Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

2025 Arunachal League

2026-05-06T04:33:51Z

Trainscafe: Started new page

{{Infobox football league season
| image =
| caption =
| competition = [[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025]]
| dates = 4 October – 8 November
| num_teams = 10
| winners = [[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]] (1st title)
| matches = 49
| total goals = 173
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = 2020
| nextseason =
| updated =
}}

The '''2025 Arunachal League''', also known as '''2025 Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League (INAL)''', was the third season of the [[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]], the top [[Indian State Leagues|state]] division of [[Association football|football]] in the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunachal League|url=https://theawayend.co/arunachal-league/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=The Away End|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League|url=https://inal.in/|access-date=2025-10-10|website=INAL}}</ref> The league is organised by the [[Arunachal Pradesh Football Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APFA grants rights to SYDSAP to conduct Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/06/29/apfa-grants-rights-to-sydsap-to-conduct-indrajit-namchoom-arunachal-league/|date=29 June 2025}}</ref>

==Clubs==
{{Location map+|India Arunachal Pradesh|places=
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.1 |long=93.63 |label_size=90 |label=[[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=28.4 |long=95.9 |label_size=90 |label=[[Dibang United FC|Dibang United]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.35 |long=93.045556 |label_size=90 |label=[[Kameng United FC|Kameng United]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.6 |long=91.85 |label_size=90 |label=[[Monyul FC|Monyul]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.66894 |long=95.87135 |label_size=90 |label=[[Namsai FC|Namsai]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.3 |long=96.1 |label_size=90 |label=[[Patkai United FC|Patkai United]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=28.6 |long=94.9 |label_size=90 |label=[[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.9 |long=93.9 |label_size=90 |label=[[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.916667 |long=93.35 |label_size=90 |label=[[United Kurung FC|United Kurung]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Arunachal Pradesh |lat=27.6 |long=94.5 |label_size=90 |label=[[FC Xiga United|Xiga United]] |position=right}}
|width=500|caption=Locations of Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League clubs}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+INAL participants
! Team !! Regions
|-
| [[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]] || [[Itanagar|Itanagar Capital Complex]], [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
|-
| [[Dibang United FC|Dibang United]]|| [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]], [[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dibang Valley]]
|-
| [[Kameng United FC|Kameng United]]|| [[East Kameng district|East Kameng]], [[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang]]
|-
| [[Monyul FC|Monyul]]|| [[Bichom district|Bichom]], [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]], [[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|-
| [[Namsai FC|Namsai]]|| [[Namsai district|Namsai]], [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]], [[Lohit district|Lohit]]
|-
| [[Patkai United FC|Patkai United]]|| [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Longding district|Longding]], [[Changlang district|Changlang]]
|-
| [[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]]|| [[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]], [[Siang district|Siang]], [[East Siang district|East Siang]], [[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
|-
| [[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]|| [[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]], [[Kamle district|Kamle]], [[Keyi Panyor district|Keyi Panyor]], [[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]]
|-
| [[United Kurung FC|United Kurung]]|| [[Kurung Kumey district|Kurung Kumey]], [[Kra Daadi district|Kra Daadi]]
|-
| [[FC Xiga United|Xiga United]]|| [[West Siang district|West Siang]], [[Lepa Rada district|Lepa Rada]], [[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]]
|}

== League table ==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source = [https://inal.in/ Arunachal League]
|update = complete
|show_groups=no


|team_order=CCF, SWF, FXU, SUF, MFC, NFC, PUF, UKF, KUF, DUF


|win_CCF=8 |draw_CCF=0 |loss_CCF=1 |gf_CCF=34 |ga_CCF=11 |status_CCF= 
|win_DUF=0 |draw_DUF=1 |loss_DUF=8 |gf_DUF=8 |ga_DUF=25 |status_DUF= 
|win_KUF=2 |draw_KUF=1 |loss_KUF=6 |gf_KUF=7 |ga_KUF=22 |status_KUF= 
|win_MFC=4 |draw_MFC=2 |loss_MFC=3 |gf_MFC=19 |ga_MFC=16 |status_MFC= 
|win_NFC=4 |draw_NFC=2 |loss_NFC=3 |gf_NFC=13 |ga_NFC=11 |status_NFC= 
|win_PUF=3 |draw_PUF=1 |loss_PUF=5 |gf_PUF=11 |ga_PUF=17 |status_PUF= 
|win_SWF=6 |draw_SWF=1 |loss_SWF=2 |gf_SWF=16 |ga_SWF=14 |status_SWF= 
|win_SUF=5 |draw_SUF=1 |loss_SUF=3 |gf_SUF=13 |ga_SUF=6 |status_SUF= 
|win_UKF=3 |draw_UKF=0 |loss_UKF=6 |gf_UKF=13 |ga_UKF=23 |status_UKF= 
|win_FXU=5 |draw_FXU=1 |loss_FXU=3 |gf_FXU=23 |ga_FXU=12 |status_FXU= 


|result1=M1 |result2=M1 |result3=M2 |result4=M2


|name_CCF=[[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]]
|name_DUF=[[Dibang United FC|Dibang United]]
|name_KUF=[[Kameng United FC|Kameng United]]
|name_MFC=[[Monyul FC|Monyul]]
|name_NFC=[[Namsai FC|Namsai]]
|name_PUF=[[Patkai United FC|Patkai United]]
|name_SWF=[[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]]
|name_SUF=[[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]
|name_UKF=[[United Kurung FC|United Kurung]]
|name_FXU=[[FC Xiga United|Xiga United]]


|status_text_W= Nagaland Super League Cup winners


|show_limit=5


|res_col_header=Q
|col_M1=green1 |text_M1=Advanced to [[#Playoffs|Qualifier 1]]
|col_M2=yellow1 |text_M2=Advanced to [[#Playoffs|Eliminator]]
}}</onlyinclude>

== Playoffs ==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>
{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 150px

| RD1 = Qualifier 1
| RD1-text1 = 2 November 2025
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = [[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]]
| RD1-score2 = 1

| RD1b = Eliminator
| RD1b-text1 = 3 November 2025
| RD1b-seed1 = 3
| RD1b-team1 = [[FC Xiga United|Xiga United]]
| RD1b-score1 = 1 (1)
| RD1b-seed2 = '''4'''
| RD1b-team2 = '''[[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]''' {{pso}}
| RD1b-score2 = '''1 (3)'''

| RD2 = Qualifier 2
| RD2-text1 = 5 November 2025
| RD2-seed1 = 2
| RD2-team1 = [[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]]
| RD2-score1 =3 (5)
| RD2-seed2 = '''4'''
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]''' {{pso}}
| RD2-score2 ='''3 (6)'''

| RD3 = Final
| RD3-text1 = 8 November 2025
| RD3-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''3'''
| RD3-seed2 = 4
| RD3-team2 =[[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]
| RD3-score2 = 0
}}</onlyinclude>

===Qualifier 1===
{{football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|02|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://sense-cast.stepoutplay.com/match-center/Pz3Lw8Yq2N/6963
| team2 = [[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]]
| goals1 =
*Rahul Goju Singpho {{goal|45}}
*Dorjee Tsewang {{goal|66}}
| goals2 =
*Mebanlamlynti Masharing {{goal|22}}
| location = [[Yupia]]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
}}

===Eliminator===
{{football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Xiga United|Xiga United]]
| score = 2–2 {{aet}}
| report = https://sense-cast.stepoutplay.com/match-center/Pz3Lw8Yq2N/6964
| team2 = [[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]
| goals1 =
*[[Alfred Lalroutsang]] {{goal|35}}
*Pungte Lapunge {{goal|55}}
| goals2 =
*[[Jerry Pulamte]] {{goal|73}}
*Millo Taring {{goal|101}}
| penaltyscore = 1–3
| location = [[Yupia]]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
}}

===Qualifier 2===
{{football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|05|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Siang Warriors FC|Siang Warriors]]
| score = 3–3 {{aet}}
| report = https://sense-cast.stepoutplay.com/match-center/Pz3Lw8Yq2N/7008
| team2 = [[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]
| goals1 =
*Mebanlamynti Masharing {{goal|70}}
*Lentem Panyang {{goal|78}}
*Kangkinam Tari {{goal|116}}
| goals2 =
*[[Jerry Pulamte]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Sushil Meitei|Sushil Meitei Ahongshangbam]] {{goal|54}}
*[[Pritamkumar Singh Soraisam]] {{goal|105}}
| location = [[Yupia]]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
| penaltyscore = 5–6
| penalties1 = *Mebanlamynti Masharing {{pengoal}}
*Joseph Yorpen {{pengoal}}
*Suraj Gurung {{pengoal}}
*Ronash Pait {{penmiss}}
*Kangkinam Tari {{pengoal}}
*Denzil Kharshandi {{pengoal}}
*Sonju Bori {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 = *{{pengoal}} Tania Raji
*{{pengoal}} Kon Tolu
*{{penmiss}} Kago Duyu
*{{pengoal}} Millo Taring
*{{pengoal}} Tagru Tajom
*{{pengoal}} Manjit Sharma Kongbrailatpam
*{{pengoal}} Kishan Singh Loitongbam
}}

===Final===
{{football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|08|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Capital Complex FC|Capital Complex]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://sense-cast.stepoutplay.com/match-center/Pz3Lw8Yq2N/7006
| team2 = [[Subansiri United FC|Subansiri United]]
| goals1 =
*Dorjee Tsewang {{goal|53}}
*Vivek Gurung {{goal|63}}
*Akash Kino {{goal|66}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Yupia]]
| stadium = [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee = Sangam Kayang
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Arunachal League]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Sanvordekar Wada

2026-05-05T19:56:13Z

Trainscafe: made a post

{{Short description|Heritage house in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Sanvordekar Wada
| image = Front of the Sanvordekar Wada.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Front of the Sanvordekar Wada
| coordinates = {{coord|15.268546|74.108177|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| architectural_style =
| address = [[Sanvordem]], [[Sanguem taluka]], Goa, India
| years_built =
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| opened_date =
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| relocated_date =
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| closing_date =
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| owner =
| height =
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}}

'''Sanvordekar Wada''' is a joint‑family mansion in [[Sanvordem]], [[Sanguem taluka]], [[Goa]], described as a "house of solidarity and spiritual unions" housing over 300 members of the Sanvordekar family.<ref name="PanditHouses22">{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=Heta |author-link=Heta Pandit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAz1zwEACAAJ |title=Stories from Goan Houses |date=2022 |publisher=Heritage Network |isbn=978-93-5680-443-2 |location=Goa |pages=128–137 |chapter=Sanvordekar Wada, Sanvorde}}</ref>

==History==
The Sanvordekar family is originally from Codli village near Mollem, though family members note this oral tradition has not been verified. The land for the house was reportedly granted by the Sawants, the [[Maratha rulers]] and the [[Soundekar Raja]]. The family was also known as "Codlikar Nadkarni Shenvi Sanvordekar".<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

The family originates from Vithoji Sardar, with members identifying as the ninth generation from his lineage. The men of the family were known for their "fighting abilities and their fearlessness". Vithoji Sardar was reportedly a soldier in the [[Kadamba dynasty]].<ref name="ToIColacoShantadurga14"/> A prominent family legend states that when dacoits (also identified as the Ranes) attempted to loot the house, they saw a "female figure, long open hair, beautifully dressed complete with nine-yard sari" and gold ornaments on the second step. Believing this to be a vision of their Goddess Shree Shantadurga (a local form of [[Durga]]), the looters were terrified and fled without stealing anything. Till date, in commemoration, family members and even visitors skip the second step while climbing the stairs to enter the house.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/><ref name="ToIColacoShantadurga14">{{Cite news |last=Colaco |first=Anabelle |date=2014-12-07 |title=Shantadurga on the second step |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/shantadurga-on-the-second-step/articleshow/45399195.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During Portuguese rule, the estate's commonly held properties and finances were administered under the name ''Casa Sociédade de Sanvordekar''. This name is still used for the family's bank accounts.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

==Architecture and layout==
The mansion is arranged around a central courtyard, which unites the over 300 family members, used for ceremonies and gatherings. Surrounding verandahs provide access to various wings. A permanent canopy (''matolli''), which celebrates the biodiversity of the forests, is erected in front of a permanent stage. The canopy displays wild fruits, medicinal plants and vegetation. A raised platform (''sopo'') is designated for ritual performances. Decorative elements include clothes pegs carved with bird motifs and brackets depicting cobras and lotuses. The second step at the main entrance is traditionally kept clear in honour of the family’s protective deity.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

==Family traditions==
[[File:Ganesh Chaturthi at Sanvordekar Wada.jpg|thumb|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]] at Sanvordekar Wada]]
The family has celebrated the nine-day [[Navaratri]] festival dedicated to Durga for what is believed to be 300 years.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/> Branches of the family rotate responsibility for conducting the festival,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |date=2022-10-05 |title=Goa: In Sanguem, a family that worships its women folk during Navratri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-in-sanguem-a-family-that-worships-its-women-folk-during-navratri/articleshow/94657702.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with each branch taking its turn, with some turns coming every 32, 45, or 48 years. If a branch cannot fulfil its duties, another member assumes the role and bears the cost. During Navratri, a unique ritual is held where the feet of five unmarried girls (''Kanyas'') are washed, and they are honoured symbolically as "living goddesses". Other rituals include the ''Maha Panchamis'' and the ''Sav Pitha Amasya'', which honour the ancestors.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

The mansion also hosts the village’s first Ganesh puja, after which neighbouring households hold their own ceremonies. The Sadashiv clan is responsible for the swimmers and the immersion of the Ganesh idol, while the Minba clan oversees the artistic aspects of the celebration. The idol is described as "modestly small" but is taken to the river with musical accompaniment, such as the ''ghumot''.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/> The family notably comes together for [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Ganesh Chaturthi, Every Year, Family Reunites at 288-year-old Home in Goa |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/at-ganesh-chaturthi-every-year-family-reunited-at-288-year-old-home-in-goa-5865655.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Ganesh Chaturthi Is Time For Family Reunion In Goa |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ganesh-chaturthi-is-time-for-family-reunion-in-goa-news-220079 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Women who marry into the family are noted as being supported and nurtured by the joint family structure. They continue to attend Wada events, and their children may enroll in the family’s former school. In the past, the family operated its own school, ensuring a high standard of education, and would even host the children of daughters who had married and moved to areas without proper schools. Family members have pursued careers as doctors, lawyers, architects, engineers, historians, archaeologists, artists, hoteliers, airline pilots, and army and navy personnel. Alumni include Wing Commander Vishwanath Sanvordekar in the [[Indian Air Force]] and Professor J. V. Naik, former Head of the History Department at the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

The mansion offers hospitality throughout the year, serving traditional snacks, which were historically sent as "care packages" to family members living away, such as in Baroda. These include ''dhokla'', ''fafda'', ''jalebi'', ''chevdo'' and ''chakli''. A family cook, known as Pandhari Mama or Pandhari Uncle, was a long-standing tradition. Visitors unable to stay for the full event may take food home, a practice that continues today.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

==Cultural activities==
In previous decades, the Wada hosted theatrical performances, dances and fireworks during festivals such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], with children and young people participating in plays and skits. Family members recall gathering on the front ''balcão'' (balcony) or a large giant rock, and heating bathwater in a huge cauldron. Although some traditional performances have decreased, with some younger members showing less interest post-pandemic, events at the sopo continue to include communal meals and cultural presentations. During festivals, fresh wild fruit, medicinal plants, and vegetation are "auctioned within the family".<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

==Recent events==
In 1986, after a gap of several generations, the first wedding at the mansion in decades took place, attended by around 120–125 guests. Since then, the Wada has regularly served as a venue for family weddings, festivals and other gatherings.<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

While many family members have settled outside Goa or abroad, they continue to return for gatherings. Family members state the "core is not lost" and that the house is preserved through the "active participation" and "involvement of all stakeholders" rather than being maintained as a "museum".<ref name="PanditHouses22"/>

==Depiction in media==
The film was used as a shooting location for the Bollywood film, ''[[Singham Returns]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=250-member family of 288-year-old Goa mansion watches the same film every Ganesh Chaturthi |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/250-member-family-of-a-288-year-old-goa-mansion-watches-the-same-movie-every-ganesh-chaturthi-9112811.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007200028/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/250-member-family-of-a-288-year-old-goa-mansion-watches-the-same-movie-every-ganesh-chaturthi-9112811.html |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> It also features in a Goan telefilm, ''Sutkechi Zuzari''.<ref name="ToIColacoShantadurga14" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

[[Category:Culture of Goa]]
[[Category:Houses in Goa]]

Chebrolu, Eluru district

2026-05-03T23:39:43Z

Trainscafe: started new place

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chebrolu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Unguturu, Eluru district|Unguturu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=Chebrolu Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588346-chebrolu-andhra-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14216
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534 406
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Chebrolu''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[Unguturu, Eluru district|Unguturu]] [[mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]]. The nearest town is Tadepalligudem.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/WestGodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=12 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/WestGodavari.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=11|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}}'s [[Census of India]], Chebrolu village had a population of 14216, 6984 males and 7232 females. The average sex ratio of 1036 is higher than Andhra Pradesh state average of 993. There were 1440 children 0-6, 10.13% of total population of village. The Child Sex Ratio is 917, lower than theAndhra Pradesh average of 939. The literacy rate was 72.52% compared to 67.02% for Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=census />

== Education ==
There are 9 government primary schools, seven private primary schools, five government high schools, five private high schools, two government secondary schools, and two private secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools in Chebrolu - Eluru district of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/andhra-pradesh/west-godavari/school.php?place=Chebrolu |website=study4sure.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Navagraha Surya Mandir, Mangaldham

2026-05-03T14:33:11Z

Trainscafe: Added basic entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Surya Mandir in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Navagraha Surya Mandir|native_name=नवग्रह सूर्य मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Lord Suryanarayana|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|festivals=Chhath Puja|location=Mangaldham, Bajapatti|district=Sitamarhi district|state=Bihar|country={{flag|India}}|designated=Surya Mandir}}
'''Navagraha Surya Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: नवग्रह सूर्य मंदिर) is a ''Surya Mandir'' at the [[Hindus|Hindu]] shrine ''Mangaldham'' in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=लोक आस्थ:बाजपट्टी के प्रखंड मुख्यालय स्थित मंगलाधाम में स्थापित है नवग्रह सूर्य मंदिर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/sitamarhi/news/navagraha-sun-temple-is-established-in-mangaladham-located-in-the-block-headquarters-of-bajpatti-129094689.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> It is located in the town of [[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajapatti]] in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of the [[Bihar]] state in [[India]]. Here there is a statue of [[Surya|Lord Suryanarayana]] having the images of all the nine [[Navagraha|grahas]] (planets) of the Surya family, which are worshiped daily by the priests of the temple. The festival of [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]] is a major festival celebrated in the campus of the temple.<ref>{{Cite news |title=नवग्रह मंदिर में छठ पर्व पर भगवान सूर्य देव की विशेष पूजा-अर्चना की गई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/special-worship-of-lord-surya-dev-was-done-on-chhath-festival-in-navgrah-temple-132876236.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CoronaVirus: कोरोना वायरस से बचने को बिहार के इस मंदिर में भगवान ने भी पहन लिया मास्क - CoronaVirus Effect In Bihar statue of god also wearing mask in sitamarhi temple |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-coronavirus-effect-in-bihar-statue-of-god-also-wearing-mask-in-sitamarhi-temple-20139501.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=प्रखंडों में हर्षोल्लास के साथ मनी छठ - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-chhath-celebrated-with-joy-in-divisions-14999036.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
During the festival of [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]], the temple is decorated richly. A grand ''Maha Arati'' of [[Surya|Lord Surya]] is performed here in the morning during the festival, in which a large number of devotees participate.<ref name=":0" />

In the campus of the temple, apart from the statue of Navagraha Surya, there are statues of Maa Mangala Gauri, [[Bhairava|Kaal Bhairava]], Sankat Mochan, [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]], Ram Janaki, Radha Krishna, Shankar-Parvati, Kartik, [[Ganesha]], Riddhi-Siddhi, Nandi, [[Bharat Mata]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]], [[Saraswati|Mahasaraswati]], ''Panchmukh Gayatri'' and ''Panch Shakti Peeth'' are also installed.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Surya temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Sitamarhi district]]

Palam

2026-05-01T17:56:41Z

Trainscafe: new a entry added tags

{{for2|the Nepalese folk song genre|Palam (folk song)|the assembly constituency|Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|other uses|Paalam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Residential Colony in South West Delhi
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Palam Railway Station
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|21|N|77|5|9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South West Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = DDA
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110045 and 110077
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 11
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = DDA
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Palam''' (phonetically Pālam) is a major residential colony located in [[South West Delhi district|South West district]] of [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]], [[India]]. It is one of 70 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of the [[Delhi National Capital Territory]] in [[North India|northern India]].

==History==
Palam is listed in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under Delhi [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 5,726,787 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 1000 infantry and 70 cavalry.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last1=Jarrett |translator-first1=Henry Sullivan |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=286 |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

Palam is referenced in a sarcastic [[Persian language|Persian]] verse commenting on the weakness of the Mughal Empire in its Late Period: ''Sultanat-e-Shah-e-Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharp|first1=Sir Henry|title=Delhi: its story and buildings|year=1928|publisher=H. Milford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNhKAAAAMAAJ|access-date=6 July 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fanshawe|first1=H. C.|title=Delhi, Past and Present|year=1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120613188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&pg=PA4|access-date=6 July 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The tale of Dhaula Kuan|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/371169/tale-dhaula-kuan.html|access-date=6 July 2016|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> which means "The dominion of Emperor [[Shah Alam II|Shah Alam]] begins from Delhi and ends at Palam." This indicates that Palam existed during the rule of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]].

Palam and surrounding suburbs of Delhi were recaptured by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] forces led by [[Baji Rao I]], in their attempt to take Delhi back from Mughals in 1753.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The anarchy : the relentless rise of the East India company |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-4088-6437-1 |location=London |pages=73 |oclc=1203011999}}</ref>

==Geography==
Palam is situated 20 km southwest of the [[New Delhi]] [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|City Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Distance between Palam and Connaught Place|url=http://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/palam-connaught-place-20da6a33b4ac39b20a80f333f9e98e6a/|website=alldistancebetween.com|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> It is surrounded by [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantt]], [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]] and [[Janakpuri]]. Palam is part of the "Dwarka Sub-Division" of the [[South West Delhi]] District.<ref>{{cite web|title=South West District|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_southwest/South+West+District/Home/District+Administration/|website=www.delhi.gov.in|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
Palam lies in the [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{cite book|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004 |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref> from where [[Ramesh Bidhuri]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] is the [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramesh Bidhuri wins: margin 1.07 lakh votes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ramesh-bidhuri-wins-margin-107-lakh-votes/article6018553.ece|access-date=1 July 2016|work=The Hindu|date=17 May 2014|language=en-IN}}</ref> In [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] [[Kuldeep Solanki]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] is the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]. The entire Palam area consisting of wards Mahavir Enclave (147), Mangla Puri (130), Palam (145), Rajnagar (142) and Sadh Nagar (146) falls in the [[Najafgarh]] zone of the [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South Delhi Municipal Corporation|url=http://mcdonline.gov.in/tri/sdmc_mcdportal/wardlist.php?type=%22%20%22&start=100|website=mcdonline.gov.in|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{See also|Climate of Delhi}}
Palam features an atypical version of the [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''). The warm season lasts from 9 April to 8 July, with an average daily high temperature above {{convert|36|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of {{convert|38|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and low of {{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=weatherspark>{{cite web|title=Average weather for New Delhi, India|url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33934/New-Delhi-India|publisher=weatherspark.com|access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> The cold season lasts from 11 December to 11 February with an average daily high temperature below {{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of {{convert|2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and high of {{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=weatherspark /> In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The [[monsoon]] arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Climate of Delhi|url=http://delhitrip.in/about-delhi/climate-of-delhi|publisher=delhitrip.in|access-date=17 May 2012|archive-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713174210/http://delhitrip.in/about-delhi/climate-of-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.<ref name=Fog>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113001515/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2005 |title=Fog continues to disrupt flights, trains|date=7 January 2005|work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Temperatures in Palam usually range from {{convert|3|to|47|C|F|abbr=on|1}}, with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being {{convert|-2.2| and|48.4|C|F|abbr=on|1}} respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palam records highest temperature of season|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/547324/palam-records-highest-temperature-season.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> The annual mean temperature is {{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}}; monthly mean temperatures range from {{convert|13|to|32|C|F}}. The highest temperature recorded in July was {{convert|45.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in 1987.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mercury-touches-new-high-for-july-met-predicts-rain-relief/969708/| title=Mercury touches new high for July, Met predicts rain relief| date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=weatherbase>
{{cite web|publisher=Canty and Associates LLC | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=28124&refer=&units=metric|title=Weatherbase entry for Delhi|access-date=16 January 2007
}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|714|mm|in|abbr=on}}, most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August.<ref name=ecosurv1>{{cite web |url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Introduction |access-date=21 December 2011 |work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006 |publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |pages=1–7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174155/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016 }}</ref> The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Palam is 29 June.<ref name=hindumonsoon>{{cite news |first= Vinson |last= Kurian |title= Monsoon reaches Delhi two days ahead of schedule |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/28/stories/2005062800830200.htm |publisher= The Hindu Business Line |date= 28 June 2005 |access-date= 9 January 2007 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225909/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/28/stories/2005062800830200.htm |archive-date= 30 September 2007 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}{{Palam weatherbox}}

==Economy==
[[File:Ramchowk Palam View From Sky 1.jpg|thumb|left|Ram Chowk Market]]
Palam's market is quite famous with over 1,000 shops. Many shops are located on the Palam Main Road, Ram Chowk, Syndicate Market, Dada Chhatri Wala Marg, Old Mehrauli Road, 60 ft. road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shere Punjab Dhaba|url=https://www.justdial.com/Delhi/New-Shere-Punjab-Dhaba-Near-Oberoi-Shoe-Shoppee-Palam-Colony/011PXX11-XX11-130911112408-F5W2_BZDET}}</ref>

==Culture==
Palam's culture is diverse and includes many temples, the biggest and oldest of which is Dada Dev Mandir,<ref>About Shri Dada Dev Mandir: https://www.bhaktibharat.com/mandir/dada-dev-mandir</ref> worshiped as the gram devta (village god) of the 12 villages, Palam, Shahbad, [[Bagdola]], Nasirpur, Bindapur, [[Dabri, New Delhi|Dabri]], Asalatpur, Untkala, Matiala, Baprola, Poothkala and Nangalraya. Established in [[Vikram Samvant]] 781 or 838 AD, after a dream made Saints Dada Dev and Jaidev transport a stone north from [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] in [[Rajasthan]], the temple complex is huge and is spread over eight acres. Devotees believe in seeking the blessings of Dada Dev before starting any new venture. All the year around pilgrims come to the temple to offer prayers and to seek fulfilment of their wishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palamguide.com/dada-dev-mandir-palam.php|title=Palam Information, Palam Colony Delhi, Palam City, Palam Properties, palam Restaurants, Promote Business In Palam|website=www.palamguide.com}}</ref> Many festivals are celebrated here in great joy, particularly [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmastmi]] ([[Krishnastmi]]).

