|318,782
|-
|9
|[[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Alliance Air (India)]], [[IndiGo]], [[Air India Express]]
|286,814
|-
|10
|[[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]]
|[[SpiceJet]], [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]], [[Akasa Air]]
|274,011
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Busiest International routes from CCU (2023–24)'''<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Directorate General of Civil Aviation {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=yearly/4267/7261/html&mainundefined |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=www.dgca.gov.in}}</ref>
!Rank
!Airport
!Carriers
!Departing passengers
|-
|1
|[[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]]
|[[Air India]], [[Biman Bangladesh]], [[Indigo]], [[NovoAir]], [[US-Bangla Airlines]]
|2,60,277
|-
|3
|[[Bangkok]] ([[Suvarnabhumi Airport|BKK]], [[Don Mueang International Airport|DMK]])
|[[Bhutan Airlines]], [[Indigo]], [[Spicejet]],[[Thai Airways]], [[Thai Smile Airways]], [[Thai Air Asia]]
|2,01,982
|-
|2
|[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]]
|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Flydubai]]
|1,92,424
|-
|4
|[[Changi Airport|Singapore]]
|[[IndiGo]], [[Singapore Airlines]]
|1,04,026
|-
|5
|[[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]
|[[Qatar Airways]]
|75,364
|-
|6
|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]]
|[[AirAsia]], [[Batik Air Malaysia]], [[Malaysia Airlines]]
|61,930
|-
|7
|[[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]
|[[IndiGo]]
|22,580
|-
|8
|[[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]]
|[[Air India]]
|20,930
|-
|9
|[[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]]
|[[IndiGo]]
|18,158
|-
|10
|[[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]]
|[[IndiGo]], [[Thai AirAsia]]
|15,405
|}

==Ground transport==

===Roads===
[[File:Kolkata airport.jpg|thumb|right|The [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]] operates air-conditioned buses from the Airport Bus Terminus]]
The airport has a well-established facility of prepaid taxis and air-conditioned buses connecting it to the city centre. Ride-hailing services, including [[Uber]] and [[Ola Cabs|Ola]] operate here regularly. As part of the larger modernisation programme, a flyover at [[Nagerbazar]] and an entry ramp on [[VIP Road]] have also been constructed. A {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=}} flyover from [[Kestopur]] to Raghunathpur (near Tegharia) was built to speed up airport-bound traffic. These reduced journey times to the airport.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 March 2012|title=Nagerbazar flyover finally opens to public|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Nagerbazar-flyover-finally-opens-to-public/articleshow/12398363.cms|access-date=9 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206194421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Nagerbazar-flyover-finally-opens-to-public/articleshow/12398363.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2015|first=Suman |last=Chakraborti |title=Kolkata's VIP Road flyover to be opened tomorrow|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkatas-VIP-Road-flyover-to-be-opened-tomorrow/articleshow/46479930.cms|access-date=9 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220180911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkatas-VIP-Road-flyover-to-be-opened-tomorrow/articleshow/46479930.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Parking facilities at the new terminal include two underground parking levels accommodating 3000 cars, as well as an outdoor car parking that can handle an additional 2000 cars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata International Airport Parking and Charges - IndiaAirport.com|url=http://indiaairport.com/airports/kolkata/parking.htm|access-date=9 July 2020|website=indiaairport.com|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709143245/http://indiaairport.com/airports/kolkata/parking.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Park & Fly|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/passenger-info/kolkata/Park-&-Fly|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715100518/https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/passenger-info/kolkata/Park-%26-Fly|archive-date=15 July 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transport|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/transport/kolkata|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716120902/https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/transport/kolkata|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|website=aai.aero}}</ref>

[[File:WBTC Airport Bus Terminus.jpg|thumb|WBTC Airport Bus Terminus]]

[[West Bengal Transport Corporation]] (WBTC) operates air-conditioned buses to major parts of [[Kolkata]] from 07:00 to 23:00 Hrs throughout the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/night-ac-bus-services-from-airport-to-howrah-tolly/articleshow/101056252.cms|title=Night AC bus services from airport to Howrah & Tolly|work=The Times of India|date=17 June 2023 |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

===Bus routes===
* AC 39 (Airport Terminal - Howrah Stn.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-39-bus-services/|title=AC 39 Bus Route|publisher=YouFindGo|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
* VS 2 (Airport Terminal - Howrah Stn.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/transport/bus|title=VS 2 Bus timing details|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
* V1 (Airport Terminal - Tollygunge)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/transport/bus|title=V1 Bus timing details|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
* VS 1 (Airport Terminal - Esplanade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/transport/bus|title=VS 1 Bus timing details|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>
* AC 37C (Airport Terminal - Garia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolbusopedia.com/bus-routes-government|title=List of Government buses operated by WBTC|publisher=KBOP|access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>
* AC 37A (Airport Terminal - Garia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-37-a-bus-services/|title=AC 37A Bus Route|publisher=YouFindGo|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
* AC 43 (Airport Terminal - Golf Green)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-43-bus-services-2/|title=AC 43 Bus Route|publisher=YouFindGo|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

===Metro===
[[File:Jai Hind (Airport) Metro Main Gate.jpg|thumb|Jai Hind (Airport) Metro Station]]
The airport is connected at [[Jai Hind metro station]], which opened on 22 August 2025 with one [[Kolkata Metro]] line from [[Noapara metro station|Noapara]] ([[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) - Metro - Rail set to take over East-West|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|access-date=9 May 2015|work=telegraphindia.com|archive-date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601181514/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the largest underground metro station in India and the station will eventually also serve another line from [[New Garia]] ([[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]]). Both lines will converge at Jai Hind, with Orange line terminating at this station and Yellow Line moving towards Barasat metro station.

===Rail===
[[File:Jai Hind Metro Station (Nov 2024-Apr 2025) time lapse pics 13.jpg|left|thumb|Biman Bandar railway station remants]]
The airport was connected to the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system's [[Kolkata Circular Railway|circular line]] branch. The {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=}} long elevated track connected the airport [[Biman Bandar railway station]] with [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]], passing [[Jessore Road railway station|Jessore Road]]. [[Electric multiple unit]] rolling stocks served the line. Due to poor patronage and plans to replace it with [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|yellow Line metro service]], the railway line was closed in September 2016 to facilitate construction of the new lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Services End on Kolkata's Circular Railway to Facilitate Metro's Construction |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2016/10/13/services-end-on-kolkatas-circular-railway-to-facilitate-metros-construction/ |website=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=23 December 2018 |date=13 October 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223211443/https://themetrorailguy.com/2016/10/13/services-end-on-kolkatas-circular-railway-to-facilitate-metros-construction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 January 2020|first=Tamaghna|last=Banerjee |title=Defunct Circular Rail track dismantled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defunct-circular-rail-track-dismantled/articleshow/73339910.cms|access-date=9 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213141717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defunct-circular-rail-track-dismantled/articleshow/73339910.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The remaining infrastructure was dismantled in early 2020 to make space for road upgrades.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Tamaghna|last1=Banerjee|access-date=14 July 2020|title=Defunct Circular Rail track dismantled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defunct-circular-rail-track-dismantled/articleshow/73339910.cms|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213141717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defunct-circular-rail-track-dismantled/articleshow/73339910.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, the iconic station building still exists as Kolkata metro Railways headquarters.

Presently, the nearest railway stations are [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]] and [[Durganagar railway station]].

==Awards==
In 2014 and 2015, the airport won the title of ''Best Improved Airport'' in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region awarded by the [[Airport Council International]]. The airport was awarded the ''Best Airport by Hygiene Measures in the Asia-Pacific'' in 2020 by Airports Council International.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 - Best Hygiene Measures |url=https://aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-hygiene-measures/ |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

== Accidents and incidents ==
On 2 May 1953, [[BOAC Flight 783]] [[de Havilland Comet]] bound for Delhi [[de Havilland Comet#Early hull losses|crashed after takeoff]] from Calcutta Airport with the loss of 43 lives. Parts of the aircraft were found spread over an area of 8 km², near Jugalgari, a village some 25 miles north-west of Calcutta, suggesting disintegration before impact with the ground.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 May 1953|title=Loss of a Comet|work=[[Flight Global]]|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%200594.html|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101220/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%200594.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 12 June 1968, a [[Pan-Am]] Flight (N798PA, named Clipper Caribbean) [[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-321C]] struck a tree 1128 m short of the runway during a night-time visual approach in rain. The aircraft subsequently crashed and caught fire. The fuselage remained largely intact, although the aircraft's landing gear broke off. Out of the 10 crew and 53 passengers aboard, one crew member and five passengers suffered fatal injuries due to the fire.<ref>{{cite news|title=CAA Paper 2002|work=[[Civil Aviation Authority]]|url=http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAPAP2002_4.PDF|url-status=dead|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606163132/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAPAP2002_4.PDF|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-321C N798PA Calcutta-Dum Dum Airport (CCU)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19680612-2|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Aviation Safety Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015234810/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19680612-2|archive-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>

On 22 December 2015, a [[Jet Airways]] bus slammed into the side of an [[Alliance Air (India)|Air India Regional]] [[ATR 42-500]] aircraft. There were no fatalities. An investigation revealed that the driver was sleeping.<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India plane unfit to fly, may be scrapped after bus crash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/air-india-plane-unfit-to-fly-may-be-scrapped-after-bus-crash/articleshow/50307194.cms |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528111444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/air-india-plane-unfit-to-fly-may-be-scrapped-after-bus-crash/articleshow/50307194.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jet Airways bus crashes into Air India jet at Kolkata airport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kolkata-jet-airways-bus-crashes-into-air-india-plane-no-casualties/story-80Yv3RvwyicADPjwLpZbyL.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 December 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528024018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kolkata-jet-airways-bus-crashes-into-air-india-plane-no-casualties/story-80Yv3RvwyicADPjwLpZbyL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Behala Airport]]
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of airports in West Bengal]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport}}
*{{Official website|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/kolkata|name=AAI NSCBIA website}}
* {{ASN|CCU}}

{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}{{West Bengal transit}}{{Kolkata topics}}
{{USAAF 10th Air Force World War II}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Airports in India]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1937]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Transport in Maharashtra

2026-03-24T21:03:19Z

Trena17I0666860: Made some entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|none}}
[[Maharashtra]] is a state in western [[India]]. It is the country's [[List of states and union territories of India by population|second-most-populous]] state and [[List of states and union territories of India by area|third-largest state by area]]. Maharashtra is bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west, [[Gujarat]] and the [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] on the northwest, [[Madhya Pradesh]] on the north and northeast, [[Chhattisgarh]] on the east, [[Karnataka]] on the south, [[Telangana]] on the southeast and [[Goa]] on the southwest. The state covers {{convert|307731|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, or 9.84 percent of India's total area.

[[Mumbai]], Maharashtra's capital city, is India's largest city and its financial capital. Maharashtra has three modes of public transportation: road, rail and air. The state has two major ports, both in the Mumbai region: [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] (JNPT) and [[Mumbai Port]].

=={{anchor|Human powered}}Human power==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}
{{multiple image
|total_width=450
|image1=BANDRA-WEST-SKYWALK-(21).jpg
|alt1=Elevated walkway
|caption1=Bandra West Skywalk
|image2=Bicycles in India 07.jpg
|alt2=Two women on bicycles
|caption2=Women bicycling in Pune}}
In rural areas of Maharashtra, walking remains a common mode of transport. In large cities, such as Mumbai and [[Pune]], [[Skyway|skywalks]] have been proposed or are under construction to enhance [[pedestrian]] safety and convenience; the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] has begun construction of more than 50 such skywalks.<ref name="mmrdaskywalk">{{cite web|title=MMRDA – Projects – Skywalk|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm|url-status=live|publisher=[[MMRDA]]|accessdate=24 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314125705/http://mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm|archivedate=14 March 2009|df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="hindubandrakurla">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350761700.htm|title=Mumbai pedestrians can walk safe in the sky|author=S.Shanker|date=23 November 2008|work=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|page=1|accessdate=24 March 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210153810/http://thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350761700.htm|archivedate=10 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

There is a high level of bicycle ownership in the state. Along with walking, cycling accounts for a significant number of commuter trips in rural and urban areas Pune was long known as the bicycle city of India. During the 1970s, bicycles began to be replaced by [[motorcycle]]s. To combat pollution and ease traffic congestion, government development authorities are encouraging the use of separate bicycle lanes next to motor traffic.

==Animal powered==
[[File:Sugar cane.jpg|thumb|alt=A load of sugarcane and a family in a two-bullock cart|Bullock cart hauling sugarcane]]
[[Bullock cart]]s have historically been the most common mode of transport in Maharashtra for goods and, to a lesser extent, for people. They are still used in rural areas for transporting goods to homes and farms, or for transporting produce such as [[sugarcane]] to a [[Sugarcane mill|mill]].<ref name="Dandekar1986">{{cite book|author=Hemalata C. Dandekar|title=Men to Bombay, Women at Home: Urban Influence on Sugao Village, Deccan Maharashtra, India, 1942–1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrRP9Vs8jfQC&pg=PP15|year=1986|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-89148-036-5|page=44}}</ref> [[Khillari cattle]] have been the most popular for use as oxen.<ref>Momongan VG. Reproduction in draught animals. Draught Animal Power for Production. ACIAR Proceedings. 1985 Jul 10;10:123-9.</ref>

Horses ([[Riding horse|riding]] and [[Draft horse|draft]]), donkeys, and elephants are other animals which have been used in the region for transport. The indigenous [[Bhimthadi horse]] was popular for riding at the time of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PR12|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=59–62}}</ref><ref>Mushirul Hasan, India partitioned: the other face of freedom, vol. 1, Lotus Collection, 1995, 120 p. ({{ISBN|8174360123}}), p. 103.</ref> During the British colonial era, the horse-drawn [[Tanga (carriage)|Tanga]] and [[Victoria (carriage)|Victoria]] were popular modes of transport in urban areas. They began to be replaced by motorized, three-wheeled [[auto rickshaw]]s for [[intermediate public transport]] during the 1960s. Donkeys are still used on building sites for carrying sand, but (unlike the Middle East) are not used for riding.

==Road transport==

At {{convert|267,452|km}}, Maharashtra has India's largest road network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/251.html |title=Table No 2 |publisher=Morth.nic.in |date=31 March 1996 |accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref> Seventeen [[National highways of India|national highways]] connect Maharashtra to six neighbouring states.<ref name="IBE1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Maharasthra_271211.pdf |title=Maharashtra – Physical Infrastructure, Roads |publisher= India Brand Equity Foundation |date=November 2011 |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> The state's national highways are {{convert|4688|km}} long.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/default.html |title=Statistics |publisher=Mahapwd.com |date=31 March 2000 |accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref> Maharashtra also has a large state-highway network; in March 2018, 99.5 percent of the state's villages were connected by all-weather roads. The [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Yeshwantrao Chavan Mumbai-Pune Expressway]], India's first [[Controlled-access highway|controlled-access]] [[toll road]], became fully operational in April 2002.

The [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) has been providing public-sector road passenger service since 1948, linking most of the state's towns and villages in a large network. These buses, popularly known as ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of Maharashtra's population. In addition to the government-run buses, private luxury buses serve major population centres. Other modes of public road transport, such as the seven-seat [[Force Traveller|Tempo]], have become popular in semi-urban areas. The Bandra Worli sea link is one of the longest bridges in the country. It was opened in 2009. The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest bridge in India and was on 12 January 2024, after the prime minister, Narendra Modi, inaugurated the bridge. It connects Bombay with Navi Mumbai. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | title=Speed limit 100 km/Hr, no bikes and autos: All about India's longest sea bridge | date=11 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Atal Setu news: PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Trans Harbour Link today {{!}} Today News | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | access-date=2025-06-25 | website=www.livemint.com}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=160px>
File:Gr Wiki MH Transport Road 192dpi.png|Major roads in Maharashtra|alt=Map
File:Puntamba railway crossing.JPG|[[Puntamba]] railway crossing|alt=Many motorbikes at a semi-rural railway crossing
File:Nashik Mumbai NH3.jpg|[[Mumbai–Nashik Expressway]]|alt=Landscaped four-lane road over rolling terrain

</gallery>

=={{anchor|Rail transport}}Railways==
Rail transport is primarily provided by [[Indian Railways]], part of the Ministry of Railways and divided into eighteen zones.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kolkata-Metro-is-now-the-17th-zone-of-Indian-Railways/articleshow/7186301.cms|title=Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways|work=The Times of India|date=29 December 2010 }}</ref> IR is sub-divided into sixty-seven divisions, each with a divisional headquarters.<ref name="Bhandari_Chap7">{{cite book|title=Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years|author=R.R. Bhandari|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=44–52|isbn=978-81-230-1254-4|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA_zones">{{cite web|title=Geography: Railway zones|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club|accessdate=23 December 2008}}</ref>

Maharashtra is connected to other parts of India with a {{convert|5,983|km|adj=on}} rail network, and contains many IR zone and division headquarters:
*IR's [[Central Railway zone|Central]] and [[Western Railway zone]]s are headquartered in Mumbai at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CSTM) and [[Churchgate]], respectively.
*[[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]] houses the [[Nagpur CR railway division|Nagpur]] and [[Nagpur SEC railway division|divisions]] of the Central and South East Central zones, respectively.
* The [[Nanded]] division of the [[South Central Railway zone]], which serves Maharashtra's [[Marathwada]] region, and
* The [[Konkan Railway]], an IR subsidiary based in [[CBD Belapur]], [[Navi Mumbai]], which serves the [[Konkan]] coastal region and continues down the country's west coast.

The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai]] and [[Pune Suburban Railway]]s carry about 6.4 million passengers daily.<ref name="IBE2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Maharasthra_271211.pdf |title=Maharashtra – Physical Infrastructure, Railways |publisher= IBEF |date=November 2011 |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> Maharashtra also has metro and monorail networks. Metro systems are operational in [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai]], [[Nagpur Metro|Nagpur]], [[Navi Mumbai Metro|Navi Mumbai]], and [[Pune Metro|Pune]]. The [[Greater Nashik Metro]], being built by [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]], is planned to connect the city with suburban areas such as [[Nashik Road]], [[Nashik Airport]] and [[Sinnar]]. A monorail system is operational in [[Mumbai Monorail|Mumbai]]. Mumbai had tram service until 1964, when it was replaced by expanded bus service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html|title=India|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212014834/http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html|archive-date=12 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

A rail tunnel under the sea is planned. It will link the UAE with the western coast of India. The tunnel will be supported by pontoons and will be nearly 2000 kilometres in length.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/articleshow/66878629.cms |title=A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon! {{!}} Times of India Travel |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130213347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/amp_articleshow/66878629.cms |archive-date=2018-11-30}} </ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/united-arab-emirates-underwater-bullet-train-india/amp|title=The UAE wants an underwater bullet train to India|date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=170px>
12290 Nagpur Duronto Express at Mumbai CST station.jpg|IR's [[Nagpur Duronto Express]]|alt=Long train at a station
Mumbai EMU AC coaches.jpg|Western Railway local train|alt=White-and-purple electric train
Mumbai metro fleet 2.jpg|Mumbai Metro train|alt=Grey-and-pink electric train at a station
Pune Metro Trials.jpg|Pune Metro trial coaches in 2019|alt=Elevated electric train
Mumbai Monorail train.jpg|Mumbai Monorail|alt=Pink monorail at a station
</gallery>

=={{anchor|Air transport}}Air==
Civil aviation in Maharashtra began in the 1920s with [[Juhu Aerodrome]], one of India's first and a base for [[J. R. D. Tata]]'s [[Tata Airlines]] during the 1930s. The maharaja of [[Kolhapur State]] built an airfield in [[Kolhapur]] in 1939, and offered a [[subsidy]] to [[Air Services of India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Airlines of the world: India |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%201264.html |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=27 April 1939 |accessdate=21 September 2011 }}</ref> to operate air service to Juhu.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Service in India |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%200302.html |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=2 February 1939 |accessdate=21 September 2011 }}</ref> Small airstrips had been built by the 1940s at Phaltan, Sangli, Akola and Gondia<ref>{{cite web |title=Airstrips in Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |publisher=Maharashtra Public Works Department |accessdate=1 April 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001075044/http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> in addition to larger airfields at [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], Pune and Nagpur, built by the [[Indian Air Force]] and also used for civil aviation. During the 1980s and 1990s, [[Vayudoot]] served ten airports in the state.

===Airports===
{{See also|List of airports in Maharashtra}}
[[File:Jet Airways Boeing 737-800 SDS-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Many jet planes at a terminal|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] is one of the world's busiest.]]
Most of Maharashtra's airfields are operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI); [[Reliance Infrastructure#Airports|Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL)]] operate five smaller airports at [[Latur Airport|Latur]], [[Nanded Airport|Nanded]], [[Baramati Airport|Baramati]], [[Osmanabad Airport|Osmanabad]] and [[Sant Gadge Baba Yavatmal Airport|Yavatmal]] on a 95-year lease.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title=Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927183635/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-06/india-business/28178331_1_greenfield-airport-reliance-airport-developers-midc |url-status=live |archive-date=27 September 2012 |date= 6 August 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> The [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) was founded in 2002 to develop airports in the state which are not under the AAI or the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC). MADC is leading the planning and implementation of the [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur]] (MIHAN) project.<ref name="MADC">{{cite web|url=http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html|title=MIDC projects|publisher=[[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]]|accessdate=31 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226054653/http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html|archivedate=26 February 2012}}</ref>

Maharashtra has four international airports:
* Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], India's [[List of busiest airports in India | second busiest]]
* [[Pune Airport]], with flights to [[Dubai]] and [[Singapore]]
* Nagpur's [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]]
* [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]]

Major domestic airports of Maharashtra include:
* [[Aurangabad Airport]]
* [[Jalgaon Airport]]
* [[Nanded Airport]]
* [[Kolhapur Airport]]
* [[Nashik Airport]]

Airports at [[Akola Airport|Akola]], [[Amravati Airport|Amravati]], [[Baramati Airport|Baramati]], Chandrapur, [[Dhule Airport|Dhule]], [[Gondia Airport|Gondia]], [[Karad Airport|Karad]], [[Latur Airport|Latur]], [[Osmanabad Airport|Osmanabad]], [[Ratnagiri Airport|Ratnagiri]], [[Solapur Airport|Solapur]] and [[Yavatmal Airport|Yavatmal]] do not have scheduled air service. There are also private airstrips at [[Aamby Valley City]] and [[Shirpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf |title=List of Aerodromes Licensed under Private Category|publisher= [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]] |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref>

The MADC operates a [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] airport at [[Shirdi Airport|Shirdi]], and [[IRB Infrastructure]] operates [[Sindhudurg Airport]]. A new passenger terminal at Nashik Airport was inaugurated in March 2014.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Ozar terminal to be inaugurated on March 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Ozar-terminal-to-be-inaugurated-on-March-2/articleshow/30960125.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 25 February 2014 |access-date= 25 February 2014}}</ref> The [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]], being constructed by [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|CIDCO]] for {{INRConvert|90|b}}, is expected to be completed and become operational by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Mumbai |date=2025-10-06 |title=Navi Mumbai airport to see international flights from day 1 of ops |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/business-economy/navi-mumbai-airport-to-see-international-flights-from-day-1-of-ops/article70132035.ece |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The [[New Pune Airport]] is planned,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madcindia.org/pune.html |title=Airport near Rajgurunagar, Pune |publisher= [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> in addition to greenfield airports at Boramani (near [[Solapur]]) and [[Gadchiroli]].<ref name="MADC"/>

=={{anchor|Water transport}}Water==
The ports on the Konkan coast have historically been the gateway to the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Although most have diminished in importance, they remain fishing ports. Maharashtra's two principal ports, [[Mumbai Port Trust|Mumbai Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] (also in the Mumbai region), are controlled by the [[government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of ports in Maharashtra|url=http://www.mahammb.com/regional-port-offices.htm|website=Regional Port Offices|publisher=Maharashtra Maritime Board|accessdate=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203004608/http://www.mahammb.com/regional-port-offices.htm|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are about 50 minor ports in Maharashtra;<ref>{{cite web|title=Sea ports of Maharashtra|url=http://www.oocities.org/ggavaska/seaports.html|publisher=Geo cities organisation|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132738/http://www.oocities.org/ggavaska/seaports.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> most handle passenger traffic, with limited capacity. None of the state's major rivers are navigable.
{{wide image|Mumbai_Dock.JPG|700px|alt=Ships at a busy port|Ships at Mumbai Port}}

==See also==
*[[Transport in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtra transport}}
[[Category:Transport in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Transport in India by state or union territory]]

Pitch-accent language

2026-03-17T14:40:29Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{short description|Language that uses pitch changes for accent}}
{{redirect|Pitch accent|pitch accent in music|Accent (music)|intonational pitch accent|Pitch accent (intonation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{IPA notice}}
A '''pitch-accent language''' is a type of language that, when spoken, has certain [[syllable]]s in words or [[morpheme]]s that are prominent, as indicated by a distinct contrasting [[pitch (music)|pitch]] ([[tone (linguistics)|linguistic tone]]) rather than by volume or length, as in some other languages like [[English language|English]]. Pitch-accent languages also contrast with fully [[tonal languages]] like [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Thai language|Central Thai]] and [[Standard Chinese]], in which practically every syllable can have an independent tone. Some scholars have claimed that the term "pitch accent" is not coherently defined and that pitch-accent languages are a sub-category of tonal languages in general.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Larry |last=Hyman |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/papers/2006-hyman-word.pdf |title=Word-Prosodic Typology |journal=Phonology |year=2006 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=225–257 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0952675706000893}}</ref>

Languages that have been described as pitch-accent languages include: most dialects of [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Baltic languages]], [[Ancient Greek]], [[Vedic Sanskrit]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Limburgish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Biscayan dialect|Western Basque]],<ref name="Hualde86">{{cite journal |last=Hualde |first=J. I. |year=1986 |title= Tone and stress in Basque: A preliminary study|journal= Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"|volume=XX |issue=3 |pages=867–896 |issn=2444-2992 |doi=10.1387/asju.7813 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Yaqui language|Yaqui]],<ref name="Demers99">{{cite journal|last1=Demers |first1=Richard |last2=Escalante |first2=Fernando |last3=Jelinik |first3=Eloise |year=1999 |title=Prominence in Yaqui Words |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=40–55 |jstor=1265972 |doi=10.1086/466375 |s2cid=144693748}}</ref> certain dialects of [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Shanghainese]],{{sfnp|Chen|2000|p=223}} and [[Livonian language|Livonian]].

Pitch-accent languages tend to fall into two categories: those with a single pitch-contour (for example, high, or high{{ndash}}low) on the accented syllable, such as Tokyo [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Biscayan dialect|Western Basque]], or [[Persian language|Persian]]; and those in which more than one pitch-contour can occur on the accented syllable, such as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], or [[Serbo-Croatian]]. In this latter kind, the accented syllable is also often stressed another way.

Some of the languages considered pitch-accent languages, in addition to accented words, also have accentless words (e.g., [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Biscayan dialect|Western Basque]]); in others all major words are accented (e.g., [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]] and [[Barasana-Eduria language|Barasana]]).<ref name="Levi">{{Cite journal |last=Levi |first=Susannah V. |year=2005 |title=Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231963635 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=73–97 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305001921 |s2cid=145460722 |issn=1475-3502}}</ref>

The term "pitch accent" is also used to denote a different feature, namely the use of pitch when speaking to give selective [[prominence (phonetics)|prominence]] (accent) to a [[syllable]] or [[mora (linguistics)|mora]] within a [[phrase]].{{sfnp|Gordon|2014|pp=84–5}}

==Characteristics of pitch-accent languages==
===Definitions===
Scholars give various definitions of a pitch-accent language. A typical definition is as follows: "Pitch-accent systems [are] systems in which one syllable is more prominent than the other syllables in the same word, a prominence that is achieved by means of pitch" ({{harvnb|Zanten|Dol|2010|p=120}}). That is to say, in a pitch-accent language, in order to indicate how a word is pronounced it is necessary, as with a stress-accent language, to mark only one syllable in a word as accented, not specify the tone of every syllable. This feature of having only one prominent syllable in a word or morpheme is known as ''culminativity''.{{sfnp|Downing|2010|p=411}}

Another property suggested for pitch-accent languages to distinguish them from stress languages is that "Pitch accent languages must satisfy the criterion of having ''invariant tonal contours'' on accented syllables ... This is not so for pure stress languages, where the tonal contours of stressed syllables can vary freely" ({{harvnb|Hayes|1995|p=50}}). Although this is true of many pitch-accent languages, there are others, such as the [[Franconian (linguistics)|Franconian dialects]], in which the contours vary, for example between declarative and interrogative sentences.<ref name="Köhnlein"/>

According to another proposal, pitch-accent languages ''can only use F0'' (i.e., pitch) to mark the accented syllable, whereas stress languages may also use duration and intensity ({{harvnb|Beckman|1986}}). However, other scholars disagree, and find that intensity and duration can also play a part in the accent of pitch-accent languages ({{harvnb|Levi|2005}}).

A feature considered characteristic of stress-accent languages is that a stress-accent is ''obligatory'', that is, that every major word has to have an accent.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Larry M. |year=2012 |title=Do all languages have word-accent? |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/documents/2012/Hyman_UConn_Accent_Rev_PLAR.pdf |journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report |volume=8 |pages=32–54 |doi=10.5070/P70956402p}}</ref>{{rp|p=35}} This is not always true of pitch-accent languages, some of which, like Japanese and Northern Bizkaian Basque, have accentless words. But there are also some pitch-accent languages in which every word has an accent.<ref name=Levi />

One feature shared between pitch-accent languages and stress-accent languages is ''demarcativeness'': prominence peaks tend to occur at or near morpheme edges (word/stem initial, word/stem penult, word/stem final).{{sfnp|Downing|Mtenje|2017|p=133}}

Often, however, the difference between a pitch-accent language, a stress-accent language, and tonal language is not clear. "It is, in fact, often not straightforward to decide whether a particular pitch system is best described as tonal or accentual. ... Since raised pitch, especially when it coincides with vowel length, makes a syllable perceptually more prominent, it can often require detailed phonetic and phonological analysis to disentangle whether pitch is playing a more stress-like or a more tone-like role in a particular language" ({{harvnb|Downing|2010|p=382}}).

{{harvtxt|Hyman|2009}} argues that tone is made up of a variety of different typological features, which can be mixed and matched with some independence from each other. Hyman claims that there can be no coherent definition of pitch-accent, as the term describes languages that have non-prototypical combinations of tone system properties (or both a tone system, usually still non-prototypical, and a stress system simultaneously). Since all pitch-accent languages can be analysed just as well in purely tonal terms, in Hyman's view, the term "pitch-accent" should be superseded by a wider understanding of what qualifies as a tone system - thus, all "pitch-accent" languages are tone languages, and there is simply more variety within tone systems than has historically been admitted.<ref name=Hyman2009>{{cite journal |first=Larry| last=Hyman| year=2009 | url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/papers/2009-hyman-pitchaccent.pdf |title=How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent |journal=Language Sciences |volume=31 |issue=2–3 |pages=213–238 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2008.12.007}}</ref>

===Characteristics of the accent===
====High vs. low accent====
When one particular tone is marked in a language in contrast to unmarked syllables, it is usual for it to be a high tone. There are, however, a few languages in which the marked tone is a low tone, for example the [[Dogrib language]] of northwestern Canada,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=L. |date=12-16 December 2000 |title=Privative Tone in Bantu |url=https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Privative_Tone_Tokyo_A4.pdf |journal=Symposium on Tone |location=Tokyo}} (draft)</ref> [[Kansai dialect|the Kansai dialect of Japanese]], and certain Bantu languages of the Congo such as [[Luba-Kasai language|Ciluba]] and [[Ruund language|Ruund]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nash |first=J.A. |year=1994 |title=Underlying Low Tones in Ruwund |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=223–278 |doi=10.32473/sal.v23i3.107413|doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Disyllabic accents====
One difference between a pitch accent and a stress accent is that it is not uncommon for a pitch accent to be realised over two syllables. Thus in [[Serbo-Croatian]], the difference between a "rising" and a "falling" accent is observed only in the pitch of the syllable following the accent: the accent is said to be "rising" if the following syllable is as high as or higher than the accented syllable, but "falling" if it is lower (see [[Serbo-Croatian phonology#Pitch accent]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zec |first1=D. |last2=Zsiga |first2=E. |author-link2=Elizabeth Zsiga |year=2010 |url=https://zsigaedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/zec_zsiga_interactiontonestressserbian_fasl18_2010.pdf |title=Interaction of Tone and Stress in Standard Serbian |journal=Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics |volume=18 |pages=535–555 |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=Michigan Slavic Publications}}</ref>

In [[Vedic Sanskrit]], the ancient Indian grammarians described the accent as being a high pitch ({{IAST|udātta}}) followed by a falling tone ({{IAST|svarita}}) on the following syllable; but occasionally, when two syllables had merged, the high tone and the falling tone were combined on one syllable.{{sfnp|Whitney|1889|loc=§§81–3}}{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=121}}

In [[Swedish language|Standard Swedish]], the difference between accent 1 and accent 2 can only be heard in words of two or more syllables, since the tones take two syllables to be realised. In [[Värmland]] as well as [[Norrland]] accent 1 and 2 can be heard in monosyllabic words however. In the central Swedish dialect of [[Stockholm]], citation forms of words with accent 1 have a LHL contour and a HLHL contour when marked with accent 2, with an additional peak in the second syllable.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Tomas |last=Riad |year=2006 |url=https://www.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.29915.1320939951!/RiadStuf2006.pdf |title=Scandinavian accent typology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808231941/http://www.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.29915.1320939951!/RiadStuf2006.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |journal=STUF - Language Typology and Universals |volume=59 |issue=1 |location=Berlin |pages=36–55 |doi=10.1524/stuf.2006.59.1.36 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=38–9}}

In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], in most words the accent is realised as a low tone on the penultimate syllable (which is also stressed) followed by a high tone on the final; but in some dialects this LH contour may take place entirely within the penultimate syllable.{{sfnp|Cooper|2015|p=165}}

Similarly in the [[Chewa language|Chichewa]] language of Malawi a tone on a final syllable often spreads backwards to the penultimate syllable, so that the word {{lang|ny|Chichew'''á'''}} is actually pronounced ''Chichēw'''ā''''' with two mid-tones,{{sfnp|Louw|1987|pp=22, 60}} or ''Chichěw'''ā''''', with a rising tone on the penultimate syllable. Sentence-finally it can become ''Chichěwà'' with a rising tone on the penultimate and a low tone on the final.{{sfnp|Downing|Mtenje|2017|p=119}}<ref name="Hyman07">{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=L.M. |year=2007 |title=Tone: Is it different? |journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report |volume=3 |doi=10.5070/P71SR5F98X |url=https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/documents/2007/Hyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf}} (draft)</ref>{{rp|p=500}}

====Peak delay====
A phenomenon observed in a number of languages, both fully tonal ones and those with pitch-accent systems, is peak delay.{{sfnp|Yip|2002|pp=8–9}} In this, the high point (peak) of a high tone does not synchronise exactly with the syllable itself, but is reached at the beginning of the following syllable, giving the impression that the high tone has spread over two syllables. The Vedic Sanskrit accent described above has been interpreted as an example of peak delay.<ref name="Beguš16" />

====One-mora accents====
Conversely, a pitch accent in some languages can target just part of a syllable, if the syllable is [[mora (linguistics)|bi-moraic]]. Thus in [[Luganda]], in the word {{lang|lg|Abag'''â'''nda}} "Baganda people" the accent is considered to occur on the first mora of the syllable {{lang|lg|ga(n)}}, but in {{lang|lg|Bugá'''ń'''da}} "Buganda (region)" it occurs on the second half (with spreading back to the first half).{{sfnp|Kamoga|Stevick|1968|pp=ix–x}}{{sfnp|Dutcher|Paster|2008|p=?}} In Ancient Greek, similarly, in the word {{lang|grc|οἶκοι}} ({{grc-transl|'''οἶ'''κοι}}) "houses" the accent is on the first half of the syllable ''oi'', but in {{lang|grc|οἴκοι}} ({{grc-transl|'''οἴ'''κοι}}) "at home" on the second half.{{sfnp|Smyth|1984|at=§169}} An alternative analysis is to see Luganda and Ancient Greek as belonging to the type of languages where there is a choice of different contours on an accented syllable.

