Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Kalyana-Karnataka

2026-05-05T14:13:57Z

Tox Digital: created the entry initial version

{{Short description|Division in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalyana-Karnataka
| official_name =
| other_name = Hyderabad-Karnataka (1948{{endash}}2019)
| settlement_type = [[Region]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map = Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png
| map_caption =Map of South India with Kalyana-Karnataka region highlighted in blue borders
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:Karnataka emblem.svg|25px]] [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region|Regions]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{bulleted list
|[[South India]]
|[[Deccan Plateau]]
}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[list of districts of Karnataka|Districts]]
| subdivision_name3 = {{bulleted list|[[Bidar district|Bidar]]|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]|[[Raichur district|Raichur]]|[[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]|[[Ballari district|Ballari]]|[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]|[[Koppal district|Koppal]]}}
| established_title = Merger into India
| established_date = 17 September 1948
| established_title1 = Part of [[Mysore State]] (renamed Karnataka in 1974)
| established_date1 = 1 November 1956
| founder =
| government_type =[[Administrative divisions of India|Regional Administration]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 44,138
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,286,343
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Languages spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]] (Official), [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| subdivision_type4 = Largest cities (areawise)
| subdivision_name4 =
*[[Kalaburagi]]
*[[Ballari]]
|subdivision_type5 =Most Populated Cities
| subdivision_name5 ={{bulleted list
|Bidar (Bidar district)
|Kalaburagi (Kalaburagi district)
|Raichur (Raichuru district)
|Yadgir (Yadagiri district)
|Ballari (Ballari district)
|Hosapete (Vijayanagara district)
|Koppal (Koppal district)
}}

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]]
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| registration_plate = KA
| governing_body = Kalyana-Karnataka Region Development Board (KKRDB) [[Hyderabad Karnataka Region Development Board]]
| leader_title1 = [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = N. V. Prasad, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in}}
| leader_title3 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the Kalyana-Karnataka Development Board
| leader_name3 = [[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]]
}}

'''Kalyana-Karnataka''', formerly known as, '''Hyderabad-Karnataka''' or '''Gulbarga division''', is a region located in the northern part of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]], which was part of [[Hyderabad State]] ruled by the [[Nizams]] and the [[Madras presidency]] of [[British India]]. The region comprises [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]], [[Koppal district|Koppal]] and [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] of Hyderabad state and, [[Ballari district|Ballari]] and [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]] of the Madras province that are now present in the state of Karnataka. The Northeast-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Home|url=http://www.hkadb.kar.nic.in/default.htm|work=Hyderabad Karnataka area development board|year=2009|access-date=28 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106180420/http://www.hkadb.kar.nic.in/default.htm|archive-date=6 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka wins 4-decade-old battle; gets special status for Hyderabad-Karnataka region|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/hyderabad-karnataka-region-special-status-granted-124789-2012-12-18|newspaper=[[India Today]]|last=Dev|first=Vanu|date=19 December 2012|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad-Karnataka special status will be Congress poll plank|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubli/Hyderabad-Karnataka-special-status-will-be-Congress-poll-plank/articleshow/19688494.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429195958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/hubli/38761749_1_bsr-congress-raichur-rahul-gandhi|url-status=live|archive-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2013|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bill giving special status for Hyderabad-Karnataka region raises Telangana hopes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bill-giving-special-status-for-Hyderabad-Karnataka-region-raises-Telangana-hopes/articleshow/17684650.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-20/hyderabad/35932836_1_telangana-congress-t-congress-leaders-hyderabad-karnatak-region|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2012|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-territory-will-remain-indispensable-for-Tollywood/articleshow/21499426.cms|title=Nizam territory will remain indispensable for Tollywood|date=31 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> [[Kalaburagi]] and [[Bellary|Ballari]] are the largest cities of this region.

In 1948, when the [[Hyderabad State]] was officially merged into India, some portions of it were incorporated into the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anwesha |title=BJP celebrates 'Telangana Liberation Day' - What does it mean? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bjp-celebrates-telangana-liberation-day-what-does-it-mean |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |date=17 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the Hyderabad-Karnataka region was officially renamed as Kalyana-Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poovanna |first1=Sharan |title=Hyderabad-Karnataka region renamed as Kalyana Karnataka |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/hyderabad-karnataka-region-renamed-as-kalyana-karnataka-1567781204939.html |access-date=22 December 2019 |work=Mint |date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad Karnataka is Kalyana Karnataka now |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hyderabad-karnataka-is-kalyana-karnataka-now/article29444001.ece |access-date=22 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mysore (region)]]
*[[North Karnataka]]
*[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
*[[Basavakalyana]]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RW7fkzi_hA History of Nizam's Hyderabad]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Nizam of Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State|Hyderabad-Karnataka]]

Dharmanagar

2026-05-04T12:18:21Z

Tox Digital: created some info needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharmanagar
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = কালি দিঘি, ধর্মনগর.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dharmanagar Kali Dhighi Ghat
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tripura#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dharmanagar in Tripura
| coordinates = {{coord|24|22|42.7|N|92|10|41.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Dharmanagar Municipal Council
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 7.77
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 21
| population_total = 45887
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 396
| population_rank = Second largest town of Tripura after capital Agartala.
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kokborok]], [[English language|English]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 79–84 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2024 |df = dmy-all |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 799250, 799251, 799253
| area_code = 03822
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = TR 05 XX YYYY
| website = {{URL|www.northtripura.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapsize = 300px
}}
'''Dharmanagar''' ({{IPA|bn|dhormonogor}}), is a town with a [[municipal council]] in the state of [[Tripura]] in [[Northeast India|northeastern part]] of India. It is the administrative center for [[North Tripura district]], located in the northernmost region of the state near the [[Bangladesh]] border on the east and the [[India]]-[[Bangladesh]] border on the west. It is the second largest urban area in the state just after Agartala, which makes it one of the important commercial centres in whole of the hilly state. The [[Juri River]] flows through the town.<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web |title=Dharmanagar (North Tripura, Tripura, India) |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-tripura.php?cityid=1640401000 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Dharmanagar_Kali_Dhighi_Ghat_2024.jpg|thumb|Dharmanagar Kali Dhighi Ghat 2024]]
The exact geographical boundaries of Dharmanagar during the ancient times have not been clearly documented. However, a general idea about the size obtained from various sources indicate that one major position of [[Sylhet]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) was included in Dharmanagar.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}. Sources also indicate that Dharmanagar in those days was not as small as it is today. The size of Dharmanagar has been greatly diminished over the ages and what was once the mighty capital of [[Tripura]] has now been reduced to a district town of the [[States of India|state]].

Currently, Dharmanagar is bound by [[Moulvibazar]] of [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh in the North, [[Karimganj]] district of [[Assam]] in the East and [[Mizoram]] state in the South, and [[Kailashahar]] subdivision of Unakoti district in the west.

===Climate===
Dharmanagar is blessed with a peaceful [[climate]] most of the year. However, summer time can be excessively hot, dry, [[humid]] and interspersed with rains and [[thunderstorms]]. Winter generally starts towards the end of November and lasts until February, where the temperatures can reach very low conditions. The [[monsoon]] season in Dharmanagar starts in April during the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] month of [[Baishakh]]. During the monsoon season, Dharmanagar is inundated frequently due to excessive rainfall and flooding by the local rivers.

{{Weather box
|location = Dharmanagar
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 30
| Feb record high C = 33
| Mar record high C = 38
| Apr record high C = 40
| May record high C = 38
| Jun record high C = 40
| Jul record high C = 37
| Aug record high C = 37
| Sep record high C = 37
| Oct record high C = 35
| Nov record high C = 32
| Dec record high C = 28
|year record high C = 40
| Jan high C = 23
| Feb high C = 25
| Mar high C = 30
| Apr high C = 31
| May high C = 31
| Jun high C = 31
| Jul high C = 32
| Aug high C = 32
| Sep high C = 31
| Oct high C = 30
| Nov high C = 27
| Dec high C = 24
|year high C = 29
| Jan low C = 10
| Feb low C = 12
| Mar low C = 15
| Apr low C = 20
| May low C = 22
| Jun low C = 25
| Jul low C = 25
| Aug low C = 25
| Sep low C = 24
| Oct low C = 21
| Nov low C = 16
| Dec low C = 11
|year low C = 19
| Jan record low C = 5
| Feb record low C = 6
| Mar record low C = 6
| Apr record low C = 11
| May record low C = 16
| Jun record low C = 18
| Jul record low C = 20
| Aug record low C = 21
| Sep record low C = 20
| Oct record low C = 15
| Nov record low C = 10
| Dec record low C = 5
|year record low C = 5
| Jan precipitation mm = 11.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 12.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 57.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 142.3
| May precipitation mm = 248.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 350.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 353.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 269.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 166.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 79.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 19.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 5.1
|year precipitation mm = 1717.7
|source 1 = wunderground.com<ref name=weatherbox>{{cite web | url =http://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=42182&Units=both | title =Historical Weather for Delhi, India | accessdate =27 November 2008 | publisher =Weather Underground | archive-date =6 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190106223201/https://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=42182&Units=both%20 | url-status =dead }}</ref>
|date=November 2010}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dharmanagar (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW16C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|92.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|6.88}}
{{bar percent|Christian|blue|0.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|orange|0.25}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.29}}
Others include [[Sikh]]s, [[Jain]]s & Other religions (0.10%)
}}
The population of Dharmanagar, as estimated in late 2006, is around 32,912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://population-of.com/en/India/26/Dharmanagar/|title=Population Of Dharmanagar|website=population-of.com}}</ref>

Dharmanagar has an average literacy rate of 73.66%, higher than the national average of 65.38%: Male literacy is 81.47% and female literacy is 65.41%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/population-of-india/literacy-rate.html|title=Literacy Rate in India|website=www.iloveindia.com}}</ref>

The majority of the population follows [[Hinduism]] (92.37%), followed by [[Islam]] (6.88%). [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]] are followed by less than 1% of the population combined.<ref name="Religion"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Population
!Change
|-
| 1991 || 25,897 || -
|-
| 2001 || 30,790 || +1.4%
|-
| 2011 || 40,595 || +2.8%
|}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Dharmanagar town (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX Census 2011] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 92.83
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 2.67
|color2 = brown
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 4.5
|color3 = blue
}}
Dharmanagar town has a population of 40,595 as per the 2011 census. Bengali is spoken by 37,688, Hindi is spoken by 1,085 and 1,822 speak other languages.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />

As seen in the table where the population 1991 to 2011 is displayed, Dharmanagar had a population of 25,897 in the year 1991 and it rose to 1.45 in 2001 which stood to 30,790 further more the population had increased more 2.4% in the year 2011 and it went to 40,595.<ref name="citypopulation.de"/>

==Transport==
[[File:Dharmanagar railway station random 00.jpg|thumb|250px|Dharmanagar railway station]]
The nearest airport to Dharmanagar is in [[Silchar]] and airfield at [[Agartala]]. There is also a helipad for [[helicopter]] rides or for quick journeys to the capital [[Agartala]]. [[Kailashahar Airport]] was the nearest airport to the city but it is currently non-active and abandoned. Recently the [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] surveyed the zone and has agreed to invest in upgrading the abandoned airport there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Tripura-sanctions-72-acres-for-airport-expansion/articleshow/26120315.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140210171612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-21/guwahati/44325426_1_agartala-airport-airport-expansion-terminal-building|url-status=live|archive-date=10 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Tripura sanctions 72 acres for airport expansion|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> The state government has also agreed to acquire 79 acres to support this project.

Daily bus service runs from Dharmanagar to [[Shillong]] and [[Guwahati]] via [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]]. Bus services to nearby cities of Assam and Tripura from Dharmanagar ISBT are more frequent. Buses also connect Dharmanagar to state capital. Connectivity via bus is one of the most important forms of transportation for local residents.

The city has good train connectivity from [[Dharmanagar railway station]]. Daily multiple passenger trains run from Dharmanagar to various parts of the country. Agartala is connected to rest of [[India]] through the lines of Dharmanagar. In the year 1964 Dharmanagar becomes the first station of Tripura connected via rail network. Tripurasundari Express, Rajdhani Express, Kanchanjunga Express, Humsafar Express, Habibganj Express, Secunderabad Express, Deogarh Express connects Dharmanagar with cities like Firozpur, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Deogarh (Jharkhand) respectively.

==Education==
[[File:Ncc drill.jpg|thumb|College Student practise NCC drill at [[Government Degree College, Dharmanagar|Dharmanagar govt. Degree college]]]]
There are eight higher secondary schools in Dharmanagar. Padmapur HS School, Bir Bikram Institution, DMR Girls Higher Secondary School, DNV, Chandrapur, Nayapara, Rajbari, Golden Valley H.S (+2 Stage) School, Holy Cross, North Point School, and Siksha Bhavan Montessori School, last four are fully taught in English language. There's also a degree college which is called [[Government Degree College, Dharmanagar]]. It has been graded by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] and is the highest ranked degree college in Tripura. Siksha Bhavan Montessori School is the Education Partner of TATA Interactive Systems and North Point School is the Education partner of MEXUS Education Pvt. Ltd. for providing Digital classes for the students. The school using the Digital Class System 'Class Edge' brand from the TATA Interactive Systems.

== Neighbouring Towns and Cities ==
'''North Tripura'''

[[Panisagar]]

===Unakoti===
* [[Kailashahar]]
* [[Kumarghat]]

===West Tripura===
* [[Agartala]]
* [[Khowai]]

===South Tripura===
* [[Udaipur]]
* [[Belonia, India|Belonia]]

===Dhalai===
* [[Kamalpur, Tripura|Kamalpur]]
* [[Ambassa]]

===Outer Tripura===
* [[Silchar]]
* [[Karimganj]]
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[Shillong]]

==Local Sights and Attractions==

===Durga Puja Festival===

During the [[Durga Puja]] Festival, the streets come alive and people from the entire town come to the town centre to visit the many statues of goddess [[Durga]] scattered around the town. [[Durga Puja]] is an annual Hindu festival that celebrates worship of the [[Hindu]] goddess [[Durga]]. It refers to all the six days observed as [[Mahalaya]], [[Shashthi]], [[Saptami]], [[Ashtami]], [[Navami]] and [[Vijayadashami|Bijoya Dashami]].

The Durga pandals of Dharmanagar secured second place in the ''Maa Durga contest''; after the Capital City of Tripura Agartala.

===Kali Puja Festival===
One of the main festivals is the [[Kali Puja]] which occurs between October and November. Dharmanagar is also known for its bright lights during this [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] where the entire town is lit up.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

===Temples===
Temples like Kalibari, Hari mandir, Office Tilla Kalibari, Shib Bari, Ramakrishna Seba Samiti, Choto Kalibari are tourist attractions.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

===Unakoti===
A short distance away is the ancient site of [[Unakoti]], which literally means "one less a [[crore]]" in Bengali, hosts an ancient place of worship with huge rock-cut images and stone idols of [[Lord Shiva]]. It is the prime tourist spot of North Tripura District, and is located in the neighbouring town of [[Kailashahar]] Subdivision in the North-eastern Indian state of Tripura.

==Politics==
Dharmanagar is a part of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly Biswa Bandhu Sen represents the Dharmanagar constituency.

==Media & communications==

===Radio===
* [[All India Radio]]
* Akashvani (On [[AM broadcasting|AM]]).

===Newspapers===
No daily newspaper is published from Dharmanagar, except a few weekly. Daily newspapers published from Agartala, Karimganj and Silchar reaches daily morning in this town. Besides above, national dailies like ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', ''[[Dainik Sambad]]'', ''[[Bartaman]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' etc. are also available.

==See also==
* [[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://www.jantareview.com/city.php?city=Dharmanagar JantaReview Dharmanagar Guide]
* [https://www.rundoc.in RUNDOC] - Doctor appointment booking platform for Dharmanagar also can buy medicine online, can book pathological lab test and ambulance through RUNDOC.
[[Category:Cities and towns in North Tripura district]]
[[Category:North Tripura district]]

Murli, Osmanabad

2026-05-02T10:17:39Z

Tox Digital: added new info

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Murli
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[India]]
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}

'''Murli''' is a village in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Umarga]]{{CN|date=July 2024}} Taluka in [[Osmanabad]]{{CN|date=July 2024}} district. The village resides in the [[Marathwada]]{{CN|date=July 2024}} region, and falls under the supervision of the [[Aurangabad]] division. Located 79 km towards east from the district headquarters Osmanabad, the village is also 12 km from Umarga{{CN|date=July 2024}} and 481 km from the state capital [[Mumbai]].

== Demographics ==
The main language spoken here is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Murli village is 1289 and number of houses are 291. The population of female citizens is 48% and the rate of female literacy is 30%. [[Muslims]] make up majority of the religious population in Murli village.

== Nearby villages ==
* Kader is 4 km away
* Bhusni is 4 km away
* Naik nagar is 7 km away
* Kothali is 5 km away

Murli is surrounded by Åland taluka towards south, [[Lohara, Akola|Lohara]] taluka towards north, [[Nilanga Taluka|Nilanga]] taluka towards south, Basavakalyan taluka towards east.

== Nearby cities ==
The cities near to Murli are [[Umarga]], [[Tuljapur]], [[Nilanga]], [[Solapur]].

== Postal details ==
The postal head office for Murli is [[Murum, Osmanabad|Murum]]. The pin code of Murli is 413605.

== Politics ==
The National Congress Party (NCP), [[Shiv Sena]], SHS and INC are the major political parties in Murli.

=== Polling stations near Murli ===
# Z.P.P.S Mulaj Tanda
# Z.P.P.S Anandnagar
# Z.P.P.S Kanegav west side
# Z.P.P.S Kanthekur east side
# Junior college Gunjoti south side

== Education ==
The colleges near Murli are:

# Shri Sharadchandraji Pawar Junior college Naichakur
# National Backward Agriculture Education Information Technology Osmanabad
# Sevagram college
# Sevagram college, Kawatha

The schools in Murli are:

# Z.P.P.S school, Umarga

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Osmanabad district]]

Vipul Pancholi

2026-04-23T08:24:33Z

Tox Digital: Put Up Basic Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vipul Manubhai Pancholi
| image = Vipul Pancholi.jpg
| office = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 29 August 2025
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| status =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|45th Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| nominator1 = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start1 = 21 July 2025
| term_end1 = 28 August 2025
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[K. Vinod Chandran]]|[[Ashutosh Kumar]] {{small|(acting)}}}}
| successor1 = [[P. B. Bajanthri]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 July 2023
| term_end2 = 20 July 2025
| nominator2 = [[U. U. Lalit]]
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start3 = 1 October 2014
| term_end3 = 23 July 2023
| nominator3 = [[R. M. Lodha]]
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|5|28|df=y}}
| education = [[B.Sc]], [[L.L.M]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]], [[L.A. Shah Law College]],[[Gujarat University]]
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
}}

'''Vipul Manubhai Pancholi''' (born 28 May 1968) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He is a former Chief Justice of [[Patna High Court]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-07-21 |title=Justice Vipul M. Pancholi sworn in as Chief Justice of Patna High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/justice-vipul-m-pancholi-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court/article69837300.ece |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=Justice Vipul M Pancholi sworn in as Chief Justice of Patna high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/justice-vipul-m-pancholi-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court/articleshow/122817264.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and had also served as judge of the same high court,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The High Court of Judicature at Patna |url=https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/judge/MzY2-Y0E42Loyhz8= |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref> as well as of [[Gujarat High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=Another judge of Gujarat HC is headed to Patna High Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/another-judge-of-gujarat-hc-is-headed-to-patna-high-court-8281703/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vipul M. Pancholi was born on 28 May 1968, in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]. He did his [[B.Sc.]] degree in Electronics from [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]]. He then completed the [[LL.M.]] degree in Commercial Group at Sir L.A. Shah Law College, Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-07-24 |title=Justice Vipul M. Pancholi sworn in as Patna High Court judge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/justice-vipul-m-pancholi-sworn-in-as-patna-high-court-judge/article67115854.ece |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
He passed the bar in September 1991 and practiced as an advocate in Gujarat High Court. He served as Assistant Government Pleader and Additional Public Prosecutor at Gujarat High Court from 1999-2006. He worked as visiting faculty at Sir L.A. Shah Law College, Ahmedabad from 1993-2014. He conducted cases in branches of law including Criminal Law, Civil Law, Property Law, Service Law, Family Law, and Banking Law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The High Court of Judicature at Patna |url=https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/judge/MzY2-Y0E42Loyhz8= |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref>

On 1 October 2014 he was elevated as an Additional Judge and confirmed as permanent Judge on 10 June 2016. He transferred to Patna High Court on 24 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=Centre Notifies Transfer of Justice Vipul Manubhai Pancholi from Gujarat to Patna High Court - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/centre-notifies-transfer-of-justice-vipul-manubhai-pancholi-from-gujarat-to-patna-high-court/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was appointed as chief justice of [[Patna High Court]] and took oath as chief justice on 21 July 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-05-26 |title=Collegium recommends appointment of Justice Vipul Pancholi as Patna High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-appointment-of-justice-vipul-pancholi-as-patna-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2025-07-21 |title=Justice Vipul M Pancholi Sworn In As Chief Justice Of Patna High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/patna-high-court/justice-vipul-m-pancholi-sworn-in-chief-justice-patna-high-court-298233 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=Vipul M Pancholi is new CJ of Patna HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/vipul-m-pancholi-is-new-cj-of-patna-hc/articleshow/122452113.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 25 August 2025 Supreme court collegium led by CJI [[B. R. Gavai]] recommended him to be appointed as judge of Supreme Court of India along with [[Bombay High Court]] chief justice [[Alok Aradhe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Collegium recommends Justices Aradhe, Pancholi for elevation to Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/collegium-recommends-justices-aradhe-pancholi-for-elevation-to-supreme-court-101756119843171.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-08-25 |title=Collegium recommends elevation of Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul Pancholi to Supreme Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-elevation-of-justices-alok-aradhe-and-vipul-pancholi-to-supreme-court |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Supreme Court Collegium Recommends Elevation of Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul Pancholi To SC - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/sc-court-collegium-recommends-elevation-of-two-high-court-chief-justices-to-supreme-court/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> and this was cleared by central government on 27 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-08-27 |title=Central government clears elevation of Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul Pancholi to Supreme Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/central-government-clears-elevation-of-justices-alok-aradhe-and-vipul-pancholi-to-supreme-court |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Centre appoints Justices Alok Aradhe and Vipul Pancholi to Supreme Court 2 days after Collegium recommendation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-appoints-justices-alok-aradhe-and-vipul-pancholi-supreme-court-10214422/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He would be in line to become 60th Chief Justice of India and would serve tenure of nearly 1.5 years if seniority convention is followed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-08-25 |title=Justice Vipul Pancholi to be CJI for 1.5 years if Collegium recommendation cleared by government |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-vipul-pancholi-to-be-cji-for-15-years-if-collegium-recommendation-cleared-by-government |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Justice Pancholi's elevation to the Supreme Court has been subject to significant controversy, with Justice [[B. V. Nagarathna|Nagaratna]] issuing a rare detailed dissent against the 4:1 majority collegium decision.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title='Counter-productive': Why did Justice Nagarathna dissent on Pancholi's elevation to SC by collegium? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/counterproductive-why-did-justice-nagarathna-dissent-on-justice-pancholi-s-elevation-to-sc-by-collegium-101756203110934.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Justice Nagarathna stated that his appointment would be "counter-productive" to the administration of justice and would place at risk "whatever credibility the collegium system still holds." Central to her concerns were the circumstances surrounding Justice Pancholi's July 2023 transfer from [[Gujarat High Court]] to [[Patna High Court]], which she noted was "not a routine move but followed due deliberation at the highest levels," urging examination of confidential minutes that suggested irregularities. The controversy first emerged in May 2025 when his elevation was initially shelved due to objections, with Justice Nagarathna expressing surprise when his name re-emerged within three months.<ref name=":1" />

Justice Nagarathna's dissent highlighted Justice Pancholi's low seniority (57th in the all-India list) and the bypassing of "several meritorious and more senior judges." She flagged representation concerns, noting that Gujarat High Court would have three judges on the Supreme Court, which would "skew the balance when many high courts remain unrepresented." She also expressed concerns about his potential Chief Justice tenure from October 2031 to May 2033, stating that outcome "would not be in the institution's interest."<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Justice Vipul Manubhai Pancholi, new SC judge facing ire over elevation? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/08/27/who-is-justice-vipul-manubhai-pancholi-new-sc-judge-facing-ire-over-elevation.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

The controversy has been compounded by transparency and gender representation issues. The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms criticized the collegium's departure from previous transparency standards, calling the current process "a retrogression in transparency."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bawa |first=Anmol Kaur |date=2025-08-26 |title=CJAR Seeks Disclosure Of Justice Nagarathna's Dissent Against Collegium Proposal For Justice Vipul Pancholi's Elevation |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/cjar-justice-nagarathnas-dissent-collegium-proposal-justice-vipul-pancholis-elevation-302025 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Justice Nagarathna's request to publish her dissent has not been fulfilled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhibber |first=Maneesh |date=2025-08-26 |title=Centre to ignore Justice BV Nagarathna opposition to elevation of Justice Vipul Pancholi |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-to-ignore-justice-bv-nagarathna-opposition-to-elevation-of-justice-vipul-pancholi |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> The appointment occurs amid poor gender representation, with Justice Nagarathna remaining the sole woman judge after [[Bela Trivedi|Justice Bela M. Trivedi's]] retirement in June 2025. The last woman judge appointed to the Supreme Court was in 2021 under then CJI [[N. V. Ramana|N.V. Ramana]]'s collegium,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-03 |title=Elevation of 3 women judges to SC in one go unprecedented: Ex-CJI Bobde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/elevation-of-3-women-judges-to-sc-in-one-go-unprecedented-ex-cji-bobde/articleshow/85874537.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and since then Chief Justices [[Uday Umesh Lalit|U.U. Lalit]], [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]], [[Sanjiv Khanna]], and current CJI [[B. R. Gavai|B.R. Gavai]] have failed to appoint any woman judge to the Supreme Court.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pancholi, Vipul}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian jurists]]