The Palam Mosque is the only surviving building of [[Babur]]'s reign in Delhi. It is recognised for having been visited by [[Ibn Battuta]]. According to an inscription in mixed Arabic and Persian prose on the northern arch of its central compartment, it was built by one Ghazanfar in 935 AH (1528–29).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlytravelguide.com/delhi/spiritual/palam-mosque.php|title=Palam Mosque, Delhi Palam Mosque, Palam Mosque travel guide, Palam Mosque new Delhi, Journey to Palam Mosque, Traveling to Palam Mosque|first=Webmaster of onlytravelguide.com (India) Ace Web|last=Technologies|website=www.onlytravelguide.com}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Road===
Buses are primarily operated by the [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] and [[Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System|DIMTS]]; although a privately operated network of chartered buses connects Palam to corporate offices nearby and in the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory]].

===Delhi Metro===
[[Palam metro station|Palam Metro Station]] is served by [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]] that directly connects it to [[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri]] and [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]] (Noida).<ref>{{cite book|title=delhi metro rail Phase-III|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Phase-III_documetnt/pdf/61PH-III_DMRC_-Model.pdf|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> Palam's underground [[Palam metro station|Metro station]] is situated near Palam Police Station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Metro Commences Tunneling at Palam on the Janakpuri west- Botanical garden corridor of Phase 3|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=uYpn19xFzmQlld|website=www.delhimetrorail.com|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> It was opened for public on 29 May 2018.

===Rail Network===

[[Palam railway station|Palam Railway Station]] has connections to [[Rewari]], [[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantonment]] and [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PM/Palam (3 PFs) Railway Station - Train Departure Timings - India Rail Info|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/palam-pm/352|website=India Rail Info|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>
[[Porbandar]], [[Motihari]] & [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] trains pass through Palam Railway Station.

===Airways===
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], formerly known as Palam Airport, is situated in Palam.

==Health care==
Palam's [[Publicly funded health care|public health services]] network includes Palam Colony D-66 [[Central Government Health Scheme]] (CGHS) [[dispensary]],<ref>{{cite web|title=CGHS Wellness Centres and Dispensaries in Delhi|url=http://www.gconnect.in/orders-in-brief/cghs/cghs-wellness-centres-and-dispensaries-in-delhi.html|website=www.gconnect.in/|date=21 March 2013 |publisher=GConnect.in - Central Government Employees News Portal|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Parliament Constituency Wise Health Facilities|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e7aeb58045352e4db4e2b4e064fcd1f0/Parliament_Constituency_Wise_Health_Facilities.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=e7aeb58045352e4db4e2b4e064fcd1f0|website=delhi.gov.in|publisher=Government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> a Primary Health Centre (PHC). <ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|PalamPage|name=Palam Page}}
* {{facebook|PalamMetroStation|name=Palam Metro Station}}
* [http://trak.in/tags/business/2007/06/22/what-is-the-average-earnings-of-a-non-resident-indian/]
{{Neighbourhoods of Delhi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palam, Delhi}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South West Delhi district]]

Moondru Mudichu (Tamil TV series)

2026-04-30T14:33:41Z

Trainscafe: Added some pg basic info

{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = R. Kumaran
| screenplay = R. Kumaran Bharathi Thambi {{small|(dialogues)}}
| director =[[A. M. Nandakumar|Nanthan C. Muthiah]]
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Swathi Konde
* Niyas Khan
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 500
| list_episodes =
| producer = A. Anburaja A. Suresh Babu
| company = AR Film World
| open_theme = "Pennaaga Piranthaale" [[Vandana Srinivasan]] (Vocals) [[Snehan]] (Lyrics)
| cinematography = K.G Venkatesh S.Narendra Kumar
| editor = C.M. Selvakumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|08|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| related =
}}

'''''Moondru Mudichu''''' ({{Translation| ''Three Knots''}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] starring Swathi Konde and Niyas Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moondru Mudichu: Everything about the family drama starring Swathi Konde, Niyas Khan, and Preethi Sanjiv|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/moondru-mudichu-everything-about-the-family-drama-starring-swathi-konde-niyas-khan-and-preethi-sanjiv/articleshow/122857641.cms|access-date=23 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This story evolves around a girl and her husband, whose lives are changed after an unexpected marriage.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=Wk525xnOZVI=&ShowType=banner|title=Moondru Mudichu Overview|website=www.sunnetwork.in|date=|language=en}}</ref>

This series is directed by Sundhar K.Vijayan and produced by [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] and AR Film World. It premiered on 19 August 2024, and airs Monday to Sunday on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]].

== Plot ==
Nandini, a strong-willed girl of a middle-class single father, lives in a village. She is well liked and places her family's happiness above hers. Suryakumar is a young businessman and hates his mother. His rich joint family members have different thoughts. He resents his mother and deliberately bonds with Nandini to cause strife. Then, Surya forcibly marries Nandhini. At first, they dislike this marriage, but eventually fall in love with each other.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://enewz.in/sun-tv-moondru-mudichu-serial-upcoming-episode-info#google_vignette|title=சூர்யாவை ஏற்றுக்கொள்வாளா நந்தினி ?… விறுவிறுப்பான கதைக்களத்தில் மூன்று முடிச்சு…!|website=enewz.in|date=12 October 2024 |language=ta}}</ref> The story revolves around Nandini's life in Suryakumar's joint family.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*Swathi Konde as Nandhini Surya: Surya's wife
*Niyaz Khan as Suryakumar Arunachalam alias Surya: a young businessman, Arunachalam and Sundaravalli's only son

=== Recurring ===
* Preethi Sanjiv as Sundaravalli Arunachalam: Surya's mother
* Krithika Laddu as Madhavi: Surya's elder sister
* Poraali Dileepan as Ashokan alias Ashok: Madhavi's husband
* Sai Lavanyaa as Surekha: Surya's younger sister
* Prabhakaran Chandran as Arunachalam: Surya's father
* Doubt Senthil as Vivek: Surya's friend
* Sruthi Shanmuga Priya as Viji: Vivek's wife
* Maheswari Yayathiraj as Haritha: Surya's cousin

===Other cast===
* Dharshna Sripal Golecha as Archana: Surya's fiancé
* Pulikutty Selvam as Kalyanam: Surya's servant
* V. Jayalakshmi as Parameshwari: Sundaravalli's arch-rival
* Theni Murukan as Singaaram: Nandini's father
* Geetha Ravishankar as Nandini's grandmother
* Kavya Bellu as Punitha: Nandini's sister
* Baby Kaavya as Ranjitha: Nandini's sister
* [[Agathiyan]] as Ex-Minister Rathnavelu: Archana's father
* Meena Vemuri as Kamatchi: Rathnavelu's wife
* Durai Sudhakar as Sudhakar
* Manikandan Raj as Inspector Pandian
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Rajalakshmi
* Sudharsanam as Veera: Parameshwari's brother-in-law
* Niyaz Musaliyar as Rajat: Sundaravalli's brother
* Arun Chandra Kumar as Ranjith: Haritha's brother

==Production==
===Development===
The series was announced as a part of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s six upcoming series<ref>{{cite web| url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/6-new-serial-started-in-sun-tv-read-details-mma-sci0vp|title=சிங்கப்பெண்ணே, எதிர்நீச்சலுக்கு போட்டியாக சன் டிவியில் ஆரம்பமாகும் புத்தம் புதிய 6 சீரியல்கள்! |website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=25 April 2024 |language=ta}}</ref> slate of content in April 2024. The series is directed by [[A. M. Nandakumar|Nanthan C. Muthiah]]. AR Film World produces the show. Initially, the title of the serial was named 'Devathai'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/devadhai-welcomes-ambika-swathi-konde-and-preeti-sanjeev-to-the-cast/articleshow/111108618.cms|title=Devadhai welcomes Ambika, Swathi Konde, and Preeti Sanjeev to the cast|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> and 'Vaaranam Aayiram'.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/swathi-konde-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-vaaranam-aayiram/articleshow/109627588.cms|title=Swathi Konde to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Vaaranam Aayiram'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Apr/28/eeramana-rojave-serial-actress-swathi-in-sun-tv-vaaranam-ayiram-serial|title=வாரணம் ஆயிரம் புதிய தொடர்...|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=28 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vaaranam-aayiram-new-serial-in-sun-tv-1713973817#google_vignette|title=வாரணம் ஆயிரம்.. சன் டிவியின் புது சீரியல்! ஹீரோ, ஹீரோயின் போட்டோ இதோ |website=cineulagam.com|date=28 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> After some reasons the first promo was released in the name of as 'Moondru Mudichu' on 31 July 2024.<ref name="first promo" />

=== Casting ===
Actress Swathi Konde was cast as Nandini.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/eeramana-rojave-2-actress-swathi-konde-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-moondru-mudichu/articleshow/112188141.cms|title=Eeramana Rojave 2 actress Swathi Konde set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Moondru Mudichu'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> This marks Swathi Konde's return to Tamil television after ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/eeramana-rojave-priya-real-name-swathi-konde-new-serial-in-sun-tv-serial-actress-swathi-konde-with-niyaz-serial-title-is-varanam-ayiram-article-109804229|title=ஈரமான ரோஜாவே 2 தொடருக்கு பிறகு நடிக்கும் புதிய தொடர்... |website=tamil.timesnownews.com|date=3 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Preethi Sanjiv was cast as Sundaravalli. Niyaz Khan was cast as the male lead Surya. Niyaz to act in this series, he left the series ''[[Sandakozhi (TV series)|Sandakozhi]]'' which aired on [[Zee Tamil]].

In September, Dharshna Sripal Golecha<ref name=":Dharshna" /> was cast as Archana, making her third collaboration with [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] after ''[[Chithi 2]]'' and ''[[Poova Thalaya (TV series)|Poova Thalaya]]''.<ref name=":Dharshna">{{cite web| url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Sep/16/serial-actress-dharshna-sripal-act-with-swathi-konde-in-moondru-mudichu-serial|title=மூன்று முடிச்சு தொடரில் இணையும் நடிகை தர்ஷனா! |website=[[Dinamani]]|date=16 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The same month Tamil film director [[Agathiyan]] was cast as Archana's father.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Sep/18/director-agathiyan-act-in-moondru-mudichu-serial-sun-tv|title=சீரியலில் நடிக்கும் அஜித் பட இயக்குநர்! |website=[[Dinamani]]|date=18 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo was unveiled on 31 July 2024,<ref name="first promo">{{cite web| url=https://cineulagam.com/article/moondru-mudichu-promo-coming-soon-on-sun-tv-1722517405|title=ஈரமான ரோஜாவே 2 சீரியல் புகழ் நடிகை ஸ்வாதி நடிக்கும் புதிய தொடர்- சன் டிவியில் வெளிவந்த முதல் புரொமோ |website=cineulagam.com|date=3 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> which gave a brief insight in Nandini's lives. The second promo was unveiled on 13 August 2024, featuring Surya's family and also revealing the upcoming release date. The serial was released on 19 August 2024, replacing [[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|''Vanathai Pola'']].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sreekumar-ganesh-starrer-vanathai-pola-bids-emotional-farewell-after-successful-run/articleshow/112608296.cms|title=Sreekumar Ganesh starrer 'Vanathai Pola' bids emotional farewell after successful run|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2024/Aug/13/the-series-like-the-sky-ends-the-new-serial-of-the-wet-rose-heroine|title=முடிகிறது வானத்தைப்போல தொடர்: ஈரமான ரோஜாவே நாயகியின் புதிய சீரியல்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=13 August 2024 |language=ta}}</ref>
== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Moodu Mullu మూడు ముల్లు
| 30 September 2024
| [[Gemini TV]]
| rowspan="3" |Ongoing
| rowspan="3" |Remake
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/tv/radha-and-moodu-mullu-two-new-serials-will-start-their-telecast-on-gemini-tv-from-september-30th-182182|title=ఇవాళ్టి నుంచి జెమినీ టీవీలో రెండు కొత్త సీరియళ్లు... పేర్లు, టెలికాస్ట్ టైమింగ్స్ తెలుసా?|website=telugu.abplive.com|date=30 September 2024 |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| Swayamvarapanthal സ്വയംവരപന്തൽ
| 17 February 2025
| [[Surya TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-malayalam-serial-swayamvarapanthal/detail/214482/0|title=Swayamvarapanthal - Sun NXT|publisher=Sun NXT}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| Mangalya ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯ
| 2 September 2025
| [[Udaya TV]]
| <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/udaya-tv-new-serial-mangalya-to-go-on-air-from-2-september-1072788.html|title=ಉದಯ ವಾಹಿನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬರುತ್ತಿದೆ ‘ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯ’ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ: ಈ ಬಾರಿ ಹೊಸ ಕಥೆ|website=tv9kannada.com|date=1 September 2025|language=kannada}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-moondru-mudichu-Aug19-2024/detail/198692/0 ''Moondru Mudichu''] at [[Sun NXT]]

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]

Arupa Kalita Patangia

2026-04-29T04:39:38Z

Trainscafe: Started a biography

{{Short description|Assamese writer (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Arupa Kalita Patangia
| image =
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| birth_place = [[Golaghat]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date = 
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| occupation = Novelist, writer, professor
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Debraj Roy College]] [[Gauhati University]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Mariam Austin Othoba Hira Barua''
| spouse =
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| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad]] Award
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'''Arupa Kalita Patangia''' was born in 1956<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/17076|title = Farewell to Dr. Arupa Patangia Kalita|date = 23 June 2016}}</ref> and is an Indian novelist and short story writer and known for her fiction writing in [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref name="Arupa Patangia Kalita">{{cite web |url=http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |title=Arupa Patangia Kalita |publisher=Samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org |access-date=2013-06-14 |archive-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808103246/http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="womenswriting1">{{cite web|url=http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=181 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616054223/http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=181 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-16 |title=Women's Writing |publisher=Womenswriting.com |access-date=2013-06-14 }}</ref> Her literary awards include: the [[Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad]] award, the Katha Prize and the Prabina Saikia Award. In 2014, she received the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award for her short stories book named ''Mariam Austin Othoba Hira Barua''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-and-Bodo-writers-to-get-the-award/articleshow/45578962.cms|title=Assam and Bodo writers to get the award|journal=The Times of India|date=2014-12-20 |access-date=2015-01-06}}</ref> Her books have been translated to English, Hindi, and Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan0117/at056|title=The Assam Tribune Online|last=Staff Reporter|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=2017-03-22|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104182920/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan0117%2Fat056|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her works touch upon Assamese history and culture, addressing the lives people from middle and lower income brackets,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/all-aboard-the-ghost-bus|title=All aboard the ghost bus {{!}} OPEN Magazine|website=OPEN Magazine|date=20 May 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref> and focus specifically on concerns of women, violence, and insurgency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2008&issid=20&id=1145|title=Arupa Patangia Kalita: In conversation with Aruni Kashyap|last=Kalita|first=Arupa Patangia|date=Jul–Aug 2008|website=Muse India|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323142655/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2008&issid=20&id=1145|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
She studied at Golaghat Mission Girls High School, and [[Debraj Roy College]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/18216|title=Assam Valley Literary Award for Dr.Arupa Patangia Kalita|last=Khan|first=Shajid|date=1 January 2017|work=Assam Times|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and completed her PhD from [[Gauhati University]] on Pearl S. Buck's women characters.<ref name="Arupa Patangia Kalita"/> Arupa Patangia Kalita taught English at [[Tangla College]], Darrang, [[Assam]]<ref name="womenswriting1"/> and retired as Head of the English Department of Tangla College on 22 June 2016.<ref name=":1" />

==Literary works==
She has more than ten novels and short story collections to her credit. Some of these include:

;Novels
* ''Mriganabhi'' (1987),
* ''Ayananta''
* ''Millenniumar Sapon'' (2002)
* ''Marubhumit Menaka Aru Anyanya'',
* ''Kaitat Keteki'',
* ''Rongamatir Paharto''
* ''Felanee'' etc.
;Short Stories
* ''Mariam Austin Othoba Hira Barua''
;Translated novels:
* ''Dawn: A Novel'', an English translation of ''Ayananta'' by [[Ranjita Biswas]], was published by Zubaan, [[New Delhi]]. It has also been translated into Hindi.
* ''Felanee'', another important novel, was translated into English by Deepika Phukan (also published by Zubaan) and shortlisted for the [[Crossword Book Award]].<ref name="kanvasjournal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kanvasjournal.com/felanee-by-arupa-kalita-patangia-translated-by-deepika-phukan/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615234147/http://www.kanvasjournal.com/felanee-by-arupa-kalita-patangia-translated-by-deepika-phukan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-15 |title=Felanee by Arupa Kalita Patangia Translated by Deepika PhukanKanvas Journal |publisher=Kanvasjournal.com |access-date=2013-06-14 }}</ref>
* ''The Invitation'' is an English translation, by Arunabha Bhuyan, of Patangia Kalita's Assamese work ''Handpicked Fictions''.
* ‘’The Loneliness of Hira Barua’’ translated by Ranjita Biswas, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/arupa-patangia-kalita/the-loneliness-of-hira-barua/9789389109597|title = The Loneliness of Hira Barua by Arupa Patangia Kalita}}</ref>
;Feature Films:
* Arupa Patangia Kalita has written the dialogues for the critically acclaimed Assamese feature film [[Kothanodi]] (The River of Fables).

She released a collection of her short-stories, ''Alekjaan Banur Jaan'', at the 20th Guwahati Book Fair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060114/asp/guwahati/story_5715390.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629081334/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060114/asp/guwahati/story_5715390.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Guwahati |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2006-01-14 |access-date=2013-06-14}}</ref> Her short stories have been translated into several languages, including English, Hindi, and Bengali.<ref name="kanvasjournal1"/>

A leading [[feminist]] from the [[North-East]], she also writes extensively on questions of women and society.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/2156/writing-right.html|title=Writing right|last=Biswas|first=Ranjita|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref> She has stated an interview that, "I’m a woman and hence I write about women in my society.... In this uneven society that I belong to, I always feel I have a lot of say about women, as a woman."<ref name=":0" /> Specifically on the question of feminism, she has rejected labels, stating that "You can call me a feminist or a humanist, but I feel being a feminist and a humanist are not contradictory."<ref name=":2" />

==Awards==
Kalita's literary awards include:<ref name="Arupa Patangia Kalita"/>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2014),
* Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad Award,
* Katha Award<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=Indira |title=Twenty Stories from South Asia |date=2003 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-87649-71-7 |pages=266 |language=en}}</ref>
* Prabina Saikia Award<ref>{{cite journal|author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr0613/city05 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=2013-04-06 |access-date=2013-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222954/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr0613%2Fcity05 |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>
* [[Assam Valley Literary Award]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Valley Literary Award for Dr Arupa Patangia Kalita |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-valley-literary-award-for-dr-arupa-patangia-kalita |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=31 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rejection of the Basanti Devi Award ===
She famously declined an award from the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]], on grounds of it being in the 'women-only' category.<ref name="Arupa Patangia Kalita"/> In an interview, Patangia stated that her reasons for rejecting the Basanti Devi Award were on the following grounds:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>"A text is a text, written by a woman or a man. I feel, after it is published and given away to the readers to judge, it should be considered merely as a text and judged according to its merit as a text, not on the basis of gender. Even men have written about woman sensitively, and some immortal female characters in literature have been created by male writers. When questions of merit and judgment come in, a writer should be treated as a writer, not as a male or female writer."</blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110320040815/http://www.bipuljyoti.in/story/arupa02.html The daughter, the wife and the mother], a short story by the author at bipuljyoti.in.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120429/http://scribblesofsoul.com/dawn-by-arupa-kalita-patangia/ a Review of novel '''Dawn''']}} by Arupa Kalita Patangia at scribblesofsoul.com.
* [http://www.womensweb.in/articles/felanee-assamese-book-review/ a Review of novel Felanee] at womensweb.in.
* [https://www.thehindu.com/books/ferns-on-her-sador-vaishna-roy-reviews-arupa-patangia-kalitas-the-loneliness-of-hira-barua/article33362114.ece Review of The Loneliness of Hira Barua]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalita, Arupa Patangiya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Sai Dheena

2026-04-29T00:02:01Z

Trainscafe: made stub.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Dheena
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Dheena in 2017
| birth_name = M. G. Sai Dheena
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Dheena, Boxer Dheena, Stunt Dheena
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Sai Dheena''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films, playing antagonistic and sometimes comedic roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/152883-story-about-actor-stunt-dheenas-fitness-secret|title='அவங்க ஏமாத்திட்டாங்க... அதான் ஜெயிச்சேன்..!' - 'ஸ்டன்ட்' தீனாவின் தன்னம்பிக்கை|first=R. Senthil|last=Karikalan|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actor-sai-dheena-talks-about-thalapathy-vijays-helping-mind/articleshow/71011196.cms|title=Sai Dheena: அனாதையாக இருந்த எங்களுக்கு வாழ்வு கொடுத்தார் விஜய்: வில்லன் நடிகர்!|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=ta}}</ref> He played the antagonist in ''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]'' (2017), ''[[Thimiru Pudichavan]]'' (2018) and ''[[Vaandu]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thimiru-pudichavan-review-a-tedious-and-almost-forgettable-film/article25518762.ece|title='Thimiru Pudichavan' review: a tedious and almost forgettable film|first=Srivatsan|last=S|date=16 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260119/a-film-on-street-fights.html|title=A film on street fights|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=26 January 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He is a frequent collaborator with [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]].

== Career ==
Sai Dheena worked as a signboard artist, then moved to a job in the railways, before moving on to appear as a henchman in films, followed by playing supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGYLtD_EMTk|title=How to make Simbu angry? - Stunt Dheena's Exclusive interview|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=26 October 2016|language=ta}}</ref> He made his debut in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004) as a jail warden, after being spotted by the actor where he went to work as an extra henchman in the film. He has since starred in films including [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]'s ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016), and [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018).<ref name="A"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/love-failure-helped-actor-sai-dheena-to-become-an-actor-vada-chennai-theri-villain-1.3668410|title=അന്ന് ആ പെണ്‍കുട്ടി പ്രണയാഭ്യര്‍ഥന നിരസിച്ചതിനാല്‍ ഇന്ന് ഞാനൊരു നടനായി|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=Malayalam}}</ref> He portrayed the antagonist in ''[[Thimiru Pudichavan]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/171118/thimiru-pudichavan-movie-review-could-be-an-engaging-thriller-if-mor.html|title=Thimiru Pudichavan movie review: Could be an engaging thriller, if more thoughtful|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=17 November 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In a review of the film ''[[Sagaa]]'' (2019) by the ''New Indian Express'', the critic noted that he "plays the role with meticulous intensity".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/01/sagaa-movie-review-a-promising-revenge-saga-tied-down-by-commercial-compromises-1932907.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204000457/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/01/sagaa-movie-review-a-promising-revenge-saga-tied-down-by-commercial-compromises-1932907.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2019|title='Sagaa' movie review: A promising revenge saga tied down by commercial compromises|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|last= Ramachandran |first=Avinash|date=1 February 2019|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
In 2017, Dheena received attention from the media for financially helping out actor Viruchagakanth (aka Pallu Babu) of ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004) fame. Viruchagakanth had been begging at temples in Chennai. Dheena, along with actor [[Abi Saravanan]] and director Mohan, was able to help the actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actor-sai-dheena-helps-to-comedian-viruchagakanth/articleshow/59399322.cms|title=பிச்சை எடுத்த காமெடியனுக்கு உதவி செய்து ஹீரோவாக உயர்ந்த வில்லன்! - Samayam Tamil|language=ta|date=1 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the [[coronavirus]] outbreak, Dheena assisted 250 families with food, including rice, wheat, and sambar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/04/01151231/1383684/Sai-deena-helps-250-families.vpf|title=250 குடும்பங்களுக்கு உதவிய நடிகர் சாய் தீனா|date=1 April 2020|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Jail warden ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006 || ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' || Anbu's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Thalainagaram]]'' || Qassim Bhai's henchman || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || Goon || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]'' || Thug ||
|-
| ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]'' || Pottu ||
|-
| ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' || Gajapathy ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || Bully ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Endrendrum]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sarabham]]'' || Sekhar ||
|-
|''[[Burma (film)|Burma]]'' || Broker Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015 || ''[[Komban]]'' || Santhanakalai ||
|-
| ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' || Marthandam's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Kirumi]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Vaalu]]'' || Dheena ||
|-
| ''[[Bhooloham]]'' || Arumugam's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' || Attack Albert || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130216/jil-jung-juk-movie-review-enjoyable-only-in-parts.html|title=Jil Jung Juk movie review: Enjoyable only in parts|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=13 February 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanithan]]'' || Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || Rogue (Pulippu) ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|2017 || ''[[Maanagaram]]'' || P. K. Pandian's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]'' || Pulinathope Jaya ||
|-
| ''[[Theru Naaigal]]''||Settu ||
|-
| ''[[Hara Hara Mahadevaki]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' || Prisoner ||
|-
| ''[[Kodiveeran]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Maayavan]]'' || Dheena ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|2018 || ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Singapore Groom ||
|-
| ''[[Seyal]]'' || Seva ||
|-
| ''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]'' || Selva ||
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || "Jawa" Pazhani || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/191018/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanush-shines-in-an-author-backed-role.html|title=Vada Chennai movie review: Dhanush shines in an author-backed role|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=19 October 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thimiru Pudichavan]]'' || Meesai Padma ||
|-
|''[[Thuppakki Munai]]'' || Brahmaraja's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Vaandu]]'' || Dheena ||
|-
|''[[Sagaa]]'' || Jail Warden ||
|-
|''[[Bigil]]'' || rowspan="2" | Dheena ||
|-
|''[[Kanchana 3]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Juvenile school warden ||
|-
|''[[Kabadadaari]]'' || Mechanic ||
|-
|''Aatkal Thevai'' || ||
|-
|''Call Taxi'' || Criminal ||
|-
|''Border'' || ||
|-
|''Naruvi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' || [[Inspector]] Moses Michael Faraday ||
|-
|''Kichi Kichi''|| ||
|-
|''[[Gulu Gulu]]''|| Police Inspector ||
|-
|''Ottam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gurumoorthi]]'' || Dheena ||
|-
|rowspan="7" |2023 ||''[[Pallu Padama Paathukka]]''|| Abishek Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Agilan]]'' || Dilli ||
|-
|''[[Ellaam Mela Irukuravan Paathuppan]]''|| Rajaali / Alien || Dual role
|-
| ''[[Rudhran]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' || Robber Dina ||
|-
|''[[DD Returns]]'' || Mathi ||
|-
| ''Sarakku'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |2024 ||''[[Pagalariyaan]]''|| Ganapathy ||
|-
| ''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || Pottu Bhavani ||
|-
| ''Mayan'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="7" |2025 ||''Leg Piece'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' || Dheena ||
|-
| ''Guts'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maayakoothu]]'' || Dhanapal ||
|-
| ''Kathuvaakula Oru Kadhal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || Inspector Gnanam ||
|-
| ''[[Kutram Thavir]]'' || Manivanan ||
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 ||''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' || Mechanic || rowspan="4"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'' || Prisoner ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023||''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || Bangaram ||
|-
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' || Kalee's henchmen || [[Hindi]] || Partially reshot in Tamil
|-
|2024
|''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''
|Vincent
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2025 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]'' || Goon || Telugu ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Shows !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2024
|''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku (season 1)]]''
|Contestant
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7925166}}
*{{Twitter|actor_saideena}}
*{{Instagram|actor_saideena}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dheena, Sai}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestants]]