===High tone spread===
====Anticipation====
In some pitch-accent languages, the high pitch of the accent can be anticipated in the preceding syllable or syllables, for example, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] {{tlit|ja|atám'''á''' ga}} "head", [[Basque language|Basque]] {{lang|eu|lagúnén am'''ú'''ma}} "the friend's grandmother", [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|sínírl'''é'''nmeyecektiniz}} "you would not get angry",<ref name=Levi/> Belgrade [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{lang|sr|pápr'''í'''ka}} "pepper",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inkelas |first1=Sharon |last2=Zec |first2=Draga |date=June 1988 |title=Serbo-Croatian Pitch Accent: The Interaction of Tone, Stress, and Intonation |journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]] |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |volume=64 |number=2 |pages=227–248 |doi=10.2307/415433 |jstor=415433 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=230–1}} Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|ápáít'''é'''ì}} "it demands".<ref>[[Seikilos epitaph]] line 4. See also: {{cite journal |last1=Devine |first1=A.M. |last2=Stephens |first2=Laurence D. |year=1991 |title=Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De Compositione Verborum XI: Reconstructing the Phonetics of the Greek Accent |journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association |volume=121 |pages=229–286 |doi=10.2307/284454 |jstor=284454}}</ref>

====Forwards spreading====
Forwards spreading of a tone is also common in some languages. For example, in the [[Northern Ndebele language]] of Zimbabwe, the tonal accent on the prefix ''ú-'' spreads forward to all the syllables in the word except the last two: {{lang|nd|'''ú'''kúhleka}} "to laugh"; {{lang|nd|'''ú'''kúhlékísana}} "to make one another laugh". Sometimes the sequence HHHH then becomes LLLH, so that in the related language [[Zulu language|Zulu]], the equivalent of these words is {{lang|zu|uk'''ú'''hleka}} and {{lang|zu|ukuhlek'''í'''sana}} with an accent shifted to the antepenultimate syllable.<ref name=Hyman07 />{{rp|p=498}}

In [[Yaqui]], the accent is signalled by an upstep before the accented syllable. The high pitch continues after the accent, declining slightly, until the next accented syllable.<ref name="Hagberg08" /> Thus it is the opposite of Japanese, where the accent is preceded by high pitch, and its position is signalled by a downstep after the accented syllable.

====Plateau between accents====
In other languages the high pitch of an accent, instead of dropping to a low on the following syllable, in some circumstances can continue in a plateau to the next accented syllable, as in [[Luganda]] {{lang|lg|k'''í'''rí mú Búg'''áń'''da}} "it is in Buganda" (contrast {{lang|lg|k'''í'''ri mu Bunyóró}} "it is in Bunyoro", in which ''Bunyóró'' is unaccented apart from automatic default tones).{{sfnp|Kamoga|Stevick|1968|pp=29, 105}}

Plateauing is also found in [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], where in some circumstances a sequence of HLH can change to HHH. For example, {{lang|ny|nd'''í'''}} + {{lang|ny|njing'''á'''}} "with a bicycle" makes {{lang|ny|nd'''í''' njíng'''á'''}} with a plateau.{{sfnp|Downing|Mtenje|2017|p=122}}

In Western [[Basque language|Basque]] and Luganda, the default high tones automatically added to accentless words can spread in a continuous plateau through the phrase as far as the first accent, for example, in Basque {{lang|eu|Jonén lágúnén ám'''ú'''ma}} "John's friend's grandmother",<ref name="Hualde06" />{{rp|page=161}} Luganda {{lang|lg|abántú mú kíb'''ú'''ga}} "people in the city".{{sfnp|Kamoga|Stevick|1968|p=xviii}}

===Simple pitch-accent languages===
According to the first two criteria above, the Tokyo dialect of [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is often considered a typical pitch-accent language, since the pronunciation of any word can be specified by marking just one syllable as accented, and in every word the accent is realised by a fall in pitch immediately after the accented syllable. In the examples below the accented syllable is marked in bold (the particle {{tlit|ja|ga}} indicates that the word is subject):<ref name=Hyman2009/>
*{{tlit|ja|m'''á'''kura ga}} "pillow"
*{{tlit|ja|an'''á'''ta ga}} "you"
*{{tlit|ja|atám'''á''' ga}} "head"
*{{tlit|ja|sakáná gá}} "fish" (unaccented)

In Japanese there are also other high-toned syllables, which are added to the word automatically, but these do not count as accents, since they are not followed by a low syllable. As can be seen, some of the words in Japanese have no accent.

In [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] and its descendant, [[Vedic Sanskrit]], the system is comparable to Tokyo Japanese and [[Cupeño language|Cupeño]] in most respects, specifying pronunciation through inherently accented morphemes such as {{lang|ine-x-proto|-ró-}} and {{lang|ine-x-proto|-tó-}} (Vedic {{IAST|-rá-}} and {{IAST|-tá-}}) and inherently unaccented morphemes.{{sfnp|Lundquist|Yates|2017|at=§3.1}} The examples below demonstrate the formation of such words using morphemes:
* PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|/h{{sub|2}}erǵ-ró-(o)s/|italic=no}} > {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h{{sub|2}}r̥ǵrós}} "shining" (Vedic {{IAST|r̥jrás}})
* PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|/ḱlew-tó-(o)s/|italic=no}} > {{lang|ine-x-proto|ḱlutós}} "heard (of), famous" (Vedic {{IAST|śrutás}})

If there are multiple accented morphemes, the accent is determined by specific morphophonological principles. Below is a comparison of Vedic, Tokyo Japanese and Cupeño regarding accent placement:
* Vedic {{IPA|/''gáv-ā́''/}} > {{IPA|''gáv-ā''}} "with the cow"
* Japanese {{IPA|/''yón-dára''/}} > {{IPA|''yón-dara''}} "if (he) reads"
* Cupeño {{IPA|/''ʔáyu-qá''/}} > {{IPA|''ʔáyu-qa''}} "(he) wants"

The [[Basque language|Basque]] language has a system very similar to Japanese. In some Basque dialects, as in Tokyo Japanese, there are accented and unaccented words; in other dialects all major words have an accent.<ref name="Hualde06" />{{rp|page=159}} As with Japanese, the accent in Basque consists of a high pitch followed by a fall on the next syllable.

[[Turkish language|Turkish]] is another language often considered a pitch-accent language (see [[Turkish phonology#Word-accent]]). In some circumstances, for example in the second half of a compound, the accent can disappear.

[[Persian language|Persian]] has also been called a pitch-accent language in recent studies, although the high tone of the accent is also accompanied by stress; and as with Turkish, in some circumstances the accent can be neutralised and disappear.<ref name="Abol">{{Cite journal |last1=Abolhasanizadeh |first1=Vahideh |last2=Bijankhan |first2=Mahmood |last3=Gussenhoven |first3=Carlos |year=2012 |title=The Persian pitch accent and its retention after the focus |journal=Lingua |language=en |volume=122 |issue=13 |pages=1380–1394 |doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2012.06.002}}</ref>{{sfnp|Sadat-Tehrani|2007|p=?}}<ref>{{harvp|Hosseini|2014|p=35}} ; 22f for a review of the literature</ref> Because the accent is both stressed and high-pitched, Persian can be considered intermediate between a pitch-accent language and a stress-accent language.

===More complex pitch accents===
In some simple pitch-accent languages, such as Ancient Greek, the accent on a long vowel or diphthong could be on either half of the vowel, making a contrast possible between a rising accent and a falling one; compare {{lang|grc|οἴκοι}} ({{grc-transl|'''οἴ'''κοι}}) "at home" vs. {{lang|grc|οἶκοι}} ({{grc-transl|'''οἶ'''κοι}}) "houses".{{sfnp|Smyth|1984|at=§169}} Similarly in [[Luganda]], in bimoraic syllables a contrast is possible between a level and falling accent: {{lang|lg|Bug'''áń'''da}} "Buganda (region)", vs. {{lang|lg|Abag'''â'''nda}} "Baganda (people)". However, such contrasts are not common or systematic in these languages.

In more complex types of pitch-accent languages, although there is still only one accent per word, there is a systematic contrast of more than one pitch-contour on the accented syllable, for example, H vs. HL in the Colombian language [[Barasana-Eduria language|Barasana]],<ref name=Levi /> accent 1 vs. accent 2 in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], rising vs. falling tone in [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], and a choice between level (neutral), rising, and falling in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

Other languages deviate from a simple pitch accent in more complicated ways. For example, in describing the [[Osaka]] dialect of [[Japanese language|Japanese]], it is necessary to specify not only which syllable of a word is accented, but also whether the initial syllable of the word is high or low.<ref name="Hyman2009"/>

In [[Luganda]] the accented syllable is usually followed immediately after the HL of the accent by an automatic default tone, slightly lower than the tone of the accent, e.g., {{lang|lg|t'''ú'''gendá}} "we are going"; however, there are some words such as {{lang|lg|b'''á'''lilabá}} "they will see", where the automatic default tone does not follow the accent immediately but after an interval of two or three syllables. In such words it is therefore necessary to specify not only which syllable has the accent, but where the default tone begins.<ref name="Hyman93">{{Cite journal |last1=Hyman |first1=Larry M. |first2=Francis X. |last2=Katamba |year=1993 |title=A new approach to tone in Luganda |journal=Language |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=33–67 |doi=10.2307/416415 |jstor=416415}}</ref>{{rp|pp=36, 45}}

Because of the number of ways languages can use tone, some linguists, such as the tonal languages specialist [[Larry Hyman]], argue that the category "pitch-accent language" can have no coherent definition, and that all such languages should simply be referred to as "tonal languages".<ref name=Hyman2009 />

==Languages==
===Proto-Indo-European===
{{main|Proto-Indo-European accent}}
The theoretical proto-language [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the putative ancestor of most European, Iranian and North Indian languages, is usually reconstructed to have been a free pitch-accent system. ("Free" here refers to the position of the accent since its position was unpredictable by [[Proto-Indo-European phonology|phonological rules]] and so could be on any syllable of a word, regardless of its structure.) From comparisons with the surviving [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] daughter languages, it is generally believed that the accented syllable was higher in pitch than the surrounding syllables. Among daughter languages, a pitch-accent system is found in Vedic Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, the Baltic languages and some South Slavic languages, although none of them preserves the original system intact.{{sfnp|Fortson|2004|p=62}}

===Vedic Sanskrit===
{{main|Vedic accent}}
[[Vedic Sanskrit]], the earliest form of the Indian language [[Sanskrit]], is believed to have had a pitch accent that was very similar to that of ancestor language Proto-Indo-European. Most words had exactly one accented syllable, but there were some unaccented words, such as finite verbs of main clauses, non-initial [[Vocative case|vocatives]], and certain pronouns and particles. Occasionally, a compound word occurred with two accents: {{tlit|vsn|'''á'''pa-bhart'''á'''vai}} "to take away".<ref name="Beguš16">{{cite journal |last=Beguš |first=Gašper |year=2016 |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/begus/files/begus_the_phonetics_of_independent_svarita_in_vedic.pdf |title=The Phonetics of the Independent Svarita in Vedic |editor-last1=Jamison |editor-first1=Stephanie W. |editor-link1=Stephanie W. Jamison |editor-last2=Melchert |editor-first2=H. Craig |editor-last3=Vine |editor-first3=Brent |journal=Proceedings of the 26th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference |location=Bremen |publisher=Hempen |pages=1–12}}</ref>

The ancient Indian grammarians describe the accented syllable as being "raised" ({{IAST|udātta}}), and it appears that it was followed in the following syllable by a downwards glide, which the grammarians refer to as "sounded" ({{IAST|svarita}}). In some cases, language change merged an accented syllable with a following svarita syllable, and the two were combined in a single syllable, known as "independent svarita".

The precise descriptions of ancient Indian grammarians imply that the {{IAST|udātta}} was characterised by rising pitch and the {{IAST|svarita}} by falling pitch. In the tradition represented by the [[Rigveda]], a collection of hymns, the highest point of the accent appears not to have been reached until the beginning of the {{IAST|svarita}} syllable. In other words, it was an example of "peak delay" (see above).<ref name="Beguš16" />

In the later stages of Sanskrit, the pitch accent was lost and a stress accent remained. The stress in Sanskrit, however, was weaker than that in English and not free but predictable. The stress was heard on the penultimate syllable of the word if it was heavy, on the antepenultimate if the antepenultimate was heavy and the penultimate light, and otherwise on the pre-antepenultimate.{{sfnp|Ruppell|2017|pp=25–6}}
===Ancient Greek===
{{Main|Ancient Greek accent}}
In [[Ancient Greek]], one of the final three syllables of a word carried an accent. Each syllable contained one or two [[vowel|vocalic]] [[mora (linguistics)|morae]], but only one can be accented, and accented morae were pronounced at a higher pitch. In [[polytonic orthography]], accented vowels were marked with the [[acute accent]]. Long vowels and [[diphthong]]s are thought to have been bimoraic and, if the accent falls on the first mora, were marked with the [[circumflex]]. Long vowels and diphthongs that were accented on the first mora had a high–low (falling) [[pitch contour]] and, if accented on the second mora, may have had a low–high (rising) pitch contour:

{|
|-
| {{lang|grc|γάλα}} || {{IPA|el|ɡ'''á'''la|}} || "milk" || short accented vowel
|-
| {{lang|grc|γῆ}} || {{IPA|[ɡ'''ɛ́͜ɛ''']}} || "earth" || long vowel accented on the first mora
|-
| {{lang|grc|ἐγώ}} || {{IPA|[eɡ'''ɔ͜ɔ́''']}} || "I" || long vowel accented on the second mora
|-
| colspan="3" | [[File:Grc-γάλα, γῆ, ἐγώ.ogg|thumb|recording of {{lang|grc|γάλα}}, {{lang|grc|γῆ}}, {{lang|grc|ἐγώ}}]] ||
|}

The Ancient Greek accent was melodic, as is suggested by descriptions by ancient grammarians but also by fragments of Greek music such as the [[Seikilos epitaph]], in which most words are set to music that coincides with the accent. For example, the first syllable of the word {{lang|grc|φαίνου}} ({{grc-transl|φαίνου}}) is set to three notes rising in pitch, the middle syllable of {{lang|grc|ὀλίγον}} ({{grc-transl|ὀλίγον}}) is higher in pitch than the other two syllables, and the circumflex accent of {{lang|grc|ζῆν}} ({{grc-transl|ζῆν}}) has two notes, the first a third higher than the second.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|pp=116–120}}

In addition to the two accents mentioned above (the acute and the circumflex), Ancient Greek also had a grave accent. It was used only on the last syllable of words, as an alternative to an acute. The acute was used when the word was cited in isolation or came before a pause, such as a comma or a full stop, or an [[clitic|enclitic]]. Otherwise, a grave was written. The exact interpretation of the grave is disputed: it may have indicated that the accent was completely suppressed or that it was partly suppressed but not entirely absent.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=17}}

By comparing the position of the Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit accents, the accent of the ancestor language Proto-Indo-European can often be reconstructed. For example, in the declension of the word for "father" in these two languages, the position of the accent in some cases is identical:{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=117}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Ancient Greek !! Vedic Sanskrit
|-
| Nominative sg. || {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} ({{grc-transl|πατ'''ή'''ρ}}) || {{IAST|pit'''ā'''}}
|-
| Vocative sg. || {{lang|grc|πάτερ}} ({{grc-transl|π'''ά'''τερ}}) || {{IAST|p'''i'''tar}}
|-
| Accusative sg. || {{lang|grc|πατέρα}} ({{grc-transl|πατ'''έ'''ρα}}) || {{IAST|pit'''a'''ram}}
|-
| Dative sg. || {{lang|grc|πατρί}} ({{grc-transl|πατρ'''ί'''}}) || {{IAST|pitr'''ē'''}}
|-
| Dative pl. || {{lang|grc|πατράσι}} ({{grc-transl|πατρ'''ά'''σι}}) || {{IAST|pit'''r'''su}} (locative)
|}

In later stages of Greek, the accent changed from a pitch accent to a stress accent, but remained largely on the same syllable as in Ancient Greek. The change is thought to have taken place by the 4th century AD.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=130}} Thus, the word {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}}) ("man, person"), which is believed to have been pronounced in ancient times with the first syllable always higher than the other two, is now pronounced with the first syllable either higher or lower than the other two.

===Baltic languages===
Two languages of the [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family survive today: [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] and [[Latvian language|Latvian]]. (Another Baltic language, [[Old Prussian]], died out in the 18th century.) Both languages have a tonal accent that is believed to derive from the ancestral [[Proto-Indo-European language]].

[[File:Baltic tones.svg|thumb|right|Possible relationships between Baltic tones<ref>{{cite journal |author =Oleg Poljakov |year=1997 |title=Über Herkunft und Entwicklung der Silbenakzente im Lettischen |url=https://www.baltistica.lt/index.php/baltistica/article/view/402/357 |lang=de |journal=Baltistica |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=57–69 |doi=10.15388/baltistica.32.1.402|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|at=Fig.1}}]]
Baltic tones are often classified as either "acute" or "circumflex". However, these labels indicate a [[Diachrony|diachronic]] correspondence rather than a phonetic one. For example, the "acute" accent is falling in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] but a high level tone in [[Latvian language|Latvian]] and is presumed to have been rising in [[Old Prussian]] and [[Classical Greek]]. The "circumflex" is rising in Lithuanian but falling in Latvian, Prussian and Classical Greek.{{sfnp|Dahl|Koptjevskaja-Tamm|2001|p=736}}

In the tree diagram on the right, as adopted from Poljakov, names for (original) Baltic tones have been equated with those of modern Standard Lithuanian and the falling tone in Latvian is depicted as derived from a Baltic rising tone. According to some it was Lithuanian that "switched the places" of the Baltic tones.<ref name="kort" /> This might explain why most languages call a rising tone "acute" while in Baltic terminology a falling tone is "acute". Some controversy surrounds Poljakov's model, and it has been harshly criticized by [[Frederik Kortlandt]]. Kortlandt contends that broken tone in Latvian and [[Žemaitian dialect|Žemaitian]] is a reflex of a now disappeared [[glottal stop]] in Balto-Slavic not preserved in Aukštaitian (Standard Lithuanian) or Slavic languages and not a recent development of acute.<ref name="kort">{{cite journal |first=Frederik |last=Kortlandt |author-link=Frederik Kortlandt |year=1998 |title=The rise and fall of glottalization in Baltic and Slavic |journal=Linguistica Baltica |volume=7 |pages=147–150 |hdl=1887/1935}}</ref>

====Lithuanian====
{{main|Lithuanian accentuation}}
Long segments in Lithuanian can take one of two accents: rising or falling. "Long segments" are defined as either [[long vowel]]s, [[diphthong]]s or a sequence of a vowel followed by a [[sonorant]] if they are in a [[stress (linguistics)|stressed]] position. Pitch can serve as the only distinguishing characteristic for [[minimal pair]]s that are otherwise [[orthography|orthographically]] identical, e.g., {{lang|lt|kar̃tų}} 'time:gen.pl' vs. {{lang|lt|kártų}} 'hang:irr.3' (rising and falling tone indicated by a tilde and an acute accent respectively.)<ref name="Kortmann">{{harvtxt|Kortmann|Auwera|2011|p=6}}: "Both Latvian and Lithuanian are pitch languages. In Lithuanian, stressed long vocalic segments (long vowels, diphthongs, and sequences of vowel plus sonorant) show a distinctive opposition of rising and falling pitch, cf. {{lang|lt|kar̃tų}} 'time:gen.pl' vs. {{lang|lt|kártų}} 'hang:irr.3'. In standard Latvian (and some of the dialects), long vocalic sequences (of the same type as in Lithuanian) distinguish three varieties of pitch: 'even', 'falling', and 'broken' ('broken pitch' being a falling pitch with superadded [[glottalisation]]). They are fully differentiated in stressed syllables only: unstressed syllables have an opposition of glottalised and non-glottalised long vocalic segments. Segments with 'even' pitch are ultra long. Neither Lithuanian nor Latvian mark pitch in their standard orthography."</ref>

====Latvian====
In [[Latvian language|Latvian]], long segments (the same criteria as in Lithuanian) can take on one of three pitches ({{lang|lv|intonācijas}} or more specifically {{lang|lv|zilbes intonācijas}}) either {{lang|lv|stiepta}} ("level"), {{lang|lv|lauzta}} ("broken") or {{lang|lv|krītoša}} ("falling") indicated by Latvian linguists with a [[tilde]], [[circumflex]] or a [[grave accent]] respectively<ref>{{harvtxt|Masļanska|Rubīna|1992|p=11}}: {{lang|ru|В латышском языке имеется слоговая интонация, которая может быть протяжной (~), прерывистой (^) и нисходящей (\). В некоторых случаях интонация имеет смыслоразличительное значение, например: {{lang|lv|zãle}} ("зал"), {{lang|lv|zâle}} ("трава"), {{lang|lv|zàles}} ("лекарство")}}
</ref> (in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], however, the tilde is replaced by a [[macron (diacritic)|macron]] because the former is already reserved to denote [[nasalized vowel]]s.) Some authors note that the level pitch is realized simply as "ultra long" (or [[Overlong vowel|overlong]].)<ref name="Kortmann" /> Endzelīns (1897) identifies "level diphthongs" as consisting of 3 [[Mora (linguistics)|moras]] not just two. Broken pitch is, in turn, a falling pitch with superadded glottalization.<ref name="Kortmann" /> And, indeed, the similarity between the Latvian broken pitch and Danish ''[[stød]]'' has been described by several authors. At least in Danish phonology, ''stød'' (unlike Norwegian and Swedish pitch accents) is not considered a pitch accent distinction but, rather, variously described as either [[glottalization]], [[laryngealization]], [[creaky voice]] or [[vocal fry]]. Some authors point out that the so-called broken pitch is not a pitch accent but a ''[[register (phonology)|pitch register]]'' distinction similar to the [[Vietnamese phonology#Tone|''ngã'' register of Northern Vietnamese]].

Outside of Central [[Vidzeme]] (Standard Latvian), the three-way system has been simplified, in Eastern Latvian ([[Latgale]]) only broken and falling pitches are distinguished. Speakers of [[Riga]] Latvian and other more westward varieties differentiate only between level and broken pitches with the falling pitch being merged with the broken one. Thus the Standard Latvian "minimal triplet" or "minimal set" of {{IPA|[zāːle]}} (hall), {{IPA|[zâːle]}} (grass) and {{IPA|[zàːles]}} (medicine) in Rīga Latvian would be reduced to "hall" (level pitch) and "grass" (broken pitch) and "medicine" would be pronounced with a broken pitch just like "grass". Speakers around [[Ērgļi]] tend to have just levelled pitch.

====Livonian====
The extinct [[Livonian language]] is a [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] language rather than Baltic but was influenced by Latvian. In the late 19th century, Danish linguist [[Vilhelm Thomsen]] identified a characteristic in the speech of a Livonian sailor that to him seemed very similar to the Danish ''[[stød]]''. The feature was later the subject of research by several Finno-Ugricists.kiparsky<ref name="kiparsky">{{harvtxt|Kiparsky|2017|p=220}}: "(..)what is the historical relationship between the Livonian ''stød'' and the identical or at least very similar "Stosston" intonation of the coterritorial Latvian language? Almost certainly one of them got it from the other. The languages have influenced each other in many ways, in both directions. But which way did the influence go in this case? Scholarly opinion on this question is divided. Thomson (1890: 59) and Kettunen (1925: 4) thought that Livonian had borrowed the ''stød'' from Latvian, whereas Posti (1942: 325) thought that Latvian got it from Livonian. My conclusion that the Livonian ''stød'' is a tonal feature is more consonant with the former view. Livonian is the only Uralic language known to have a tonal or pitch accent, while it is a feature of several branches of Indo-European, including Balto-Slavic in particular. On the hypothesis that Livonian got its ''stød'' under the influence of Latvian, we account for the Livonian ''stød'' by language contact, and for the Latvian ''stød'' as a Baltic inheritance.</ref> Although the ([[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]) Latvian and ([[Uralic languages|Uralic]]) [[Livonian language|Livonian]] are [[phylogenetic]]ally unrelated (being from different language families) both have influenced each other heavily in terms of [[phonology]]. Whether Livonian acquired this feature from Latvian or vice versa is debated; however, as Livonian is the only Finno-Ugric language to have this feature, the majority of researchers believe it was a product of Latvian influence on Livonian and not the other way around.<ref name="kiparsky" /> It is possible that "Livonian stød" would be classified as a pitch accent only by Latvian classification just like the identical Latvian {{lang|lv|lauztā intonācija}}, otherwise it would be considered a pitch register, glottalization or similar categories as discussed above.

The Livonian-Estonian-Latvian dictionary at [https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232840/http://www.murre.ut.ee/liivi/lv/ www.murre.ut.ee] uses an apostrophe after a vowel to indicate broken pitch, for example, {{lang|liv|Mi'nnõn u'm vajāg}} instead of just {{lang|liv|Minnõn um vajāg}}.

===Norwegian and Swedish===

{{main|1=Norwegian phonology#Accent|2=Swedish phonology#Stress and pitch}}
[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] are stress-accent languages, but in addition to the stress, two-syllable words with the stress on the first syllable in most dialects also have differences in tone. There are two kinds of tonal accent, referred to as the [[acute accent|acute]] and [[grave accent]]s, but they are also called ''accent 1'' and ''accent 2'' or ''tone 1'' and ''tone 2''. Over 150 two-syllable word pairs are differentiated only by their use of the accent. Tone 1 is used generally for words whose second syllable is the [[definite article]] and for words that were monosyllabic in [[Old Norse]].

For example, in most Norwegian dialects, the word {{lang|no|bønder}} (farmers) is pronounced with tone 1, while tone 2 is used when pronouncing {{lang|no|bønner}} (beans or prayers). Differences in spelling occasionally let readers distinguish written words, but most [[minimal pairs]] are written alike. An example in Swedish is the word {{lang|sv|anden}}, which means "the duck" when using tone 1 and "the spirit" when using tone 2. In some dialects of Swedish, including those spoken in Finland, the distinction is absent. There are significant variations in the realization of pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects), accent 1 is falling, and accent 2 is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary; but in most of eastern Norway (the so-called low-pitch dialects), accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses a high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable.

The word accents give Norwegian and Swedish a "singing" quality that makes them easy to distinguish from other languages. In [[Danish language|Danish]] (except for some southern dialects), the pitch accent of Swedish and Norwegian corresponds to the glottalization phenomenon known as ''[[stød]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

=== Rhinelandic dialects ===
[[File:Germanic pitch.png|thumb|Extent (orange) of pitch usage in Benelux, Germany and France at the beginning of the 20th century<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fournier |first1=Rachel |last2=Gussenhoven |first2=Carlos |last3=Peters |first3=Jörg |last4=Swerts |first4=Marc |last5=Verhoeven |first5=Jo |title=The tones of Limburg |website=The Interaction between Tone and Intonation in Limburgian Dialects |url=http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/jp/TonenLimburg_engels.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226145130/http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/jp/TonenLimburg%20engels.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=26 February 2012 |hdl=2066/42960}}</ref>]]
A pitch accent is found in the following [[Rhinelandic]] languages or dialects: [[Limburgish]], [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] and [[Moselle Franconian]] (excluding [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]). They are sometimes collectively referred to as [[West Central German]] tonal languages.

In these dialects there is a distinction between two different tonal contours, known as "tonal accent 1" and "tonal accent 2". As with Lithuanian, the distinction is made only in stressed syllables and, for the most part,{{sfnp|Goosens|2003|pp=37–8}} only when the syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong or vowel that is followed in the same syllable by a sonorant (''r, l, m, n, ŋ''). No distinction of tones is made in stressed syllables containing a short vowel only.<ref name="de Vaan">{{cite journal |last=Vaan |first=M. de |year=1999 |title=Towards an Explanation of the Franconian Tone Accents |journal=Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik |volume=52 |pages=23–44 |hdl=1887/14124 |doi=10.1163/18756719-051-01-90000004}}</ref>{{rp|p=2}}{{sfnp|Vaan|2003|p=?}} Although the accentual system resembles that of Swedish, the two are thought to have arisen independently.<ref name="Köhnlein">{{cite journal |last=Köhnlein |first=Björn |year=2013 |url=https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/b/23850/files/2015/10/Koehnlein_Lingua_final-2kj4gvy.pdf |title=Optimizing the relation between tone and prominence: Evidence from Franconian, Scandinavian, and Serbo-Croatian tone accent systems |journal=Lingua |volume=131 |page=1–28 |doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2013.03.002}}</ref> Unlike Swedish, where the distinction in tones is not made in monosyllables (except for in northern and western dialects), in the Franconian dialects it very frequently occurs in monosyllables, e.g., ([[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] dialect) {{IPA|''zɛɪ''1}} "sieve" vs. {{IPA|''zɛɪ''2}} "she".<ref name="de Vaan" />{{rp|p=2}}

The tonal accents are referred to under a variety of names. Tonal accent 1 is called {{lang|nl|[[stoottoon]]}} ("thrusting tone") in Dutch or {{lang|de|Schärfung}} in German, while tonal accent 2 is named {{lang|nl|[[sleeptoon]]}} ("slurring tone") in Dutch and {{lang|de|Schleifton}} in German, apparently referring to the double peak it has in areas such as [[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]].<ref name="de Vaan" />{{rp|p=2}}<ref group="nb">The corresponding terms for Rhinelandic tone accents are as follows:
:{| class=wikitable
! !! Accent 1 (T1) !! Accent 2 (T2)
|-
| e.g. ||{{IPA|''zɛɪ''1}} 'sieve' || {{IPA|''zɛɪ''2}} 'she'
|-
!rowspan=3|German terms
|{{lang|de|Schärfung}} (+{{lang|de|Schärfung}}) ||(−{{lang|de|Schärfung}})
|-
|{{lang|de|geschärft}} (+{{lang|de|geschärft}})||{{lang|de|ungeschärft}} (−{{lang|de|geschärft}})
|-
|{{lang|de|Stoßton}} ||{{lang|de|Schleifton}}
|-
!rowspan=2|Dutch terms
|{{lang|nl|stoottoon}}||{{lang|nl|sleeptoon}}
|-
|{{lang|nl|hoge toon}}||{{lang|nl|valtoon}}
|}
The Dutch terms {{lang|nl|hoge toon}} and {{lang|nl|valtoon}} are misnomers for Colognian.</ref>

The two accents have different realisations in different dialects. For example, in [[Colognian dialect|Cologne]], accent 1 has a sharp fall near the beginning of the syllable, and accent 2 remains level for a while before falling. In [[Arzbach]], near [[Koblenz]], on the other hand, accent 1 rises slightly or remains level, while it is accent 2 that falls sharply, that is, more or less the reverse of the Cologne pattern. In Hasselt in [[Belgian Limburg]], accent 1 rises then falls, and with accent 2 there is a fall and then a rise and another fall. The three types are known as Rule A, Rule B and Rule 0, respectively.<ref name="Köhnlein" /> Although traditionally accent 2 has been analysed as the marked variant, in certain Rule A areas (especially Cologne, where accent 2's realization is nigh-indistinguishable from an unpitched long vowel) accent 1 is thought of as the marked variant. Grammars of the [[Colognian dialect|Cologne dialect]] will treat the pitches as "{{lang|de|ungeschärft}}" (accent 2) and "{{lang|de|geschärft}}" (accent 1).{{sfnp|Herrwegen|2002|pp=266–9}} Adam {{harvtxt|Wrede|1958}}'s influential dictionary of the Cologne dialect also treats accent 2 as indistinct; the above examples {{IPA|''zɛɪ1''}} "sieve" and {{IPA|''zɛɪ2''}} "she," "they" are transcribed (zeiː) and (zei) respectively; the differing transcriptions of the vowel are due to the pronunciation being different in Cologne than the surrounding dialects.{{sfnp|Herrwegen|2002|pp=266–9}}

It has recently been observed that in interrogative sentences, however, all three types have nearly identical intonations. In all dialects in accent 1, there is then a rise and then a fall. In accent 2, there is then a fall, a rise and then another fall.<ref name="Köhnlein"/>

Since the contour of the accent changes in different contexts, from declarative to interrogative, those dialects apparently contradict {{harvtxt|Hayes|1995}}'s proposed criterion for a pitch-accent language of the contour of a pitch-accent remaining stable in every context.

===West South Slavic languages===
The West South [[Slavic languages]] include [[Serbo-Croatian]] (Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian) and [[Slovene language|Slovenian]], spoken in the former [[Yugoslavia]].

The late Proto-Slavic accentual system was based on a fundamental opposition of a short/long circumflex (falling) tone, and an acute (rising) tone, the position of the accent being free as was inherited from [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]. Common Slavic accentual innovations significantly reworked the original system primarily with respect to the position of the accent ([[Dybo's law]], [[Illič-Svityč's law]], [[Meillet's law]] etc.), and further developments yielded some new accents, such as the so-called neoacute ([[Ivšić's law]]), or the new rising tone in [[Štokavian|Neoštokavian]] dialects (the so-called "Neoštokavian retraction").