List of mountain peaks of the Western Ghats

2026-04-23T05:52:09Z

Tox Digital: added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The following is a '''list of peaks in the Western Ghats''':
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 100%"
|-
! Rank !! Name !! Elevation !! Location !! State !! Coordinates
!Image
|-
| align="right"|1|| [[Anamudi]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,695|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Eravikulam National Park]] || [[Kerala]] || {{Coord|10|10|09|N|77|03|38|E|}}
|[[File:AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg|alt=A view of the Anaimudi peak from the Naikolli Mala ridge|200px|A view of the Anaimudi peak from the Naikolli Mala ridge|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|2|| [[Meesapulimala]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,640|m|ft|abbr=on}} ||[[Idukki district|Idukki]] || [[Kerala]] || {{coord|10.097403|N|77.203417|E|}}
|[[File:Meeahapullimala.jpg|alt=Meeahapullimala|Meeahapullimala|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|3|| [[Doddabetta]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,637|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{coord|11|22|17|N|76|31|03|E|}}
|[[File:Doddabetta00.jpg|alt=Telescope House, Doddabetta Peak, Ooty|Telescope House, Doddabetta Peak, Ooty, Tamil Nadu|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|4|| [[Kolaribetta]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,629|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Mukurthi National Park]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{coord|11.291|N|76.550|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|5|| [[Mukurthi|Mukurthi Peak]]|| align="right" |{{convert|2,594|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris-Nilambur]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]-[[Kerala]] || {{coord|11.3713|N|76.5175|E|}}
|[[File:Mukurthi Peak Nilgiris India Jan18 D72 5120.jpg|alt=Mukurthi Peak|Mukurthi Peak, view from Ooty|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|6||[[Vandaravu]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,553|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park|Palani Hills]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{Coord|10.149|N|77.273|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|7|| [[Kattumala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eravikulam.org/managementplan.htm|title=Eravikulam National Park, Munnar, Kerala, India, the home of Nilgiri Tahr|work=Eravikulam.org|access-date=12 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404152119/http://www.eravikulam.org/managementplan.htm|archive-date=4 April 2010|df=}}</ref> || align="right"|{{convert|2,552|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Eravikulam National Park]] || [[Kerala]] || {{Coord|10|15|16.5702|N|77|05|52.2843|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right" |8|| Snowdon ||align="right"|{{convert|2,530|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|[[File:West Snowdon Ridge Nilgiris Aug25 A7CR 07271.jpg|alt=Snowdon Peak|West face of Snowdon Peak|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|9|| [[Devimala]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,523|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Devikulam]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right" |10|| [[Kumarikkal Mala]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,522|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right" |11|| Elk Hill||align="right"| {{convert|2,466|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|[[File:North Elk Hill Ooty Nilgiris Aug25 A7CR 07231.jpg|alt=Elk Hill|North face of Elk Hill, above Ooty|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right" |12|| Club Hill||align="right"| {{convert|2,448|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|[[File:SE Club Hill Ooty Aug25 A7CR 07193.jpg|alt=Club Hill|South face of Club Hill from Ooty|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right" |13|| Kulkudi||align="right"| {{convert|2,439|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|
|-
| align="right" |14|| Kattadadu||align="right"| {{convert|2,418|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|
|-
| align="right" |15|| [[Perumal Malai]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,234|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kodaikanal]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{Coord|10|17|56.103|N|77|33|51.05|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right" |16||[[Eravimala]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,401|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Idukki]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|17|| [[Anginda peak]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,383|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{Coord|11|12|26|N|76|27|51|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|18|| Hecuba || align="right"| {{convert|2,375|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|19|| Nandala Mala|| align="right"|{{convert|2,372|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|20|| [[Vavul Mala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12898|title=Vavul Mala|work=Peakbagger.com|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> || align="right"|{{convert|2,339|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Vellarimala|Malappuram]]
[[Nilambur]], [[Kozhikode]]
| [[Kerala]] || {{coord|11|25|41|N|76|07|52|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|21|| [[Sispara]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,206|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Silent Valley National Park]] || [[Kerala]] || {{coord|11|12|12|N|76|25|56|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|22|| Kottakombu Mala|| align="right"|{{convert|2,144|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|23|| [[Chembra Peak]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,100|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] || [[Kerala]] || {{coord|11|30|44|N|76|05|22|E|}}
|[[File:Chembra peak.jpg|alt=Chembra Peak|Chembra Peak covered with mist|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|24|| [[Elivai Malai|Elivai Mala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12900|title=Elivai Malai|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> || align="right"|{{convert|2,088|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] || [[Kerala]] || {{coord|10|56|23.974|N|76|37|56.96|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|25|| [[Banasura Hill]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,073|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] || [[Kerala]] || {{coord|11|41|39|N|75|54|29|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|26|| [[Kottamala]] || align="right"|{{convert|2,019|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Periyar National Park|Pathanamthitta]] || [[Tamil Nadu|Kerala]] || {{coord|9|31|16|N|77|24|07|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|27|| Devar Mala || align="right" |1,937 m
(6,354 ft)
| [[Chikmagalur|Pathanamthitta]] || [[Karnataka|Kerala]]||
|
|-
| align="right"|28|| [[Devar Mala|Mullayanagiri]] || align="right"|1,930 m || [[Pathanamthitta|Chikmangalur]] || [[Kerala|Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|29|| [[Baba Budangiri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,895|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chikmagalur]] || [[Karnataka]]|| {{coord|13.421|N|75.763|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|30|| [[Kudremukh|Kudremukha]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,894|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chikmagalur]] || [[Karnataka]]|| {{coord|13|07|46.24|N|75|16|06.79|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|31|| [[Agasthyamalai|Agasthyamala]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,868|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Tirunelveli]] border || [[Kerala]] [[Tamil Nadu]] border || {{coord|8|37|N|77|15|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|32|| [[Kemmangundi peak]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,863|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]] || [[Karnataka]]|| {{coords|13.516|75.774}}
|
|-
| align="right"|33|| [[Biligiriranga Hills]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,816|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chamarajanagar]] || [[Karnataka]]|| {{coords|11.866|77.188}}
|
|-
| align="right"|34|| [[Rangaswamy Peak and Pillar]] || align="right"| {{convert|1,794|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|35|| [[Velliangiri Mountains]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theindia.info/travel/velliangiri_Trek_Coimbatore|title=Vellayiangiri Mountain|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> || align="right"|{{convert|1,778|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{coords|10|59|19.68|N|76|41|14.279|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|36|| [[Tadiandamol]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,748|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kodagu]] || [[Karnataka]] || {{coord|12|13|3.2308|N|75|36|31.7340|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|37|| [[Kumara Parvata]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,712|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] || [[Karnataka]]|| {{coord|12|40|00|N|75|41|00|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|38 || Merthi Gudda || align="right"|{{convert|1,676|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chickmagalur]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|39|| [[Malleswaran]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,664|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Agali Hills]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|40|| [[Kalsubai]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,648|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Ahmednagar]] || [[Maharashtra]] || {{coord|19|36|04|N|73|42|33|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|41|| [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,645|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Tirunelveli]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||{{coord|8|23|18|N|77|31|17|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|42|| Kote betta || align="right"|{{convert|1,620|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kodagu]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|43|| [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,608|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kodagu]]/[[Wayanad district]] || [[Karnataka]]/[[Kerala]] || {{coord|11|57|N|75|57|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|44|| [[Padagiri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,585|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nelliampathy]] || [[Kerala]] ||{{Coord|10|28|46|N|76|42|5|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|45|| [[Salher]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,567|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nashik]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||{{coord|20|43|20.137|N|73|56|43.64|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right"|46|| [[Madikeri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,525|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kodagu]] || [[Karnataka]]||{{coord|12|25|15.24|N|75|44|22.919|E|}}
|
|-
| align="right" |47|| Pulamala || align="right"|{{convert|1,505|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Thekkady]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|48|| [[Dhodap]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,472|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nashik]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|49|| [[Gangamoola]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,458|m|abbr=on}} || [[Kudremukh National Park]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|50|| [[Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,450|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Bandipur National Park]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|51|| [[Karimala Gopuram]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,438|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|52|| [[Taramati]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,431|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Ahmednagar]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|53|| [[Torna Fort|Torna]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,405|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Pune district|Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|54|| [[Purandar fort|Purandar]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,387|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Pune district|Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|55|| [[Paithalmala]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,372|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kannur]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|56|| [[Kodachadri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,343|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Shimoga]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|57|| [[Rajgad]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,318|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|58|| [[Sinhagad]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,312|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|59|| [[Ratangad]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,297|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Ahmednagar]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|60|| Brahmagiri Hill|| align="right"|{{convert|1,295|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Trimbakeshwar]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|61|| [[Anjaneri]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,284|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nasik]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|62|| [[Saptashrungi]] || align="right" |{{convert|1,264|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Nasik]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|63|| [[Meenuliyan Para]] ||align="right"|{{convert|1,220|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Idukki]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|64|| [[Sonsogor]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,166|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Sattari]] || [[Goa]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|65|| [[Vagamon]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,100|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Vagamon]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|66|| [[Varayadumotta]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,100|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Ponmudi]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|67|| [[Pratapgad]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,080|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Satara (city)|Satara]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|68|| [[Ettina Bhuja]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,050|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Chikkamagaluru]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|69|| [[Illikkal Kallu]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,036|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kottayam]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|[[File:Illikkal Kallu, Kottayam, Kerala.jpg|alt=Illikkal Kallu|Illikkal Kallu|200px|frameless]]
|-
| align="right"|70|| [[Ranipuram]] || align="right"|{{convert|1,016|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kasaragod|Kasarkod]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|71|| [[Don, Dang|Don]] || align="right" |{{convert|1,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}|| [[Dang, Gujarat|Dang]] || [[Gujarat]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|72|| [[Saputara]] || align="right"|{{convert|990|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Dang, Gujarat|Dang]] || [[Gujarat]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|73|| [[Nedumpara Peak]] || align="right"|{{ convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kollam district|Kollam]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|74|| Wilson Hills ||align="right"|{{ convert|890|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]] || [[Gujarat]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|75|| [[Mahuli]] || align="right"|{{convert|858|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Thane]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|76|| [[Marunthuvazh Malai]] || align="right"|{{convert|830|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Kanyakumari]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|77|| [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] || align="right"|{{convert|820|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Raigad district|Raigad]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|78|| Mangattu Kumban || align="right"|{{ convert|635|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Thrissur]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|79|| Vagheri Hills|| align="right"|{{convert|560|m|ft|abbr=on}} || [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary]] || [[Goa]] ||
|
|-
| align="right"|80|| [[Kodikuthi Mala]] || align="right"|{{ convert|522 |m|ft|abbr=on }} || [[Malappuram]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|
|}
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Nilgiris - Copy.JPG|[[Nilgiris]], a part of Western Ghats at Masinangudi, [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Kodachadri Hills.jpg|[[Kodachadri]] Hills
File:DR0072DSC 9260.jpg|[[Banasura Hill]] with cloud covered
File:Malleswaran.jpg|[[Malleswaran]] in a distant vision
File:Ponmudi hill 01.jpg|[[Varayadumotta]] with 13 peaks
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats| list]]
[[Category:Lists of mountains of India|Western Ghats]]

Pramod Paliwal

2026-04-15T05:46:57Z

Tox Digital: stub

{{short description|Academician and Author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Pramod Paliwal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pramod_Paliwal.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Dr. Pramod Paliwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Pramod Paliwal
| birth_date = 1968
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
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| other_names =
| occupation = Professor
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| awards = Fellow, CIM ([[The Chartered Institute of Marketing]]), [[U.K.]]
| website =
| education = [[MBA]], [[PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]]
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| discipline = [[Management]] [[Energy sector]] [[Marketing]]
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| workplaces = [[Pandit Deendayal Energy University]]
| doctoral_students = 
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| main_interests = [[Natural gas]] [[Sustainable marketing|Sustainable Marketing]] [[Energy consumption|Energy Consumption Behavior]]
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}}
'''Pramod Paliwal''' (born 1968)<ref>{{cite web |title=Personal Details |url=http://orsp.pdpu.ac.in/adminfacviewprofile.aspx?facid=pramod.paliwal |website=ORSP PDPU}}</ref> is an author,<ref>{{cite web |title=Articles by Author |url=https://www.ogel.org/journal-author-articles.asp?key=1285 |website=OGEL ORG |publisher=OGEL Energy Law Journal}}</ref> academician, expert in [[energy sector|Energy Sector Management]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Researcher/Guide |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/browse?type=author&value=Paliwal%2C+Pramod+and+Garg%2C+Amit&value_lang= |website=Shodhganga@INFLIBNET |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Process Re-Engineering -: A Study of Managing and Optimizing Petroleum Products Terminal |url=http://www.pbr.co.in/2023/2023_month/June/9.pdf |website=pbr.co.in |publisher=Pacific Business Review International |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> and [[energy security|Energy Security]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commercial Mining auctions is a first step, now make it work |url=http://cieu.in/commerical-mining-auctions-is-a-first-step-now-make-it-work/ |website=cieu.in |publisher=Council for International Economic Understanding |accessdate=9 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Charge Academic |url=https://charge.events/charge-academic/ |website=Charge Energy Branding}}</ref> He is a Fellow of [[The Chartered Institute of Marketing]], U.K. and is on the panel of Chair of Indian Studies Abroad in Energy Studies at [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Govt. of India]]. Paliwal is associated with the international [[crowdsourcing]] organization [[Wikistrat]] as an Honorary Senior Analyst in the area of energy. He has an interest in [[natural gas|Natural Gas]] Distribution industry and Energy Branding.<ref name="Natural Gas Transmission and Distri">{{cite book |title=Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business |isbn=978-1138598300 |last1=Paliwal |first1=Pramod |last2=Yadav |first2=Sudhir |date=18 February 2019 |publisher=CRC Press }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Education and personal life==
Born in Udaipur, Paliwal holds a bachelor's degree in Economics from [[Rajasthan Vidyapeeth]] and is an [[MBA]] followed by a [[PhD in management|PhD in Management]] from [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ORSP PDPU |url=http://orsp.pdpu.ac.in/adminfacviewprofile.aspx?facid=pramod.paliwal |website=PDPU}}</ref>

He is married and has two children.<ref>{{cite book |title=Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcyGDwAAQBAJ&q=natural+gas+transmission+and+distribution+business+%22shally%22&pg=PT16 |isbn = 9780429942921|last1 = Paliwal|first1 = Pramod|last2 = Yadav|first2 = Sudhir|date = 4 February 2019| publisher=CRC Press }}</ref>

==Career, publications and conferences==
Paliwal is a professor at the [[Pandit Deendayal Energy University|School of Management]], Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar-Gujarat, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=OSRP PDPU |url=http://orsp.pdpu.ac.in/adminfacviewprofile.aspx?facid=pramod.paliwal |website=PDPU}}{{vague|date=June 2024}}</ref> In profession since 1991, his earlier associations have been with [[ACC Limited]] (now, a subsidiary of the [[Adani Group]]; formerly [[Holcim Group]]<ref>{{cite news |title=CCI approves acquisition of Holcim's stake in ACC, Ambuja by Adani Group firm |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/cci-approves-acquisition-of-holcims-stake-in-acc-ambuja-by-adani-group-firm-article-93555599/amp |access-date=August 19, 2022 |agency=ET Now |publisher=Times Now News |date=August 14, 2022}}</ref>), Pacific Institute of Management, [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]], India, and the India Offshore Campus of [[Oxford Brookes University]], U.K.<ref name="Natural Gas Transmission and Distri"/> He sits on the Academic Advisory Board of CHARGE Energy Branding Conference, [[Iceland]].

Paliwal contributed to "[[International Gas Union]] 2009–2012 Triennium Work Report: Building Strategic Human Capital"<ref>{{cite web |title=IGU Technical Committee |url=http://members.igu.org/old/IGU%20Events/wgc/wgc-2012/publications-from-wgc-2012/TF1_Building_Strategic_Human_Capital_FINAL_hsw1.pdf |website=IGU.ORG}}</ref> authored by Ieda Gomes,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ieda Gomes |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/authors/ieda-gomes/ |website=Oxford Energy}}</ref> United Kingdom. He also contributed to the study "Promoting Energy Savings in India's Transportation Sector" with the Institute of Energy Economics Japan (IEEJ), Tokyo and METI ([[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry]]). (2014–15)<ref>{{cite web |title=IEE Japan – PDPU Workshop |url=http://www.spm.pdpu.ac.in/ieej-Workshop.html |website=PDPU.AC.IN}}</ref> He sits on advisory councils of higher education institutions and regulatory bodies.<ref>https://www.learnersvantage.com/#team-members</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat forms authority for wetland conservation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-launches-state-wetlands-authority-to-enhance-conservation-efforts/articleshow/116149126.cms |agency=The Times Of India |publisher=The Times Of India |date=Dec 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= VMPCMS Governing Council |url=https://vmpcms.guni.ac.in/governor/governing_council/dr-pramod-paliwal-member-guni-vmpcms |website=V.M. Patel College of Management Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= IAR Research Advisory Committee |url=https://iar.ac.in/research-innovation/research-innovation-committees/research-advisory-committee/ |website=Institute of Advanced Research}}</ref>

Apart from publishing many research papers and book chapters in [[Management]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paliwal |first1=Pramod |last2=Sharma |first2=Ritu |date=December 2023 |title=Mapping determinants of stakeholder perceptions about higher education institutions: an Indian context |journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=324–346 |doi=10.1504/IJICBM.2023.135322}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Organisational response to COVID-19 crisis through socially impactful business actions: a case study |journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management |date=October 12, 2023 |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.1504/IJICBM.2023.134244 |url=https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/10.1504/IJICBM.2023.134244 |access-date=November 16, 2023 |last1=Banerjee |first1=Tanushri |last2=Paliwal |first2=Pramod |pages=291–306 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Marketing]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal Articles - Marketing |url=https://ir.iimcal.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/123456789/1179 |website=IIMC Institutional Repository}}</ref> [[energy industry|Energy Industry]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Vipul V. |last2=Paliwal |first2=Pramod |title=Toward Sustainable Mobility: Examining E-taxi Booking Intentions Through the Lens of TPB and NAM |journal=NMIMS Management Review |publisher=SAGE Journals |date=2025 |doi=10.1177/09711023251404239 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09711023251404239 |access-date=2025-12-22 |doi-access=free }}|{{cite journal |title=Service Quality in Natural Gas Distribution: A Study |journal=NMIMS Management Review |date=December 27, 2021 |volume=29 |issue=4 |doi=10.53908/NMMR.290403 |url=https://management-review.nmims.edu/2021/12/service-quality-innatural-gas-distribution-a-study/ |access-date=January 3, 2022|last1=Asia |first1=Narpat |last2=Paliwal |first2=Pramod |pages=56–75 |s2cid=245548625 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Technology]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Energy & utility sector plugs into new-age digital solutions |url=https://www.dqindia.com/energy-utility-sector-plugs-into-new-age-digital-solutions/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |agency=Dataquest |publisher=Cyber Media India Ltd |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> he has authored books on [[industrial marketing|B2B Marketing]] and [[Natural gas|Natural Gas Distribution]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Seeking reliable services: a case of natural gas distribution utility |journal=Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies |date=21 August 2021 |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1108/EEMCS-09-2020-0351 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EEMCS-09-2020-0351/full/html?skipTracking=true |access-date=19 October 2021|last1=Asia |first1=Narpat |last2=Paliwal |first2=Pramod |last3=Shukla |first3=Yupal |pages=1–21 |s2cid=239621367 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari, J., Paliwal, P. and Garg, A. (2021)">{{multiref2
|{{cite journal |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Jyoti |last2=Paliwal |first2=Pramod |last3=Garg |first3=Amit |title=Assessing electricity and CO2 emission savings through energy efficiency measures in shopping malls in India: a feasibility study of appliance retrofit |journal=International Journal of Energy Sector Management |date=19 March 2021 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=697–718 |doi=10.1108/IJESM-06-2020-0017 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJESM-06-2020-0017/full/html |access-date=22 March 2021 |url-access=subscription |bibcode=2021IJESM..15..697M |s2cid=233684846}}
|{{cite journal |last1=Paliwal |first1=Pramod |last2=Vyas |first2=Prateek K. |date=June 2025 |title=Estimating the Timeline for Green Hydrogen's Viability for Captive Power Generation Compared to Grid Power for the Indian Industrial Sector |journal=Journal of Mines, Metals & Fuels |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=1675 |doi=10.18311/jmmf/2025/48505 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A7%3A10029927/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&id=ebsco%3Adoi%3A10.18311%2Fjmmf%2F2025%2F48505&bquery=IS%200022-2755%20AND%20VI%2073%20AND%20IP%206%20AND%20DT%202025&page=1&link_origin=none&searchDescription=Journal%20of%20Mines%2C%20Metals%20&crl=f |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 April 2025}}
}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal |last1=Paliwal |first1=Pramod |date=July 2003 |title=Strategic Pricing in the Cement Industry: An Empirical Study |journal=[[Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=45–55 |doi=10.1177/097226290300700204 |s2cid=155086579 }}|{{cite journal |title=Consumer behaviour towards alternative energy products: a study |year=2012 |doi=10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01089.x |last1=Paliwal |first1=Pramod |journal=International Journal of Consumer Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=238–243 |doi-access=free }}|{{cite journal |title=Prabhar Oil Company, and distribution challenges in the Indian lubricants industry |year=2011 |doi=10.1108/20450621111110672 |last1=Singh |first1=Ramendra |last2=Paliwal |first2=Pramod |last3=Sakariya |first3=Sanjay |journal=Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies |volume=1 |pages=1–14 }}|{{cite web |title=Innovative Micro Energy Solutions : Cases from India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323357903 |website=Research Gate}}|{{cite web |title=Infraline Energy |url=http://www.infraline.com/printdelegatedetails.aspx?id=633 |website=Infraline Energy}}|{{cite web |title=UNESDOC Digital Library|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000162292 |website=UNESCO UNESDOC Digital Library}}|{{cite web |title=Earth Charter Module V |url=https://earthcharter.org/wp-content/assets/virtual-library2/images/uploads/Earth%20Charter%20Module%20V.pdf |website=Earth Charter}}|{{cite news |title=Natural gas makes profit rise in Morbi ceramic industries: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/natural-gas-makes-profit-rise-in-morbi-ceramic-industries-report/articleshow/12765359.cms |work=The Times of India}}|{{cite journal |title=City Gas India Roundtable 2010: Initiatives and Challenges |journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers |date=2010 |volume=35 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/0256090920100406 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0256090920100406 |last1=Pandian |first1=D. J. |last2=Mansingh |first2=L. |last3=Singhvi |first3=L. K. |last4=Tambraparni |first4=Sridhar |last5=Negi |first5=B. S. |last6=Sharma |first6=Shaleen |last7=Perrin |first7=Allans |last8=Joshi |first8=C. D. |last9=Shah |first9=Dushyant |last10=Thussu |first10=K. L. |last11=Kudaisya |first11=S. K. |last12=Manglani |first12=Suresh |last13=Vedvyas |first13=Rajesh |last14=Mehrotra |first14=Akhil |last15=Sarma |first15=P P G. |last16=Yadav |first16=Sudhir |last17=Paliwal |first17=Pramod |pages=61–92 }}|{{cite book |chapter=Natural Gas Pricing |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-3118-2_5 |title=Natural Gas Markets in India |year=2017 |last1=Paliwal |first1=Pramod |pages=75–93 |isbn=978-981-10-3116-8 }}}}</ref> These include [[McGraw-Hill International]] ‘Cases in Business Marketing’ (with co-authors Ramendra Singh and Sudhir Yadav), ‘Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business’ by [[Routledge]] (with co-author Sudhir Yadav) and its special Indian edition (with co-author Sudhir Yadav) and, ‘Managing Petrochemicals Business’ by Routledge (with co-authors Sonal Yadav and Sudhir Yadav).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paliwal |first=Pramod |title=Managing Petrochemicals Business |date=June 12, 2025 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032603117 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2|{{cite web |title=Natural gas transmission and distribution business |url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=2018046026&searchType=1&permalink=y |website=LC Catalog | date=2019 |publisher=Library of Congress | isbn=978-1-138-59830-0 |access-date=September 25, 2023}}|{{cite news |title=Cool way to aim for greener highways |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cool-way-to-aim-for-greener-highways/articleshow/72313126.cms |access-date=December 1, 2019 |agency=The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=December 1, 2019}}|{{cite web |title=Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business |url=https://www.routledge.com/Natural-Gas-Transmission-and-Distribution-Business/Paliwal-Yadav/p/book/9781138598300 |website=Routledge}}}}</ref> He has authored the copyrighted DIAMOND Model - a structured method for Case Study Analysis in Management Education.<ref>https://www.copyright.gov.in/CopyrightROC_Details.aspx?Diary_No=jzxRkdfSfbxXtwlLxhOccA%3d%3d&Roc_No=CgI7Mw8w&Id=GIzzFobrw8wM7IgC</ref>

Dr. Paliwal has contributed with expert lectures on the energy sector and higher education in India and abroad.
<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite news |title=Significance of Hydrogen Economy in Energy Scenario and Enhancing Usage of Low Carbon Energy Source In Various Applications |url=https://mecglobalevents.com/conferences/oil-gas/speaker/dr-pramod-paliwal |access-date=March 27, 2022 |agency=MEC Global Events |publisher=MEC Global Events |date=March 9, 2022}}|{{cite web |title=Marketing in a Digitally Dynamic Era By Dr. Pramod Paliwal |url=http://www.vmpim.ac.in/content/marketing-digitally-dynamic-era-dr-pramod-paliwal |website=V.M. Patel Institute of Management}}|{{cite web |title=Contemporary Strategic Contours of Global Oil & Gas Value Chain |url=https://madridge.org/journal-of-earth-science-and-geology/earth-science-and-oil-gas-2019-keynote-proceedings/2642-1569.a2.005-k002.pdf |website=Madridge Conferences}}|{{cite web |title=4th Stakeholder workshop on 'Raising the Voice of Gas - Building Gas Hub' |url=https://www.fipi.org.in/index.php/13-oct-16-gujrat |website=FIPI}}|{{cite web |title=Focus on natural gas at Cairo summit |url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/OGN_167082.html |website=Trade Arabia}}|{{cite web |title=MENA NATURAL GAS DISTRIUBTION [sic] SUMMIT 2010 |url=http://www.allconferences.com/conferences/2009/20091207000932 |website=All Conferences}}}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paliwal, Pramod}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mohanlal Sukhadia University alumni]]

Nanded Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:30:53Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nanded
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| division = [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
| reservation =
}}

'''Nanded Assembly constituency''' was one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency was located in [[Nanded district]].

== History ==

It was part of [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency]]. It existed from 1952 to 2008.

As per the Delimitation Order, 1951 it consisted of [[Nanded taluka|Nanded taluk]] excluding Neemgaon and Ardhapur Ciroles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPACO (1951) |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIpEMiwVppWMhPv2LqXfNPEriPmxhfDfnhSMtjbY8VLu9Cs1WPKtf0d5Ve2sB6yVnFdJi%2BNzWVtvsh93UVF2ImjMdOaPJXihMlQNZ0fSSDAKT |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> In the Delimitation Order, 1956 and Delimitation Order, 1961 it consisted of Nanded taluk (excluding Mudkhed circle).<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPACO (1956) |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIhwEi9sQWbt3vMjjOhEsQ%2B4sMJ0y8p%2F6ot8LdYiYZD%2BzulfjaLoZYBbV4YzQtLXtuwhbHOyxErbDTfcMnFCANOKULgnq3K%2B7WNJidpGWQo1Z |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPACO (1961) |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgItkPooCRaZcvrgUBFpKv6bdcr76FQDeo4Kbxo8pmzBdqn57Vkq%2BOs6XLNlp7ij%2BALC0VvUMtFnsvNH%2Ba3UdineGBntf08Jwr8por21kYpP4d |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> In the Delimitation Order, 1976 it consisted of Nanded municipality and Nanded and Limbgaon RICs in Nanded tahsil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPACO (1976) |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrAKrpRHHl6YJ4Q5EEVH2zMUwwV41By7LxYIONuVC9Vr%2F%2BN7sXnVcBsMXgIVrEWgvCh1zBtwm72mAwODimlm7Nzk%2BznOQZFhtTvKNHJqeI%2BB |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> It was abolished by the 2008 Delimitation.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Raghwan Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Farook Pasha Makhdum Pasha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Noorallah Khan Bismillah Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | [[Kamalkishor Kadam]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || D. R. Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | Khedkar Prakash Murlidharrao
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Anusayatai Prakash Khedkar
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anusayatai Prakash Khedkar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 84,610 |percentage = 38.99% |change = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omprakash Ganeshlal Pokrna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,835 |percentage = 29.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandhre Sudhakar Ramrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 31,290 |percentage = 14.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaffar Khan Gulam Mohammed Khan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 29,016 |percentage = 13.37% |change = {{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Eknathrao Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,896 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,775 |percentage = 9.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 217,009 |percentage = 55.57% |change = {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 217,009}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 390,493 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khedkar Prakash Murlidharrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 60,474 |percentage = 35.36% |change = {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Samad A. Karim |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,980 |percentage = 24.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Dnyanoba Gaikwad |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 30,637 |percentage = 17.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alegaonkar Bhagwanrao Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,404 |percentage = 11.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Patil Taklikar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 13,112 |percentage = 7.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Prafull Narharrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,888 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadav Manohar Sahebrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,828 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Altaf Ahmed Iqbal Ahmed |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,494 |percentage = 10.81% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,293 |percentage = 62.08% |change = {{decrease}}6.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,025}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,795 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khedkar Prakash Murlidharrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 55,972 |percentage = 29.39% |change = {{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hamid Hussain Sarwari Altaf Hussain |party = Janata Dal |votes = 37,680 |percentage = 19.79% |change = {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Suresh Gyanoba |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 31,345 |percentage = 16.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omprakash Ganeshlal Pokrna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,451 |percentage = 14.94% |change = {{decrease}}9.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kamalkishor Kadam]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,254 |percentage = 7.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Uttamrao Kondji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,813 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamthekar Ranjeetsingh Khandasingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,430 |percentage = 2.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,357 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,292 |percentage = 9.60% |change = {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,812 |percentage = 68.84% |change = {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,444}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,554 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Deshmukh |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 48,645 |percentage = 35.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kamalkishor Kadam]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,270 |percentage = 24.02% |change = {{decrease}}6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Suresh Gyanoba |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 25,205 |percentage = 18.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahmd Usman Mahmad Ismail |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 12,832 |percentage = 9.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalerao Savita |party = Janata Dal |votes = 11,894 |percentage = 8.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Abdul Haleem Ali Sattar M. A. Hakeem |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 1,013 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,375 |percentage = 11.10% |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,223 |percentage = 61.55% |change = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,489}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,806 |ref = |change = {{increase}}42.17 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kamalkishor Kadam]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 30,462 |percentage = 33.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kabra Ramnarayan Ramdev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,392 |percentage = 30.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Isakhan Sardsrkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,249 |percentage = 16.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. D. Bhosale |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,026 |percentage = 11.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Maqbool Salim Mohammed Khaja |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,929 |percentage = 4.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anantrao Shankarrao Nagapurkar |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Naryan Nagorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 949 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazimoddin Siddiq Ahmed |party = Independent politician |votes = 611 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,070 |percentage = 3.39% |change = {{decrease}}5.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,832 |percentage = 57.31% |change = {{increase}}2.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,458}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,236 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kamalkishor Kadam]] |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 27,657 |percentage = 36.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Maqbool Salim Mohammed Khaja |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 21,030 |percentage = 28.12% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Karim Siddiqui A. Rahman |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 13,443 |percentage = 17.98% |change = {{increase}}14.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiv Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,786 |percentage = 11.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Magre Kamlakar Ranba |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,294 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,627 |percentage = 8.86% |change = {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,516 |percentage = 54.82% |change = {{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,781}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,582 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Noorallah Khan Bismillah Khan |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,823 |percentage = 35.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Maqbool Salim Mohammed Khaja |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 19,981 |percentage = 27.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tirodekar Vyankatrao Babarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,618 |percentage = 13.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satwa Mukunda Pradhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,431 |percentage = 12.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Bajirao Nivrutirao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 2,366 |percentage = 3.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Bhimrao Ganpatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,158 |percentage = 2.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Tulsiram Ranba |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,366 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Krishan Gopinath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,842 |percentage = 7.97% |change = {{decrease}}17.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,508 |percentage = 61.24% |change = {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,345}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,289 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Farook Pasha Makhdum Pasha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,040 |percentage = 44.69% |change = {{decrease}}7.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Eknath Kisanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,642 |percentage = 18.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. A. Shankerrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,603 |percentage = 10.00% |change = {{decrease}}25.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Dhondiba |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,966 |percentage = 7.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Govind Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,815 |percentage = 6.81% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyubkhan Ilyas Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,547 |percentage = 6.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Godbole Mohanrao Deorao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,499 |percentage = 4.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Hiraji Umaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 920 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,398 |percentage = 25.70% |change = {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,944 |percentage = 50.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,032}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,735 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Farook Pasha Makhdum Pasha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,063 |percentage = 52.36% |change = {{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande]] |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 16,426 |percentage = 35.74% |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. G. Amki |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,762 |percentage = 6.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Waghmare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,735 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. C. Potphode |party = Independent politician |votes = 969 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,637 |percentage = 16.62% |change = {{decrease}}10.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,681 |percentage = 51.77% |change = {{decrease}}6.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,955}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,026 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Farook Pasha Makhdum Pasha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,929 |percentage = 57.73% |change = {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande]] |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 12,620 |percentage = 30.45% |change = {{decrease}}16.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Lingoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,058 |percentage = 7.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Rao Tulshiram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,844 |percentage = 4.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,309 |percentage = 27.28% |change = {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,794 |percentage = 58.06% |change = {{increase}}19.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,451}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,430 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande]] |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 12,039 |percentage = 46.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wilayatali Khan S/o Alrahyarkhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,046 |percentage = 42.77% |change = {{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasji Rajaram Shastri |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,597 |percentage = 6.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waghmare Ganpatrao Manikrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,146 |percentage = 4.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 993 |percentage = 3.84% |change = {{decrease}}19.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,828 |percentage = 38.52% |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,828}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,054 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.61 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raghwan Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,663 |percentage = 54.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande]] |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 5,613 |percentage = 31.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkat Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,163 |percentage = 6.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohd. Wilayat Ali |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 705 |percentage = 3.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Rao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 574 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,050 |percentage = 22.86% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,718 |percentage = 30.81% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,718}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,504 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nanded]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-11T20:24:41Z