JAM8

2026-04-24T14:36:50Z

Trainscafe: new first stub w/ refs

{{notability|Companies|date=July 2017}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = JAM8
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Indian pop|Pop]]
* [[Dance music|Dance]]
* [[Sound design]]
* [[Musical composition|Composing]]
* [[Soundtrack]]
}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] {{small|(South)}}
* [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips]]
* [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
* [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Pritam]]
* Tushar Joshi
* Kaushik, Guddu, Aakash
* [[Amit Mishra]]
}}
| module =
}}

'''JAM8''' is a musical platform<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAM8 |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/5547017-JAM8 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref> founded by Indian music composer/director [[Pritam]]. The platform provides facilities up and coming musicians.{{clarify|reason=Not only is this poor grammar, but it's confusing what it means, because information is missing. Do we mean that the platform provides *RECORDING* facilities? Or just a place to record? What do we mean by 'facilities'?|date=July 2020}} Pritam and his team supervise the young talent and some artists become part of Pritam's musical projects.<ref name="west">{{cite web|url=http://indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/pritam-s-music-venture-launched-with-shah-rukh-khan-s/article_7820f308-d436-11e6-8fbf-1b9b37584145.html|title=Pritams music venture launched with shah rukh Khan|date=6 January 2017|accessdate=11 May 2017|archive-date=16 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025144/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/pritam-s-music-venture-launched-with-shah-rukh-khan-s/article_7820f308-d436-11e6-8fbf-1b9b37584145.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="venture">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050117/pritams-latest-venture-composes-songs-for-shah-rukh-khans-raees.html|title=pritams latest venture composes songs for shah rukh khans raees|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 January 2017|access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="raees">{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/pritam+s+latest+venture+jam8+composes+songs+for+shah+rukh+khan+s+raees-newsid-62248331|publisher=Daily Hunt|title=Pritams latest venture JAM8|accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced|date=March 2018|section}}
On 9 April 2016, music composer and director Pritam announced JAM8 on [[Twitter]]. He wrote: "Just announced J.A.M 8 (Just About Music) with Kaushik-Akash, who are the first artists of my ''A&R'' Music Production platform."<ref>{{cite web |title=Just announced J.A.M 8 (Just About Music) with Kaushik-Akash, who are the first artists of my ''A&R''Music Production platform. |url=https://twitter.com/ipritamofficial/status/718781190761648128 |website=Twitter |publisher=@ipritamofficial |accessdate=19 May 2020 |language=en |date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

Their first work in mainstream Indian music was the ''[[1920 London]]'' soundtrack, which released in 2016. They were one of the composers for the soundtrack of the film [[Raees (2017 film)|''Raees'']] in 2017. Their composition "[[Zaalima]]" was a huge hit from this album. They continued their works in Bollywood composing for the films like [[Behen Hogi Teri]], [[Raabta (film)|Raabta]], [[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]], [[Race 3]], [[Loveratri]] and recent films like [[14 Phere]] and [[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]. They also worked in Telugu film [[Touch Chesi Chudu]] and Bengali films like [[Crisscross (2018 film)|Crisscross]], Villain.

In June 2022, they launched their first non-soundtrack album under the name "'''''Roposo JamRoom'''''" by collaborating with 19 Indian background singers and 12 selected composers mentored by Pritam under [[Sony Music India]] label.

== Discography ==

=== Soundtracks ===

==== Hindi Soundtracks ====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Lyrics
! Other composer(s)/composer
|-

|-
|rowspan="3"|2016
|rowspan="3"|''[[1920: London]]''
|"Gumnaam Hai Koi" Kaushik-Akash for JAM8
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Antara Mitra]]
|[[Kunaal Verma]]
|rowspan="3"|Along with [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] (debut film)
|-
|"Aafreen" Kaushik-Akash for JAM8
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], Antara Mitra
|rowspan="2"|[[Prashant Ingole]]
|-
|"Aafreen (2nd version)" Kaushik-Akash for JAM8
|[[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreeram]], Antara Mitra

|-
|rowspan="9"| 2017
|rowspan="4"|''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
|"[[Zaalima]]" KR Vaisakh
|[[Arijit Singh]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|rowspan=4|Along with [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], [[Ram Sampath]], [[OmGrown]]
|-
|"Saanson Ke" Aheer for JAM8
|[[KK (singer)|KK]]
|rowspan="2"|Manoj Yadav
|-
|"Saanson Ke (Reprise)" Aheer for JAM8
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
|"Dhingana" Aheer for JAM8, OmGwrown
|[[Mika Singh]]
|[[Mayur Puri]]
|-
|''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]''
|"Tera Hoke Rahoon" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|Arijit Singh
|[[Bipin Das]]
|Along with [[Amjad-Nadeem]], [[Jaidev Kumar]], [[Yash Narvekar]], [[Rishi Rich]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]''
|"Lambiyaan Si Judaiyaan" KR Vaisakh
|Arijit Singh, Shadab Faridi, [[Altamash Faridi]]
|Amitabh Bhattacharya
|rowspan="2"|Along with [[Pritam]], [[Sohrabuddin]], Sourav Roy, [[Meet Bros]]
|-
|"Darasal" KR Vaisakh
|[[Atif Aslam]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
|"Main Hoon Saath Tere" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|Arijit Singh
|rowspan="2"|[[Shakeel Azmi]], Kunaal Verma
|rowspan="2"|Along with [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], [[Zain-Saim-Raees]], [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]], [[Anand Raj Anand]], [[Vivek Kar]]
|-
|"Main Hoon Saath Tere (Shivangi Bhayana version)" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|Shivangi Bhayana
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Race 3]]''
|"Allah Duhai Hai" [[Tushar Joshi]] and KR Vaisakh for JAM8
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreerama]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Raja Kumari]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Raja Kumari]]
|Along with [[Pritam]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Vicky Raja]], [[Hardik Acharya]], [[Shivay Vyas]], [[Ali Jacko]], Gurinder Seagal
|-
|''[[Loveyatri]]''
|"Loveyatri Title Track" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Harjot Kaur, Ana Rehman
|[[Niren Bhatt]]
|Along with [[Tanishk Bagchi]], DJ Chetas-Lijo George
|-
|''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
|"Sajan Bade Senti" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|[[Dev Negi]], [[Harjot Kaur]]
|[[Vayu]]
|Along with Tanishk Bagchi, [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Sunny and Inder Bawra|Sunny Bawra-Inder Bawra]]
|-
|rowspan=11|2020
|rowspan=11|''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]''
|"Bhangra Paa Le Title Track" Shubham Shirule for JAM8
|rowspan=3|Mandy Gill
|Mandy Gill
|
|-
|"Jhoomer Dhaaga" Shubham Shirule for JAM8
|Shubham Shirule, Mandy Gill
|
|-
|"Re Sardar" Keeran for JAM8
|rowspan=3|Sholke Lal
|
|-
|"Aaj Mere Yaar" Shubham Shirule and Ana Rehman for JAM8
| Amit Mishra
|
|-
|"Angana" Ana Rehman for JAM8
| [[Javed Ali]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
|"Peg Sheg" Nilotpal Munshi for JAM8
| [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Akasa Singh]], Shashwat Singh, A Bazz
| Sholke Lal, A Bazz
| Along with A Bazz
|-
|"Kala Joda" Akashdeep the for JAM8
| Romy, [[Shalmali Kholgade]], Manisha, [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
|Sholke Lal, Manisha, Raftaar
|
|-
|"Raanjhan" Shubham Shirule for JAM8
| [[Neeti Mohan]], Tushar Joshi
| Mandy Gill
|
|-
|"Sacchiyan" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
| [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| Siddhant Kaushal
|
|-
|"Ho Ja Rangeela Re" Shubham Shirule and Kiranee for JAM8
| Shashwat Singh
| Sholke Lal, Kiranee, Yash Narvekar
|rowspan=2|Along with [[Rishi Rich]], [[Yash Narvekar]]
|-
|"Sun Sajna" Kiranee for JAM8
| [[Navraj Hans]], Jonita Gandhi, Yash Narvekar, Kiranee
| Sholke Lal, Kiranee
|-
|rowspan=5|2021
|''[[14 Phere]]''
|"Ram Sita" Mukund Suryavanshi for JAM8
|[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
|rowspan=2|Sholke Lal
|Along with Rajeev V. Bhalla
|-
|''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]''
|"Mauka Mauka" Shubham Shirule for JAM8
|Shubham Shirule
|Along with [[Tanishk-Vayu]], [[Tony Kakkar]], Nirmaan
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
|"Mere Yaara" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|[[Arijit Singh]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|rowspan=2|Along with [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Dj chetas-Lijo George
|-
|"Mere Yaara - Female" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
| Neeti Mohan
|-
|''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]''
|"Uddne Do"
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
|[[Siddharth-Garima]], Bipin Das
|[[Rochak Kohli]], [[Sohail Sen]], [[Jasleen Royal]], Yug Bhushal
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|rowspan=2|''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
|"Dil" Kaushik-Guddu for JAM8
|[[Raghav Chaitanya]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|"Dil (Female)" Kaushik-Guddu for JAM8
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
|''[[Bawaal]]''
|"Dil Se Dil Tak" Akashdeep Sengupta for JAM8
|Laqshay Kapoor, Akashdeep Sengupta, Suvarna Tiwari
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|Along with [[Mithoon]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
|Background Music
|JAM8
| Instrumental
|[[Manan Bhardwaj]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Khaalif
|-
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|"Hua Main" Along with Pritam
|[[Raghav Chaitanya]], Pritam
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|[[Pritam]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], [[Manan Bhardwaj]], [[Shreyas Puranik]], Ashim Kemson, [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], Bhupinder Babbal and Gurinder Seagal
|-
|rowspan=4|2024
|''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]'' (Web Series)
|"Bariyaa Re" Akashdeep Sengupta for JAM8
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|Siddhesh Patole
|Along with DJ Chetas-Lijo George, Abhishek-Ananya
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]''
|"Ae Watan Mere Watan" Akashdeep Sengupta for JAM8
|Romy
|rowspan=2|[[Darab Farooqui]]
|rowspan=2|Along with Mukund Suryawanshi, Shashi Suman
|-
|"Ae Watan Mere Watan (Female)" Akashdeep Sengupta for JAM8
|[[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
|''[[Ruslaan]]''
|TBA Akashdeep Sengupta for JAM8 (Dropped from the album)
|TBA
|TBA
|Along with Vishal Mishra, Rajat Nagpal
|-
|rowspan=4|2025
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|"Sikandar Naache" Along with Pritam
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Akasa Singh]], Siddhaant Miishhraa
|[[Sameer Anjaan]], Siddhaant Miishhraa
|Along with [[Pritam]]
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[The Bhootnii]]''
|"Rang Laga" Mukund Suryawanshi for JAM8
|Mukund Suryawanshi
|rowspan=2|Vaishnavi Thakur, Akshay The One
|rowspan=2|Along with [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Iconyk, UpsideDown, Shashi
|-
|"Rang Laga (Ethereal)" Mukund Suryawanshi for JAM8
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]''
|"Deewaniyat - Title Track" Kaushik-Guddu for JAM8
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|Kunaal Vermaa
|Along with Rajat Nagpal, Annkur R Pathakk, [[Rahul Mishra]] and Lilu George-[[DJ Chetas]]
|}

====Non-Hindi soundtracks====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Language !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="11"|2018
|rowspan="5"|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''
|"Touch Chesi Chudu Title Song" Marc D Muse for JAM8
|rowspan="5"|Telugu
|[[Brijesh Shandilya]], Sreeram
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]
|rowspan="9"| Debut film (Solo composer)
|-
|"Raaye Raaye" Marc D Muse and KR Vaisakh for JAM8
|[[Nakash Aziz]], [[Madhu Priya]]
|[[Kasarla Shyam]]
|-
|"Manasa" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) and KR Vaisakh for JAM8
|[[Benny Dayal]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|rowspan="3"|Rehman
|-
|"Rang Barse" Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) and KR Vaisakh for JAM8
|[[Akashdeep Sengupta]]
|-
|"Pushpa" Ashish Pandit for JAM8
|Nakash Aziz, [[DJ Smash Guy]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Crisscross (2018 film)|Crisscross]]''
|"Duniya" Subhadeep Mitra for JAM8
|rowspan="6"|Bengali
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Smaranjit Chakraborty]]
|-
|"Momer Shohor" Keeran for JAM8
|[[Tushar Joshi]]
|-
|"Aalo Chaya" [[Shubham Shirule]] for JAM8
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
|"Bari Phire Aye" Swastika & Sagnik for JAM8
|Nikhita Gandhi
|Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|-
|rowspan="2"|''Villain''
|"Bholey Baba" Subhadeep Mitra for JAM8
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sanjeev Tiwari]]
|rowspan="2"|Along with Amlan Chakraborty, Dev Sen
|-
|"Shundori Komola" Subhadeep Mitra for JAM8
|Armaan Malik and [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2023
|rowspan=4|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|"Ammayi"
|Telugu
|rowspan=4|[[Raghav Chaitanya]], Pritam
|[[Anantha Sriram]]
|rowspan=4|[[Pritam]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], [[Manan Bhardwaj]], [[ Shreyas Puranik]], [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]] and Bhupinder Babbal
|-
|"Nee Vaadi"
|Tamil
|[[Mohan Rajan]]
|-
|"Pennaale"
|Malayalam
|[[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
|"Oh Baale"
|Kannada
|Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
|}

====Hindi music video====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Album !! Songs !! Language !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2018
|rowspan="1"|''Lovely Accident''
|"Lovely Accident" Kaushik Akash Guddu (KAG) for JAM8
|rowspan="1"|Hindi
|Taposh, [[Harjot Kaur]]
|[[Shloke Lal]]
|rowspan="1"| Debut
|-
|}

====Hindi non-film soundtracks====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Show!! Songs!! Singers!! Lyrics
!Member(s)
|-
|2016
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|''Carvaan Lounge (Season 1)''
|Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein
|[[Mouni Roy]] and [[Nakash Aziz]]
|
|Shloke Lal
|-
|2022
|''[[Raposo Jamroom]]''
|Raah Dikha De
|[[Asees Kaur]] and [[Mohit Chauhan]]
|Shloke Lal
|Shubham Shirule and Ana Rehman
|}

==Overview==
During the launch, Pritam said, “I had this plan long back, but could not execute it as I had no time and no one to manage it. Now, there is a team to do so, and I have some time to mentor them as I have limited assignments.”<ref name="west"/><ref name="venture"/><ref name="raees"/>

“JAM8 is a platform for newcomer composers. We hunt for them from all corners and want to push their music into the mainstream, as the industry is open to multiple composers for a film now.”<ref name="west"/><ref name="venture"/><ref name="raees"/>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| ''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/winners/|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| "[[Zaalima]]" from ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian music websites]]
[[Category:Music companies of India]]

Mohammad Jamil Ur Rahman

2026-04-20T04:44:09Z

Trainscafe: Added some details more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Jamil-Ur-Rahman
| image = Dr.M.J.Rahman.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|17 March 2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Malerkotla Assembly constituency|Malerkotla]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Razia Sultana (politician)|Razia Sultana]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = (06/11/1959)
Malerkotla
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = MA, B.Ed., PhD
| alma_mater = Government College, Malerkotla,

Punjabi University, Patiala
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees = Chairman, Petition Committee, Punjab Legislative assembly 2022-23 {{!}}
Chairman, Paper Laid and Library Committee, Punjab Legislative assembly 2023-24
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = /Mohammad Jamil.rahman
| nickname =
}}
'''Mohammad Jamil Ur Rahman''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Malerkotla Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He had completed his PhD on the descendants of Guru Nanak Dev in 2015 from Punjabi University, Patiala.

==MLA==
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairman (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]<ref name="Committee on Petitions">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=33&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Malerkotla Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Malerkotla Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6Im5ZOU42Zmtud1wveGdwd2N0T1ZVTzN3PT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6InM5ZEhqM3UyKzlWSzVIMWFNd1YzOHc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjNkZGRmMWQ1MTcyOGQ0YzNlMTllNDM1ODFlNzEwZDAxOTRmYmM5MjBmMDQ1YzM2ZTI2MGQ2MGZmMmFkNzBlNDcifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Malerkotla
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gandhari

2026-04-16T06:35:41Z

Trainscafe:

{{short description|Mother of the Kauravas in Mahabharata}}
{{Other uses|Gandhari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| image = Gandhari with maids.jpg
| caption = [[Pahari painting]] of Gandhari with maid-servants, by Purkhu, c. 1820 CE
| info-hdr = Personal information
| position = Queen of [[Kuru kingdom]]
| family =
* [[Subala]] (father)
* [[Shakuni]], Ashvaketu, Achala, Gaja, and various other brothers
| spouse = [[Dhritarashtra]]
| children =
* 100 [[Kauravas]] including [[Duryodhana]], [[Dushasana]] and [[Vikarna]] (sons)
* [[Duhsala]] (daughter)
* [[Yuyutsu]] (step son)
| origin = [[Gandhara Kingdom]]
| name = Gandhari
}}

'''Gandhari''' ({{Langx|sa|गान्धारी|lit=of [[Gandhara]]}}, {{IAST3|Gāndhārī}}) is a major character in the ancient [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. She is introduced as a princess of the [[Gandhara (Mahabharata)|Gandhara Kingdom]] and later becomes the queen of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru Kingdom]]. The daughter of King [[Subala]], her marriage is arranged with [[Dhritarashtra]], the blind prince of Kuru, and in a symbolic gesture of solidarity, she voluntarily blindfolds herself for life. Through miraculous intervention, she becomes the mother of the one hundred sons collectively known as the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]], the eldest of whom, [[Duryodhana]], serves as one of the principal antagonists of the narrative.

Besides her hundred sons, Gandhari also has a daughter, [[Dushala]]. Her brother, [[Shakuni]], becomes a central figure in aiding Duryodhana's schemes against his cousins, the [[Pandava]]s. An ardent devotee of the god [[Shiva]], Gandhari is portrayed as a woman of great virtue and moral strength, who nonetheless struggles to dissuade her sons from their destructive path. She speaks out at pivotal moments in the narrative, including during the humiliation of [[Draupadi]] and peace talks before the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Despite condemning the actions of Duryodhana, the longstanding rivalry between the Kauravas and the Pandavas ultimately leads to the catastrophic Kurukshetra War, where all of Gandhari's sons perish.

After the war, she becomes the voice of women who suffer due to the devastation caused by the conflict. While she refrains from cursing the Pandavas, recognising the righteousness of their victory, her overwhelming grief drives her to curse [[Krishna]], the Pandavas' counselor, whom she holds accountable for the war's devastation despite his divine ability to prevent it. She foretells the downfall of his [[Yadava]] dynasty. In the aftermath, Gandhari retires to the forest with other Kuru elders—Dhritarashtra, [[Vidura]] and [[Kunti]]—living her final days in austerity until she perishes in a forest fire.

Gandhari epitomizes the ideal of ''[[pativrata]]'' (devoted wife) in Hindu tradition, her intense asceticism believed to have granted her great spiritual power. Though initially a silent presence, she transforms into a powerful symbol of the anguish endured by women in times of war. Beyond the epic, she features in various adaptations and retellings.

==Epithets==
In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''Gāndhārī'' is referred to by various names, including:<ref name="PE">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/274/mode/1up |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=274}}</ref>

* '''Gāndhārarājaduhitā''' — 'daughter of the King of Gāndhāra'
* '''Saubaleyī''', '''Subalajā''', '''Subalāputrī''', and '''Subalātmajā''' — 'daughter of Subala'

==Literary background==
Gandhari is a character of the ''Mahabharata'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.<ref name="SE">{{cite book |last=Brockington |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26 |title=The Sanskrit Epics |publisher=Brill Academic |year=1998 |isbn=978-9-00410-260-6 |page=26}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Minor |first=Robert N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ |title=Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8364-0862-1 |pages=l–li |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ |archive-date=16 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2004 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |pages=19–26 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' centres on the intense rivalry between the groups of brothers—five [[Pandavas]] and the hundred [[Kauravas]], culminating in the epic [[Kurukshetra War]], which forms the narrative's core. A significant portion of the text is devoted to detailing the battles fought between the warriors of both sides during this conflict. The ''Mahabharata'' is structured into eighteen parvas or 'books', starting with the ''[[Adi Parva]]'', in which Gandhari is introduced.<ref name="SE" />

==Biography==
Gandhari is introduced in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' as the daughter of King [[Subala]], the ruler of the Gandhara kingdom and a descendant of [[Turvasha|Turvasu]] (son of [[Yayati]]) of the [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar Dynasty]]. This region spanned from the [[Sindhu River]] to [[Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="PE" /> Gandhari is regarded as an incarnation of a goddess named Mati ('intellect').<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahabharata Book 1 |page=139 |chapter=Adi Parva Sambhava Parva : Section LXVII}}</ref> She had several brothers, but she shared a particularly close bond with [[Shakuni]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiBBDwAAQBAJ&q=G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB&pg=PT162 |title=Buddhism and Gandhara: An Archaeology of Museum Collections |date=2017-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-25274-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EE" />

===Early life and marriage===
The ''Adi Parva'' describes Gandhari as a devout worshipper of the god [[Shiva]] from a young age. Pleased by her unwavering devotion, Shiva grants her a boon, promising that she will bear one hundred sons. After becoming aware of the divine boon bestowed upon Gandhari, [[Bhishma]], the patriarch of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru dynasty]], proposes her marriage to [[Dhritarashtra]], his eldest nephew who is born blind. Subala initially hesitates due to Dhritarashtra's blindness but later agrees to the marriage, prioritizing the prestige of an alliance with the Kuru dynasty. Gandhari's brother, Shakuni, accompanies her to the capital of Kuru Kingdom, [[Hastinapura]], where the marriage is solemnized. On marrying Dhritarashtra, she blindfolds herself with a silk shawl, choosing to live without sight for the rest of her life.<ref name="PE" /> Gandhari is welcomed by the Kuru elders. Shakuni returns to his kingdom, but frequently visits Gandhari to help her and her children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CX|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01111.htm|access-date=2020-09-01|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Gandhari's husband, Dhritarashtra, is denied the throne due to his blindness, despite being the eldest son. The throne is instead given to his younger brother, [[Pandu]], but he later renounces the kingdom. As a result of these events, Dhritarashtra is crowned King of Kuru kingdom, and Gandhari becomes queen.<ref name="EE">{{cite book |title=[[Yuganta: The End of an Epoch]] |page=29 |author= Irawati Karve}}</ref>

===Pregnancy and birth of her children===
Gandhari's children were born in a [[Miraculous births|miraculous]] manner. According to the ''Adi Parva'', once when the sage [[Vyasa]] visits Hastinapura, Gandhari serves him with great respect and care. Impressed by her hospitality, Vyasa blesses her, reaffirming Shiva's boon.<ref name="sacredtext">{{cite book |title=The Mahabharata, Book : Adi Parva:Sambhava Parva : Section:CXV |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Shortly after, Gandhari conceives, but her pregnancy lasts two years without delivery. During this time, [[Kunti]], the wife of Pandu, gives birth to her first son, [[Yudhishthira]]. Overwhelmed by frustration and envy upon hearing this, Gandhari strikes her womb, but instead of a child, a "hard mass of flesh" like an "iron ball" emerges from it. When the Kuru elders were about to discard the mass of flesh, Vyasa intervenes and instructs that the lump be divided into one hundred pieces and placed in jars of [[ghee]] for incubation. At Gandhari's request, an additional piece is prepared to produce a daughter, resulting in 101 jars. In due time, the jars yield one hundred sons collectively referred to as the [[Kaurava]]s, and a daughter named [[Dushala]]. During Gandhari's prolonged pregnancy, Dhritarashtra had fathered another son, [[Yuyutsu]], through a maidservant of Gandhari in fear of not having a child.<ref name="PE" /><ref name="sacredtext" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata, Book : Adi Parva:Sambhava Parva : Section: CXVI|publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

===In Kuru court===
[[File:The Dice Game from Razmnama.jpg|thumb|An illustration from the ''[[Razmnama]]''—the Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata'' depicting the episode of the attempted disrobing of Draupadi. Gandhari and Kunti (both bottom right) tries to stop the act]]
As the queen in the Kuru court, Gandhari witnesses many pivotal events leading to the [[Kurukshetra War]], the central plot of the epic. She remains largely silent, like at the weapon display of her sons and the [[Pandavas]]. However, Gandhari exerts moral influence in critical moments. For instance, during the infamous dicing match narrated in the ''[[Sabha Parva]]'', she intervenes after [[Draupadi]]'s attempted disrobing, compelling Dhritarashtra to grant Draupadi a boon that ultimately secures the freedom of the Pandavas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Brodbeck |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLB8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 |title=Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata |last2=Black |first2=Brian |date=2007-08-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-11994-3 |pages=62–64 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section LXX |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02070.htm |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref name="DM">[https://interactionsforum.com/images/pdfs/newacademia/v9/i4/Deepa.pdf DYNAMICS OF MOTHERHOOD: THE CURIOUS CASES OF SATYAVATI, KUNTI AND GANDHARI IN THE MAHABHARATA]</ref>