As opposed to other Slavic dialect subgroups, West South Slavic dialects have largely retained the Proto-Slavic system of free and mobile tonal accent (including the dialect used for basis of Modern Standard [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and the Neoštokavian dialect used for the basis of standard varieties of [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]: [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]), though the discrepancy between the codified norm and actual speech may vary significantly.{{sfnp|Smiljanic|2013|p=22}}<ref group="nb">For example the accentual systems of the spoken dialects (completely for Kajkavian, partially for Čakavian) of the Croatian capital [[Zagreb]] and the city of [[Rijeka]]{{citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=No explicit mention in (consultable part of) source of Rijeka}} are stress-based and do not use distinctive vowel length or pitch accent.</ref>

====Serbo-Croatian====
{{see also|Shtokavian accentuation}}

The Neoštokavian dialect used for the basis of standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian distinguishes four types of pitch accents: short falling (ȅ), short rising (è), long falling (ȇ), and long rising (é). There are also unaccented vowels: long (ē) and short (e). The accent is said to be relatively free, as it can be manifested on any syllable except the last. The long accents are realized by pitch change within the long vowel; the short ones are realized by the pitch difference from the subsequent syllable.{{sfnp|Smiljanic|2004|p=?}}

Accent alternations are very frequent in inflectional paradigms by both types of accent and placement in the word (the so-called "mobile paradigms", which were present in the [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] itself but became much more widespread in Proto-Balto-Slavic). Different inflected forms of the same lexeme can exhibit all four accents: {{lang|sh|lònac}} 'pot' (nominative sg.), {{lang|sh|lónca}} (genitive sg.), {{lang|sh|lȏnci}} (nominative pl.), {{lang|sh|lȍnācā}} (genitive pl.).{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Restrictions on the distribution of the accent depend on the position of the syllable but also on its quality, as not every kind of accent is manifested in every syllable.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
# A falling tone generally occurs in monosyllabic words or the first syllable of a word ({{lang|sh|pȃs}} 'belt', {{lang|sh|rȏg}} 'horn'; {{lang|sh|bȁba}} 'old woman', {{lang|sh|lȃđa}} 'river ship'; {{lang|sh|kȕćica}} 'small house', [[Karlovac|Kȃrlovac]]). The only exception to this rule are the interjections, i.e., words uttered in the state of excitement ({{lang|sh|ahȁ}}, {{lang|sh|ohȏ}}){{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
# A rising tone generally occurs in any syllable of a word except the ultimate and never in monosyllabic words ({{lang|sh|vòda}} 'water', {{lang|sh|lúka}} 'harbour'; {{lang|sh|lìvada}} 'meadow', {{lang|sh|lúpānje}} 'slam'; {{lang|sh|siròta}} 'female orphan', {{lang|sh|počétak}} 'beginning'; {{lang|sh|crvotòčina}} 'wormhole', {{lang|sh|oslobođénje}} 'liberation').{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Thus, monosyllables generally have falling tone, and polysyllabic words generally have falling or rising tone on the first syllable and rising in all the other syllables except the last. The tonal opposition rising vs. falling is generally possible only in the first accented syllable of polysyllabic words, but the opposition by length, long vs. short, is possible even in the nonaccented syllable and the post-accented syllable (but not in the preaccented position).{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

[[Proclitic]]s (clitics that latch on to a following word), on the other hand, can "steal" a falling tone (but not a rising tone) from the following monosyllabic or disyllabic words (as seen in the examples {{IPA|/vîdiːm/→/ně‿vidiːm/, /ʒěliːm/→/ne‿ʒěliːm/}}). The stolen accent is always short and may end up being either falling or rising on the proclitic. That phenomenon is obligatory in Neoštokavian idiom and therefore in all three standard languages, but it is often lost in spoken dialects because of the influence of other dialects (such as in [[Zagreb]] because of the influence of [[Kajkavian dialect]]).<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |first1=Wayles |last1=Brown |first2=Theresa |last2=Alt |year=2004 |title=A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian |url=http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1 |location=Duke University |publisher=Slavic and Eurasian Language Resource Center (SEELRC)}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
!|
!colspan=2|'''in isolation'''||colspan=2|'''with proclitic'''
|-
|rowspan=2|'''rising'''
|{{IPA|/ʒěliːm/}}||''I want''
|{{IPA|/ne‿ʒěliːm/}}||''I don't want''
|-
|{{IPA|/nemɔɡǔːtɕnɔːst/}}||''inability''
|{{IPA|/u‿nemɔɡǔːtɕnɔsti/}}||''not being able to''
|-
|rowspan=4|'''falling'''
|[[Nominative|N]]: {{IPA|/zǐːma/}}, [[Accusative|A]]: {{IPA|/zîːmu/}}||''winter''
|{{IPA|/û‿ziːmu/}} (A)||''in the winter''
|-
|{{IPA|/vîdiːm/}}||''I see''
|{{IPA|/ně‿vidiːm/}}||''I can't see''
|-
|N, A: {{IPA|/ɡrâːd/}}||''city''
|{{IPA|/û‿ɡraːd/}} (A)
|''to the city'' (stays falling)
|-
|N: {{IPA|/ʃûma/}}||''forest''
|{{IPA|/ǔ‿ʃumi/}} ([[Locative|L]])
|''in the forest'' (becomes rising)
|}

====Slovenian====
In Slovenian, there are two concurrent standard accentual systems: the older, tonal, with three "pitch accents", and the younger, dynamic (i.e., stress-based), with louder and longer syllables. The stress-based system was introduced because two thirds of Slovenia has lost its tonal accent. In practice, however, even the stress-based accentual system is just an abstract ideal, and speakers generally retain their own dialect even when they try to speak Standard Slovenian. For example, speakers of urban dialects in western Slovenia without distinctive length fail to introduce a quantitative opposition when they speak the standard language.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The older accentual system is tonal and free ({{lang|sl|jágoda}} 'strawberry', {{lang|sl|malína}} 'raspberry', {{lang|sl|gospodár}} 'master, lord'). There are three kinds of accents: short falling (è), long falling (ȇ) and long rising (é). Non-final syllables always have long accents: {{lang|sl|rakîta}} 'crustacea', {{lang|sl|tetíva}} 'sinew'. The short falling accent is always in the final syllable: {{lang|sl|bràt}} 'brother'. Three-way opposition among accents can only then be present: {{lang|sl|deskà}} 'board' : {{lang|sl|blagọ̑}} 'goods, ware' : {{lang|sl|gospá}} 'lady'. Accent can be mobile throughout the inflectional paradigm: {{lang|sl|dȃr}} — {{lang|sl|darȗ}}, {{lang|sl|góra — gorẹ́}} — {{lang|sl|goràm}}, {{lang|sl|bràt — bráta}} — {{lang|sl|o brȃtu}}, {{lang|sl|kráva — krȃv}}, {{lang|sl|vóda — vodọ̑}} — {{lang|sl|na vọ̑do}}). The distinction is made between open {{lang|sl|-e-}} and {{lang|sl|-o-}} (either long or short) and closed {{lang|sl|-ẹ-}} and {{lang|sl|-ọ-}} (always long).{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

===Basque===
The [[Basque language]] of northeastern Spain and southwestern France has a number of different dialects and a number of accentual patterns. Only western varieties seem to have a tonal accent, and eastern varieties have a stress accent (the stress-accent dialects also differ one from another).<ref name="Hualde86" /> According to an analysis first suggested by J.R. Hualde,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hualde |first=J. I. |year=1987 |title=A theory of pitch-accent, with particular attention to Basque |journal= Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"|volume=XXII |issue=3 |pages=915–919 |issn=2444-2992 |doi=10.1387/asju.8019 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Biscayan dialect|Northern Bizkaian]] has most nouns accentless in their [[absolutive case|absolutive]] singular form, but they have a default high tone (shown by underlining below), which continues throughout the word except for the first syllable. These examples come from the [[Guernica]] (Gernika) dialect:
*{{lang|eu|Gerníké}} "Guernica"
*{{lang|eu|basóá}} "forest"
*{{lang|eu|patátíé}} "potato"
*{{lang|eu|guntsúrrúné}} "kidney"

There are, however, a few nouns (often borrowings) with a lexical accent. As in Japanese, the accent consists of a high tone, followed by a low one:
*{{lang|eu|B'''í'''lbo}} "Bilbao"
*{{lang|eu|ap'''á'''riže}} "supper"

In addition, some suffixes (including all plural suffixes) are preaccenting and so cause an accent on the syllable before the suffix:
*{{lang|eu|'''á'''ndrak}} "women"
*{{lang|eu|txak'''ú'''rren}} "of dogs" (genitive plural)
*{{lang|eu|Gerník'''é'''tik}} "from Guernica"

Other suffixes do not cause any extra accent:
*{{lang|eu|txakúrrén}} "of the dog" (genitive singular)

When a preaccenting suffix is added to an already-accented word, only the first accent is retained:
*{{lang|eu|B'''í'''lbotik}} "from Bilbao"

The accent from [[Ondarroa]] is similar but the accent of the word, if any, always appears on the penultimate syllable:
*{{lang|eu|Bilb'''ó'''tik}} "from Bilbao" (Ondarroa pronunciation)

Intonation studies show that when an accentless word is spoken either in isolation or before a verb, it acquires an accent on its last syllable (or, in Ondarroa, on its penultimate syllable). However, that is an intonational accent, rather than a lexical accent:<ref name=Elordieta>{{cite journal |last=Elordieta |first=Gorka |year=2011 |title=Basque Word Accents in the Sentence |journal=Symposium on Prosody and Education |url=http://eudia.ehu.es/eudia-4/files/07-G.%20Elordieta-Basque%20word%20accents%20in%20the%20sentence.pdf |url-status=dead |editor-last1=Aurrekoetxea |editor-first1=Gotzon |editor-last2=Gaminde |editor-first2=Iñaki |location=Bilbao |publisher=University of the Basque Country Press |pages=47–62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123205/http://eudia.ehu.es/eudia-4/files/07-G.%20Elordieta-Basque%20word%20accents%20in%20the%20sentence.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lee|Gordon|Büring|2007|p=5}}
*{{lang|eu|lagún'''á''' etorri da}} "the friend ({{lang|eu|laguna}}) has come"

When an accentless word in those dialects of Basque is followed by an accented word, the automatic high tones continue in a plateau as far as the accent:<ref name=Elordieta />
*{{lang|eu|lagúnén ám'''ú'''ma ikusi dot}} "I have seen the friend's grandmother ({{lang|eu|am'''ú'''ma}})"

That also applies if the accent is intonational. In the following sentence, all words are unaccented apart from the intonational accent before the verb:{{sfnp|Hualde|2007|p=300}}
*{{lang|eu|lagúnén álábí'''á''' etorri da}} "the friend's daughter has come"

When an accented word is focused, the pitch of the accented syllable is raised, but if the word is accentless, there is no rise in pitch on that word but only on the accented word. In the following phrase, only the word {{lang|eu|am'''ú'''ma}} "grandmother" is thus accented, whether the focus is on "John", "friend", or "grandmother", or none of these:<ref name="Hualde06">{{cite journal |last=Hualde |first=José Ignacio |title=Remarks on Word-Prosodic Typology |date=2006 |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=157 |doi=10.3765/bls.v32i1.3452 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|p=161}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arregi |first=Karlos |year=2006 |title= Stress and Islands in Northern Bizkaian Basque|url=https://home.uchicago.edu/~karlos/Arregi-2006-stress.pdf |journal= Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"|volume=XL |issue=1–2 |pages=81–106 |doi=10.1387/asju.4374 |hdl=10810/49363}}</ref>
*{{lang|eu|Jonén lágúnén ám'''ú'''ma}} "John's friend's grandmother"

Another pitch accent area in Basque is found in western [[Navarre]], near the border with France in the towns of Goizueta and Leitza. There is a strong stress accent there on the second or the first syllable of every word, like with central dialects of Basque, but there is also a pitch contrast superimposed on the stress: {{lang|eu|mend'''i'''k}} (rise-dip-rise) "the mountain" vs. {{lang|eu|mend'''i'''k}} (rise-fall) "the mountains".{{sfnp|Hualde|2007|p=300}}

===Turkish===
{{main|Turkish phonology#Word-accent}}
Although the Turkish accent is traditionally referred to as "stress", recent studies have pointed out that the main correlate of lexical accent is actually pitch. In a word like {{lang|tr|sözc'''ü'''kle}} "with a word", the accented second syllable is thus higher than the other two but has less intensity (loudness).<ref name="Levi" />{{rp|at=fig 8, p. 85}}

Turkish word-accent is found especially in geographical names ({{lang|tr|İst'''a'''nbul}}, {{lang|tr|'''A'''nkara}}, {{lang|tr|Yunanist'''a'''n}} "Greece", {{lang|tr|Ad'''a'''na}}), foreign borrowings ({{lang|tr|sal'''a'''ta}} "salad", {{lang|tr|lok'''a'''nta}} "restaurant"), some proper names ({{lang|tr|'''E'''rdoğan}}, {{lang|tr|Ken'''e'''di}}), compound words ({{lang|tr|b'''a'''şkent}} "capital city"), some words referring to relatives ({{lang|tr|'''a'''nne}} "mother"), and certain adverbs ({{lang|tr|ş'''i'''mdi}} "now", {{lang|tr|y'''a'''lnız}} "only"). It is also caused by certain suffixes, some of which are "pre-accenting" and so cause an accent on the syllable preceding them, such as negative {{lang|tr|-me-/-ma-}}, question particle {{lang|tr|mi?}}, or copula {{lang|tr|-dir}} "it is" ({{lang|tr|g'''e'''lmedi}} "he did not come", {{lang|tr|geld'''i''' mi?}} "did he come?", {{lang|tr|güz'''e'''ldir}} "it is beautiful").<ref name="KabakVogel">{{cite journal |last1=Kabak |first1=B. |last2=Vogel |first2=I. |year=2001 |title=The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish |url=http://www.anglistik.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/04110230/user_upload/Kabak_CV/THE_PHONOLOGICAL_WORD_AND_STRESS_ASSIGNMENT_IN_TURKISH_KABAK_CV.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213012/http://www.anglistik.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/04110230/user_upload/Kabak_CV/THE_PHONOLOGICAL_WORD_AND_STRESS_ASSIGNMENT_IN_TURKISH_KABAK_CV.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2018 |journal=Phonology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=315–360 |doi=10.1017/S0952675701004201 |jstor=4420202}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inkelas |first1=S. |last2=Orgun |first2=C.O. |year=2003 |title=Squibs and replies Turkish stress : A review |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/daac/c6c3bd1a52da4bf34779ffa29177efd48b68.pdf |journal=Phonology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=139–161 |doi=10.1017/S0952675703004482 |jstor=4420243 |s2cid=16215242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144550/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/daac/c6c3bd1a52da4bf34779ffa29177efd48b68.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
The accented syllable is slightly higher in pitch than the following syllable. All other words, when pronounced in isolation, either have a slightly raised pitch on the final syllable or are pronounced with all the syllables level.<ref name="Levi" />{{rp|p=90}}

Turkish also has a phrase-accent and focus-accent. An accent on the first word of a phrase usually causes an accent in the following words or suffixes to be neutralised, e.g., {{lang|tr|çob'''a'''n salatası}} "shepherd salad", {{lang|tr|'''A'''nkara'dan da}} "also from Ankara", {{lang|tr|telef'''o'''n ettiler}} "they telephoned", with only one accent.<ref name=KabakVogel />

A controversy exists over whether Turkish has accentless words, like Japanese and Basque. Some scholars, such as {{harvtxt|Levi|2005}} and {{harvtxt|Özçelik|2016}}, see the final raised pitch sometimes heard in words such as {{lang|tr|arkadaş}} ("friend") or {{lang|tr|geldi}} ("he came") as a mere phrasal tone or boundary tone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özçelik |first=Öner |year=2016 |url=https://oozcelik.pages.iu.edu/papers/Footless%20Languages%20-%20Stress%20in%20Turkish%20French%20child%20English.pdf |url-status=live |title=The Foot is not an obligatory constituent of the Prosodic Hierarchy: "stress" in Turkish, French and child English |journal=The Linguistic Review |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=157–213 |doi=10.1515/tlr-2016-0008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919044058/https://oozcelik.pages.iu.edu/papers/Footless%20Languages%20-%20Stress%20in%20Turkish%20French%20child%20English.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|p=10}} Others, such as {{harvtxt|Kabak|2016}}, prefer the traditional view that the final accent in such words is a kind of stress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kabak |first=Barış |date=October 2016 |title=Refin(d)ing Turkish stress as a multifaceted phenomenon |type=handout |url=http://www.iub.edu/~celcar/ConCALL2016/images/pdf/PS3%20-%20Baris%20Kabak%20-%20Handout.pdf |journal=2nd Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics (ConCALL2) |publisher=Indiana University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144550/http://www.iub.edu/~celcar/ConCALL2016/images/pdf/PS3%20-%20Baris%20Kabak%20-%20Handout.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

===Persian===
{{see|Persian phonology#Word accent}}
The accent of [[Persian language|Persian]] words used to be always referred to as "stress" but is recognised as a pitch accent in recent works. Acoustic studies show that accented syllables have some of the characteristics of stressed syllables in stress-accent languages (slightly more intensity, more length, more open vowels), but that effect is much less than would normally be expected in stress-accent languages. The main difference is one of pitch, with a contour of (L)+H*.<ref name="Abol" />

Normally, the pitch falls again at the end of the syllable (if final) or on the next syllable.

Persian nouns and adjectives are always accented on the final syllable. Certain suffixes, such as the plural {{tlit|fa|-ha}}, shift the accent to themselves:
*{{tlit|fa|ket'''â'''b}} "book"
*{{tlit|fa|ketâb-h'''â'''}} "books"
*{{tlit|fa|ketâb-'''i'''}} "bookish"

Other suffixes, such as possessives and the indefinite {{tlit|fa|-i}}, are [[clitic]] and so are unaccented:
*{{tlit|fa|ket'''â'''b-etun}} "your book"
*{{tlit|fa|ket'''â'''b-i}} "a book"

In verbs, the personal endings in the past tense are clitic but are accented in the future tense:
*{{tlit|fa|ger'''e'''ft-am}} "I took"
*{{tlit|fa|gereft'''e'''-am}} "I have taken"
*{{tlit|fa|xâh'''a'''m gereft}} "I will take"

When prefixes are added, the accent shifts to the first syllable:
*{{tlit|fa|m'''i'''-gir-am}} "I'm taking"
*{{tlit|fa|n'''a'''-gereft-am}} "I did not take"
*{{tlit|fa|b'''e'''-gir-am}} "I should take"

In the vocative ({{tlit|fa|x'''â'''nom!}} "madam") and sometimes elsewhere, such as {{tlit|fa|b'''a'''le!}} "yes" or {{tlit|fa|'''a'''gar}} "if", the accent is also on the first syllable.

In compound verbs, the accent is on the first element:
*{{tlit|fa|k'''â'''r kard-am}} "I worked"

However, in compound nouns, the accent is on the second element:
*{{tlit|fa|ketâb-xân'''e'''}} "bookcase"

In the {{tlit|fa|ezâfe}} construction, the first noun is optionally accented but generally loses its pitch:{{sfnp|Sadat-Tehrani|2007|pp=3, 22, 46–47, 51}}
*{{tlit|fa|mard'''o'''m-e Ir'''â'''n}} / {{tlit|fa|mardom-e Ir'''â'''n}} "the people of Iran"

When a word is focussed, the pitch is raised, and the words that follow usually lose their accent:
*{{tlit|fa|nâme-ye mâm'''â'''n-am bud ru miz}} "it was my mom's letter that was on the table"

However, other researchers claim that the pitch of post-focus words is reduced but sometimes still audible.<ref name="Abol" />

===Japanese===
[[File:Japan pitch accent map.png|thumb|300px|Map of Japanese pitch-accent types. Red: Tone plus variable downstep. Green: Variable downstep in accented words. Lavender: Fixed downstep in accented words. Yellow: Variable pitches but no distinction.]]
{{main|Japanese pitch accent}}
[[Standard Japanese]] and certain other varieties of [[Japanese language|Japanese]] are described as having a pitch accent, which differs significantly among dialects. In Standard Japanese, the "accent" may be characterized as a [[downstep]] rather than as pitch accent. The pitch of a word rises until it reaches a downstep and then drops abruptly. In a two-syllable word, a contrast thus occurs between ''high–low'' and ''low–high''. Accentless words are also ''low–high'', but the pitch of following enclitics differentiates them.{{sfnp|Pierrehumbert|Beckman|1988}}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3|Accent on first mora
!colspan=3|Accent on second mora
!colspan=3|Accentless
|-
|{{IPA|/kaꜜki o/}}||{{lang|ja|牡蠣を}}||oyster
|{{IPA|/kakiꜜ o/}}||{{lang|ja|垣を}}||fence
|{{IPA|/kaki o/}}||{{lang|ja|柿を}}||persimmon
|-
|colspan=3|''high–low–low''
|colspan=3|''low–high–low''
|colspan=3|''low–high–high''
|}

The [[Osaka]] accent ([[Kansai dialect]]) (marked red on the map to the right) differs from the Tokyo accent in that in some words, the first syllable of the word (always ''low'' in Tokyo Japanese unless accented) can be ''high''. To give a full description of the accent of a word, therefore, it is necessary to specify not only the position of the accent (downstep) but also the height of the first syllable.<ref name="Hyman2009"/>

===Korean===
Standard ([[Seoul]]) [[Korean language|Korean]] uses pitch only for [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]. However, several other dialects retain a [[Middle Korean]] pitch-accent system.

In the dialect of [[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]], in southeastern [[South Korea]], any syllable and the initial two syllables may have a pitch accent in the form of a high tone. For example, in trisyllabic words, there are four possible tone patterns:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jun |first1=Jongho |last2=Kim |first2=Jungsun |last3=Lee |first3=Hayoung |last4=Jun |first4=Sun-Ah |year=2006 |title=The Prosodic Structure and Pitch Accent of Northern Kyungsang Korean |url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/jun/papers%20in%20pdf/Jun_Kim_Lee_Jun-J%20of%20EastAsianLing-2006.pdf |journal=Journal of East Asian Linguistics |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=289–317 |doi=10.1007/s10831-006-9000-2 |s2cid=18992886}}</ref>{{rp|p=289}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples
![[Hangul]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!English
|-
|{{lang|ko-kr|며느리}}
|{{IPA|mjə́.nɯ.ɾi}}
|daughter-in-law
|-
|{{lang|ko-kr|어머니}}
|{{IPA|ə.mə́.ni}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|ko-kr|원어민}}
|{{IPA|wə.nə.mín}}
|native speaker
|-
|{{lang|ko-kr|오라비}}
|{{IPA|ó.ɾá.bi}}
|elder brother
|}

===Shanghainese===
The [[Shanghainese|Shanghai dialect]] of [[Wu Chinese]] is marginally [[Shanghainese#Tones|tonal]], with characteristics of a pitch accent.

Not counting closed syllables (those with a final [[glottal stop]]), a monosyllabic Shanghainese may carry one of three tones: ''high'', ''mid'', ''low''. The tones have a contour in isolation, but for the following purposes, it can be ignored. However, ''low'' tone always occurs after [[voiced consonant]]s and only then. Thus, the only tonal distinction is after voiceless consonants and in vowel-initial syllables, and there is only a two-way distinction between ''high'' tone and ''mid'' tone.

In a polysyllabic word, the tone of the first syllable determines the tone of the entire word. If the first tone is ''high'', the following syllables are mid. If it is either ''mid'' or ''low'' and not closed'','' the second syllable is ''high'', and any following syllables are ''mid''. If it is ''low'' and closed, the following syllables are mid. Thus, a mark for the high tone is all that is needed to note the tone in Shanghainese:

{| class=wikitable
!
![[Romanization of Wu Chinese|Romanization]]
!Hanzi
!Pitch pattern
!English
|-
|No voiced initial (mid tone)
|{{tlit|wuu|au-da-li-ia}}
|{{lang|wuu|澳大利亚}}
|mid–high–mid–mid
|Australia
|-
|No voiced initial (high tone)
|{{tlit|wuu|kón-kon-chi-tso}}
|{{lang|wuu|公共汽車}}
|high–mid–mid–mid
|bus
|-
|Voiced initial (not closed)
|{{tlit|wuu|zaon-he-gnin}}
|{{lang|wuu|上海人}}
|low–high–mid
|Shanghainese person
|-
|Voiced initial (closed)
|{{tlit|wuu|zeq-pen-gnin}}
|{{lang|wuu|日本人}}
|low–mid–mid
|Japanese person
|}

===Bantu languages===
The [[Bantu languages]] are a large group of about 550 languages, spread over most of southern and central Africa. [[Proto-Bantu]] is believed to have had two tones: H and L.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=J.H. |year=1948 |title=The Tonal System of Proto-Bantu |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1948.11659343 |journal=WORD |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=196–208 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1948.11659343}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=L. M. |year=2017 |title=Bantu Tone Overview |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/documents/2017/Hyman_Bantu_Tone_Overview.pdf |journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report |volume=13 |doi=10.5070/P7131040751}}</ref> It does not appear to have had a pitch-accent system, as defined above, since words with such forms as HL, HH, LH, and LL were all found: *''káda'' "charcoal", *''cómbá'' "fish", *''nyangá'' "horn" and *''tope'' "mud". In other words, words like *''cómbá'' could have two high tones, while others had one tone or none.<ref name="Hyman99">{{cite journal |last1=Hyman |first1=L. M |last2=Mtenje |first2=Al |year=1999 |title=Non-etymological high tones in the Chichewa verb |journal=Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics |volume=1 |pages=121–156 |issn=1562-1820}}</ref>{{rp|p=121–2}}

However, over time, processes such as [[Meeussen's rule]], by which sequences such as HHH became HLL, LHL, or LLH, tended to eliminate all but one tone in a word in many Bantu languages, making them more accent-like.{{sfnp|Downing|2010|p=411}} Thus in [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], the word for "fish" ({{lang|ny|nsómba}}) now has HL tones, exactly like the word for "charcoal" ({{lang|ny|khála}}).

Another process that makes for culminativity in some Bantu languages is the interaction between stress and tone. The penultimate syllable of a word is stressed in many Bantu languages, and some of them tend to have high tones on the penultimate syllable. For example, in [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]], every phonological phrase is accented with a falling tone on the penultimate: {{lang|tum|ti-ku-phika sî:ma}} "we are cooking porridge".{{sfnp|Downing|2012|p=123}} In other languages, such as [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], the high tone is attracted to the antepenultimate although the penultimate being stressed.{{sfnp|Downing|2010|p=416}}

[[Luba-Kasai language|Ciluba]] and [[Ruund language|Ruund]], in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], are two Bantu languages that are interesting for their "tone reversal". Low tone is phonologically active in places that other languages of the same family have a high tone. Thus, in a word like *''muk'''í'''la'' "tail", most other Bantu languages have a high tone on the second syllable, but Chiluba has {{lang|lua|muk'''ì'''la}} and Ruund has {{lang|rnd|nocat=yes|muk'''ì'''l}}, with a low-toned accent.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nash |first=J.A. |year=1994 |title=Underlying Low Tones in Ruwund |url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/download/1296/1296-2281-1-PB.pdf |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |volume=23 |issue=3| pages=226 |doi=10.32473/sal.v23i3.107413 }}</ref>{{rp|p=226}}

====Luganda====
{{main|Luganda tones}}
[[Luganda]], a language of [[Uganda]], has some words with apparent tonal accents. They can be either high or falling (rising tones do not occur in Luganda). Falling tones are found on bimoraic syllables or word-finally:{{sfnp|Kamoga|Stevick|1968|at=Introduction}}
*{{lang|lg|ens'''î'''}} "country"
*{{lang|lg|ekib'''ú'''ga}} "city"
*{{lang|lg|eddw'''â'''liro}} "hospital"

Some words, however, have two accents, which are joined in a plateau:
*{{lang|lg|K'''á'''mpál'''â'''}} "Kampala"

Other words are accentless:
*{{lang|lg|ekitabo}} "book"

However, accentless words are not always without tones but usually receive a default tone on all syllables except the first one or the first [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]:
*{{lang|lg|ekítábó}} "book"
*{{lang|lg|Bunyóró}} "Bunyoro" (name of region)

A double consonant at the beginning of a word counts as a mora. In such words, the first syllable also can have a default tone:
*{{lang|lg|Ttóró}} "Toro" (a region)

Default tones are also heard on the end of accented words if there is a gap of at least one mora after the accent (the default tones are lower in pitch than the preceding accent):
*{{lang|lg|amas'''é'''rengétá}} "south"
*{{lang|lg|eddw'''â'''líró}} "hospital"

The default tones are not always heard but disappear in certain contexts, such as if a noun is the subject of a sentence or used before a numeral:
*{{lang|lg|Mbarara kib'''ú'''ga}} "Mbarara is a city"
*{{lang|lg|ebitabo kk'''ú'''mi}} "ten books"

In some contexts, such as affirmative verb + location, or phrases with "of"), the high tone of an accent (or of a default tone) can continue in a plateau until the next accented syllable:
*{{lang|lg|mu mas'''é'''réngétá g'''á''' Úg'''áń'''da}} "in the south of Uganda"
*{{lang|lg|alí mú Búgá'''ń'''da}} "he is in Buganda"

However, the situation with verbs is more complicated since some verbal roots have inherent word accent, and the prefixes added to the verb often have an accent. Also, some tenses (such as negative and relative clause tenses) add an accent to the final syllable.

When two or three accents appear in a row in a verb, H-H becomes H-L, and H-H-H becomes H-L-L. However, the default tones are not added on the syllables with deleted accents, which leads to forms like {{lang|lg|b'''á'''lilabá}} (from {{lang|lg|*b'''á'''-l'''í'''-l'''á'''ba}}) "they will see". There, not one but two low-toned syllables follow the accent.<ref name="Hyman93" />

Another rule is that if two accents in the same verb are not next to each other, they form a plateau. Thus, the negative tense {{lang|lg|t'''á'''gul'''â'''}} "he does not buy" is pronounced {{lang|lg|t'''á'''gúl'''â'''}}, with a plateau.

====Chichewa====
{{main|Chichewa tones}}
[[Chichewa]], a language widely spoken in [[Malawi]], is tonal but has accentual properties. Most Chichewa simple nouns have only one high tone, usually on one of the last three syllables.{{sfnp|Downing|Mtenje|2017|loc=Chapter 6}} (See [[Chichewa tones]].)
*{{lang|ny|ch'''í'''manga}} "maize"
*{{lang|ny|chik'''ó'''ndi}} "love"
*{{lang|ny|chinangw'''á'''}} "cassava" (usually pronounced {{lang|ny|chinăngwā}}, with rising tone on the penultimate){{sfnp|Louw|1987|p=?}}

However, many number of nouns have no high tone but are accentless. Unlike the accentless words in Luganda, however, they do not acquire any default tones but are pronounced with all the syllables low:
*{{lang|ny|chipatala}} "hospital"

A few nouns (often but not always compounds) have two high tones. If they are separated by only one syllable, they usually join in a plateau:
*{{lang|ny|chiz'''ó'''lówez'''í'''}} "habit"
*{{lang|ny|b'''í'''rím'''á'''nkhwe}} "chameleon"

Most verbal roots in Chichewa are accentless. However, a few verbs also have lexical accents, but they are not inherited from Proto-Bantu.<ref name="Hyman99" /> When there is an accent, it is always heard on the final {{lang|ny|-a}} of the verb:
*{{lang|ny|thokoz'''á'''-ni}} "give thanks (pl.)"

Prefixes and suffixes add some accents. For example, the infinitive prefix {{lang|ny|ku-}} is postaccenting, adding a tone on the following syllable, while the suffix {{lang|ny|-nso}} "again/also" is preaccenting:
*{{lang|ny|fotokoza}} "explain" (toneless)
*{{lang|ny|kuf'''ó'''tokoza}} "to explain"
*{{lang|ny|kuf'''ó'''tokoz'''á'''nso}} "to explain again"

The verbal system is complicated because overlying the verb's tones and suffixes is a series of tonal patterns that changes by tense. There are at least eight patterns for affirmative tenses and other patterns for relative clauses and negative verbs.{{sfnp|Downing|Mtenje|2017|loc=Chapter 7}}

For example, the present habitual tense has tones on the first and penultimate syllables, the recent past has a tone after the tense-marker -{{lang|ny|na}}-, the subjunctive has a tone on the final syllable and the potential is toneless. The tones apply, with minor variations, to all verbs, whether the stem is long or short:
*{{lang|ny|nd'''í'''mafotok'''ó'''za}} "I (usually) explain"
*{{lang|ny|ndinaf'''ó'''tokoza}} "I explained (just now)"
*{{lang|ny|ndifotokoz'''é'''}} "I should explain"
*{{lang|ny|ndingafotokoze}} "I could explain"

Most other tones tend to be suppressed when a verb has a penultimate accent. For example, in the negative future, both the tone of the future-tense marker, {{lang|ny|-dz'''á'''-}}, and the tone of the negative marker, {{lang|ny|s'''í'''-}} (both normally high), are neutralised:
*{{lang|ny|sindidzafotok'''ó'''za}} "I will not explain"

Those and other processes cause most verb tenses to have only one or two high tones, which are at the beginning, the penultimate or the final of the verb stem or at a prefix or sometimes even both. That gives the impression that the tones in the resultant words are clearly accentuated.

===English===
Most dialects of English are classified as [[stress accent|stress-accent languages]]. However, there are some dialects in which tone can play a part in the word accent.

====Hong Kong English====
Lexical words in [[Hong Kong English]] are assigned at least one H (high) tone. Disyllabic words may have the tone pattern H-o (clóckwise), H-H (sómetímes), o-H (creáte), where "o" stands for tonelessness. Trisyllabic words receive any one of seven possible tone assignments H-H-H (kángároo), H-H-o (hándwríting), H-o-H (róundabóut), H-o-o (thréátening), o-H-H (abóut-túrn), o-H-o (esséntial), o-o-H (recomménd). Toneless syllables receive other pitch assignments depending on their positions: word-initial toneless syllables are M(id)-toned, utterance-final toneless syllables are Low, and word-medial toneless syllables vary across two major sub-dialects in the community surfacing as either H or M. Because lexical stipulation of Hong Kong English tones are {H, o} privative, one is easily misled into thinking of Hong Kong English as a pitch-accented language. It is, however, probably more accurate to think of Hong Kong English as a language with lexical tones.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wee |first=Lian-Hee |year=2016 |title=Tone assignment in Hong Kong English |url=https://scholars.hkbu.edu.hk/ws/portalfiles/portal/55624501/RO_hkbu_staff_publication-6149_JA029072.pdf |journal=Language |volume=92 |issue=2 |at=e67–e87 |doi=10.1353/lan.2016.0039}}</ref>

====South African English====
In Broad [[South African English]], {{IPA|/h/}} (phonetically {{IPAblink|ɦ}}) is often deleted, such as in word-initial stressed syllables (as in '''''h'''ouse''), but at least as often, it is pronounced even if it seems to be deleted. The vowel that follows {{IPA|/h/}} in the word-initial syllable often carries a low or low rising tone. In rapid speech, that can be the only trace of the deleted {{IPA|/h/}}. Potentially minimal tonal pairs are thus created, like ''oh'' (neutral {{IPA|[ʌʊ˧]}} or high falling {{IPA|[ʌʊ˦˥˩]}}) vs. ''hoe'' (low {{IPA|[ʌʊ˨]}} or low rising {{IPA|[ʌʊ˩˨]}}).{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=112}}

=== Welsh ===
In [[Welsh language|Welsh]] a stress accent usually comes on the penultimate syllable (with a few exceptions accented on the final, such as the word {{lang|cy|Cymraeg}} "Welsh"), and is usually on a low pitch followed by a rising pitch. "In Welsh, the stressed syllable is associated with lower pitch than less stressed or unstressed syllables ... However, the post-stress syllable in Welsh is typically produced on a higher pitch."{{sfnp|Hannahs|2013|p=42}} It is believed that this came about because late Brythonic (the ancestor of Welsh) had a penultimate accent that was pronounced with a high pitch. When the final vowels of words were lost, the high pitch remained on what was now the final syllable, but the stress moved to the new penultimate. Thus LHL changed to LH, with the stress on the low syllable.{{sfnp|Willis|2010|p=122}}

Although it is usually said that the high pitch is in the final syllable of the word, an acoustic study of [[Anglesey]] Welsh found that in that dialect at least the peak of the tone was actually in the penultimate syllable, thus the last two syllables were L+H* L.{{sfnp|Cooper|2015|p=165}}

===Scottish Gaelic===
Several northern dialects of [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]], such as those of [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]], [[Wester Ross]] and [[Strathnaver]], feature pitch accents which derive from [[vowel hiatus]]. For instance, the words {{lang|gd|bò}} "cow" and {{lang|gd|bodha}} "reef" are a [[minimal pair]], but the former is pronounced with a level or rising tone, as {{IPA|gd|b̥oː˧, b̥oː˧˥|}}, and the latter with a falling tone beginning rising or high, as {{IPA|gd|b̥oː˦˥˨, b̥oː˥˧|}}.{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|pp=25-26}} A similar tonal contrast is found in ostensibly disyllabic words. Scottish Gaelic has a phenomenon of [[epenthesis]] whereby certain consonant clusters (see [[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography#Epenthesis|here]] for a full list) feature a repeating, equally stressed vowel, creating a second syllable whose vowel is considered a unit with, or echo of, the first. This can be seen in the minimal pair {{lang|gd|falbh}} "to leave", pronounced {{IPA|gd|fal̪ˠa˦˥|}} with a rising tone across the word and both syllables equally stressed, and {{lang|gd|falamh}} "empty", pronounced {{IPA|gd|ˈfa˧˥.l̪ˠu˥˩|}} with a rising tone followed by a falling one.{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|pp=26-27}}

Ternes claimed that Scottish Gaelic is inherently a pitch-accent language,<ref>{{cite book |last=Ternes |first=Elmar |title=The phonemic analysis of Scottish Gaelic: based on the dialect of Applecross, Ross-shire |year=1973 |location=Hamburg |publisher=Helmut Buske}}</ref> which manifests in the dialects of [[Argyll]] as [[glottalisation]] akin to [[stød]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Scouller|first=Alastair|year=2017|title=The Gaelic Dialect of Colonsay (PhD thesis)|publisher=University of Edinburgh|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

===Yaqui===
The [[Yaqui]] are a native American people living mostly in [[Mexico]] but also in [[Arizona]]. About 17,000 people are said to speak Yaqui, which is a [[Uto-Aztecan language]].

Yaqui has a tonal accent in which the accent is on the first or the second [[mora (linguistics)|mora]] of the word. A long vowel has two moras in Yaqui, and a short vowel or diphthong has one mora. After the accent, the high tone continues with a very slight decline<ref name="Hagberg08">{{cite journal |last=Hagberg |first=Larry |url=https://linguistics.arizona.edu/sites/linguistics.arizona.edu/files/files-page/fuac_hagberg_slides.pdf |title=An Acoustic Analysis of Yaqui Stress |journal=Friends of Uto-Aztecan |date=3 October 2008 |publisher=University of Arizona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113230254/https://linguistics.arizona.edu/sites/linguistics.arizona.edu/files/files-page/fuac_hagberg_slides.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> until the end of the word.