Tox Digital: put up...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raghvendra Pratap Singh
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|01|01}}<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Date of Births |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
| father = [[Ambika Sharan Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Agriculture
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhara]]
| term_start = November 2020
| predecessor = Saroj Yadav
| term_start1 = 2010
| predecessor1 = Asha Devi
| term_end1 = 2015
| successor1 = Saroj Yadav
| term_start2 = 1985
| predecessor2 = Ramjee Prasad Singh
| term_end2 = 2005
| successor2 = Asha Devi
}}

'''Raghvendra Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and six time [[Member Of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Barhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/Know your MLA |url=https://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Knowyourmla.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghvendra Pratap Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BARHARA(BHOJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10286 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAGHVENDRA PRATAP SINGH, Bharatiya Janata Party,193-Barhara {{!}} Welcome To Bhojpur District {{!}} India |url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/document/raghvendra-pratap-singh-bharatiya-janata-party193-barhara/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the son of [[Ambika Sharan Singh]], who was a noted freedom fighter, former Bihar state minister and five time [[Member Of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from Barhara. Raghvendra Pratap Singh has also been Bihar state minister twice earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpur: 6 बार विधायक रहे राघवेंद्र प्रताप ने बड़हरा से भरा नामांकन |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-election-former-minister-raghavendra-pratap-singh-filed-his-nomination-tstb-1142356-2020-10-08 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Aaj Tak |date=8 October 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Barhara Constituency Election Results 2015 - 20252">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barhara|title=Barhara Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|work=|access-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barhara|archive-date=8 December 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barhara2">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04193.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barhara|date=14 November 2025|access-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052850/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04193.htm|archive-date=8 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

He claimed to have ensured huge participation from Barhara in the recently organized Veer [[Kunwar Singh]] Vijayotsav in [[Jagdishpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghavendra-said-20-thousand-people-were-present-from-badhra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/ara/news/bjp-said-78020-people-waved-the-tricolor-raghavendra-said-20-thousand-people-were-present-from-badhra-129713614.html}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raghvendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Dinesh Chadha

2026-04-07T10:47:32Z

Tox Digital: created a stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Dinesh_Chadha_MLA_Rupnagar.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Dinesh Chadha in 2022
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Rupnagar Assembly constituency|Rupnagar]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
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| pronunciation =
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
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}}
'''Dinesh Kumar Chadha''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Rupnagar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Rupnagar Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>
* Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities|Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Co-operation 2022">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Rupnagar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Rupnagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Rupnagar
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadha, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Manu Bhagavan

2026-04-04T21:02:51Z

Tox Digital: added new pg

{{Short description|American historian (born 1970)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''Manu Belur Bhagavan''' (born 1970) is an Indian American historian and professor of history and human rights at [[Hunter College]] and the [[CUNY Graduate Center|Graduate Center]] of the [[City University of New York]]. He is also a senior fellow at the Ralph Bunche Institute. Bhagavan's research focuses on 20th-century India, [[intellectual history]], human rights, and [[constitutional history]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manu Bhagavan |url=https://www.gc.cuny.edu/people/manu-bhagavan |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=CUNY Graduate Center}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manu Belur Bhagavan was born in 1970.<ref name="NLI">{{cite web |title=Bhagavan, Manu Belur, 1970- |url=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008195679505171 |website=[[National Library of Israel]] |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref> He received his B.A from [[Carleton College]] and Ph.D. from the [[University of Texas at Austin]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Career ==
Bhagavan is a professor of history and human rights at [[Hunter College]] and the [[CUNY Graduate Center|Graduate Center]] of the [[City University of New York]]. His teaching interests include modern South Asian history, human rights, and intellectual history. He has authored several books, including ''The Peacemakers: India and the Quest for One World'' (2012) and ''Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education, and Empire in Colonial India'' (2003).

Bhagavan has also edited or co-edited multiple volumes, including ''India and the Cold War'' (2019) and ''Hidden Histories: Religion and Reform in South Asia'' (2018). Bhagavan's essays and op-eds have appeared in various publications. His 2016 ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]'' essay on global authoritarianism gained international attention and was translated into German for the ''Berliner Republik'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manu Bhagavan — Hunter College |url=https://www.hunter.cuny.edu/history/Full-Time%20Faculty/manu-bhagavan |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.hunter.cuny.edu}}</ref>

In 2006, Bhagavan received a fellowship from the [[American Council of Learned Societies]]. He was elected as a member of the [[Pacific Council on International Policy]] in 2017. In 2023, Bhagavan wrote a biography of [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manu Bhagavan {{!}} Dr. Malathy Singh Visiting Fellowship at Yale |url=https://singhfellowship.yale.edu/manu-bhagavan |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=singhfellowship.yale.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Sayari |date=2024-03-16 |title='A fair amount of detective work': How Manu Bhagavan wrote Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit's biography |url=https://scroll.in/article/1064508/a-fair-amount-of-detective-work-how-manu-bhagavan-wrote-vijaya-lakshmi-pandits-biography |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Bhagavan held the position of president at the Society for Advancing the History of South Asia, and chaired the Human Rights Program at the [[Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College|Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute]]. He frequently provides commentary in the media on topics concerning India, international relations, the [[United Nations]], and human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Manu Bhagavan |url=https://www.roosevelthouse.hunter.cuny.edu/?faculty=manu-bhagavan |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
*{{cite book |title=Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education, and Empire in Colonial India |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-566399-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExmdAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}<ref>Reviews of ''Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education, and Empire in Colonial India'' include:
*{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Satadru |title=Book Review: Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education and Empire in Colonial India |journal=[[Studies in History]] |date=2004 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=340–342 |doi=10.1177/025764300402000211 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764300402000211?journalCode=siha|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bellenoit |first1=Hayden |title=Review of Manu Bhagavan, 'Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education and Empire in Colonial India' |journal=Journal of the Oxford University History Society |date=2005 |volume=3 |pages=1–6 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40458506}}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers |date=2013 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-1-137-34983-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ezRAQAAQBAJ |language=en}}<ref>Reviews of ''India and the Quest for One World'' include:
*{{cite journal |last1=Wainwright |first1=Martin |title=Manu Bhagavan. India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers (review) |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |date=2015 |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1877–1878 |doi=10.1093/ahr/120.5.1877 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/120/5/1877/2581818?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=India and the Cold War |date=2019 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=978-1-4696-5117-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-yoDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}<ref>Reviews of ''India and the Cold War'' include:
*{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Marc A. |title=India and the Cold War |journal=[[Reviews in History]] |date=2020 |doi=10.14296/RiH/2014/2384 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |url=https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/2384/}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Amit Das |title=Manu Bhagavan (ed.): India and the Cold War (review) |journal={{ill|sehepunkte|de}} |date=2021 |volume=21 |issue=5 |url=https://www.sehepunkte.de/2021/05/34016.html}}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit: A Biography |date=2023 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House India]] |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-06-7008-947-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4DyEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}<ref>Reviews of ''India and the Quest for One World'' include:
*{{cite news |last1=Adsule |first1=Nikhil Sanjay-Rekha |title=Book Review: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |url=https://www.livelaw.in/book-reviews/vijaya-lakshmi-pandit-book-review-253894#:~:text=Bhagavan%20tries%20to%20fill%20in,journey%20of%20becoming%20Madame%20Pandit. |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=LiveLaw |date=1 April 2024 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Arvindar |title=A Worthy Life-Record of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, An Unusual Diplomat and Public Servant |url=https://theaidem.com/book-review-of-vijaya-lakshmi-pandit-a-biography-by-manu-bhagavan/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=The AIDEM |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagavan, Manu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:21st-century American biographers]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Council of Learned Societies]]
[[Category:Hunter College faculty]]
[[Category:CUNY Graduate Center faculty]]
[[Category:Carleton College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]

Tenyiphe II

2026-04-03T04:39:12Z

Tox Digital:

{{Distinguish|Tenyiphe I}}
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Tenyiphe II''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts|title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts|date=20 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/tenyiphe-ii.html|title=Map of Tenyiphe-II|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Tenyiphe II is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 289 households in Tenyiphe II. The total population of Tenyiphe II is 1550.

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Tamilakam

2026-03-29T16:59:02Z

Tox Digital: expand structure based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
[[File:South India in Sangam Period Tamilakam.jpg|thumb|300px|Tamilakam in the [[Sangam Period]].]]
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|300px|Tamilakam comprised that part of India south of the [[Maurya Empire]] {{Circa|250 BCE}}.]]

'''Tamilakam''' ({{langx|ta|தமிழகம்|Tamiḻakam}}), also known as '''ancient Tamil country,''' as was the geographical region inhabited by the ancient [[Tamils|Tamil]] people, covers the southernmost region of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Tamilakam covered today's [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Lakshadweep]] and southern parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Iyengar" /> Traditional accounts and the ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' referred to these territories as a single cultural area, where [[Old Tamil|Tamil]] was the natural language{{refn|group=note|Thapar mentions the existence of a common language of the Dravidian group: "Ashoka in his inscription refers to the peoples of South India as the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satiyaputras - the crucible of the culture of Tamilakam - called thus from the predominant language of the Dravidian group at the time, Tamil".{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=229}}}} and permeated the culture of all its inhabitants.{{refn|group=note|See, for example, Kanakasabhai.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=10}}}} The ancient Tamil country was divided into kingdoms. The best known among them were the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyans]] and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]. During the [[Sangam period]], Tamil culture began to spread outside Tamilakam.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=384}} Ancient Tamil settlements were also established in [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Sri Lankan Tamils]]) and the [[Maldives]] ([[Giraavaru people|Giravarus]]).

During the Prehistorical, Classical, Middle and Early Modern ages, the entire region of Tamilakam mostly remained unconquered by the Northern [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] dynasties, ranging from the [[Maurya Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Ancient Past|author=R.S. Sharma|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpastbyrssharma/page/n205 206]|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpastbyrssharma|author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma}}</ref> to the [[Mughal Empire]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In contemporary India, Tamil politicians and orators often use the name ''Tamilakam'' to refer to Tamil Nadu alone.

==Etymology==
[[File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|Part of Tamilakam from [[Tabula Peutingeriana]]|244x244px]]
{{Tamils}}
{{Dravidian}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{Keralahistory}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}

"Tamiḻakam" (தமிழகம்) is a combination of a word and suffix from the [[Tamil language]], namely ''Tamiḻ'' (தமிழ்) and -[[akam (poetry)|akam]] (-அகம்). It can be roughly translated as the "home of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]". According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], the term seems to be the most ancient term used to designate Tamil territory in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn |Zvelebil |1992 |p=xi}}

The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', as well as [[Ptolemy]]'s writings, mention the term "[[Limyrike]]" which corresponds to the [[Malabar Coast]] of south-western India. The Roman map ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'' includes a place named "Damirica" (or "Damirice") and because this sounds like "Tamil," some modern scholars have equated it with Limyrike, considering both to be synonyms of "Tamilakam". However, the "Damirice" mentioned in the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' actually refers to an area between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Lionel Casson |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC&pg=PA213 |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4320-6 |pages=213–214}}</ref>

== Extent ==

The term "Tamilakam" appears to be the most ancient term used for designating the Tamil territory. The earliest sources to mention it include ''[[Purananuru]]'' 168.18 and ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]] [[Patikam]]'' 2.5.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=xi}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Schalk |author2=A. Veluppillai |author3=Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi |title=Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QEAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |isbn=978-91-554-5357-2 |page=56}}</ref> The Specific Preface (''cirappuppayiram'') of the more ancient text ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' mentions the terms ''tamil-kuru nal-lulakam'' ("the beautiful world [where] Tamil is spoken") and ''centamil ... nilam'' ("the territory ... of refined Tamil"). However, this preface, which is of uncertain date, is definitely a later addition to the original ''Tolkāppiyam''.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=x}} According to the ''Tolkāppiyam'' preface, "the virtuous land in which Tamil is spoken as the mother tongue lies between the northern [[Venkata (hill)|Venkata hill]] and the southern [[Kanyakumari|Kumari]]."<ref name="Shu_1989">{{cite book |author=Shu Hikosaka |title=Buddhism in Tamilnadu: A New Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmQEAAAAYAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |page=3 }}</ref>

The ''[[Silappadikaram]]'' ({{Circa|2nd century CE}}) defines the Tamilakam as follows:<ref>{{cite book |author=Kanakalatha Mukund |title=The World of the Tamil Merchant: Pioneers of International Trade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bha2eLqMPWcC&pg=PT27 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-612-8 |page=27 }}</ref>

{{cquote|The Tamil region extends from the hills of Vishnu [Tirupati] in the north to the oceans at the cape in the south. In this region of cool waters were the four great cities of: [[Madurai]] with its towers; [[Uraiyur]] which was famous; tumultuous [[Kanchi]]; and [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] with the roaring waters [of the Kaveri and the ocean].}}

While these ancient texts do not clearly define the eastern and western boundaries of the Tamilakam, scholars assume that these boundaries were the seas, which may explain their omission from the ancient definition.<ref>{{cite book |author=P. C. Alexander |title=Buddhism in Kerala |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2175 |year=1949 |publisher=Annamalai University |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2175/page/n98 2] }}</ref> The ancient Tamilakam thus included the present-day [[Kerala]].<ref name="Shu_1989"/> However, it excluded the present-day Tamil-inhabited territory in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East]] of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. P. K. Pillay |title=South India and Ceylon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukHRAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=University of Madras |page=40 }}</ref>

== Subdivisions ==

===Kingdoms===
{{Main|History of Tamil Nadu}}{{Further|Three Crowned Kings}}
From around 600 BCE to 300 CE,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece|title=Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=20 September 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 October 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Tamiḻakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties: the [[Chola dynasty]], the [[Pandyan dynasty]] and the [[Chera dynasty]]. There were also a few independent chieftains, the [[Velirs]] ([[Satyaputra]]). The earliest datable references to the Tamil kingdoms are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE during the time of the Maurya Empire.

The Chola dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (~3rd century BCE) until the 13th century in central Tamil Nadu. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the [[Kaveri]]. The Pandyan dynasty ruled parts of South India until the late 17th century. The heartland of the Pandyas was the fertile valley of the [[Vaigai River]]. They initially ruled their country from [[Korkai]], a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula, and in later times moved to [[Madurai]]. The Chera dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (~3rd century) until the 12th century over an area corresponding to modern-day western [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].

The Vealirs (''Vēḷir'') were minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamiḻakam in the early historic period of [[South India]].<ref name="Meluhha and Agastya">{{cite web |url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf |title=Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script |first=Iravatham |last=Mahadevan |year=2009 |location=Chennai, India |page=16 |quote=The Ventar - Velir - Vellalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212814/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Fairservis">{{cite book| last = Fairservis| first = Walter Ashlin| title = The Harappan civilization and its writing. A model for the decipherment of the Indus Script| orig-year = 1921| year = 1992| publisher = Oxford & IBH| isbn = 978-81-204-0491-5| pages = 52–53 }}</ref>

===Nations of Tamilakam===
Tamiḻakam was divided into political regions called ''Perunadu'' or "Great country" ("nadu" means country).<ref name="Iyengar">{{Cite book|title = History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC&q=aruva+nadu&pg=PA151|publisher = Asian Educational Services|date = 1 January 1929|isbn = 9788120601451|first = P. T. Srinivasa|last = Iyengar}}</ref>

There were three important political regions which were [[Chera Dynasty|Chera Nadu]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ponnumuthan|first=Sylvister|title=The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-Religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India|year=1996|publisher=Gregorian&Biblical BookShop}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=S. Soundararajan|title=Ancient Tamil country: its social and economic structure|year=1991|publisher=Navrang|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K. Lakshminarasimhan |author2=Muthuswamy Hariharan |author3=Sharada Gopalam |title=Madhura kala: silver jubilee commemoration volume|year=1991|publisher=CBH Publications|pages=141}}</ref> [[Chola Nadu]] and [[Pandya Nadu]].<ref name="Iyengar"/> Alongside these three, there were two more political regions of Athiyaman Nadu (Sathyaputha) and Thamirabharani Nadu (Then Paandi) which were later on absorbed into Chera and Pandya Nadu by 3rd century BCE. [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Nadu]] which was under Chola Nadu, later emerged as independent Pallava Nadu by 6th century CE.

Tamilakam was also divided into 13 socio-geographical regions called ''Nadu'' or "country", each of which had their own dialect of Tamil.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Aruva Vadathalai Nadu]]
* [[Kakkanadu]]<ref>History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D., P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, Asian Educational Services 1929, p.151</ref>
* [[Kuda Nadu]]
* [[Kuttanadu]]
* [[Malabar region|Malai Nadu]]<ref>Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, K.V. Raman Abhinav Publications, 1 June 2003, p.17</ref>
* [[Mushika Kingdom|Puzhi Nadu]]
* [[Mysore|Erumai Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
* [[Panri Nadu]]
* [[Punal Nadu]]
* [[Sida Nadu]]
* [[Thenpandi Nadu]]
* [[Tondai Nadu]]
* [[Tulu Nadu]]<ref>A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98</ref>
* [[Venad (historical region)|Venadu]]
{{div col end}}

===Nations outside Tamilakam===

Some other ''Nadus'' are also mentioned in Tamil literature which were not part of Tamilakam, but the countries traded with them in ancient times.

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}Tamil speaking lands:
*[[Eelam|Eela Nadu]] (Eelam)<ref>Census of India, 1961: India, India. Office of the Registrar General
Manager of Publications.</ref>
*[[Naga people (Lanka)|Naga Nadu]] or [[Jaffna Peninsula|Yazh Kuthanadu]] (Jaffna Peninsula)<ref name="The Sri Lanka Reader p.85">The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics, By John Holt, Duke University Press, 13 April 2011 see (Tamil Nadus in Rajarata p.85.)</ref>
*[[Vannimai|Vanni Nadu]] (Vanni region)<ref name="The Sri Lanka Reader p.85"/>

Other:
*[[Vengi|Vengi Nadu]]<ref>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India, By Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services 1911, p.121.</ref>
*Chavaka Nadu (Java)<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|title = International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BHtkAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala|date = 1 January 2001}}</ref>
*[[Kedah|Kadara Nadu]] (Kedah)<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Tambapanni|Singhala Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Bellary|Vadugu Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Karnataka|Kannada Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/> (Land of [[Kannada people]])
*[[Telugu people|Telunka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/> (Land of [[Telugu people]])
*[[Kolhapur|Kolla Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Bangladesh|Vanka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*Kucala Nadu<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Konkan|Konkana Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Cambodia|Kampocha Nadu]] (Cambodia)<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Maldives|Palantivu Nadu]] (Maldives)<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Kutch|Kupaka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Maharashtra|Marattha Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Rayalaseema|Vatuka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Tinmaitivu]] (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)<ref name="goi1908">{{Cite journal | title=The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer |author=Government of India | publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta | year=1908 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrwBAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 AD, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as ''Nakkavaram'' or land of the naked people.''}}</ref>{{div col end}}

===European references to the Tamil kingdoms===

The Tamil kingdoms of southern India—including the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] dynasties—were referred to by various names in European historical sources from classical antiquity through the early modern period. These references appear primarily in Greek and Roman geographical works, medieval travel accounts, and early modern colonial records. The names used were typically transliterations of local Tamil terms or adaptations into Greek and Latin phonetic systems.<ref name="Warmington">{{cite book |last=Warmington |first=E. H. |title=The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928}}</ref><ref name="Casson">{{cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1989}}</ref>

'''Classical antiquity (Greek and Roman sources)'''
Greek and Roman authors from approximately the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE described the Tamil kingdoms as part of the broader region known as India, but also referred to specific kingdoms and regions by distinct names.<ref name="Ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994}}</ref>

'''Regional names'''

The Tamil-speaking region, known locally as ''Tamilakam'', was referred to by several names in Greco-Roman geography, including:
'''Damirica (Damirice or Dimirice)''' – widely believed to be a transliteration of "Tamilakam".<ref name="McCrindle">{{cite book |last=McCrindle |first=J. W. |title=Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |year=1885}}</ref>
'''Limyrike (Limyrica)''' – used primarily to describe the southwestern coast of India, associated with the Chera kingdom.<ref name="Casson"/>
These names appear in works such as the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' (1st century CE) and the ''Geographia'' of [[Ptolemy]] (2nd century CE).<ref name="Casson"/><ref name="McCrindle"/>

'''Pandya kingdom'''
The Pandya kingdom was referred to as:'''Pandion''' '''Pandaea'''
Greek and Roman writers often used "Pandion" as a dynastic title rather than a personal name.<ref name="Warmington"/> The Pandya kingdom is mentioned in the works of [[Megasthenes]], [[Strabo]], [[Pliny the Elder]], and [[Ptolemy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McCrindle |first=J. W. |title=Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature |publisher=Westminster |year=1901}}</ref>
Megasthenes described the kingdom of Pandaea as occupying the southernmost part of India and ruled by a hereditary dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arrian |title=Indica |translator=E. Iliff Robson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1929}}</ref>
Pliny the Elder also referred to the Pandya kingdom and its trade relations with Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History |translator=H. Rackham |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1942}}</ref>

'''Chola kingdom'''
The Chola kingdom was identified in classical sources under names such as:'''Cholae''' '''Colchi''' '''Sorae'''
These names appear in Ptolemy’s geographical accounts.<ref name="McCrindle"/> The Chola territory was noted for its coastal ports and maritime trade networks.<ref name="Ray"/>
The port of '''Kaberis Emporion''', identified with [[Kaveripattinam]], was mentioned as a major trading center.<ref name="Casson"/>

'''Chera kingdom'''
The Chera rulers were referred to by names including:'''Cerobothra''' '''Kerobothra'''
These terms appear in Greco-Roman texts and are believed to represent transliterations of Chera royal titles.<ref name="Warmington"/>
The Chera kingdom controlled important ports along the Malabar Coast, including '''Muziris''', a major center of Indo-Roman trade described in the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea''.<ref name="Casson"/>
Archaeological discoveries of Roman coins and amphorae in Kerala and Tamil Nadu confirm extensive trade between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tomber |first=Roberta |title=Indo-Roman Trade: From Pots to Pepper |publisher=Duckworth |year=2008}}</ref>

'''Medieval European references'''
During the medieval period, European knowledge of southern India was transmitted largely through Arab intermediaries and travel accounts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hourani |first=George F. |title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1995}}</ref>

'''Maabar'''
The Tamil region, particularly the Pandya kingdom, was referred to as '''Maabar''' (or Mabbar).<ref>{{cite book |last=Polo |first=Marco |title=The Travels of Marco Polo |translator=Henry Yule |publisher=John Murray |year=1871}}</ref>
Marco Polo described Maabar as a wealthy kingdom known for pearls and maritime trade.<ref name="Polo">{{cite book |last=Polo |first=Marco |title=The Travels of Marco Polo |translator=Henry Yule |publisher=John Murray |year=1871}}</ref>

'''Coromandel Coast'''
The eastern coast of Tamil Nadu came to be known as the '''Coromandel Coast'', derived from the Tamil word ''Cholamandalam'' (realm of the Cholas).<ref>{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990}}</ref>
This term became widely used by Portuguese, Dutch, and British traders from the 16th century onward.<ref name="Subrahmanyam">{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Political Economy of Commerce |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990}}</ref>

'''Early modern European usage'''

With the arrival of European colonial powers, references to Tamil regions became more standardized. Common names included:
'''Coromandel Coast''', '''Malabar Coast''', '''Kingdom of Tanjore''', '''Carnatic'''.
These names appear frequently in European administrative and trade records from the 16th to 18th centuries.<ref name="Subrahmanyam"/>

'''Significance in European accounts'''
European sources consistently described the Tamil kingdoms as independent political entities and important centers of maritime trade.<ref name="Warmington"/>
They were known for exporting:
# Pearls
# Pepper
# Textiles
# Ivory
# Precious stones<ref name="Casson"/>
Archaeological evidence, including Roman coin hoards found in Tamil Nadu, supports the existence of extensive trade relations between the Tamil kingdoms and the Roman Empire.<ref name="Tomber">{{cite book |last=Tomber |first=Roberta |title=Indo-Roman Trade: From Pots to Pepper |publisher=Duckworth |year=2008}}</ref>

== Geocultural unity==
[[File:Kerala and Tamil Nadu - combined district map.svg|thumbnail|A major part of ancient Tamilakam lies in the modern Indian states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
Although the area covered by the term "Tamilakam" was divided among multiple kingdoms, its occurrence in the ancient literature implies that the region's inhabitants shared a cultural or ethnic identity, or at least regarded themselves as distinct from their neighbours.{{sfn|Abraham|2003|p=211}} The ancient Tamil inscriptions, ranging from 5th century BCE to 3rd century CE, are also considered as linguistic evidence for distinguishing Tamilakam from the rest of South India.{{sfn|Abraham|2003|pp=211-212}} The ancient non-Tamil inscriptions, such as those of the northern kings [[Ashoka]] and [[Kharavela]], also allude to the distinct identity of the region. For example, Ashoka's inscriptions refer to the independent states lying beyond the southern boundary of his kingdom, and Kharavela's [[Hathigumpha inscription]] refers to the destruction of a "confederacy of Tamil powers".{{sfn|Abraham|2003|p=212}}

==Interaction with Sri Lanka==
{{see also|Sri Lankan Tamils}}

During the protohistoric period (1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece |title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne |work=Frontline (2006) |date=26 January 2006 }}</ref> and shared the same megalithic burials, [[Black and red ware culture|pottery]], iron technology, farming techniques and [[megalithic graffiti symbols|megalithic graffiti]].<ref name="Seneviratne">{{cite book |last=Seneviratne |first = Sudharshan|title=Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka|date=1984 }}</ref><ref name="Karunaratne">{{cite book |last=Karunaratne |first = Priyantha|title=Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery|date=2010 }}</ref> This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the [[Velir]], prior to the migration of [[Prakrit]] speakers.<ref>Robin Conningham - Anuradhapura - The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta
Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)</ref><ref>Sudharshan Seneviratne (1989) - Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka -http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078</ref><ref name="Seneviratne"/> The [[Annaicoddai seal]], dated to the 3rd century BCE, contains a bilingual inscription in [[Tamil-Brahmi]].{{refn|group=note|An archaeological team led by K.Indrapala of the University of Jaffna excavated a megalithic burial complex at Anaikoddai in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. In one of the burials, a metal seal was found assigned by the excavators to c. the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2002}}}}{{Sfn|de Silva|2005|p=129}}{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=91}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way:Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=27 January 2006|volume=23|issue=1|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20060127003610200.htm&date=fl2301/&prd=fline&|access-date=9 July 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Mahadevan|2002}} Excavations in the area of [[Tissamaharama]] in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins produced between the second century BCE and the second century CE, some of which carry Tamil personal names written in early Tamil letters,<ref>Mahadevan, I. "Ancient Tamil coins from Sri Lanka", pp. 152–154</ref> which suggest that Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.<ref>Bopearachchi, O. "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu", pp. 546–549</ref> Around 237 BCE, "two adventurers from southern India"{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}} took control of the Anuradhapura kingdom. In 145 BCE Elara, a Chola general{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}} or prince known as [[Ellalan (monarch)|Ellāḷaṉ]]<ref name="mahavamsa">{{cite web|url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/21-five-kings/|title=The Five Kings - Mahasiva, Suratissa, Elara, Asela, Sena, and Guttika|date=8 October 2011 |publisher=mahavamsa.org|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=March 2018}} took over the throne at [[Anuradhapura]] and ruled for forty-four years.{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}} [[Dutugamunu]], a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]], started a war against him, defeated him, and took over the throne.{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}}{{sfn|Deegalle|2006|p=30}} Tamil Kings have been dated in Sri Lanka to at least the 3rd century BCE.{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=324}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701211040/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2010|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{main|Religion in ancient Tamil country}}
{{see also|Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam}}
[[Hinduism]] ([[Vaishnavism]], [[Kaumaram]], [[Shaktism]], [[Shaivism]],{{sfn|Aiyangar|2019|p=16}}), [[Dravidian folk religion]], [[Jain]]s and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] have coexisted in Tamil country since at least the second century BCE.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=187}}

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of ancient Tamil country}}
The '''economy of the ancient Tamil country''' ([[Sangam era]]: 600 BCE – 300 CE) describes the ancient economy of a region in [[South India|southern India]] that mostly covers the present-day states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. The main economic activities were agriculture, weaving, [[pearl hunting|pearl fishery]], manufacturing and construction. [[Paddy fields|Paddy]] was the most important crop; it was the staple cereal and served as a medium of exchange for inland trade. [[Black pepper|Pepper]], [[sugarcane]], [[millet]]s, and various other [[Cereal|cereals]] were other commonly grown crops. [[Madurai]] and [[Urayur]] were important centers for the [[Textile|textile industry]]; [[Korkai]] was the center of the pearl trade. Industrial activity flourished.