Gandhari attends the discussions and negotiations that preceded the war, hoping for peace, as mentioned in the ''[[Udyoga Parva]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="DM" /> When [[Krishna]], as Pandavas' envoy, urges peace, Dhritarashtra summons Gandhari, acknowledging her wisdom and foresight, and hopes she might persuade their son Duryodhana to abandon his destructive ambition. Gandhari criticizes Dhritarashtra for failing to curb their son's reckless ambitions and does not shy away from speaking against injustice. She delivers a stern appeal, condemning Duryodhana's pride, avarice, and defiance of elders. She stresses the dangers of wrath and the importance of self-control, urging him to listen to the counsel of respected elders like [[Bhishma]] and [[Drona]] and to make peace with the Pandavas. Gandhari warns that war will bring ruin to the [[Kuru dynasty]] and pleads for a just division of the kingdom, emphasizing that peace and shared rule are preferable to a devastating conflict. Despite her plea, Duryodhana remains unmoved, setting the stage for the catastrophic war to follow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section LXXIV |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02074.htm |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

===Kurukshetra war===
During the [[Kurukshetra War|war]] itself, Gandhari remains within the Kaurava palace, listening to Sanjaya's divinely aided narration of battlefield events. Vyasa had offered Dhritarashtra the divine eye to witness the war, but the king declined, choosing instead to rely on Sanjaya's oral account—a decision that positions Gandhari and the women of the palace as integral listeners to the epic's unfolding tragedy. Throughout ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' to ''[[Shalya Parva]]'', the text notes Gandhari's presence among the royal women who responded with visible grief to Sanjaya's accounts of key deaths: [[Drona]], [[Karna]], and finally [[Duryodhana]]. All of Gandhari's sons are killed in the war, specifically at the hands of the second Pandava, [[Bhima]].<ref name="DM" /><ref name=":1" />

===Post-war lamentation===
[[File:The mourning of Dhritarashtra.jpg|thumb|The mourning at Kurukshetra battlefield after the war]]
Gandhari assumes the central role in the ''[[Stri Parva]]'', the eleventh book of the epic, which portrays the aftermath of the Kurukshetra War. After winning the war, the Pandavas visit Gandhari to seek her blessings. By this time, Gandhari has lost all her sons, including Duryodhana, and is overwhelmed with grief and anger. Gandhari contemplates cursing [[Yudhishthira]]. Vyasa intervenes to prevent this, reminding her of her earlier declaration that righteousness would prevail in the war. Gandhari accepts this truth and acknowledges that the destruction of her sons and the Kuru dynasty is the result of the misdeeds of Duryodhana, Shakuni, [[Karna]], and [[Dushasana]]. Calming herself, she refrains from cursing the Pandavas. During this encounter, Bhima admits to fighting unfairly against [[Duryodhana]], defending his actions as necessary in war. However, he lies to Gandhari about drinking the blood of [[Dushasana]] after killing him. In a moment of supplication, [[Yudhishthira]] bows to Gandhari and touched her feet. From beneath her blindfold, some of the energy from her anguished, downward gaze escapes, turning Yudhishthira's big toe permanently blue. The Pandavas are also reunited with their mother, [[Kunti]], for the first time in over thirteen years. Kunti introduces a devastated [[Draupadi]]—who has also lost all her sons—to Gandhari and Gandhari consoles her.<ref name="PE" /><ref name="kmg">{{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Pratap Chandra |url=http://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri06royp |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa |last2=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |date=1884–1894 |publisher=Calcutta : Bharata press |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Just before the war, Gandhari gained divine sight. With this 'divine eye', she surveys the battlefield from a distance and later visits the battlefield of Kurukshetra, accompanied by other family members. Gandhari emerges as a central voice among the bereaved women, expressing her sorrow and outrage over the destruction wrought by the war. There, Gandhari delivers a lament upon witnessing the devastated field strewn with the bodies of her sons and many other warriors. Upon witnessing Duryodhana's corpse, she momentarily faints. Standing beside [[Krishna]], she describes the anguish of the bereaved women from both sides as they mourn their fallen kin, expressing profound sorrow over the ruinous consequences of the conflict. Seeing the vast destruction and death, Gandhari condemns Krishna, holding him responsible for the devastation. Though aware of his divine status—having been present when Sanjaya revealed Krishna's nature and when Krishna manifested his cosmic form—she accuses him of failing to prevent the war despite his divine powers. In a moment of profound emotional anguish, she curses Krishna, foretelling that thirty-six years from then, he will witness the destruction of his [[Yadava|Yadava dynasty]] and die a lonely death, killed by trickery. Krishna accepts this curse, asserting that only he can bring about his end, but also admonishes Gandhari for shifting blame away from herself.<ref name="PE" /><ref name="DM" /><ref name=":1" />

===Later life and death===
[[File:Kunti Gandhari Dhrtarashtra.jpg|thumb|Kunti leading Dhritarashtra and Gandhari as they go to the forest—an illustration from the ''Razmnama'']]
After Yudhishthira is crowned as the Emperor of Kuru, Gandhari continues to reside in [[Hastinapur]], cared for by the queens of the [[Pandavas]]. The ''[[Ashramavasika Parva]]'' recounts that fifteen years after the war, Gandhari, along with Dhritarashtra, Kunti, her brother-in-law [[Vidura]], and aid [[Sanjaya]], retires to the forest near the ashram of Shatayupa, on the banks of the [[Ganga]]. The Pandavas, deeply affected by the separation, visit them after six years. At Gandhari and Kunti's request, Vyasa uses his yogic powers to enable them to briefly see the spirits of their deceased relatives. Shortly afterward, a wildfire engulfs the forest, consuming Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti.<ref name="PE" />

The ''[[Svargarohana Parva]]'' mentions that Yudhishthira performs the final rites for those who perish in the forest fire. After their deaths, the souls of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari ascend to [[Kubera]]loka, the celestial [[Loka|realm]] associated with wealth and contentment.<ref name="PE" />

==Assessment and legacy==
Gandhari is identified as a quintessential exemplar of ''[[pativrata]]''—the ideal of a devoted wife—in Hindu tradition. Scholar [[Arti Dhand]] argues that her exceptional spiritual powers stem from this commitment, as scriptures emphasize ''pativrata-dharma'' as a form of discipline akin to asceticism, and thus, believed to yield similar spiritual rewards, such as being able to curse [[Krishna]] himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhand |first=Arti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq1JvDXJ5EwC&q=G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB&pg=PA75 |title=Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage: Sexual Ideology in the Mahābhārata |date=2009-01-08 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7140-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Brian Black emphasizes Gandhari's narrative and interpretive authority within the ''Mahabharata'', portraying her as a moral critic of the war whose presence as a listener to [[Sanjaya]]'s war accounts establishes her as a witness to its devastating consequences. While often silent, Gandhari intervenes at key moments—such as criticizing [[Dhritarashtra]], attempting to dissuade [[Duryodhana]] from war, and helping secure [[Draupadi]]'s release—demonstrating subtle but effective agency. Her role culminates in the ''Stri Parva'', where, granted divine vision, she becomes the primary speaker in a dialogue with Krishna. Here, Black argues, Gandhari transforms from a passive listener into a voice for collective female suffering, articulating the pain of the widows and the consequences of war with prophetic gravitas. Her condemnation of Krishna and the subsequent curse she places on him, which is later fulfilled, underscores her elevated moral and spiritual status. Black highlights that Gandhari's narration stands in parallel to Sanjaya's, but her position as a grieving mother and ascetic lends her speech a deeper emotional and theological resonance.<ref name=":1" />

According to scholar [[James L. Fitzgerald]], who translated ''The Book of the Women'' (''[[Stri Parva]]''), Gandhari is a poetic creation of [[Vyasa]], representing an ideal of unwavering devotion, distinct from other women like [[Draupadi]]. Unlike Draupadi, who is drawn into conflicts between men, Gandhari exemplifies the faithful and ascetic wife, akin to [[Sita]] from the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Her self-imposed suffering and ascetic dedication (''ugra [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]]'') accumulate spiritual power over time, giving her a formidable presence in the epic. Despite her anger, notes Fitzgerald, Gandhari consoles the [[Pandava]]s, shifting from rage to compassion. She empathises deeply with Draupadi, who has also lost her [[Upapandavas|sons]], and their shared grief, mediated by [[Kunti]], reflects the immense emotional toll of the war on women. Gandhari's lament—"It was my wrong that brought this eminent family to extinction"—reveals her sense of moral responsibility for the Kuru tragedy. Fitzgerald also examines Gandhari's sudden acquisition of ''divya chakshus'' (divine vision), which Vyasa grants, enabling her to see the battlefield and mourn the fallen warriors. This vision, Fitzgerald suggests, is rooted in her asceticism, raising questions about whether Vyasa's intervention diminishes her autonomous power. He posits that the epic's attribution of her clairvoyance to Vyasa may reflect the discomfort of the [[Brahminical|Brahminical tradition]] with the spiritual power of non-Brahmins, especially women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&q=fitzgerald+indologist+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=en}}</ref>

In Hebbya village, [[Nanjangud]], Mysore, India, there is a temple called [[Gāndhārī temple]] dedicated to her. This temple honours her devotion and loyalty as she epitomized the goodness of a mother and a loving wife.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhari temple: a testimony to loyalty and womanhood|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/20/stories/2008062057760200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007090621/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/20/stories/2008062057760200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2008}}</ref>

==In derivative works==
One widely circulated narrative in various retellings portrays Gandhari making a single deliberate exception to her lifelong blindfolded state, underscoring the enduring love of mothers for their children, regardless of their moral failings.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Gandhari, the Rebel |publisher= Economic and Political Weekly |volume= 29 |pages=1517–1519}}</ref> According to this version, during the final days of the [[Kurukshetra War]], she visits the Kaurava camp and asks Duryodhana to present himself before her without clothing. Her intention is to remove her blindfold and direct the immense [[Yoga|yogic]] power she had accumulated through years of austerity and devotion into his body through a single, potent gaze, thereby rendering him invulnerable—his body becoming as hard as a [[vajra]] (thunderbolt). However, [[Krishna]], aware of Gandhari's intent, secretly advises Duryodhana to maintain modesty and cover his loins before meeting his mother. Obeying Krishna, Duryodhana drapes a cloth over his loin, leaving that part of his body unexposed to Gandhari's gaze. As a result, while the rest of his body becomes impenetrable, his thighs remain vulnerable, later resulting in his defeat and death. While this version of the story has gained popularity in modern media adaptations and oral traditions, it does not appear in the original Sanskrit Mahabharata, where Bhima is compelled to strike Duryodhana's thighs—a move considered illegal in mace combat—to ensure victory and fulfill his earlier vows.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8rjAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB+Duryodhana+naked |title=Folk-lore |date=1976 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQUNAQAAMAAJ&q=g%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB+Duryodhana+naked |title=Asian Folklore Studies |date=1980 |publisher=Asian Folklore Institute; [sold by Cellar Book Shop, Detroit, Mich.] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuN4EAAAQBAJ&dq=g%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB+Duryodhana+naked&pg=PT155 |title=Peter Brook and the Mahabharata: Critical Perspectives |date=2022-09-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64940-6 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Urubhanga]]'' by [[Bhāsa]] (c. 1st - 2nd century CE) is one of the earliest attempts to evoke ''[[Karuṇā|karuna rasa]]'' (pathos) for [[Duryodhana]], and as part of this transformation, Bhāsa expands the relationship between Duryodhana and Gandhari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cuppiramaṇiyan̲ |first=A. Ve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIQJUU9jnEC&dq=G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB+maternal+love&pg=PA203 |title=The Aesthetics of Wonder: New Findings in Sanskrit Alaṅkāraśāstra |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-0444-9 |language=en}}</ref> Here, Gandhari and other family members of Duryodhana are depicted visiting the battles while he is dying. For Gandhari, Duryodhana symbolises all her hundred sons and stands as the "golden pillar" of her sacrificial world, conveying that his downfall plunges her into symbolic darkness. Even in death, the maternal bond persists; Duryodhana requests that Gandhari be his mother again in the next life, to which she responds with affection, affirming that he had spoken the very desire of her heart.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Parmar |first=Arjunsinh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKjO1f3mDv0C&q=Gandhari&pg=PA35 |title=Critical Perspectives on the Mahābhārata |date=2002 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-273-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-07-05 |title=Status of Women in the Ūrubhaṅga [Part 13] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/dasarupaka-critical-study/d/doc628632.html |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Harivaṃśapurāṇa|Jain retellings]] of the ''Mahabharata'', a narrative emerges concerning Gandhari's early life and marriage, which, though absent from the canonical Sanskrit epic, provides a background that facilitates the later victimization and justification of the antagonist [[Shakuni]]. When astrologers predicts a brief lifespan for her future husband, [[Subala]], to avert this, arranges a symbolic marriage between Gandhari and a goat prior to her wedding with [[Dhritarashtra]], after which the goat is sacrificed. When [[Bhishma]] later learns of this ritual, he condemns the act, considering Gandhari a symbolic widow, and takes punitive measures against Subala's family. He starves all the men of Gandhari's family until only one—Shakuni—survives. In a different variant, Gandhari is taken captive as a bride and her family is punished when they refuse her marriage to the blind Dhritarashtra.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzN2_fu0mIYC&q=+Gandhari |title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310425-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In modern period, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] wrote a Bengali poetic play about her, named ''Gandharir Abedon'' (Bangla: গান্ধারীর আবেদন, Translation: Supplication of Gandhari). Gandhari, her husband [[Dhritarashtra]] and their son [[Duryodhana]] are central characters in the play.<ref>Sanchayita by Rabindranath Tagore</ref> Aditi Banerjee wrote a novel named ''The Curse of Gandhari'', which depicts the story of the Mahabharata through the perspective of Gandhari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=2019-10-15 |title=Decoding Gandhari, the queen of iron will |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-queen-of-iron-will/article29690374.ece |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikisource-inline}}
{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Queens in Hindu mythology]]

Multi Tasking Staff Examination

2026-04-13T10:21:26Z

Trainscafe:

{{Short description|Indian examination}}

{{Infobox examination
| name = Multi-Tasking Staff Examination
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| acronym =
| type = Online standardized test
| test_admin =
| skills_tested = [[General knowledge]], [[reasoning]], quantitative aptitude, [[English language|English]]
| purpose = recruiting "Group C" posts in government organisations
| year_started = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1975}}
| year_terminated = 
| duration = 90 minutes (45 minutes each session)
| score_range = 0-270 (120 qualifying only)
| score_validity =
| offered = Annually
| attempt_restriction =
| regions = India
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi]]
| test_takers = 5.74 million (2024)
| prerequisite = 10th passed or equivalent
| fee = {{INRConvert|100}}
| score_users =
| qualification_rate =
| website = https://ssc.gov.in/
}}

'''Multi Tasking Staff Examination''' (also known as '''MTS Exam''' or '''MTSE''') is an examination conducted by the [[Staff Selection Commission]] to recruit Group C (Non Gazetted, non Ministerial) staff to various posts in top ministries, departments and organisations of the [[Government of India]]. The Staff Selection Commission was established in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=SSC MTS 2022 registration last date today, apply now for over 11,000 posts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/ssc-cgl-307452-2016-02-06 |access-date= |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=SSC MTS, Havaldar Exam 2022: Application process starts for over 11,000 vacancies. Here are details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/ssc-mts-havaldar-exam-2022-application-process-starts-for-over-11000-vacancies-here-are-details/articleshow/97118172.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> From 2023 in MTS 2022 examination posts of Havildar in [[CBIC]] and Narcotics was added.

==Prerequisites==
Candidates applying for the various posts need to have a matriculation (Secondary Education) certificate from a recognised board at the time of applying. Applicants must be between two age groups 18 and 25 years and 18-27 age group.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2018 |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=Puja |title=SSC 2018 Notification Expected Today, Know Eligibility Criteria, Age Limit, Pay Scale & Selection Process |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ssc-cgl-2018-notification-expected-today-know-eligibility-criteria-age-limit-pay-scale-selection-process-1739007.html |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2023 |title=SSC MTS Result 2022 Declared; Check Direct Link, Cut-Off, How To Download Scorecard, Final Answer Key |url=https://www.india.com/education/ssc-mts-result-2022-direct-link-cut-off-scorecard-final-answer-key-at-ssc-nic-in-sarkari-result-6284832/re-and-more/articleshow/63841521.cms |access-date= |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The age limits may vary depending on the position applied. For instance, the position for Havildar in [[Central Bureau of Narcotics|Bureau of Narcotics]], which origin and in CBIC ally had an age range from 18 to 25 years. The application fee for 2024 is Rs. 100. All women, people in [[Scheduled Castes]] or [[Scheduled Tribes]], Economical Weaker Section, physically disabled people, and ex-servicemen eligible for reservation are exempted from paying the application fee.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=SSC MTS Result 2022: Where, how to check scores |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/ssc-cgl-tier-i-exam-2016-to-held-on-may-8-and-22/ |access-date= |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Structure==
The examination had two major tiers earlier but now it has 2 section test in a single day. The exam is conducted over different days, with results posted after each tier. Previous exams also included a descriptive paper tier.<ref>{{cite news |title=SSC MTS Descriptive Exam on 8th May 2022: Paper-2 to be held in 23 Languages, Check Shift Timings |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/no-interview-for-non-gazetted-govt-jobs-from-january-1-pm-modi/ |access-date= |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Tier I: Section I{{anchor|Tier 1}}===
The Tier I exam consists of a written objective multiple-choice exam with two sections, covering the subjects of:
* General intelligence and reasoning
* Quantitative aptitude

The exam is typically scored with a maximum of 60 marks per section, for a total of 120 marks. Minimum marks are required to qualify in Section I. Three marks for each correct answer zero marks awarded for each wrong or unattempted questions.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web |date= |title=SSC MTS Final Answer Key 2023 released at ssc.nic.in, direct link to download |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ssc-mts-final-answer-key-2023-released-at-ssc-nic-in-direct-link-to-download/articleshow/106217071.cms |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Tier I: Section II===
Section II consists of a multiple-choice exam, in two parts:
* English language and comprehension
* General awareness

Both subjects consists of 60 marks and total marks is 120 .<ref name="ssc 2010">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ssc.nic.in/SSC_WEBSITE_LATEST/candidates_corner/syllabus/CGL_SYLL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328160358/http://www.ssc.nic.in/SSC_WEBSITE_LATEST/candidates_corner/syllabus/CGL_SYLL.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="ssc 2016">{{cite web |title=Staff Selection Commission – Notice – Combined Graduate Level Examination, 2016 |url=http://ssc.nic.in:80/SSC_WEBSITE_LATEST/notice/notice_pdf/FnlCGLE_07032016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327060322/http://ssc.nic.in/SSC_WEBSITE_LATEST/notice/notice_pdf/FnlCGLE_07032016.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 |publisher=[[Staff Selection Commission]] |location=India |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com"/> Out of which each question carries 3 marks, each wrong question carries negative one mark and zero mark for unattempted questions. The merit list is prepared on the basis of section 2 marks.

===Havildar PET/PST Test===
* Physical endurance test/medical for Havildar <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2023 |title=SSC MTS Admit Card 2022 for PET/PST out, links to download admit cards for different regions here |url=https://www.india.com/education/ssc-mts-result-2022-direct-link-cut-off-scorecard-final-answer-key-at-ssc-nic-in-sarkari-result-6284832/ |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Logistics==
The SSC MTS 2024 exam is scheduled to be held from '''September 30 to November 14, 2024'''. It will be conducted in '''multiple batches across several days''', with up to '''three shifts per day'''. The SSC MTS 2024 exam has received a significant number of applicants, with over 9.5 lakh candidates expected to participate.

Candidates were allowed to view their answer sheets and point out errors in the grading of answers for a fee of Rs. 100 per question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ssc-cgl-results-2016-likely-be-out-friday-how-check-cgl-tier-1-results-698768 |title=SC CGL results 2016 likely to be out on Friday: How to check CGL Tier 1 Results |work=[[International Business Times]] | location=India |access-date=24 December 2016 | first=Raymond | last=Ronamai | date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/education-gallery/410420/ssc-cgl-tier-1-exam-result-2016-announced-today-check-ssc-nic-in/2/ |title=SSC CGL Tier 1 exam result 2016 set to be declared soon, check ssc.nic.in for latest update |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=10 October 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

For the 2024 exam, approximately 9.5 lakh candidates filled in the online application. Out of these, a large number are expected to take the exam, which will be conducted across multiple batches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSC CGL 2024 Expected Cut Off |url=https://www.parikshasoochna.com/2024/09/ssc-cgl-2024-expected-cut-off.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Pariksha Soochna |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}

[[Category:Government recruitment in India]]

Dilsha Prasannan

2026-03-08T23:22:42Z

Trainscafe: started post

{{Short description|Indian actress and dancer (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{Infobox person
| name = Dilsha Prasannan
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|06|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calicut]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2014{{dash}}present
| known_for = {{UBL| ''[[D 4 Dance|D4 Dance]]'' | ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]'' }}
| height = 5.4
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Dilsha Prasannan''' (born 25 June 1991) is an Indian television actress and dancer who works in the Malayalam industry.
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spotlight Special |first1=ET |title=Dilsha Prasannan, Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 4 winner, first female contestant to win title |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/dilsha-prasannan-bigg-boss-malayalam-season-4-winner-first-female-contestant-to-win-title/articleshow/92655146.cms |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 4 winner: Dilsha Prasannan lifts the trophy; becomes the first-ever female contestant to win the show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-4-winner-dilsha-prasannan-lifts-the-trophy-becomes-the-first-ever-female-contestant-to-win-the-show/articleshow/92638265.cms |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2014, she competed in the dance reality program [[D 4 Dance]] season 1, finishing 5th position, and returned in the [[D 4 Dance#D4 Dance Reloaded|D 4 Dance Reloaded]] edition with pair Rinosh and emerged as the winner.<ref>{{cite news |author1=ETimes.in |title=Flashback Friday: This throwback video of BB Malayalam 4 winner Dilsha grooving with Govind Padmasoorya in D 4 Dance is unmissable - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/flashback-friday-this-throwback-video-of-bb-malayalam-4-winner-dilsha-grooving-with-govind-padmasoorya-in-d-4-dance-is-unmissable/articleshow/92744348.cms |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

She appeared in one TV serial, ''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)]]'' where, she received the Best Debut award at the [[Asianet Television Awards]] in 2016. Later in 2017, she appeared on the reality show, ''Dare the Fear'' and made it to the finals.

In March 2022, Dilsha competed in the fourth season of [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss Malayalam]], the Indian [[Malayalam language]] version of the reality TV show [[Big Brother (franchise)|Bigg Boss]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Season 4 with 24*7 online streaming flagged off |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/bigg-boss-season-4-flagged-off-with-24-7-online-streaming-1.7383983 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 4 Grand Finale: Dilsha Prasannan crowned as the winner; Blesslee is the first runner-up |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-malayalam-4-grand-finale-dilsha-prasannan-crowned-winner-blesslee-first-runner-1154957 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=PINKVILLA |date=3 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708114843/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-malayalam-4-grand-finale-dilsha-prasannan-crowned-winner-blesslee-first-runner-1154957 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 4 Malayalam: Dilsha Prasannan first woman contestant to win the show |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/big-boss-malayalam-dilsha-prasannan-becomes-the-first-woman-in-history-to-flinch-the-trophy-drb-rehre2 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! TV Show
! Channel
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''[[D 4 Dance]] season 1''
|rowspan=“2”|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Herself as Contestant
| 5th Position
|-
| 2016
| D4 Dance Reloaded
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| Herself as Contestant along with Rinosh
| Winner
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Manasa
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Dare the fear''
| rowspan=2| Herself as Contestant
| 3rd Position <ref>{{cite news |title=I'm no more a thottavadi, thanks to dare the fear: Dilsha Prasannan - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/im-no-more-a-thottavadi-thanks-to-dare-the-fear-dilsha-prasannan/articleshow/61903403.cms |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)]]
| Winner
|-
|2023
|Dancing Stars
|Herself as Contestant along with Nasif Appu
|2nd Position
|-
|2024
|[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 6|Bigg Boss season 6]]
|To perform a dance
|
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2023
| ''Ohh Cindrella''<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Mar/21/malayalambig-boss-season-4-winnerdilsha-todebut-in-oh-cinderella-2557907.html</ref>
| Cindrella
|Malayalam debut
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amigo (2024 film)|Amigo]]''
|Dancer
|Tamil film
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]''<ref>https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aale-paatha-oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-movie-song-1.10042273/</ref>
|Dancer
|Malayalam film
|-
| 2025
| ''Sea of Love - Kadalolam Sneham''<ref>https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/payy/sea-of-love-kadalolam-sneham/ET00453171</ref>
|Jumaila
|Malayalam film
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! class="unsortable"| Result
|-
| 2016
| [[Asianet Television Awards]]
| Best New Face (Female)
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasannan, Dilsha}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) winners]]
[[Category:D 4 Dance winners]]

Periya Marudhu (film)

2026-03-03T04:55:26Z

Trainscafe: new initial entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Periya Marudhu
| image = Periya Marudhu film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| screenplay = [[Sangili Murugan]]
| story = K. Ayya
| producer = Kalyani Murugan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Ranjitha]]|[[Pragathi]]}}
| cinematography = N. K. Viswanathan
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Meenakshi Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|11|02}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Periya Marudhu''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Ranjitha]] and [[Pragathi]]. It was released on 2 November 1994.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Periya Marudhu amputated Marimuthu for grabbing his land and he is sent to jail. After spending two years behind bars, Periya Marudhu is back to his village.

In the past, Periya Marudhu became an orphan at a very early age and tried hard to live through. Impressed by Periya Marudhu's strength, Sivasankaran brought him to his home. Since then, Periya Marudhu considers Sivasankaran as his best friend and works as his faithful henchman while Sivasankaran considers him as his common henchman. Sivasankaran is involved in [[land grabbing]], in women kidnapping and raping. The villagers hate Sivasankaran and Periya Marudhu.

After losing her sister, Kaveri decides to live with Periya Marudhu, her last relative. Kaveri loves Periya Marudhu and tries to change his behaviour. Sivasankaran, who fears to lose his faithful henchman, kills Kaveri.