About two thirds of words have an accent on the first mora, and all tones of the word are then high:<ref name="Demers99" />
*{{lang|yaq|k'''á'''rí}} "house"
*{{lang|yaq|ham'''ú'''t}} "woman"
*{{lang|yaq|t'''é'''éká}} "sky" (where {{lang|yaq|ee}} represents a long vowel)
*{{lang|yaq|te'''é'''ká}} "lay down"

In some words with a long first vowel, the accent moves to the second syllable, and the vowel of the first syllable then becomes short:
*{{lang|yaq|b'''á'''kót}} "snake"
*{{lang|yaq|bak'''ó'''ttá}} "snake (object of verb)"

In a certain kind of reduplication, the accent moves to the first mora, and the next consonant is then usually doubled. At the same time, since a long vowel cannot follow the accent, the vowel after the accent is also shortened:
*{{lang|yaq|te'''é'''ká}} "lay down"
*{{lang|yaq|t'''é'''ttéká}} "in the process of laying something down"

At the end of a phrase, the pitch drops, with a low boundary tone.<ref name="Hagberg08" />

To an English-speaker, the first high tone in Yaqui "sounds very much like a stress". However, acoustic studies show that the amplitude of the accented syllable is not really greater than the other syllables in the word are.<ref name="Demers99" />

==See also==
* [[Stress (linguistics)]]
* [[Tone (linguistics)]]

==Notes==

<references group="nb" />

==Citation==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite book |last=Hosseini |first=Seyed Ayat |year=2014 |url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/content/article/files/1314_hosseini_1.pdf |title=The Phonology and Phonetics of Prosodic Prominence in Persian |type=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Tokyo}}
* {{cite book |last=Hualde |first=J. I. |year=2007 |chapter=Historical Convergence and Divergence in Basque Accentuation |editor-last1=Riad |editor-first1=Tomas |editor-last2=Gussenhoven |editor-first2=Carlos |title=Typological Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody |series=Phonology and Phonetics: Tones and Tunes |volume=((12{{hyphen}}1)) |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=291–322 |doi=10.1515/9783110207569.291 |isbn=978-3-11-019057-1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Hulst |editor-first1=Harry van der |editor-first2=Rob |editor-last2=Goedemans |editor-first3=Ellen van |editor-last3=Zanten |year=2011 |title=A survey of word accentual patterns in the languages of the world |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-019631-3}}
** {{cite book |last1=Zanten |first1=Ellen van |last2=Dol |first2=Philomena |year=2010 |title=Word stress and pitch accent in Papuan languages |chapter=4. Word stress and pitch accent in Papuan languages |pages=113–155 |doi=10.1515/9783110198966.1.113 |isbn=978-3-11-019631-3 }}
** {{cite book |last=Downing |first=Laura |year=2010 |title=Accent in African languages |chapter=8. Accent in African languages |pages=381–428 |doi=10.1515/9783110198966.1.381 |isbn=978-3-11-019631-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kamoga |first1=F. K. |last2=Stevick |first2=Earl |author-link2=Earl Stevick |year=1968 |url=http://www.fsi-language-courses.net/languages/Luganda/Basic/FSI%20-%20Luganda%20Basic%20Course%20-%20Instructor%20and%20Student%20Text.pdf |title=Luganda Basic Course |series=FSI Basic Course |location=Washington |publisher=Foreign Service Institute}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kiparsky |first1=Paul |year=2017 |orig-date=1995 |chapter=Livonian stød |chapter-url=http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/livonian.pdf |editor-last1=Kehrein |editor-first1=W. |editor-last2=Köhnlein |editor-first2=Bj. |editor-last3=Boersma |editor-first3=P. |editor-last4=van Oostendorp |editor-first4=M. |title=Segmental Structure and Tone |pages=195–210 |doi=10.1515/9783110341263-007 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-034126-3 |access-date=6 December 2013}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Kortmann |editor-first1=Bernd |editor-last2=Auwera |editor-first2=Johan van der |year=2011 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A comprehensive guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt_Eg2ehL8kC&q=consonant+length+latvian&pg=PA5 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |doi=10.1515/9783110220261 |isbn=978-3-11-022025-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Lass |first=Roger |year=2002 |chapter=South African English |editor-last=Mesthrie |editor-first=Rajend |title=Language in South Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=104–126 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511486692 |isbn=978-0-521-79105-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Chungmin |last2=Gordon |first2=Matthew |last3=Büring |first3=Daniel |year=2007 |title=Topic and Focus: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Meaning and Intonation |series=Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4796-1 |isbn=978-1-4020-4795-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Louw |first=Johan K. |year=1987 |chapter=Word lists |title=Pang'onopang'ono ndi Mtolo: Chichewa: A Practical Course |trans-title=Little by little you make a bundle |lang=ny, en |publisher=UNISA Press |volume=3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lundquist |first1=Jesse |last2=Yates |first2=Anthony |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://pies.ucla.edu/resources/ady/papers/IEmorph-F.pdf |chapter=The Morphology of Proto-Indo-European |editor-first1=Jared |editor-last1=Klein |editor-first2=Brian |editor-last2=Joseph |editor-first3=Fritz |editor-last3=Matthias |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |series=HSK |volume=((43{{hyphen}}3)) |pages=2079–2195 |publisher=De Gruyter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183603/https://pies.ucla.edu/resources/ady/papers/IEmorph-F.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-11 |url-status=dead |doi=10.1515/9783110542431-043 |isbn=978-3-11-054036-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Oftedal |first=Magne |authorlink=Magne Oftedal |title=A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis |year=1956 |location=Oslo |publisher=Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap}}
* {{cite book |first1=Olga |last1=Masļanska |first2=Aina |last2=Rubīna |year=1992 |script-title=ru:Valsts valoda - Курс лекций латышского языка |trans-title=Official language - Latvian language lecture course |language=ru |publisher=LU |location=Riga}}
* {{cite book |first=Philomen |last=Probert |year=2003 |title=A New Short Guide the Accentuation of Ancient Greek |publisher=Bristol Classical Press |isbn=978-1-85399-599-6}}
* {{citation |first1=Janet B. |last1=Pierrehumbert |last2=Beckman |first2=Mary E. |year=1988 |title=Japanese Tone Structure |publisher=MIT Press: Cambridge, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/japanesetonestru00pier |url-access=registration |isbn=0-262-16109-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Ruppell |first=A.M. |year=2017 |title=The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit |doi=10.1017/9781107088283 |isbn=978-1-107-08828-3}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Sadat-Tehrani |first=Nima |year=2007 |title=The intonational grammar of Persian |type=Ph.D. |url=https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/23c706be-c0d3-424d-8e75-3a1b23cb7f68/content |publisher=University of Manitoba |hdl=1993/2839}}
* {{cite book|last=Smiljanic |first=Rajka |year=2004 |title=Lexical, Pragmatic, and Positional Effects on Prosody in Two Dialects of Croatian and Serbian |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203958193 |isbn=0-415-97117-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Smiljanic |first=Rajka |title=Lexical, Pragmatic, and Positional Effects on Prosody in Two Dialects of Croatian and Serbian: An Acoustic Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WDhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203958193 |isbn=978-1-135-46464-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Smyth |first=H.W. |year=1984 |orig-date=1920 |title=Greek Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/greekgrammar0000smyt |url-access=registration |editor-last=Messing |editor-first=Gordon M. |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36250-5 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Vaan |editor-first=Michiel de |date=13–14 June 2003 |title=Germanic tone accents: proceedings of the First International Workshop on Franconian Tone Accents |lang=de, en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO687pKC5voC |publisher=Franz Steiner |location=Leiden |isbn=978-3-515-08877-0}}
** {{cite book |last=Goosens |first=Jan |year=2003 |title=Historische und geographische Randbedingungen des genker Tonakzentsystems |lang=de |pages=35–50}}
* {{cite book |last=Whitney |first=William Dw. |year=1889 |orig-date=1879 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar_(Whitney) |title=Sanskrit Grammar |edition=2nd |publisher=Geoffrey Cumberlege}}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Willis |year=2010 |orig-date=1993 |chapter=Old and Middle Welsh |url=https://dn720003.ca.archive.org/0/items/the-celtic-languages/The%20Celtic%20Languages.pdf |editor-last1=Ball |editor-first1=Martin J. |editor-first2=Nicole |editor-last2=Müller |title=The Celtic languages |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |edition=2nd |pages=117–160 |isbn=978-0-415-42279-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Adam |year=1958 |title=Neuer kölnischer Sprachschatz |lang=de |volume=1-3 |location=Köln |publisher=Greven}}
* {{cite book |last=Yip |first=Moira |year=2002 |title=Tone |series=Cambridge Textbooks In Linguistics |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139164559 |isbn=978-0-521-77314-0}}

{{divcol-end}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation
|last=Bodelier |first=Jorina
|year=2011
|title=Tone and intonation in the Lemiers dialect of Ripuarian
|type=MA General Linguistics Thesis
|publisher=University of Amsterdam
}}
* {{citation
|last=Hyman |first=L.M.
|year=2015
|title=Positional Prominence vs. Word Accent: Is there a difference?
|journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report
|volume=11
|doi=10.5070/P717P5607T
|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/documents/2015/Hyman_Positional_Prominence_vs_Word_Accent.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Hulst
|first=Harry van der
|year=2011
|chapter=Pitch Accent systems |title=Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology
|series=The Blackwell Companion to Phonology |volume=II
|url=https://harry-van-der-hulst.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1733/2016/05/139-Pitch-accent-systems.pdf
|isbn=978-1-4443-3526-2
}}

{{Suprasegmentals}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitch Accent}}
[[Category:Tone (linguistics)]]

[[pt:Tonicidade]]

Aliwal

2026-03-09T23:07:12Z

Trena17I0666860: Redirect page

'''Aliwal''' may refer to:

*[[Aliwal, Taran Taran]], a village in the Indian state of Punjab
*[[Aliwal, Jalandhar]], a village in the Indian state of Punjab
* [[Battle of Aliwal]] fought in 1846 between the British and the Sikhs
* Maletswai, formerly known as [[Aliwal North]], a town in central South Africa
* [[Mossel Bay|Aliwal South]], another name for the Mossel Bay area of South Africa

{{geodis}}

Avuna

2026-03-03T21:58:29Z

Trena17I0666860: creating a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avuna..
| image = Avuna poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Aasam Srinivas
}}
| writer =
| screenplay = C. Umamaheswara Rao
| story = C. Umamaheswara Rao
| based_on = 
| producer = Dr. K. Ramana Kumar
| starring = Adarsh Santhi Rao
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing =
| music = [[Bhavatharini|Bhavatharini Ilayaraaja]]
| studio = Meghana Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Avuna..''''' ({{Translation|Really..?}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[sports film|sports]] [[drama film]] directed by [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]] and starring newcomers Adarsh and Santhi Rao. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Adarsh as Srinivas
*Santhi Rao as Akhila
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Srinivas's basketball coach
*Vijaya Bhaskar
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
* Apoorva
*[[Sudeepa Pinky]]
* Anil Kumar
* Abhijit
* Dinesh
* [[Anandaraj]]
* Sriraj
* Sishanthkumar
* Vikas
* Ajay Raj
* Rajababu
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] (special appearance)<ref name="R">{{Cite web |last=Poornima |date=28 June 2003 |title=Bhagyaraj's Telugu debut |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930131808/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
*[[Bhagyashree]] (special appearance)<ref name="R"/>
}}

== Production ==
Adarsh, Vijaya Bhaskar and [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] were trained in basketball for the film. The climax features national level basketball players.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/avuna.html|title=Idlebrain.com's Showcase - Avunaa..|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> [[K. Bhagyaraj]] made his acting debut in Telugu through this film.<ref name="R"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Bhavatharini|Bhavatharini Ilayaraaja]]. The lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], [[Bhuvana Chandra]], and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-avuna.html|title=Movie review - Avuna..!|date=12 December 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film one out of five and wrote that "Except for a few inspirational quotes uttered in a couple of scenes by Surya, the entire film is a boring one".<ref name="I"/> Mithun Verma of ''Full Hyderabad'' rated the film one out of ten and wrote that "The lead pair, as mentioned earlier, appears to have been wearing too tight pants for their liking. The other departments like music, script, comedy, direction etc. are visible very clearly in the credits. That's all the appearance they do".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/avuna/telugu/avuna-movie-reviews-879-2.html|title=Avuna Review|work=Full Hyderabad|last=Verma|first=Mithun|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1579929}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]

Satyam Sivam

2026-03-03T20:17:05Z

Trena17I0666860: Made first post first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyam Sivam
| image = Satyam Shivam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand
| story = Prayag Raj
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = D. Venkateswara Rao
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Sridevi]] [[Rati Agnihotri]] [[Bhanu Chander]] [[Vijaya Shanti]]
| narrator =
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prakash
| editing = Ravi
| studio = Eeswari Creations
| based_on = ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1979)
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1981|5|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Satyam Sivam''''' is a 1981 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]], produced by D. Venkateswara Rao under the Eeswari Creations banner and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] and music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2017 |title=Shashi Kapoor and his 15 best films that prove why he was an era in himself |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shashi-kapoor-actor-best-bollywood-films-4967831/ |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2020 |title=సీనియర్ ఎన్టీఆర్ రీమేక్ చేసిన అమితాబ్ బచ్చన్ సూపర్ హిట్ సినిమాలు ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sr-ntr-remake-amitabh-bachchan-many-hindi-super-hit-films-in-telugu-here-are-the-details-ta-512320.html |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=[[News18]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with a nefarious Nagaraju conducting infidelity against Janaki after the birth of twins Satyam & Sivam. Janaki implores her husband, but he expels her and maintains a relationship with another woman, Lalitha. Stateless Janaki is clutched by wily Seshu when Inspector Chalapati Rao secures & shelters her. Tragically, Sivam splits therein, and Seshu vends to a bootlegger, Kunti. Time Passed, and once Janaki was ailing, Satyam strove for medicine. Exploiting it, Nagaraju makes him drink for the amount being unbeknownst. Sivam supports him in reaching home in that snag. Following, hoodwinked Lalitha commits suicide, entrusting her baby girl Shanti to Janaki. Kunti constantly torments Sivam, and a generous Baba instills him with the idea of revolt. Plus, his daughter Parvati endeared him from childhood.

Years roll by, and Sivam becomes a gallant who impedes the atrocities. Nagaraju molds into an honorable-seeking vicious racketeer mingling Seshu & his son Mohan. Satyam is a spirited cop appointed to catch them. In that track, he acquaints with a pretty Rekha and crushes. The siblings meet in abrupt conditions, recollect their young age experience, and convert into soulmates. From there, unknown bondage nears Sivam to Janaki & Shanti, and he owns them. He detects that Shanti loves a guy, Gopal, and promises to knit them. Simultaneously, Sivam captures and handovers a murder convict to Satyam but later discerns him as Gopal. Ergo acquits him by perjury for Shanti, at which a rift arises between mates.

Meanwhile, Satyam locates Nagaraju as the actual killer. Hence, he ploys to slay him with his acolyte, i.e., startlingly, Gopal, an imposter who bombs Satyam's vehicle. Spotting it, Sivam rushes to secure him, but it's too late, and Satyam loses his eyesight. Afterward, Sivam lets out the diabolic shade of Gopal and shields Shanti, too. Listening to it, Satyam comprehends his eminence, and they fuse. Now, Sivam takes up his onus and craves Satyam's valor despite no vision. Parallelly, the rival detaches Nagaraju & Seshu when Satyam & Sivam seal their wing. Destiny makes wounded Nagaraju land at Satyam's residence in a chase. Delightful Janaki favors him, but Satyam loathes his father for his betrayal. However, he allows him to reside with them on his mother's plea. Accordingly, Nagaraju ruses to stake a claim in the form of diamonds abducts Mohan via Kunti and threatens Seshu. Satyam breaks it and attempts to arrest his father, but he absconds with Janaki. He is behind them, and Sivam follows Kunti. They all touch down a single spot where Satyam & Sivam know their birth secret. At last, the two cease the baddies, and remorseful Nagaraju bestows his eyes on Satyam as an atonement for his sins. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriages of Sivam & Parvati and Satyam & Rekha.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Sivam
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Satyam
*[[Sridevi]] as Parvati
*[[Rati Agnihotri]] as Rekha
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Nagaraju
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Mohan
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Seshu
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Constable Pachipulusu Paramanandam
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Dada
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Gopal
*Tyagaraju as Kunti
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as I.G.
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Inspector Chalapathi Rao
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as PR Pappu / Pappus Panakalu Rao
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Santhi
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Janaki
*Pushpa Kumari as Chalapati Rao's wife
*Athili Lakshmi
*Krishna Veni as Lalitha
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Satyam Shivam
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1981
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:43
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Maha Purushudu]]
| prev_year = 1981
| next_title = [[Prema Kanuka]]
| next_year = 1981
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by Veturi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyam Shivam |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/satyam-shivam/22025299/ |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=Hungama}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Motha Gunnavo Pillo"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:29
|-
|2
|"Andhame Andhama"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:26
|-
|3
|"Enaka Mundhu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|4:25
|-
|4
|"Jambalagiri Panbakaada"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:03
|-
|5
|"Manchi Tharunam"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|5:25
|-
|6
|"Velugu Needalalo"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,S. Janaki,S.P.Sailaja
|4:34
|-
|7
|"Saage Nadule"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:21
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0258126}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Rambantu

2026-03-03T18:27:03Z

Trena17I0666860: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rambantu
| image = Rambantu DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| producer = M. Chitti Babu G. Gnaram Harish Rajendra Prasad {{small|(presents)}}
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Eswari Rao]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = P. R. K. Raju
| editing = K. S. Raju
| studio = Vijaya Chamundeswari Movies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249904/ |title=Rambantu (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|9|8}}
| runtime = 152 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rambantu''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] and written by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Rambantu/7i2oy34rz8 |title=Rambantu (Direction) |work=Tollywood Times.com}}</ref> It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Eswari Rao]] and music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/665/rambantu-cast.html |title=Rambantu (Cast & Crew) |work=Chitr.com}}</ref> It was produced by M. Chitti Babu and G. Gnaram Harish under the Vijaya Chamundeswari Movies banner and presented by Rajendra Prasad.

==Plot==
The film begins with the hunting of a generous Zamindar Raja Ramachandra Prasad when a tribal warrior sacrifices his life to guard him. Before leaving his breath, he endorses his gallant kid Rambantu to him, whom he accompanies. Zamindar resides with his wife, Indrani, and 4 progenies. Being a harpy, Indrani despises Rambantu and spoils his civilization. Years roll by, and Rambantu molds into Zamindar's true blue by dedicating his life. Despite being illiterate, he is an eidetic with a talent for divine naturopathy. Parallelly, Zamindar's two sons are vagabonds, and Indrani scorns benevolent elder daughter Kaveri since she is a step. The solitary who showers affection to her is Rambantu.

Meanwhile, Gireesam, a slick dandy, intrudes into Zamindar's house by forging as an A-list celebrity. He counterfeits them immediately by digging their most valuable ancestors' treasures. Gireesam mesmerizes with his backhanded means of lucrative opportunities and clutches the authority. Anyhow, Rambantu feels something fishy. The blackguard currently puts a lousy eye on Kaveri when Rambantu counterstrikes him. Hence, Gireesam's ruses are enraged by projecting Kaveri's horoscope, which poses an inevitable death for her spouse. Then, she is confirmed to be ominous, faces mortification, and attempts suicide. Rambantu shields and ties the ''Mangalasutram'' wedding chain to remove her curse. Gireesam schemes the deed as fraud and batters Rambantu when Zamindar expels the two. Ergo, they set foot in the city and started a small-scale business for livelihood. Besides, Gireesam swindles the totality by investing in phony companies, grabs Indrani's dower, and snares Zamindar's younger Jayasri via his henchman Raana. Discerning the facets, Zamindar collapses and comprehends Gireesam's dark shade.

Once, Rambantu secures a wealthy Ambiraju, who gazes at his outstanding brilliance in naturopathy and establishes a holistic healing institute. Step by step, Rambantu grows as a tycoon. Though Kaveri endears and aspires to be near him, he keeps her apart because, under faith, the day after his death, Kaveri will get a wise husband. Due to the dire need for money, Zamindar walks to Ambiraju when Rambantu spots and felicitates him. Consequently, he learns Rambantu's eminence by knowing his real intention in knitting her. Following this, Rambantu is conscious of the status quo and moves a counter pawn. Thus, he hauls the Gireesam likewise, retrieves his Lord's riches, and reforms his men. Hereupon, Gireesam attacks Zamindar and forcibly tries to snatch his fort. At last, Rambantu flares up & ceases him when he reads that Kaveri's astrology is also a ploy, so Rambantu seeks a penalty. Finally, the movie ends happily with Zamindar announcing Rambantu as his son-in-law and unites him with Kaveri.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Rambantu
*[[Eswari Rao]] as Kaveri
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Raja Ramachandra Prasad / Doragaru
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Girisam
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as Ambiraju
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Japan
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Jayakrishna
*Jakki as Raana
*Jyoti Reddy
*Krishna Sri as Jayasri
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Rani Indrani
*Suresh Kondeti
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh|Baby Aishwarya]] in the song "Emo Gurram Egaravachu"
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rambantu
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 19:36
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Gharana Bullodu]]
| prev_year = 1995
| next_title = [[Mounam]]
| next_year = 1995
}}

Music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Lyrics written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Rambantu-songs-A0000610 |title=Rambantu (Songs) |work=Raaga}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:36
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Allarenduku
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 2:21

| title2 = Chandamama Kanchavetti
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 4:50

| title3 = Emo Gurram Egaravachu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:19

| title4 = Bala Chilaka
| extra4 = Chitra
| length4 = 3:11

| title5 = Kukuteswara Kunuku
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:55
}}

==Awards==
* Master Uday won [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor]] of this film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - SHALIMAR Video Company, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0249904|Rambantu}}
{{Bapu (film director)}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]

Amruthamathi

2026-03-03T12:13:46Z

Trena17I0666860: creating new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amruthamathi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| producer = Puttanna
| writer = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| screenplay = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Yashodhara Charite''|[[Janna]]}}
| starring = [[Hariprriya]] [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] [[Tilak Shekar]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| cinematography = Nagaraj Adavani
| editing = Suresh Urs
| studio = Inchara Puttanna Productions
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{film date|2025|05|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 
}}

'''''Amruthamathi''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama films|drama film]] written and directed by [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi@suvarnanews.in |title=ಬರಗೂರು 'ಅಮೃತಮತಿ'ಗೆ ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/baraguru-ramachandrappa-hari-prriya-amruthamathi-film-bags-international-film-award-vcs-qnof9s |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref> The film stars [[Hariprriya]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2019-09-13 |title=Hariprriya to play the lead in Baraguru Ramachandrappa's Amruthamathi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Sep/13/hariprriya-to-play-the-lead-in-baraguru-ramachandrappas-amruthamathi-14279.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> in the titular role alongside [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Tilak Shekar]] in pivotal roles. The film is based on the play ''Yashodhara Charite'' written by [[Janna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2019-10-06 |title=With Gandugali Madakari Nayaka to Amruthamathi, Kannada films are going back to books |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Oct/05/with-gandugali-madakari-nayaka-to-amruthamathi-kannada-films-are-going-back-to-books-2042816.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by Puttannna of Inchara Puttanna Productions. The film was screened at several international film festivals<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಸದ್ದು ಮಾಡಿದ ಹರಿಪ್ರಿಯಾ ನಟನೆಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾ 'ಅಮೃತಮತಿ'! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/haripriya-starrer-amruthamathi-movie-selected-for-los-angeles-film-festival/articleshow/82969354.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-25 |title=Hariprriya's new film to be screened at Austrian film fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriyas-new-film-to-be-screened-at-austrian-film-fest/articleshow/76626094.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-25 |title=Amruthamathi to be screened at Indian world film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/amruthamathi-to-be-screened-in-indian-world-film-festival/articleshow/74301464.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and was released on 7 May 2025 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on rental basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-05-07 |title=Baraguru Ramachandrappa's Amruthamathi gets digital release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/May/07/baraguru-ramachandrappas-amruthamathi-gets-digital-release |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the city of Ujjayini, King Yashaugha and his queen Chandramati had a son named Yashodhara. His beloved was a woman named Amruthamathi. When Yashaugha grew old, he crowned his son and retired to the forest for penance. Yashodhara and Amruthamathi continued their lives in mutual affection.

One night, while the couple was lying in bed, Amruthamathi heard a tune sung by Ashtavankara in the nearby horse stable. Instantly, she developed feelings for him and became eager to see and eventually unite with him. The next morning, she sent her maid to visit him. Upon seeing thecrooked and deformed man the maid was horrified and quickly returned.

When Amruthamathi, who was desperately in love, asked her maid about him, the maid mockingly replied, ‘How did someone find and fall for such a god of love?’ Amruthamathi, blinded by desire, misunderstood the sarcasm and still wished to know more about his appearance. When she heard descriptions of Ashtavakara's physical deformities, she consoled herself by saying, ‘Even a crooked man can give pleasure perhaps he’s better than the handsome ones.’

She then bribed her maid to arrange a meeting and gradually began an affair with Ashtavankara, slowly drifting away from Yashodhara. When Yashodhara sensed something was wrong, he decided to investigate. He secretly followed Amruthamathi one night and discovered the truth of her affair. Enraged, he initially thought of killing both her and her lover, but regaining his composure, he returned without harming them.

The next day, Amruthamathi came to know that her secret had been discovered. Amruthamathi, learning of this, invited both the king and queen to a farewell feast by poisoning the ladoos. Later her maid convinces Amruthamathi by saying that when the king spotted you eith Ashtavakara he did not kill you and now you do this is not right. Amruthamathi learns her mistake and later leaves the kingdom and starts to lead a normal life.

==Cast==
* [[Hariprriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-08 |title='ಅಮೃತಮತಿ' ನಟಿ ಹರಿಪ್ರಿಯಾಗೆ 'ಉತ್ತಮ ನಟಿ' ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಗೌರವ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/hariprriya-got-best-actress-award-in-4th-indian-world-film-festival-2020-for-amruthamathi-film/articleshow/74562917.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ಅಮೃತಮತಿ' ಪಾತ್ರ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂತಸಗೊಂಡ ನಟಿ ಹರಿಪ್ರಿಯಾ! ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಎಕ್ಸ್‌ಕ್ಲೂಸಿವ್‌ ಫೋಟೋ ಇಲ್ಲಿವೆ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-hariprriya-starrer-amruthamathi-movie-shooting-completed/articleshow/72348569.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> as Amruthamathi
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Yashodhara
* [[Tilak Shekar]] as Ashtavankara
* [[Pramila Joshai]] as Chandramthi
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Yashougha
* Supriya Rao
* Ambarish Sarangi
* Vathsala Mohan
* D.L. Lakshmi Narayan

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amruthamathi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:33
| language = Kannada
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer = Shamitha Malnad
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
Music composed by [[Shamitha Malnad]]. First were released on 11 February 2020.

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sukha Yellarigellaithava
| lyrics1 = Folk
| extra1 = [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Kudure Kudure
| lyrics2 = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| extra2 = Khasim Ali
| length2 = 4:53
| title3 = Yenaayitho Olage
| lyrics3 = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| extra3 = <nowiki>[Rajesh Krishnan]]</nowiki>
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Yaaru Melo Yaaru Keelo
| lyrics4 = Folk
| extra4 = Jogi Sunitha
| length4 = 5:12
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| total_length =
}}

== Production and Release ==
The film began production in 2019 with Hariprriya on board as the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-14 |title=Hariprriya's next is a 13th century tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriyas-next-is-a-13th-century-tale/articleshow/71113077.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film completd the shoot and dubbing by the end of 2019. Later the film was screened at various international film festivals<ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi@suvarnanews.in |title=ಲಾಸ್ ಏಂಜಲೀಸ್ ಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವಕ್ಕೆ 'ಅಮೃತಮತಿ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಆಯ್ಕೆ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/baraguru-ramachandrappa-kannada-amruthamathi-film-selected-for-sun-international-film-festival-vcs-qthnzm |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref> and gained acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2019: Sudeep wins best actor award, P Sheshadri's 'Mohandas' best film |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-sudeep-wins-best-actor-award-p-sheshadris-mohandas-best-film-3368199 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Due to Covid 19 pandemic the release of the film was delayed and later the film was released on Amazon Prime Video<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2025-05-03 |title=బాలయ్య 'జై సింహ' హీరోయిన్ సినిమా... ఐదేళ్ల తర్వాత సైలెంట్‌గా ఓటీటీలోకి... కానీ ఓ ట్విస్ట్‌! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/amruthamathi-ott-haripriya-kishore-starrer-kannada-movie-opts-direct-to-digital-release-now-streaming-available-on-amazon-prime-video-206394 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> on rental basis on 7 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title=ಅಮೆಜಾನ್‌ ಪ್ರೈಂನಲ್ಲಿ 'ಅಮೃತಮತಿ' |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/amrutamati-movie-released-on-the-amazon-prime-ott-platform-3275561 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt35929540}}

[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]

Shikhar (2005 film)

2026-03-03T11:50:57Z

Trena17I0666860: Made first pg initial version

{{short description|2005 Indian Hindi-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shikhar
| image = Shikhar (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[John Matthew Matthan]]
| producer = John Matthew Matthan
| writer = [[Abbas Tyrewala]] John Matthew Matthan
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Bipasha Basu]] [[Shahid Kapoor]] [[Amrita Rao]]
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| country = India
| cinematography = [[A. K. Bir]]
| editing = Ajoy Varma
| studio = Cinematt Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}14 [[crore]]{{efn|Budget figure includes print and advertising costs}}<ref name="boxofficeindia">{{cite web |title=Shikhar |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1627 |website=Box Office India |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501140155/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1627 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|link=yes}}10.3 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia"/>
}}
'''Shikhar''' ({{Translation|Peak}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced and directed by [[John Matthew Matthan]]. The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Amrita Rao]] in lead roles, while [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Javed Sheikh]], and [[Sushant Singh]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Viju Shah]] with cinematography and editing handled by [[A. K. Bir]] and Ajoy Varma respectively. The film was released on 30 December 2005. The film also serves as the 3rd film collaboration with actors Shahid Kapoor and Amrita Rao together.

The film revolves around an overambitious businessman (played by Devgn) who tricks a naive boy (played by Kapoor) in order to sell his land to him to build his tower projects.

==Plot==
The story is about Gaurav Gupta, a successful businessman who started with nothing and believes that only money can fuel his ambitions. When he interests himself in building a town in an abandoned village, he makes his mind up and agrees to build it at any cost, with the support of crooked politician Amrit Patil. However, the owner of the land, Shrikant Vardhan, does not accept the town to be built. Therefore, Gaurav tricks Shrikant's son Jaidev, who is infected by the [[Get-rich-quick scheme|get-rich-quick virus]], to join his scheme.

Jaidev, while respecting his father's philosophy, falls hook line, and sinker for Gaurav's gilt-edged dreams. Madhavi, the lover and friend of Jaidev, can only watch as Jaidev starts to go against his father's morals, by drinking and smoking. Gaurav uses his girlfriend Natasha to charm Jaidev by pretending to be in love with him so that he supports them instead of his own father. Meanwhile, Shrikant hopes that his son will return to his roots. Gaurav and Natasha even trick him by pretending to be a construction/ad agency partnered with actor [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]. Jaidev falls for the plan, with Gaurav blackmailing him along the way. Soon after learning about Gaurav's plan, Jaidev tries to stop him, but he is attacked in the process. Madhavi helps Jaidev with his wounds, and Jaidev realizes his mistakes, apologizes to his father, and tries to fight against Gaurav. After learning this, a furious Gaurav sets the land on fire, but Jaidev eventually saves the land and the hostages. Soon, Gaurav and Amrit are arrested for their crimes, and the village land is saved. Jaidev reconciles with his father and Madhavi, and starts to help the latter in his business.

==Cast==
* [[Ajay Devgan]] as Gaurav Gupta (GG)
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Natasha
* [[Shahid Kapoor]] as Jaidev S. Vardhan (Jai)
* [[Amrita Rao]] as Madhavi
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Amrit Patil
* Sunil Rege as Chief Minister
* [[Javed Sheikh]] as Srikant Vardhan
* [[Sushant Singh]] as Bhajanlal
* [[Akhil Mishra]] as Jadhav
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Irfan Bhai
* [[Farha Naaz]] as Kusum
* [[Ash Chandler]] as Ashton Raga
* Jaywant Wadkar as Gaurav's henchman
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as himself (cameo appearnace)<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham's special appearance in Shikhar : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1179653/John-Abrahams-special-appearance-in-Shikhar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006214836/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1179653/John-Abrahams-special-appearance-in-Shikhar |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 November 2005 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shikhar
| type = Soundtrack album
| artist = [[Viju Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 November 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Viju Shah]] with lyrics written by Sudhakar Sharma, Anita Sarkar, Chandrashekhar Rajit and Manohar Iyer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/shikhar/20051208.htm|title=Shikhar's music is insipid - Rediff.com|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=8 December 2005|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|author-link=Sukanya Verma|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228031242/https://www.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/shikhar/20051208.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Track list===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Composer
!Lyricist!! Duration
|-
| 1 || "Fitna Dil" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Udit Narayan]] & [[KK (singer)|KK]] || [[Viju Shah]]
|Chandreshekhar Rajit|| 6:43
|-
| 2 || "Aap Ko Samjha" || Udit Narayan & [[Sadhana Sargam]] || Viju Shah
|Sudhakar Sharma|| 5:35
|-
| 3 || "Dheere Dheere" || [[KK (singer)|KK]] || Viju Shah
|Manohar Iyer|| 4:08
|-
| 4 || "Megha Re Megha" || Udit Narayan & [[Alka Yagnik]] || Viju Shah
|Sudhakar Sharma|| 5:28
|-
| 5 || "Mere Mann" || Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan || Viju Shah
|Sudhakar Sharma|| 4:13
|-
| 6 || "Tu Hai Shikar" || [[Jagjit Singh]] || Viju Shah
|Sudhakar Sharma|| 3:54
|-
| 7 || "Vaga" || [[Ash Chandler]] || Viju Shah
|Anita Sarkar|| 3:01
|-
| 8 || "Fitna Dil (Remix)" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Udit Narayan]] & [[KK (singer)|KK]] || Viju Shah
|Chandreshekhar Rajit|| 4:48
|}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave them 1.5 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, SHIKHAR disappoints big time."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shikhar/critic-review/shikhar-movie-review/|title=Shikhar Review 1.5/5 | Shikhar Movie Review | Shikhar 2005 Public Review | Film Review|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|website=[[IndiaFM]]|date=30 December 2005|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429022830/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shikhar/critic-review/shikhar-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "Directed by John M Matthan, Shikhar is not nearly a flattering tribute. It borrows the essential structure of [[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]] while raising its own propaganda against the issue of deforestation at the hands of penny-pinching builders. Alas, what could have been a classic duel between avarice and virtue becomes an inconsistent battle of obstinacy with denseness."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/30shikhar.htm|title=Shikhar is very mediocre|website=Rediff.com|date=30 December 2005|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143135/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/30shikhar.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0475627|title=Shikhar}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|shikhar}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about globalization]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Radhika Sen

2026-02-15T02:35:25Z

Trena17I0666860: done

{{Short description|Indian Army officer}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| name = Radhika Sen
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt = Major Radhika Sen
| caption = Major Sen at [[New York (state)|New York]] interacting with UN News
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Radhika Sen
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = 1993
| birth_place = [[Sundernagar]], [[Mandi District|Mandi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| allegiance = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 2016–present
| serviceyears_label = Years of Service
| rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Indian Army Service Corps]] (IASC)
| commands = Engagement Platoon Commander, Indian Rapid Deployment Battalion
| known_for = Recipient of the United Nations Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award (2023)
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = United Nations Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award
| memorials =
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]]; [[IIT Bombay]]<ref name="iitb">{{cite web
| date = 10 June 2024
| title = IIT Bombay Alumna, Major Radhika Sen, Receives Prestigious UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award
| url = https://acr.iitbombay.org/news/iit-bombay-alumna-major-radhika-sen-receives-prestigious-un-military-gender-advocate-of-the-year-award/
| work =
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| module =
}}
'''Major Radhika Sen''' is an [[Indian Army]] officer known for her impactful service with the [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Born in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 1993, she joined the army. As engagement platoon commander in [[MONUSCO]], she led efforts to support community security, [[gender equality]], and education for local populations.<ref name="hero">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 31 May 2024
| title = Major Radhika Sen's service is true credit to United Nations as a whole: Secretary-General Guterres
| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/world/major-radhika-sens-service-is-true-credit-to-united-nations-as-a-whole-secretary-general-guterres-3045926
| agency = [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]
| website = [[Deccan Herald]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref> Her work earned her the 2024 United Nations Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award, with [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] commending her as a “true leader and role model.”<ref name="leader">{{cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = Ajeet
| date = 28 May 2024
| title = True leader and role model', UN Chief praises Himachal girl Major Radhika Sen for earning top military award
| url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/indian-army-major-radhika-sen-to-receive-2023-un-military-gender-advocate-of-the-year-award-un-chief-antonio-guterres-praises-her-2024-05-28-933883
| work = [[India TV]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Major Sen was born in 1993 in [[Baroh]] Village, [[ Mandi District]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. She completed her schooling at St. Mary's High School in [[Sundar Nagar|Sundernagar]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 14 September 2016
| title = सुंदरनगर की राधिका सेन बनी लैफ्टिनैंट
| url = https://himachal.punjabkesari.in/mandi/news/bhadoh-radhika-sen-lieutenant-516038
| work = [[Punjab Kesari]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
| language = hi
}}</ref> Showing a strong interest in science, Sen pursued a bachelor's degree in [[biotechnology]] at [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh, and later attended the Indian [[IIT Bombay|Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay]], where she was working on her master's degree before joining the Indian Army.<ref name="iitb" /><ref name="posting">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 31 May 2024
| title = Meet Major Radhika Sen: The Indian peacekeeper championing gender equality in UN Missions
| url = https://economictimes.com/news/defence/meet-major-radhika-sen-the-indian-peacekeeper-championing-gender-equality-in-un-missions/articleshow/110571686.cms
| work = [[The Economic Times]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref> Inspired by a passion for service, she left her studies mid-way to pursue a career in the military.