==Agriculture==
{{main|Agriculture in ancient Tamil country}}
During the [[Sangam period|Sangam]] age, 700 BCE – 100 CE, agriculture was the main vocation of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]].<ref name="Venkata Subramanian 26">Venkata Subramanian, T.K. (1988). Environment and Urbanisation in Early Tamilakam. Thanjavur: Tamil University. p. 26.</ref> It was considered a necessity for life, and hence was treated as the foremost among all occupations. The farmers or the ''Ulavar'' were placed right at the top of the social classification. As they were the producers of food grains, they lived with self-respect. Agriculture during the early stages of Sangam period was primitive,<ref name="Venkata Subramanian 26"/> but it progressively got more efficient with improvements in irrigation, ploughing, manuring, storage and distribution.
The ancient Tamils were aware of the different varieties of soil, the kinds of crops that can be grown on them and the various irrigation schemes suitable for a given region. These were also in Madras, Thanjore (now as Chennai, Thanjavur respectively).

==Industry==
{{main|Industry in ancient Tamil country}}
During the Sangam age, industrial activity was considered ancillary to agriculture and was mostly domestic, not factory-based. Simple workshops where the blacksmith made the wheel or the carpenter his wooden wares could be called factories of a sort. Weaving, pearl fishing, smithy and ship building were some of the prominent industries of the ancient Tamil country. Cotton and silk fabrics from Madurai and Urayur were in great demand; the textiles from these regions were well known for their high quality. Korkai was the center of pearl trade and produced pearls that were sought after not only in Tamilakam, but in the kingdoms of north India and Rome. Smithy was an essential industry, because the blacksmith manufactured many of the tools and objects used in daily life. The flourishing overseas trade was supported by the shipbuilding industry that produced a variety of ocean and river craft. There were several ancillary industries such as carpentry, fishing, salt manufacture and construction that supported the trade and economic activity of this age.

==See also==
*[[Sources of ancient Tamil history]]
*[[Chronology of Tamil history]]
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[History of Kerala]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Shinu |year =2003 | title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India | journal =Asian Perspectives | volume =42 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=GfpTLJYcL1XJGP4Vv1mSvT1hvmCvCxGMhrrDBZ23l2vmKVN1JkYG!-2096127210?docId=5002047766 |issue=2 |pages=207–223 | doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031|hdl=10125/17189 |s2cid=153420843 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{citation |editor=John E. Cort |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{Cite book |last =Aiyangar | first =Muttusvami Srinivasa | year =1986 |title=Tamil studies: essays on the history of the Tamil people, language, religion, and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMMKAQAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2012|publisher=Asian Educational Services | isbn =9788120600294 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Aiyaṅgār | first =Sākkoṭṭai Krishṇaswāmi | year =1994 |title=Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA10|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0966-2 }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Deegalle | first =Mahinda | year =2006 | title =Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka | publisher =Routledge }}
* {{Cite journal |last =Hanumanthan | first =Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan | year =1979 | title =Untouchability: a historical study upto 1500 A.D. : with special reference to Tamil Nadu|publisher=Koodal Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvQtAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Holt | first =John | year =2011 | title =The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics | publisher =Duke University Press }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Indrapala | first =K. | year =1969 | title =Early Tamil settlements in Ceylon | journal =Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1969, XIII:54 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Kanakasabhai | first =V |year=1904 | title =The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago | publisher =Asian Educational Services | isbn =8120601505 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&q=Tamilakam&pg=PA1 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Krishnan | first =Shankara | year =1999 | title =Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood | publisher =University of Minnesota Press|isbn =0-8166-3330-4|page=172 }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Mahadevan | first =Iravatham | year =2002 | title =Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000) | journal =Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies | volume =8 | issue =1 | url =http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070723121117/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt | archive-date =23 July 2007 | df =dmy-all }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Manogaran | first =Chelvadurai | year =1987 | title =Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka | publisher =University of Hawaii Press }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Rajayyan | first =K. | year =2005 |title =Tamil Nadu, a real history | publisher =Ratna Publications }}
* {{Cite book |last =Ramaswamy | first =Sumathi | year =1997 |title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Npvv-ALoQFcC&pg=PA89 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Ramaswamy | first =Vijaya | year =2007 | title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5379-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Reddy | first =L.R. | year =2003 | title =Sri Lanka: Past and Present | publisher =APH Publishing }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2009 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher =Pearson Education India }}
* {{Cite book | last =Smith | first =Vincent A. |year =1999 | title=The Early History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA438|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-618-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =2004 | title =Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 | publisher =University of California Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&q=Tamilakam | isbn =9780520242258 }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Wenzlhuemer | first =Roalnd | year =2008 | title =From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History | publisher =BRILL }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Zvelebil | first = Kamil | year =1973 | title =The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India | place =Leiden | publisher =Brill }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Zvelebil | first =Kamil | year =1992 | title =Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature | publisher =BRILL }}
{{refend}}

{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}

[[Category:Tamil history| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian geography]]
[[Category:1st-millennium BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]

Keba Jeremiah

2026-03-29T05:23:00Z

Tox Digital:

{{short description|Indian musician (born 1986)}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Keba Jeremiah
| birth_name = Keba Jeremiah Arul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Al Karama, United Arab Emirates|Al Karama]], Dubai, UAE
| genre = {{flt|
*[[Acoustic music|Acoustic]]
*[[jazz]]
*[[rock music|rock]]
*[[contemporary R&B]]
*[[blues rock]]
*[[funk]]
*[[Gospel music|gospel]]
*[[Pop music|pop]]
*[[Contemporary worship music|worship]]
*[[World music|world]]
*(<ref name="genre">{{cite web|url=http://network.www.berkleemusic.com/members/7774|title=KEBA JEREMIAH - Online Student|work=[[Berklee College of Music|The Berklee Music Network]]|access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref>)
}}
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = {{flt|
*[[Acoustic guitar]]
*[[electric guitar]]
*[[bass guitar]]
*[[Electric upright bass|electric bass]]
*[[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
*[[piano]]
*[[drum kit|drums]]
*(<ref name="genre"/>)
}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| current_member_of = RIJK
| website = {{URL|www.kebajeremiah.com}}
}}
'''Keba Jeremiah Arul''' (born 18 October 1986) is an Indian [[guitarist]] and [[Record producer|music producer]] focused on [[Hindi film music|Hindi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films, as well as [[gospel music]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roshni|first=R. k|date=2015-07-03|title=Rahman's guitarist to perform in capital|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/rahmans-guitarist-to-perform-in-capital/article7381450.ece|access-date=2021-04-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Keba Jeremiah was born in [[Al Karama, Dubai]]. He played the [[bass guitar]] for his school band at [[Our Own English High School]], where he received awards at inter-school competitions. In 2004, he moved to India and attended the [[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science|Hindustan College of Engineering, Chennai]], to pursue a professional engineering degree. Jeremiah began performing at the [[General Council of the Assemblies of God of India|New Life Assemblies of God Church]] every Sunday.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Career==
After graduation, Jeremiah formed the [[Contemporary Christian music|Christian music]] band Fire Frenzy with college peers. In 2005, he started teaching music at the Institute of Music Technology, in [[Anna Nagar]], East Chennai, founded and led by John Satya.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

He began his career with music director [[James Vasanthan]] on the soundtrack for the 2008 Tamil film ''[[Subramaniapuram]]''. He has also collaborated with composers including [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Manikanth Kadri]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Ouseppachan]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[James Vasanthan]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[D. Imman]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Following his work on [[Rockstar (soundtrack)|the soundtrack]] to the 2011 musical drama film ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'', scored by A. R. Rahman, Jeremiah has contributed guitar work to several of the composer's subsequent film scores.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibsonguitar.in/news-lifestyle/features/hi-in/a-look-at-ar-rahmans-rockstar.aspx |title=A Look at AR Rahman's Rockstar |work=gibsonguitar.in |author=Amanda Sodhi |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825084035/http://www.gibsonguitar.in/news-lifestyle/features/hi-in/a-look-at-ar-rahmans-rockstar.aspx |archive-date=25 August 2014 }}</ref>

In 2013, he worked on Rahman's film soundtracks [[Kadal (soundtrack)|''Kadal'']], [[Maryan (soundtrack)|''Maryan'']], and [[Raanjhanaa (soundtrack)|''Raanjhanaa'']]. He performed on the soundtracks for ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]'', ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'', ''[[Chennai Express]]'', and ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''.<ref name="frthr">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Kadal-was-the-toughest-album/articleshow/21082663.cms|title=Kadal was the toughest album|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=P Sangeetha|date=15 July 2013 |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, he played on various [[Gospel music|gospel]] albums and concerts, collaborating with independent artists like [[Jonita Gandhi]], Abhilash LR, [[Sid Sriram]], and [[Mali (singer)|Maalavika Manoj]], among others.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/abhilash-a-l-r-reminiscing-song/ | title=Hear Singer-Songwriter a L R's Bittersweet New Song 'Reminiscing' | date=24 March 2021 }}</ref>

He is currently a member of the band RIJK (named for members Rodney Jayaraj, Isaac Dharmakumar, John Praveen, and himself). RIJK is a popular cover band for gospel and Tamil songs; the group plays a mix of genres, including [[Rock music|rock]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[jazz]], and fusion. A number of Indian singers have been guests on their cover songs, such as [[Pragathi Guruprasad]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Alisha Thomas, and [[Ash King]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Jeremiah has produced music for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films, including ''[[Paiyaa]]'', ''[[Pasanga]]'', ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'', ''[[Savari (2009 film)|Savari]]'', ''[[Avan Ivan]]'', ''[[Mankatha]]'', ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'', ''[[Action Replayy]]'', ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'', and ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha|Ek Deewana Tha]]''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

He has collaborated with Indian musicians including [[Leslee Lewis]], [[Naresh Iyer]], and [[Vijay Prakash]], and international artists like [[Don Moen]], Bob Fits, Steve Kuban, and Sean Michael. He has appeared on television programmes and music competitions including [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|''Airtel Super Singer'']], ''Ooo La La'', and ''Kadhal Unplugged''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Jeremiah's repertoire includes [[Experimental music|experimental]] and [[Acoustic music|acoustic]] music. His solo material incorporates influences from [[jazz]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Discography==

=== Live concerts ===
*[[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]]'s London concert
*Rahman's [[Chennai]] concert, "Nenje Ezhu", 2016
*Rahman's concert, "The Magic of A. R. Rahman", 2016
*[[Anirudh Ravichander|Anirudh]] Live in Concert 2016 – Malaysia
*Anirudh Live in Concert 2016 – [[Toronto]], Canada
*[[Sid Sriram]] Live 2017 – Malaysia
*Verasa Pogaiyile – "A Musical Journey with [[D. Imman]]", Live Concert 2017 – Singapore
*Rahman's "One Heart"
*Rahman's Dubai concert, 2017
*Rahman's Sydney concert, 2017
*Rahman's [[Manchester]] concert, 2017
*Rahman's Encore Concert – [[Mumbai]] (2017), [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Delhi]]
*Rahman's [[Bhubaneswar]] concert, 2018
*Rahman's [[Cuttack]] concert, 2018
*"Celebrating 25 years of Rahman"

=== Film soundtracks ===
'''As director'''
*Soundtrack to ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' (2015)
The song "Vaada Vaa Machi" from the film was performed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. On [[Twitter]], music director A. R. Rahman wished Jeremiah luck on his new endeavors: "Wishing our guitarist, Keba, the best in his first musical venture".{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

'''As musician'''
{{Columns-list|*''[[Subramaniapuram|Subramaniyapuram]]'' (2008)
*[[Saroja (2008 film)|''Saroja'']] (2008)
*''[[The Fakir of Venice]]'' (2009)
*''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011)
*[[Kadal (2013 film)|''Kadal'']] (2013)
*''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013)
*[[Maryan (film)|''Maryan'']] (2013)
*''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014)
*[[I (2015 film)|''I'']] (2015)
*''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015)
*''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' (2015)
*[[Tamasha (2015 film)|''Tamasha'']] (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=286|title=A. R. Rahman - The Official Site|website=arrahman.com|access-date=2019-06-13|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104061622/http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=286|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Kabali]]'' (2016)
*[[Rekka (film)|''Rekka'']] (2016)
*[[Kodi (film)|''Kodi'']] (2016)
*''[[Janatha Garage]]'' (2016)
*[[Remo (film)|''Remo'']] (2016)
*''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kidaari]]'' (2016)
*''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A. R. Rahman - the Official Site |url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=294}}</ref>
*''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kabali]]'' (2016)
*''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016)
*''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' (2016)
*[[Wagah (film)|''Wagah'']] (2016)
*''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016)
*''[[Vetrivel]]'' (2016)
*[[Rum (film)|''Rum'']] (2016)
*''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' (2016)
*[[24 (2016 film)|''24'']] (2016)
*''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' (2017), on "Thakita Thakjham"<ref>{{Citation |last=Aditya Music |title=Thakita Thakajham Song With Lyrics {{!}}{{!}} Raarandoi Veduka Chuddam Songs {{!}}{{!}} Kalyan Krishna, DSP |date=2017-05-21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcoteH1sjSw |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref>
*''[[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]'' (2017)
*''[[Kattappava Kanom]]'' (2017)
*''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017)
*''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (2017)
*[[Mom (film)|''Mom'']] (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A. R. Rahman - the Official Site |url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=298}}</ref>
*''[[Bairavaa]]'' (2017)
*[[Dora (2017 film)|''Dora'']] (2017)
*[[OK Jaanu]] (2017), on "Enna Sonna"
*[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikaran]] (2017)
* [[Vivegam]] (2017)
* [[Mersal (film)|Mersal]] (2017)
*''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' (2017)
*''[[Sanju]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Citation |title=Ruby Ruby Video {{!}} SANJU {{!}} Ranbir Kapoor {{!}} A R Rahman {{!}} Rajkumar Hirani |date=7 July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KPL0TzvRXk |access-date=2019-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018)
*''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018)
*''[[Saamy Square]]'' (2018)
*[[Sarkar (2018 film)|''Sarkar'']] (2018)
*''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]'' (2019)
*[[Petta (film)|''Petta'']] (2019)
*''[[99 Songs]]'' (2019)
*[[Namma Veettu Pillai|''Namma Veetu Pillai'']] (2019)
*''[[Bigil]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Keba |date=2019-07-23 |title=<nowiki>https://youtu.be/MnbWE8ZKeBg</nowiki> Played guitars on this track for @arrahman in @actorvijay 's #Bigil !! Sung by the boss himself and @sashasublime !! Listen , Enjoy & Share #Singappenney |url=https://twitter.com/kebajer/status/1153734003410608128 |access-date=2019-07-24 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Darbar (film)|''Darbar'']] (2020)
* [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021)
* [[Sulthan (2021 film)|''Sulthan'']] (2021)
* [[Doctor (2021 film)|''Doctor'']] (2021)
* ''[[Annaatthe]]'' (2021)
* [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']] (2022)
* [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022)
* [[Kazhuvethi Moorkkan|''Kazhuvethi Moorkhan'']] (2023)
* ''[[Maamannan]]'' (2023)
* [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] (2023)
* [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']] (2023)
* [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (2023)
* ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Raayan]]'' (2024)
* [[Devara: Part 1|''Devara'']] (2024)
* ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' (2025)
* [[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']] (2025)
* [[Eleven (film)|''Eleven'']] (2025)
* [[Thug Life (2025 film)|''Thug Life'']] (2025)
* ''[[3BHK]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Paranthu Po]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Bun Butter Jam]]'' (2025)
* [[Coolie (2025 film)|''Coolie'']] (2025)
* [[Madharaasi|''Madharasi'']] (2025)
* [[Bomb (2025 film)|''Bomb'']] (2025)
* [[Bison Kaalamaadan|''Bison'']] (2025)
* [[Diesel (2025 film)|''Diesel'']] (2025)
* [[Dude (2025 film)|''Dude'']] (2025) – acoustic, electric, and bass guitars, [[charango]]
* ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' (2026, upcoming)
}}
==Equipment==

*[[Acoustic guitar|Acoustics guitars]]: [[Taylor Guitars|Taylor]] 410ce, Taylor 914ce, Taylor NS34, Taylor classical guitar, [[Cort Guitars|Cort]] Earth Series 1200 Nat, [[Maestro guitars|Maestro]]
*[[Electric guitar|Electric guitars]]: [[Ibanez]] JS2400, [[Fender Telecaster]], [[Fender Stratocaster]], [[PRS Guitars|Paul Reed Smith]], [[Suhr Guitars|Suhr]]
*[[Bass guitar|Bass guitars]]: [[Sadowsky]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://kebajeremiah.com/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeremiah, Keba}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian rock musicians]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]

Mahant Swami Maharaj

2026-03-26T08:42:49Z

Tox Digital: added data

{{Short description|Sixth spiritual successor of Swaminarayan}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Mahant Swami Maharaj
| image = Mahant Swami Maharaj.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1933|9|13}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur|Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Vinu Patel
| guru = [[Yogiji Maharaj]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/Article/2011/Interviews-2294.aspx|title = Interviews}}</ref>
[[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/About-BAPS/Mahant-Swami-Maharaj.aspx|title = Mahant Swami Maharaj}}</ref>
| honors = Spiritual successor of [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]
| website = {{URL|www.baps.org}}
| caption = Maharaj in 2007
}}

'''Mahant Swami Maharaj''' (born '''Vinu Patel''', 13 September 1933;<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/08/14/mahant-swami-formally-installed-as-new-head-of-baps-here-is-his-first-speech/|title=Mahant Swami formally installed as new head of BAPS, here is his first speech|date=2016-08-14|website=DeshGujarat news from Gujarat|access-date=2016-08-15}}</ref> ordained '''Keshavjivandas Swami''') is the present guru and president of the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)]], a major branch of the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], a Hindu denomination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_1010071046|title=BAPS: Pramukh Swami|last=Mamtora|first=Bhakti|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|editor2-last=Basu|editor2-first=Helene|website=Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online|date=5 November 2018|access-date=5 February 2020|editor3-last=Malinar|editor3-first=Angelika|editor4-last=Narayanan|editor4-first=Vasudha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Aarti|date=December 2018|title=Secular Conflict|journal=Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=55–72}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Gadhia|first=Smit|title=Akshara and Its Four Forms in Swaminarayan's Doctrine|date=2016-04-01|work=Swaminarayan Hinduism|pages=156–171|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0010|isbn=978-0-19-946374-9}}</ref>{{Rp|157}} BAPS regards him as the sixth spiritual successor of [[Swaminarayan]], following [[Gunatitanand Swami]], [[Bhagatji Maharaj]], [[Shastriji Maharaj]], [[Yogiji Maharaj]], and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/08/13/mahant-swami-maharaj-succeeds-pramukh-swami-as-guru-and-president-of-baps/|title=Mahant Swami Maharaj Sadhu Keshavjivandas succeeds Pramukh Swami as guru and president of BAPS|date=2016-08-13|website=DeshGujarat News from Gujarat|access-date=2016-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/08/17/pramukh-swami-maharaj-hindu-guru-and-neasden-temple-founder--obi/|title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj, Hindu guru and Neasden Temple founder – obituary|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 August 2016|access-date=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|date=2018-09-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108332989|isbn=978-1-108-33298-9|s2cid=145147532}}</ref>{{Rp|60–2}} He is believed by his followers to be in constant communion with Bhagwan Swaminarayan, and ontologically, the manifestation of [[Akshar Purushottam Upasana|Akshar]], the perfect devotee of [[God]].<ref name=":12">{{cite magazine|date=October–December 2019|title=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha Today|url=https://bluetoad.com/publication/?i=619137&ver=html5&p=1#{%22page%22:50,%22issue_id%22:619137}|magazine=Hinduism Today|publisher=Himalayan Academy|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>{{rp|46–7}}

Mahant Swami Maharaj received initiation as a Hindu swami from Yogiji Maharaj in 1961.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2016 |title=His Holiness Mahant Swami Maharaj |url=http://download.baps.org/Data/Sites/1/HH%20Mahant%20Swami%20Maharaj.pdf |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=BAPS.org |publisher=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ludwig Brent |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/godmenofindia0000bren/page/12 |title=Godmen of India |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd. |year=1973 |isbn=9780140034608 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/godmenofindia0000bren/page/12 12]}}</ref> He was revealed by Pramukh Swami Maharaj as his future spiritual and administrative successor in 2012,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=HH Mahant Swami Sadhu Keshavjivandas to be spiritual successor of HH Pramukh Swami Maharaj |url=https://www.gg2.net/news/india-news/HH+Mahant+Swami+Sadhu+Keshavjivandas+to+be+spiritual+successor+of+HH+Pramukh+Swami+Maharaj+/10545 |access-date=2016-08-15 |website=www.gg2.net}}</ref> roles he assumed upon Pramukh Swami Maharaj's passing in August 2016.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Final darshan and rites of Pramukh Swami Maharaj |url=http://www.baps.org/Announcement/2016/Final-Darshan-and-Rites-of-Pramukh-Swami-Maharaj-9961.aspx |access-date=2016-08-13 |website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha}}</ref>

== Early life ==
=== Childhood and education ===
Vinubhai Patel was born in [[Jabalpur|Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]] on 13 September 1933. His parents, Manibhai Naranbhai Patel and Dahiben Patel,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/news/detail/mahant-swami-takes-charge|title=Mahant Swami takes charge|website=www.easterneye.eu|access-date=2016-08-19|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916090721/https://www.easterneye.eu/news/detail/mahant-swami-takes-charge|url-status=dead}}</ref> were both followers of [[Shastriji Maharaj]] and the [[Akshar Purushottam Upasana]]. Shastriji Maharaj visited the newborn a few days post-birth and named the child Keshav, although his family referred to him by his nickname, Vinu.

Vinu Patel completed his primary and secondary education at an English-medium school within the local township and then completed his 12th grade at the [[Christ Church Boys Senior Secondary School]]. He then attended the [[Anand Agricultural University|College of Agriculture]] in his father's native town of [[Anand, Gujarat]], where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in agriculture.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Early inspiration for monastic order ===
During his college years (1951–1952), Vinu Patel first met Yogiji Maharaj, the spiritual successor of Shastriji Maharaj. Impressed by Yogiji Maharaj's life and teachings, Vinu traveled with Yogiji Maharaj during his summer vacations, and was inspired to enter the monastic life over the next few years.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

== Early years as a swami ==
[[File:Mahant Swami Maharaj performs the arti.jpg|thumb|Mahant Swami Maharaj performs the arti]]
At age 23, on 2 February 1957, he received novitiate initiation, ''parshad diksha'',<ref name=":4" /> and was renamed Vinu Bhagat. During this initial training phase, he accompanied Yogiji Maharaj on his travels, looking after his daily correspondence with devotees. At age 28, on 11 May 1961, Vinu Bhagat was given ''bhagwati diksha'',<ref name=":4" /> initiated as a [[swami]], in [[Gadhada]] and named Keshavjivandas Swami. He was one of 51 youths receiving initiation into the monastic order that day.<ref name=":5" /> This group of 51 was initially placed in [[Mumbai]] to study [[Sanskrit]], with Swami Keshavjivandas appointed as their group head or Mahant at the mandir in [[Dadar, Mumbai]]. Thus, he became known throughout BAPS as Mahant Swami.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Service under Pramukh Swami Maharaj ===
He initially met [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] in 1951 and traveled extensively with him. After Guru Yogiji Maharaj's death in 1971, Mahant Swami Maharaj served under Pramukh Swami Maharaj. His austerity, self-control, devotion, humility and service earned him the blessings and joy of Yogiji Maharaj and Pramukh Swami Maharaj. In 1971, after the death of Yogiji Maharaj, he dedicated himself to Pramukh Swami Maharaj, the new guru, as he had to guru Yogiji Maharaj. His exposure to Pramukh Swami Maharaj had begun in 1951, when he first met him. Since 1971, as per the wishes and instructions of Pramukh Swami Maharaj, he has travelled throughout India and abroad to inspire and strengthen satsang in countless devotees. He has also offered his services to BAPS mega-festivals, children and youth activities, Akshardham projects, and other satsang activities.<ref>[http://www.baps.org/About-BAPS/Mahant-Swami-Maharaj.aspx About Mahant Swami Maharaj on BAPS website]</ref>

== As the leader of BAPS ==

=== Presidency ===
[[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] had known that Mahant Swami would be his successor when the latter received initiation in 1957.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|date=September–October 2016|title=A remarkable religious leader|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|volume=39|issue=5|pages=117}}</ref> On 20 July 2012, in the presence of senior swamis in [[Ahmedabad]], Pramukh Swami Maharaj formally declared that Mahant Swami Maharaj would be his spiritual successor after his death and wrote a letter in his own handwriting to this effect. On 13 August 2016, he became the sixth spiritual successor in [[Swaminarayan]]'s lineage of Gunatit gurus.<ref name=":1" /> In 2020, he wrote ''Satsang Diksha,'' a book where he describes a path which he believes will give its followers [[Moksha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satsang Diksha|url=https://www.baps.org/Publications/Books/Satsang-Diksha-1402.aspx|access-date=2020-08-16|website=BAPS|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
In 2017, he was presented with the [[key to the city]] by the mayors of various cities, including [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/mahant-swami-maharaj-key-city-toronto-1.4217751|title='We're here to stay': Hindu community celebrates 10th anniversary of temple with Trudeau, Tory|date=23 July 2017|work=CBC News|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> [[Lilburn, Georgia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/grand-10th-anniversary-celebration-baps-shri-swaminarayan-mandir-atlanta-georgia/|title=Grand 10th Anniversary Celebration of BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Atlanta Georgia|date=2017-07-14|website=The Indian Panorama|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> [[Irving, Texas]],<ref>{{Cite web| title=Proclamation | url=https://www.baps.org/Data/Sites/1/Media/GalleryImages/14424/WebImages/2017_08_20_Dallas_07_001.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720053602/https://www.baps.org/Data/Sites/1/Media/GalleryImages/14424/WebImages/2017_08_20_Dallas_07_001.jpg | archive-date=2020-07-20}}</ref> and [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/illinois-governor-attends-birthday-celebrations-at-baps-mandir/|title=Illinois Governor attends birthday celebrations at BAPS Mandir {{!}} News India Times|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=25 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>

=== Significance in BAPS ===
Followers of [[BAPS]] are told he is a manifestation of ontological entity of Akshar, the form of the eternal abode of God.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=An introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu theology|author=Paramtattvadas, Sadhu |date=17 August 2017 |isbn=978-1-107-15867-2|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|oclc=964861190}}</ref>{{Rp|191–200}} As such, he is said to be in constant communion with God. He is to be considered by devotees as "the perfect servant of God, …totally filled with God and therefore worthy of reverence and worship."<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-65422-7}}</ref>:87-95

=== Theological role ===
[[File:Mahant Swami Maharaj discoursing on the Vachanamrut.jpg|thumb|Mahant Swami Maharaj discoursing on the Vachanamrut]]

BAPS teaches followers that the living guru is considered to be the ideal swami, the perfect devotee, and the principal exemplar for emulation by spiritual aspirants. He is described to followers as a personification of the scriptures<ref name=":6" />:94. He is viewed as "fully ''brahmanized''", or having achieved the ultimate level of spiritual development.

Devotees are to consider him the example of all the ideals of the religion; he is to be viewed as the first disciple, most faithful in his observance of the commandments, most active in propagation of the religion, the best interpreter of the meaning of the scriptures, and the most effective in eradicating the ignorance that separates man from God.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=The holy man as the abode of God in the Swaminarayan religion |work=Gods of flesh/gods of stone : the embodiment of divinity in India|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|date=1985|publisher=Anima|editor1=Waghorne, Joanne Punzo |editor2=Cutler, Norman |editor3=Narayanan, Vasudha|isbn=0890120374|location=Chambersburg, Pennsylvania|pages=153|oclc=11113082}}</ref> His conduct is hence to be considered as that of the "ideal saint" and "perfect ''bhakta'' (devotee)", providing a tangible and graspable example for the spiritual aspirant to follow. Devotees are to view his respect for his gurus (Yogiji Maharaj and Pramukh Swami Maharaj) to be the model of devotion to one's guru.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Kim|first=Hanna|date=2001|title=Being Swaminarayan: the ontology and significance of belief in the construction of a Gujarati diaspora|type=PhD thesis|via=Columbia University}}</ref>

Followers are to believe that by associating with him, they might rid themselves of their vices, baser instincts, and worldly attachments. Earning the grace of the guru, devotees are to believe, enables them to achieve liberation in which they would escape the cycle of births and deaths and attain [[Akshardham (religion)|Akshardham]] (God's divine abode).<ref name=":7" />

For a devotee of BAPS, he is to be considered the essential spiritual link with God. According to the teachings of Swaminarayan, the Akshar-Purushottam Darshan, devotees consider God (Swaminarayan) to be manifest through Mahant Swami Maharaj, the present form of Akshar on earth.<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|191–200}} Thus, BAPS followers are to believe that by offering devotion to the guru (the form of Akshar), they offer it to Swaminarayan himself.<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1998) ''The guru-devotee relationship in the experience of the members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha''.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm18111148 |Mahant Swami Maharaj}}

{{BAPS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Mahant Swami}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Presidents of religious organizations]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kazipet–Hadapsar Express

2026-03-23T01:34:52Z

Tox Digital: creating the data more to come

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{no footnotes|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kazipet Hadapsar Express
| image = KAZIPET HADAPSAR TB.jpg
| caption = Kazipet - Hadapsar Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]] (KZJ)
| stops = 18
| end = [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] (HDP)
| distance = {{convert|772|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Tri-weekly.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17013 / 17014
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Hyderabad - Pune) Express Route map.jpg|250px|(Hyderabad - Pune) Express Route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 17013 / 7014 '''Kazipet–Hadapsar Express''' is an [[Express train|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Kazipet]] and [[Hadapsar|Hadapsar (Pune)]] which is 6 km from [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] in India.