Periya Marudhu decides to take revenge and becomes a good man.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Periya Marudhu
*[[Ranjitha]] as Kaveri
*[[Pragathi]] as Ponni
*[[Mahesh Anand]] as Sivasankaran
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Bhai
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Pandiyan
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Marimuthu
*[[Goundamani]] as Sodalai
*[[Senthil]] as Azhaguraman
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as S. Satyamurthy
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Senkodan
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Police Inspector
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Periya Marudhu's mother
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Kallapart Natarajan]] as coracle driver
*Ram
*Lakshman
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Periya Marudhu's father
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]
*[[M. Saroja]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Jailer
*Aradhana as Mahalakshmi
*[[Jayalalita]] as Sevvanthi
*[[Kullamani]] as Perichali
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Restaurant Owner
*Ganapathy Subramaniam
*[[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]]
*Kavithasri as an [[item number]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periya Maruthu (1994) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002869.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514071109/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002869.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |access-date=13 April 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Periya Marudhu Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/periya-marudhu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028041350/https://mossymart.com/product/periya-marudhu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !!lyricist!! Duration
|-
| "Aalamara Vehru" || [[T. L. Maharajan]], [[S. N. Surendar]]|| rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]|| 3:46
|-
| "Elaarukkum Nalla" || [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]]|| 1:54
|-
| "Ponnu Velayara" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]|| [[Pulamaipithan]]|| 4:22
|-
| "Poonthearil Yeri" || T. L. Maharajan, S. N. Surendar||[[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]|| 5:20
|-
| "Raasavukku" || Mano, K. S. Chithra|| Vaali || 3:24
|-
| "Sinagarama Nalla" || [[Uma Ramanan]]|| Ponnadiyan || 4:57
|-
| "Vidala Pulla" || [[Swarnalatha]] || Muthulingam || 5:09
|-
| "Sakara Dappa" || [[K.S.Chitra]] || Muthulingam || 5:09
|}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The screenplay is loosely etched and treatment leaves much to be desired".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 1994 |title=Periya Marudu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19941104&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called comedy and dialogues as okay while calling music and cinematography as enjoyable and concluded that if one was an action lover, this film is for them.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=13 November 1994 |title=பெரிய மருது |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-11-13/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230315053820/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-11-13/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=15 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0318557}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 action films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. K. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Biman Banerjee

2026-02-28T21:55:46Z

Trainscafe: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Biman Banerjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|12|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web|title=Shri Biman Banerjee|url=https://loksabhatv.nic.in/shri-biman-banerjee|website=[[Lok Sabha TV]]|quote=Date & Place of Birth: 28 Dec 1948, Metiaburuj, Kolkata, South 24 Parganas}}</ref>
| residence = [[Kolkata]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = 10th [[Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 30 May 2011
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2namedata =
*[[Sonali Guha]] (''2011–2016'')
*[[Haider Aziz Safwi]] (''23 June 2016 – 12 Dec 2018'')
*[[Sukumar Hansda]] (''28 Dec 2018–29 Oct 2020'')
*'''[[Asish Banerjee]]''' (2021–Present)
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Hashim Abdul Halim]]
| successor =
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2011
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Baruipur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Paschim]]
| predecessor2 = Rahul Ghosh
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Councillor]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start3 = 1985
| term_end3 = 1990
| governor = {{Unbulleted list|[[M. K. Narayanan]]|[[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)''|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]|[[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)''|[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]}}
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–present) [[Indian National Congress]] (until 1998)
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| 2blankname = Deputy Speaker
}}
'''Biman Banerjee''' (born 28 December 1948) is an Indian politician who has been 10th [[Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] since 30 May 2011. He is a sitting member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from [[Baruipur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Paschim]] and member of [[Trinamool Congress]].

==Life and career==
Born and raised in [[Garden Reach]], Biman Banerjee graduated from the Goenka College and completed his master's degree in commerce and simultaneously in law from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="loksabha"/> His grandfather, Satish Chandra Banerjee, and his father, Pranotosh Banerjee, were reputed lawyers. He was employed in the Bank of India but subsequently left the job and joined the legal profession. He also served as a part-time lecturer in commercial & industrial law at Hari Mohan Ghosh College and was an examiner in the Calcutta University. He was elected as Councilor of Calcutta Municipal Corporation in 1985 from ward no. 136. He was also elected as a member of the West Bengal Bar Council.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bimanbanerjee.info/demo/home.html | title=Biman Banerjee — Home Page | accessdate=31 August 2011 | author=Biman Banerjee | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508215007/http://bimanbanerjee.info/demo/home.html | archivedate=8 May 2013 }}</ref>

===Political career===
In May 2011, the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool]] MLA from [[Baruipur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Paschim]] and practicing lawyer was elected as Speaker of the West Bengal Assembly unopposed, as the Opposition did not nominate a candidate for the post.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-biman-banerjee-nominated-for-speaker-sonali-guha-for-dy-speaker-2122811.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711103742/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-biman-banerjee-nominated-for-speaker-sonali-guha-for-dy-speaker-2122811.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 July 2012 | title=West Bengal: Biman Banerjee nominated for Speaker, Sonali Guha for Dy Speaker | newspaper=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] | author=PTI | author-link=Press Trust of India | date=21 May 2011 | accessdate=31 August 2011}}</ref> After the election, he took a decision to give more importance to the sensitivities of the opposition and promised to give them more time to speak, on Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]]'s advice, a decision which was welcomed by the Leader of the Opposition, [[Suryakanta Mishra]]. After Biman Banerjee was elected, he was taken to the Speaker's Chair by Mishra, Prabodh Chandra Sinha and Subhas Naskar, where he engaged in the protocol of exchanging courtesies with the outgoing speaker, [[Hashim Abdul Halim]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Biman-Banerjee-elected-West-Bengal-assembly-speaker/Article1-703790.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125064642/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Biman-Banerjee-elected-West-Bengal-assembly-speaker/Article1-703790.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Biman Banerjee elected West Bengal assembly speaker |date=30 May 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=31 August 2011 |author=HT Correspondent }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pallabghosh.instablogs.com/entry/biman-bandopadhyay-become-new-speaker-in-west-bengal-assembly/ |title=Biman Bandopadhyay become new speaker in West Bengal Assembly |publisher=InstaBlogs |date=30 May 2011 |accessdate=31 August 2011 |author=Pallab Ghosh |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330171018/http://pallabghosh.instablogs.com/entry/biman-bandopadhyay-become-new-speaker-in-west-bengal-assembly/ |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}
{{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Biman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]

Woodstock School

2026-02-24T18:34:40Z

Trainscafe: made new pg

{{Short description|School in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{about|the school in India|other schools|Woodstock School (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Woodstock School
| logo = Woodstock School logo.png
| image = Woodstock campus shot.jpg
| alt = Woodstock school campus
| logo_alt = Woodstock Lyre Tree
| caption = Woodstock school campus
| motto = ''{{lang|la|Palma non sine pulvere}}''
| motto_translation = No reward without effort
| city = [[Mussoorie, Uttarakhand]]
| zipcode = 248179
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|27|14|N|78|6|3|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date and age|1854}}
| type = [[Independent school|Independent]], [[Boarding school|Residential]], [[International school|International]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Christianity|Christian]]
| head_label = Principal
| head = Craig Cook<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.educationworld.in/woodstock-school-appoints-dr-craig-cook-as-new-principal/ | title=Woodstock School appoints Dr Craig Cook as new principal. |work=Education World | date=26 April 2019 | access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>
| gender = [[Coeducational]]
| grades = KG–12
| ratio = 6:1
| language = English
| campus =
| enrollment = 450 students
| colours = {{Color box|brown|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Brown and gold
| mascot = Tiger
| newspaper = The Woodstocker
| yearbook = Whispering Pine
| website = {{URL|www.woodstockschool.in}}
}}
[[File:School Gate (5275345515).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Woodstock entrance]]
'''Woodstock School''' is an international [[coeducational]] residential school located in [[Landour]], a small [[hill station]] contiguous with the town of [[Mussoorie, Uttarakhand]], India, in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]].

Woodstock is one of the oldest residential schools in Asia, operating today as a private nonprofit institution with Indian Christian Minority Status. Woodstock offers [[K-12|kindergarten through Grade 12]] instruction, with a residence programme beginning in Grade 6. It is fully accredited by the [[Middle States Association]], the first school in Asia to receive accreditation in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msa-cess.org/default.aspx?RelId=606553|title=MSA-CESS -> Member Resources -> Membership Directory|website=www.msa-cess.org|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814131412/https://www.msa-cess.org/default.aspx?RelID=606553|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019 Woodstock School was officially accredited as an [[International Baccalaureate|International Baccalaureate (IB)]] World School, with full authorisation for both the [[IB Middle Years Programme]] (MYP) and [[International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme|Diploma Programme]] (DP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.woodstockschool.in/woodstock-is-a-international-baccalaureate-world-school/|title=Woodstock Is An International Baccalaureate (IB) World School | work=www.woodstockschool.in}}</ref> It is also regarded as one of the most expensive schools in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-04 |title=Most Expensive Schools in India |url=https://www.getmyuni.com/articles/most-expensive-school-in-india |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Getmyuni |language=en}}</ref>

It is included in [[The Schools Index]] of the world's 150 best private schools and among the top 10 international schools in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Private Schools Worldwide {{!}} The Schools Index 2023 by Carfax Education |url=https://www.schools-index.com/top-2023-schools/rest-of-the-world-schools |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.schools-index.com}}</ref> [[Architectural Digest]] named Woodstock one of the nine most beautiful boarding schools in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Katherine |date=2024-03-28 |title=The World's 9 Most Beautiful Boarding Schools |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/the-worlds-most-beautiful-boarding-schools |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Woodstock was founded in 1854 and has been on its current campus since 1856. Woodstock House, rented from the estate of Colonel Bradshaw Reilly.<ref name="y492">{{cite news| title=Mussoorie: The Nursery of Schools | website=Garhwal Post | date=27 February 2025 | url=https://garhwalpost.in/mussoorie-the-nursery-of-schools/ | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref> First managed as a girls’ school with staff provided by an English mission, there came an increasing demand from missionaries for a school in North India with an American curriculum to prepare students for American colleges and universities. By 1928, a full American coeducational programme had been introduced at Woodstock. In 1959, Woodstock was the third high school outside North America and the first school in Asia to receive US accreditation through the [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools]].<ref>Jones, Wilkie, McGee. ''Woodstock School: The First Century 1854-1954''. Woodstock School Board of Directors, 1954.</ref>

During the 1960s, cross-cultural courses in social studies, literature, art, and religion were introduced, and [[Indian classical music]] and [[Indian classical dance|dance]] lessons were added. Indian universities became more accepting of the Woodstock Diploma, and in 1990 the [[Association of Indian Universities]] recognized the Woodstock Diploma as being equivalent to the Indian school-leaving examination, thus allowing graduates to enter Indian universities with greater ease.

In the 1960s and 1970s Woodstock began to rethink its composition, purpose, and philosophy as an institution. The school consciously shifted its conception from that of a missionary school to a school consisting of an international student body, staff, and curriculum, with a strong Indian cultural component. This was led by Robert Alter, Principal from 1968 to 1978. With the increasing internationalisation of the student body, an [[English as a Second Language]] (ESL) programme was established in 1978.<ref>Hilliard, Ruth. ''Woodstock History Volume II''. Woodstock School Board of Directors, 1983.</ref>

In recent years, Woodstock has renovated classrooms and laboratories, and moved to the International Baccalaureate curriculum. Woodstock became an International Baccalaureate World School in 2019, with authorisation for both the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma Programme (DP). The class of 2021 was the first Woodstock students to graduate with both an American High School Diploma and the International Baccalaureate Diploma.

In 2004, Woodstock celebrated 150 years. The Government of India issued a Woodstock School commemorative postage stamp in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | title = Postage Stamps 2004 | publisher = [[Department of Posts]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]], Government of India | work = Postage Stamps of India | access-date = 2016-08-10 | url = http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2004.aspx | archive-date = 18 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220218082628/https://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2004.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Alumni organizations==
The Woodstock Old Students Association (WOSA) was founded in 1911 and has chapters in many countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsarchive.woodstockschool.in/Alumni/wosahistory.htm|title=Woodstock School: Our Purpose|website=newsarchive.woodstockschool.in}}</ref>

==Affiliations==
* International Baccalaureate(IB)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibo.org/|title= International Education- International Baccalaureate Organisation|website=www.ibo.org}}</ref>
* Council of International Schools (CIS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cois.org|title=Council of International Schools - International Education Organisation|website=www.cois.org}}</ref>
* Global Alliance for Innovative Learning (GAIL)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodstockschool.in/the-global-alliance-for-innovative-learning-gail/|title=THE GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR INNOVATIVE LEARNING (GAIL)|date=28 July 2015}}</ref>
* Association of International Schools in India (TAISI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taisindia.org|title=TAISI::Home Page|website=www.taisindia.org}}</ref>
* Boarding Schools Association (BSA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boarding.org.uk|title=The Boarding Schools' Association (BSA)|website=boarding.org.uk}}</ref>
* [[National Association of Independent Schools]] (NAIS)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nais.org/Pages/default.aspx |title=Home |publisher=NAIS |access-date=2018-07-18 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025094107/http://www.nais.org/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Academy for International School Heads (AISH)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academyish.org|title=AISH# : External Home Page|website=www.academyish.org}}</ref>
* [[Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]] (HMC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmc.org.uk|title=The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC)|website=HMC}}</ref>
* [[Council for Advancement and Support of Education]] (CASE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.case.org|title=CASE - Home|website=www.case.org}}</ref>
* [[National Honor Society]] (NHS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhs.us/?SSO=true|title=NHS|website=www.nhs.us|date=16 January 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158511 - Woodstock School.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Postal stamp - 150 years of Woodstock School, 2004]]

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Anderson (TED)|Chris Anderson]], publisher (founder of [[Future plc|Future Publishing]] and owner, CEO and curator of [[TED (conference)|TED]]) (1974)
* [[Martha Chen|Martha (Marty) Chen]] (née Alter), academic, scholar and social worker (1960)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsarchive.woodstockschool.in/Alumni/DistAlum/chen.htm|title=Marty Alter Chen-Alumni-Woodstock School, India|website=newsarchive.woodstockschool.in}}</ref>
* [[Tom Alter]], actor (1968)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsarchive.woodstockschool.in/Alumni/DistAlum/alterT.htm|title=Woodstock School India, Boarding School, Residential International Christian Education|website=newsarchive.woodstockschool.in}}</ref>
* [[Stephen Alter]], author (1974)
* [[George H. Carley]], former [[Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia]] (1956)
* [[Robert Griffiths (physicist)|Robert Griffiths]], physicist (1952)
* [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer]], anthropologist (1970)
* [[Dilshad Najmuddin]], Pakistani Inspector-General police officer and ambassador to the Holy See (1945)
* [[Pernia Qureshi]], fashion entrepreneur, designer (2002)<ref>{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Anuj | title=Girl on the move | website=The Hindu | date=9 March 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/girl-on-the-move/article17433458.ece | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Dorothy Riddle]], psychologist (1960)
* [[Nayantara Sahgal]], writer (1943)<ref>{{cite web | last=George | first=Rajni | title=Grand Dame of Destiny | website=Open The Magazine | date=6 August 2014 | url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/grand-dame-of-destiny/ | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Henry Scholberg]], author (1939)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Starvation Experiment: Ancel Keys and the Men Who Starved for Science |first=Todd |last=Tucker |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780816651610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS-cdiJcnZgC |pages=53–57}}</ref>
* [[Robert E. Scott]], law professor (1962)
* [[Carl E. Taylor]], international health expert (1932)
* [[Jay Smith (Christian apologist)|Jay Smith]], American Christian evangelist, apologist and polemicist.
* [[Kate Forbes]], [[Deputy First Minister of Scotland]]
* [[Gita Mehta]], writer and filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web |title=With her new sojourn through India's myths, Gita Mehta likely to earn literary acclaim |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19930531-with-her-new-sojourn-through-india-myths-gita-mehta-likely-to-earn-literary-acclaim-811109-1993-05-30 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=India Today |date=31 May 1993 |language=en}}</ref>
* Aditi Saigal, singer and actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India 30 Under 30 2024: How Aditi Saigal Is Winning With Words And Melody {{!}} Forbes India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2024/aditi-saigal-aka-dot-winning-with-words-and-melody/91751/1 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.forbesindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Saumitra Jha]], professor and economist at the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saumitra Jha |url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/saumitra-jha |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Stanford Graduate School of Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saumitra Jha {{!}} IDEAS/RePEc |url=https://ideas.repec.org/e/pjh4.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=ideas.repec.org}}</ref>
* [[Ajai Thandi]], co-founder Sleepy Owl Coffee<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodstock {{!}} Alumni Spotlight – Ajai Thandi '09 |url=https://www.woodstockschool.in/alumni-spotlight-ajai-thandi-09/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold brew coffee market is growing in India |url=https://www.bwhotelier.com/article/cold-brew-coffee-market-is-growing-in-india-153813 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=BW Hotelier |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Schools}}
*[http://www.woodstockschool.in Woodstock School website]
*[https://thewoodstocker.com/ The Woodstocker:] online student newspaper

{{International schools in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Private schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1854]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]

Natasha Noel

2026-02-13T13:18:37Z

Trainscafe: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian yoga instructor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

'''Natasha Noel''' (born 14 September 1997) is an Indian [[Yoga as therapy|yoga instructor]], dancer, and media personality.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2021|title=Here's how this yoga instructor healed from the wounds of her past|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-positive/healing-from-past-wounds-natasha-noel-life-positive-motivational-7208171/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> She was named one of the BBC 100 Women (inspiring and influential women from around the world) in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How yoga helped a rape survivor love her body|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-51262939|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Noel was born in 1997 in Kerala. She is a native of Mumbai, India. Noel lost her mother when she was three years old. She suffered from child abuse and was involved in an accident which inflicted her with an injury that left her in bed rest for a long time.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Following her recovery, she was engaged in a long-time relationship but her boyfriend broke off the relationship.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} She then took to yoga and dancing to manage stress. She enrolled in The Yoga Institute at Santa Cruz before studying yoga at the Ashtanga Vinyasa at Mysore. She was on the list of BBC 100 women for 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Indian Women Find Place in BBC's 100 Most Inspiring & Influential Women of 2019|url=http://www.glad2bawoman.me/article/3774/category/achievers/7-indian-women-find-place-bbcs-100-most-inspiring-influential-women-2019|access-date=18 December 2021|website=7 Indian Women Find Place in BBC's 100 Most Inspiring & Influential Women of 2019|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218033436/http://www.glad2bawoman.me/article/3774/category/achievers/7-indian-women-find-place-bbcs-100-most-inspiring-influential-women-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noel, Natasha}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Yoga-stub}}

Khukumoni Home Delivery

2026-02-05T18:10:36Z

Trainscafe: new new data from scratch

{{short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khukumoni Home Delivery title screen.webp
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Blues Productions]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Blues Productions]]
| writer =
| story = Snehasish Chakraborty
| director = Prasenjit Ray
| creative_director = Snehasish Chakraborty
| starring = Dipanwita Rakshit Rahul Mazumdar
| open_theme = ''"Khukumoni"''
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| voices = Chandrika
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer = Runa Ghatak (Blues Productions) Samajita, Saptara & Sohini (Star Jalsha)
| producer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| editor = Subhajeet Halder Dipon
| cinematography = Debabrata Mallick
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22 minutes (approx.)
| company = [[Blues Productions]]
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 180
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|01|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|05|01|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=অবিশ্বাস্য! মাত্র ৫ মাসেই বন্ধ হচ্ছে স্টার জলসার এই জনপ্রিয় সিরিয়াল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-s-popular-mega-khukumoni-home-delivery-to-go-off-air-31649991593182.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415031920/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-s-popular-mega-khukumoni-home-delivery-to-go-off-air-31649991593182.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
| image_alt =
| screenplay = Snehasish Chakraborty
}}

'''''Khukumoni Home Delivery''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on 1 November 2021 on Bengali entertainment channel [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangla TV Serial : বন্ধ হচ্ছে 'দেশের মাটি', আসছে 'খুকুমণি হোম ডেলিভারি'|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sitara/tv-and-theater/desher-maati-is-coming-to-an-end-and-khukumani-home-delivery-is-coming/wb20211023205109492|access-date=2021-10-24|website=ETV Bharat News|date=23 October 2021 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desher Mati: শেষ হচ্ছে 'দেশের মাটি'! লাইভে এসে আবেগপ্রবণ 'রাম্পি' জুটি|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/desher-mati-bengali-serial-will-be-ending-rahul-banerjee-rooqma-ray-becomes-emotional-khukumoni-home-delivery-start-slot-soc-307597-2021-10-23|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref> It is also available on the online streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. This show is produced by [[Snehasish Chakraborty]] under the banner of [[Blues Productions]]. It stars Dipanwita Rakshit and [[Rahul Mazumdar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Mazumdar bags a new project, to be seen in 'Khukumoni Home Delivery' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rahul-mazumdar-bags-a-new-project-to-be-seen-in-khukumoni-home-delivery/articleshow/86576369.cms|access-date=2021-10-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Khukumoni Home Delivery: খলনায়িকা এবার নায়িকা, খুকুমণির নায়ক হচ্ছে কে জানেন?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rahul-mazumdar-to-pair-opposite-dipanwita-rakshit-in-upcoming-bengali-serial-khukumoni-home-delivery-31632464581832.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924084426/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rahul-mazumdar-to-pair-opposite-dipanwita-rakshit-in-upcoming-bengali-serial-khukumoni-home-delivery-31632464581832.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2021|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Khukumoni Home Delivery'' shows the struggle of an orphan girl who delivers food from home to home. It also shows the story of a mentally unstable man who loves music.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=সেতার উঁচিয়ে খুকুমণিকে মারতে তেড়ে এল নায়ক! ছোটপর্দায় কামব্যাক রাহুলের|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khukumoni-home-delivery-s-new-promo-out-rahul-majumder-making-a-comeback-on-small-screen-with-dipanwita-rakhshit-31633178480880.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020060442/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khukumoni-home-delivery-s-new-promo-out-rahul-majumder-making-a-comeback-on-small-screen-with-dipanwita-rakhshit-31633178480880.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Dipanwita Rakshit as Khukumoni Das Deb – A home delivery agent; Bihan's wife<ref name="main">{{cite news |title=Khukumoni Home Delivery: ফুড হোম ডেলিভারি নিয়ে নতুন মেগা! খুকুমণি কি অন্য স্বাদ আনতে পারবে বিহানের জীবনে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/khukumoni-home-delivery-upcoming-bengali-serial-starring-dipanwita-rakshit-and-rahul-majumdar-deals-food-simple-talented-girl-culinary-skills-and-mentally-unstable-boys-soc-308405-2021-10-26 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=26 October 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> (2021-2022)
* [[Rahul Mazumdar]] as Bihan Deb – Bhisma and Ivana's son; Nipa's stepson; Palash, Shree and Biyas's half-brother; Khukumoni's husband<ref name="main"/> (2021-2022)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Dipankar De]] as Ashutosh Deb – Mohitosh and Basudha's brother; Bhisma, Bhaskar and Papiya's father; Bihan, Palash, Shree and Biyas's grandfather<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Khukumoni Home Delivery: "Playing the role of a mentally unstable guy is a real challenge; it requires fine-tuning," says Rahul Mazumdar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/khukumoni-home-delivery-playing-the-role-of-a-mentally-unstable-guy-is-a-real-challenge-it-requires-fine-tuning-says-rahul-mazumdar/articleshow/87304117.cms|access-date=2021-10-27|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2021 }}</ref> (2021-2022)
* [[Kanchana Moitra]] as Nipa Deb – Bhisma's second wife; Palash, Shree and Biyas's mother; Bihan's step-mother<ref name=":0" /> (2021-2022)
* Biplab Banerjee as Bhisma Deb – Ashutosh's elder son; Bhaskar and Papiya's brother; Ivana and Nipa's husband; Bihan, Palash, Shree and Biyas's father (2021-2022)
* Lopamudra Sinha as Ivana Deb – Bhisma's first wife; Bihan's mother (deceased) (2021)
* [[Soma Dey]] as Basudha Chowdhury – Ashutosh and Mohitosh's sister; Bhisma and Bhaskar's aunt<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ছোটপর্দায় আসছে 'খুকুমণি', বাঙালির হারানো খাবারের স্বাদ ফেরাবে নতুন ধারাবাহিক|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/rahul-mazumdar-dipanwita-rakshit-starrer-khukumoni-home-delivery-to-launch-on-1-november/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|language=bn}}</ref> (2021-2022)
* Gourab Ghoshal as Palash Deb – Bhisma and Nipa's elder son; Shree and Biyas's brother; Bihan's half-brother; Kriti's husband <ref name=":1" /> (2021-2022)
* Prarona Bhattacharya as Kriti Deb – Palash's wife (2021-2022)
* [[Sreemoyee]] Chattoraj as Shree Deb – Bhisma and Nipa's daughter; Palash and Biyas's sister; Bihan's half-sister (2021-2022)
* Sahamita Acharya as Biyash Deb, Bihan's Sister
* Manishankar Banerjee as Mohitosh Deb – Ashutosh and Basudha's brother; Hema's husband (2021)
* Tapasi Roychowdhury as Hema Deb – Mohitosh's wife (2021)
* Arpita Dutta Chowdhury as Papiya Deb – Ashutosh's daughter; Bisma and Bhaskar's sister (2021-2022)
* Mitali Bhattacharya as Papri Deb – Ashutosh's niece (2021-2022)
* Sankar Sanku Chakraborty as Bhaskar Deb – Ashutosh's younger son; Bhisma and Papiya's brother; Kangana's husband (2021-2022)
* [[Rii Sen]] as Kangana Deb – Bhaskar's wife (2021-2022)
* Srabanti Malakar as Khukumoni's aunt (2021-2022)
* Nayanika Sarkar as Nayana – Bihan's fiancé (2021-2022)