==Military career==
Sen began her military training in 2015 at the [[Officers Training Academy]] (OTA) in [[Chennai]]. After successfully completing her training, she served as a lieutenant in various postings across India, including [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Sikkim]].<ref name="posting" />

==United Nations Peacekeeping Mission==

In March 2023, Major Sen was deployed to the [[MONUSCO|United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (MONUSCO), where she served as the Engagement Platoon Commander for the Indian Rapid Deployment Battalion.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Mukherjee
| first = Vasudha
| date = 31 May 2024
| title = Major Radhika Sen receives UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award
| url = https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/major-radhika-sen-receives-un-military-gender-advocate-of-the-year-award-124053101601_1.html
| work = [[Business Standard]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref> Leading a team of both men and women, her role focused on community engagement, addressing security concerns, and advocating for the rights of [[women's right|women]] and [[children's rights|children]]. She established Community Alert Networks to help civilians report security issues, created spaces for local women to voice concerns, and conducted educational programs to improve self-reliance.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date = 28 May 2024
| title = Indian Peacekeeper Wins 2023 Military Gender Advocate of Year Award
| url = https://press.un.org/en/2024/pko825.doc.htm
| work = [[United Nations|UN]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In May 2024, Major Sen received the prestigious United Nations Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award. This award recognized her contributions to gender-sensitive peacekeeping efforts, leadership in conflict zones, and her work to empower women in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date = 29 May 2024
| title = Quicksplained: Who is Major Radhika Sen, the Indian Army officer to be honoured with the UN advocacy award?
| url = https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/quicksplained-major-radhika-sen-indian-army-officer-un-advocacy-award-13776450.html
| work = [[First Post]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref> [[United Nations|UN]] [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|
Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] commended her as a "true leader and role model," noting her dedication to community-building and humanitarian initiatives.<ref name ="leader"/><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 31 May 2024
| title = Major Radhika Sen receives prestigious 2023 UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/major-radhika-sen-receives-prestigious-2023-un-military-gender-advocate-of-the-year-award-9362408/
| agency = [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]
| website = [[The Indian Express]]
| location =
| access-date = 10 November 2024
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[United Nations peacekeeping]]
*[[Women in peacekeeping]]
*[[MONUSCO]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Radhika}}
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:United Nations peacekeeping]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nitin Khanna

2026-02-09T04:58:07Z

Trena17I0666860: new

{{Undisclosed paid|date=May 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nitin Khanna
| image =
| image_size = 260px
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|3|18}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| alma_mater = [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]] [[Purdue University]]
| occupation = Founder & CEO of MergerTech
}}

'''Nitin Khanna''' (born 18 March 1971) is an Indian-born entrepreneur settled in [[Portland, Oregon]], United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2010/05/catching_up_withnitin_khanna.html|title=Catching up with...Nitin Khanna|date=25 May 2010|work=oregonlive.com}}</ref> He is the chairman of MergerTech, an international [[mergers and acquisitions]] advisory firm. He is also the co-founder of Saber Corp., which is now acquired by EDS.

==Early life and education==
Khanna completed his early education at the [[Lawrence School, Sanawar]], and obtained his bachelor's and master's in [[Industrial Engineering]] from [[Purdue University]].

== Career ==
Khanna has been the CEO of MergerTech since its inception in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2017/02/20/Meet_Nitin_Khanna_The_Story_of_Success_Determination_y/|title=Meet Nitin Khanna – The Story of Success & Determination|date=20 February 2017|work=wn.com}}</ref> He co-founded a tech organization named Saber Corp in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2008/05/26/daily9.html|title=Founders leave Saber Corp.
|date=27 May 2008|work=bizjournals.com}}</ref> which was a provider of state government solutions in US. He helped it grow to 1200 employees and over $120MM in revenue by 2007, when he sold it to [[Electronic Data Systems|EDS]] for $460MM. Khanna then took over the leadership of EDS' government business operation.

Khanna has also worked with [[Oracle Corporation]]. In 2015, he started Cura Cannabis Solutions. He has invested $5 million in iSOS Inc.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/saber-corp-founder-nitin-khanna-backs-software-startup-isos/|title=Saber Corp founder Nitin Khanna backs software startup iSos|date=26 April 2017|work=vccircle.com}}</ref> a productivity enhancement solutions software company. Khanna is a board member of Vendscreen, Freewire Broadband, TiE Oregon (non-profit) and the Classic Wines Auction (non-profit).

== Acquisitions ==
As the CEO of MergerTech, Khanna has led numerous mergers and acquisitions deals, including the following:{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
* Acquisition of ArcTouch by Grey
* Acquisition of Serene Corporation by AST Corporation
* Acquisition of GlobeSherpa by RideScout
* Strategic partnership of Media Labs with MDC Partners
* Acquisition of Springbrook by Accela<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/techflash/2015/04/bay-area-tech-firm-buys-portland-based-government.html|title=Bay Area tech firm buys Portland-based government software maker|date=8 April 2015|work=bizjournals.com}}</ref>
* Acquisition of AppThwack by Amazon Web Services<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2015/07/amazon_buys_portland_mobile_st.html|title=Amazon buys Portland mobile startup AppThwack|date=14 July 2015|work=oregonlive.com}}</ref>
* Acquisition of Serus by E2open
* Acquisition of Mutual Mobile by WPP
* Acquisition of Simple by BBVA
* Acquisition of HPM Works by Cancom

== Awards ==
* Portland's Top 40 under 40 civic and entrepreneurial leaders in 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oregon.tie.org/tie-oregon-charter-member-nitin-khanna/|title=TiE Oregon Charter Member: Nitin Khanna|work=tie.org}}</ref>

==Allegations==
After being accused of brutally raping Lori Fale repeatedly, a stylist he hired for his wedding at the Allison Inn, the day before the event, Khanna stepped down as CEO of Select cannabis oils, following news that he had reached a civil settlement with his accuser in the low 7 figures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog-31172-tech-ceo-nitin-khanna-and-accuser-settle-in-rape-case.html|title=Tech CEO Nitin Khanna and Accuser Settle in Rape Case|date=24 January 2017|work=wweek.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-21761-dotcom-before-the-storm.html|title=Nitin Khanna controversy}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Nitin}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:Purdue University College of Engineering alumni]]

Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo

2026-02-08T14:55:10Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{Short description|Indian historian and archaeologist (1946–2026)}}
[[File:Jitamitra Prasad Singhdeo.png|thumb|Jitamitra Prasad Singhdeo in his library at Khariar Palace, Nuapada, Odisha in 2018]]
[[File:Figurine Nuapada JPS.jpg|alt=Human figurine dating to 1st century CE being held by Jitamitra Prasad Singhdeo. Find site- Nuapada, Odisha|thumb|Human figurine dating to 1st century CE being held by Jitamitra Prasad Singhdeo. Find site- Nuapada, Odisha]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
'''Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo''' (29 August 1946 – 4 January 2026) was an Indian historian and archaeologist from [[Khariar]], Nuapada, Odisha.<ref>Profile of JP Singh Deo http://www.navratnanews.com/Profile/profile_ofJitamitra%20Prasad%20Singh%20Deo.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402121125/http://www.navratnanews.com/Profile/profile_ofJitamitra%20Prasad%20Singh%20Deo.htm |date=2 April 2012 }}</ref> He was the titular head of the erstwhile zamindari estate of Khariar, born to eight time law maker,a noted author and poet of Odisha Raja Anup Singhdeo and Rani Soubhagya Manjari Devi.<ref>Ghosh, S. (1978). Orissa in Turmoil: A Study in Political Developments. India: Sankha.</ref><ref>Glimpses of Orissa. (1986). India: Punthi Pustak.</ref><ref>Siṃhadeba, J. P. (2006). Archaeology of Orissa: With Special Reference to Nuapada and Kalahandi. India: R.N. Bhattacharya.</ref>

== Early life and Career ==
Deo learnt field archaeology and trained under his uncle the late Kalahandi Maharaj [[Pratap Keshari Deo]]. He has also been instrumental in documenting the pre-history and ancient history of the Nuapada region and also tribal civil disobedience movements during the struggle for Indian independence in the gadjat hill tracts of Odisha. His research and exploration has helped document rare archaeological finds, tribal customs and ancient riverine trade posts along Odisha's major rivers and establish distinct connections to the larger South East Asia region and Western Odisha.<ref>Sainath, P. (2022). The Last Heroes: Foot Soldiers of Indian Freedom. India: Penguin Random House India Private Limited.</ref><ref>Siṃhadeba, J. P. (2001). Tāntric art of Orissa. India: Kalpaz Publications.</ref><ref>Orissa Review. (2004). India: Published and issued by Home (Public Relations) Department, Government of Orissa.</ref> He had been instrumental in the preservation and publication of the speeches made by Maharaja Sir [[Rajendra Narayan Bhanja Deo]] of [[Rajkanika|Kanika]] made during his term in the Indian Legislative Council.(1916-1920) and also of the [[Utkal Sammilani]]<ref>Bhanja Deo, R. N., Siṃhadeba, J. P. (2006). Eventful Life of an Orissa Province Maker: Diaries of Raja Sir R.N. Bhanja Deo of Kanika, 1908 to 1922 A.D.. India: R.N. Bhattacharya.</ref>

He was the president of Khariar Sahitya Samiti. He authored several books on Odisha, and discovered the pre-historic rock art of Yogimath Donger,<ref>{{cite book |title=Rock art in Odisha |last=Pradhan |first=Sadasiba |page=16 |year=2001 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-215-6 }}</ref> the Ghat Ghumar rock art copper plates, gold coins of the [[Sharabhapuriya dynasty]], a clay seal, a stone seal of [[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|Panduvamshi dynasty]], [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri]] coins,<ref>{{cite book |title=Early and medieval coins and currency system of Orissa, circa 300 B.C. to 1568 A.D. |last=Tripathy |first=Snigdha |page=96 |year=1986 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc=15488618 }}</ref> terracotta artefacts, and beads and sculptures of various types depicting human and animal figures with some having red ochre finish.<ref>The Journal of Orissan History. (n.d.). India: Orissa History Congress.</ref>

Deo has also contributed towards the research about the origins of the [[Jagannath]] deity with an indepth study on the myth, mystique and historical evidence of the origin of Jagannath. Which go counter to the traditional beliefs but reveal the little known side of deity's origins.<ref>Review Projector (India).. (1991). India: T.R. Kesava Murthy.</ref>

== Family and Personal Life ==
Jitamitra Prasada Deo was married to Rajshree Devi of the Puri royal family and a noted social worker, philanthrophist and agriculturalist herself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-11-29 |title=Queen of the downtrodden |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/queen-of-the-downtrodden/articleshow/938897.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Together they have two songs and a daughter, Deo passed away on 4 January 2026, at the age of 79.<ref>[https://pragativadi.com/khadial-king-jitamitra-prasad-singh-deo-passes-away-at-80/ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80]</ref>

==Books==
Following are some of his highly cited books:
* ''Cultural Profile of South Kosala'', Gyan books, Delhi, 2012, {{ISBN|8121200954}}
* ''Origin of Jagannath Deity'', Giyan Books, Delhi, 1991, {{ISBN|812120352X}}
* ''Tantric Art of Odisha''
* {{cite book |title=The tantra: its origin, theories, art, and diffusion from India to Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, China, Japan, and Indonesia |last=Fic |first=Victor M. |page=69 |year=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-424-0 }}
* ''Character Assassination in Modern History of Orissa. ''{{fact|date=May 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://kddfonline.com/category/eminent-persons/maharaja-jitamitra-prasad-singhdeo/ JP Singh Deo]
{{Western Orissa}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Jitamitra Prasad Singh}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Nuapada district]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Puspashree Pattnaik

2026-02-07T22:21:47Z

Trena17I0666860: article

{{Short description|Indian Odia-language science author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Puspashree Pattnaik
| image = Puspashree Pattnaik during relicensing Srujanika's entire publication in scanned form to Odia Wikisource community during the project's 1st anniversary.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Pattnaik in Bhubaneswar during a Wikisource event (2015)
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]<ref name="utkal"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Educator|author|activist|archivist}}
| yearsactive =
| spouse = [[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]]
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = Pranakrushna Parija Popular Science Award (1997)<ref name="odishabigyanacademy"/>
}}
'''Puspashree Pattnaik''' is an Indian educator, [[popular science]] author, activist and archivist. She is known for her contribution to the fields of science education, popular science, environmentalism, and archiving. ''Exploring Nature'' is a book by her.<ref name="vigyanprasas">{{cite web |title=Exploring Nature |url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/exploring-nature/ |website=Vigyan Prasar, Government of India |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> She co-founded nonprofit [[Srujanika]] that focuses on research and innovation in science, education, and development with an emphasis on the Odia language, along with her husband [[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]]. Pattnaik co-founded the children's educational initiative Integral Education Centre at Srujanika and co-edited the organization's magazine ''Bigyana Tarang''. The [[Odisha Bigyan Academy]] awarded her the Pranakrushna Parija Popular Science Award for the book, ''Kahinki Bhai Kahinki'' in 1997.<ref name="odishabigyanacademy">{{cite web |title=Pranakrushna Parija Popular Science Award – Odisha Bigyan Academy |url=http://odishabigyanacademy.in/pranakrushna-parija-popular-science-award/ |website=Odisha Bigyan Academy, Government of Odisha |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=or-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Puspashree Pattnaik was born in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], India.

Pattnak studied Master of Science in Zoology from [[Utkal University]]<ref name="utkal">{{cite web |title=List of Members|url=https://management.ind.in/forum/attachments/f2/32859d1513739600-utkal-university-zoology-alumni-association-names-members-alumni-association-department-zoology-utkal-univers.pdf |website=Utkal University — Zoology |publisher=Utkal University Zoology Alumni Association |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> and [[Bachelor of Education]].

== Career ==
She co-founded [[Srujanika]] along with her husband in 1983 with a focus on research and innovation in science, education, and development,<ref name="agragamee">{{cite web |title=Report On District Resource Unit (DRU) Koraput: 1992-1993 |url=http://14.139.60.153/bitstream/123456789/7089/1/REPORT%20ON%20DISTRICT%20RESOURCE%20UNIT%20%28DRU%29%20DORAPU%2CAGRAGAMEE%201992-93_D-8938.pdf |website=Agragamee |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> specifically with an emphasis on the Odia language. She led the Integral Children Education Centre for children, co-edited [[popular science]] magazine ''Bigyan Taranga'' and led Srujanika's teacher and student engagement initiatives. She oversaw the organization's archiving activities including archiving large volume of [[public domain]] and other books and review of the digitized version of the ''[[Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha]]'', and hosting the books on the online portal Odia Bibhaba.<ref name="umich">{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Jeffrey |title=Research Guides: South Asia: Orissa Information and Materials |url=https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=282806&p=8474630 |website=guides.lib.umich.edu |publisher=University of Michigan Library |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-12 |title=Virtual library carrying Odia literary treasures launched |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/virtual-library-carrying-odia-literary-treasures-launched/articleshow/61617084.cms |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Pattnaik also co-started the Integral Children Education Centre, also known as the Sunday school, in their private house and garden to help children who faced difficulties in getting an education due to various reasons such as lack of interest from parents, financial problems, or belonging to the [[Dalit]] communities. The school was completely voluntary, and the children used to come on Sunday afternoons. Instead of set plans or syllabuses, she and other Srujanika volunteers used teaching aids to teach geometry and science subjects.<ref name="eric">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hagman, K.)), ((Karlsson, N.)) | title=A Study on Indian Destitutes: Aspects of the Lives of Destitute Children and Women in Orissa, India. Reprints and Miniprints No. 759. | journal=ERIC | date= 1992}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Pattnaik is married to [[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=2016-01-09 |title=Books at a Click — The Centre for Internet and Society |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/687837/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/09012016#page/1/1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618000000/https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/687837/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/09012016#page/1/1 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=New Indian Express}} [https://editors.cis-india.org/a2k/news/new-indian-express-january-9-2016-diana-sahu-books-at-a-click Alt URL]</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* 1997, Pranakrushna Parija Popular Science Award, awarded by the Odisha Bigyan Academy, for ''Kahinki Bhai Kahinki''<ref name="odishabigyanacademy"/>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Puspashree |title=Wildlife of Odisha Mammals |date=2022-11-17 |publisher=Binod Bihari Bisoi |location=Cuttack |isbn=9789395000000}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Nikhil Mohan |last2=Pattnaik |first2=Puspashree | publisher=Srujanika; Vigyan Prasar | title=Science Writing in Oriya 1850-1950 | date= 2010 | url=http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/science-writings-oriya.pdf |pages=38}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Nikhil Mohan |last2=Pattnaik |first2=Puspashree |title=Prakr̥ti Kī Prayogaśālā : Gatividhi Ādhārita Prakr̥ti Adhyayana Ke Lie Mārganirdeśikā |date=2009 |publisher=Sastā Sāhitya Maṇḍala |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173093951}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Nikhil Mohan |last2=Pattnaik |first2=Puspashree |title=Exploring nature : a guidebook on activity based nature study |date=2006 |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |location=Noida, U.P. |isbn=9788174801128 |pages=128}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Nikhil Mohan |last2=Pattnaik |first2=Puspashree |last3=Sahoo |first3=Padmaja Nandini |last4=Senapati |first4=Mamata |title=Gijubhāi Śikṣā Nidhi |date=2005-03-01 |publisher=Srujanika |location=Bhubaneswar |pages=194 |url=https://archive.org/details/GijubhaiShikshanidhi-Odiya-Srujanika}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Puspashree |last2=Das |first2=Bimal |title=Kāgajaru Ākr̥ti |date=1998-02-01 |publisher=Srujanika |location=Bhubaneswar |pages=84 |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Puspashree |title=Kahinki Bhai Kahinki |date=1997 |location=Bhubaneswar}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattnaik, Puspashree}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Puri]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian science writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]

Vishvaguru

2026-01-29T16:10:32Z

Trena17I0666860: Made the stub nd citations

{{Short description|Sanskrit phrase}}
{{hatnote group|{{Distinguish|Jagadguru}}{{other uses}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Italic title}}
'''Vishvaguru''' ({{Langx|sa|विश्वगुरु|translit=Viśvaguru}}) or '''Vishwaguru''' is a [[Sanskrit]] phrase and idea which translates to world or global teacher,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=2021-03-09|title=NEP will once again make India 'Vishwa Guru': Pokhriyal|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/nep-will-once-again-make-india-vishwa-guru-pokhriyal-11615311036086.html|access-date=2021-11-26|work=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lahiri|first=Swaroopa|date=2017-05-14|title=Soft Power - A Major Tool in Modi's Foreign Policy Kit|url=https://journals.esciencepress.net/index.php/JSAS/article/view/1952|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=39–47|issn=2307-4000}}</ref> world [[guru]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Ian|date=2017-01-01|title=Narendra Modi and India's normative power|journal=International Affairs|volume=93|issue=1|pages=113–131|doi=10.1093/ia/iiw004|issn=0020-5850}}</ref> tutors of the world,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|author-link=A. G. Noorani|date=15 February 2021|title=What the RSS as 'Vishwaguru' Means for India and the World|url=https://thewire.in/politics/rss-vishwaguru-india-world-hindutva|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Wire}}</ref> world leader,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |agency=[[IANS]]|date=2021-11-22|title=India is rising to become 'Vishwa Guru': RSS chief|url=https://english.lokmat.com/politics/india-is-rising-to-become-vishwa-guru-rss-chief/|access-date=2021-11-26|newspaper=[[Lokmat]] English}}</ref> or teacher to the world or universe.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-09-05|title=Time has come for India to emerge as knowledge hub, become 'vishwa guru' again: Vice President|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/time-has-come-for-india-to-emerge-as-knowledge-hub-become-vishwa-guru-again-vice-prez/article36303157.ece|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] is translated as ''Universal Hindu Council''}}

== Translation ==
{{Transliteration|sa|ISO|Viśvaguru }} ({{langx|sa|विश्व गुरु}}) consists of two words: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|[[Vishnu|vishva]]}} ({{Translation|'to pervade'|'universe'}}) and {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|[[guru]]}} ({{Translation|'teacher'|literal=yes}}).

== Contemporary references ==
In 1999, [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]], the fourth [[List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Sarsanghchalak]], or leader, of the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), wrote "people have to forego and limit their personal pleasure and work for the realisation of the dream of making [[Bharat (term)|Bharat]] the ''Vishwaguru'' again. Great men such as [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]], Dr. [[K. B. Hedgewar|Hedgewar]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Aurobindo Ghose]], saw this dream and did wonderful work towards its realisation."<ref name=":1" /> The phrase has also been used by the sixth RSS head [[Mohan Bhagwat]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Meenakshi|date=22 November 2021|title=India doesn't need to be a superpower, should aspire to be 'Vishwa Guru': Mohan Bhagwat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mohan-bhagwat-says-india-doesn-t-need-to-be-a-superpower-has-this-suggestion-101637597998731.html|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The word has been used during the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]] as a political catchphrase, as a long-term strategy, and to remind Indians of past glory.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |agency=PTI|date=19 August 2017|title=India on way to become Vishwa Guru under Modi: Shah|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/india-on-way-to-become-vishwa-guru-under-modi-shah/1127486|access-date=2021-11-26|magazine=Outlook India}}</ref> The Vice President of India, [[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]], used the phrase with reference the India's [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy of 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> [[M. S. Swaminathan|M.S. Swaminathan]], widely known as the Father of the [[Green Revolution in India]], has been called a "Vishwa Guru in Agriculture, a teacher and a scholar who continues to leave his inspirational, ideational thought prints on the world" by Naidu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2018 |title=Prof. M.S. Swaminathan is a Vishwaguru in Agriculture: Vice President|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184393|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

[[Shivshankar Menon]], India's fourth [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]], has commented on the usage of the phrase under Modi, saying that India is not now, or anywhere near, being a net exporter of knowledge and ideas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Shivshankar|author-link=Shivshankar Menon|date=20 April 2021|title=Modi's India plans to be 'vishwaguru' but forgets soft power is useless without hard muscle|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/modis-india-plans-to-be-vishwaguru-but-forgets-soft-power-is-useless-without-hard-muscle/642359/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=ThePrint}}</ref> On a more practical level, Menon says that it is not clear "how ''vishwaguru'' status would address the immediate problems of livelihood and security that the Indian people and nation face".<ref name=":2" />

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web|last=Naidu|first=M Venkaiah|author-link=Venkaiah Naidu|date=5 September 2018|title=Make India Vishwaguru again|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/make-india-vishwaguru-again-indian-education-system-5340058/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite web|last=Murugkar|first=Milind|date=24 February 2021|title=An anxiety-ridden Vishwaguru|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/an-anxiety-ridden-vishwaguru-7203186/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Indian Express}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sullivan de Estrada |first1=Kate |title=What is a vishwaguru? Indian civilizational pedagogy as a transformative global imperative |journal=International Affairs |date=6 March 2023 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=433–455 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiac318 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/99/2/433/7069012 |access-date=26 March 2024|doi-access=free }}

==See also==
* [[Vishvamitra]]
* [[Hindu mythology]]

== References ==

; Notes
{{Notelist}}

; Citations
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

SML Mahindra

2026-01-23T09:37:38Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{Short description|Indian vehicle manufacturer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2014}}
{{prose|date=April 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{promotional|date=September 2018}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SML Mahindra Limited
| logo = File:SML Mahindra logo.jpg
| caption =
| former_name = {{ubl |Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|[[Swaraj Mazda|Swaraj Mazda Limited]]
|SML Isuzu Limited}}
| type =
| industry =
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|SMLMAH}}|{{BSE|505192}}}}
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1983}}
| founder =
| defunct =
| location =
| location_city =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =Junya Yamanishi
| products = [[Trucks (disambiguation)|Trucks]], [[buses]], [[ambulances]], police vehicles, water tankers and other special vehicles
| production =
| services =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =[[Mahindra & Mahindra]] (58.96%)
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| years active =
| location_country = India
| homepage ={{URL|https://smlmahindra.com/}}
}}

'''SML Mahindra Limited''' (formerly '''SML Isuzu Limited''')<ref>{{cite web |title=SML Mahindra Limited |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=138394 |publisher=ICRA |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> is a commercial vehicle manufacturer established in 1983. The company produces and sells [[bus]]es, ambulances and customized vehicles. Since 2025, it has been controlled by [[Mahindra & Mahindra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahindra & Mahindra acquires majority stake in SML Isuzu for Rs 555 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/mahindra-mahindra-acquires-58-96-majority-stake-in-sml-isuzu/articleshow/123062124.cms |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

==Overview==
The company manufactures light commercial vehicles like trucks, buses, [[school bus]]es, [[ambulance]]s, police personnel carriers, water tankers and special vehicles. It exports its products to countries like [[Nepal]], [[Zambia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Ghana]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Rwanda]], [[Seychelles]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]].

In April 2025, Mahindra & Mahindra announced plans to acquire a 59% stake in SML Isuzu, acquiring the stakes held by [[Sumitomo Corporation]] and [[Isuzu]] for Rs 555 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-26 |title=Mahindra & Mahindra to acquire majority stake in SML Isuzu for over Rs 550 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/mahindra-mahindra-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-sml-isuzu-for-over-rs-550-crore/articleshow/120649955.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> That transaction was completed four months later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/mahindra-mahindra-completes-acquisition-of-59-stake-in-sml-isuzu-125080201037_1.html|title=Mahindra & Mahindra completes acquisition of 59% stake in SML Isuzu|work=Business Standard|access-date=2025-09-12|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Swaraj Mazda logo.svg|thumb|right|Swaraj Mazda logo]]
[[File:SML_ISUZU_LIMITED.jpg|thumb|right|SML Isuzu logo]]
The company was incorporated in July 1983 with the name of '''Swaraj Vehicles Limited'''. '''Swaraj Mazda Limited''', at [[Chandigarh]], [[India]] based automobile company, was owned by the [[Sumitomo Group|Sumitomo Corporation]] of Japan and [[Punjab Tractors Ltd.|Punjab Tractors Limited]] of India, with a technical collaboration with [[Isuzu]] and [[Mazda]] of [[Japan]].

===1984===
Joint venture and technical assistance agreement concluded between Punjab Tractor Ltd., [[Mazda Motor Corporation]] and [[Sumitomo Corporation]]. SVL renamed Swaraj Mazda Ltd.

===1985===
Project set up with a capacity of 5000 [[light commercial vehicles]] (LCVs) at capital outlay of Rs. 200 million. Equity of Rs. 105 million was subscribed by:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Company !! Percentage in Equity !! Rs. in Crores
|-
| Punjab Tractors Ltd. || 29.0% || 3.04
|-
| Mazda Motor Corp. Japan || 15.6% || 1.64
|-
| Sumitomo Corp. Japan || 10.4% || 1.09
|-
| Public || 45.0% || 4.73
|}
Trial production and test marketing of [[Swaraj Mazda]] truck WT-48, WT-49, WT-50 LCV commence. The development of the vendor base undertaken as per approved by the government of [[India]].

===1986===
After some trial production in 1985, series production began in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://smlisuzu.com/CompanyHistory.aspx | title = Company History: Major Milestones |publisher= SML Isuzu Limited | accessdate = 2013-09-16 | location = [[Chandigarh]] }}</ref>

===1987===
Introduction of indigenously developed bus.

===1989===
In-house tooling for local production of chassis long member.

===1990===
In-house developed Second Truck Model (Swaraj Mazda Super) launched.

===1991===
Transmission components indigenized.

===1992===
Commencement of Truck supplies to MOD. 500 vehicles supplied to Defense.

===1993===
Third Truck Model (Swaraj Mazda Premium) launched.

===1994===
Declared a Sick Company under SICA (due to [[Rupee]] devaluation of 1991–93).

===1995===
BIFR approves Rehabilitation Scheme.

===1996===
4-Wheel Drive Truck developed.

===1997===
Company ceases to be a Sick Industrial Company on the basis of positive net worth 4 years ahead of BIFR Scheme projections.

The company's annual turnover for the year 1997 - 1998 exceeded [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 151 [[crores]]. It has a dealer network of about 128 dealers spread throughout [[India]]. '''Swaraj Engines''' and '''Punjab Scooters''' are its associate companies.

===1998===
Completely wiped off of accumulated losses.

===1999===
Bharat Stage-I Emission Norms complied.

===2000===
Maiden Dividend declared at 10%. Technical Assistance Agreement with Mazda extended up to October 2004.

===2001===
Cumulative sales crossed 50,000 vehicles. 4 Wheel Drive Ambulance launched in March. Economy Truck 'SARTAJ' launched in August. CNG Bus for NCR Delhi launched in October. Bharat Stage-II Emission Norms complied.

===2002===
Profit Before Tax for FY 2002 crosses Rs. 100 million mark. Dividend raised to 25%.

===2003===
Profit Before Tax for FY-2003 grows 115% to Rs. 225 million. Dividend enhanced to 45%.

===2004===
Profit Before Tax for FY-2004 grows 44% to Rs. 324 million. Dividend enhanced to 70%.

===2005===
Cumulative sales crossed 86,000 vehicles. Bharat Stage-III emission norms complied (both diesel & CNG). Dividend enhanced to 75%. Punjab Tractors offloads 15% of equity stake in favor of Sumitomo Corporation, Japan in June. Mazda Motor Corporation offloads 15% of equity holding in favor of Sumitomo Corporation, Japan in August.

===2006===
Permission from Government for new manufacturing facilities at existing site obtained in January. Dividend rate lowered to 55% due profit and declined the Technical Assistance Agreement with Isuzu Motors signed in June. Aggregate vehicles sale crosses {{formatnum:100000}} in August. Construction of Buildings for vehicle expansion and new Bus Body Plant taken up in August.

In June 2006, Swaraj Mazda entered a new technical agreement with Isuzu Motors, Japan.

===2007===
Dividend rate maintained at 55%. Trial Production of Isuzu Bus LT134 taken up in July.

===2008===
Dividend rate maintained at 55%. Highest-ever profit in the history of the company. Launch of Ultra Luxury Buses in July.

===2009===
Sumitomo upped its stake in the company in 2009 by purchasing all of Punjab Tractors' remaining shares, raising their stake to 53.5%<ref>{{cite web|url = https://smlisuzu.com/CompanyHistory.aspx | title = Company History: Major Milestones}}</ref>

In 2009, Swaraj Mazda started to roll out Luxury buses and medium-duty trucks powered by Isuzu Engines from a new plant in Punjab. Plans are to build multi-axle trucks, tractor units and refrigerated trucks within the next three years. For an interim period, these vehicles were marketed under the '''Swaraj Mazda Isuzu''' brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/manufacturing/75419-india-swaraj-mazda-builds-medium-heavy-cv-capacity |title=India: Swaraj Mazda builds medium-heavy CV capacity |publisher=Automotive World |date=2009-03-13 |accessdate=2010-07-26}}</ref>

In addition, Swaraj Mazda is moving to offer the [[Isuzu D-Max]] pickup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.overdrive.in/story-news-pickup/swaraj_mazda_dmax-3831-0.html |title=Swaraj Mazda D-Max - - News : Overdrive |publisher=Overdrive.in |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=2010-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729071622/http://www.overdrive.in/story-news-pickup/swaraj_mazda_dmax-3831-0.html |archive-date=2010-07-29 }}</ref>

Former associate company [[Punjab Tractors Ltd.|Punjab Tractors]] manufactured agricultural tractors and combine harvesters under the '''Swaraj''' brand name before selling 64.6% to [[Mahindra Tractors]]. In 2009, Mahindra and Swaraj Mazda settled a dispute over the use of the ''Swaraj'' name, allowing Swaraj Mazda to continue using the name for only two more years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Auto/Automobiles/MM-Swaraj-resolve-brand-issue/articleshow/4341576.cms |title=M&M, Swaraj resolve brand issue|work=The Economic Times|date=2009-03-31 |accessdate=2010-07-26}}</ref>

===2010===
During the financial year 2009–10 the company had issued 3,984,946 equity share of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 190 per share on rights basis to the Equity shareholders of the company in the ratio of 11 equity shares for every 50 [[Equity shares]] held on the record date and raised Rs. 796989,000 for financing of Expansion project, repayment of loan taken from Allahabad Bank (for Expansion Project) and for general corporate purposes.

Swaraj Mazda Limited has informed the Exchange that at the Board Meeting of the Company held on 1 October 2010, the Board of Directors have decided to change the name of the company from Swaraj Mazda Limited to SML Isuzu Limited. As of 2011 they no longer use the "Swaraj" brand name.

===2011===
Swaraj Mazda renamed as SML ISUZU LIMITED.

===2012===
SML S7 Bus, Wheelbase −5100 mm, 50+1 Seater Launched.

BS-IV Compliant Engine Successfully Tested. (But Buses is not success)

ISUZU FR1318 Luxury Bus, Wheelbase – 5400 mm Launched.

SML HG72 Truck GVW 7200 kg Truck Launched.

SML HD19 Truck GVW 10250 kg Truck Launched.

=== 2025 ===
SML Isuzu acquired by [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] and renamed as SML Mahindra.

==Vehicles==
[[File:20-02-08 OFWA Photowalk-.jpg|thumb|SML rigid truck with water tank loaded.]]

===Trucks===

====SML====
# 5252 XM
# Sartaj 59 XM
#Sartaj HG72
#Prestige
#Supreme
#Super
#Samrat
#Samrat HD19
#Samrat 1312

====Buses====
[[File:Truck 3.jpg|thumb|SML T3500 bus in [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
SML
#Eco max AC Cab
#Executive LX Bus
#Executive Bus
#Standard School Bus
#S7 School Bus
#Semi low Floor Bus
#Standard Staff Bus
#S7 Staff Bus
#Bus Chassis

[[Isuzu]]
#NQR
#FR1318
#LT134
#IS12TE Chassis
#NQR Bus Chassis
#LT134 Bus Chassis

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://smlisuzu.com/ SML Isuzu website]
* [https://www.trucksbuses.com/brand/sml-isuzu/trucks SML Isuzu Trucks]
{{Commons category|Swaraj Mazda vehicles}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Ambulances]]
[[Category:Bus manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]
[[Category:Isuzu]]
[[Category:Mazda]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2025 mergers and acquisitions]]

Melvyn Rodrigues

2026-01-17T03:02:50Z

Trena17I0666860: new!