It operates as train number 17014 from [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet Junction]] to [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] and as train number 17013 in the reverse direction. Earlier It ran between [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad Deccan]] and [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] but due to space issues, it was terminated to [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]]. From 9 October 2023, 17013/14 was Extended to [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet Junction]], changing the terminal from [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad deccan]], instead provided halt at [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Railway station]].

==Coaches==
The 17013/14 [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]] [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] '''Express''' presently has 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], 10 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]] & 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Seating cum Luggage Rake]] coaches.

As with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

The 17014 [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]] [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] '''Express''' covers the distance of {{convert|772|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 16 hours 35 mins averaging {{convert|47.35|km/h|0|abbr=on}} & in 15 hrs 15 mins as 17013 [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]] '''Express''' averaging {{convert|51.47|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railway rules, its fare does not include an [[Express trains in India|express]] surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 17013/14 [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]] [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] Express runs via [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]], [[Vikarabad Junction railway station|Vikarabad Junction]], [[Bidar railway station|Bidar]], [[Latur railway station|Latur]], [[Daund Junction railway station|Daund Junction]] to [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]].

===Route===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!Station code
!scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| Station Name
!scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| Distance (km)
|-
|HDP
|[[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]]
|0
|-
|DD
|[[Daund Junction railway station|Daund]]
|69.4
|-
|KWV
|[[Kurduvadi railway station|Kurduvadi Junction]]
|177.5
|-
|BTW
|[[Barshi Town railway station|Barshi City]]
|214.9
|-
|UMD
|[[Dharashiv railway station|Dharashiv]]
|250.9
|-
|LUR
|[[Latur railway station|Latur]]
|329.9
|-
|LTRR
|[[Latur Road Junction railway station|Latur Road Jn]]
|362.9
|-
|UDGR
|[[Udgir]]
|395.7
|-
|BHLK
|[[Bhalki]]
|439.0
|-
|BIDR
|[[Bidar railway station|Bidar]]
|476.3
|-
|ZB
|[[Zahirabad]]
|508.1
|-
|VKB
|[[Vikarabad Junction railway station|Vikarabad Junction]]
|567.6
|-
|LPI
|[[Lingampalli railway station|Lingampalli]]
|616.2
|-
|BMT
|[[Begumpet railway station|Begumpet]]
|634.8
|-
|SC
|[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]]
|639.9
|-
|BG
|[[Bhongir railway station|Bhongir]]
|686.5
|-
|ZN
|[[Jangaon railway station|Jangaon]]
|723.4
|-
|KZJ
|[[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet Junction]]
|772.3
|}

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lalaguda Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Timetable==

No. 17014 Kazipet Hadapsar ''Express'' leaves Kazipet Junction every Monday, Thursday & Saturday at 18:15 hrs IST and reaches Hadapsar at 10:50 hrs IST the next day.

No. 17013 Hadapsar Kazipet ''Express'' leaves Hadapsar every Tuesday, Friday & Sunday at 15:30 hrs IST and reaches Kazipet Junction at 06:45 hrs IST the next day.

==Gallery==
[[File:17013atHDP.jpg|thumb|17013 about to depart from its source station - [[Hadapsar railway station|HDP]], hauled by [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|DDU]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] locomotive.]]
[[File:17013 at Kazipet Junction Railway station lead by Lalaguda based WAG-9 31178.jpg|thumb|'''17013 arrived [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet Junction Railway Station]] lead by [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lalaguda]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] 31178''']]
[[File:Kazipet-Hadapsar Express Trainboard in 3 languages.jpg|thumb|'''Kazipet-Hadapsar Express Trainboard in 3 languages''']]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kazipet-hadapsar-pune-express-17014/2244/836/6038 |title=17014/Kazipet-Hadapsar Express Train Time Table, Route Map, Schedule, Timings; Kazipet to Hadapsar |website=indiarailinfo.com}}
*{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/hadapsar-pune-kazipet-express-17013/2317/6038/836 |title=17013/Hadapsar-Kazipet Express Train Time Table, Route Map, Schedule, Timings; Hadapsar to Kazipet Junction |website=indiarailinfo.com}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=Indian Railways |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=IRFCA}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

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Jahanpanah

2026-03-22T19:18:28Z

Tox Digital: created some details from scratch

{{Short description|Medieval city of Delhi, established 1326–1327}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{about|the fortified site|main mosque located within the fortification|Begumpur Mosque}}
{{infobox building
| name = Jahanpanah
| native_name =
| image = Octagonal pavilion and hypostyle hall.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = '''Bijaymandal''' in Jahanpanah, the fourth city of Medieval Delhi
| former_names =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.521|77.246|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| building_type = [[Fort]]s, [[mosque]]s and [[tomb]]s
| architectural_style = Tughlaq
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[South Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| address =
| client = [[Tughlaq Dynasty]]
| owner = [[Government of Delhi]]
| landlord =
| construction_start_date = A.D. 1326
| completion_date = A.D. 1327
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area = Fort area: {{convert|20|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}}
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| references = <ref name =madan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf |title=Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi |author=Mohan, Madan |access-date=2009-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202195247/http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''Jahanpanah''' was the fourth medieval city of [[Delhi]] established in 1326–1327 by [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]. To counter the persistent threat of Mongol invasions, Tughlaq constructed the fortified city of Jahanpanah (meaning "Refuge of the World" in Persian), incorporating the Adilabad Fort, built in the 14th century, along with all the establishments located between [[Qila Rai Pithora]] and [[Siri Fort]]. Neither the city nor the fort has survived. Many reasons have been offered for such a situation. One of these is exemplified by the idiosyncratic rule of Mohammed bin Tughlaq, who inexplicably decreed the capital to be moved to [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], only to return to Delhi soon after.<ref name =madan/><ref name=speak>{{cite book |last=Aitken |first=Bill |chapter=Speaking Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India |orig-year=2002 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu5jGGQ8fJkC&q=delhi+continuously+inhabited&pg=PA21 |access-date=2009-05-25 |title=The other Delhis |page=25 |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |isbn=81-87780-00-2 |year=2001|quote=Whatever the cause of Tughalqabad's demise, Ghiyasuddin’s successor Mohammed Bin Tughlaq returned to the original Rajput site. However, the Mongol threatened again and the new ruler decided to wall Qila Rai Pihora, Siri and the suburbs between them to build his Jahanpnah or 'Refuge of the World'}}</ref><ref name=maps>{{cite web |format=Map |url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/adilabad-fort.html |title=Adilabad - The Fourth Fort of Delhi |access-date=2009-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102031657/http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/adilabad-fort.html |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref>

The ruins of the city's walls can be seen in the road between Siri to [[Qutub Minar]], and also in isolated patches behind the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), in Begumpur, [[Khirki Masjid]], [[Satpula]] and many other nearby locations; at some sections, as seen at Satpula, the fort walls were large enough to have few inbuilt storerooms to stack provisions and armoury. The mystery of the city's precincts (complex) has unfolded over the years with later day excavations revealing a large number of monuments in the villages and residential colonies of [[South Delhi]].

Due to the constraints triggered by the unfettered urban expansion of Delhi, Jahanpanah has been engulfed by the upscale urban developments of South Delhi. The village and the wealth of ruins scattered all around are enclosed by the South Delhi suburbs of Panchsheel Park, [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]], Adchini, and the [[Aurobindo Ashram]]. It is hemmed in the north–south direction between the [[Outer Ring Road, New Delhi|Outer Ring Road]] and the [[Qutb Complex]], and on the east–west direction by the [[Mehrauli]] [[road]] and the Chirag Delhi road, with Indian Institute of Technology, located on the other side of the [[Mehrauli]] road as an important landmark.<ref name="Arch">{{Cite book |chapter=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |author=Sharma, Y. D. |title=Siri Fort & A- Siris |pages=25 & 73 |access-date=2009-04-24 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=31 August 2005 }}</ref><ref name="Lucy">{{Cite book |title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building |author=Peck, Lucy |chapter=Jahanpanah |pages=58–69 |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-354-8}}</ref><ref name="place">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/begumpurimasjid.html |title=Begumpuri Masjid |access-date=2009-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705092512/http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/begumpurimasjid.html |archive-date=5 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Jahanpanah's [[etymology]] consists of two [[Persian language|Persian]] words, جهان ‘Jahan’, "the world", and پناه ‘panah’,"shelter", thus "Refuge of the World"

==History==
Mohammed bin Tughlaq, the son of [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]], who ordered the establishment of [[Tughlaqabad]], constructed the new city of Jahanpanah between 1326 and 1327 by encircling and hemming the earlier cities of Siri and [[Lal Kot]] with 13 gates.<ref name=fort>{{cite book |title=Forts of India |last=Verma |first=Amrit |year=1985 |publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |location=New Delhi |page=7 |isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> But what remains of the city and the Adilabad Fort are largely ruins, which leave much ambiguity and conjecture regarding its physical status as to why and when it was built by Tughlaq. Some of the structures which have survived partially are the Bijay Mandal (that is inferred to have housed the Hazar Sutan Palace, now destroyed), the Begumpur Mosque, the Serai Shaji Mahal, the Lal Gumbad, the Baradari with other nearby structures and scattered swathes of rubble masonry walls. From [[Ibn Batuta]]’s chronicle of the period (he lived in Delhi from 1333–41), it is inferred that Lal Kot (Qutb complex) then constituted the urban area, Siri was the military [[cantonment]], and the remaining area consisted of his [[palace]] (Bijaymandal) and other structures like [[mosques]], etc.<ref name=Lucy/><ref name=fort1>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/delhi-forts.htm |title=Forts of Delhi |work=India Profile |date= |access-date=2009-05-19}}</ref>

Ibn Batuta reasoned that Muhammad Shah wished to see a unified city comprising Lal Kot, Siri, Jahanpanah and Tughlaqabad with one contiguous fortification encompassing them but cost considerations compelled him to abandon the plan halfway. In his chronicle, Batuta also stated that the Hazar Sutan Palace (palace of a thousand pillars), built outside the Siri fort limits but within the Jahanpanah City area, was the residence of the Tughlaqs.<ref name=Lucy/><ref name=peter>{{Cite book |author=Jackson, Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |access-date=2009-05-23 |chapter=Zenith of the sultanate |pages=259–260 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&q=Jahanpanah&pg=PA259 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780521543293}}</ref>

Hazar Sutan Palace was located within the fortified area of the Jahnapanah in Bijaya Mandal (literal meaning in Hindi: 'victory platform'). The grand palace with its audience hall of the beautifully painted wooden canopy and columns is vividly described but it does no longer exists. The Fort acted as a safe haven for the people living between [[Qila Rai Pithora]] and Siri. Tughalqabad continued to act as Tughlaq’s centre of government until, for strange and inexplicable reasons, he shifted his capital to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], however, he returned after a short period.<ref name=Arch/>

=== Adilabad ===
[[File:Adilabad Fort Facade.jpg|thumb|Adilabad Fort Facade]]
[[File:Adilabad interior.jpg|thumb|Adilabad interior]]
Adilabad, a fort of modest size, built on the hills to the south of Tughlaqabad, was provided with protective massive ramparts on its boundary around the city of Jahanpanah. The fort was much smaller than its predecessor fort, Tughlaqabad fort, but of similar design. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in its evaluation of the status of the fort for conservation has recorded that two gates, {{blockquote|"…one with [[barbican]]s between two [[bastion]]s on the south-east and another on the south-west. Inside, it, separated by a [[Bailey (castle)|bailey]], is a [[citadel]] consisting of walls, bastions and gates within which lay the palaces."<ref name=maps/><ref name="asi65">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments |work=Adilabad Fort |page=65 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Delhi Circle |year=2006 |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

The fort was also known as ‘Muhammadabad’, but inferred as a latter-day development.<ref name=Arch/> The two gates on the southeast and southwest of Adilabad fort had chambers at the lower level while the east and west gates had grain bins and courtyards at the upper floors. The fortifications built, linking with the other two city walls, was {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} in thickness and extended to a length of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}. Another smaller fortress, called the Nai-ka-Kot (literally "Barber's fortress") was also built at a distance of about {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} from Adilabad, with the citadel and army camps, which are now seen only in ruins.<ref name=arch>{{cite journal |author1=Welch, Anthony |author2=Crane, Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=129–130 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813185947/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tughlaq's primary attention to infrastructure, particularly of iron supply to the city, was also well thought-out. A structure ([[weir]] or tank) with seven sluices ([[Hindi]]: [[Satpula]], meaning "seven bridges") was built on a stream that flowed through the city. This structure called the [[Satpula]] still exists (though non–functional), located near [[Khirki Mosque|Khirki village]] on the boundary walls of Jahanpanah. Similar structures had also been built at Tughlaqabad and Delhi in [[Hauz Khas Complex]], thus covering the water supply needs of entire population of Jahanpanah.<ref name =tracy>{{cite book |date=2000 |chapter=Chapter 9: Delhi walled: Changing boundaries |editor=Tracy, James D. |title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=264–268 |isbn=978-0-521-65221-6}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| title=The Royal Begumpur Mosque
| image1= Begumpuri Masjid East gate.jpg|caption1=East gate entry into Begumpur Masjid
| image2 = Begumpuri Masjid Central pishtaq.jpg|caption2=Begumpur [[Masjid]] central pishtaq on west wall
}} [[Khirki Mosque]] lies in Khirki village.

=== Begumpur Mosque ===
{{main|Begumpur Mosque}}
Today, remnants of the city lie scattered across Begumpur village, serving as a silent testament to its ancient glory. The [[Begumpur Mosque]], a vestige of the old city, of overall layout plan of {{convert|90|x|94|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} with the inner [[courtyard]] measuring {{convert|75|x|80|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}, is said to be patterned on an Iranian design conceived by an [[Iran]]ian [[architect]] called Zahir al-Din al-Jayush. A majestic building in the heart of the city with pride of place played a pivotal role in serving as a [[madrasa]], an administrative centre with the [[treasury]] and a mosque of large proportions serving as a social community hub surrounded by a market area. It has an unusual layout with three arches covered passages with a "three by eight" deep nine-bay prayer hall on the west. The construction of this mosque is credited to two sources. One view is that it was built by [[Malik Maqbul|Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani]], prime minister during [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]]’s rule, who was also a builder of six more [[masjid]]s (two of them in the close vicinity). The other view is that it was built by Tughlaq because of its proximity to Bijay Mandal and could probably be dated to 1351 CE, the year Tughlaq died here. In support of the second view, it is said that Ibn Batuta, the chronicler of the period (till his departure from Delhi in 1341 CE) had not recorded this monument. The mosque, considered an architectural masterpiece, has three gates, one in each of the three covered passages: in the north, east (main gate) and south. The west wall which has the [[mihrab]], has Tughluqi-style tapering [[minaret]]s flanking the central high opening covered by a big dome. The entire passageway of the west wall has twenty-five arched openings. The mihrab wall depicts five projections.

The prayer hall has modest decorative carvings but the columns and walls are bland. The eastern gate approach is from the road level up a flight of steps to negotiate the raised plinth on which this unique mosque has been built with a [[four-iwan layout]]. Stone chajjas or [[eaves]] can also be seen on all the four [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]]. The northern entry with {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} raised entrance, probably linked the mosque to the Bijayamandal Palace. The stucco plastering work on the mosque walls has lasted for centuries and even now shows some tiles fixed on them at a few locations. The mosque was under occupation during Jahanpanah's existence till the 17th century. In the modern era, encroachers took over the mosque but were eventually evicted by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 1921. A shuttered by-lane entry from the north has been interpreted as an approach that was used by the womenfolk of the Sultan's family for attending prayers in the mosque.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="place" /><ref name="arch" />

{{multiple image
| title = Bijaymandal and precincts
| image1 = Octagonal pavilion from Begampur mosque.jpg|caption1=View of Bijaymandal Palace ruins
| image2 = A Dome next to Bijaymandal view.JPG|caption2=Dome of Unique Design next to Bijaymandal Palace
}}

=== Bijay Mandal ===
Bijay Mandal is a structure with a layout measuring {{convert|74|by|82|m|ft}}, featuring a well-proportioned square dome. It cannot be categorized as a [[tower]] or a palace though.<ref name=Lucy/><ref name=digit>{{cite journal |author1=Anthony Welch |author2=Howard Crane |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=148–149 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813185947/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a Tughlaqi structure with an octagonal plan built in [[rubble]] [[masonry]] (with massive battered sloping walls on east, west and southern directions) on a raised platform with doorways in each cardinal direction. The purpose of this unusual structure and the ruins of the Sar Dara Palace was described by Ibn Battuta as the palace with multiple chambers and the large public audience hall as the famed Hazar Sutan Palace. It was also interpreted as serving as an observation tower to monitor the activities of his troops. The ambiance of the place presented it as a place to relax and enjoy the scenic view of the environs. The inclined path around the monument was a walkway leading to the apartments of the Sultan. Two large openings in the living rooms of the floor were inferred as leading to the [[bank vault|vaults]] or the treasury. On the level platform, outside the building in front of the apartment rooms, small holes equally spaced are seen, which have been inferred to be holes used to fix wooden pillars to hold a temporary ''shamiana'' ([[pavilion]]) or cover.

The process of ushering people into the presence of the Sultan was labyrinthine and formal, involving entry through semi–public places to private chambers to the audience hall. The debate over whether the Hazara Sultan Palace mentioned as existing during [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s reign was the same structure present during the Tughlaq period remains inconclusive. A plausible hypothesis is that the stone hall of the palace was built by Alauddin Khalji while the tower adjoining the stone buildings was surely built by Mohammed bin Tughlaq.<ref name="maps" /><ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="tracy" /><ref name="digit" />

Archaeological excavations carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] unearthed treasures from the vaults in the buildings, which date the occupation of this monument during Feroz Shah's reign and also by Sheikh Hasan Tahir (a saint) during [[Sikander Lodi]]’s rule at the beginning of the 16th century. Furthermore, excavations conducted in 1934 have revealed wooden pillar bases attributed to the Hazar Sutan Palace.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="digit" />
Within the close precincts of Bijay Mandal stands a conspicuous domed building, distinguished by a unique architectural façade featuring two openings on each of its three sides. This structure is thought to be an annex to another building, as indicated by underground passages connecting it to an adjoining structure. However, the purpose for which this dome was originally built remains unknown.<ref name="Lucy" />
;Kalusarai Masjid
[[File:Kalu Sarai Masjid.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ruins of Kalu Sarai Masjid]]
[[File:Serai Shahji Mahal.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Serai Shahji Mahal]]
Kalu Sarai Masjid, situated {{convert|500|m|ft}} north of Bijay Mandal, is in a severely dilapidated condition and urgently requires restoration due to its status as a heritage monument. Currently, it is illegally occupied as a residential complex.

The masjid was built by the eminent mosque builder [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani|Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani]], who served as Prime Minister during the reign of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, as one of the seven mosques he constructed; this particular mosque retains the same architectural panache as the other six commissioned by him. Even today, the visible decorations of the mihrab appear more intricate than those in his other mosques. Originally constructed with rubble masonry and plastered surfaces, the mosque featured a frontage of seven arched openings, three bays in depth, and was crowned by a series of low domes, exemplifying the typical Tughlaqi architectural style.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kamalkapoor.com/muslim-spiritual-places/kalu-sarai-masjid-delhi.asp|title= Kalu Sarai Masjid|access-date= 2009-05-24|archive-date= 6 July 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090706043845/http://www.kamalkapoor.com/muslim-spiritual-places/kalu-sarai-masjid-delhi.asp|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Serai Shaji Mahal ===
East of Begumpur Masjid, in the village of Serai Shahji, lie edifices from the Mughal period, among which the Serai Shahji Mahal stands as a notable monument. The area surrounding this structure is scattered with decrepit gates, graves, and irregular urban tenements. A bit further from this structure is the tomb of [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan]], who during [[Emperor Akbar]]’s period, was credited with building a number of serais, a mosque, and [[Faridabad]] village, which is now the present–day large city in [[Haryana]].<ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy/>

== Other notable structures ==
[[File:Lal Gumbad.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Lal Gumbad (Rakabwala Gumbad)]]
[[File:Posing in front of the tomb of Yusuf Qattaal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The tomb in Sadhana Enclave]]
Other notable structures in the Jahanpanah's ambit of {{convert|20|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}} area in close vicinity of the present day Panchshila Public School are the following:<ref name =madan/><ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy/>

The Lal Gumbad was built as a tomb for Shaikh Kabbiruddin Auliya (1397), a 14th century [[Sufi saint]] who served as a disciple of Sufi saint Shaikh Raushan Chiragh–i–Delhi. The dome tomb was built with [[red sandstone]]. It is considered to be a small size replica of the [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]]’s Tomb in Tughlaqabad.<ref name=peck>{{Cite book |title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building |author=Peck, Lucy |chapter=Jahanpanah |page=63 |publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd. |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-354-8 |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm |access-date=2009-05-19 |quote=The Lal Gumbad itself is very similar to the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (died 1324), although it was built much later in the century for Shiekh Kabiruddin Auliya, a disciple of Chiragh Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006201656/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> The gateway to the tomb has a pointed arch with marble bands. It is also called the Rakabwala Gumbad as [[dacoits]] stolen the [[finial]] on the roof of the tomb by climbing up over the iron rungs (called 'Rakab') on its western wall. Apart from these structures, the four walls of a mosque also are located within the compound of the tomb.

The vicinity of Sadhana Enclave features the Baradari, an arched hall. Thought to have been built in the 14th century or 15th century, it is in a fairly well-preserved condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/archeology/showMonu.asp?mId=7 |title=Baradari at Sadhana Enclave |publisher=Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=2009-07-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080417050623/http://delhigovt.nic.in/archeology/showMonu.asp?mId=7 |archive-date=17 April 2008 }}</ref> A Lodi period tomb is also seen nearby.

Farther from Sadhana Enclave, on its opposite side in Sheikh Serai, three tombs are noted, of which only one is well preserved: the square-domed tomb of Sheikh Alauddin (1541–42).<ref>{{cite web |title=13 structures notified by archaeology dept |date=2009-07-14 |last= Richi |first=Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/13-structures-notified-by-archaeology-dept/articleshow/4891671.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024131353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-14/delhi/28174995_1_heritage-structures-monuments-heritage-buildings |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2009-07-22 }}</ref> The tomb building, elevated on twelve columns with perforated screens on the façade, features a large dome set on a sixteen-faced drum. The ceiling is adorned with intricate plaster medallions on the [[Spandrel|spandrels]] of the arches, while the parapets display a [[merlon]] design.

==Conservation measures==
Archaeological excavations were done by [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] in part of the fort walls at its junction with the eastern wall of [[Qila Rai Pithora]]. The excavations revealed rough and small stones in the foundations followed by an [[ashlar]] face in the exterior wall above ground. The ASI undertook conservation efforts for the wall, including the installation of railings, environmental improvements, and enhanced lighting, at a cost of ₹15 lakhs (US$30,000) in preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name="asi">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments |work=Jahapanah Wall |page=54 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Delhi Circle |year=2006 |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
Entry view from courtyard of Begumpur Msjid.JPG|View of East gate entry from inside the courtyard of Begumpur Masjid
Begumpuri Masjid East gate detail.jpg|Closer view of East gate of Begumpur Masjid
Begampur Masjid.jpg|Begampur Masjid West wall and North wall
Begumpuri Masjid Courtyard1.jpg|Begumpur Masjid Courtyard and the small domes on the roof
Begumpuri Masjid Mihrabs under main west dome.jpg|Begumpur Masjid Mihrabs under main west wall
Baradari.jpg|Baradari
"Wall mosque" near Lal Gumbad.jpg|Wall mosque near Lal Gumbad
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century]]
[[Category:1320s establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Marmayogi

2026-03-18T18:09:54Z

Tox Digital:

{{short description|1951 film by K. Ramnoth}}
{{for|the Telugu remake|Marmayogi (1964 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marmayogi
| image = Marmayogi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = M. Somasundaram
| director = [[K. Ramnoth]]
| screenplay = [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. Ramachandar]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Madhuri Devi]]
| music = [[C. R. Subbaraman]] [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| cinematography = M. Masthan W. R. Subba Rao
| editing = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| studio = [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1951|2|2|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Hindi}}
}}

'''''Marmayogi''''' ({{translation|The Mysterious Sage}}) is a 1951 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[swashbuckler film]] directed by [[K. Ramnoth]] and produced by M. Somasundaram. An adaptation of the novel ''Vengeance'' by [[Marie Corelli]] and [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Macbeth]]'', the film was [[Multiple-language version|shot simultaneously]] in [[Hindi]] as '''''Ek Tha Raja''''' ({{translation|Once There Was A King}}). It stars [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. Ramachandar]], [[Anjali Devi]] and [[Madhuri Devi]], with [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[Serukalathur Sama]] (playing the title role), [[Javar Seetharaman|N. Seetharaman]], [[S. A. Natarajan]], [[M. N. Nambiar]] and [[Pandari Bai|M. Pandari Bai]] in supporting roles.

Development of the film began after the success of ''[[Rajakumari (1947 film)|Rajakumari]]'' (1947), when Ramachandran approached writer [[A. S. A. Sami]] to write a script which revolves around him. Sami wrote a script inspired by ''Vengeance'', ''Macbeth'', and [[Robin Hood]]. [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and [[C. R. Subbaraman]] composed all the songs in the soundtrack album. M. Masthan and W. R. Subbarao handled the film's cinematography. The film was edited by [[M. A. Thirumugam]].

''Marmayogi'' was released on 2 February 1951. It became a commercial success and established Ramachandran's image as a star. It was the first Tamil film to receive an [[A certificate]] (adults only) from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].

== Plot ==
Urvasi, is the young mistress of a king. With the help of her own lover, she pushes the king off a boat and usurps his powers. Urvasi appoints herself as the new [[queen regnant]], and the kingdom experiences a reign of terror. The palace where the two princes of the kingdom live is burnt. The queen assumes all powers and kills all potential opponents, including her lover. A sage comes to the kingdom with his son and a girl, and joins the queen as her adviser. Years roll by. The sage's son Veerangan is appointed Army Commander. At the same time, in the countryside, Karikalan functions as de facto leader of the people, helps them in various ways and fights the queen's misrule. When he becomes a big threat to the queen, she orders his capture. Veerangan sends Kala, the girl raised by the sage as a spy, to Karikalan, but she falls in love with him.

Karikalan gets periodic instructions from the Goddess on what needs to be done and he follows the same. The queen gets scared by a ghost which appears regularly and warns her of the impending punishment she deserves for her misdeeds. Kala and Karikalan's followers are captured by the army. Karikalan personally leads their rescue mission. In prison, he gets instructions from the goddess to capture the queen also. He rescues his people, captures the queen and brings her to his hideout. When the ghost appears there, she confesses her crime of killing the king. When she is about to be executed, Veerangan's army enters and captures everyone. Veerangan also finds out that the sage (also called Marmayogi) is his father, and he has been giving information to Karikalan secretly. Hence he also gets arrested for being a traitor.

The queen returns to her throne and orders the execution of the sage, Karikalan and others. When Karikalan is about to be killed, the sage reveals the truth about the king and informs Veerangan that Karikalan is his elder brother. When Veerangan demands to know where the king is, the sage removes his disguise. To the surprise of everyone, he reveals that he is the deposed king and narrates what happened. Though the queen and her lover attempted to kill him, he escaped under the water using his yogic skills, taking his sons and the army commander's daughter Kala with him. He returned to his kingdom in the disguise of a sage with his younger son Veeranganan and Kala and left Karikalan in the forest. Shocked to see the dead king return, the queen dies. The king announce that his children Karikalan and Veerangan are now the rulers.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male
* [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. Ramachandar]] as Karikalan
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Veerangan
* [[Serukalathur Sama]] as King Marmayogi
* [[Javar Seetharaman|N. Seetharaman]] as Purushothaman
* [[S. A. Natarajan]] as Paisachi
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Nallathambi
* L. R. Mudaliar as Bhagavathi
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Urvasi
* [[Madhuri Devi]] as Kalavathi
* [[Pandari Bai|M. Pandari Bai]] as Vasantha
* M. S. S. Bhagyam as Nallamma
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''Rajakumari'' (1947), [[M. G. Ramachandran]] approached writer A. S. A. Sami to write a script which would revolve around him. Samy wrote a script inspired by ''Vengeance'' by Marie Corelli, Shakespeare's theatrical play ''Macbeth'' and [[Robin Hood]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 March 2008 |title=Marmayogi 1951 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3022660.ece |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208062045/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |archive-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=88}} Makers initially considered naming the film ''Karikalan'' but later changed it to ''Marmayogi'' to avoid it being confused with a historical film.<ref name="hindu" /> Ramachandran's last name was credited as "Ramachandar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2012 |title=ஈ.வெ.கி. சம்பத்தும் திராவிட இயக்கமும் -28 |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2012/feb/19/ஈவெகி-சம்பத்தும்-திராவிட-இயக்கமும்--28-460949.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623110136/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2012/feb/19/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D--28-460949.html |archive-date=23 June 2022 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[P. Bhanumathi]] was originally signed for the role of villainous Urvasi, but later she was replaced by Anjali Devi.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=88}} Serukulathur Sama, Sahasranamam and S. A. Natarajan were selected to portray supporting roles. M. N. Nambiar portrayed a positive character of Ramachandran's assistant. M. Masthan and W. R. Subbarao handled the film's cinematography. The film was edited by [[M. A. Thirumugam]].