== Reception ==
=== TRP Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target rating point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 44
|2021
|7.5
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP তালিকা: চ্যানেল সেরা 'খুকুমণি', মিঠাই-এর নম্বর কমল,প্রথম ১০-এ নেই 'খড়কুটো'!|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-44-khukumoni-home-delivery-claims-spot-in-top-4-mithai-continue-to-dominate-the-list-31636622909797.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111101204/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-44-khukumoni-home-delivery-claims-spot-in-top-4-mithai-continue-to-dominate-the-list-31636622909797.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2021|work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=11 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2021
|7.8
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: 'মিঠাই'-কে জোড় টক্কর 'উমা', 'যমুনা ঢাকি'-র! সেরা দশে হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই ৪ মেগার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-45th-week-mithai-top-position-uma-jamuna-dhaki-sharbojoya-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-315058-2021-11-18 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=18 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2021
|8.4
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: আরও নম্বর বাড়ল 'মিঠাই'-র! চমক দিল 'বরণ', ফিকে 'মন ফাগুন' -র প্রেমের ম্যাজিক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-46th-week-mithai-scores-top-position-uma-aparajita-apu-jamuna-dhaki-sharbojoya-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-317249-2021-11-25 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=25 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2021
|8.9
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: এবারও সেরা 'মিঠাই'! 'উমা'- 'অপু'দের টক্কর দিয়ে বাজিমাত করল 'খুকুমণি' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-47th-week-mithai-khukumoni-home-delivery-uma-aparajita-apu-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-319446-2021-12-02 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=2 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2021
|9.0
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: রেকর্ড গড়ে শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! বাজিমাত করল 'সহচরী', জোড় টক্কর তিন মেগার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-48th-week-mithai-top-position-jamuna-dhaki-khukumoni-home-delivery-uma-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-321520-2021-12-09 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=9 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2021
|9.1
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: সেরা দশে নেই 'খড়কুটো', 'শ্রীময়ী', রাজপাট বজায় রাখল মিঠাই, খুকুমণিরা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-50-mithai-continues-to-win-hearts-of-bengali-tv-audience-sreemoyee-khorkuto-fails-to-make-a-mark-31639639902304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216080930/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-50-mithai-continues-to-win-hearts-of-bengali-tv-audience-sreemoyee-khorkuto-fails-to-make-a-mark-31639639902304.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=16 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2021
|9.3
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: এবারও সেরা 'মিঠাই'! কেমন স্কোর অপু, যমুনাদের? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-50th-week-mithai-top-position-jamuna-dhaki-uma-khukumoni-home-delivery-aparajita-apu-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-325952-2021-12-23 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=23 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2021
|9.9
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title= বছরের শেষ TRP তালিকা, শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'গাঁটছড়া'র, মিঠাইকে ধরে ফেললো 'খুকুমণি'?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-51-mithai-holds-onto-number-1-spot-gantchora-enters-top-four-in-first-week-31640851034983.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230110620/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-51-mithai-holds-onto-number-1-spot-gantchora-enters-top-four-in-first-week-31640851034983.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2021|work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=30 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2021
|10.2
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial: 'বছরসেরা' হয়েও উদ্বেগে 'মিঠাই'! নম্বরের পার্থক্য কমিয়ে দ্বিতীয় 'খুকুমণি' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mithai-is-the-bengal-topper-tv-serial-in-the-new-year-gantchora-is-in-third-position-dgtl/cid/1322254 |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=6 January 2022|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2022
|10.2
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial: একই নম্বর পেয়ে দ্বিতীয় 'উমা', 'খুকুমণি'! জোড়া আক্রমণে অসহায় 'মিঠাই' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mithai-facing-tough-competition-from-uma-and-khukumani-dgtl/cid/1323352 |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=13 January 2022|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2022
|8.6
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-20|title=TRP তালিকা: প্রথম সপ্তাহেই বাজিমাত 'আলতা ফড়িং'-এর, ফের কমলো মিঠাই-এর নম্বর!|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-2-2022-alta-phoring-claims-third-spot-on-opening-week-mithai-holds-onto-number-1-spot-but-losses-some-more-pints-31642663955018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120084144/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-2-2022-alta-phoring-claims-third-spot-on-opening-week-mithai-holds-onto-number-1-spot-but-losses-some-more-pints-31642663955018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2022
|9.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=TRP List: শীর্ষস্থান হাতছাড়া হল 'মিঠাই'-এর? ঋষি-পিহুর ম্যাজিকের সামনে ফিকে সকলে!|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-3-2022-mithai-magic-continues-to-woo-audience-mon-phagun-and-gantchora-claims-number-2-spot-31643354603692.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128080034/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-3-2022-mithai-magic-continues-to-woo-audience-mon-phagun-and-gantchora-claims-number-2-spot-31643354603692.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2022
|8.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP: অবিশ্বাস্য! শীর্ষে 'গাঁটছড়া', 'আলতা ফড়িং', কোন স্থানে 'মিঠাই'?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-4th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-top-position-mon-phagun-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-340320-2022-02-03|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Aaj Tak Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2022
|8.1
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=TRP তালিকা: বিরাট অঘটন! এক থেকে সোজা পাঁচে নেমে গেল 'মিঠাই', কারা করল বাজিমাত?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-5-mithai-slips-to-5th-spot-from-number-1-position-gatchora-tops-the-chart-31644476170138.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210075104/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-5-mithai-slips-to-5th-spot-from-number-1-position-gatchora-tops-the-chart-31644476170138.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2022|access-date=|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2022
|7.3
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-17|title=TRP তালিকা: ফের ব্যর্থ মিঠাই! গাঁটছড়া না মন ফাগুন, শীর্ষস্থান দখল করল কে?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-6-2022-gaatchora-holds-onto-number-1-position-mithai-jumps-to-third-place-31645081198149.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217074611/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-6-2022-gaatchora-holds-onto-number-1-position-mithai-jumps-to-third-place-31645081198149.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2022
|7.4
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=TRP তালিকা: সেরার মুকুট ফের হাতছাড়া 'মিঠাই'-এর! বড়সড় চমক টিআরপি তালিকায়|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224090703/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2022|access-date=|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2022
|7.3
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র! দারুণ ব্যাটিং করল 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-8th-week-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-mithai-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-349945-2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2022
|7.5
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial: 'গাঁটছড়া' বাংলা সেরা! 'ফুলঝুরি'-র সহমরণের ইচ্ছে বেকায়দায় ফেলেছে 'মিঠাই'কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/gantchhora-grabs-first-position-in-the-trp-fight-mithai-is-gradually-losing-its-fanbase-dgtl/cid/1332964 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=Rahul Mazumdar-Dipanwita Rakshit starrer 'Khukumoni Home Delivery' gets a Hindi remake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rahul-mazumdar-dipanwita-rakshit-starrer-khukumoni-home-delivery-gets-a-hindi-remake/articleshow/89869869.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> बन्नी चाऊ होम डेलिवरी
|30 May 2022
|[[StarPlus]]
|3 January 2023
|Remake
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/khukumoni-home-delivery/1260072493 ''Khukumoni Home Delivery''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Navlakha Bus Stand

2026-02-05T04:38:59Z

Trainscafe: Added basic stub needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Navlakha Inter State Bus Terminus
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Navlakha]] square, [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| borough =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.701|75.877|display=title,inline}}
| owned =
| operator =
| bus_stands =
| bus_operators =
| bus_routes =
| connections = [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RRSRTC]], [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation|GSRTC]], [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]], MPRTC, Private Operators
| structure =
| parking = yes
| bicycle = no
| accessible = yes
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = 
| rebuilt =
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=bus}}
}}

The ''' Navlakha Inter-state bus terminus''' popularly known as ''Navlakha Bus Stand'' or ''[[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]'', located in [[Indore]] is one of the three important [[Inter State Bus Terminals]] in Indore. It operates bus services between Indore and other cities of Madhya Pradesh, namely [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]], [[Hoshangabad]], [[Harda]] and towns like [[Bagli, Dewas]], [[Karnawad]] and [[Khategaon]] on the [[National Highway 47 (India)]] (NH47) also known as "Nemawar Road" or "Indore-Nagpur Road".

==Facilities==
The departure block, waiting area and food court are air cooled. Reverse Osmosis plants have been installed to supply clean drinking water to the passengers. A new parking management system has also been developed which is capable of storing data of buses entering and exiting the premises. The bus stand has a slew of hotels, restaurants at hand's reach.

==How to reach==
The Bus Stand is easily accessible by public transport i.e. [[Indore City Bus]], [[Indore BRTS]] and other means such as taxis.

==Controversy==
The Navlakha bus stand was abandoned in 2016 for the [[Ujjain Simhastha]] in 2016 and was shifted to Teen Imli Square nearby which had no facilities and no arrangements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=Our Staff |title=Teen Imli Sq: Where rain turns bus stand into pond |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/teen-imli-sq-where-rain-turns-bus-stand-into-pond/901353 |accessdate=7 January 2019 |publisher=Free Press |date=1 Aug 2016 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref> The service from her was restarted on 26 December 2018 after a series of protests by bus operators and people alike.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Naidunia |title=Indore Bus Stand: Buses return to Navlakha after 3 years |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-naulakha-bus-stand-start-after-three-years-2730654 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=Naidunia |date=26 Dec 2018 |location=Indore |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Buses to resume from Navlakha, Teen Imli to close down soon |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/indore/news/buses-will-resume-again-from-navalkha-soon-stop-three-tamarind-bus-stand-030052-3492627.html |accessdate=7 January 2019 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=24 Dec 2018 |location=Indore |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bus Operators are all smiles after Navlakha Bus Stand restarts, Passengers feel relieved |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/indore/news/after-two-and-a-half-years-the-naukha-bus-stand-was-restarted-in-the-resumes-the-passengers-were-relieved-from-the-distance-035017-3509973.html |accessdate=7 January 2019 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=26 Dec 2018 |location=Indore |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminus, Indore]]
* [[Gangwal Bus Stand]]
* [[Sarwate Bus Stand]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724145904/http://www.indore.nic.in/ City portal] at Govt. of India info. website
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Indore}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}
{{Indore Metropolitan Region}}
{{Portal bar|India|Asia}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kathgodam – Jammu Tawi Garib Rath Express

2026-01-22T06:00:33Z

Trainscafe: new basic article and citations...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = Jammu Tawi – Kathgodam Garib Rath Express
| logo =
| image = Jammu Garib Rath.jpg
| caption = Jammu Tawi - Kathgodam Garib Rath Express At Pathankot Cantt
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]]
| first = 8 April 2008
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]]
| stops = 15
| end = [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]]
| distance = {{convert|769|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hours 10 minutes in both directions
| frequency = 12208 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Garib Rath Express]] – Sunday, 12207 [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Garib Rath Express]] – Tuesday.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[Dining car|Pantry]] car attached
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = Big windows
| baggage = Storage space under berth
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]], AC 3 tier economy coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 12207 / 12208
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum ,{{convert|50.10|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = {{Kathgodam–Jammu Tawi GR Express Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The 12208 / 07 '''Jammu Tawi – Kathgodam Garib Rath Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Garib Rath]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] and [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] in [[India]]. It operates as train number 12208 from [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] to [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] and as train number 12207 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Coaches==
The 12208 / 07 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Garib Rath Express]] has 13 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] & 2 [[Diesel generator|EOG]] Coaches.

It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]]. As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==
The 12208 / 07 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Garib Rath Express]] covers the distance of {{convert|769|km|0|abbr=on}} in 15 hours 10 mins averaging {{convert|50.10|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in both directions.

Despite the average speed of the train being below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==

The 12208 / 07 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' runs from [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] via [[Pathankot Cantonment railway station|pathankot cantonment]], [[Jalandhar Cantonment railway station|Jalandahr cantonment junction]], [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana Junction]], [[Ambala Cantonment railway station|Ambala Cantt Junction]], [[Yamunanagar Jaghdari]], [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]], [[Laksar Junction railway station|Laksar Junction]], [[Moradabad railway station|Moradabad]], [[Rampur Junction railway station|Rampur Junction]], [[Bilaspur Road railway station|Bilaspur Road]], [[Rudrapur City railway station|Rudrapur City]], [[Lalkuan]], [[Haldwani]] and [[Kathgodam]]

It is the only train of Indian Railways that runs between Jammu Tawi and Kathgodam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianrailways.info/trains_between_stations/KGM/JAT/|title=Indian Railways : Trains Between Kathgodam and Jammu Tawi, All Trains Running Between KGM and JAT and their Schedule|website=indianrailways.info|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>

==Tarction==

A [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana]] or [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

==Rake sharing==
The 12208 / 07 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Garib Rath Express]] shares its rake with 12209 / 10 [[Kathgodam Kanpur Central Garib Rath Express]] as follows:

12208 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Garib Rath Express]] leaves [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] on Sunday arriving [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] on Monday then

12210 [[Kathgodam Kanpur Central Garib Rath Express]] leaves [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] on Monday arriving [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]] on Tuesday then

12209 [[Kathgodam Kanpur Central Garib Rath Express|Kanpur Central Kathgodam Garib Rath Express]] leaves [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]] on Tuesday arriving [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] the same day then

12207 [[Kathgodam]] [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Garib Rath Express]] leaves [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] on Tuesday arriving back at [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] on Wednesday.

==Operation==

12208 [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Garib Rath Express]] leaves [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] every Sunday and reaches [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] the next day.

12207 [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] [[Garib Rath Express]] leaves [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] every Tuesday and reaches [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] the next day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web|title=Garibrath & Yuva Train Names with Details |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html |website=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213212015/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html |archivedate=13 December 2015 }}
* {{cite press release|title=Ten Garib Rath and 53 other trains to be introduced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=35592|location=India|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|agency=Ministry of Railways}}
* {{cite web|title=Northern Railway Augments Express Trains|url=http://railroadair.blogspot.in/2013/10/northern-railway-augments-express-trains.html|website=Rail Road Air-Indian Railways |date=15 October 2013 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railway Passenger Reservation Enquiry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/ IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System]
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Chenab Valley

2026-01-06T13:33:07Z

Trainscafe: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Distinguish|Chenal Valley}}
{{Redirect|Chenabi|the 17th century poet and physician|Mita Chenabi}}
{{About|the river valley|other uses|Chenab (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chenab Valley
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = File:River Chenab Ramban.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chenab River at Ramban
| image_flag =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| anthem =

| image_map =Jammu and Kashmir location Chenab Valley.jpg
| mapsize =
| map_alt = Chenab valley in Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption = Chenab valley in Jammu and Kashmir
| image_map1 =
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| coordinates = {{Coord|33|17|8|N|75|56|12|E|dim:100km|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| grid_name = 
| grid_position = 
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 924,345
| population_footnotes = <ref name="newsclick-july-2021"/>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = Revenue Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu division]]
| parts_type = 
| parts_style = 
| parts = 
| p1 =
| p2 = 


| area_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| dunam_link = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_total_sq_mi = 
| area_land_km2 = 17,978
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =

| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
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| timezone1 =
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| utc_offset1_DST =
| timezone2 =
| utc_offset2 =
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| blank_name_sec1 = Districts
| blank_info_sec1 =
* [[Doda district|Doda]]
* [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
* [[Ramban district|Ramban]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Demonym
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chenabi
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vehicle Registration Numbers
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{plainlist|
* JK06 (Doda)
* JK17 (Kishtwar)
* JK19 (Ramban)}}

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |work=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and it's dialects [[Kishtwari]]/[[Pogali]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhaderwahi]], [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]], [[Gojri]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Police Zone
| blank_info_sec2 = Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban (DKR Range)
| blank1_name_sec2 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Forest Zone
| blank2_info_sec2 = Chenab Circle
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Chenab Valley''', also known as the '''Chenab Region''', is the river valley of the [[Chenab River]] flowing through the [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Doda district|Doda]], and [[Ramban district]]s in the [[Jammu division]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelani vows to resist settlement of retired soldiers in Kashmir |date= 23 July 2015 |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/kashmir/geelani-vows-to-resist-settlement-of-retired-soldiers-in-kashmir/192366.html |work= Greater Kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003142351/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/kashmir/geelani-vows-to-resist-settlement-of-retired-soldiers-in-kashmir/192366.html |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |others=Photography by Praveen Swami |title=Through the Pir Panjal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30251182.ece |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=6 July 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927095016/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30251182.ece |archive-date=27 September 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''Chenab Valley'' derives from the Chenab River. The term is sometimes used to refer to the mountainous regions of north-eastern Jammu division, including the districts of [[Doda district|Doda]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], and some parts of [[Reasi district|Reasi]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], and [[Kathua district|Kathua]].{{sfn|Behera|2006|page=130}}{{r|saha}}

''Chenab valley'' was used by [[:sv:Erik Norin|Erik Norin]] in a 1926 journal article titled ''The Relief Chronology of Chenab Valley''.<ref>{{citation |title=The Relief Chronology of the Chenab Valley |first=Erik |last=Norin |journal=Geografiska Annaler |volume=8 |year=1926 |pp=284–300 |doi=10.2307/519728 |jstor=519728}}</ref> The term was later popularised by various social activists and politicians referring to the erstwhile Doda district formed in 1948.<ref name="newsclick-july-2021">{{Cite news|last=Ayoob|first=Anzer|title=J&K: Chenab Valley Seeks Separate Divisional Status as well as Council|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Jammu-kashmir-chenab-valley-separate-divisional-status-council|date=17 July 2021|work=NewsClick.in|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Behera|2007|loc= [https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC&pg=PA28 Map 1–3, p. 28]}}

==Geography==
The Chenab Valley lies between the middle and outer [[Himalayan range]] in the [[Jammu division]] of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is divided into three districts: [[Doda district|Doda]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], and [[Kishtwar District|Kishtwar]].<ref name="newsclick-july-2021"/> The valley touches the Anantnag district of south Kashmir to the north; the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the [[Kathua district]] of {{abbr|J&K|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)}} to the south; the [[Udhampur district]] of J&K to the southwest, and [[Reasi district]] of J&K to the west; with Doda in its middle. It consists of eight assembly seats.<ref name="ET promises">{{Cite news|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad promises to develop Chenab Valley as 'Model region'|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ghulam-nabi-azad-promises-to-develop-chenab-valley-as-model-region/articleshow/45033174.cms |date=4 November 2014 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

Chenab Valley has mostly hilly terrain. The [[Chenab River]] flows through all the districts of Chenab Valley including Doda district, Kishtwar District, and Ramban District. The area is an active [[seismic zone]].{{r|dna quakes}}

==History==
The [[demography]] of Chenab valley which is referred to erstwhile [[Doda district]] is complex as compared to its neighbouring districts primarily because of the wide diversity in its population. In the past, Doda was largely inhabited by [[Sarazi]] population before people started settling here from Kashmir and other adjoining areas.{{r|saha|doda story}} The reasons for kashmiri population settling here in the past in 17th and 18th century is matter of [[ambiguity]] between historians.<ref name="Mini Kashmir">{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/mini-kashmir-1147/|title=Mini Kashmir|date=11 January 2011|website=Kashmir Life|language=en-GB|access-date=16 Jul 2020}}</ref> However, [[Sumantra Bose]] says it was repression by feudal class that drew people to the district of [[Doda district|Doda]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]] and [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]].{{r|Snedden|saha}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Islam]]|value1=59.9|color1=Green|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value2=
39.2|color2=darkorange|label3=Others|value3=1.1|color3=Grey|caption=Religions in Jammu Division (2011)<ref name="2011 Census">{{citation|mode=cs1 |title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|work=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>}}

Chenab Valley is home to a variety of ethnic groups. Among the languages spoken in the region, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and its dialects{{snd}}Kishtwari, Rambani, Pogali<ref>{{cite web |last1=Koul |first1=Omkar N. |title=Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course |url=https://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html |website=Koshur.org}}</ref>{{snd}} is the most widely spoken, with the proportion of its speakers {{citation needed span|amounting to between 50 and 60 percent of the population.|date=November 2025}} Other languages include [[Gojri language|Gojri]], [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Tourist destinations==
Chenab valley is also the hub of hilly tourist attractions after Kashmir, including:

*[[Bhaderwah]] Valley, in [[Doda district]], a famous tourist destination of Chenab Valley
*Hansrajtop, in Pogal Paristhan, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Jai Valley]], in [[Bhaderwah]], Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Chinta Valley]], also in Bhaderwah, Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Jantroon Dhar]], the large meadows in [[Thathri]] subdivision of Doda district
*[[Padri Top]], the group of meadows in Bhaderwah
*[[Bimal Nag]], a meadow in [[Drabshalla]] tehsil (subdistrict) of [[Kishtwar district]]
*[[Mughal Maidan]], a tourist destination in Kishtwar district
*[[Chatroo]], famous for its small lake, a tourist destination in Kishtwar district
*[[Sinthan Top|Sinthan Pass]], in the higher reaches of [[Kishtwar district]] on Kishtwar-Anantnag Road
*[[Bhal Padri]], a beautiful meadow in [[Gandoh (Bhalessa)]]
*[[Lal Draman]], a scenic tourist destination in Doda district
*Dessa Valley, in Doda district
*[[Sanasar]], in Ramban district
*Dagantop, in Gool area of Ramban district

== Natural disasters ==
=== 2013 Doda earthquake ===
A 5.8 earthquake hit the [[Doda district]] on 1 May 2013, killing two and injuring 69.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT scientists, NDMA assess damages in quake-hit Chenab Valley |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/iit-scientists-ndma-assess-damages-in-quakehit-chenab-valley/article4711542.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=13 May 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Seismic activity continued in the valley throughout 2013, prompting teams of seismologists to study the area. A local belief states that the earthquakes were being caused by hydroelectric construction projects in the area.{{r|dna quakes}}

=== 2017 Thathri flash floods ===
Flash floods wreaked havoc in [[Thathri]] town of [[Doda district|Doda]] district of J&K, inundating vast areas along the Batote- Kishtwar National Highway and washing away half a dozen houses. Six persons were killed in the flash floods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monsoon active across India, 6 killed in J&K flash floods |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/monsoon-active-across-india-6-killed-in-jk-flash-floods/articleshow/59714097.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127113731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/monsoon-active-across-india-6-killed-in-jk-flash-floods/articleshow/59714097.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021 Hunzar Kishtwar cloudburst ===
A cloudburst hit Hunzar hamlet in Dachhan area of [[Kishtwar district]], resulting in the death of 26 persons and 17 injured on 28 July 2021. As per reports, only 7 dead bodies were recovered while 19 dead bodies were not found.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kishtwar Cloudburst: Two More Bodies Recovered, Toll Reaches 7, Says Officials |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/07/28/kishtwar-cloudburst-two-more-bodies-recovered-toll-reaches-7-says-officials/ |date=28 July 2021 |work=The Chenab Times |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

=== 2023 Doda earthquake ===
On 13 June 2023, a 5.4-magnitude earthquake occurred in the Doda district, followed by tremors across North India and Pakistan. The earthquake caused injuries to five people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/earthquake-of-54-magnitude-in-jks-doda-tremors-felt-in-new-delhi/article66963896.ece |title=Earthquake of 5.4 magnitude in J&K's Doda, tremors felt in New Delhi |date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613085338/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/earthquake-of-54-magnitude-in-jks-doda-tremors-felt-in-new-delhi/article66963896.ece |archive-date=13 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/earthquake-jammu-kashmir-katra-doda-tremors-epicentre-magnitude-2392793-2023-06-14 |title=3 earthquakes jolt Jammu and Kashmir's Doda, Katra areas |date=14 June 2023 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== 2025 Chositi Kishtwar cloudburst ===
On 14 August 2025, more than 50 people died and dozens were injured in flash floods in Chositi village of Kishtwar District due to a cloudburst.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==History==

The various areas referred to as "Chenab Valley" used to be part of the principalities of [[Bhaderwah]], [[Kishtwar]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], and other smaller principalities which were annexed by the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of [[Jammu]], who made them part of the Dogra princely state of Jammu and Kashmir established following the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]]. During Dogra rule, most of these areas were part of the [[Udhampur district]]. In 1948, the Udhampur district was divided into two by the government of [[Sheikh Abdullah]]. The move was criticised by the Jammu-based [[Jammu Praja Parishad|Praja Parishad]], a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] political party, as an attempt to Islamise the state's administration.{{sfn|Behera|2006|page=110}}

In the past, the area around Doda was largely inhabited by [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]] population before people started settling here from the Kashmir valley and other adjoining areas.{{r|saha|doda story}} The reasons for this migration in the 17th and 18th centuries are a matter of [[ambiguity]] among historians.<ref name="Mini Kashmir"/> [[Sumantra Bose]] says that repression by the feudal class in the Kashmir valley drew people to these areas.<ref name="Snedden">{{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR21 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |page=xxi, 23}}</ref><ref name="saha">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/sarazi-endangered-language-of-the-chenab-valley|title=Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley|website=Sahapedia|language=en|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

The early history of Chenab Valley is not well documented, with few chronicles available about the rulers of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah. The settlement reports indicate that the area was ruled by various groups including [[Rana Rajput|Ranas]], Rajas, and independent chiefs from time to time, including the Jaral Ramas, [[Katoch]] rajas, Bhaus Manhases, Chibs, Thakkars, Wanis, and Gakkars. In 1822 AD, Doda was conquered by Maharaja Gulab Singh and became the winter capital of the Kishtwar state.<ref>{{cite web |title=History {{!}} District Doda {{!}} India |url=https://doda.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |publisher=Doda Administration}}</ref>

English traveller [[G. T. Vigne]] visited Doda in 1829 and described his journey through the region. He mentions traveling through a deep and rocky [[nullah]] which joins the [[Chenab River]],{{efn
| name = Nullah in Doda
| The Nullah traversed by Vigne is most likely the [[Neeru river]], which joins the Chenab at [[Pul Doda]].
}} and then crossing the river over a dangerous bridge in the Himalayas. Vigne writes about the bridge in Doda, a strong rope stretched from one bank to the other, tied to rocks. A wooden structure was placed over the rope and additional ropes were tied to it, allowing the structure to move back and forth. He also encountered another type of bridge, which was crossed on foot, made of small ropes bound with pieces of bark and woven into a thick rope. Hanging ropes were provided for support.<ref name="history-dispatch">{{cite news |title=Doda: Brief History, Places of Attraction |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/doda-brief-history-places-of-attraction/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Dispatch |date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202044608/https://www.thedispatch.in/doda-brief-history-places-of-attraction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1948, the erstwhile Udhampur district was partitioned into the present [[Udhampur district]], containing the Udhampur and [[Ramnagar, Udhampur|Ramanagar]] tehsils, and [[Doda district]] containing the [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Bhadarwah]], [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]], [[Thathri]] and [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] tehsils.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=http://kvkdoda.nic.in/district_profile.html |title=District profile |work=Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Doda |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009071020/http://kvkdoda.nic.in/district_profile.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{r|Snedden}}{{sfn|Behera|2007|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC&pg=PA28 28]}}