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1962)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Melvyn Rodrigues
| image = Melvyn Rodrigues.jpg
| caption = Rodrigues in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|07|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Poet, [[editor]], corporate director
| notable_works = ''Prakriticho Paas'' (poetry collection)
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2011)
| education = [[St. Aloysius College (Mangaluru)|St. Aloysius College]], [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]]
| spouse = Averyl
| children = 1
}}

'''Melvyn Rodrigues''' (born 8 July 1962) is an Indian poet and literary activist from [[Mangaluru]] who writes in the [[Konkani language]]. In 2011, he was honored with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his collection of poems titled ''Prakriticho Paas''.<ref name="TOI_Award">{{cite news |date=2011-12-22 |title=Mangalore poet wins Sahitya Akademi award for Konkani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/mangalore-poet-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-for-konkani/articleshow/11199639.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Coastal_Award">{{cite news |date=2011-12-21 |title=Mangalorean Konkani poet bags Sahitya Akademi award |url=https://www.coastaldigest.com/news/34117-mangalorean-konkani-poet-bags-sahitya-akademi-award |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=Coastal Digest}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rodrigues was born in 1962 in Mangaluru.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio">{{cite web |title=Melvyn Rodrigues - A Profile |url=https://www.kemmannu.com/index.php?action=highlights&type=13538 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Kemmannu}}</ref> He completed his schooling at Milagres High School and later attended [[St. Aloysius College (Mangaluru)|St. Aloysius College]], where he earned a Bachelor of Arts. He subsequently obtained a Master of Arts from [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]].<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />

== Career ==
Rodrigues has a career spanning both the corporate and literary sectors. He serves as the director of operations at Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" /><ref name="TOI_Convenor">{{cite news |date=2023-03-13 |title=Poet Melvyn Rodrigues to lead Konkani in Kendra Sahitya Akademi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/poet-melvyn-rodrigues-to-lead-konkani-in-kendra-sahitya-akademi/articleshow/98596305.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Literary contributions ===
Rodrigues is a prominent figure in modern Konkani poetry. He is the founder of the Kavita Trust, an organization dedicated to the promotion of poetry.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" /> His literary output includes several books and poetry collections:
* ''Bini-pothi'': A collection of soliloquies (2004).<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />
* ''Prakriticho Paas'': An anthology of 65 poems (2008), for which he received the Sahitya Akademi Award.<ref name="TOI_Award" /><ref name="Coastal_Award" />
* ''Fitoied'': A collection of poetry (2015).<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />
* ''Zod-penth'': A joint collection of poetry.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />

In 2023, he was appointed as the Convenor of the Konkani Advisory Board of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] for a five-year term (2023–2027).<ref name="TOI_Convenor" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2011): Conferred for ''Prakriticho Paas''.<ref name="TOI_Award" />
* Dr. T.M.A. Pai Foundation Appreciation Award (2009): For ''Prakriticho Paas''.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />
* Konkani Bhasha Mandal Award (2005): For the book ''Bini-pothi''.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />
* Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy Award (2006)<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" />

== Personal life ==
He is married to Averyl and has one son, Gavin.<ref name="Kemmannu_Bio" /><ref name="Coastal_Award" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Melvyn}}

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Maitree (TV series)

2026-01-13T23:29:48Z

Trena17I0666860: article

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maitree.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = 
| creator = Jitendra Gupta
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Jitendra Gupta
| director = khalid Akhtar
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shrenu Parikh]]|Bhaweeka Chaudhary|[[Namish Taneja]]|}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 225
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Jitendra Gupta (Co producer)
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee TV]] [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|02|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|09|17|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Maitree''''' is an Indian television series that premiered on 7 February 2023 on [[Zee TV]]. Produced under Sunshine Productions, it stars [[Shrenu Parikh]], Bhaweeka Chaudhary, and [[Namish Taneja]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shrenu-parikh-there-is-no-denying-that-every-actor-goes-through-the-pressure-of-ratings/articleshow/96524546.cms | title=Shrenu Parikh: There is no denying that every actor goes through the pressure of ratings | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Maheshwri | first1=Neha }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhaweeka-finds-her-role-in-maitree-similar-to-kareenas-in-jab-we-met/articleshow/96603097.cms | title=Bhaweeka finds her role in 'Maitree' similar to Kareena's in 'Jab We Met' | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-very-rare-that-we-as-actors-get-to-play-roles-we-feel-connected-to-namish-taneja/articleshow/96251701.cms | title=It's very rare that we as actors get to play roles we feel connected to: Namish Taneja | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Shukla | first1=Richa }}</ref>

==Plot==
Maitree and Nandini are best friends and, to avoid being separated from each other, hope to marry into the same house.

Nandini and Maitree are now grown up. Nandini is married to Aashish. They are also expecting their first child. Aashish is an advocate by profession. Eventually, Maitree marries Saransh, Aashish's younger cousin. Unknown to anyone, Saransh is a drug addict. Saransh and Maitree; Nandini and Aashish get into a car accident. Aashish and Maitree luckily survive the accident. Nandini falls into a coma after delivering a baby boy while Saransh succumbs to his injuries and dies. Saransh's mother, Sona Tiwari blames Maitree for Saransh's death. Nandini's mother, Advocate Vasundhara Singh Rathore accidentally mentions in front of Aashish that Saransh was a drug addict, which shocks him. Maitree decides to take care of Nandini and Aashish's son. Vasundhara informs Maitree that Saransh was a drug addict. Maitree is devastated and confronts Aashish. Aashish tries to conceal the truth but fails as Vasundhara has sent Saransh's reports to Maitree.

Aashish gets arrested and Vasundhara uses false evidence in court against him to prove that he is a drug dealer. But later, he gets bail and attends his son's naming ceremony. Aashish and Nandini's son is named Nandish ( a combination of their name). Maitree and Aashish decide to raise Nandish.

Nandini comes out of a coma and tries to bond with Nandish, who doesn't want to get rid of Maitree. As a result, Nandini turns against Maitree and starts to think that she is snatching Nandish from her. She tries to create difficulties in Maitree's life and turns her enemy. After a series of events, Nandish accepts Nandini as his mother but continues to refer to Maitree as "maa" (mother). For Nandini's happiness, Maitree leaves the Tiwari Mansion. She meets a fun-loving man, Harsh, and marries him. Later, it's revealed that Harsh is Saransh's half-brother from his father's side. Both Maitree and Harsh move into the Tiwari Mansion again. Harsh's mother, Kamna, tries to torture and kill Maitree but is exposed. Aashish dies, in an attempt to save Nandini from a fire. Saransh who is alive turns furious when he discovers that Maitree has remarried. He returns and pretends to be Aashish, to seek revenge on Maitree.

Maitree gets pregnant and gives birth to a boy child. Saransh steals the child and misinforms the family that he has murdered him. Harsh blames Maitree for the possible death of their son and throws her out of the Tiwari house. Saransh hands Maitree's child to a greedy woman, who leaves the child in the trash. Maitree finds her child and decides to raise him, but she is unaware that it's her biological child.

Maitree lives with her son, Swayam. On the other hand, Harsh still blames Maitree for their son's death and has adopted a girl, Juhi. For the sake of the family, Harsh and Nandini get married. Maitree eventually got engaged to her boss, Yash. Saransh comes back and tells Maitree and Harsh that Swayam is their son. However, due to Swayam's illness, the doctor tells Harsh and Maitree that they have to produce Swayam's sibling who will donate bone marrow to Swayam. Maitree and Harsh reconcile to save Swayam's life. Maitree breaks her engagement with Yash and Nandini breaks her marriage with Harsh. Nandini gradually realizes she committed a grave mistake by breaking her marriage with Harsh to save Swayam's life. She turns revengeful and joins hands with Saransh to kill Maitree. Sona learns about Nandini and Saransh's plan to kill Maitree. As Sona calls Maitree to expose Nandini and Saransh, Nandini pushes her from the terrace, and she dies.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Shrenu Parikh]] as Maitree Tiwari (nee Mishra): Dinesh and Sadhna's daughter (2023)
**Zara Khan as Child Maitree Mishra (2023)
*Bhaweeka Chaudhary as Nandini Tiwari (nee Singh Rathore): Vasundhara's daughter (2023)
**Urvi Upadhyay as Child [[Nandini Singh]] Rathore (2023)

===Recurring===
*Samarth Jurel as Harsh Tiwari: Madan and Kamna's son (2023)
*[[Namish Taneja]] as Advocate Aashish Tiwari: Omprakash and Kusum's son (2023)
*Saksham Shringirushi as Nandish Tiwari: Aashish and Nandini's son (2023)
**Gantavya Sharma as Child Nandish Tiwari (2023)
**Azima Shaikh as Baby Nandish Tiwari (2023)
*[[Zaan Khan]] / [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]] as Saransh Tiwari: Sona and Madan's son (2023)
*[[Ishita Ganguly]] as Swarnmani: An Ichchadhari Naagin; Rani's daughter (2023)
*[[Aadesh Chaudhary]] as Yash Thakur: Maitree's boss and ex-fiancée (2023)
*[[Ananya Khare]] as Sona Tiwari: Madan's late wife (2023)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Madan Tiwari: Sona's widower (2023)
*[[Maleeka Ghai]] as Kamna Tiwari: Madan's second wife (2023)
*Khalida Jan as Advocate Vasundhara Singh Rathore: Nandini's mother (2023)
*Ranav Sharma as Swayam Tiwari: Harsh and Maitree's son Vedika's brother (2023)
*Trisha Bisht as Juhi Tiwari: Harsh's adopted daughter (2023)
*Amit Kapoor as DSP Dinesh Mishra: Sadhna's husband (2023)
*Vijaylaxmi Singh as Sadhna Mishra: Dinesh's wife (2023)
*Chirag Kapoor as Sachin Mishra: Sadhna and Dinesh's son (2023)
*Diksha Tiwari as Princey Mishra (née Singh Rathore): Neelu and Chakramani's daughter (2023)
*Pratish Vora as Omprakash Tiwari: Aashish's father; Madan's brother (2023)
*Sunny Saini as Kabootar: A Drugs Peddler (2023)
*Naman Arora as Rajkumar: Nandini's cousin (2023)
*Govind Khatri as Chakramani: Vasundhara's brother (2023)
*Smita Kalpavriksha Gupta as Kusum Omprakash Tiwari: Omprakash's wife (2023)
*Sangeeta Adhikari as Neelu Singh: Princey and Rajkumar's mother (2023)
*Maitree's sister–in–law; Sachin's wife (2023)
*Sapan Chaudhary as [[Vivek Oberoi]] (2023)
*[[Vishal Kotian]] as Bajrangi: An autorickshaw driver (2023)
*Ram Awana as Trikaal: A tantik (2023)
*[[Hemant Choudhary]] as Nageshwar: A Shiv Bhakt (2023)
*Shweta Dadhich as Rani: An Ichchadhari Naagin; Swarnmani's mother (2023)

==Production==
The series was announced on [[Zee TV]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-to-strengthen-its-early-pre-primetime-with-two-new-shows-lag-ja-gale-and-maitree-1579740 | title=Zee TV to Strengthen Its Early Pre-Primetime with Two New Shows – Lag Ja Gale and Maitree | date=3 February 2023 }}</ref> [[Shrenu Parikh]], Bhaweeka Chaudhary, Zaan Khan, and [[Namish Taneja]] were signed as the lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shrenu-parikh-play-titular-role-zee-tvs-upcoming-show-maitree/ | title=Shrenu Parikh to play the titular role in Zee TV's upcoming show Maitree : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=23 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/bhaweeka-chaudhary-joins-maitree-cast-466095 | title=Bhaweeka Chaudhary joins Maitree cast }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zaan-khan-will-seen-opposite-shrenu-parikh-new-zee-tv-show-maitree/ | title=Zaan Khan will be seen opposite Shrenu Parikh in the new Zee TV show Maitree : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=5 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namish-taneja-returns-to-the-small-screen-after-a-year-with-maitree/articleshow/96814100.cms | title=Namish Taneja returns to the small screen after a year with 'Maitree' | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> The launch event for the series was held on 4 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/tv-shows-maitree-and-lag-ja-gale-launched-at-an-event/videoshow/97604658.cms | title=TV shows Maitree and Lag Ja Gale launched at an event | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maitree/0-6-4z5266104 ''Maitree''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Ribbhu Mehra

2026-01-10T14:02:20Z

Trena17I0666860: started

{{short description|Indian television actor, model and DJ}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ribbhu Mehra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 17 November
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, DJ, model
| years_active = 2015–present
| parents =
| known_for = Nikhil on ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' Ritik on ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| spouse =
}}

'''Ribbhu Mehra,''' (born 17 November) is an Indian [[Actor|television actor]], [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and [[Model (person)|model]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Shruti|url=http://shrutisharma.net/2017/09/dj-actor-star-plus-ribbhu-mehra1/|title=Heart-Throbbing DJ, Performer, Actor and Star Plus Face – Ribbhu Mehra (DJ Ribz)|work=shrutisharma.net|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> He is known for his appearances on two television series that is as Nikhil on ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-ribbhu-mehra-enjoys-bonding-with-kids/articleshow/60424090.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913054448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-ribbhu-mehra-enjoys-bonding-with-kids/articleshow/60424090.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2017|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Ribbhu Mehra|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=8 September 2017}}</ref> and as Arjun Rathod on ''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ribbhu-mehra-exposes-the-sleeping-beauty-of-my-name-ijj-lakhan-190317|title=Ribbhu Mehra exposes the Sleeping Beauty of My Name Ijj Lakhan!|work=TellyChakkar|date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

==Early life & education==
He was born to Rakesh and Meenu Mehra, has an older sister, Ruchi Sharma, who is married.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} In his early life, Mehra studied at [[Vishwa Bharati Public School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ribbhu-mehra-noida-is-the-perfect-example-of-a-green-city-that-is-also-well-planned/articleshow/61224247.cms|title=Ribbhu Mehra: Noida is the perfect example of a green city that is also well-planned|work=[[Times of India]]|date=26 October 2017}}</ref> He later studied accounting at the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] and graduated from [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]] completing his B.com (Hons).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://areuviral.com/ribbhu-mehra-nikhils-real-name-in-ye-hai-mohabbatein-wiki-biography-age-affairs-bio-details/|title=Ribbhu Mehra Biography|work=Areu Viral|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref>
==Career==
In 2009, he started his career as a DJ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/fun-zone/did-you-know/did-you-know-yhm-s-ribbhu-mehra-professional-dj-171025|title=Did You Know? YHM's Ribbhu Mehra is a professional DJ!|work=TellyChakkar|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Later in 2015, he had a very short role in ''[[Ki and Ka]]'' opposite [[Kareena Kapoor]]. In the same year, he appeared in a [[Bangur Cements]] commercial and made his on-screen television debut in the show ''[[Rakkt]]'' as Akbar which aired on the television channel [[Epic TV]]. He starred in two other commercials for [[Flamingo Tvc]] and [[Jio Platforms]]'s online e-commerce portal [[Fynd]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pGPos4qOA4|title=Fynd: Ab duniya puchegi - Kahan se Liya?|work=Go Fynd|date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/fynd-s-new-digital-campaign-answers-the-oft-asked-question-kahan-se-liya-70615.html|title=Fynd's new digital campaign answers the oft-asked question "Kahan se liya"|work=Ad Gully|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> His advertisement, ''Kahan se liya'', for Fynd also was listed under Top 10 [[YouTube]] Ads in [[India]] (January 2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/the-unskippables-top-10-ads-of-january/57158945|title=The Unskippables: Top 10 ads of January – ET BrandEquity|last=www.ETBrandEquity.com|website=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/50357_Top-10-ads-India-watched-in-Q1-2017-on-YouTube|title=Top 10 ads India watched in Q1-2017 on YouTube|website=www.afaqs.com|date=3 May 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adageindia.in/advertising/youtube-announces-q1-2017-ads-leaderboard-bingo-tops-the-list/articleshow/58413107.cms|title=YouTube Announces Q1 2017 Ads Leaderboard, Bingo Tops the List|website=www.adageindia.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> In the same year, he appeared in an episode of the television series [[24 (Indian TV series season 2)|''24'''s second season]], playing an ATU agent. In early 2017, he starred on ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' as Arjan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmymonkey.com/photos/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-ribbhu-mehra-aka-nikhil-shares-adorable-selfies-with-co-stars-132601#image2|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein: Ribbhu Mehra aka 'Nikhil' shares adorable selfies with co-stars!|work=Filmy Monkey|date=8 September 2017}}</ref> A month later in July, he debuted as Nikhil on the [[Star Plus]] soap opera ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-written-update-july-7-2017-nikhis-entry-creates-a-rift-between-aadi-and-aaliya/articleshow/59501874.cms|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein written update July 7, 2017: Nikhil's entry creates a rift between Aadi and Aaliya|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ribbhu-mehra-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-team-works-like-a-family-4936785/|title=The Yeh Hai Mohabbatein team works like a family: Ribbhu Mehra|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> He has promoted [[Farah Khan]]'s 'Lip Sing Battle' with his ''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]'' co-star [[Aditi Bhatia]]. He as appeared in a television commercial opposite actress [[Malaika Arora]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/malaika-arora-plays-with-tv-actor-ribbhu-mehras-hair/18602185|title=Malaika Arora plays with TV actor Ribbhu Mehra's hair|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=24 September 2017}}</ref> He has also DJed at a [[Goa]] resort for New Year's Eve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/dj-turned-actor-ribbhu-mehra-to-perform-in-goa/|title=DJ turned actor, Ribbhu Mehra to perform in Goa|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=30 December 2017}}</ref> In 2018, he appeared in the music video, ''Re Piya'', of singer [[Altaf Sayeed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-stager-ribbhu-mehra-to-star-in-music-video-re-piya-with-sneha-namanandi-3180708/|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Star Ribbhu Mehra to Appear in Music Video|work=India.com|date=22 July 2018}}</ref> In August, he appeared in another episode of [[Zing Channel]]'s ''Aye Zindagi'' as a lead. In 2019, he was seen in the show on [[SAB TV]]'s sitcom ''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]]'', as Arjun Rathod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ribbhu-mehra-play-cop-sab-tvs-next-my-name-ijj-khan-190115|title=Ribbhu Mehra to play a cop in SAB TV's next – My Name Ijj Khan|work=TellyChakkar|date=15 January 2019}}</ref> In the same year, he booked his second show with [[Balaji Telefilms]]' ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Ritik, Disha's love interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/exclusive-this-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actor-to-play-dishas-love-interest-in-kumkum-bhagya-1448154/|title=EXCLUSIVE! THIS Yeh Hai Mohabbatein actor to play Disha's love interest in Kumkum Bhagya|work=Bollywood Life|date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-ribbhu-mehra-gears-up-for-an-important-stint-in-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/70465858.cms|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Ribbhu Mehra gears up for an important stint in Kumkum Bhagya|work=[[Times of India]]|date=31 July 2019}}</ref> and the web series [https://www.altbalaji.com/show/xxx-season-2/330 ''XXX'', season 2] with [[ALTBalaji]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actor-ribbhu-mehra-and-tik-tok-girl-parree-pande-altbalaji-s-xxx-2|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein actor Ribbhu Mehra and TikTok girl Parree Pande in AltBalaji's X.X.X.–2?|work=Telly Chakkar|date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In 2020, he starred in the film ''[[Faactory (2021 film)|Faactory]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actor-ribbhu-mehra-play-substantial-part-faissal-khans-faactory|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein actor Ribbhu Mehra to play a substantial part in Faissal Khan's Faactory|work=TellyChakkar|date=October 19, 2020}}</ref> In 2022, he joined the cast of [[Star Bharat]]'s ''[[Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai]]'' television series.

==Personal life==
He was previously married, and later their marriage ended in a divorce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kirtida-mistry-and-ribbhuu-mehra-part-ways-after-a-year-of-marriage/articleshow/113235662.cms|title=Kirtida Mistry and Ribbhuu Mehra part ways after a year of marriage|work=Times of India|date=September 11, 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Television and films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Character
! class="unsortable" scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2015
!scope="row"| ''Rakkt''
| Akbar
| Recurring role
|-
| 2017
!scope="row"| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Arjan
| Episodic role
|-
| 2017
!scope="row"|''Aye Zindagi''
| Mahendra
| Episodic role
|-
| 2017-2018
!scope="row"|''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| Nikhil
| Recurring role
|-
| 2018
| ''Aye Zindagi''
| Adhiraj
| Episodic role
|-
| 2019
| ''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]]''
| Arjun Rathod
| Parallel lead role
|-
| 2019-2020
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Ritik
| Recurring role
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Faactory (2021 film)|Faactory]]''
| Rahul
| Film
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai]]''
| Mahesh
| Recurring role
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| D.M. Harish Vyas
| Recurring role
|-
|2023
|''[[Bindiya Sarkar]]''
|Rohan Bhalla
|Recurring role<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ribbhu Mehra joins the cast of Bindiya Sarkar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ribbhu-mehra-joins-the-cast-of-bindiya-sarkar/articleshow/99091267.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Times of India |date=29 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
|Bhupendra Dutta
|Episodic
|-
| 2025
!scope="row"|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]''
| Nikhil
| Recurring role
|-
|2025; present
| | [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin 7'']]
| Karan Suri
| Recurring role
|}

===web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Character
! scope="col"| Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''Raah De Maa''
|
| Natak Entertainment
| Cameo
|-
| 2019
!scope="row"| ''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]] (season 2)''
|
| [[ALTBalaji]]
| Episodic role
|-
|2023
|''Manghadant''
|Inspector Parth
|Watcho
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Artist
! Channel
|-
| 2018
| ''Re Piya''
| Altaf Sayeed
| [[Zee Music Company]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9887241}}
* {{Instagram|ribbhu.mehra_djribz}}

{{authority control}}

{{More categories |date =July 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehra, Ribbhu}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]

Strategic and Commercial Dialogue

2026-01-10T06:22:13Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{Short description|Diplomatic summit between India and the United States}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = Strategic and Commercial Dialogue
| common_name =
| linking_name =
| image_flag =
| image_symbol =
| symbol_type =
| image_map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| admin_center =
| admin_center_type =
| largest_city =
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| membership = {{IND}} {{USA}}
}}
The '''Strategic and Commercial Dialogue''' was a diplomatic summit that had been held from 2010 to 2016 between [[India]] and the [[United States]] to discuss and work on common issues of concern to improve and strengthen [[India–United States relations]].

The summit initially started as the '''U.S.–India Strategic Dialogue''' which was held from 2010 to 2014. The dialogue was announced on July 20, 2009, by [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] during her visit to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2009/07/20/106795154/clinton-reaches-out-to-new-generation-in-india|title=Clinton Reaches Out To New Generation In India|work=NPR|date=July 20, 2009|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> In 2015, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] agreed to elevate the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue to the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue "reflecting the United States and India's shared priorities of generating economic growth, creating jobs, improving the investment climate, and strengthening the middle class in both countries."<ref name="Times">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-us-release-declaration-of-friendship-to-elevate-strategic-partnership/articleshow/46014408.cms|title=India, US release 'declaration of friendship' to elevate strategic partnership|work=Times of India|date=January 25, 2015|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

The Strategic and Commercial Dialogue was replaced in 2018 with the [[2+2 Ministerial Dialogue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-india-us-would-have-discussed-in-22-dialogue-5243151/|title=What India, US would have discussed in ‘2+2’ dialogue|work=The Indian Express|date=July 3, 2018|access-date=December 18, 2022}}</ref>

==History==
===U.S.–India Strategic Dialogue===
====2010====
[[File:President Obama, Secretary Clinton, and the Indian Delegation Pose for a Photo (4693387967).jpg|thumb|President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and the Indian delegation at the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue reception at the Department of State in Washington, D.C., June 3, 2010.]]
The first Strategic and Commercial Dialogue took place from June 1–4 in [[Washington, D.C.]]. The summit was co-chaired by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[S. M. Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/national/2010/06/03/us-hosting-strategic-dialogue-with-india/4d070218-6add-40f4-ad55-3913dd701dc6/|title=U.S. hosting 'strategic dialogue' with India|work=The Washington Post|date=June 2, 2010|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> On June 3, Barack Obama addressed the summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-us-india-strategic-dialogue-reception|title=Remarks by the President at U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue Reception|work=Obama White House|date=June 3, 2010|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> A joint statement was released where both sides agreed to further cooperate on a host of issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/06/142645.htm|title=U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue Joint Statement|work=United States Department of State|date=June 3, 2010|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

====2011====
The second summit was held on July 19 in [[New Delhi]] with Clinton leading the U.S. delegation. Clinton met with Minister Krishna and discussed regional issues such as terrorism, mutual suspicion of [[Pakistan]] and [[China]], [[Afghanistan]], Human rights, and job growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://world.time.com/2011/07/19/six-things-to-watch-from-hillary-clintons-india-tour/|title=Six Things to Watch from Hillary Clinton’s India Tour|work=Time|date=July 19, 2011|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> In regard to terrorism, just six days before the summit, a [[2011 Mumbai bombings|terrorist attack]] took place in [[Mumbai]].

The summit was supposed to take place in April but was postponed due to legislative Assembly state elections and impact of the [[Arab Spring]] protests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indo-us-strategic-dialogue-postponed/articleshow/7678436.cms|title=Indo-US Strategic Dialogue postponed|work=Economic Times|date=March 11, 2011|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

====2012====
[[File:Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks at the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue (7370490102).jpg|thumb|Hillary Clinton and [[S. M. Krishna]] during the third India–United States Strategic Dialogue on June 13, 2012.]]
The third summit was held in D.C. on June 13. Both sides agreed to launch a formal trilateral consultation between the U.S., India, and Afghanistan to coordinate regional stability. India announced its intent to ratify the [[Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage]]. In terms of trade, India's interest in importing [[liquefied natural gas]] from the U.S. was discussed. Trade was reported to be nearing a $100 billion annual target. India announced its plans to open a Cultural Center in Washington, D.C., and the opening of its new [[Consulate General of India, Atlanta|consulate]] in [[Atlanta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/ArchivesDetails?id=1830|title=Joint Statement 2012 U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue|work=Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.|date=June 13, 2012|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

The Indian government also announced establishment of the Indian Ministry of Culture Vivekananda Chair at the University of Chicago and an agreement between the Ministry of Culture and the Art Institute of Chicago for the Vivekananda Memorial Program for Museum Excellence for upgrading the skills of Museum Professionals of India as part of commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/India-to-grant-1.5-million-for-Vivekananda-Chair/article13386320.ece|title= India to grant $1.5 million for Vivekananda Chair|work=The Hindu|date=January 30, 2012|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/art-institute-partners-with-india/1940056/|title=Art Institute Partners with India|work=NBC Chicago|date=January 28, 2012|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

====2013====
[[John Kerry]] took over for Clinton as Secretary of State in early 2013 and began chairing his first of two U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue summits. The summit took place on June 24 in New Delhi. The Indian delegation was chaired by Minister [[Salman Khurshid]]. Both parties continued to cooperate on regional issues such as Afghanistan, trade, counterterrorism, cybersecurity, poverty, and economic issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/06/211084.htm|title=Joint Statement: Fourth U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue|work=United States Department of State|date=June 2, 2013|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

====2014====
The summit took place in New Delhi for the second straight year and the only time the summit was held in the same nation twice in a row on July 31. A change of government took place in India as Manmohan Singh was succeeded by Narendra Modi following his victory in the [[2014 Indian general election]]. It was the first meeting of U.S. officials with the new Indian government before Modi's visit to the U.S. and meeting with President Obama in September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2014/07/kerry-visit-a-start-modi-visit-to-us-pivotal?lang=en|title=Kerry Visit a Start, Modi Visit to U.S. Pivotal|work=Carnegie Endowment|date=July 30, 2014|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> Kerry co-chaired the summit with Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]]. Among them were [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] [[Penny Pritzker]] and [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State for Commerce and Industry]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]. Despite the new Indian government, both sides agreed to continue the progress made since the start of the summit format in 2010, such as the Summit-level Joint Declaration on Defense Cooperation issued in September 2013, as well as on trade and regional issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/07/230046.htm|title=Joint Statement on the Fifth India-U.S. Strategic Dialogue|work=United States Department of State|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

===Strategic and Commercial Dialogue===
====2015====
[[File:Secretaries Kerry and Pritzker, and Indian Ministers Swaraj and Sitharaman Address Reporters at the U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue Joint Press Conference (21619961412).jpg|thumb|John Kerry and Sushma Swaraj at a press conference during the inaugural U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue on September 22, 2015.]]
[[File:Vice President Biden Delivers Remarks at the U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue Leadership Summit Reception (21602226966).jpg|thumb|Vice President Joe Biden addressing the 2015 summit reception on September 21, 2015.]]
In 2015, the summit was upgraded to the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue back in January after a joint declaration by Obama and Modi.<ref name="Times"/>

The first Strategic and Commercial Dialogue was held from September 21–22 at the [[Harry S Truman Building|State Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/world/india-us-to-hold-first-ever-india-us-strategic-and-commercial-dialogue-on-september-21-22-557434/|title=India, US to hold first-ever India-US Strategic and Commercial Dialogue on September 21, 22|work=India.com|date=September 18, 2015|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> The new format prioritized more dialogue on many issue of mutual concern for both India and the United States. According to the joint statement, [[United States Deputy Secretary of State]] [[Antony Blinken]] leading a new "High Level Consultation" with India's [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]], [[S. Jaishankar]]. Discussions about a "Policy Planning Dialogue", "Oceans Dialogue," and a "Track 1.5" on Internet and cyber issues involving participants from government and non-government. Both sides also announced a new "joint work stream" on the ease of doing business. There were plans for a formal memorandum of understanding on Energy Security, Clean Energy, and Climate Change." Part of it included the U.S. supporting India’s [[Project Tiger]] anti-poaching program and a private sector-led initiative to help ease trade between both countries. The countries also agreed to continue counterterrorism efforts, furthering advancements in health, technology, and fighting [[climate change]].<ref name="CFR">{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/whats-new-us-india-strategic-and-commercial-dialogue|title=What’s New in the U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue|work=Council on Foreign Relations|date=September 23, 2015|access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref>

[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Joe Biden]] addressed the summit reception on September 21 stating "Our goal is to become India's best friend."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-us-launch-strategic-and-commercial-dialogue/a-18728516|title=India, US launch dialogue to boost trade|work=DW|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

The joint statement nor the fact sheet on economic cooperation mentioned India's interest in [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] membership, commercial civil nuclear cooperation, and announcement of defense sales as that was left out to be announced jointly by both countries leaders.<ref name="CFR"/>

====2016====
The second and last Strategic and Commercial Dialogue was held in New Delhi on August 30. Secretary Kerry, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker co-chaired summit with Minister of External Affairs Sushma Swaraj and Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Nirmala Sitharaman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/events/u-s-india-strategic-and-commercial-dialogue/|title=U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue|work=Gateway House|date=August 29, 2016|access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> Despite the warm relationship and open dialogue between both sides, no progress on trade was made due to in large part no [[free trade agreement]] between India and the United States due to India's protectionist trade policy and most exports to India from America outnumbers Indian exports in general. Another part is India's agriculture sector isn’t globally competitive and any liberal trade agreement for agricultural markets would come at a loss to India. India and the U.S. also lack a [[bilateral investment treaty]] despite talks since 2009 and commitments by both countries leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/30/no-trade-progress-expected-at-us-india-strategic-and-commercial-dialogue.html|title=No trade progress expected at US-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue|work=CNBC|date=August 30, 2016|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

Per the joint statement, both sides agreed to remain in touch and continue to further strengthen the bilateral partnership on the same issues of mutual concern and decided to convene the next round in the United States in 2017. However, no such summit took place in 2017 until it was replaced by the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/08/261405.htm|title=Joint Statement on the Second India-U.S. Strategic and Commercial Dialogue|work=United States Department of State|date=August 31, 2016|access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|United States|Politics}}
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of the United States]]
* [[India–United States relations]]
* [[2+2 Ministerial Dialogue]]
* [[C5+1]]
* [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue}}
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/in/strategicdialgue/c58413.htm Second U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue, 2011] - United States Department of State
* [https://indianembassyusa.gov.in/pdf/india_reviews/16806Spl%2012.pdf India REVIEW SPECIAL ON THIRD INDIA-U.S. STRATEGIC DIALOGUE 2012] - Report from Indian Embassy in D.C.
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/in/strategicdialgue/c58414.htm Third U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue, 2012] - United States Department of State
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/in/strategicdialgue/c58464.htm Fourth U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue, 2013] - United States Department of State
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/in/strategicdialgue/c63844.htm Fifth U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue, 2014] - United States Department of State
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/in/strategicdialgue/c68500.htm First U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue, 2015] - United States Department of State
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/in/strategicdialgue/c72651.htm Second U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue, 2016 ] - United States Department of State

{{India–United States relations}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the United States}}
{{Barack Obama}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{Hillary Clinton}}
{{John Kerry}}

[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2016 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2010 in international relations]]
[[Category:2011 in international relations]]
[[Category:2012 in international relations]]
[[Category:2013 in international relations]]
[[Category:2014 in international relations]]
[[Category:2015 in international relations]]
[[Category:2016 in international relations]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in the United States]]
[[Category:Presidency of Barack Obama]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]
[[Category:John Kerry]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]

Government Medical College, Badaun

2026-01-06T13:29:56Z

Trena17I0666860: created new entry...

{{Coord|28|1|4|N|79|4|54|E|type:edu|display=title}}
{{Short description|Government Medical College in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Medical College, Badaun
|other_name = Badaun Medical College
| image = Govt Medical college Budaun 01.jpg
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| principal = Dr. Arun Kumar
| address =
| city = [[Badaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates =
| campus_type = Urban
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
| website = http://gmcbadaunup.com/
}}
'''Government Medical College, Badaun''', also known as '''Badaun Medical College''', is a tertiary government medical college and hospital. It is located at [[Badaun]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The college is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/|access-date=2022-10-08|archive-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018200555/https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Budaun]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Happy Family: Conditions Apply

2026-01-04T01:29:35Z

Trena17I0666860: started a data

{{short description|2023 Indian family comedy series by Jamnadas Majethia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Happy Family Conditions Apply poster.jpg
| genre = Comedy
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Jamnadas Majethia]] Aatish Kapadia
| producer = [[Jamnadas Majethia]] Aatish Kapadia
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Ayesha Jhulka]]
| music = Hiral Viradia [[Sony Music India]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|3|10}}
| last_aired = present
| studio =
| company = Hatsoff Production
| released =
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Happy Family: Conditions Apply''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]] language [[comedy]] family-based television series for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series is directed and produced by [[Jamnadas Majethia]] and Aatish Kapadia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/happy-family-conditions-apply-to-premiere-on-march-10/articleshow/98385709.cms|title='Happy Family: Conditions Apply' to premiere on March 10|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2023|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> It stars [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Atul Kulkarni]] and [[Ayesha Jhulka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=
https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/watch-ratna-pathak-shah-raj-babbar-s-happy-family-conditions-apply-trailer-101677829058737.html|title=Happy Family Conditions Apply trailer: Ratna Pathak Shah, Raj Babbar play Gujarati couple you will fall in love with|date=3 March 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-stream-new-original-happy-family-conditions-apply-11678339767453.html|title=Amazon Prime Video to stream new original 'Happy Family Conditions Apply'|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=9 March 2023}}</ref>

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Happy Family: Conditions Apply'' received 4 nominations – Best Comedy Series, Best Actress in a Comedy Series (Pathak Shah), Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Kulkarni) and Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (Das).

== Plot ==
Revolving around the lives of four generations of the Dholakias, Happy Family shows how most families are dysfunctional, and are a blend of traditional and modern values. The Dholakias are known for their high-spirited personalities and inimitable idiosyncrasies. These quirks land them in situations that are hilarious and quirky.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/happy-family-conditions-apply-review-ratna-pathak-shines-in-this-old-school-comedy-thatll-remind-you-of-simpler-times-2344862-2023-03-10|title=Happy Family Conditions Apply Review: Ratna Pathak shines in this old-school comedy that'll remind you of simpler times|date=10 March 2023|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Main plot ===
Sanjuoy Dholakia is planning to move out with his wife Tisca and their son Aryan. He is anxious to break the news to his father Ramesh, worried how he would react. When Sanjouy is forced to reveal the truth in a game of Truth and Dare, Ramesh is overcome with sadness, and keeps trying to convince Sanjuoy not to move out. As Tisca tells Sanjouy's mother Pallavi that moving out was not her decision, Sanjuoy's grandmother, Hemlata accuses Tisca of wanting to remain in the family just to take advantage of Pallavi as a babysitter for Aryan. As Pallavi feels upset, Hemlata's husband Mansukhlal resolves the conflict, assuring Pallavi that Tisca values her.

Suresh, Hemlata and Mansuhklal's elder son, lives in the US. One day, he calls the family and reveals that he has married Kwamboka, a Kenyan-African woman, much to Hemlata's dismay. However, everybody else is excited to meet her.

Hemlata's gold jewellery, given to her by her mother-in-law, goes missing. Meanwhile, Napoleon, a famous designer, showcases a design that quite resembles one of Tisca's designs. Thus, Hemlata accuses Napoleon of stealing Tisca's design in a post on social media. Hemlata's jewellery thief is found to be their delivery man and her jewellery is recovered, only for her to find out that her mother-in-law had given her fake jewellery. On Tisca's insistence, the Dholakias choose not to press charges, since the thief has a promising future ahead of him.

Tisca freaks out when she sees Hemlata's post, confessing that she was the one who stole Napoleon's design, not the other way round. Tisca apologizes to Napoleon, but he admits that Tisca's version of his design was better than his original design. He thus offers her a job in Delhi. Sanjuoy and Hemlata are against this but the other family members support Tisca. Sanjuoy eventually comes around and admits that he felt jealous. He then supports Tisca in her temporary move to Delhi.

When Suresh and Kwamboka visit the Dholakias, Hemlata is surprised by Kwamboka's sweet nature and her values. Hemlata warmly welcomes her into the family and adores her to the extent that she ends up completely neglecting her elder daughter-in-law Pallavi. Pallavi feels insecure of Kwamboka, but when Hemlata and Kwamboka get into a fight, Pallavi supports and comforts Kwamboka, thus developing a good relationship with her.

Tisca tells Sanjuoy that she would soon be back to Mumbai, as Napoleon is shifting the company headquarters there. But instead of being happy, Sanjuoy gets worried and behaves secretively, leading Mansukhlal to suspect that something is wrong. Meanwhile, Sanjuoy's sister Ayushi tells Pallavi that she is in a casual Friends With Benefits relationship with her friend Timmy. Ayushi's encounter with a prospective groom goes horribly, as he turns out to be extremely sexist.