Ramachandran's sword fight sequence with Sahasranamam was shot outdoors with Ramachandran practising for the scene for three to four days and refused to use a body double. Director Ramnath changed the climax from the original screenplay. After the film was completed, many felt that ending was not convincing and Ramnath reshot the climax which was accepted by audience.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=88}}

== Themes and influences ==
The film's plot was inspired by ''Vengeance'' by Marie Corelli and Shakespeare's play ''Macbeth''.<ref name="hindu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sruthi |date=23 April 2018 |title=400 years later, Shakespeare still remains relevant in Indian cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181204165729/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece |archive-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> The film drew inspiration from the Russian film ''[[Ivan the Terrible (1945 film)|Ivan The Terrible]]'' (1945) and the scene where Karikalan enters the courtroom was inspired by the film ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood|Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938). The scene where Ramachandran fights with a sword with Sahasranamam by riding a horse is inspired from ''[[The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses]]''.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=88}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and [[C. R. Subburaman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=22 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Azhagaana Penn Maanai Paar" || Jikki || || 03:03
|-
| "Dhesam Pora Pokka Paartthaa" || || ||
|-
| "Ah... Inbam Iravil Amaidhiyile" || T. V. Rathnam || [[K. D. Santhanam]]|| 03:23
|-
| "Kannin Karumaniye Kalaavathi" || Thiruchi Loganathan & K. V. Janaki || [[Kannadasan]]|| 02:05
|-
| "Vetri Sangai Oodhuvom" || || || 02:00
|-
| "Manathukisaindha Raajaa" || T. V. Rathnam || || 02:52
|-
| "Kazhuthailiye Irandu Vitham" || K. R. Chellamuthu & A. V. Saraswathi || || 04:03
|-
| "Thillalangadi Thillalangadi" || || || 01:15
|-
| "Vandha Vazhi Marandhene" || K. V. Janaki || Kannadasan || 02:34
|-
| "Pesa Kooda Nalla Illae" || || ||
|}

== Release ==
''Marmayogi'' was released on 2 February 1951,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 1951 |title=Marmayogi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19510202&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> delayed from 14 January.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 January 1951 |title=மர்மயோகி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1951-01-14/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240901130713/https://archive.org/details/kalki1951-01-14/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was given an [[A certificate]] (adults only) by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] because it featured a ghost (King's character posing as one), making it the first Tamil film to receive this rating.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=220}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=24 February 2014 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 15 {{!}} S.S. Vasan's Angle on Movie Production |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219052154/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-15/ |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2020 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
''Marmayogi'' was simultaneously made in [[Hindi]] as ''Ek Tha Raja'' in 1951 with the same cast.<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/40080654223/in/photostream/ |title=Ek Tha Raja |publisher=Central Studios |year=1951 |language=en |type=[[song book]] |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211245/https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/40080654223/in/photostream/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jupiter Pictures remade the film in Telugu with the [[Marmayogi (1964 film)|same name]] in 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2014 |title=Bahubali inspired by Marmayogi? |language=en |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140506/entertainment-tollywood/article/bahubali-inspired-marmayogi |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217144202/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140506/entertainment-tollywood/article/bahubali-inspired-marmayogi |archive-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film's commercial success established Ramachandran's image as a star.<ref name="hindu" /> His dialogue "Naan kuri vaithaal thavara maatten! Thavarumey aanaal kuri vaikka maatten" (I will not miss if I aim! I will not aim if I were to miss) became popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=R |date=23 June 2017 |title=Behind the MGR seduction, an image as carefully scripted as his films |url=https://scroll.in/reel/841213/behind-the-mgr-seduction-an-image-as-carefully-scripted-as-his-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401164156/https://scroll.in/reel/841213/behind-the-mgr-seduction-an-image-as-carefully-scripted-as-his-films |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
*{{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Memories of Madras: Its Movies, Musicians & Men of Letters |publisher=Creative Workshop |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-928961-7-5 |editor-last=Gopal |editor-first=T. S. |location=Chennai |author-link=Randor Guy}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Macbeth}}

[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s historical action films]]
[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:1951 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on Macbeth]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Marie Corelli]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Ramnoth]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Jupiter Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aygudi

2026-03-15T09:55:22Z

Tox Digital:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aygudi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Ayikudi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Paddy fields around Aaikudi
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|59|13|N|77|20|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kadayanallur taluk|Kadayanallur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15172
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 627852
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aygudi''' ({{audio|Ta-ஆய்க்குடி.ogg|pronunciation}}), also spelled Aaikudi, is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Tenkasi district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==History==
Aai Andiran was the chieftain of Aaikudi and its surroundings. He is one of the seven great philanthropists of ancient Tamil Nadu. He gave an elephant to the commoners [http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D Tamil wikipedia]

==Demographics==
In the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Aaikudi had a population of 12,924. Males constituted 50% of the population and females 50%. Aaikudi had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 56% of the males and 44% of females literate. 11% of the population was under 6 years of age.

By the 2011 census the population had increased to 15,172.<ref name="NPR-2011-Tenkasi">{{Cite web|title=NPR Report: Tamil Nadu: Tirunelveli: Tenkasi|year=2011|publisher=National Population Register, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=33&distcd=27&tslcode=004}}</ref>

==Cityscape==

===Landmark===
[[Ayikudi Balasubramanya Swami Temple]] (kaliyamman temple)<ref>Ayikudi Balasubramanya Swami Temple</ref>
is situated at the banks of Hanuman river. Skanda shasti ''soora samharam'' is the famous festival celebrated every year for 7 days.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tenkasi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tenkasi district]]

Loosu ponnu

2026-03-14T07:53:45Z

Tox Digital:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{short description|Tamil cinema stock character}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

The '''loosu ponnu''' ({{Langx|ta|லூசு பொண்ணு}}; {{translation|'crazy girl'}}) is a [[stock character]] in [[Tamil cinema]], a girl who is portrayed as attractive but naïve and unintelligent. It is regarded as the equivalent of the [[Manic Pixie Dream Girl]] and [[dumb blonde]] stereotypes in the United States.<ref name="BuzzFeed" /><ref name="common sense" /> The loosu ponnu [[Trope (cinema)|trope]] became increasingly popular in 1990s Tamil cinema when the [[masculinity]] of the hero became severely overblown. It has since received criticism for being [[misogynist]]ic and regressive.<ref name="retire" /><ref name="truth" />

== History and terminology ==
According to writer and critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]], the 'loosu ponnu' trope emerged in an era where Tamil filmmakers began casting [[Indo-Aryan peoples|North Indian]] women, who could not speak Tamil, in leading roles; due to their lip syncing not being perfect (their lines would be dubbed over by others), wild gesticulation and their emotional reactions seeming unusual, "all of this ended up making them look like mad people".<ref name="Arrambam" />

== Characteristics ==
Loosu ponnus are typically depicted as being bubbly,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=19 July 2018 |title=Southern Lights: Are Tamil-Speaking Heroines Doomed In Tamil Cinema? |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/tamil-opinion/southern-lights-are-tamil-speaking-heroines-doomed-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919150004/https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/tamil-opinion/southern-lights-are-tamil-speaking-heroines-doomed-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> naïve, childish, lacking professional ambition, having easily detachable ties with their families, and showing unquestioning devotion to heroic males once they fall in love with them.<ref name="BuzzFeed" /> They are also depicted as angelic, in need of constant rescuing, and incapable of doing even simple things in life.<ref name="retire" /> Very often, their "cuteness" is directly proportional to how insane their actions may seem to viewers.<ref name="BuzzFeed" />

== Examples ==
Known loosu ponnu characters in Tamil films are:

{| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffff;"
!Character
!Actress
!Film
!Ref.
|-
| Anjali || [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] || ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=20 September 2018 |title=Every Mani Ratnam Film, Ranked |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/every-mani-ratnam-film-ranked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830111723/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/every-mani-ratnam-film-ranked/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| Suji || [[Meera Jasmine]] || ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' (2003)
|
|-
| Mythili || [[Jyothika]] ||''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2004 |title=Manmathan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/manmathan-review-tamil-pclvCJjjefcad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128064140/http://www.sify.com/movies/manmathan-review-tamil-pclvCJjjefcad.html |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| Hema || Meera Jasmine || ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' (2005)<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Sandakozhi 2 movie review: This Vishal film is a lazy rehash |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sandakozhi-2-movie-review-vishal-5407750/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103220247/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sandakozhi-2-movie-review-vishal-5407750/ |archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
| Haritha || [[Nayanthara]] || ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' (2006)
|
|-
| Hasini || [[Genelia D'Souza]] || ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008)<ref name="indiatoday" />
|
|-
| Devi || [[Trisha Krishnan]] || ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008)
|
|-
| Jahnavi || Nayanthara || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009)
|
|-
| Poornima || [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] || ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' (2010)
|
|-
| Keerthana || [[Nazriya Nazim|Nazriya]] || ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/raja-rani-the-ex-files/|title=“Raja Rani”… The Ex Files|date=29 September 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
| Liyana || [[Chandini Sreedharan]] || ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]'' (2013)
|
|-
| Anitha || [[Taapsee Pannu]] || ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013)<ref name="Arrambam" />
|
|-
| Chitra Devipriya || [[Kajal Aggarwal]] || ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2013 |title=All in All Azhaguraja-A profoundly irritating film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/all-in-all-azhaguraja-a-profoundly-irritating-film-review-tamil-pcmbd9ijfdbgf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720060425/https://www.sify.com/movies/all-in-all-azhaguraja-a-profoundly-irritating-film-review-tamil-pcmbd9ijfdbgf.html |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| Yazhini || [[Hansika Motwani]] || ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014)<ref name="indiatoday" />
|
|-
| Ankitha || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] || ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014)
|
|-
| Sowmya || Kajal Aggarwal || ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=4 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli: A few good portions don't make a wholesome meal |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/paayum-puli-a-few-good-portions-dont-make-a-wholesome-meal/article7616230.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113203233/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/paayum-puli-a-few-good-portions-dont-make-a-wholesome-meal/article7616230.ece |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
| Shakeela || Samantha Ruth Prabhu || ''[[10 Endrathukulla]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=21 October 2015 |title=10 Enradhukulla: A slipshod road movie |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/10-enradhukulla-a-slipshod-road-movie/article7790285.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218180916/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/10-enradhukulla-a-slipshod-road-movie/article7790285.ece |archive-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
| Swetha || [[Shruti Haasan]] ||''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015)
|
|-
| Priya || Hansika Motwani || ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 April 2016 |title=Uyire Uyire: Still life |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uyire-uyire-movie-review/article8424229.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728080158/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uyire-uyire-movie-review/article8424229.ece |archive-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
| Saroja || Keerthy Suresh || ''[[Thodari]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=22 September 2016 |title=Thodari review: Dhanush's thriller is like a local train; it's slow and makes frequent stops |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thodari-review-dhanushs-thriller-is-like-a-local-train-its-slow-and-makes-frequent-stops-3015908.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330195008/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thodari-review-dhanushs-thriller-is-like-a-local-train-its-slow-and-makes-frequent-stops-3015908.html |archive-date=30 March 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| Kavya || [[Keerthy Suresh]] || ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Half-Yearly report: GV Prakash Kumar to Eswari Rao, best performances of 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/half-yearly-report-gv-prakash-kumar-to-eswari-rao-best-performances-of-2018/photostory/65244332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807203115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/half-yearly-report-gv-prakash-kumar-to-eswari-rao-best-performances-of-2018/photostory/65244332.cms |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| Priya || [[Rakul Preet Singh]] || ''[[Theeran Adhigaram Ondru]]'' (2017)
|
|-
| Vandhana || [[Sayyeshaa]] || ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=3 August 2018 |title=Ghajinikanth Review: Interesting premise wasted by dull writing |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ghajinikanth-review-interesting-premise-wasted-by-dull-writing-1304429-2018-08-03 |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207114248/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ghajinikanth-review-interesting-premise-wasted-by-dull-writing-1304429-2018-08-03 |archive-date=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday" />
|
|-
| "Aarathu" Anandhi || [[Sai Pallavi]] || ''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |first=S. |date=21 December 2018 |title='Maari 2' review: An overlong yet entertaining sequel |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maari-2-review-an-overlong-yet-entertaining-sequel/article25798174.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728080313/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maari-2-review-an-overlong-yet-entertaining-sequel/article25798174.ece |archive-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
| Padmini || [[Priyanka Arul Mohan]] || ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=9 October 2021 |title=Doctor review: Sivakarthikeyan's logic defying film is a thorough entertainer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doctor-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-logic-defying-film-thorough-entertainer-156313 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009110922/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doctor-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-logic-defying-film-thorough-entertainer-156313 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Other languages ===
Besides Tamil films, loosu ponnu characters were also noted in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films (known as 'pichi pilla'). Known characters in Telugu films are:

{| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffff;"
!Character
!Actress
!Film
!Ref.
|-
| Jaanu || [[Genelia D'Souza]] || ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=26 November 2010 |title=Telugu Movie review – Orange |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-orange.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116084654/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-orange.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| Shalini || [[Rakul Preet Singh]] || ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' (2017)
|
|-
| Sukumari || [[Keerthy Suresh]] || rowspan="2"|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018)<ref name="common sense" />
|
|-
| Suryakantham || [[Anu Emmanuel]]
|
|-
| Samskruthi || [[Rashmika Mandanna]] || ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=11 January 2020 |title=Sarileru Neekevvaru Movie Review: Mahesh Babu film is utterly disappointing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarileru-neekevvaru-movie-review-mahesh-babu-film-is-utterly-disappointing-1635966-2020-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102170426/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarileru-neekevvaru-movie-review-mahesh-babu-film-is-utterly-disappointing-1635966-2020-01-11 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|
|}

They were also noted in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films with Nandini ([[Reeshma Nanaiah]]) in ''[[UI (film)|UI]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ui-review-two-hours-of-torture-that-passes-off-for-a-movie-that-youve-to-decode|title=UI review: Two hours of torture that passes off for a movie that you’ve to decode|first=Subha J|last=Rao|language=en|date=20 December 2024|access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The loosu ponnu trope has received wide criticism for being misogynistic and regressive.<ref name="retire" /><ref name="truth" /><ref name="BuzzFeed" /> Actress [[Madonna Sebastian]] has expressed her dislike for it, saying, "I think it is disrespectful and when people endorse it, even heroines, it becomes a dangerous trend."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=17 July 2018 |title=The Madonna Sebastian interview: 'I fell in love with music because of Tamil cinema' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/17/the-madonna-sebastian-interview-i-fell-in-love-with-music-because-of-tamil-cinema-1844214.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722175744/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/17/the-madonna-sebastian-interview-i-fell-in-love-with-music-because-of-tamil-cinema-1844214.html |archive-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] has consciously avoided playing such roles, citing her preference for "sensible" roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=24 April 2017 |title=I was told a dusky, Tamil speaking woman like me can't become heroine: Aishwarya Rajesh |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-was-told-dusky-tamil-speaking-woman-me-cant-become-heroine-aishwarya-rajesh-60893 |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119232300/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-was-told-dusky-tamil-speaking-woman-me-cant-become-heroine-aishwarya-rajesh-60893 |archive-date=19 November 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bimbo]]
* [[Ingénue]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="BuzzFeed">{{Cite web |last=Iswarya |first=V |date=29 September 2016 |title=What I Learned About Love And Women From Tamil Movies |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/iswaryav/things-i-learned-about-love-from-tamil-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207093354/https://www.buzzfeed.com/iswaryav/things-i-learned-about-love-from-tamil-cinema |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[BuzzFeed]]}}</ref>
<ref name="retire">{{Cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=The 'loosu ponnu' in Tamil cinema and why she should retire |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/loosu-ponnu-tamil-cinema-and-why-she-should-retire-89332 |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216044029/https://www.thenewsminute.com/web/20251216044029/https://www.thenewsminute.com/delve/loosu-ponnu-tamil-cinema-and-why-she-should-retire-89332 |archive-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="truth">{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=13 July 2018 |title=CS Amudhan's 'Tamizh Padam 2' speaks the truth about female characters in Kollywood |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cs-amudhans-tamizh-padam-2-speaks-truth-about-female-characters-kollywood-84716 |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103193521/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cs-amudhans-tamizh-padam-2-speaks-truth-about-female-characters-kollywood-84716 |archive-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="Arrambam">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=4 November 2013 |title="Arrambam"... Mission to "mass" |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2013/11/04/arrambam-mission-to-mass/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601005624/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2013/11/04/arrambam-mission-to-mass/ |archive-date=1 June 2017 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref>
<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Genelia to Hansika: The 'loosu ponnu' heroines who have ruled Tamil films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/tamil-actresses-who-played-loosu-ponnu-genelia-hansika-1338459-2018-09-12/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207111834/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/tamil-actresses-who-played-loosu-ponnu-genelia-hansika-1338459-2018-09-12 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="common sense">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=17 January 2018 |title=Women in Telugu cinema: Some common sense please? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/agnyaathavaasi-being-a-case-in-point-a-look-at-dismal-roles-for-female-actors-in-telugu-cinema/article22456618.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003752/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/agnyaathavaasi-being-a-case-in-point-a-look-at-dismal-roles-for-female-actors-in-telugu-cinema/article22456618.ece |archive-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
</references>

{{Stock characters}}

[[Category:Depictions of women in film]]
[[Category:Female stock characters]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for women]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]

Ek Villain

2026-03-14T03:34:56Z

Tox Digital: clean up

{{short description|2014 film directed by Mohit Suri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = EK Villain
| image = Ek Villain Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohit Suri]]
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Tushar Hiranandani]]
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=[[Milap Zaveri|Milap Milan Zaveri]]
}}
| starring = [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Sidharth Malhotra]] [[Shraddha Kapoor]] [[Shaad Randhawa]]
| music = ''' Songs:''' [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Mithoon]] Soch - The Band '''Score:''' [[Raju Singh]]
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Rao]]
| editing = Devendra Murdeshwar
| studio = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|06|27|df=y}}(India)
| runtime = 129 minutes{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}39 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Villain – Movie – Box Office India |work=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=16 August 2016 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2271}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}169.62 crore<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-villain/box-office/ |title=Ek Villain Box Office Collection till Now | Box Collection – Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ek Villain: There's One in Every Love Story''''' ({{translation|A Villain}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Psychological film|psychological]] [[action thriller]] film directed by [[Mohit Suri]] and jointly produced by [[Shobha Kapoor]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]. Based on a script written by [[Tushar Hiranandani]] and [[Milap Zaveri|Milap Milan Zaveri]], and reported to be loosely inspired by the 2010 South Korean [[Action film|action]]-[[Thriller film|thriller]] film ''[[I Saw the Devil]]'', it stars [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain - India.com |url=https://www.india.com/topic/ek-villain/}}</ref> The narrative follows a reformed criminal who is once again set on a warpath when his wife dies at the hands of a serial killer, all the while grappling with his disturbing past and reminiscing his romantic journey with a dying girl.

''Ek Villain'' was released worldwide on 27 June 2014 and received positive reviews from critics, garnering praise for its theme, direction, screenwriting and action sequences with Deshmukh receiving particular praise in his first ever negative role. Made on a budget of {{INR|39}} crore, the film was a major box-office success with earnings of over {{INR|100}} crore domestically and a worldwide gross of {{INR|170}} crore, becoming Malhotra's highest-grossing release. The songs "[[Galliyan]]", "Zaroorat" and "Hamdard" became huge hits.

Malhotra and Deshmukh later reunited for the 2019 masala actioner ''[[Marjaavaan]]'', in which Deshmukh's entry as the [[antagonist]] was accompanied by him singing the award-winning song "[[Galliyan]]" from the ''Ek Villain'' soundtrack. A sequel titled ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'', starring [[John Abraham]] and [[Arjun Kapoor]], along with [[Disha Patani]] and [[Tara Sutaria]], was released in July 2022; Deshmukh reprises his role in the sequel both as part of archive footage and for a [[Post-credits scene|mid-credits appearance]].

== Plot ==
A young woman, Aisha Verma, tries kidnapped to leave a message for her husband, Guru Divekar, when a masked man who has entered her house kills her by [[defenestration]]. At her funeral, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer Aditya Rathore points out that it is vital to track down the murderer or else Guru will go on a killing spree.

'''Past''': Guru was a ruthless [[hitman]] working for mob boss Caesar, who raised and trained him to murder the goons who killed his parents. When Guru is arrested for killing Debu, Debu's mother refuses to testify against him and warns him that one day God will make him pay for his crimes by making him lose his loved one. Guru soon falls in love with Aisha, an optimistic girl dying from a terminal illness, and they get married. Guru gives up his old life and gets a job while Aisha receives treatment in Mumbai and recovers. She discovers she is pregnant and decides to tell Guru in person when he returns from his interview, but is murdered before she could.

'''Present''': Rakesh Mahadkar is an unsuccessful man who is constantly insulted and ridiculed by his wife, Sulochana "Sulu" Mahadkar, for his shortcomings. While he dearly loves his wife, he vents his frustration by murdering other women who speak rudely to him, and Aisha turns out to be one of them. Guru hunts down Rakesh and brutally beats angrily him up, then admits him to a hospital and pays for the expenses, intending to punish him by repeatedly bringing him to the brink of death, saving him, and doing it all over again.

At the hospital, when Guru learns that Aisha was pregnant, he is devastated. While assaulting a nurse, Rakesh is again interrupted by Guru. Rakesh realizes that Guru is Aisha's husband and is seeking vengeance. Upon the suggestion of his friend Brijesh, he taunts Guru over the phone and then kills Aisha's father. Rakesh expects Guru to kill angered him so that he can die as a hero in the eyes of Sulochana and everyone else, while Guru will be tarnished.

However, Caesar calls Guru and says that he has killed Sulochana to avenge Aisha for Guru and left Rakesh's little son Manish for Guru to kill. Enraged, Rakesh stabs Guru with a [[Screw driver|screwdriver]] and takes up a boulder to kill him, but is hit by a car and dies from his injuries.{{refn|group=N|A mid-credits scene in the sequel ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' reveals he survived the accident but has since been paralyzed from the waist down and uses a wheelchair.}} Guru adopts Manish and completes the wishes on Aisha's [[Wish list|bucket list]].

== Cast ==
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Rakesh Mahadkar: Sulu's husband; Manish's father; an electrician; a serial killer
* [[Siddharth Malhotra]] as Guru Divakar: a hitman; Aisha's widower
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]] as Aisha Divakar/Verma: Guru's wife; Aadesh's daughter
* [[Aamna Sharif]] as Sulochana "Sulu" Mahadkar: Rakesh's wife; Manish's mother
* [[Remo Fernandes]] as Caesar
* [[Shaad Randhawa]] as ACP Aditya Rathore
* [[Asif Basra]] as Aadesh Verma: Aisha's father
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Jia Shinde
* [[Prachi Desai]] as Herself in the song "Awari" (special appearance)
* [[Kamaal R. Khan]] as Brijesh Yadav: Rakesh's friend (special appearance)
* [[Al Mamun Al Siyam]] as Aisha's friend
* [[Vidyadhar Karmakar]] as Chotu
* [[Rumana Molla]] as Nidhi Sharma
* Nihar Gite as Manish Mahadkar: Rakesh & Sulu's son
* Praveena Deshpande as Dipu's Mother

== Production ==
===Development===
[[Ekta Kapoor]] signed [[Mohit Suri]] to direct a romantic thriller. ''Ek Villain'' had been reported to be a remake of the [[Korean cinema|Korean]] film ''[[I Saw the Devil]]'', though Suri refuted the claim.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/ek-villain-mohit-suri-i-saw-the-devil-sidharth-malhotra-shraddha-kapoor-riteish-deshmukh-194735-2014-05-28 Ek Villain Sequel not inspired by Korean film, says Mohit Suri]. India Today. 8 June 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530233335/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2513830/Ek-Villain-makers-deny-similarity-with-I-Saw-The-Devil Ek Villain makers deny similarity with I Saw The Devil]. Bollywood Hungama News Network. 8 June 2014</ref>

Suri has stated that every character in the film comes with grey shades.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140622103942/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/everyone-is-bit-of-a-villain-in-ek-villain-mohit-suri/480168-8-66.html Everyone is a bit of a villain in 'Phir Ek Villain': Mohit Suri] IBNLive 19 June 2014</ref>

== Marketing ==
The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) cleared the film with a U/A certificate after a total of eight cuts designed to tone down the action sequences and mute a particular word. [https://www.careerahead.in/post/q-a-with-tanujj-garg Tanuj Garg], representative of [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] stated the cuts were less than a minute of screen time.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/Bollywood/News-Interviews/Censors-clear-Ek-Villain-only-after-seven-cuts/articleshow/36695728.cms/ Censor Board Clears Ek Villain only after eight cuts] ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref>

The movie's official teaser which was released on 4 April 2014 with the film ''[[Main Tera Hero]]'',<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sidharth-Malhotras-trailer-in-Varun-Dhawans-film/articleshow/33184065.cms/ Sidharth Malhotra's trailer in Varun Dhawan's film!] ''The Times of India''</ref> got 1 million views on [[YouTube]] within three days of release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sidharth-shraddha-starrer-ek-villain-trailer-crosses-1-million-views-187852-2014-04-06 |title=Sidharth, Shraddha starrer Ek Villain trailer crosses 1 million views |website=India Today|date=6 April 2014 }}</ref> The official trailer of 2 minutes 18 secs was launched later and was well received by critics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/ek-villain-trailer-review-rustic-sidharth-battling-brooding-riteish-promises-a-piquant-film/ |title=Ek Villain Trailer Review: Rustic Sidharth Battling Brooding Riteish Promises A Piquant Film – Koimoi |date=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://businessofcinema.com/trailers-video-2/trailer-review-ek-villain-riteish-deshmukh-steals-show/139129/ Ek Villain Trailer Review: Riteish steals the show!] The business of Cinema</ref> as well as garnered praise from around the industry, including [[Karan Johar]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Katrina Kaif]] among others.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Ek-Villain-made-Mohit-Suri-meet-Karan-Johar-midnight/articleshow/35896407.cms/ |title=Ek Villain made Mohit Suri meet Karan Johar Midnight |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Mohit Suri]] and the film's music directors attended a musical event in [[Mumbai]] to promote the soundtrack of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/shraddha-kapoor-and-ankit-tiwari-sing-live-at-ek-villain-s-music-concert-in-mumbai_156202.html/ |title=Shraddha Kapoor and Ankit Tiwari sing live at 'Ek Villain's' music concert in Mumbai |date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Further, Malhotra and Kapoor promoted the movie at the IPL semi-finals<ref>[http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/shraddha-kapoor/sidharth-shraddha-promote-ek-villain/ Siddharth- Shraddha promote ''Ek Villain''] ''Pinkvilla''</ref> as well as on reality shows like ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>[http://businessofcinema.com/tele/ek-villian-sets-jhalak/151919/ Ek Villain sets the mood on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa] ''Business of Cinema''</ref> Promotion campaigns were also organized across the country in cities like [[Jaipur]], [[Kolkata]]<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-unwell-still-promoting-ek-villain/ Shraddha Kapoor Unwell, Still Promoting "Ek Villain"] ''[[The Indian Express]]''</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/villains-shraddha-kapoor-sidharth-malhotra-dazzle-in-delhi/ Villains Shraddha-Sidharth Dazzle In Delhi] ''[[The Indian Express]]''</ref> As a part of the promotional strategy, a television show based on [[Bollywood]] villains was hosted by Malhotra.<ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/television/sidharth-malhotra-to-make-tv-debut-with-show-on-bollywood-villains-543867/ Sidharth Malhotra To Host "Ek Villain Ek Dastaan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622073206/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/sidharth-malhotra-to-make-tv-debut-with-show-on-bollywood-villains-543867 |date=22 June 2014 }} [[NDTV]] 19 June 2014</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Ek Villain (soundtrack)}}
The songs are composed by [[Mithoon]], [[Ankit Tiwari]] and the band Soch. The lyrics are written by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Mithoon]] and members of Soch. The album consists of six songs with Tiwari composing "[[Galliyan]]", Mithoon composing "Zaroorat", "Humdard," and "Banjaara" while the remaining track "Awari" is composed by Soch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ek-villain-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1111741333 |title=Ek Villain (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=28 May 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>

The [[film score]] was composed by [[Raju Singh]].