From 1975 to 1976, the [[Government of India]] conducted the [[Forest Survey of India#History|Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources]] specifically in the Chenab Valley by Department of Agriculture. During this period, a detailed survey of forests in the Chenab Catchment area was done in Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, and Ramban divisions of the forest.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project: Forest Resources of Tropical Asia|date=1981 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |isbn=92-5-101105-2 |chapter=Country Briefs: India |id=(Report prepared by the FAO of the UN as cooperating agency with the United Nations Environment Programme)| access-date=25 July 2023|url= https://www.fao.org/3/ad908e/AD908E13.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Department of Agriculture |title=Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources in Chenab Valley |date=1976 |publisher=Government of India |location=Dehradun |page=116 |url=https://fsi.nic.in/inventory_report/JammuKashmir/Chenab%20Valley%20Volume%20_II.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> The area is an active [[seismic zone]].<ref name="dna quakes">{{cite news |title=Chenab valley quakes not due to hydro projects: Scientists |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chenab-valley-quakes-not-due-to-hydro-projects-scientists-1900120 |work=DNA India |date=21 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gk-feb-21">{{Cite news|title='Earthquakes, cloudbursts can damage Chenab Valley dams'|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/editorial/earthquakes-cloudbursts-can-damage-chenab-valley-dams|date=9 February 2021|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|author=Tahir Nadeem|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>

In 1990s, various incidents were reported about the suppression of Hindus by the [[Militant organizations]]. In response to the rising terrorism, the government authorities made Village Defense Committee (VDC) in various villages. However, incidents of VDC members indulging in criminal activities have also been reported in the past. In a village called Karada, four Muslims were allegedly killed by VDC members. This incident also triggered the terrorist organisations to target those who supported the VDCs, believing them to be [[Persecution of Muslims|anti-Muslim]]. Since the 1990s, many such incidents of killings by terrorists and VDCs have been reported.<ref name="terrorism">{{cite magazine |last=Joshi|first=Rajesh|title=Slow Death in Doda|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/slow-death-of-doda/206010|date=17 August 1998|magazine=Outlook|access-date=20 Jun 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=2019-07-17|title=J&K cops overhaul village defence committees, PDP says Centre design to arm RSS workers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-cops-overhaul-village-defence-committees-pdp-says-centre-design-to-arm-rss-workers-5833095/|access-date=2020-06-16|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Ramban district|Ramban]] was made into an independent district and the hilly area to the east of the present Doda district was separated as the [[Kishtwar district]]. The remaining areas include the Doda tehsil carved out of Kishtwar and the original Bhadarwah, now divided into three tehsils.<ref name=profile/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/8-new-districts-in-jk-13-new-tehsils/8998.html |title=8 New Districts in JK, 13 New Tehsils|work=Greater Kashmir|date= 7 July 2006}}</ref>

==Demands for divisional status==
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir location Chenab Valley.jpg|thumb|Location of the districts for which separate divisional status is sought within Jammu and Kashmir]]

There has been a movement demanding separate administrative division for the Chenab valley by various social and political activists for long time. In 2014, a major protest was called in Doda for the demand of separate administrative division.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Protest by Doda Development Front over demands of Chenab region|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/protest-by-doda-development-front-over-demands-of-chenab-region/story-qSWbSD9owZwg8UbzKYvwcK.html|date=26 June 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> The demand rose again in 2018 and 2019 when [[Ladakh]] got divisional status and the former chief minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Omar Abdullah]] added "Two Separate Divisional Status for Chenab Valley and [[Pir Panjal Region]]" to his party's political agenda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Separate division for Ladakh: Omar promises two more for Chenab valley, Pir Panjal if voted to power|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/separate-division-for-ladakh-omar-promises-two-more-for-chenab-valley-pir-panjal-if-voted-to-power/articleshow/67902569.cms |date=8 February 2019 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The districts of the proposed Chenab Valley consists of six Assembly seats.{{r|ET promises}}

The [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] maintains that "there is no Chenab valley and it is only the Jammu division for representation of the region",<ref name="bjp-cv">{{Cite news|title=BJP cries foul over use of term 'Chenab valley' again|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/bjp-cries-foul-over-use-of-term-%E2%80%98chenab-valley%E2%80%99-again-321424|date=11 November 2016|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> while the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] says that the demand is based on developmental negligence and wants separate divisions from Jammu division for Chenab valley and Pir Panjal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20190121-small-separatism-1427723-2019-01-11|title=Small Separatism|date=11 January 2019|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>

The areas of the three districts are termed as the ''DKR Range (Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range)'' by police and military officials, while a separate Deputy Inspector General is posted for this range by [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=DIG DKR Range chairs crime review meeting|url=https://web.statetimes.in/dig-dkr-range-chairs-crime-review-meeting/|date=14 October 2021|work=State Times|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028164456/https://web.statetimes.in/dig-dkr-range-chairs-crime-review-meeting/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hill Development Council===
In 1996, chief minister [[Farooq Abdullah]] promised administrative autonomy to Chenab. Later in 2000, a bill demanding a Hill Development Council for Chenab valley was presented in the legislative assembly by the Sheikh Abdul Rehman (then MLA from Bhaderwah).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why oppose Hill Council status for Chenab, Pir Panjal valleys? |url=http://brighterkashmir.com/why-oppose-hill-council-status-for-chenab-pir-panjal-valleys--|date=25 March 2020|work=Brighter Kashmir|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>

In July 2015, then chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir [[Mufti Mohammad Sayed]], ruled out the demand of Chenab Valley Hill Council and announced Chenab Valley Development Fund (CVDF) for the development and upliftment of mountainous and remote districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban.<ref name="i825">{{cite news | title=Mufti rules out Council, sets up Chenab Valley Development Fund | work =[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=4 July 2015 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mufti-rules-out-council-sets-up-chenab-valley-development-fund/ | access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Panun Kashmir]]
*[[Duggar (region)]]
*[[Pir Panjal Region (Jammu Division)|Pir Panjal (region)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="doda story">{{Cite news |first=Naseer A. |last=Ganai|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/story-of-doda-misunderstood-by-kashmir|title=Story of Doda misunderstood by Kashmir|date=14 March 2015|newspaper=Greater Kashmir |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617061458/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/story-of-doda-misunderstood-by-kashmir/ |language=en}}</ref>}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-8157-0860-5}}
** {{cite book |first1=Navnita Chadha |last1=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0846-0 |language=en}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Rekha |last=Chowdhary |title=Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-93-532-8231-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |title=Numbers as Political Allies: The Census in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-31721-4 |date=2023 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=Mir Gowhar |last2=Sehgal |first2=Sandeep |title=Medicinal uses of edible wild fruits of Chenab Valley of Jammu, India |journal=Indian Journal of Ecology |date=2021 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=563–568 |issn=0304-5250 |publisher=Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu |ref=none}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Valleys of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Chenab Valley]]

Ruwangan tsaman

2025-12-15T22:23:20Z

Trainscafe: new the stub initial version

{{Short description|Traditional Kashmiri vegetarian dish}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Ruwangan tsaman
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin = [[Kashmir]]
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| creator =
| course = Main course
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = Paneer, tomato
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Ruwangan tsaman''' ({{IPA|ks|ruwãːɡan t͡saːman}}), is a traditional Kashmiri vegetarian dish made with [[paneer]] cooked in a spiced tomato-based gravy. it is a staple in Kashmiri cuisine and is also served as a vegetarian component of the traditional multi-course meal known as [[Wazwan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Romy |title=On The Himalayan Trail: Recipes and Stories from Kashmir to Ladakh |date=2021 |publisher=Hardie Grant |isbn=978-1-743-79794-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=7 Kashmiri veg dishes that are rich, rare and must-try |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/7-kashmiri-veg-dishes-that-are-rich-rare-and-must-try/photostory/123138448.cms |access-date=2025-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir's Legendary Wazwan Cuisine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/kashmirs-legendary-wazwan-cuisine |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2025}}

The dish consists of paneer cooked in a richly spiced tomato gravy, flavored with [[Kashmiri chili]], [[cardamom]] and [[black cumin]]. It is commonly served with rice and is popular in Kashmiri households.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paneer Chaman: How To Make This Vegetarian Delight From Kashmir At Home |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/paneer-chaman-how-to-make-this-vegetarian-delight-from-kashmir-at-home-1759874 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250430180203/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/paneer-chaman-how-to-make-this-vegetarian-delight-from-kashmir-at-home-1759874 |archive-date=2025-04-30 |access-date=2025-11-23 |work=NDTV Food}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2025}}

In [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], "ruwangun" means tomato, while "tsaman" refers to paneer.{{Cn|date=November 2025}}

== See also ==

* [[Methi maaz]]
* [[Rogan josh]]
* [[Wazwan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Tomato dishes]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Odia

2025-12-11T06:51:17Z

Trainscafe: Added initial data basic info

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in"/>

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Odia language|Odia]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title=..:: Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|References
|-
| 1989 || Basanta Kumari Devi || Ganadebata, Parts I and II || [[Ganadevata (novel)|Ganadebata]] || Bengali || Novel || [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1990 || Laxmi Narayan Mohanty || Banachari || Aranyak || Bengali || Novel || [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Nilamani Mishra || Kete Nachaiba Gopal || Nachyau Bahut Gopal || Hindi || Novel || [[Amritlal Nagar]] ||
|-
| 1992 || Srinivas Udgata || Soubhagya Noopur || Suhag ke Nupur || Hindi || Novel || [[Amritlal Nagar]] ||
|-
| 1993 || Barendra Krushna Dhal || Samba || Shamba || Bengali || Novel || [[Samaresh Basu]] ||
|-
| 1994 || V.P. Joglekar || Thumari || Thumri || Marathi || Poetry || [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] ||
|-
| 1995 || [[Nandini Satpathy]] || Revenue Tikat || Rasidi Tikat || Punjabi || Autobiography || [[Amrita Pritam]] ||
|-
| 1996 || Jiwan Pani || Muhan-Sanjha || [[Ara Nazhika Neram|Aranazhika Neram]] || Malayalam || Novel || [[Parappurath]] ||
|-
| 1997 || Jugal Kishor Dutta || Asami Hazir || Asami Hazir || Bengali || Novel || [[Bimal Mitra]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Asit Mohanty || Adhyaya Ekabinsha || Collection || Miscellaneous || Short stories || Various authors ||
|-
| 1999 || Chandra Sekhar Das Burma || Gotia Gadhara Atmakatha || Ek Gadhey Ki Atmakatha || Hindi || Novel || [[Krishan Chander]] ||
|-
| 2000 || Amresh Patnaik || Tista Tatara Brutanta || Tista Parer Vrittanta || Bengali || Novel || Debes Ray ||
|-
| 2001 || Janaki Ballav Patnaik || Bankima Upanyasmala (2 Volumes) || Collection || Bengali || Novel || [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 2002 || Nrusingha Tripathy || Charu Chandralekha || Charu Chandralekha || Hindi || Novel || [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] ||
|-
| 2003 || Soudamini Nanda || Andha Yug || [[Andha Yug]] || Hindi || Play || [[Dharamvir Bharati]] ||
|-
| 2004 || Hemakanta Misra || Barabula Debaduta || Awara Masiha || Hindi || Biography || [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] ||
|-
| 2005 || Prabhakar Swain || Nirmal Vermanka Shreshtha Galpa || Collection || Hindi || Short stories || [[Nirmal Verma]] ||
|-
| 2006 || Sudarshan Acharya || Katha Sarita Sagara – I & II || [[Kathasaritsagara]] || Sanskrit || fairy tales || [[Somadeva]] ||
|-
| 2007 || Bipin Bihari Mishra || Antarjatra || [[Andha Yug]] || Hindi || Play || [[Dharamvir Bharati]] ||
|-
| 2008 || Jyotsna Rout Biswal || Maharathi || Maharathi || Assamese || Novel || Chandra Prakash Saikia ||
|-
| 2009 || Dharanidhara Panigrahi || Karan Singh: Atmajibani || Karan Singh: An Autobiography || Kannada || Play || [[Karan Singh]] ||
|-
| 2010 || Amiyabala Patnaik || Renu Rachna Sanchayan || Renu Rachna Sanchayan || Hindi || Short stories || [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]] ||
|-
| 2011 || Sangram Jena || Umrao Jan Ada || [[Umrao Jaan Ada]]|| Urdu || Novel || [[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]]||
|-
| 2012 || Prasanta Kumar Mohanty || Sei Pakhitir Na Ruswa || Us Chiria Ka Nam || Hindi || Novel || Pankaj Bisht ||
|-
| 2013 || Bilasini Mohanty || Anabruta Andhakar: Saadat Hasan Manton Ka Ardhasata Kahani || Collection || Urdu || Short stories || [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]|| <ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Rabindra Kumar Praharaj || Thilagharar Gehlapua || [[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]|| Bengali || Novel || [[Peary Chand Mitra]] || <ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2014- News Letter|date= 4 September 2015|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[Shakuntala Baliarsingh]]|| Kaberi Bhali Jhiatia || Oru Kaberiyai Pola || Tamil || Novel || Tripurasundari Lakshmi || <ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2015.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2015|date= 15 February 2016|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Monalisa Jena || Ashirbadara Ranga || Ashirbader Rang || Asamese || Novel || [[Arun Sarma]] || <ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2016.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2016|date= 20 April 2017|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || Suryamani Khuntia || Yuganta || [[Yuganta: The End of an Epoch|Yuganta]]|| Marathi || Short stories || [[Irawati Karve]] || <ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2017.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2017|date= 21 December 2017|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Shradhanjali Kanungo || Srimayee Maa || Srimayee Maa || Bengali || Novel || Naba Kumar Basu || <ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Ajoy Kumar Patnaik || Shrestha Hindi Galpa || Collection || hindi || Short stories || Various authors || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Manju Modi || Kalyani || Kalyani || Hindi || Novel || [[Jainendra Kumar]]|| <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Gourahari Das]]|| Chheli Chareibara Dina || [[Goat Days|Aadujeevitham]]|| Malayalam || Novel || [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]|| <ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation award for Gourahari Das |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2022/jun/26/sahitya-akademi-translation-award-for-gourahari-das-2469556.html |website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eminent Odisha Writer Bags Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize |url=https://odishabytes.com/eminent-odisha-writer-bags-sahitya-akademi-translation-prize/ |website=odishabytes.com|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Kamala Satpathy || Suneli Badala || Vendi Megham || Telugu || Novel || [[Syed Saleem]] || <ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kamala Satpathy Of Odisha Bags Kendra Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022 |url=https://odishabytes.com/kamala-satpathy-of-odisha-bags-kendra-sahitya-akademi-translation-prize-2022/ |website=odishabytes.com |publisher=OB Bureau |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Bangali Nanda || Nelluri Keshavaswamynka Shrestha Galpa || Nelluri Keshavaswamy Uthama Kathalu || Telugu
|| Short Stories || Nelluri Keshavaswamy || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Suvash Satpathy || ''Ruskin Bond Kokishialira Ekaka Nrutya Mo Atmajeebani'' || ''Lone fox Dancing'' || Telugu
|| Autobiography || [[Ruskin Bond]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#ODIA Akademi Translation Prizes For Odia Language]

{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}
{{Odia language}}

[[Category:Odia literature|Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Odia]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Odia-language literary awards]]

Rajupeta, Eluru district

2025-12-02T16:55:49Z

Trainscafe: new a place initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajupeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6249|N|81.0271|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=12 January 2015|page=14,272|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 622
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628641|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 437
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Rajupeta''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pedapadu mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=10|format=PDF}}</ref> The nearest train station is Vinnamangalam (VGM) located at a distance of 20.21 km.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Nandikeswarapuram had a population of 622. The total population constitute, 323 males and 299 females with a sex ratio of 926 females per 1000 males. 58 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with sex ratio of 611. The average literacy rate stands at 72.34%.<ref name=population/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vivekananda Pictures

2025-11-27T07:34:47Z

Trainscafe: made a entry.

{{Short description|Indian film company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vivekananda Pictures
| logo =
| type =
| key_people = Tiruppur Mani Tiruppur Vivek
| industry =
| products = [[production company|Film Production]] [[Film distributor|Film Distribution]]
| parent =
| foundation = 1977
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| website =
}}

'''Vivekananda Pictures''' is an Indian film production and distribution company, based at Chennai, India. The production company was established in 1977 by its founder, Tiruppur Mani. He produced around thirty movies under his banner . After a hiatus it produced the blockbuster movie Kaithi under Tiruppur Vivek who is now at the heilm of the Company<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-tamil-film-producer-tirupur-mani-passes-away-tirupur-mani-silk-smitha-10-09-1616687.htm|title=Tamil film producer Tirupur Mani passes away|work=Tamilstar|access-date=2017-06-10|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606183305/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-tamil-film-producer-tirupur-mani-passes-away-tirupur-mani-silk-smitha-10-09-1616687.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/vandichakkaram-vidinja-kalyanam-producer-tiruppur-mani-passed-away-in-chennai-tamil-news-166979.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913061858/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vandichakkaram-vidinja-kalyanam-producer-tiruppur-mani-passed-away-in-chennai-tamil-news-166979.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2016|title=IndiaGlitz – Vandichakkaram Vidinja Kalyanam producer Tiruppur Mani passed away in Chennai – Tamil Movie News|access-date=2017-06-10}}</ref> All their films had Sivakumar and Sathyaraj as lead actor.

== History ==
The production house first feature film ''Kannan Ori Kaikuzhandai (1978)'' was directed by Venkatesh, in which Sivakumar and Sumithra played the lead roles. Following this film, Sivakumar has been their choice for the lead actor for ''Rosappu Ravikkaikaari, [[Vandichakkaram]], Aaniver, Aayiram Muthangal.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/12/stories/2005021200940300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521061042/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/12/stories/2005021200940300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-05-21|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Metro Plus Tiruchirapalli / Personality : Portrait of an actor|date=2005-02-12|access-date=2017-06-10}}</ref> Though first five films has got Sivakumar as male lead, the female leads were Sumithra for ''Kannan Ori Kaikuzhandai,'' Deepa for ''Rosappu Ravikkaikaari'', Saritha for ''[[Vandichakkaram]]'' and ''Aaniver,'' Radha for ''Aayiram Muthangal''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/aayiram-muthangal-movie-cast-crew/10542|title=Aayiram Muthangal (1982) Cast and Crew|website=gomolo.com|access-date=2017-06-10|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803140015/http://www.gomolo.com/aayiram-muthangal-movie-cast-crew/10542|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/movie/ayiram-muthangal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813203149/http://spicyonion.com/movie/ayiram-muthangal/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 August 2013|title=Ayiram Muthangal|last=|first=|date=|website=Spicyonion.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-10}}</ref> Late actor [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] was introduced as story and screenplay writer in ''[[Vandichakkaram]]'' and it was directed by [[K. Vijayan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ekta-slams-Silk-Smithas-boyfriend/articleshow/7538035.cms?referral=PM|title=Ekta slams Silk Smitha's boyfriend|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-10}}</ref> It is the debut movie for Silk Smitha in Tamil. ''[[Vandichakkaram]]'' won third prize at Tamil Nadu state award for best film for the year 1980. [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] was introduced as actor in ''Rosappu Ravikkaikaari'' and comedian [[Loose Mohan]] rose to fame through the same movie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-comedian-%E2%80%98Loose%E2%80%99-Mohan-passes-away/article12059029.ece|title=Tamil comedian 'Loose' Mohan passes away|last=Peter|first=Petlee|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-10|language=en}}</ref> In 1983, the company produced ''[[Imaigal|Imagial]]'' starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Saritha]], [[Sarath Babu|Sarath babu]] and others, music was composed by [[Gangai Amaran|Gangai amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/Sivajimainc.htm|title=Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan's filmography (pls refer page 24)|website=nadigarthilagam.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004052058/http://nadigarthilagam.com/Sivajimainc.htm|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-06-10|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Their next was ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]'' starred by [[Vijayakanth]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Viji]] and directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]. ''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]'' was their next which had [[Sathyaraj]], [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] in lead roles and was directed by [[Manivannan]]. In 1988, they remade [[Mohanlal]] and Karthika starrer Malayalam movie ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' as [[Annanagar Mudhal Theru|''Anna Nagar Mudhal Theru'']]. [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] did the lead roles in this movie.

In the late 1990s, Mani planned a film titled ''Kadhal Sugamanathu'' starring his son Vivekanand in the lead role. However, the project eventually did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.tripod.com/~tamilcinenews/cbits.htm |title=Chennai Bits & Pieces |website=members.tripod.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005184906/http://members.tripod.com/~tamilcinenews/cbits.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999}}</ref> After a hiatus of two decades, the production company made its comeback by co-producing and distributing ''Kaithi'' (2019).<ref name="kaithi">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title='Kaithi': Release date of Karthi and Lokesh Kanagaraj's next revealed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-release-date-of-karthi-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-revealed/articleshow/69790677.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111142818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-release-date-of-karthi-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-revealed/articleshow/69790677.cms |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Year
!Title
!Cast
!Director
!Music director
!Release Status
!Mentions
|-
|1978
|''[[Kannan Oru Kai Kuzhandhai]]''
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|Venkatesh
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|August 1978
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Rosappo Ravikaikaari]]''
|[[Sivakumar]], Deepa
|Devaraj Mohan
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|August 1979
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Vandichakkaram]]''
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Saritha]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|[[K. Vijayan]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|August 1980
|
* Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor
* Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|-
|1981
|''Aaniver''
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Saritha]]
|[[K. Vijayan]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|August 1981
|
|-
|1982
|[[Ayiram Muthangal|''Aayiram Muthangal'']]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|[[Devaraj–Mohan|Annakili S. Devarajan]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|March 1982
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Imaigal]]''
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Saritha]]
|R. Krishnamurthy
|[[Gangai Amaran|Gangaiamaran]]
|April 1983
|
|-
|1985
|[[Eetti (1985 film)|''Eetti'']]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], Viji
|[[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|August 1985
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]''
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
|[[Manivannan]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|October 1986
|
|-
|1986
|''Kalamellam Un Madiyil''
|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]]
|Rajasekar
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|1986
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]''
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Nadhiya]]
|[[Manivannan]]
|[[Gangai Amaran|Gangaiamaran]]
|February 1987
|
|-
|1988
|[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru|''Anna Nagar Mudhal Theru'']]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Nadhiya]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|[[Balu Anand]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|January 1988
|
|-
|1990
|''Vazhkkai Chakkaram''
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Gautami|Gowthami]]
|[[Manivannan]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|February 1990
|
|-
|1990
|''Vazhndhu Kattuvom''
|[[Ramki]], [[Gautami|Gowthami]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|R. Krishnamurthy
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|December 1990
|
|-
|1992
|[[Unakkaga Piranthen|''Unakkaga Pirenthen'']]
|[[Prashanth]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|[[Balu Anand]]
|Deva
|May 1992
|
|-
|1994
|[[Vandicholai Chinraasu|''Vandicholai Chinnarasu'']]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Suganya]]
|[[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|April 1994
|
|-
|2019
|[[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']]
|[[Karthi]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|October 2019
|}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=nm9098714}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1977]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1977]]

Gadul Singh Lama

2025-10-16T16:14:19Z

Trainscafe: started bio

{{Short description|Indian writer (1939–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English| date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gadul Singh Lama
| image = Gadul Singh Lama.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|6|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gangtok]], Kingdom of Sikkim
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|7|12|1939|6|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Siliguri, West Bengal]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Sanu Lama
| occupation = Fictionist poet translator
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Nepali literature]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Chandraman Ghising Phulmaya Ghising
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] Sikkim Bhanu Puraskar Dr. Shova Kanti Thegim Smrithi Puraskar Madan Byakhanmala Puraskar
}}

'''Gadul Singh Lama''' (15 June 1939 – 12 July 2025), popularly known as '''Sanu Lama''', was an Indian fiction writer, poet and translator of [[Nepali literature]]. He was an engineer by profession. He published three short story anthologies and his stories have been translated into English, Hindi, [[Urdu]], Assamese and Oriya languages.<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant">{{cite web | url=http://www.sikkim-culture.gov.in/Personalities/personalities_pdf/gadul_singh_lama.pdf | title=The Gentle Literary Giant | publisher=Government of Sikkim | date=2015 | access-date=3 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141634/http://www.sikkim-culture.gov.in/Personalities/personalities_pdf/gadul_singh_lama.pdf | archive-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1993),<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award winners">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#NEPALI | title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners | publisher=Sahitya Akademi Award | date=2015 | access-date=3 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#NEPALI | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> apart from other awards such as Sikkim Bhanu Puraskar, Dr. Shova Kanti Thegim Smrithi Puraskar and Madan Byakhanmala Puraskar.<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2005, for his contributions to literature.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Gadul Singh Lama was born on 15 June 1939 in [[Gangtok]], in what is now the Northeast Indian state of [[Sikkim]] (but then [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]) to Chandraman Ghising and Phulmaya Ghising.<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant" /> After matriculating from the Sir Tyashi Namgyal High School (present day [[Tashi Namgyal Academy]]) in 1956 and, getting selected for the education initiative as a part of the ''7 Year Development Programme'' of the government, secured a diploma in Engineering from MBC Institute of Engineering, [[Burdwan]] in West Bengal, in 1959. Later, he joined the Sikkim State government service as an engineer and served there for 38 years before superannuating as the Chief Engineer.<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant" />

Lama started writing from his school days and is reported to have been inspired by one of his teachers, [[Rashmi Prasad Alley]], a writer and one of the pioneers of [[Nepali language|Nepali]] education in Sikkim.<ref name="History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY4bVR9--XAC&q=Rashmi+Prasad+Allay&pg=PA177 | title=History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim | author=J. R. Subba | year=2008 | pages=177 of 463 | publisher=Gyan Publishing House | isbn=9788121209649}}</ref> His first article was published in ''Changya'', a local literary magazine.<ref name="Engineering happened by chance, writing was by choice">{{cite web | url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/now/pdf/NOW_2005_02_03.pdf | title=Engineering happened by chance, writing was by choice | publisher=Now | date=3 February 2005 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> He published his first short story anthology, ''Katha Sampad'', in 1971,<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=%22Katha+Sampad%22+Lama&pg=PA666 | title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Kartik Chandra Dut | year=1999 | pages=666 of 1490 | isbn=9788126008735}}</ref> composed of stories such as ''Swasni Manchey'', ''Khani Tarma Ekdin'', ''Phurbhale Gaun Chadyo'' and ''Asinapo Manchey'', which has since been selected as a prescribed text for the civil services examination of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref name="UPSC Civil Services(IAS) Exam Syllabus (Pre + Mains)">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEKqBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Katha+Sampad%22+Lama&pg=PT39 | title=UPSC Civil Services(IAS) Exam Syllabus (Pre + Mains) | publisher=Kalinjar Publications | isbn=9789351720614}}</ref> This was followed by ''Gojika'' in 1981 and ''Mrigatrishna'' in 1993, the latter winning him the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the year.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award winners" /> He has also written an autobiographical novel, ''Himalchuli Manitira'', a travelogue, ''Aangan Paratira'', a poem anthology, ''Jahan BagcchaTista Rangit'' and two translated religious works, ''Bhagawan Bhiddha Jeewan ra Darshan'' and ''Guru Padmasambhava''.<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant" />