Tisca finds out that she is pregnant. She and Ayushi decide to surprise Sanjuoy but Ayushi catches him cheating on Tisca with Jacky, the ex-husband of his business partner Diana. Sanjuoy declares that it is not just an affair but that he loves Jacky, and convinces Ayushi to keep this a secret. Mansukhlal, who was suspecting Sanjuoy of having an affair with Diana, finds out the truth. He tells Sanjuoy to choose between Tisca and Jacky.

Pallavi has a sudden heart attack and she is rushed to the hospital. Dr Jatin, husband of Hemlata and Mansukhlal's daughter Falguni, assures the Dholakias that Pallavi will be fine but tells them that Pallavi must rest and reduce her responsibilities. The family steps in to fill Pallavi's responsibilities while she recovers, while Tisca finds out that she is having twins. Sanjuoy and Tisca tell Ramesh that they have chosen not to move out. But surprisingly, Ramesh tells them that Pallavi's heart attack taught him not to neglect himself and his own life, and that he would support Sanjuoy and Tisca whenever they wish to move out.

Sanjuoy asks Jacky to plan the party for Hemlata and Mansukhlal's anniversary. The Dholakias gather at a mall to celebrate, but the mall is hijacked by terrorists. The terrorists publicly make certain demands and threaten to kill the hostages one by one if their demands are not met within ten minutes. Everyone, certain that they are about to die, decide to play one last game of Spin the Bottle to reveal their secrets and unburden themselves before dying. Pallavi reveals that despite claiming to be a pure vegetarian, she secretly eats fish and sneaks it into Hemlata's food too; Mansukhlal and Hemlata reveal that Suresh was adopted and not their biological son; Jatin reveals that he has another wife with whom he also has a child; Falguni, in response, reveals that she had transferred all of Jatin's assets to her name; Ayushi tells Ramesh that she has been sleeping with Timmy; Sanjuoy reveals his affair with Jacky and tells Tisca that he loves him.

As their ten minutes run out, they brace themselves for death but find out that the police have arrived and that they are saved. With everyone's secrets now out in the open, everyone fights amongst themselves. The show concludes with Aryan wondering what will happen next.

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#494FA9 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=21 |director=20 |airdate=21 |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Truth, Dare, And Dhamaal
| DirectedBy = [[Jamnadas Majethia]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|3|10}}
| ShortSummary = In the episode, the introduction has been done. Hemlata Dholakia and her husband Mansukhlal Dholakia lives with their son, Ramesh Dholakia who lives with his wife, Pallavi Dhokalia (Pallu) along with their daughter Ayushi Dholakia and son Sanjuoy Dholakia and his wife Tisca Dholakia and their son. On one day, they visit a park for a vacation, where Ayushi decides to play a game of 'Truth and Dare' where the water bottle has been moved towards Sanjuoy and forced him to say the truth, where he reveals the decision of buying a new flat which was done one year ago to the family. But, after hearing the decision, Ramesh gets shock and asked why Sanjuoy wants to buy a new flat, but he didn't answered. However, Ramesh tried hard to convince Sanjuoy not to buy flat. But he was not being convinced. Meanwhile, Hemlata continues to blame Tisca for the decision of buying new flat. But she denied. After some days, Hemlata's another son Suresh who lives in US gave another shock to Hemlata, saying that he married a Kenyan-American girl last week while in Las Vegas. She got disappointed and ashamed that instead of marrying a Gujarati girl, he married a foreigner.
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Who Stole My Happiness?
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Catch Me If You Can
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Papa Do Preach, Don't Sing
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = To Go or Not To Go
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|17}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Number 1 Bahu
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|17}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = A Reception, And A Deception
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Trading Places
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Happy Family, Conditions Apply
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|31}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = The Last Supper
| DirectedBy = Jamnadas Majethia
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|31}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #494FA9
}}
}}

== Cast ==
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Hemlata Mansukhlal Dholakia (Hemu/Hemudi)
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Mansukhlal Dholakia (Pappaji)
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Ramesh Dholakia
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Pallavi Dholakia (Pallu)
* [[Raunaq Kamdar]] as Sanjuoy Dholakia (Sanjay/Sanju)
* Meenal Sahu as Tisca Singh Dholakia
* Sanah Kapur as Ayushi Dholakia
* Atul Kumar as Suresh Dholakia
* [[Paresh Ganatra]] as Dr. Jatin Kumar
* [[Pranoti Pradhan]] as Dr. Falguni Kumar "Falu" (nee Dholakia)
* Karamjeet Madonna as News Reader
* Margaret Wanjiku Kariuki as Kwamboka Dholakia
* Vinayak Ketkar as Manager of the Hotel
* Deepak Pareek as Dr. Popat
* Pratish Vora as Inspector Mendoncca
* Swati Das as Kanakavalli
* [[Neha Jhulka]] as Diana Cabinetmaker
* Waqar Khan as Gregory
* Mahabanoo Mody-Kotwal as Sheela Maasi
* Jatin Suri as Superstar Shalom Khan

== Soundtrack ==
The tracks of this series were released on 13 March 2023 by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7wNB7Lo8EyHXjm6G8mZtFy|date=13 March 2023|work=[[Spotify]]|title=
Happy Family Conditions Apply (Original Series)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/happy-family-conditions-apply-original-series-soundtrack/yTbE0aJ4Zlk_|date=13 March 2023|work=[[JioSaavn]]|title=
Happy Family Conditions Apply (Original Series)}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Happy Family: Conditions Apply
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Hiral Viradia, [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 March 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/happy-family-conditions-apply-original-series-soundtrack/yTbE0aJ4Zlk_|title=Happy Family: Conditions Apply|date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023|via=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 5:55
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra1 = Hiral Viradia [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] Pooja Tiwari Sarthak Kalyani
| note1 =
| music1 = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| lyrics1 = Hiral Viradia
| length1 = 2:24
| total_length = 5:55
| title1 = Happy Family – Title Track
| title2 = Gujarati Naar
| extra2 = Hiral Viradia Pooja Tiwari
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| note2 =
| music2 = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| lyrics2 = Hiral Viradia
| length2 = 3:31
}}

==Reception==
The trailer was launched on 3 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/happy-family-conditions-apply-trailer-raj-babbar-ratna-pathak-shah-starrer-family-drama-is-loaded-with-comedy-1585847|title=Happy Family Conditions Apply Trailer: Raj Babbar, Ratna Pathak Shah Starrer Family Drama Is Loaded With Comedy|date=3 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023|work=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref> During the first screening of the series just before the release of it on 9 March 2023, several actors including [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Aanjjan Srivastav]], [[Sarita Joshi]], [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] and others were present in the screening in [[Mumbai]], who have praised the series as a leading family comedy series that everyone should watch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/celebs-grace-the-special-screening-of-happy-family-conditions-apply-487016|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|title=Celebs grace the special screening of Happy Family: Conditions Apply|date=11 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> Archika Khurrana of [[Times of India]] gave it 4 stars out of 5 praising the direction, comedy and performance of the ensemble cast. she stated that this series did not a single dull moment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khurrana|first=Archika|title=HAPPY FAMILY SEASON 1 REVIEW : NEVER A DULL MOMENT IN THIS FAMILIAL DRAMA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/happy-family/season-1/seasonreview/98518102.cms|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2023|accessdate=10 March 2023}}</ref>
Nirmal Gayatri of [[Pinkvilla]] also gave 4 stars out of 5 praises the [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] and in her final conclusion she said "Happy Family: Conditions Apply" is the ideal remedy for your yearning spirit if you want to binge on a weekend show during the workweek.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gayatri|first=Nirmal|title=Happy Family: Conditions Apply Review: Want to de-stress? Watch this Ratna Pathak Shah's comedy show|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/happy-family-conditions-apply-review-want-to-de-stress-watch-this-ratna-pathak-shahs-comedy-show-1211992|website=Pinkvilla|date=10 March 2023|accessdate=10 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309202316/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/happy-family-conditions-apply-review-want-to-de-stress-watch-this-ratna-pathak-shahs-comedy-show-1211992|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[News18]] gave the series 3.5 out of 5, and said it includes much comedy like ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' and [[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|''Khichdi'']], which were directed by Jamnadas Majethia and Aatish Kapadia. Happy Family puts an upper-middle-class Gujarati family's lives in focus, all while being relative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/happy-family-review-good-old-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-and-khichdi-days-return-but-conditions-apply-7257181.html|date=10 March 2023|work=[[News18]]|title=Happy Family Review: Good Old Sarabhai vs Sarabhai And Khichdi Days Return But Conditions Apply}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 and wrote "The biggest USP of the show is the writing and the direction. Keeping the scenes as real and relatable as possible, you get drawn into the lives of these characters. Their fights, worries, wins and defeats suddenly seem to be all yours."<ref name=":0" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Comedy Series
|''Happy Family: Conditions Apply''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress in a Comedy Series
|[[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Comedy Series
|[[Atul Kulkarni]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
|Swati Das
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt20118220}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0GPE7QQF28K35J5UADKQ3ORYRQ ''Happy Family: Conditions Apply''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Video original series}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]

S. K. Pottekkatt

2026-01-01T15:54:43Z

Trena17I0666860: quick refined section for consistency and updated info

{{short description|Indian writer and traveler}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = S. K. Pottekkatt
| image = S. K. Pottekkatt.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1913|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Calicut]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|8|6|1913|3|13}}
| death_place = Calicut, [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Teacher|writer|politician}}
| genre = Novel, travelogue, short story, plays, essay, poetry
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Oru Desathinte Katha]]''|''[[Oru Theruvinte Katha]]''|''[[Naadan Premam]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayavalli|1950}}<ref name="d@JJAL"/>
| partner =
| children = 4<ref name="d@JJAL"/>
| relatives = {{ubl|Kunjiraman (father)|Kittuli (mother)}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|1961 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]|1972 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1980 [[Jnanpith Award]]}}
}}
'''Sankarankutty Kunjiraman Pottekkatt''' (14 March 1913 – 6 August 1982) was an Indian writer of [[Malayalam literature]], traveller, and politician from [[Kerala]]. Best known for his travelogues, he has authored nearly 60 books, which include 10 novels, 24 collections of short stories, three anthologies of poems, 18 [[Travel literature|travelogue]]s, four plays, a collection of essays and a couple of books based on personal reminiscences.

He is a recipient of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the [[Jnanpith Award]]. His works have been translated into English, Italian, Russian, German and Czech, besides all major Indian languages.

==Early life==
[[File:Pottekkatt 1 choosetocount.JPG|thumb|A bust of Pottekkatt facing [[S. M. Street]] in [[Kozhikode]] (Calicut).]]
S. K. Pottekkatt was born on 14 March 1913, in [[Calicut]] (Kozhikode) in a [[Thiyya]] family to Kunjiraman Pottekkat, an English school teacher and his wife, Kittuli.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/SKPottakkat/Html/SKPottekkatgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-02-28 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-02-28 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013358/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/SKPottakkat/Html/SKPottekkatgraphy.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> After early schooling at [[Govt. Ganapath High School for Boys|Ganapath School]], he [[matriculated]] from Zamorin's High School in Calicut in 1929 and passed the intermediate examination from [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]], Calicut in 1934 but could not find a job for three years, a period which he utilised for studying classics from Indian and western literature. In 1937, he joined Calicut Gujarati School as a teacher where he taught for almost three years.<ref name="S K Pottekkatt - Centenary of a World Traveler">{{Cite web |url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Literature/2014/SK-Pottakkattu/Centenary-Special.html |title=S K Pottekkatt - Centenary of a World Traveler |date=2019-03-01 |website=specials.manoramaonline.com |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301201501/https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Literature/2014/SK-Pottakkattu/Centenary-Special.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was involved with activities of the [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]] and attended the [[Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]] session of 1939 for which he resigned from the job as the school authorities did not allow him to leave of absence. Subsequently, he moved to [[Bombay]] and [[Lucknow]] where he stayed until 1945, doing many jobs.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

After returning to Kerala in 1945, he travelled to many parts of India and went on his first overseas tour in 1949 when he visited [[Africa]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[France]] and [[England]]. In 1952, he again went overseas to visit [[Ceylon]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="S K Pottekkatt - Centenary of a World Traveler" />

==Literary career and travels==

Pottekkatt published his first story, "Rajaneethi", in the college magazine of [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]] in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|title=സഞ്ചാര സാഹിത്യത്തിലെ 'എമ്പയര്‍ സ്റ്റേറ്റ് ബില്‍ഡിങ്'|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/s-k-pottekkatt-death-anniversary-1.5889065|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817132505/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/s-k-pottekkatt-death-anniversary-1.5889065|url-status=live}}</ref> "Makane Konna Madyam" (poem published in ''Athmavidya Kahalam'') and "Hindu Muslim Maithri" (story published in ''Deepam'') were some of his notable early works. The story "Vydyutha Shakthi" came in the February 1934 issue of ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]''. He wrote his first novel, ''[[Naadanpremam]]'', a romantic story set in [[Mukkam]], a small hamlet in [[Kozhikode district]],<ref name="Telling the tale of Mukkom">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Telling-the-tale-of-Mukkom/article14904348.ece |title=Telling the tale of Mukkom |date=2007-12-30 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170410/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Telling-the-tale-of-Mukkom/article14904348.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1939 while he was in Bombay and the novel was eventually published in 1941.<ref name="S K Pottekkatt - Centenary of a World Traveler" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-09-20|title=Mukkom's tribute to a litterateur|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mukkoms-tribute-to-a-litterateur/article27484515.ece|access-date=2021-09-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170717/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mukkoms-tribute-to-a-litterateur/article27484515.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by ''Yavanikakku Pinnil'', a short story anthology, and the second novel ''Vishakanyaka''; the latter would receive a prize from the [[Madras state|Madras government]] in 1949.<ref name="S K Pottekkatt - Centenary of a World Traveler" /> Two travelogues were the next two publications, ''Kappirikalude Naattil'' (''In the Land of the Negroes'') and ''Innathe Europe'' (''The Europe Today''), both based on his first overseas tour.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Viswanathan|first=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcEZAAAAIAAJ|title=Pottekkatt|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051350/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Pottekkatt.html?id=NcEZAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref> He published ''[[Oru Theruvinte Katha]]'' in 1960 and his magnum opus, ''[[Oru Desathinte Katha]]'', in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|last=അജിത്കുമാര്‍|first=കെ കെ|title='ഒരു തെരുവിന്റെ കഥ' അരങ്ങിലെത്തിയപ്പോള്‍|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/s-k-pottekkatt-oru-theruvinte-kadha-drama-1.1727667|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307151345/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/s-k-pottekkatt-oru-theruvinte-kadha-drama-1.1727667|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=G. S. Jayasree|date=3 August 2008|title=Decolonising the land|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/08/03/stories/2008080350210500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812173718/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/08/03/stories/2008080350210500.htm|archive-date=12 August 2008}}</ref>

Pottekkatt was a writer of strong social commitment and ideals, possessing an individualistic vision.<ref name="S K Pottekkatt - Centenary of a World Traveler" /> He is reported to be the pioneer of the genre of [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in India<ref name="Das2005">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA253|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|pages=253–|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051351/https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref> and its most notable practitioner in [[Malayalam literature]]<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA255|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=255–|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051323/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA255|url-status=live}}</ref> which earned him the moniker, the ''[[John Gunther]] of Malayalam''.<ref name="അനുസ്മരിക്കാം ഈ മാന്ത്രികസഞ്ചാരിയെ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/features/s-k-pottekkatt-malayalam-news-1.928361 |title=അനുസ്മരിക്കാം ഈ മാന്ത്രികസഞ്ചാരിയെ |last=ഹരികൃഷ്ണന്‍ |first=എച്ച് |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024603/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/features/s-k-pottekkatt-malayalam-news-1.928361 |url-status=live }}</ref> Poetry anthologies like ''Sanchariyude Geethangal'' and ''Premashilpi'', ''Achan'' (play), novels like ''Premashiksha'' and ''Moodupadam'', short story anthologies such as ''Nishagandhi'', ''Pulliman'' and ''Chandrakatham'', travelogues viz. ''Simhabhoomi'', ''Nile Diary'' and ''Pathira Sooryante Nattil'' as well as memoirs like ''Ponthakkadukal'' and ''Samsarikkunna Diarykurippukal'' are some of his other major works.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/SKPottakkat/Html/SKPottakkatPage.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-03-01 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192315/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/SKPottakkat/Html/SKPottakkatPage.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His works have been translated into English, Italian, Russian, German and Czech, besides all major Indian languages.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> An Italian anthology of ''The Best Short Stories of the World'' published from Milan in 1971 included his ''Braanthan Naaya'' (Mad Dog). A collection of eleven of his short stories in Russian had a sensational sales of one hundred thousand copies in two weeks.<ref name="d@JJAL" /> His stories have made into feature films in Malayalam; ''[[Naadan Premam (film)|Naadan Premam]]'',<ref name="Nadan Premam">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273866/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr#writers/ |title=Nadan Premam |date=2019-03-01 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051323/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273866/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr#writers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Moodupadam]]'',<ref name="Moodupadam">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214962/?ref_=nm_knf_t3 |title=Moodupadam |date=2019-03-01 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref> ''[[Pulliman (1972 film)|Pulliman]]''<ref name="Pullimaan">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274011/?ref_=nm_knf_t1 |title=Pullimaan |date=2019-03-01 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051451/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274011/?ref_=nm_knf_t1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Njavalppazhangal]]'' are some of them.<ref name="Njaaval Pazhangal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313408/ |title=Njaaval Pazhangal |date=2019-03-01 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209172532/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313408/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'', a 1991 film written directed by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] based on his short story "Kadathuthoni", received prizes at several international film festivals.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/reeltime-pottekkatts-tryst-with-cinema/article6690992.ece "Pottekkatt’s tryst with cinema"]. ''The Hindu''. 14 December 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</ref> The 2015 film ''Manikyam'' was an adaptation of the novel ''Prema Shiksha''.<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/latest-news/443519 "മാണിക്യം"]. ''Deshabhimani''. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16272/malayalam/manikyam/5006/review/ "Manikyam Malayalam Movie"]. Nowrunning.com. 1 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:SK Pottekkatt 2003 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|130px|Pottekkatt on a 2003 [[India Post]] stamp]]
Pottekkatt contested twice as independent candidate in elections to [[Indian Parliament]] from [[Thalassery (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thalassery]] under the banner of the [[Communist Party of India]],<ref name="Clark1970">{{cite book|author=Thomas Welbourne Clark|title=The Novel in India: Its Birth and Development|url=https://archive.org/details/novelinindia00icis|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01725-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/novelinindia00icis/page/218 218]–}}</ref> the first in 1957 to the [[2nd Lok Sabha]] when he lost to M. K. Jinachandran by 1000 votes and the next in 1962 to the [[3rd Lok Sabha]] when he defeated [[Sukumar Azhikode]] by a margin of 66,000 votes; he served out his term until 1967.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

==Personal life==
Pottekkatt married Jayavalli in 1950 and the couple had two sons and two daughters. His wife died in 1980 and two years later, he suffered a paralytic stroke in July 1982, and he died on 6 August 1982, in a private hospital in Calicut.<ref name="d@JJAL">[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/vidya/-malayalam-news-1.920019 "സഞ്ചാരിയായ എഴുത്തുകാരന്‍!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045053/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/vidya/-malayalam-news-1.920019 |date=6 March 2019 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</ref>

==Awards and honours==
''Oru Theruvinte Katha'' (The Story of a Street), a novel based on [[Mittai Theruvu]], a popular street in Kozhikode known for [[sweetmeat]] and [[halvah]] stalls, received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] in 1961.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Academy- Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Academy- Awards |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109145935/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His [[biographical novel]], [[Oru Desathinte Katha]] was selected for the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |title=Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam) |publisher=Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 }}</ref> Eight years later, in 1980, the novel earned Pottekkatt the [[Jnanpith Award]], the highest literary honour in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awardsmain.htm |title=Jnanpith Award winners in Malayalam |access-date=16 November 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081101/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awardsmain.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Jnanpith Laureates Official listings">{{Cite web |url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |title=Jnanpith Laureates Official listings |publisher=[[Jnanpith]] Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1982, the [[University of Calicut]] honoured him with the [[honoris causa]] degree of the [[Doctor of Letters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|title=Honorary degree by Calicut University|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-date=7 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107134605/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[India Post]] issued a commemorative postal stamp on him in 2003, as a part of their ''Jnanpith Award Winners''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2003.aspx |title=Postage Stamps:: Postage Stamps, Stamp issue calendar 2014, Paper postage, Commemorative and definitive stamps, Service Postage Stamps, Philately Offices, Philatelic Bureaux and counters, Mint stamps (unused stamps) |date=2019-03-01 |website=postagestamps.gov.in |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133615/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2003.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and ''[[Madhyamam]]'' issued [[festschrift]]s on Pottekkatt on the occasion of his birth centenary.<ref name="S K Pottekkatt Centenary Special">{{Cite web |url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Literature/2014/SK-Pottakkattu/index.html |title=S K Pottekkatt Centenary Special |website=specials.manoramaonline.com |access-date=2019-02-28 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074504/https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Literature/2014/SK-Pottakkattu/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="മഹാസഞ്ചാരി - Madhyamam Weekly">{{Cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/issue/787 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629182610/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/issue/787 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-29 |title=മഹാസഞ്ചാരി - Madhyamam Weekly |date=2013-06-29 |website=archive.is |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:15em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1937 || ''Vallikadevi'' || || ||
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Naadan Premam]]'' || [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi]] || ||
|-
| 1945 || ''Prema Shiksha'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || ||
|-
| 1948 || ''Moodupadam'' || Calicut: Mathrubhumi || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215454&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Moodupadam |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090534/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215454&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 1948 || ''Vishakanyaka'' || [[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=46846&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Vishakanyaka |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1958 || ''Karamboo'' || Calicut: Kerala || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72178&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Karamboo |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Oru Theruvinte Katha]]'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Oru Desathinte Katha]]'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || [[Jnanpith Award]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Kurumulaku'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16855&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520|title=Kurumulaku |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1979 || ''Kabeena'' || [[Trivandrum]]: Upasana || {{ISBN|9788182656215}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=104058&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Kabeena |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1988 || ''Bharathappuzhayude Makkal'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || Described as ''Novatakam'', a combination of novel and play || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81689&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Bharathappuzhayude Makkal: Novatakam |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{center|—}} || ''North Avenue'' || {{—}} || Incomplete work ||
|}

===Short stories===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:20em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1945 || ''Manimalika'' || [[Thrissur]]: Mangalodayam || Collection of 5 stories ||
|-
| 1945 || ''Rajamalli'' || [[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] || Collection of 13 stories ||
|-
| 1945 || ''Nisshagandhi'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Collection of 9 stories ||
|-
| 1945 || ''Pulliman'' || Thrissur: Sundarayyar & Sons || Collection of 6 stories || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=227331&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Pulliman |last=|publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1945 || ''Meghamala'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || Collection of 8 stories ||
|-
| 1946 || ''Chandrakantham'' || [[Wadakkancherry]]: Arunodayam || Collection of 5 stories ||
|-
| 1946 || ''Jalatharangam'' || [[Calicut]]: P. K. Brothers || Collection of 7 stories ||
|-
| 1946 || ''Vaijayanthi'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Collection of 7 stories || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214972&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Vaijayanthi |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090555/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214972&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 1947 || ''Pournami'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || Collection of 5 stories {{ISBN|9788130006345}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=308593&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Pournami |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1947 || ''Padmaragam'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || Collection of 6 stories ||
|-
| 1947 || ''Indraneelam'' || Calicut: K. R. Brothers || Collection of 6 stories ||
|-
| 1948 || ''Rangamandapam'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Collection of 7 stories ||
|-
| 1948 || ''Himavahini'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Collection of 5 stories ||
|-
| 1949 || ''Prethabhoomi'' || Calicut: K. R. Brothers || Collection of 5 stories || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214970&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Prethabhoomi |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1952 || ''Yavanikkakku Pinnil'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || Collection of 6 stories and a radio drama ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Kallippookkal'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Collection of 6 stories and a radio drama || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214971&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Kallippokkal |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1954 || ''Vanakaumudi'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Collection of 4 stories and a radio drama ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Kanakaambaram'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || Collection of 7 stories ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Antharvahini'' || Calicut: Kerala || Collection of 5 stories {{ISBN|9788182654877}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=103921&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Antharvahini |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1962 || ''Ezhilam Pala'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || Collection of 7 stories || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=212498&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Ezhilam Pala |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1967 || ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || Collection of 36 stories; With an introduction by [[M. R. Chandrasekharan]] ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Vrindavanam'' || Calicut: Poorna || Collection of 8 stories ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Kattuchembakam'' || || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=62261&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Kattuchembakam |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1978 || ''S. K. Pottekkattinte Cherukathakal'' || Calicut: Jaya || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=209686&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkatinte Cherukadhakal |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1981 || ''S. K. Pottekkattinte Cherukathakal'' || Calicut: [[Mathrubhumi]] || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=305449&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S.K. Pottekkattinte Cherukathakal |last= |first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090522/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=305449&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 1999 || ''Katha: Pottekkatt'' || || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83983&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Kadha-Pottekkatt |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2004 || ''Sthree'' || Calicut: Mathrubhumi || {{ISBN|9788182640948}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85171&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Sthree |last= |first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302030257/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85171&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 2006 || ''S. K. Pottekkattinte Kathakal Sampoornam'' || Calicut: Poorna || Complete short stories in three volumes ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Ottakavum Mattu Pradhana Kathakalum'' || Kottayam: [[DC Books]] || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=98895&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title='Ottaka'vum Mattu Pradhana Kathakalum |last1= |first1= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2014 || ''S. K. Pottekkattinte Kathakal Sampoornam'' || Kottayam: DC Books || Complete short stories in two volumes {{ISBN|9788126440184}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=114245&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S. K. Pottekkattinte Kathakal Sampoornam |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2014 || ''Sthree: Sthreekale Kurichu Kure Kathakal'' || Calicut: Poorna || {{ISBN|9788130018003}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=115009&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Sthree: Sthreekale Kurichu Kure Kathakal |last= |first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302031852/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=115009&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|}

===Travelogues===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:25em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1947 || ''Kashmir'' || [[Thrissur]]: Mangalodayam || ||
|-
| 1948 || ''Yathrasmaranakal'' || [[Calicut]]: P. K. Brothers || Based on the journeys to historical places in India || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214973&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Yathrasmaranakal |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1951 || ''Kappirikalude Nattil'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || {{ISBN|9788171307937}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=307658&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Kappirikalute nattil |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1954 || ''Simhabhoomi'' || Calicut: K. R. Brothers || 1949 journey to Bagamoyo, Tanga, Kenya and Uganda || {{center|<ref name="Simhabhoomi">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215456&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Simhabhoomi |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302102059/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215456&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 1954 || ''Nile Diary'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || {{ISBN|9788171803149}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=308602&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Nile Diary |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1954 || ''Malaya Nadukalil'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81073&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Malaya Nadukalil |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1955 || ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.277864 Innathe Europe]'' || [[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] || 1950 journey to Europe and Britain; Later editions titled ''Europiloode'' {{ISBN|9788126403547}} ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Indonesian Diary'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || 1953 journey to Indonesia; originally published in two volumes; combined volume first published by S.P.C.S. in 1964 ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Soviet Diary'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214969&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Soviet Diary |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302113714/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=214969&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 1956 || ''Pathira Sooryante Nattil'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || 1955 journey to Finland || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78127&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Pathiraa Suryante Nattil |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1958 || ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277882 Bali Dweep]'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || 1953 journey to Bali {{ISBN|9788171309047}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=98299&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Baalidweep |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1959 || ''Simhabhoomi'' || [[Cochin]]: Parishath || Expanded version of the 1954 book and published in two volumes; combined volume first published by S.P.C.S. in 1968 || {{center|<ref name="Simhabhoomi">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215456&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Simhabhoomi |last= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302102059/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=215456&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| 1960 || ''Bohemian Chithrangal'' || Thrissur: Current Books || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83154&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Bohemian Chithrangal |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1967 || ''Himalaya Samrajyathil'' || Thrissur: Mangalodayam || Based on the journey to Haridwar and Badrinath in May 1966 {{ISBN|9788171803576}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85834&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Himaalaya Saamraajyathil |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1969 || ''Nepal Yathra'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=71639&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Nepal Yathra |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1970 || ''London Notebook'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=71647&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=London Note Book |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1974 || ''Cairo Kathukal'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Sanchara Sahithyam: Vol. 1 – Africa'' || [[Irinjalakuda]]: Vivekodayam || ''Kappirikalude Nattil'', ''Simhabhoomi'', ''Nile Diary'', ''Cairo Kathukal'', ''Cleopatrayude Nattil'' || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85425&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20S.%20K.%20Pottekkatt |title=Sanchara Sahithyam: Vol 1 Africa |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1977 || ''Sanchara Sahithyam: Vol. 2 – Europe'' || Irinjalakuda: Vivekodayam || ''Europiloode'' (''Innathe Europe''), ''London Notebook'', ''Pathira Sooryante Nattil'', ''Soviet Diary'', ''Bohemian Chithrangal'' || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=272650&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20S.%20K.%20Pottekkatt |title=Sanchara Sahithyam: Vol 2 Europe |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1977 || ''Sanchara Sahithyam: Vol. 3 – Asia'' || Irinjalakuda: Vivekodayam || ''Yathrasmaranakal'', ''Kashmir'', ''Himalaya Samrajyathil'', ''Nepal Yathra'', ''Malaya Nadukalil'', ''Indonesian Diary'', ''Bali Dweep'' || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78734&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Sanchara Sahithyam: Vol 3 Asia |last=|first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1977 || ''Cleopatrayude Nattil'' || Irinjalakuda: Vivekodayam || || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=103982&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Cleopatrayude Nattil |last= |first= |publisher=University of Calicut Library |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302031729/https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=103982&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|}

===Poetry===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:15em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1936 || ''Prabhatha Kanthi'' || [[Calicut]]: K. R. Brothers || 14 poems ||
|-
| 1946 || ''Sanchariyude Geethangal'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || 14 poems; with an introduction by [[G. Sankara Kurup]] || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70722&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Sanchariyude Geethangal |last=|first=|publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|-
| 1958 || ''Prema Shilpi'' || [[Thrissur]]: Current Books || 5 poems ||
|-
| 2015 || ''S. K. Pottekkattinte Kavithakal'' || Calicut: Lipi || {{ISBN|9788188017935}} || {{center|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=236524&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkattinte Kavithakal |last=|publisher=University of Calicut Library}}</ref>}}
|}

===Drama===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:15em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1945 || ''Achan'' || [[Alleppey]]: T. K. Varghese Vaidyan || ||
|-
| 1948 || ''Achanum Makanum'' || {{—}} || Included in ''Himavahini'' ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Althara'' || {{—}} || A radio play included in ''Vanakaumudi'' ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Theevandi Odunnu'' || {{—}} || A radio play included in ''Kallipookkal'' ||
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:25em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1947 || ''Ponthakkadukal'' || [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi]] || Collection of humour essays published in various newspapers and magazines under the name Arunan {{ISBN|9788182656239}} ||
|-
| 1949 || ''Gadhyamekhala'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || Collection of 8 essays ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Ente Vazhiyambalangal'' || [[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|N.B.S.]] || Memoirs ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[https://www.readwhere.com/read/149455/Mohammed-Abdul-Rahman/Mon-Aug-19-2013 Muhammed Abdurahiman]'' || Calicut: Mathrubhumi || Political biography of [[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman|Muhammed Abdurahiman]] Co-authored with [[P. P. Ummer Koya]], [[N. P. Mohammed]] and K. A. Kodungallur ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Samsarikkunna Diarykurrippukal'' || Calicut: Mathrubhumi || Diary ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Pottekkattinte Kathukal'' || Calicut: P. K. Brothers || Letters ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Paryadanam'' || Calicut: Mathrubhumi || Diary ||
|}

=== Translations into other languages ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=92209&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Stree Thatha Anya Kahaniyam |last=|first=|date=1986 |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=91552&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Kadha Ek Pranthar Ki |last=|first=|date=1981 |publisher=Bharatheey Njanpeet Prakasan|language=hi}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=106168&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Tales of Athiranippadam |last1=|first1=|last2=|last3=|date=2013 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125051275 |location=Hyderabad|language=en}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=259784&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Twelve stories |last=|first=|date=2010 |publisher=Tarjuma |isbn=9788190895811 |location=Calicut |language=en}}
*Many works are translated to Tamil by Su Ra.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Pottekkatt was a born writer'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/apr/08/pottekkatt-was-a-born-writer-466033.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051451/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/apr/08/pottekkatt-was-a-born-writer-466033.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Films===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''[[Moodupadam]]'' (1963) (based on the novel ''Moodupadam'')
* ''[[Naadan Premam (film)|Naadan Premam]]'' (1972) (based on the novel ''[[Naadan Premam]]'')
* ''[[Pulliman (1972 film)|Pulliman]]'' (1972) (based on the story "Pulliman")
* ''[[Njavalppazhangal]]'' (1976) (based on the story "Njavalppazhangal")
* ''Ottakam'' (1978) (based on the story "Ottakam")
* ''Thaala'' (1988)
* ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' (1991) (based on the story "Kadathuthoni")
* ''Manikyam'' (2015) (based on the novel ''Prema Shiksha'')
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=79999&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkatt: Jeevithavum Krithiyum |last=Krishnan P. |date=1985 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80996&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkatt: Padanavum Anusmaranavum |date=1982 |publisher=Poorna Publications |editor= A. P. P. Namboothiri |location=Calicut |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=106926&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Folklore elements in S K Pottekkatt's works: a comparative study |last=S. Susmitha |date= 2012|publisher=University of Calicut |location=Calicut |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=235607&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkatt Rashtreeyasancharapadham |last=P. M. V. Panicker |date=2014 |publisher=Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham |isbn=9789384571450 |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=236294&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkattinte Sthalanirmmithi: Vishakanyaka, Nadanpremam, Oru Theruvinte Kadha Ennee Novelukale Munnirthiyulla Padanam |last=K. Afsina |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Malayalam, University of Calicut |location=Calicut |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=305792&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=Pottekkatt: Vyakthiyum Sahithyakaranum |date=1984 |publisher=D.C.Books |editor-last=George Irumpayam |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=309198&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520S.%2520K.%2520Pottekkatt |title=S K Pottekkatt: Yathra, Ezhuthu, Kazhcha |date=2014 |publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute |isbn=9788176389662 |location=Trivandrum |language=ml}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|S. K. Pottekkatt}}
* {{cite book|editor=Rajendra Awasthy|title=Selected Malayalam Short Stories|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFRUn0IyhMQC&pg=PA53|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0479-3|pages=53–|chapter=Nishaganthi (short story by S, K. Pottekkatt (full text)}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/memories/2295/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604084656/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/memories/2295/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-04 |title=നൂറ് തികഞ്ഞ യാത്ര |date=2013-06-04 |access-date=2019-03-01 |quote=Excerpts from Pottekkatt Diaries}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/interview/2706/#storycontent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823085149/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/interview/2706/#storycontent |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2015 |title=അനുഭവങ്ങള്‍, ഭാവനകള്‍ |date=2013-06-04 |access-date=2019-03-01 |quote=Interview with S. K. Pottekkatt: Excerpts from the book ''Malayalathinte Jnanapeeda Prabhashanangal'' edited by R. Arsu}}
* {{IMDb name|10434070}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/SKPottakkat/Html/SKPottakkatPage.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-03-01 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-01}}
* [[Ambikasuthan Mangad]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217023254/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/2504 Review of the famous story "Pulliman"]. ''Madhyamam Weekly''.

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pottekkat, Sankaran}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian diarists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:20th-century diarists]]

Chhatrasal (web series)

2025-12-24T20:48:46Z

Trena17I0666860: created a data...