==Release==
''Ek Villain'' was released theatrically on 27 June 2014, in 2539 screens in the domestic market.<ref name="Release">{{cite web |title='Ek Villain' ends 2014 first half on a high! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-business-talk/business-talk/ |access-date=2 July 2014 |work=[[Taran Adarsh]] |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Ek Villain'' received positive reviews from critics with praise for the performances of Deshmukh in particular.<ref name="Reviews">{{cite web |title='Ek Villain' Movie Review: Watch it for Riteish and Sidharth |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ek-villain-movie-review-watch-it-riteish-sidharth-603116 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the movie 4/5 stars and wrote that, "On the whole, ''Ek Villain'' is a stylish, spellbinding and terrifying edge-of-the-seat thriller. It's a step forward in this genre, without a doubt. A sure-shot winner!"<ref name="Review - Bollywood Hungama">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain (2014)- Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/585331/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801181302/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/585331 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=[[Taran Adarsh]] |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Raedita Tandon from ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars and stated that, "Though indulgent in parts, ''Ek Villain'' packs in a punch. Copy of a Korean film or not, it's 'good' paisa vasool entertainment."<ref name="Review - Filmfare">{{cite web |title=Movie Review: Ek Villain |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ek-villain-6546.html/ |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=Raedita Tandon |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628212441/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ek-villain-6546.html |archive-date=28 June 2014}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars in a scale of 5, stating that "You cannot fault the scale of ''Ek Villain'' or berate its lead star cast. But you wish you could celebrate this thriller like you did Suri's last movie outing ''Aashiqui 2''. This one lacks soul."<ref name="Review - TOI">{{cite news |title=Ek Villain movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Ek-Villain/movie-review/37267702.cms |access-date=29 June 2014 |author=Meena Iyer |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Aparna Mudi of ''[[Zee News]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 stars, concluding her review that "The unveiling of the visceral saga has a lot of strong characters and Mohit has done a good job in adapting a foreign film and complementing it with the drama that the Indian audience is used to. But he has gone a tad over in making a thriller. Maybe, filmmakers should step out of this trap more often and we wouldn`t be too far from making beacons of world cinema."<ref name="Review - Zee">{{cite web |title='Ek Villain' review: Tad overdone melodrama |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-review-watch-it-for-riteish-deshmukh_157384.html |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=Aparna Mudi |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=29 June 2014}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' stated that "I'm going with two-and-a-half out of five for 'Ek Villain'. If you're still wondering, the real villain here is the lousy script".<ref name="Review - CNN-IBN">{{cite web |title='Ek Villain' review: Moderately fulfilling, the film's real villain is a lousy script |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ek-villain-review-moderately-fulfilling-the-films-real-villain-is-a-lousy-script/482287-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629221848/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ek-villain-review-moderately-fulfilling-the-films-real-villain-is-a-lousy-script/482287-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=[[Rajeev Masand]] |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2 stars, commenting that "Suri is an innate storyteller, and can keep things moving. All he needs is a strong, all-the-way credible, original plot."<ref name="Review - Indian Express">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain review: Sidharth Malhotra is watchable even if he has a hard time doing menace |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ek-villain-review-sidharth-malhotra-is-watchable-even-if-he-has-a-hard-time-doing-menace/99/ |access-date=29 June 2014 |author=Shubhra Gupta |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 June 2014 }}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote that "As a whole, this film, besides its surface flair, does not have too much to fall back upon. Watch it only if that is good enough for you."<ref name="Review - NDTV">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Movie Review – NDTV |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/ek-villain-movie-review-984 |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017232038/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/ek-villain-movie-review-984 |url-status=dead }}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, stating that "Given free tickets, sure, you could escape ''Humshakals'' in theatres this weekend with this mediocre effort, but I say do yourself a favour and seek out the Korean DVD. (Uncover it, even.) Now that's bloody special."<ref name="Review - Rediff">{{cite web |title=Review: Ek Villain is too silly to thrill |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ek-villain-is-too-silly-to-thrill/20140627.htm |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=Raja Sen |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Ek Villain'' had what Box Office India called "very good" opening, with occupancies at around 55–60%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Has Very Good Initial |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/ekvillianhasverygoodinitial#.U67MvJSSxJk |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703100228/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/ekvillianhasverygoodinitial#.U67MvJSSxJk|archive-date=3 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film earned around {{INRConvert|167|m}} in its first day and around {{INRConvert|507|m}} in its first weekend, collecting around {{INRConvert|165|m}} and {{INRConvert|174|m}} in its second and third days respectively.<ref name="First weekend">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Has Excellent First Weekend |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-weekend-collection-rs-cr-biggest-grosser-after-salman-khan-s-jai-ho-15345.html |publisher=India tv news |access-date=2 July 2014 |date=30 June 2014}}</ref> The film collected around {{INRConvert|81|m}} in its fourth day<ref name="First Monday">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Collects Very Well on Monday |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/post-1st-monday-ek-villain-emerges-2014s-7th-highest-grosser/ |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=1 July 2014 |date=July 2014}}</ref> and around {{INRConvert|68|m}} in its fifth day.<ref name="First Tuesday">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Tuesday Business |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/ek-villain-1st-tuesday-box-office-collections/ |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=2 July 2014 |date=2 July 2014}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|1.013|b}} in two weeks<ref name="Second Week">{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Second Week |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ek-villain-box-office-collections-touch-rs-100-cr-riteish-deshmukh-scores-hattrick/1269209 |publisher=Finalcial express |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> and around {{INRConvert|1.056|b}} in three weeks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/ek-villain-beats-2-states-lifetime-collections-now-3rd-highest-grosser-of-2014/ |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=19 July 2014 |date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood 100 crore club">{{cite news |title=Ek Villain |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808035729/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/200 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2013 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'' reported that it will earn around {{INRConvert|1.08|b}} in India alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain To Fall Short of 100 Crore Nett |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/ekvilliantofallshortof100crorenett#.VBL3bpSSxJk |website=Box Office India |date=15 July 2014|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718162613/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/ekvilliantofallshortof100crorenett#.VBL3bpSSxJk|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film earned a distributor share of around {{INRConvert|510|m}} (Share).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kick Makes It Two 100 Crore Share Films For Salman Khan |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/kickmakesittwo100croresharefilmsforsalmankhan#.VBL3CZSSxJk |website=Box Office India |date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

''Ek Villain'' collected {{INRConvert|132|m}} outside India in its first weekend.<ref name="Overseas Weekend">{{cite news |title=Bollywood Box Office – Overseas: 'Ek Villain' surprises, 'Humshakals' crashes! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/531 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705030850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/531 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2014 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Ek Villain Returns}}

A [[standalone sequel]], ''Ek Villain 2'', which was later renamed as ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'', was officially announced on 30 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1366292397965987842?s=19 |title=JOHN - ARJUN - DISHA - TARA: #EKVILLAIN SEQUEL SHOOTING STARTS... Mahurat of #EkVillainReturns was held at #G7 multiplex in #Bandra, #Mumbai today... Filming has commenced... Stars #JohnAbraham, #ArjunKapoor, #DishaPatani and #TaraSutaria... Directed by #MohitSuri. |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> The film shows a face-off between two villains played by [[Arjun Kapoor]] & [[John Abraham]] while [[Disha Patani]] & [[Tara Sutaria]] play female leads, and was released on 29 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-villain-returns-first-look-the-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-and-tara-sutaria-starrer-to-hit-the-theatres-on-february-11-2022/articleshow/80832813.cms |title='Ek Villain Returns' first look: The John Abraham Arjun Kapoor, Disha patani and Tara Sutaria starrer to hit the theatres on July 29, 2022 |website=Times of India |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> The song "Galliyan" was recreated for the film titled "Galliyan Returns" sung and composed by Tiwari and written by Muntashir.

[[Shaad Randhawa]] and [[Riteish Deshmukh]] reprise their roles as ACP Aditya Rathore and Rakesh Mahadkar from the first film, respectively; with Deshmukh appearing in archived footage and later physically as a cameo in the mid-credits scene, revealing that he survived his fate from the first film.

==In popular culture==
* Deshmukh appeared in a cameo in the 2016 film ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]'' where, disguised as Rakesh, he is seen reciting his trademark promise. The film, also produced by Shobha and Ekta Kapoor, mentioned the song "Galliyan".
* Deshmukh's other cameo in the 2016 film ''[[Mastizaade]]'' in the title track features him once again reprising his role as Rakesh. The film was written and directed by [[Milap Zaveri]] who wrote the dialogues for ''Ek Villain''.
* Zaveri's 2019 film ''[[Marjaavaan]]'', which marks Malhotra's and Deshmukh's reunion after ''Ek Villain'', has the latter's entry scene set to the song "Galliyan".
*Characters in ''[[The Half of It]]'' watch, and then imitate, the scene of Guru chasing Aisha's train.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=9 | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216084934/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2015 |title=Winners List: BIG Star Entertainment Awards, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Thriller Film
| [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer (Male)
| [[Ankit Tiwari]] – "[[Galliyan]]"
|-
| Most Entertaining Actress in a Thriller Film
| rowspan="2" | [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actress in a Lead Role
|-
| Most Entertaining Director
| [[Mohit Suri]]
|-
| Most Entertaining Film of the Year
| [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
| Most Entertaining Song
| [[Ankit Tiwari]] – "[[Galliyan]]"
|-
| Most Entertaining Music
| Ankit Tiwari, [[Mithoon]], Rabbi Ahmed, Adnan Dhool, DJ Shadow
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "Galliyan"
| rowspan=8 {{nom}}
| rowspan=9 |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/ |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/ |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| [[Mithoon]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Rabbi Ahmad, Adnaan Dhool, [[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| rowspan=2 | Ankit Tiwari – "Galliyan"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| Manoj Muntashir – "Galliyan"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Shraddha Kapoor]] – "Galliyan" (Unplugged)
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| rowspan=2 | Rabbi Ahmad & Adnan Dhool (Soch) – "Awari"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
|-
| Listeners' Choice Album of the Year
| [[Mithoon]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Rabbi Ahmad, Adnaan Dhool, [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[60th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
| rowspan=3 |<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-2014-best-film-nominations/photostory/45951092.cms Nomination List: 60th Filmfare Awards, 2015]</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Mithoon, Ankit Tiwari, Soch
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| Ankit Tiwari – "[[Galliyan]]"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| [[GiMA Award for Best Engineer – Film Album|Best Engineer – Film Album]]
| Eric Pillai
| rowspan=4 {{won}}
| rowspan=9 |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gima.co.in/oty-winners_2015.php |title=Winners List: GIMA Awards, 2015 |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704124105/http://www.gima.co.in/oty-winners_2015.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150205084651/http://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php List of Nominees: GIMA Awards, 2015]</ref>
|-
| Most Popular Singer of the Year
| [[Ankit Tiwari]] – "[[Galliyan]]"
|-
| Celebrity Singer of the Year
| [[Shraddha Kapoor]] – "Galliyan"
|-
| Most Popular Song of the Year
| [[Ankit Tiwari]] – "Galliyan"
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Music Arranger and Programmer|Best Music Arranger and Programmer]]
| [[Dhrubajyoti Phukan]] – "Awari"
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Debut
| [[Shraddha Kapoor]] – "[[Galliyan]]"
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male)
| [[Ankit Tiwari]] – "Galliyan"
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Manoj Muntashir]] – "Galliyan"
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Mithoon]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Soch
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[16th IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shahid-kapoor-s-haider-wins-big-at-iifa-technical-awards-2079740 Winners List: 16th IIFA Technical Awards, 2015]</ref><ref>[https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/queen-wins-top-honours-at-iifa-115060800067_1.html List of Winners: IIFA Awards, 2015]</ref><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-2-states-haider-lead-iifa-2015-nominations-aamir-and-srk-pitted-for-best-actor-2077364 2 States, Haider, Queen, Ek Villian top the list of Nominations at 16th IIFA Awards, 2015]</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Manoj Muntashir]] – "[[Galliyan]]"
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| [[Ankit Tiwari]] – "Galliyan"
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
| Eric Pillai
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mithoon]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Soch
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[21st Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/photos/screen-awards-gallery/winners-at-21st-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-shahid-priyanka-shah-rukh-khan-deepika/lite/ Winners List: 21st Screen Awards, 2015]</ref><ref>[https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/21st-screen-awards-complete-list-of-winners-150115?amp List of Winners: 21st Life OK Screen Awards, 2015]</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Mithoon – "Banjaara"
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| Ankit Tiwari – "[[Galliyan]]"
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ek Villain}}
* {{IMDb title|3175038}}
* {{BH movie|ek-villain}}
{{Mohit Suri}}
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Kasaragod

2026-03-13T10:18:21Z

Tox Digital: fixed issues

{{Short description|Municipal city in Kerala, India}}
{{About|municipal town in Kerala, India}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kasaragod
| settlement_type = Town
| other_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Bakel Fort Beach Kasaragod4.jpg
| photo2a = Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg
| photo2b = The oldest photo of Masjid.JPG
| photo2c = Chandragiri River.jpg
| photo3a = Bekal Fort Kasargod.jpg
| photo3b = Arikady fort.jpg
| photo3c = Chandrigiri Fort -Kasaragod -Kerala -file 1001.jpg
| photo4a = Ranipuram hill.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 210
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:''' [[Bekal]] beach, [[Chandragiri River]], [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]], [[Ranipuram]], [[Bekal Fort]], [[Kavvayi Backwaters]] at [[Nileshwaram]], [[Malik Dinar Mosque]], and [[Arikady fort]]
}}
| nicknames = ''The Land of Seven Languages, The Land of God''<ref name="seven">{{Cite web|url=https://invest.kerala.gov.in/?district=kasaragod|title=Cazrod - the land of seven languages|access-date=12 September 2020|website=invest kerala|publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Kasaragod in Kerala
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = r
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5|N|75.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Kerala}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = Municipality Established
| established_date = 1966
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Kasaragod Municipality
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Shahina Salim ([[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|IUML]])
| leader_title1 = Deputy Chairperson
| leader_name1 = K M Haneefa
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name4 = [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 16.7
| area_metro_km2 = 93.3
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 19
| population_total = 54,172
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 192,856
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = {{bulletlist|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 September 2014 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>|[[English language|English]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671121
| area_code = +91 4994
| area_code_type = Telephone
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-14
| website = {{URL|http://kasargod.nic.in/index_main.htm|kasargod.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| official_name = Kasaragod
}}
'''Kasaragod''' ({{IPA|ml|kaːsɐrɐɡoːɖɨ̆|lang|LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-കാസർഗോഡ്.wav}}) is a municipal town and the administrative headquarters of the [[Kasaragod district]] in the state of [[Kerala, India]]. Established in 1966, Kasaragod was the first municipal town in the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാസർകോട് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/topics/kasargod/kasaragod.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=കാസർകോട് |language=ml}}</ref> It is the northernmost district of Kerala and is also known as ''Sapta Bhasha Sangama Bhumi'' ('The Land of Seven Languages').<ref name="seven"/>

Situated in the rich [[biodiversity]] of [[Western Ghats]], it is known for the [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri]] and [[Bekal Fort]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaczma.gov.in/hearing/records/kasaragod/Draft%20CZMP%20Kasaragod%207.pdf|title=Draft Map|publisher=keralaczma.gov.in|date=2012|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164432/http://keralaczma.gov.in/hearing/records/kasaragod/Draft%20CZMP%20Kasaragod%207.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Chandragiri River]], historic [[Kolathiri|Kolathiri Raja]]s, natural environment of [[Ranipuram]] and [[Kottancheri Hills]], historical and religious sites like the [[Madiyan Kulom temple]], [[Madhur Temple]], [[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Ananthapuram Lake Temple]] and [[Malik Deenar Mosque]]. The historic hill of [[Ezhimala]] is located on the southern portion of [[Kavvayi Backwaters]] of [[Nileshwaram]].

Kasaragod is located 90 km north of [[Kannur]] city corporation and 50 km south of [[Mangalore]]. [[Kasaragod district]] has the maximum number of rivers in Kerala - 12.<ref name="chaturmoovendanadi" /> The town is located on the estuary where the [[Chandragiri River]], which is also the longest river in the district, empties into the [[Arabian Sea]]. Kasaragod is home to several forts, including [[Arikady fort]], [[Bekal Fort]], [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]], and [[Hosdurg Fort]]. Bekal Fort is the largest and best preserved fort in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bekal Fort - largest and best preserved forts in Kerala {{!}} Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/bekal-fort/303/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Talakaveri]], which is home to [[Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary]] where the 805 km long [[Kaveri river]] originates, is located closer to [[Ranipuram]] on the Kerala-[[Karnataka]] border.

[[Robert Caldwell]] describes the extent of Malayalam in the 19th century as extending from Chandragiri ([[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|fort]] and [[Chandragiri River|river)]] in the north to [[Neyyar (river)|Neyyar river]] beyond [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the south and from [[Malabar Coast]] in the west to [[Western Ghats]] in the east besides the inhabited islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-206-0117-8 |pages=6, 16, 17–19, 20, 21–25, 31 |language=en |quote=Malayalam is spoken along the Malabar coast, on the western side of the Ghauts, or Malaya range of mountains, from the vicinity of Chandragiri (river and fort) near Mangalore, where it supersedes Canarese and Tuļu, to Trivandrum, where it begins to be superseded by Tamil. The people by whom this language is spoken in the native states of Travancore and Cochin, and in the East India Company's districts of Malabar and Canara, may be estimated at two and a half millions. (Pages 6, 16, 20, 31)}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|“Malayalam is spoken along the Malabar coast, on the western side of the Ghauts, or Malaya range of mountains, from the vicinity of Chandragiri (river and fort) near Mangalore, where it supersedes Canarese and Tuļu, to Trivandrum, where it begins to be superseded by Tamil. The people by whom this language is spoken in the native states of Travancore and Cochin,
and in the East India Company's districts of Malabar and Canara, may
be estimated at two and a half millions.” (Page 7)

"Kottara: This is the name of a place in the country of the 'Aii', or ' Paralia ' (identical with South Travancore), which is called ‘Kottiara Metropolis' by Ptolemy, ' Cottora' by Pliny. Undoubtedly the town referred to is ‘Kôțţâra' or, as it is ordinarily spelled by Europeans, ‘ Kotaur,' the principal town in South Travancore, and now, as in the time of the Greeks, distinguished for its commerce. The name of the place is derived from ‘ Kôd-u, ' Tam., a line of circumvallation, a fortification, and “ ârú, ' a river. It is a rule in the Tamil and the Malayalam, that when a word like ‘Kôd is the first member of a compound, the final ' ' must be doubled for the purpose of giving the word the force of an adjective : it is another rule that sonants when doubled become surds. Consequently the compound ‘kôd- ara' becomes by rule 'kôţt-âra' . It is interesting to perceive that in the time of the Greeks the same peculiar phonetic rules existed which are now in operation . It is also worth noticing that the Greek writers represent the last syllable of the name of the town, not as ' âru ,' but as 'âra . The Tamil has ' âru, ' the Malayalam 'ara ' At Kotaur, the dialectic peculiarities of the Malayalam language begin to supersede those of the Tamil; and this appears to have been the case even in the time of the
Greeks." (Page 62-63)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.CiXIV42 |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages |publisher=Harrison and sons |year=1856 |pages=7, 62–63 |language=en}}</ref>}}

==Etymology==
Said to be from Kannada ''kāsara'' "[[Strychnos nux-vomica]]" and ''gōḍe'' "rampart". In Malayalam Kasaragod was known as ''kāññirakkōṭŭ'' (The land of [[Strychnos nux-vomica|''kāññiram'' trees]]). ''kāññiram'' is Malayalam for Kasaraka trees ([[Kannada]] name) found in abundance here.<ref name="Kanhirakode">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar |year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |publisher=University of Madras |page=97
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="kasargod.nic.in">{{cite web |title=About District {{!}} Website of Kasargod {{!}} India |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>

Kasaragod was under the Kumbla dynasty until the 16th century, which was vassal to the kingdom of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]].<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> [[Kannada]] kingdoms focused on the port and surroundings in the 16th century CE.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=Kasaragod History |url=http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925134038/http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm |archive-date=25 September 2008 |access-date=11 March 2009 |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Steever|first=Sanford B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=15 April 2015|isbn=9781136911644|pages=158–159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860, A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788170995869|pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1998|isbn=9788120601178|pages=31|language=English}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Kasaragod}}

===Ancient era===
[[File:Anantapura Lake Temple.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy temple]] at Ananthapura, [[Kumbla]]]]

The ancient Tamil works of the Sangam Age record that the area covering the district was part of [[Puzhinadu]] which consists of the coastal belt from [[Kozhikode]] to [[Mangalore]]. Politically the area was part of the [[Ezhimala Kingdom]] with its capital at [[Ezhimala]] in present-day [[Kannur district]]. The most famous king of Ezhimala was Nannan whose kingdom extended up to Gudalur and northern parts of Coimbatore. Poozhinad, along with Karkanad which included the eastern regions of [[Mushika dynasty|Ezhimala dynasty]] ([[Wayanad]]-[[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] region with some portions of [[Kodagu]]), had its capital at [[Ezhimala]]. The Mooshaka kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century, [[Mooshika dynasty|Mooshaka Kingdom]] was known as Kolathirinad and the rulers as Kolathiris. The Kolathunad Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from [[Netravati River]] ([[Mangalore]]) in the north<ref name="Kola Swaroopam">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=2007 |page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> to [[Korapuzha]] ([[Kozhikode]]) in the south with Arabian Sea on the
west and [[Kodagu]] hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="Census_Handbook">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=9|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf}}</ref>

===Medieval era===
[[File:Malikdeenar Mosque in the Morning.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Malik Dinar Mosque]], [[Thalangara]], Kasaragod, is one of the oldest mosques in India.]]
[[File:Maipady palace.jpg|left|thumbnail|Maipady palace]]

Kasaragod, about 50 km south of [[Mangalore]] city, was an important centre of trade in earlier times. ''[[Malayalam literature|Ramacharitam]]'', probably the oldest literary work written in [[Old Malayalam]], which dates back to the 12th century CE, is thought to have written in Kasaragod district as its manuscripts were discovered from [[Nileshwaram]] and the poem mentions about [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]] in [[Kumbla]] in detail.<ref name="kasaragod">{{Cite web |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf |title=Aadyakla Malayala kavitha |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608091936/http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasaragod was known to the [[Arabs]] by the name ''Harkwillia''.<ref name="history"/> The [[Malik Dinar Mosque]] in Kasaragod town is one of the oldest [[Mosque|''Masjid'']]s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], Kasaragod, [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in Kasaragod town.<ref name="ch"/> Many [[Arab]] travelers visiting Kerala between the 9th and the 14th centuries visited Kasaragod, being an important trade centre then. [[Duarte Barbosa]], a Portuguese traveler who visited [[Kumbla]], near Kasaragod Town in 1514 recorded that rice being exported for coir to [[Maldives]].<ref name="history" /> According to Barbosa, the people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri]] in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south spoke a unique language, which they called as "Maliama" ([[Malayalam]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barbosa |first=Duarte |title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants (Volume 2) |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1989 |isbn=9788120604513 |pages=1–7 |language=en |quote=Per Barbosa, Malabar begins at the point where the kingdom of Narasyngua or Vijayanagar ends, that is at Cumbola (Cambola) on the Chandragiri river. But, as he (Barbosa) says, the Malayalam language extends as far north as the Chandragiri, and Malabar may be reckoned as extending south from this point to Cape Comorin.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barbosa |first1=Duarte |last2=Dames |first2=Mansel Longworth |year=1918 |title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants - Volume I |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https://indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/nlirepository/23567/61%2520B%2520275%2520%2528ii%2529%252021.pdf#page=301&zoom=60,0,1344 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=indianculture.gov.in |publisher=Asian Educational Services |pages=194–198}}</ref>

Until the 16th century CE, Kasaragod town was known by the name ''Kanhirakode'' (may be by the meaning, 'the land of ''Kanhira'' trees') in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Kanhirakode"/> The [[Kumbla]] dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern [[Tulu Nadu]] wedged between [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] and [[Netravati River]] (including present-day taluks of [[Manjeshwar]] and Kasaragod) from ''Maipady Palace'' at [[Kumbla]], had also been vassals to the [[Kolathunadu]] kingdom of [[North Malabar]], before the [[Kannada|Carnatic]] conquests of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}</ref> The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of [[Malayali]] [[Nair]]s and [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s.<ref name="askh"/> They also claimed their origin from [[legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]]s of Kerala.<ref name="askh"/> [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary [[Malayali]] kings.<ref name="askh"/>

The [[Kolathunadu|Kolathiri]] Dominion emerged into ten independent principalities, i.e. [[Kadathanadu]] ([[Vadakara]]), [[Dharmadom|Randathara]] or Poyanad ([[Dharmadom]]), [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]] ([[Thalassery]]), [[Nileshwaram]], Iruvazhinadu ([[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]]), [[Kurumbranad]] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> Many portions of the present-day [[Hosdurg taluk]] (Kanhangad) and [[Vellarikundu]] were parts of the [[Nileshwaram]] dynasty, who were relatives to both [[Kolathunadu]] as well as [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], in the early medieval period.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> The areas north to the [[Chandragiri river]] (present-day Taluks of Manjeshwaram and Kasaragod) were ruled by the Kumbala dynasty.<ref name="askh"/>

The [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]] is built on the southern bank of the estuary of [[Chandragiri River]], just opposite to Kasaragod town. The [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Bekal]], [[Pallikkara, Bekal|Pallikkara]], which is situated midway between Kasaragod and [[Kanhangad]], and which is largest fort in Kerala, was built in 1650 by [[Shivappa Nayaka]] of [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi]].<ref name="Bekal">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-portion-of-kasaragods-bekal-forts-observation-post-caves-in/article28993345.ece/ |title= A Portion of Kasaragod's Bekal Forts Observation Post Caves in |date=12 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{wide image|SeaFromBakel.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view from inside [[Bekal Fort]], the largest fort in Kerala}}

===Colonial era===
[[File:Valiyaparamba Beach sun set.jpg|thumbnail|Sunset at [[Valiyaparamba]] beach]]
[[File:Buchanan Journey map.jpg|left|thumbnail|A map of [[Malabar District]] (Malayalam district) drawn by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] in 1807. A portion of Kasaragod taluk of erstwhile British [[South Canara]] district to the south of Payaswini/Chandragiri river was also included in Malayalam region (just above the blue shaded region).]]

Francis Buchanan, the family doctor of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], visited Kasaragod in 1800.<ref name="history" /> In his travelogue, he recorded information on places like Athiraparambu, [[Kavvayi Backwaters|Kavvayi]], [[Nileshwaram]], [[Bekal]], [[Chandragiri]] and [[Manjeshwar]].<ref name="history" />

[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]] and Vellarikundu was part of Kolathunadu (south of Chandragiri river) and Kasaragod and Manjeshwaram was in the [[Tulu Nadu]] region (north of Chandragiri river).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Francis Hamilton|date=1807|title=A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar|publisher=Cadell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jD1NAAAAcAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=M.|first=Amruth|date=2004|title=Forest-Agriculture Linkage and its Implications on Forest Management: A study of Delampady panchayat|url=http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/69.pdf}}</ref>

In 1763, [[Hyder Ali]] raided Bedanoor (Bidnur), the capital of the Ikkery Naiks. His son [[Tippu Sultan]] raided much of [[Malabar district|Malabar]] region in Kerala. As per the [[Treaty of Seringapatam#:~:text=The Treaty of Seringapatam (also, Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.|Treaty of Seringapatam]] of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar, except [[Kanara]] to the [[British India|British]]. The British occupied Kanara only after the death of Tippu Sultan.<ref name="history" /> it is said that ''Kinavoor Molom'' (Sree Dharma Shashtha Temple) is belonging to ''Karinthalam'' (one of 64 Brahmin villages in old Kerala). Initially [[South Canara]] was placed under the [[Bombay presidency]].<ref name="ksd_81">{{cite book
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |page=11
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}</ref> Later on 16 April 1862, South Canara was transferred to [[Madras Presidency]] and Kasaragod taluk was formed by replacing the erstwhile [[Bekal]] taluk.<ref name="ksd_81"/> Kasaragod was the second-most populated Taluk in [[South Canara]] only after to [[Mangalore taluk]], and also the second-largest Taluk.<ref name="ml1951">{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
[[File:Malkassignboard.JPG|thumbnail|Road sign in Kasaragod town]]

Before the formation of Kerala, Kasaragod was a part of [[South Canara]] district of erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="gpckasaragod.ac.in">{{Cite web |title=About Kasaragod – Government Polytechnic College, Kasaragod |url=http://gpckasaragod.ac.in/about-kasaragod/#:~:text=Before%20the%20formation%20of%20Kerala,district%20in%20the%20year%201984. |access-date=2025-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, in the 19th century CE, Kasaragod Taluk witnessed many struggles to separate the region from South Canara and to merge it with the [[Malabar District]] as it was the only Malayalam-majority region in South Canara. Kasaragod became a part of [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] following the reorganization of states and the formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm |title= Kasargod After District Formation |publisher= Kasargod District |access-date= 11 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025049/http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm |archive-date= 10 April 2009 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Later Kasaragod was divided into two taluks for the ease of administration - Kasaragod and Hosdurg. Kasaragod was declared a district in 1984.<ref name="gpckasaragod.ac.in"/> The inclusion of Kasaragod with Kerala has been a contentious issue as there is a sizeable population that speaks Tulu and Kannada. At the time of 1951 Census of India, only 72.0% of the district's population chose their mother tongue as [[Malayalam]].<ref name="census1951">{{cite book | author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf}}</ref> 14.2% chose [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and 6.3% chose Kannada.<ref name="census1951"/> But it is noted that as per the 2011 census report only 8.8% and 4.2% of the total population in the district speak Tulu and Kannada respectively as their mother tongue. In 2012, the [[Second Chandy ministry|Second Oommen Chandy ministry]] appointed a commission under the leadership the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up special package for the district.<ref name="thehindu-kasaragod-package"/> In 2013, two more Taluks, namely [[Manjeshwaram taluk|Manjeshwaram]] and [[Vellarikundu]] were formed in the district.<ref name="tal">{{Cite news|title=12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece|last=|date=21 March 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Geography==
=== Climate ===
Kasaragod experiences a [[tropical monsoon climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. It receives a generous {{cvt|3825|mm|in}} of rain annually.