Sanu Lama was one of the founders of the ''Bhartiya Nepali Rashtriya Parishad'' and served as its secretary on its inception. He was a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the [[National Book Trust]] (NBT) and served as the general secretary of the [[Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim]], an autonomous literary organisation under the [[Government of Sikkim]].<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant" /> He was associated with the Sikkim Akademi,<ref name="Engineering happened by chance, writing was by choice" /> was a onetime member of the Advisory Board for Nepali literature of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] and the president of the Himalayan Writers' Forum.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> Besides the 1993 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], he received awards such as Sikkim Bhanu Puraskar, Dr. Shova Kanti Thegim Smrithi Puraskar and Madan Byakhanmala Puraskar.<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant" /> The Government of India included him in the 2005 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He lived in [[Gangtok]], the capital of [[Sikkim]], India.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" />

Lama died in [[Siliguri]] on 12 July 2025, at the age of 86.<ref>[https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/sikkim-padma-shri-awardee-sanu-lama-passes-away-at-age-88/ Sikkim: Padma Shri Awardee Sanu Lama Passes Away At Age 88]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nepali literature]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali]]
* [[Tashi Namgyal Academy]]
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUs2tus8Bf4 | title=Sanu Lama, Nepali writer, Indian literature | publisher=India Video | via=YouTube | date=29 May 2010 | access-date=3 December 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lama, Gadul Singh}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gangtok]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Nepali-language poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Tamang people]]

Bombay swamp eel

2025-09-29T18:48:26Z

Trainscafe: started new article

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn | author = Dahanukar, N. | year = 2011 | title = ''Monopterus indicus'' | article-number = e.T13721A4354702 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T13721A4354702.en|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Ophichthys indicus
| authority = ([[Eric Godwin Silas|Silas]] & [[Egbert Dawson|E. Dawson]], 1961)
| synonyms = ''Amphipnous indicus'' Silas & Dawson, 1961 
''Monopterus indicus''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{Fishbase|Monopterus|indicus|month=August|year=2019}}</ref>
}}

The '''Bombay swamp eel''' ('''''Ophichthys indicus'''''), also known as the '''paytop''' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=October 26, 2019|first=Himanshu|last=Nitnaware|title=Unique snake-like fish may go extinct in Western Ghats|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/unique-snake-like-fish-may-go-extinct-in-western-ghats/articleshow/71766587.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Pune Mirror|language=en}}</ref> is a species of [[fish]] in the family [[Synbranchidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref name = iucn/>

== Taxonomy ==
It was at first classified in the genus ''Amphipnous'', but it was later moved to ''[[Monopterus]]''. However a 2020 study found it to form a distinct clade with about 4 other species also previously classified in ''Monopterus'', and the genus ''[[Ophichthys]]'' was thus revived to contain them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Ophichthys desilvai'', a poorly known synbranchid eel from Sri Lanka (Teleostei: Synbranchidae)|url=https://pfeil-verlag.de/publikationen/ophichthys-desilvai-a-poorly-known-synbranchid-eel-from-sri-lanka/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Pfeil Verlag|language=de-DE}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
This species is thought to be endemic to the northern [[Western Ghats]] of India, in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is currently known from 5-10 localities: [[Robber's Cave (Maharashtra)|Robber's Cave]] and [[Dhobi Falls]] in [[Mahabaleshwar]], Kanheri Falls near [[Kanheri Caves]] in [[Mumbai]], and the [[Tamhini Ghat|Tamhini]] and [[Tail Baila]] areas in [[Pune]]. However, it is thought to occur in other localities as well.<ref name="iucn" />

== Habitat ==
The species inhabits [[Swamp|swamps]] and marshy areas associated with hill streams. During the early part of the [[monsoon]] season, adult individuals [[Fish migration|migrate]] upstream to breed. Inside caves, ''O. indicus'' is known to hide inside piles of [[Guano|bat guano]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Atula|date=2019-11-08|title=How to Save a Fish that Looks and Acts Like a Snake|url=http://indiasendangered.com/how-to-save-a-fish-that-looks-and-acts-like-a-snake/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=India's Endangered|language=en-US}}</ref> In the [[Sahyadri Tiger Reserve]], this species is known from small rock-filled puddles that dot the [[Laterite|lateritic]] [[Plateau|plateaus]] such as the Kargaon plateau during the monsoon season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karthik|first=P.|title=The Swamp Eel (''Monopterus indicus'') and the Laterite Plateau, Sahyadri Tiger Reserve|url=https://www.academia.edu/34238266|language=en}}</ref> It can also survive in less conventional habitats; in 2012, while workers were cleaning a [[Anaerobic digestion|biogas plant]] in Pune, a live ''O. indicus'' was found in a heap of [[Cow dung fuel|cow dung]] even though the plant had been closed for over 8 years at that point, and had almost no water.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Deshpand|first=Devidas|date=September 25, 2012|title=Rare catch delights conservationists|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/rare-catch-delights-conservationists/articleshow/31603246.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Pune Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

== Behavior ==
They are [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] and during the daytime, they stay buried underneath boulders or hang to tree roots along the edges of streams. They are [[obligate]] [[Amphibious fish|air breathers]] and prefer to float on the surface of the water to breathe, then dive for 3-5 minutes before returning to the surface. They primarily feed on [[Earthworm|earthworms]] by creating a vacuum with their mouths and sucking them in.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=April 6, 2015|first=Ananya|last=Dutta|title=Swamp eel is a fish that looks and behaves more like a snake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/swamp-eel-is-a-fish-that-looks-and-behaves-more-like-a-snake/articleshow/46818849.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In an example of [[Batesian mimicry]], if an ''O. indicus'' is threatened, it can bare its fangs in a way similar to a snake.<ref name=":0" /> They can also burrow into the mud and use a mucus secreted from their body to fully retract inside if a threat is detected.<ref name=":3" />

== Status ==
''O. indicus'' is considered [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. Habitat alterations caused by [[urbanization]], [[deforestation]], and [[Recreation|recreational activities]] on the mountain tops are common in the northern Western Ghats, and can severely affect the fish. Until the 1980s, the species was abundant in the [[Satara district]], but since then there have been no sightings until an individual was found in a closed-down biogas plant in 2012.<ref name=":2" /> A 2019 study found the species to be on the verge of extinction, primarily due to [[Roadkill|roadkills]]; during the monsoon season, aggregations of ''O. indicus'' can form that crawl over the road, making them at risk from oncoming vehicles; this has been implicated in the species being [[Local extinction|extirpated]] from some areas such as [[Lonavala]] and [[Tamhini Ghat]]. Plateau habitats are prime targets for [[Wind farm|wind farms]] and [[deforestation]], which can destroy critical habitat. Other plateau populations are affected by blasting to make way for plantations, quarrying for laterite rock, use of plateaus for residential purposes, and use as a [[dumping site]] for city waste. Populations can survive on [[Agriculture|agricultural]] land, but they are at risk of being affected by [[Agricultural wastewater treatment|fertilizer runoff]], and are often mistaken for snakes and killed. Factories also release large amounts of [[effluent]] into their habitat. [[Climate change]] also affects the species by leading to reduced and/or increasingly erratic rainfall patterns. Major conservation actions will be required to save the species from extinction.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3318020}}

[[Category:Cave fish]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Ophichthys]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1961]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier

2025-09-18T02:24:24Z

Trainscafe: formatting fix

{{Short description|Scottish polyglot, diplomat and colonial administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Napier
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KT|PC}}
| image = George Frederic Watts (1817-1904) - Francis Napier (1819–1898), 10th Baron Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick, Diplomat and Governor of Madras - PG 811 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg
| caption = Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier in 1866. Portrait by [[George Frederic Watts]]
| order1 = [[Governor of Madras Presidency]]
| term_start1 = 27 March 1866
| term_end1 = 19 February 1872
| governor-general1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sir William Thomas Denison]]
| successor1 = [[Alexander John Arbuthnot]] As Acting Governor
| order2 = [[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia|Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Russia]]
| term_start2 = 1861
| term_end2 = 1864
| governor-general2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Sir John Crampton, 2nd Baronet|John Crampton]]
| successor2 = [[Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet|Andrew Buchanan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1819|09|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thirlestane Castle]], Selkirkshire, Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1898|12|19|1819|09|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Florence]], [[Tuscany]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]
| father = [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier]]
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| profession =
| occupation =
| spouse = Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood
}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick, KT, PC.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick, KT, PC]]
'''Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KT|PC}} (15 September 1819 – 19 December 1898) was a British [[Polyglot (person)|polyglot]], [[diplomat]] and colonial [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]]. He served as the [[British Ambassador to the United States|British Minister to the United States]] from 1857 to 1859, [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands|Netherlands]] from 1859 to 1860, [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Russia|Russia]] from 1861 to 1864, [[List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Prussia|Prussia]] from 1864 to 1866 and as the [[Governor of Madras]] from 1866 to 1872. He also acted as the [[Governor-General of India]] from February to May 1872.

Francis Napier was born on 15 September 1819 to [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier]] and had his early education through private tutors. He joined the [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1835 but did not complete his graduation. Instead, he mastered foreign languages and served as a diplomat in foreign missions. In 1866, he was appointed Governor of Madras and served from 1866 to 1872. On the assassination of the Earl of Mayo, the then Viceroy of India in February 1872, Napier was appointed to act temporarily as the Viceroy of India and served from February to May 1872. Napier returned to the United Kingdom in July 1872 and in his later life, chaired the [[Napier Commission]]. Napier died at [[Florence]], [[Italy]] on 18 December 1898 at the age of 79.

Napier was made a [[Knight of the Thistle]] in 1864. In 1872, he was created Baron Ettrick in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in recognition of his services in India.

== Early life and education ==
Francis Napier was born on 15 September 1819 to William John Napier, the 9th Lord Napier of Merchistoun and his wife, Elizabeth Cochrane-Johnstone at [[Thirlestane Castle]] in [[Selkirkshire]]. He was the eldest son of the couple.

Napier had his early education in private and was schooled at [[Saxe-Meiningen]]. He joined [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1835 but did not complete his graduation. However, he acquired a knowledge of a few foreign languages under the tutorship of one Rev. Walter Patterson. Napier became the 10th Lord Merchistoun on the death of his father William John Napier on 11 October 1834.

== Diplomatic career ==
Due to his fluency in multiple languages, Napier's lack of educational qualifications was overlooked and he entered the diplomatic service in 1840. He was appointed to the British embassy at Vienna and later, Constantinople, where he served as an [[attaché]]. In 1848, Napier was appointed Secretary of the British delegation at [[Naples, Italy|Naples]]. He served as the Acting Ambassador for a period of eighteen months in Naples, when Italy was embroiled in the [[Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848|Sicilian insurrection]].

After his experience in Naples, he found time to publish a book assessing contemporary painters in Naples.<ref>{{cite book|last= Napier|first=Lord Francis|title= ''Notes on Modern Painting at Naples.''|publisher=John W. Parker and Son |location=West Strand, London|year=1855|pages=I |url=https://archive.org/details/notesonmodernpa00napigoog }}</ref> An aristocratic haughtiness regarding the local populace infuses his writing, dismissing the skills of more than one artist, and in reactionary fashion, the revolutionary instincts of the masses. In the preface, he writes:
{{quote|It was the fortune of the author to hold a diplomatic employment at the Court of Naples, during a period in which the appropriate pastimes of that pleasant city were discarded for the illusions and regrets of political change. These transactions, of which the melancholy issue is notorious, were of a nature to engross and often to darken the thoughts of one, who had an intimate knowledge and a foreboding view of the revolutionary drama; the resources of society were limited by the suspicions and passions which altered and envenomed the conversation even of cultivated men; and the author was induced, alike by necessity and taste, to expend his relaxation and recover his serenity in the study of the local Arts.|''Notes on Modern Painting at Naples, 1850''}}

Napier's handling of affairs as acting ambassador in Naples impressed the then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Lord Palmerston. He was posted to the British embassy at St Petersburg, where he became a close confidante of Tsar Alexander II. After serving short, satisfactory terms at the British embassies at [[St Petersburg]] and Constantinople, Napier was appointed envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary to the [[British Ambassador to the United States|United States]] and served from 1857 to 1859. Napier's tenure in Washington was soon mired in controversy. The abolitionist [[Charles Sumner]] and elements of the Northern press accused the British minister of being a pro-slavery partisan. More damaging still in the eyes of the British government was the claim that he had taken upon himself to declare in conversations that Britain recognized the [[Monroe Doctrine]], when all the British governments till then had repudiated it. Critics at the Foreign Office accused him of "giving up everything the United States can wish for, even before they ask it", which for them explained Napier's immense popularity with Washington's influential residents. He was recalled and given the less sensitive post of minister to the Netherlands.<ref>Brian Jenkins, ''Lord Lyons, A Diplomat in An Age of Nationalism and War'', McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014, pp. 85–89.</ref> Napier served there from 1859 to 1861 and in Prussia from 1864 to 1866. He was then appointed Governor of Madras in 1866 and served from 27 March 1866 to 19 February 1872.

== Governor of Madras ==
[[File:Napier Bridge 02.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Napier Bridge]] in Chennai]]
[[File:Kanakakkunnu Kottaram.jpeg|thumb|[[Napier Museum]] in Tiruvananthapuram]]

As soon as Napier took office as the Governor of Madras, he was faced with a severe famine in [[Ganjam District]]. He took the services of [[Florence Nightingale]] whom he had known in Constantinople. Napier undertook many major irrigation schemes during his tenure.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Napier and Ettrick, Francis Napier, Baron|volume=19|page=177}}</ref> The [[Pennar Dam]] was completed during his tenure and two other irrigation works, the [[Rushikulya Dam]] in Ganjam and the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] were conceived during his tenure.

Despite being at odds with different viceroys over financial issues throughout his tenure, Napier was able to resolve disputes in an amicable manner due to the friendly relations he had with [[Sir John Lawrence]] and well as his successor, [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]. When the Earl of Mayo was assassinated in the Andamans on 8 February 1872, Napier was designated to act as the Viceroy of India and he served for a short time before being relieved by Lord Northbrook. For his creditable performance as Governor of Madras, Napier was created Baron Ettrick of Ettrick in the peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref name="nytimes_18720717">{{cite news|title=GREAT BRITAIN.; The American Squadron Protest of English Catholics Against Italy's Coorse to the Pope-Governor-General of India|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/07/17/79183308.pdf|place=London|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 July 1872}}</ref>

[[File:Lowes dickinson, ritratto di lord napier, governatore del forte di san giorgio nel 1866-72.jpg|thumb|''Lord Napier'' by [[Lowes Dickinson]]]]
In 1869, Napier constructed the [[Napier Bridge]] across the [[Coovum River]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="thehindu_20100729">{{cite news|title=Special lighting on Napier Bridge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article538839.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 July 2010|place=Chennai}}</ref> The [[Napier Park, Chennai|Napier Park]] in Chennai<ref name="sindianrailwayp18">{{cite book|title=Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway: including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railways|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ|year=1900|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ/page/n31 18]|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]}}</ref> and the [[Napier Museum]] in [[Trivandrum]], [[Travancore]] were set up in his memory. Between 1866 and 1872,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html#2 |title=Welcome to Madurai - Tourism |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422144749/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html#2 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> he had partially restored the [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]] as well, which was earlier demolished considerably by Grandson of [[Thirumalai Nayak|King Thirumalai Nayak]].

In addition there is a surgical ward in Stanley Medical College Hospital in Chennai, named in his honor. The ward was originally built with the help of donations by the Governor Napier.

== Later life and death ==

At the end of his term as acting Viceroy of India, Napier returned to the [[United Kingdom]] and acted as the President of the Social Science Association during its meetings at [[Plymouth]] and [[Glasgow]] in October 1874.<ref name="nytimes_18981219">{{cite news|title=BARON NAPIER IS DEAD.; He Was at One Time British Minister to This Country.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/12/20/102572013.pdf|work=The New York Times|date=19 December 1898}}</ref> During this time, Napier also served in the [[London School Board]].<ref name="nytimes_18981219" />

Lord Napier continued, both in England and in Scotland, to take great interest in social questions. He was the chairman of the [[Napier Commission]]<ref name="nytimes_18981219" />(the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands) which was appointed in 1883 and reported in 1884.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Napier died in [[Florence]], [[Italy]] on 19 December 1898 at the age of 79.<ref name="nytimes_18981219" />

== Honours ==
Napier was appointed to [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1861 and made a [[Knight of the Thistle]] in 1864.

== Family==

Napier married Anne Jane Charlotte Lockwood (1824–1911) on 2 September 1845. The couple had four sons.<ref name="burkep1104">{{cite book|title=Burke's Landed Gentry of Scotland|chapter=The Royal Household in Scotland|pages=1104|publisher=[[Burke's Peerage]]}}</ref>

* [[William Napier, 11th Lord Napier]] (1846–1913)
* John Scott (1848–1928)
* R. N. Basil (1850–1874)
* [[Mark Napier (MP)|Mark Francis]] (1852–1919)

== Portrait ==

''The New York Times'' gives a short physical description of Napier on his appointment as Viceroy of India.

{{quote|Lord Napier is sixty-two years old, considerably above middle size, strong, healthy, with calm, handsome face, gray hair and whiskers, an early riser, very often a late goer to bed, gifted with inexhaustible energy, tact common sense and acuteness of judgement.<ref name="nytimes_18720217">{{cite news|title=LORD NAPIER.; The Next Ruler for the Eastern Empire of Britain His Record What May be Expected of Him.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/02/17/78776641.pdf|work=The New York Times|date=17 February 1872}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Fiennes Twisleton Crampton|Sir John Crampton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[British Ambassador to the United States|British Minister to the United States]]|years=1857–1859}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons|The Lord Lyons]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ralph Abercromby, 2nd Baron Dunfermline|Sir Ralph Abercromby]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands|British Minister to the Netherlands]]|years=1859–1860}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet|Sir Andrew Buchanan]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Fiennes Twisleton Crampton|Sir John Crampton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Russia|British Ambassador to Russia]]|years=1861–1864}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrew Buchanan (UK)|Sir Andrew Buchanan]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet|Andrew Buchanan]] (as Minister)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Prussia|British Ambassador to Prussia]]|years=1864–1866}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lord Augustus Loftus]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Denison|Sir William Denison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Madras]]|years=1866–1872}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander John Arbuthnot]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Strachey (civil servant)|Sir John Strachey]], ''acting''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Viceroy of India]], ''acting'' |years=1872}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|The Lord Northbrook]]}}
{{s-reg|sct}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier|William Napier]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Napier]]|years=1834–1898}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Napier, 11th Lord Napier|William Napier]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Ettrick]]|years=1872–1898}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Napier, 11th Lord Napier|William Napier]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napier, Francis Napier, 10th Lord}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Scottish Borders]]
[[Category:Barons Ettrick|1]]
[[Category:Clan Napier|Francis]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of the Thistle]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Prussia]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Members of the London School Board]]
[[Category:Lords Napier]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Scott baronets|207]]

Tsüngiki

2025-06-25T17:48:22Z

Trainscafe:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tsüngiki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|6|15.75|N|94|20|12.05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1305
| population_total = 3320
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Dialect
| demographics1_info1 = [[Lotha language|Lotha]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797111
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL]]-05
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tsüngiki''', which means ''Abode of Cloud'', is a [[Lotha Naga]] village located in Chukitong [[Tehsil|Circle]] of [[Wokha District]], [[Nagaland]] with a total of 556 families residing.

==People==
The Tsüngiki village has population of 3320 (1667 males and 1653 females), as per Population Census 2011. They speak the [[Lotha language]]. The people from Tsüngiki village are Christian. The village celebrated its 100 Years of Christianity in January 2018.

==Distance from Nearby Towns==
[[Wokha]] is nearest town to Tsüngiki which is approximately 18km away. The surrounding nearby villages and its distance from Tsüngiki are Mungya 2.5km, Koio 3.4km, Seluku 3.8km, Chukitong 4.2km, Yimkha 4.6km, Longla 6.2km, Nungying 6.3km, Yanthamo 6.4km.

==Crops and its Benefits==
Tsüngiki Village has fertile soil suiting many crops. Some of the cash crops are groundnut and sugarcane. The Way side Market On NH-02(old NH-61)helps in sustaining and maintaining the economic growth of the villagers.

==Place of Interest==
''Dongti'' is a place a hill where a viewing tower has been constructed where one can view neighboring villages, towns, mountains and the Doyang River. Also one can come and witness traditional fishing (using tree roots) which is jointly held between Tsüngiki Village and the neighboring villages of [[Sümi Naga]] at [[Doyang|Doyang River]].{{fact|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/267550-tsungiki-nagaland.html/ Tsungiki Population]
* [http://www.wikivillage.in/village/nagaland/wokha/chukitong/tsungikil/ Tsungiki Village]

[[Category:Villages in Wokha district]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

Pratapdighi

2025-06-05T08:42:03Z

Trainscafe: new initial data nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pratapdighi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|59|11.8|N|87|36|08.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,046
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language| Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721440 (Pratapdighi)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Patashpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patashpur]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pratapdighi''' is a village in [[Patashpur II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Egra subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|21|58|0|N|87|37|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Egra subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|21|54|0|N|87|31|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Egra | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Egra]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|3|47|N|87|36|8|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Amarshi Kasba | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Amarshi Kasba]] (CT)|shape-color2=#C40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|5|50|N|87|44|40|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Benudia | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Benudia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|3|37|N|87|47|58|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Hincha Gerya | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Hincha Gerya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#C40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|1|17|N|87|32|42|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Patashpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Patashpur]] (R)|shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|6|20|N|87|45|34|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagabanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagabanpur]] (R)|shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|21|59|11|N|87|36|8|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Pratapdighi| numbered7=R| mark-title7= Pratapdighi (R)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|21|52|32|N|87|35|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Madhabpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Madhabpur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|2|40|N|87|48|0|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Tethi Bari| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Tethi Bari]] (R)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|1|2|N|87|48|41|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Kismat Bajkul| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kismat Bajkul]] (R)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|4|59|N|87|39|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Palpara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Palpara, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|4|41|N|87|38|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Golara Nij| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Golara Nij]] (R)|shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|21|53|29|N|87|38|26|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Gangadharbar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gangadharbar]] (R)|shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|21|48|30|N|87|29|53|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Ramchandrapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Ramchandrapur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|1|50|N|87|48|40|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kajlagarh| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kajlagarh]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22.110011|N|87.555306|E}}| label16=Haldi River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-5| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|6|39|N|87|43|24|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Paikbheri| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Paikbheri]] (H)| shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|21|49|59|N|87|27|9|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Panchrol| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Panchrol]] (H)| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|21|51|12|N|87|28|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Alangiri| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Alangiri]] (H)| shape-color19=#AA6666}}

===Location===
Pratapdighi is located at {{coord|21|59|11.8|N|87|36|08.3|E|display=inline}}.

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Patashpur II CD block are located at Pratapdighi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur | work= Map of Purba Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
96.96% of the population of Egra subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 3.04% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 17 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Pratapdighi had a total population of 3,046 of which 1,560 (51%) were males and 1,486 (49%) were females. Population before 6 years was 363. The total number of literates in Pratapdighi was 2,329 (86.81% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Transport==
The Lalat-Janka Road passes through Pratapdighi, which connects the village with Khraimore, Argoal, Itaberia. Nowadays lots of buses are available on Howrah Kolkata Digha Contai route. Pratapdighi Bridge known as Rajendra Setu has a very important role in total transportation via Lalat Janka Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Pratapdighi (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 17 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district]]

{{PurbaMedinipur-geo-stub}}

A. Gnanam

2025-05-16T13:39:39Z

Trainscafe: Started info

{{Short description|Indian educationist (1932–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
'''A. Gnanam''' (5 October 1932 – 16 May 2017) was an educationist who served as the second [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Pondicherry University]] from 1991 to 2007.

== Career ==
Gnanam is most remembered for his credit in popularizing and initiating the community college concept with the foundation of first of the same kind in [[Pondicherry University]]. He was the educationist who first introduced the concept of Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS) in Indian universities. From 1985 to 1988, he also served as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Bharathidasan University]] followed by his tenure as [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[University of Madras]] from 1988 to 1990.<ref name="The Hindu 2017 d063">{{cite web | title=Educationist Gnanam passes away | website=The Hindu | date=2017-05-18 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/educationist-gnanam-passes-away/article18494498.ece | access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref>

Gnanam initiated the research unit of [[Plant sciences]] under the Department of Biology at [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] after he joined there in 1969 as a [[Reader (academic rank)| Reader]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/school/sbs/dept_of_ps.php |title=DEPARTMENTS OF PLANT SCIENCES, Madurai Kamaraj University |publisher=[[Madurai Kamaraj University]] |date= |accessdate=2013-05-03}}</ref>

He served as the Head of the Plant sciences unit at Madurai Kamaraj University till 1985. He also holds the credit to establish [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] (DST) centre for [[Photosynthesis]] at Madurai Kamaraj University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/school/sbs/dept_of_ps.php |title=DEPARTMENTS OF PLANT SCIENCES, Madurai Kamaraj University |date= |accessdate=2013-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/school/sbs/docs/sbs.pdf|title=School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai |date= |accessdate=2013-05-03}}</ref> Under his direction, [[Karuppannan Veluthambi]], a [[molecular biology| molecular biologist]] and former [[Professor]] of School of Biotechnology of Madurai Kamaraj University, established a [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) centre for [[Plant Molecular Biology]] in the university premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P08-1471 |title=Dr. Karuppannan Veluthambi, Indian Fellow |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |date= |accessdate=2013-05-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnanam, A.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Pondicherry University]]
[[Category:Bharathidasan University]]
[[Category:Vice chancellors of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Madurai Kamaraj University]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Thiruvarutpa

2024-03-17T11:32:34Z

Trainscafe: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Ramalinga Swamigal]]