{{short description|Hindi-language Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Historical Drama, War
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay = Samrat Chakraborty, Jainesh Ejardar
| story = Samrat Chakraborty, Jainesh Ejardar
| director = Anadii Chaturvedi
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Neena Gupta]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* Jitin Gulati
* [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
* [[Manish Wadhwa]]
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]]
* [[Rudra Soni]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Hitesh Modak]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 20
| producer = {{Plain list |
* Abhyudaya Grover
* Utsarg Grover
* Anadii Chaturvedi
* Rachell Ambrose
* Ravindra Grover
* Udayan Grover
}}
| editor = Suyash Lakhan
| cinematography = Manoj Soni, Mukesh Tiwari
| runtime = 40-51 Minutes
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[MX Player]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2021|7|29}}
}}

'''''Chhatrasal''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Historical drama]] web series based on the life of Maharaja [[Chhatrasal]], who fought against the [[Mughal Empire]], and in 1675 established his kingdom in [[Bundelkhand]].
The film is directed by Anadii Chaturvedi and stars [[Neena Gupta]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], Jitin Gulati, [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]], [[Manish Wadhwa]], [[Manmohan Tiwari]] and [[Rudra Soni]]. The film premiered and aired on OTT platform [[MX Player]]<ref name="IE">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=21 July 2021|title=Chhatrasal trailer: Ashutosh Rana plays Aurangzeb in this MX Player series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/chhatrasal-trailer-ashutosh-rana-mx-player-7415596/|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=21 July 2021|title=Chhatrasal trailer out. Ashutosh Rana, Jitin Gulati's web series to premiere on July 29|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/chhatrasal-trailer-out-ashutosh-rana-jitin-gulati-s-web-series-to-premiere-on-july-26-1830922-2021-07-21|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2021|title=Chhatrasal trailer out. Ashutosh Rana, Jitin Gulati's web series to premiere on July 29|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/chhatrasal-trailer-out-ashutosh-rana-jitin-gulati-s-web-series-to-premiere-on-july-26-1830922-2021-07-21|access-date=2021-08-12|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Neena Gupta]] as the narrator
* Jitin Gulati as Maharaja [[Chhatrasal]]<ref name="FJ">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2 August 2021|title='If I do similar roles, my career will not last long': 'Chhatrasal' actor Jitin Gulati|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/if-i-do-similar-roles-my-career-will-notlast-long-chhatrasal-actor-jitin-gulati|newspaper=Freepress Journal}}</ref>
* [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] as Devkunwari, wife of Maharaja Chhatrasal<ref name="MD">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=1 August 2021|title=Vaibhavi Shandilya on Devkunwari in 'Chhatrasal': It was really difficult; I had to do a lot of research|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/vaibhavi-shandilya-on-devkunwari-in-chhatrasal-it-was-really-difficult-i-had-to-do-a-lot-of-research-23185681|newspaper=Mid-day}}</ref>
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal Emperor
*[[Manish Wadhwa]]
*[[Jaswinder Gardner]], as Sarandha
* Anushka Luhar
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]]
*[[Rudra Soni]] as Young Maharaja Chhatrasal

== Secondary cast ==

* Sangam Rai as Champat Rai
* Bhupendra as Mahabali Patel
* Lokesh Batta as Bal Diwan
* Yash Buddhadeb as Young Aurangzeb
* Vikas Singh as Pahaad Singh
* Ali Mughal as Baki Khan
* BK Modi as Shahjahan
* Zidan as Child Chhatrasal
* Ajay Mehar as Vidvan
* Harsh as Mohan Singh
* Pramod Tripathi as Sarpanch
* Shyam Sundar as Village Pandit
* Krishnan Saajnani as Bheemsingh
* Jitendra Bohra as Anirudh Singh
* Kalyani Jha as Village Mother
* Pradeep Tiwari as Karan
* Visha Rai as Sambhu
* Maushami Udeshi as Mehbooba
* Arbendra Singh as Riyaaz Khan
* Kamaldeep Maan as Fidai Khan
* Nikhil Tyagi as Hriday Shah
* Vikas Khokar as Jagat Rai
* Sudeep Sarangi as South Pandit
* Anil as Shubkaran
* Himanshu as Jai Singh
* Yash as Keshav Das
* Shaan Kakkar as Kok Singh
* Yash Puri as Dev Karan
* Amit Lekhawani as Bahadur Khan
* Shivam as Mittho Peerzada
* Vinay Yadav as Fauze Miyan
* Deepak Narang as Sher Afagan Khan
* Jolly Bhatia as Angad Rai’s wife
* Nishant Singh as Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj
* Azad Chauhan as Keshav Rai Dangi
* Prakhar Saxena as Ruh Allah Khan
* Bhushan as Kavi Bhushan
* Akanksha as Tej Kunwari

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15085838}}
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-chhatrasal/season-1/aurangzebs-dream-online-056759b13e5e544b16ff754793e3ac95 Chhatrasal film on MXPlayer]

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood}}

[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

Purnagiri Jan Shatabdi Express

2025-11-27T20:45:55Z

Trena17I0666860: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Tanakpur railway station]]

Phoolmoni

2025-11-27T04:08:52Z

Trena17I0666860: page - done

{{Short description|2016 Indian television series}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Debalay Bhattacharya Vandana Films
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Kallol Lahiri Pritikana Paul Roy
| director = Monojit Majumdar
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = Subhranshi [[Bharat Kaul]] Siddhartha Banerjee Suranjana Roy
| judges =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| open_theme = ''Phoolmoni''
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Indraadip Das Gupta]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shibaji Panja]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Santu Dutta
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Vandana Films
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 122
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|09|05|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|01|14|df=y}}
| related =
| released =
}}

'''''Phoolmoni''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television [[soap opera]] that premiered on 5 September 2016 and aired on [[Zee Bangla]]. The series replaced ''[[Premer Phaande]]''. It was produced by [[Shibaji Panja]] and starred Subhranshi Suranjana Roy, Moumita Chakraborty, Rumpa Chatterjee and [[Anamika Chakraborty]] in main roles, with Siddhartha Banerjee, [[Bharat Kaul]], Biswajit Chakraborty and Fahim Mirza in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/children-rule-prime-time-bengali-television/story-Cd3FLEtHtEZcihdfiYTkUI.html|title=Children rule prime time Bengali television|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 July 2022|date=13 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zee-bangla-launches-new-serial-phoolmoni-tale-of-mother-child-bonding-160825|title=Zee Bangla launches new serial Phoolmoni, tale of a mother-child bonding|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around a childless woman named Madhabi, who is loved by her entire family. She is a responsible and committed housewife. However, she cannot conceive because her husband, Aditya, is impotent. She has strong motherly feelings for a child named Jharon, who is the adopted daughter of Batasi, a maid at Madhabi's house. Jahron comes to Madhabi's house on the day of [[Ganesh Puja]]. When Jharon goes to take some food, everyone perceives her as a thief, but Madhabi sees the innocence of the little girl who has simply come to eat. On the day of her sister-in-law's baby shower, she is shunned by her relatives, who treat her as if she is an ill omen for the unborn child. On the other hand, the news of her husband's impotency is covered up cleverly by her husband and he starts living with a woman named Anamika. Madhabi is vehemently accused of being a woman capable of harming the unborn baby. She is pushed to such a corner that she decides to leave the house she once called her own and commit suicide. She attempts suicide though survives and eventually finds refuge in the slums of a woman named Firoza, who was her beautician. Here, she comes across Irfan again, Madhabi remembers Irfan from the time he sang at the slum on Eid when Madhabi was invited by Firoza. Irfan is a lively boy, a krishore kanti, an energetic guy who helps Madhabi feel comfortable at the slum. Later, Madhabi helps save the slum when it was about to get demolished by the construction company where her husband works. After, Jharon's mother is convicted of murdering her drunkard husband, Madhabi adopts Jharon legally. Her family figures out that Madhabi is innocent and the report was forged. When the discussion of bringing Madhabi in the house arises, Madhabi decides to go back but the family doesn't want to accept Madhabi's adopted daughter, Jharon. She then takes on the struggle to establish the child’s identity as her daughter and give her the name of her husband and the family to which she belongs.

== Cast ==
* Kinni Modak as Phoolmoni
* Subhranshi as Jharon <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/god-chose-me-be-actress-subhranshi-160903|title=God chose me to be an actress: Subhranshi|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
* Samrat Mukherjee as Himadri Sanyal
* Siddhartha Banerjee as Aditya Debroy <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/my-character-phoolmoni-has-dual-shades-siddhartha-banerjee-160830|title=My character in Phoolmoni has dual shades: Siddhartha Banerjee|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
* [[Anamika Chakraborty]] as Anamika
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Sunil Debroy
* Piyali Mitra as Shipra Debroy
* Suranjana Roy as Aditya's Sister in law
* Moumita Chakraborty as Aditya's Aunt
* Rumpa Chatterjee as Aditya's Aunt
* Shaon Dey as Aditya's Aunt
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Aditya's Uncle
* Fahim Mirza as Amlan
* Elfina Mukherjee as Sonali
* Aditya Roy as Amit
* [[Bulbuli Panja]] as Feroza Khatun
* Abhijit Ghosh as Irfan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/phulmoni/0-6-267 ''Phoolmoni''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases

2025-11-22T21:11:49Z

Trena17I0666860: correct layout for clarity and corrected details

{{Infobox organization
| name = National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases
| native_name = ICMR-NIIRNCD Jodhpur
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = ICMR NIIRNCD Jodhpur
| established = {{start date and age|1984}}
| type = [[Public]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Medical research
| abbreviation = NIIRNCD
| staff = Scientists, Technical, Administrative & Support Staff
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Prof.(Dr.) Pankaj Bhardwaj
| headquarters = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| location = ICMR-NIIRNCD (DMRC), New Pali Road, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.233705|73.026960|type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| affiliations = [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]
| website = {{URL|https://niirncd.icmr.org.in/}}
}}

'''National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases (NIIRNCD), Jodhpur''' is an institute under the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR), dedicated to conducting research on [[non-communicable diseases]] (NCDs). The institute is located in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

== History ==
The institute was originally established in '''1984''' as the '''Desert Medicine Research Centre (DMRC)''' to address health problems related to desert regions, including communicable diseases and nutrition-related issues.

In view of the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in India, the Government of India reconstituted and renamed the centre as the '''National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases (NIIRNCD)''' on '''7 December 2019'''. The transformation marked a strategic shift in focus towards implementation research, capacity building, and policy-oriented studies in the area of non-communicable diseases.

== Overview ==
The institute has state-of-the-art facilities to conduct basic laboratory-based research in its microbiology, biochemistry, and vector biology laboratories. It is expanding its manpower and infrastructure to strengthen its capacity in conducting [[Implementation research]] related to NCDs.

At present, the institute has a team comprising scientists, technical experts, and administrative and support staff.

== Vision ==
To be the leader in conducting implementation research for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.

== Mission ==
To equip all health care workers in the country with the necessary skills and competencies so that they can contribute to the prevention, control, and treatment of diseases & providing a support to national health Programme.

== Goal ==
To reduce the burden of diseases and improve the quality of life of people.

== Objectives ==
* To conduct implementation research in non-communicable diseases of public health significance.
* To develop human resources and build capacities for strengthening implementation research capabilities in other institutions.
* To develop information, education, and communication (IEC) strategies and tools for prevention, control, and treatment of NCDs.
* To provide recommendations to policy makers and planners in framing policies for prevention, control, and treatment of NCDs.
* To collaborate with other institutions, agencies, and individuals for developing innovative solutions for NCDs’ prevention, control, and treatment.
* To create an interface between communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases.

== Research Focus ==
The institute’s thrust areas of research include:
* [[Cardiovascular disease]]
* [[Chronic respiratory disease]]
* [[Environmental health]]
* [[Nutritional Deficiency]]s
* [[Cancer]]s
* [[Injury]] & [[Major trauma|Trauma]]
* [[Mental health]] and substance abuse
* [[Genetic disorder]]s
* Other non-communicable diseases of public health significance in India.

== Research Laboratories ==
The research laboratories at NIIRNCD include:
* Bio Technology Laboratory (Erstwhile Vector Biology Lab)
* Microbiology Laboratory
* Bio-Chemistry Laboratory
* Virology Laboratory
* Epidemiology Laboratory

== Collaborations and Capacity Building ==
NIIRNCD aspires to:
* Carry out implementation research in its thrust areas.
* Provide training for capacity building in implementation research to other academic and research institutions.
* Develop behavior change communication materials and models for tackling risk factors of various NCDs.
* Foster collaborations with national & international institutions and individuals interested in augmenting research on non-communicable diseases.

== External links ==
* [https://niirncd.icmr.org.in/index.php Official website]

{{Jodhpur}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical research in India]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:Jodhpur]]

Bangalore Queer Film Festival

2025-10-23T18:27:15Z

Trena17I0666860: rework lead and updated info

{{short description|LGBTQ film festival in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film or theatre festival
| name = Bangalore Queer Film Festival
| image = Bengaluru Pride 2009 (15).jpg
| caption =
| founded = 2008
| number =
| location = [[Bangalore]], India
| language = International
| website = [https://www.bqff.in/ Bangalore Queer Film Festival]
}}
The '''Bangalore Queer Film Festival''' is an annual [[LGBT]] event that has been held in Bangalore, India since the year 2008. The event carefully selects queer films from all over the world and brings them to an ever-growing Bangalore audience.<ref name="BQFF">{{cite web|title=BQFF Website and Information|url=http://blrqueerfilmfest.com/who-we-are/|accessdate=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731134820/http://blrqueerfilmfest.com/who-we-are/|archive-date=31 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Background==
BQFF came into existence in the year 2008 and the very first one was hosted by Pedestrian Pictures, [[Good As You|Swabhava]], [[Sangama (human rights group)]] and [[Good As You]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-26 |title=The Bangalore Queer Film Festival turns 10 |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/the-bangalore-queer-film-festival-turns-10-111641448033682.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

Since its inception, it has become an entrenched part of the cultural landscape of Bangalore. The festival serves as a space for [[LGBT]] (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) concerns to be voiced through the medium of moving image. BQFF focuses on both straightforward LGBT films and wildly queer and radical films.<ref name="BQFF" />

==BQFF 2014==
The BQFF is a go-to festival for South India’s cinema lovers and has seen thousands of viewers during past screenings. It also hosts filmmakers and producers from around the world and provides opportunities for new collaborations in cinema. The Bangalore Queer Film Festival (BQFF) held its 6th edition in February 2014. It celebrated cinema on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, hijra, intersex (LGBT) and other sexual and gender minorities in India. As one of the more popular queer film festivals in India, BQFF showcased over 50 international films, a photo exhibition, panel discussions on important issues and cultural performances. The festival was held over 3 days at the Alliance Française de Bangalore, Vasanthnagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangalore.afindia.org/events/the-bangalore-queer-film-festival/|title=The Bangalore Queer Film Festival|author=Alliance Française Bangalore|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref>
The festival in 2014 was spread over three days, and was the biggest ever with 91 films from 24 countries that were screened. There was music, dance and poetry recitation in the evening, drawing not only for members of the LGBT community but also their allies in the IT city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bangalore-supreme-court-verdict-on-gay-sex-haunts-queer-film-festival-490279|title=Bangalore: Supreme Court verdict on gay sex haunts queer film festival|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref>

===BQFF 2014 Film Screenings===
The Film screenings happened across three days during 28 February and 1–2 March 2014. Below is a list of the films that were screened.<ref>{{cite web|title=BQFF Schedule|url=http://blrqueerfilmfest.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Day-1_AUD_WEB3.jpg|website=blrqueerfilmfest.com|accessdate=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729013350/http://blrqueerfilmfest.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Day-1_AUD_WEB3.jpg|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;28 February 2014 : Day1.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Country !! Timing
|-
| Margaritas || [[Serbia]] || 09:30 am
|-
| Telling Tales || [[South Africa]] || 09:46 am
|-
| Breaking out of the Box || South Africa ||
|-
| Damned If You Don't || [[US]] ||
|-
| Chaleur Humaine (Human Warmth) || [[Belgium]] ||
|-
| Beyond Binary || [[India]] ||
|-
| Partir (Leaving) || [[Portugal]] ||
|-
| Blush || [[France]] ||
|-
| Muro (Wall) || [[Spain]] ||
|-
| You are my Brother || India ||
|-
| Rue Curiol (Curiol Street) || France ||
|-
| Angel || France/Eucador ||
|-
| Aan Poovu (Male Flower) || India ||
|-
| Bioscope || India ||
|-
| Waiting in wilderness || India ||
|-
|Milk & Vodka || [[Australia]] ||
|-
|La Santa(The Blessed) || [[Chile]] ||
|-
|Knighthood || [[Taiwan]] ||
|-
|The Kiss || [[Poland]] ||
|-
|Mia || [[Argentina]] ||
|-
|Joaquin La Habana: Living between worlds || Germany ||
|-
|The Brave Unseen || South Africa ||
|-
|Somagwaza || South Africa ||
|-
|Acceptance || India ||
|-
|Rotula (Label) || Brazil ||
|-
|Rainbow Popcorn || Taiwan ||
|-
|One Zero One: The Story of Cybersissy and Babyjane || Germany ||
|-
|[[Edie & Thea: A Very Long Engagement]] || US ||
|-
|Kuch Palon Mein(In some moments) || India ||
|-
|Irene || Brazil ||
|-
|Aquaporko! || Australia ||
|-
|Her name is Sowmya || India ||
|-
|}

; 1 March 2014 : Day2
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Country !! Timing
|-
|Camp Beaverton: Meet the Beavers || US || 09:30 am
|-
|The Beginning || Russia || 10:30 am
|-
|Feel Lost || Spain ||
|-
|Morning || France ||
|-
|Kuch Palon Mein(In some moments) || India ||
|-
|Boy || Denmark ||
|-
|Transgressions || India ||
|-
|Accsex || India ||
|-
|Mumbai Police || India ||
|-
|Nubes Flotantes(Wandering Clouds) || USA/Mexico ||
|-
|Brother and Sister || US ||
|-
|Pas || US ||
|-
|Frangipani || Sri Lanka ||
|-
|In Berlin we die alone || Germany/Romania ||
|-
|Still Black: A portrait of black Transmen || US ||
|-
|The Invisible Men || Israel/The Netherlands ||
|-
|Paper Flowers || India ||
|-
|EDSAXXX || Philippines ||
|-
|Chuppan Chupai (Hide and Seek) || Denmark/Pakistan ||
|-
|Audre Lorde: The Berlin Years(1984-1992) || Germany ||
|-
|Damned If You Don't || US ||
|-
|Joie! || Canada ||
|-
|And You Thought You Knew Me || India ||
|-
|Disrupted || Spain ||
|-
|Rotulo(Label) || Brazil ||
|-
|Acceptance || India ||
|-
|Aquaporko! || Australia ||
|-
|Rainbows Are Real || India ||
|-
|Bruno & Earlene Go to Vegas || US ||
|-
| ... Ebang Bewarish ("...{{nbsp}}and the unclaimed") || India ||
|-
|Just Two Steps Away || India ||
|-
|The Falceto Jazz Club || Australia ||
|-
|PR - Public Relations || India ||
|-
|Scaffolding || Spain ||
|-
|Irene || Brazil ||
|-
|The Egg || Australia ||
|-
|Cannibales(Cannibals) || Spain ||
|-
|I've Only Just Begun || Finland ||
|-
|The Language Of Love || Australia ||
|-
|Mecs Meufs (Guys Girls) || France ||
|-
|Ink Deep || France ||
|-
|Out In East Berlin || Germany ||
|-
|Miniatures || Spain ||
|-
|Angel || France/Ecuador ||
|-
|Kusum || India ||
|-
|Meghadhanushya: The Colour Of Life || India ||
|-
|Rules Of The Road || US ||
|-
|Verona || Brazil ||
|-
|The Invisible Men || Israel/The Netherlands ||
|-
|Partil(Leaving) || Portugal ||
|-
|Change Over Time || [[US]] ||
|-
|Chaleur Humaine (Human Warmth) || [[Belgium]] ||
|-
|Mondo Sopra La Testa (The World Above Head) || [[Italy]] ||
|-
|Knightwood || [[Taiwan]] ||
|-
|The Kiss || Poland ||
|-
|XXY || Argentina ||
|-
|Grace || Israel ||
|-
|Still Black: A portrait of Black Transmen || US ||
|-
|}

== BQFF 2016 ==
The 2016 edition of the Bengaluru Queer Film Festival was organised from 26 to 28 February. Over the course of these three days, films included:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blrqueerfilmfest.com/schedule-2016/|title=Schedule 2016|website=The Bangalore Queer Film Festival|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Film title
!Country
|-
|In Black and White
|Canada
|-
|Ten Cents a Dance: Parallax
|Canada
|-
|Kipling Meets the Cowboys
|Canada
|}

==See also==
*[[List of LGBT film festivals]]

==External Links on Past Events==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/313931/three-day-queer-film-festival.html 2013 Deccan Herald News]
* [http://www.fullstopindia.com/bangalore-queer-film-festival-returns-february-24 2012 BQFF News]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231158/http://www.tehelka.com/bright-lights-pink-cinema/ 2010 Tehelka Article]
* [http://whaq.blogspot.in/2013/09/the-bangalore-queer-film-festival-2014.html WHaQ Blog]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}
{{Asia topic|LGBT rights in}}

[[Category:LGBTQ film festivals in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2008]]

Salem Desabhimani

2025-10-12T22:37:39Z

Trena17I0666860: Made first stub more to come

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Salem Desabhimani
| logo =
| caption =
| image =
| type =
| format =
| founded = 1878
| ceased_publication =
| owners =
| publisher =
| editor =
| editor-in-chief =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| political_position =
| circulation =
| headquarters = [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| sister_newspapers =
| oclc =
| ISSN =
| website =
}}
'''''Salem Desabhimani''''' was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] newspaper. It was established in 1880 and was amongst the first Tamil newspapers.<ref name="Muthiah 2017 g242">{{cite web | last=Muthiah | first=S. | title=The first Tamil newspapers | website=The Hindu | date=25 Sep 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/first-newspapers-of-tamil-nadu/article19751056.ece | access-date=12 Oct 2023}}</ref><ref name="Natesan 1977 p. ">{{cite book | last=Natesan | first=G.A. | title=The Indian Review | publisher=G.A. Natesan & Company | issue=v. 73 | year=1977 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YR22AAAAIAAJ | access-date=12 Oct 2023 | page=62}}</ref><ref name="Muthiah 1989 p. ">{{cite book | last=Muthiah | first=S. | title=Tales of Old and New Madras: The Dalliance of Miss Mansell and 34 Other Stories of 350 Years | publisher=Affiliated East-West Press | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-85336-25-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WtuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=12 Oct 2023 | page=163}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Newspapers established in 1878]]
[[Category:Publications with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:1878 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Sujata Manohar

2025-09-20T13:38:49Z

Trena17I0666860: brief expanded details per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1934)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sujata V. Manohar
| image = Sujata V Manohar.jpg
| caption =
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| termstart = 8 November 1994
| termend = 27 August 1999
| office2 = Chief Justice of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| termstart2 = 21 April 1994
| termend2 = 7 November 1994
| office3 = Chief Justice of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start3 = 15 January 1994
| term_end3 = 20 April 1994
| office4 = Judge of the Bombay High Court
| term_start4 = 23 January 1978
| term_end4 = 14 April 1994
| education = B.A. (Oxon.), [[Barrister-at-Law]]
| alma_mater = [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| parents = [[Kantilal Thakoredas Desai|K. T. Desai]] (father)
| website = {{URL|http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/88_svmanohar.htm|Supreme Court of India}}
}}

'''Sujata Vasant Manohar''' (born 28 August 1934) is a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and a former member of the [[National Human Rights Commission (India)|National Human Rights Commission]] of India.<ref>[http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/88_svmanohar.htm Website - Supreme Court of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728172725/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/88_svmanohar.htm |date=28 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTI3JnBhZ2Vubz0z|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021957/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTI3JnBhZ2Vubz0z|title=Official Website of High Court of Bombay|archivedate=5 July 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/Tutors/Lecturers-(1)/Profiles/Mrs-Justice-Sujata-Manohar.aspx Website - LMH]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GNLU |url=https://www.gnlu.ac.in/supreme-court-judges.php/InvalidRequest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222106/https://www.gnlu.ac.in/supreme-court-judges.php/InvalidRequest |archive-date=2018-09-09 |website=www.gnlu.ac.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Manohar was born into a family with a strong legal background - her father [[Kantilal Thakoredas Desai]] would later become the second chief justice of the [[Gujarat High Court]]. She graduated from [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay]], and then went to [[Lady Margaret Hall]], [[Oxford]] where she read [[Philosophy, Politics and Economics]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Career==
After Oxford, she was called to the Bar at [[Lincoln's Inn]], having simultaneously passed all papers in Parts 1 & 2 of the Bar Exam. She returned to India where she began practice in 1958 on the original side of the [[Bombay High Court]]. She dealt primarily with commercial matters, but also took many family law cases under legal aid schemes. This was before India had a formal state legal aid programme, so she voluntarily associated herself with over 30 non-governmental organisations.<ref name="auto"/>

After around 20 years of practice, which included a substantial amount of public interest and pro-bono work, she was appointed a judge of the High Court of Bombay in 1978, the first woman judge of that court. In January, 1994, she was appointed chief justice of the High Court of Bombay, the first woman to hold that post. In April, 1994, she was transferred as the chief justice of the [[Kerala High Court]], again the first woman to hold that post. At the end of 1994 (November), after 16 years as a High Court judge, she was appointed a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and later retired in 1999.<ref name="auto"/>

As a judge, she took a strongly independent stance, defending the rule of law against political and public pressures. In one case, she was called upon to decide on the constitutionality of one aspect of India's affirmative action programme. The government of the day proposed to require Universities to implement a system of quotas for admission to research degrees. This meant that available places would be parcelled out to students based on their caste and religion, not just on their merit. Justice Manohar ruled this unconstitutional, despite a strong backlash from certain interest groups, who, in a show of public umbrage, burnt her effigy.<ref name="auto"/>

After her retirement, she was appointed to the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]]. She is an honorary fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and an honorary bencher of Lincoln's Inn, London. She is also a patron of the [[Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal]].<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manohar, Sujata}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]

J. D.–Jerry

2025-09-12T00:06:09Z

Trena17I0666860: started data

{{Short description|Indian filmmaking duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. D.–Jerry
| image = Joseph D'Samy (JD) and Jerald Arockiam (JERY).jpg
| caption = J. D. (left) and Jerry (right)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = '''Joseph D. Sami''' {{birth date and age|1964|7|31}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=643 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031151230/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=643 |title=Joseph D Sami alias JD |archive-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=Tamilnadu Film Director's Association (TANTIS)}}</ref> '''Jerald Arockiam''' {{birth date and age|1964|6|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=638 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031113505/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=638 |title=Jerald alias Jerry |archive-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=Tamilnadu Film Director's Association (TANTIS)}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Filmmakers
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website = {{URL|jdjery.com}}
}}
'''Joseph D. Sami''' and '''Jerald Arockiam''', collectively known as '''J. D.–Jerry''', are an Indian filmmaking duo, who work predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/jul/05ulla.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000608011800/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/jul/05ulla.htm |archive-date = 8 June 2000 |url-status=live |title=AB's babies |website=Rediff On The Net}}</ref>

== Career ==
Their first film as directors was ''[[Ullaasam]]'' (1997), a romantic action movie, which had [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead roles and produced by [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name="U">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=9 June 1997 |title=A love story for the young crowd |pages=Arts 4 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XC1PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eiEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4183%2C1219434 |access-date=24 August 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The duo made an animation feature film ''[[Pandavas: The Five Warriors]]'' (2000). The movie adapted from [[Mahabharata]], an Indian epic and went on to claim the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> They have directed their next movie ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' (2003), was their next directorial in the horror genre with a cast of then new faces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=4 July 2003 |title=Whistle |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401120200.htm |url-status=usurped |accessdate=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109170000/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401120200.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>

They have directed television serials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/may-06-03/19-05-06-jd-jerry.html|title=JD-Jerry, the duo's script for an English movie!|date=19 May 2006|work=BehindWoods|accessdate=14 May 2010}}</ref> The duo subsequently next worked as assistant directors to [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] in ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007), helping with story discussion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/jdjerry-in-shankars-team-tamil-news-17588|title=JDJerry in Shankars team|publisher=|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231105745/http://www.indiaglitz.com/jdjerry-in-shankars-team-tamil-news-17588|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Their latest movie ''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'' (2022), is a science fiction action film.<ref name="L">{{cite web|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/28/the-legend-movie-review-saravananvanity-project-is-more-a-vibe-than-a-film-harris-jayaraj-jd-jerry-33147.html|title= The Legend Movie Review: Saravanan's vanity project is more a vibe than a film|website= [[Cinema Express]]|access-date= 28 July 2022|archive-date= 28 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220728151515/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/28/the-legend-movie-review-saravananvanity-project-is-more-a-vibe-than-a-film-harris-jayaraj-jd-jerry-33147.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ List of J. D.–Jerry directorial credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ullaasam]]'' || {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ta:உல்லாசமாக வலம் வந்த அஜித் - விக்ரம் பட ஸ்டில்! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/after-22-years-ajith-vikram-photos-viral/articleshow/68645327.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108144954/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/after-22-years-ajith-vikram-photos-viral/articleshow/68645327.cms |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Pandavas: The Five Warriors]]'' || {{partial|Creative}} || rowspan="2"|credited as J.D.–Jery<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=29 December 2000 |title=Film Review: Pandavas-The Five Warriors |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/09290223.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910062958/http://hindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/09290223.htm |archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || {{yes}}
|-
| 2022 || ''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'' || {{yes}}
|<ref name="L"/>
|}

;As actor
*''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013) (Jerry only)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|11226131|J. D.}}
*{{IMDb name|1504071|Jerry}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:J. D. - Jerry}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maharajan

2025-09-11T15:58:26Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{wiktionary|mahārājan}}
'''Maharajan''' may refer to:
* [[Maharaja]], an Indian royal title
* Maharajan, also known as {{ill|MHRJ|ja}}, a Japanese singer-songwriter.
* [[A. Maharajan]], an Indian politician
* [[N. Maharajan]], an Indian film director
* [[T. L. Maharajan]], a Tamil-language Indian musician

== See also ==
* {{In title}}
* [[Maharaja (disambiguation)]]

{{dab|surname}}

Donald Campbell Johnstone

2025-07-19T06:56:55Z

Trena17I0666860:

{{short description|British Indian Judge}}'''Sir Donald Campbell Johnstone''' (1857 – 1920) was a British Indian judge and former [[Chief Justice of Lahore High Court|Chief Justice of Lahore]] and [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].

==Career==
Sir Campbell Johnstone was the second son of Major General Sir Henry Campbell Johnstone, a former Bengal Army officer. He passed from [[Edinburgh Academy]] in 1877 and joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1879.<ref name=":0" />

He came to [[British India]] on 10 November 1879 and served as Assistant Commissioner in [[Punjab]]. He also worked as Assistant Collector in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], junior and senior Financial Secretary of Punjab in between 1887 and 1891. In December 1891, Johnstone was appointed as District Judge of Punjab and became Divisional judge in 1895.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Office|first=Great Britain India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&q=Donald+Campbell+Johnstone+judge&pg=RA1-PA534|title=The India List and India Office List|date=1819|publisher=Harrison.|language=en}}</ref>

Johnstone was appointed as Puisne judge in 1905 and became the Chief Justice of Punjab High Court in 1915. He also served the chief justice of [[Lahore High Court]] till 19017.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHIvAQAAMAAJ&q=Donald+Campbell+Johnstone+judge&pg=PA236|title=The Law Times|date=1815|publisher=Office of The Law times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Walford|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuHIDwAAQBAJ&q=Donald+Campbell+Johnstone+judge&pg=PA732|title=The county families of the United Kingdom; or, Royal manual of the titled and untitled aristocracy of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland|date=1860-01-01|publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{UK-judge-stub}}

{{Chief Justices of Lahore High Court}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnstone, Donald Campbell}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Lahore High Court]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]

Vakilan Wala

2025-06-28T01:22:32Z

Trena17I0666860: Made new data w/ infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vakilan Wala
|
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
|
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Vakilan Wala, Teh. Zira, Ferozepur, Punjab
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ferozepur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1955

| founder =
| named_for = M.O.D
| government_type = State Government
| governing_body = Government of India
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =

| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 142047
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01666
| registration_plate = PB 47
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|PB-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Vakilan Wala''' is the northernmost village of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] situated near [[Zira, Punjab|Zira City, Punjab]], and the international border of India and Pakistan. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Ferozepur District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/homefront.html |title=Welcome to the official website of District Ferozepur, Punjab, India. |website=ferozepur.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629005434/http://www.ferozepur.nic.in/html/homefront.html |archive-date=2015-06-29}}</ref>

==Religion==
Most people practice the Hindu and Sikh religions. People worship folk gods such as Ramdevji and Gogaji. Many have faith in Pirs and Saints and they visit their ''{{Transliteration|pa|khanghahs}}'' (shrines). Some practise Islam. Some follow Dera-culture, such as Sachcha-Sauda, Radha-Soami and Nirankari deras.

==Location and area==
Vakilan Wala
Ferozepur District is located between Latitude 31.0 to 31.2 and Longitude 72.2 to 75.3<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/homefront.html |title=Welcome to the official website of District Ferozepur, Punjab, India. |website=ferozepur.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629005434/http://www.ferozepur.nic.in/html/homefront.html |archive-date=2015-06-29}}</ref> The total area of Vakilan Wala is 11,154.66 km2 or 1,115,466 hectares. It is surrounded on the east by [[Zira, Punjab|Zira]], (Zira City was carved out of it on 12 July 1994) on the south by [[Moga district]], and on the west by [[Talwandi Bhai]] district of the [[Pakistani Punjab]] and on the north by the [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]].

===By Air===
Nearest airports are Amritsar which is approachable by road 81.9 km, by rail 360 km, Jaipur, Delhi, Chandigarh.

* The Ferozepur city is well connected with major cities through both rail and road transport
* A metro rail project is also likely to be initiated in the near future.

Vakilan Wala is well connected by railways to [[Delhi]] 424, [[Rewari]] 427, [[Kalka]] 397, [[Howrah]] 1980, [[Bathinda]] 127, [[Haridwar]] 485, [[Nanded]] 1963, [[Firozpur]] 184 [[Suratgarh]] 60 km etc.
Track between Ferozepur and [[Bathinda]] 106 km is being converted into broad gauge. This work is completed in March 2013.

===By Road===
National Highway No-54 is running from Sirsa to Amritsar, which is well linked with all the major areas of Bathinda. Many roadways and private buses are frequently available to major cities of north India like [[Bathinda]] 431 km, [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] 501 km, [[Talwandi Bhai]], [[Dabwali]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].
It is well connected to Delhi 1472 km by road.

==Climate==
The climate of Vakilan Wala varies to extreme limits. Summer temperature reaches 50 °C and winter temperature dips just around 0 °C.<ref>{{cite web| title=Temperature Regimes| publisher=Water Resource Department – Government of Punjab| access-date = 2008-12-06| url = http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/homefront.html}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is only {{Convert|200|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/homefront.html INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPT]</ref> Average maximum temperature in summer is 41.2 °C and average minimum temperature in winter is 6 °C.

==Education==

The village has been a center of learning since its early ages. This city has a large proportion of land which is dedicated to educational institutes. Notable educational institutions from the city include:
*Govt. Sen. Sec. School
*Govt. Primary School

==Languages==
The main languages in the area are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] a dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi]] as well. Majority of people in the district speaks [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are official languages.<ref>16 May The Times of India</ref>
The Punjabi language, as an optional subject, is taught in schools and colleges of the city. Punjabi music is very popular in the Sri Ganganagar. The impact of the [[Saraiki dialect|Saraiki]] dialect can be observed in Arora, Raisikhs and Saraiki Muslim communities. Now this dialect, Saraiki is losing ground in the northern part of the district.

==Culture==
[[File:Rural kutcha village.jpg|thumb|alt=Rural kutcha village|Rural kutcha homes with folk art can be seen in some remote villages, but this art is losing ground.]] Punjabi and Haryana cultures dominate the district.
[[File:Ganganagar rural camel cart.jpg|thumb|alt=Camel cart|Such scenes are common in some southern villages.]]
The embroidered [[Dupatta]] (mostly red in colour) is a symbol of Bagri women. A long shirt and {{Transliteration|hi|ghaghro}} (long frock type clothes) and borlo (a head ornament) is the traditional dress of Bagri women.

Punjabi women wear a suit and salwar with chunni (cloth on head). This attire has also become popular with women of other communities. Some women of the Hindu and Muslim Seraiki people still wear {{Transliteration|hi|ghaggra}} (long frock).

Traditional Sikh and Punjabi devotional music is popular. Bollywood songs are listened to with same enthusiasm as in other northern Indian regions.

==Tehsils and other towns==
[[File:Tehsils of distt. Ganganagar.jpg|thumb|alt=9 Tehsils of distt. Ferozepur |Map showing nine tehsils of Ferozpur District, click this image for large map.]]

===Zira tehsil===
# [[Zira, Punjab|Zira]]

===Other major towns in villages===
*Panchayat Bhawan
*Ramdev Mandir
*Guruduwara Sahib

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

{{Firozpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozpur district]]