{{Weather box/concise C
| location=Kasaragod, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">
"CLIMATE: KASARAGOD",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/34993/].</ref>
| 31.4|31.5|32.2|32.7|32.2|29.3|28.2|28.4|28.8|30.0|31.0|31.5
| 21.7|22.8|24.3|25.9|25.7|23.9|23.4|23.6|23.5|23.8|23.1|22.0
| 1|1|5|55|262|1002|1190|647|338|229|77|18
}}

===Rivers===
Kasaragod has the maximum number of rivers in Kerala - 12.<ref name="chaturmoovendanadi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/rivers-kasaragod.php|title=Rivers in Kasargod|access-date=12 September 2020|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> All of them are west-flowing rivers.<ref name="Nammanadi">{{cite book
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Kasaragod (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_A_KASARAGOD.pdf
}}</ref> The longest of them is [[Chandragiri River]] (105 km long).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers, Kasaragod, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/rivers-kasaragod.php |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Kerala Tourism - Bekal |language=en}}</ref> The Kasaragod town is located on the estuary of Chandragiri river. It empties into the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Thalangara]].<ref name="Nammanadi"/> The [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]] is built on its bank. The river originates at Pattimala in [[Kodagu]] (Coorg).<ref name="Nammanadi"/> The smallest river of Kerala is also in the district.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Rivers of Kasaragod<ref name="Nammanadi"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[List of rivers of Kerala|'''River''']]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Origin''']]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Length (km)''']]
|-
| bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Total''']]
| bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Navigable''']]
|-
! 1
| [[Manjeshwar]] River
| Kadandur hills
| 16
| 3
|-
! 2
| [[Uppala River]]
| Kudipadi hills, [[Veerakamba]]
| 50
| ''N/A''
|-
! 3
| [[Shiriya River]]
| Kanakad hills, Anegundi Reserve Forest
| 61
| 5
|-
! 4
| [[Kumbla]] River
| Yedanad
| 11
| 3
|-
! 5
| [[Mogral River]]
| Kanlur, [[Karadka]] Reserve Forest
| 34
| ''N/A''
|-
! 6
| [[Chandragiri River]]
| Patti forest, [[Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 105
| 13
|-
! 7
| [[Kalnad]] River
| Chettianchal
| 8
| ''N/A''
|-
! 8
| [[Bekal]] River
| Kaniyadka
| 11
| ''N/A''
|-
! 9
| Chittari River
| Kundiya
| 25
| ''N/A''
|-
! 10
| [[Neeleshwaram River]] (Thejaswini River)
| [[Kinanoor]], [[Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 47
| 11
|-
! 11
| [[Kariangode River]]
| Padinalkad, [[Kodagu district|Coorg hills]]
| 64
| 24
|-
! 12
| [[Kavvayi Backwaters|Kavvayi River]]
| [[Cheemeni]]
| 23
| 10
|}

==Science and research==
{{main|List of educational institutions in Kasaragod district}}

[[File:Central University of Kerala Campus 07.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Central University of Kerala]] is situated in the district.]]
[[File:CPCRI Main Building.jpg|left|thumbnail|The [[Central Plantation Crops Research Institute]] at Kasaragod was established in 1916.]]
[[File:Government college kasaragod 03.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Government College Kasaragod]] was established in 1957.]]

Kasaragod district comes under the jurisdiction of [[Kannur University]]. Kasaragod is home to the [[Central Plantation Crops Research Institute]], originally established in 1916 as the Coconut Research Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPCRI 🌴 |url=https://cpcriagribiz.in/home/commer#:~:text=The%20headquarters%20of%20the%20institute,through%20innovative%20technology%20transfer%20initiatives. |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=cpcriagribiz.in}}</ref> It is part of India's National Agricultural Research System under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.<ref name=CPCRI>{{cite web | url =http://cpcri.gov.in/index.php/2014-03-04-05-40-42/2014-06-30-11-03-48/about-institute/ | title =About Institute | website =CPCRI.in | publisher =Central Plantation Crops Research Institute | access-date =25 January 2016 | quote ="The Coconut Research Station at Kasaragod in Kerala was initially established in 1916 by the then Government of Madras and subsequently it was taken over by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1948" | archive-date =1 February 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160201175742/http://cpcri.gov.in/index.php/2014-03-04-05-40-42/2014-06-30-11-03-48/about-institute/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> According to the institute, Kerala "lies in the heart of the major coconut growing areas of the country." It is also home to the Indian Society for Plantation Crops, which publishes the ''[[Journal of Plantation Crops]]'' and holds symposiums on the subject.<ref name=ISPC>{{cite web | url =http://indsocplantationcrops.in/ | title =Indian Society for Plantation Crops| website =indsocplantationcrops.in | publisher = Indian Society for Plantation Crops| access-date =25 January 2016 }}</ref> The [[Central University of Kerala]] is also located in Kasaragod(Periya hills).
* The [[Central Plantation Crops Research Institute]] at Kasaragod was established in 1916.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpcri.gov.in/ |title=Central Plantation Crops Research Institute(CPCRI) |publisher=cpcri |date= |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009103916/http://www.cpcri.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Government College Kasaragod]] was established in 1957.
* The [[Central University of Kerala]] was established in 2009.<ref name="site_ref1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150202231030/http://cukerala.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=141&lang=en Description on official website]</ref><ref name="foo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130722022223/http://www.cukerala.ac.in/docs/Prospectus-2013-Central-University-of-Kerala.pdf Prospectus of Central University of Kerala]</ref>
* Malik Deenar Institute of Management Studies is located at Seethamgoly, Kasaragod.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malikdeenarmba.com/index.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818090136/http://www.malikdeenarmba.com/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Lal Bahadur Shastry college of engineering, Kasaragod, was established in 1993.
* Khansa Women's College For Advanced Studies, Kasaragod
* Jamia Sa Adiya Arts and Science College, Kasaragod
* Sharaf Arts & Science College, Padanna
* Zainab Memorial B.Ed. Centre, Kasaragod
* Peoples Arts & Science College, Munnad, Kasaragod
* Co-operative Arts & Science College, Badiadka, Kasaragod
* St. Gregorios College of Engineering, Perla, Kasaragod

==Transport==
[[File:Kasaragod Railway Station (4601247110).jpg|thumbnail|[[Kasaragod railway station]] lies on [[Mangalore]]-[[Shoranur]] railway line in [[Palakkad railway division]].]]

The [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] which connects the western coast of India from [[Mumbai]] to [[Kanyakumari]] passes through coastal area of the district connecting the major coastal towns of [[Manjeshwar]], [[Uppala]], [[Kumbla]], Kasaragod, [[Udma]], [[Bekal]], [[Kanhangad]], [[Nileshwaram]], and [[Thrikaripur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/all-new-national-highways-to-be-made-of-concrete-nitin-gadkari/articleshow/45718060.cms|title=All new national highways to be made of concrete: Nitin Gadkari|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270817/national-highway-work-gains-speed-in-kerala.html|title = National Highway work gains speed in Kerala|date = 27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/kasaragod-thiruvananthapuram-nh-six-lane-track.html |website=OnManorama |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> It enters the district at [[Thalappady, Kasaragod|Thalappady]] and goes out through [[Payyanur]]. There are [[Roads in Kerala|State highways]] starting/ending at Kasaragod and [[Kanhangad]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://spb.kerala.gov.in/images/er/er14/Chapter5/Appendix/5-2.pdf| title=Economic review 2015| access-date=27 February 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Total length of [[Roads in Kerala|Major District Road]] (MDR) of Kasaragod is around 1460 km and it accounts for around 11.2 km of MDR for every 10,000 people in the district.<ref name="eco">{{Cite book|title=Economic Review 2020 - Volume I|last=Government of Kerala|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board|year=2021|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/English-Vol-1_0.pdf}}</ref> The [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) has stations to operate its service in the district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralartc.com/html/aboutus.html |title=All about KSRTC |publisher=Keralartc.com |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625184242/http://www.keralartc.com/html/aboutus.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The railway goes through coastal area. [[Kasaragod railway station]] lies in [[Palakkad railway division]] of southern zone on [[Mangalore]]-[[Shoranur]] line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1401249938942-b-Salient.pdf|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF PALGHAT DIVISION|website=sr.indianrailways.gov.in/|publisher=Southern Railway}}</ref> Kasaragod district is home to three of the 13 [[Kerala#Water transport|minor ports in Kerala]] - [[Manjeshwar]], Kasaragod, and [[Nileshwaram]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=424}} The nearest international airports are situated at [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]] (65 km away) and [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]] (110 km away).

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religions in Kasaragod Town''' (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 54.65
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 43.56
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 1.58
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 0.22
|color4 = Black
}}

As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kasaragod municipality had a population of 54,172 which constitutes 26,319 males and 27,853 females. Kasaragod municipality spreads over an area of {{cvt|16.69|km2}} with 10,202 families residing in it. The municipality is divided into 35 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The female sex ratio was 1058 against state average of 1084. Population in the age group 0-6 was 7,234 (13.4%) where 3,716 are males and 3,518 are females. The literacy rate of Kasaragod town was 94.76% higher than state average of 94%. Male literacy stands at 96.5% and female literacy was 93.1%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=86,87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

{{bar box
| title = Languages in Kasaragod taluk<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Census of India - Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website= censusindia.gov.in |access-date= 17 April 2020}}</ref>
| titlebar = #FCD116
| left1 = Language
| right1 = Speakers
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Malayalam]]|red|70.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Tulu language|Tulu]]|black|16.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Kannada]]|blue|6.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|yellow|2.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]|orange|2.3}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|1.9}}
| caption = Distribution of languages 
{{small|Source: 2011 Census}}
}}

==Politics==
[[File:Local Self Governance in Kasaragod District.svg|thumbnail|Kasaragod acts as the administrative headquarters of [[Kasaragod district]].]]

The current Municipal Chairman of Kasaragod municipality is Adv. V. M. Muneer of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] and the deputy chairperson is Shamseeda Feroz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/224|title=Kasaragod Municipality Election (2020)|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

The major political parties are [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[CPI(M)]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[CPI]], and [[BJP]]. North Kasaragod is dominated by [[IUML]] which is followed by [[BJP]], and the south is dominated by [[CPI(M)]]. [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]] is the present Member of Legislative Assembly, from [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod Assembly Constituency]]. It is a part of [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Indian National Congress (INC) member [[Rajmohan Unnithan]] is the present MP from Kasaragod (2019 elections).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/administration/mp.htm |title=Kasaragod Parliament Constituency |access-date=18 October 2009 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621111710/http://kasargod.nic.in/administration/mp.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 }}</ref>

[[Kannada language|Kannada]] has linguistic minority status in the [[Manjeshwaram taluk]] of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasargod: Success for Kannadigas - Manjeshwar gets linguistic minority status |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=708067 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Backwardness ==
[[File:Kalikkadavu (4472443272).jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Thrikaripur]] town]]
[[Kasaragod district]] is the northernmost district of Kerala, which is much away from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state headquarters, which is located in the southernmost tip of state. [[Manjeshwaram]] town is located about 600 km north of the state headquarters [[Thiruvananthapuram]], about 30 km south of [[Mangalore]], about 350 km west of [[Bangalore]], the headquarters of the neighbouring state [[Karnataka]], and about 950 km south of [[Mumbai]] city. In 2012, the [[Second Chandy ministry|Second Oommen Chandy ministry]] appointed a commission under the leadership of the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up a special package for the district.<ref name="thehindu-kasaragod-package">{{Cite news|title=Commission to draw up package for Kasaragod|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Commission-to-draw-up-package-for-Kasaragod/article12890231.ece|last=Roy Mathew|date=24 May 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2013, two more Taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and [[Vellarikundu]] were formed in the district.<ref name="tal" /> Before this, the district had only two taluks. The decision to implement a gas-based power plant at [[Cheemeni]] was taken by the [[Second Chandy ministry|second Chandy government]].<ref name="power">{{Cite news|title=Kerala to get three gas-based power projects|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Kerala-to-get-three-gas-based-power-projects|last=|date=26 August 2013|work=Projects Today}}</ref> A government medical college was allowed for Kasaragod district, as a part of the government's new policy to establish at ensure availability of at least one government medical college in all [[List of districts of Kerala|14 districts]] of the state in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mci-recognition-for-manjeri-medical-college/article27029294.ece|last=Special Currespondent|date=4 May 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-government-medical-college-in-kerala-after-31-years/article5082996.ece|last=Staff Reporter|date=2 September 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{main|List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod}}

{{wide image|File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-walking bridge.jpg|400px|Kottappuram walking bridge, [[Nileshwar]]}}
[[File:Edayilakkad.jpg|thumbnail|[[Edayilakkad]] island in [[Valiyaparamba]]]]
* [[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Ananthapuram Lake Temple]]
* [[Arikady fort]]
* [[Bekal Fort]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=5 Lesser Known Forts in India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70545/5-lesser-known-forts-in-india-part-two|last=Simran Gill|date=14 June 2020|access-date=12 September 2020|work=Outlook India}}</ref>
* [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Kerala Sanchaaram |last=Divakaran |first=Kattakada |year=2005 |publisher= Z Library |location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=925 }}</ref>
* [[Edayilakkad|Edayilakkad Island]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sisem.in/docs/ICZM_Kerala_concept_note_2015.pdf |title=Proposal Submitted to Government of India: Integrated Coastal Zone Management |year=2015 |website=sisem.in |publisher=Government of Kerala |page=60 |quote=The area has rich biodiversity. The sacred grove viz. Edayilakkad island preserves many rare and endemic species. |access-date=12 September 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Kanwatheertha beach
* Kappil beach<ref>{{Cite news|title=6 Lesser-Known Places in Kerala for a Weekend Break|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70710/6-offbeat-and-lesser-known-locations-to-visit-in-kerala|last=Vishnu Mohan|date=27 July 2020|access-date=12 September 2020|work=Outlook India}}</ref>
* Kottanchery hills
* [[Malik Dinar Mosque]]
* Mayipady palace<ref>{{Cite news|title=Finding everland|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/477974/finding-everland.html|last=Giridhar Khasnis|date=17 May 2015|access-date=12 September 2020|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* [[Nileshwaram]] [[Estuary]] beach
* [[Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Kasargode|Our Lady of Sorrows Church]]
* Pallikkara beach
* [[Ranipuram|Ranipuram Hill Station]]
* [[Valiyaparamba|Valiyaparamba Island]]
{{wide image|SeaFromBakel.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view from inside [[Bekal Fort]]}}

== Notable people ==
[[File:Panathur town.jpg|thumbnail|[[Panathur]] is an important hilly town in the district (closer to [[Western Ghats]]).]]
[[File:Badiyadka Town Night View.jpg|thumbnail|[[Badiyadka]] town at night]]

* [[Ambikasuthan Mangad]] – Malayalam writer
* [[Anil Kumble]] – former Indian cricketer, coach, and commentator
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – Indian actor
* [[Asif Kottayil]] – Indian footballer
* [[Bellikoth Raghunath Shenoy]] – Indian economist
* [[D. K. Chowta]] – Indian businessman
* [[E. Chandrasekharan]] – minister of [[Kerala]]
* [[Harikumar Pallathadka]] – [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] activist
* [[K. K. Venugopal]] – Attorney General of India
* [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]] – Indian artist
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] – Indian actress
* [[Kayyar Kinhanna Rai]] – Indian Independence activist
* [[Mahima Nambiar]] – Indian actress
* [[Mirshad Michu]] – Indian football goalkeeper
* [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]] – Indian footballer
* [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] – Indian cricketer
* [[P. Kunhiraman Nair]] – [[Malayalam]] poet
* [[Pallathadka Pramoda Kumari]] – scientist
* [[Prakash Bare]] – actor
* [[Roopesh Shetty]] – actor in the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada, Tulu film industry]], [[radio jockey]] in [[Mangalore]], and model
* [[Santhosh Echikkanam]] – Malayalam short story writer
* [[Sara Aboobacker]] – Kannada writer
* [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] – Indian actor
* [[Vysakh]] – [[Malayalam]] film director


== See also ==
* [[Kasaragod East]]
* [[Kuloor]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Kasaragod District]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Further reading ==
===General===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}
* ''Manorama Yearbook 1995'' (Malayalam Edition) {{ISSN|0970-9096}}.
* ''Manorama Yearbook 2003'' (English Edition) {{ISBN|81-900461-8-7}}.

===History===
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}

===Languages===
* {{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0013294_Census_of_India_1951.pdf
}}

===District Census Handbooks===
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = K. Narayanan | year=1973
| title= 1971 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5695/1/25255_1971_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = K.Narayanan | year=1973
| title= 1971 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (Part-C) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5711/1/28874_1971_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. Vijayanunni | year=1983
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5747/1/27978_1981_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = N. M. Samuel | year=1993
| title= 1991 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5784/1/35807_1991_KAS.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Sheela Thomas | year=2003
| title= 2001 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5791/1/37444_2001_KAS.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Kasaragod (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_A_KASARAGOD.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Kasaragod (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kasaragod}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Kasaragod}}
* [http://www.cpcri.gov.in/ CPCRI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009103916/http://www.cpcri.gov.in/ |date=9 October 2012 }}
* [http://kasargod.nic.in/ Official Website of the District Administration]
* [https://invest.kerala.gov.in/?district=kasaragod]

{{Kerala}}

{{Kasaragod District Municipalities}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]

Lungi (film)

2026-03-03T21:28:05Z

Tox Digital: added pg

{{short description|2019 Indian Kannada romantic film by Arjun Lewis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Lungi
| image = Lungi_(film).jpg
| caption =
| director = Arjun Lewis Akshith Shetty
| producer = Mukesh Hegde
| screenplay =
| starring = Pranav Hegde Ahalya Suresh Radhika Rao
| music = Prasad K. Shetty
| cinematography = Rijo P. John
| editing =
| studio = Khara Entertainment Banner
| released = {{Film date|2019|10|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Lungi''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]] romantic love story directed by Arjun Lewis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/sep/05/lungi-to-have-directors-arjun-lewis-and-akshith-shetty-at-the-helm-2029008.html |title=Lungi to have directors Arjun Lewis and Akshith Shetty at the helm |newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> and Akshith Shetty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/working-on-lungi-has-been-a-learning-experience/articleshow/71465004.cms |title=Working on Lungi has been a learning experience |newspaper=Times of India |accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/arjun-lewis-and-akshit-shetty-turn-directors-with-lungi/articleshow/71009854.cms |title=Arjun Lewis and Akshit Shetty turn directors with 'Lungi' |newspaper=Times Of India |accessdate=6 September 2019}}</ref> The film has been bankrolled by Mukesh Hegde under the Khara Entertainment banner. The film stars newbie Pranav Hegde opposite Ahalya Suresh and Radhika Rao, while Prakash Thuminadu, Vj Vineeth, Karthik Varadaraju, Deepak Rai Panaji, and Roopa Vorkady appear in supporting roles.

This film also marks the foray of popular [[Tulu language|Tulu]] film producer Mukesh Hegde to Sandalwood. Mukesh has earlier produced Tulu films such as Barsa and Are Marler. While Rijo P John has worked as the cinematographer for his movie, Prasad K Shetty has composed the music for Lungi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/04/lungi-a-romcom-with-a-message-14092.html |title=Lungi a romcom with a message |publisher=Cinema Express |accessdate=5 September 2019}}</ref>

''Lungi'' follows the life of Rakshit as he achieves all his dreams and finds the love of his life through the Lungi.

==Plot==
The movie is all about Rakshit's journey, how he finds the purpose of his life and love through the Lungi. Rakshit is your quintessential boy next door who wants what everyone wants, to be happy and to make his parents happy. In an unexpected turn, the father of the love of his life inspires him and helps him find a way to achieve all his dreams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ever-wondered-why-many-of-us-dont-wear-a-lungi-to-the-mall/articleshow/71429642.cms |title='Ever wondered why many of us don't wear a lungi to the mall' |newspaper=Times of India |accessdate=4 October 2019}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Pranav Hegde as Rakshith Shetty
* Ahalya Suresh
* Radhika Rao
* [[Prakash Thuminad]]
* Vj Vineeth
* Karthik Varadaraju
* Deepak Rai Panaje
* Roopa Vorkady

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nagabeda Ande Naanu
| length1 = 05:04
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = Arjun Lewis
| title2 = Waste Body
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length2 = 04:15
| lyrics2 = Arjun Lewis
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 11 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lungi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lungi/movie-review/71538916.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಈ 'ಲುಂಗಿ' ಒಂಥರಾ ಸರಳ ಸುಂದರ;ಲುಂಗಿ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/pranav-hegde-ahalya-suresh-starer-lungi-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/71537140.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|11023800}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Tom & Jerry (1995 film)

2026-03-03T21:21:01Z

Tox Digital: Put Up A Stub First Draft.

{{For|films of the unrelated American cartoon franchise featuring the cat and mouse duo|Tom and Jerry filmography}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tom & Jerry
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Kaladharan
| producer = N. J. Cyril
| screenplay = Rajan Kiriyath Vinu Kiriyath
| story = Lakshmi Nair
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]|[[Jagadish]]|[[Annie Shaji Kailas|Annie]]|[[Jagathi Sreekumar]]}}
| music = K. Sanan Nair
| cinematography = Venu
| editing = Bhoominathan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tom & Jerry''''' is 1995 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Kaladharan.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kaladharan |title=Tom & Jerry |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0356134/ |type=Comedy, Action |access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> The film stars [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagadish]], [[Annie Shaji Kailas|Annie]], and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]].

==Plot==
The film tells the story about two men, who searches for his father whom he has never met; they meet and help a little girl escape from her identity stealing con-artist Aunt Balagopalan in order to find her lost (and presumed dead) father who was actually murdered by Chandrasekharna Varma.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Balagopalan
*[[Jagadish]] as Kuttikrishnan
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Mukundan
*[[Annie Shaji Kailas|Annie]] as Meenakshi
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Krishnadas
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Ananthan Nambiar / Chandrasekhara Varma
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kesava Kaimal
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Lazar
*[[Zainuddin (actor)|Sainuddin]] as Peter
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Chachan
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Ramanan
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]]
*[[Harisree Asokan]]
*[[Vinduja Menon]] as Nandini
*[[Zeenath]] as Devaki (as Zeenat)
*[[Sukumari]] as Balagopalan's Mother
*[[Machan Varghese]] as Security
* [[Biju Pappan]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0356134|Tom & Jerry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tom and Jerry (1995 film)}}
[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1995 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaladharan]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-comedy-film-stub}}

7 Days 6 Nights

2026-03-03T09:15:53Z

Tox Digital: Creating A Post First Draft

{{Short description|2022 film by M. S. Raju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 7 Days 6 Nights
| image = 7 Days 6 Nights poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[M. S. Raju]]
| writer = M. S. Raju
| producer = [[Sumanth Ashwin]] S. Rajanikant
| starring = Sumanth Ashwin Meher Chahal Rohan Kritika Shetty
| narrator =
| cinematography = Nani Chamidisetty
| editing = Junaid Siddique
| music = Samarth Gollapudi
| studio = Wild Honey Production Wintage Pictures ABG Creations
| distributor = [[Sumanth Art Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|24|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''7 Days 6 Nights''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[M. S. Raju]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Sambi |title=7Days 6 Nights Movie Review; 7 డేస్ 6 నైట్స్... మూవీ రివ్యూ... |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/7-days-6-nights-movie-review-and-rating-rdzj89 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Asianet Star Communications|Asianet Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=Crazy Response to MS Raju's 7 Days 6 Nights Theatrical Trailer |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/crazy-response-ms-raju-s-7-days-6-nights-theatrical-trailer-150955 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Sumanth Ashwin]], Meher Chahal, Rohan M and Kritika Shetty in primary roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7Days 6 Nights: చార్మినార్‌ వద్ద '7 డేస్‌ 6 నైట్స్‌' టీమ్‌ సందడి |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/7days-6-nights-team-at-charminar/0205/122121661 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> ''7 Days 6 Nights'' was released on 24 June 2022.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Anand and Mangalam, friends with different mindsets travel to Goa on a Bachelors Trip. They meet 2 young girls and Mangalam falls in love. Anand tries to stop Mangalam, as he's already engaged. What's next makes the fun-filled story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sumanth Ashwin]] as Anand
* Meher Chahal as Rathika
* Rohan M as Mangalam
* Kritika Shetty as Ameya
* Rishika Bali as Vinni
* Sushma
* [[Goparaju Ramana]]
* Junaid Siddique
* Murali Krishna
* Pramila
* Imran
* Charan
* Krishna Teja
* Pratyusha
* Vijay Kumar
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] (voice)
}}

== Production ==
The film was officially announced in May 2021 coinciding with the birthday of M. S. Raju. Speaking to ''[[10TV]]'', Sumanth said that the filming will begin in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-10 |title=7 Days 6 Nights : ఈసారి 7 డేస్ 6 నైట్స్ అంటున్న ఎం.ఎస్. రాజు {{!}} 7 Days 6 Nights |url=https://10tv.in/latest/director-ms-raju-next-movie-titled-as-7-days-6-nights-223109.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[10TV]] |language=te}}</ref> The film was shot extensively in [[Udupi]] and [[Mangalore]] of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2021-08-27 |title=M.S. Raju wrapped up 7 Days 6 Nights shoot in record time!! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ms-raju-wrapped-up-7-days-6-nights-shoot-in-record-time-703622 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2021-09-03 |title=A first for MS Raju's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030921/a-first-for-ms-rajus-film.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> In an interview with [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']], Raju revealed that 1949 Hindi film [[Barsaat (1949 film)|''Barsaat'']] was an inspiration for this film. Sumanth Ashwin's character is designed on the basis of [[Raj Kapoor]]'s role in ''Barsaat''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=కొత్త హీరోయిన్లు అని అలుసుగా చూడలేదు: ఎంఎస్‌ రాజు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/ms-raju-reveals-interesting-facts-about-7-days-6-nights-movie-1465464 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack and score is composed by Samarth Gollapudi.{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Let Me Go There
| length1 = 2:36
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth, Samarth Gollapudi
| extra1 = Nutana Mohan, Samarth Gollapudi
| title2 = Take Me
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth, Samarth Gollapudi
| extra2 = Samarth Gollapudi, Sanjana Udayagiri
| title3 = Chinna Zindagi
| length3 = 3:06
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| extra3 = Prudhvi Chandra
}}

== Release ==
After [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] postponed its release date, several films including ''7 Days 6 Nights'' was planned to release on 14 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=As SS Rajamouli's RRR gets postponed, 6 Telugu films line up to release on Sankranthi festivities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-gets-postponed-6-telugu-films-line-up-sankranthi-festivities-7703067/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was then postponed and theatrically released on 24 June 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-06-01 |title=ఈ నెల (జూన్)లోనే ఎంఎస్ రాజు '7 డేస్ 6 నైట్స్', విడుదల ఎప్పుడంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/ms-raju-directorial-7-days-6-nights-movie-starring-sumanth-ashwin-meher-chahal-will-release-on-june-24th-35815 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and stated that "The movie's first half breezes effortlessly - the hangover humour, fantastic visuals, a bit of father-son bond, and the car journey to Goa keep the viewers entertained. However, while still engaging in parts, the second half suffers a slight drag and monotony in the characters' mannerisms".<ref>{{Citation |title=7 Days 6 Nights Movie Review |date=2022-06-24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/7-days-6-nights/movie-review/92432690.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=2022-06-29}}</ref> [[NTV (Indian TV channel)|''NTV'']] in their review opined that dialogues and duration are film's plus points, whereas slow-pace narration, story and screenplay are film's negative factors.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-24 |title=7 Days 6 Nights Review : రివ్యూ 7 డేస్ 6 నైట్స్ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/7-days-6-nights-review-186320.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[NTV (Indian TV channel)|NTV]] |language=te-IN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220629071817/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/7-days-6-nights-review-186320.html|archive-date=2022-06-29}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15310668|title=7 Days 6 Nights}}
{{M. S. Raju}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Raju]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]

Samhita

2026-02-28T00:01:37Z

Tox Digital: revised

{{Short description|Indian Hindu text, the oldest layer of the Vedas}}
{{for|the film|Samhita (film)}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''Samhita''' ([[IAST]]: ''Saṃhitā'') literally means "put together, joined, union",<ref name=monier/> a "collection",<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/37 37] }}</ref> and "a methodical, rule-based combination of text or verses".<ref name=monier>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1156.html saMhita], Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, page 1123</ref> ''Saṃhitā'' also refers to the most ancient layer of text in the [[Veda]]s, consisting of [[mantra]]s, hymns, prayers, [[Litany|litanies]] and [[benediction]]s.<ref name=jl>Lochtefeld, James G. "Samhita" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 587</ref>

Parts of ''Vedic Samhitas'' constitute the oldest living part of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] tradition.<ref name=jl/>

==Etymology==
''Samhita'' is a Sanskrit word from the prefix sam (सम्), 'together', and hita (हित), the past participle of the verbal root dhā (धा) 'put'.<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Samhita Samhita], Merriam Webster Etymology (2008), Quote: "Sanskrit samhita, literally, combination, from sam together + hita, past participle of dadhati he puts, places"</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA12 |year=1922|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|page=12}}</ref> The combination word thus means "put together, joined, compose, arrangement, place together, union", something that agrees or conforms to a principle such as dharma or in accordance with justice, and "connected with".<ref name=monier/> ''Samhitā'' (संहिता) in the feminine form of the past participle, is used as a noun meaning "conjunction, connection, union", "combination of letters according to euphonic rules", or "any methodically arranged collection of texts or verses".<ref name=monier/><ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=The Sacred Books of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64A5AQAAMAAJ |year=1891|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=xlii}}</ref>

==Discussion==
In the most generic context, a ''Samhita'' may refer to any methodical collection of text or verses: any [[shastra]], [[sutra]], or Sanskrit Epic, along with Vedic texts, might be referred to as a ''Samhita''.<ref name=monier/>

''Samhita'' in contemporary literature, however, typically refers to the bodies of [[poetic metre|metrical]]ly precise texts which make up the most archaic parts of each Veda: these are [[mantra]]s (sacred sounds with or without literal meaning), as well as panegyrics, prayers, [[Litany|litanies]] and [[benediction]]s petitioning nature or Vedic deities.<ref name=jl/> A Vedic ''Samhita'' is, therefore, the collection of such texts as found in one of the ''[[Vedas]]'' ([[Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]]).

The [[Vedas]] have been divided into four styles of texts – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the [[Brahmanas]] (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the [[Aranyakas]] (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the [[Upanishads]] (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).<ref name="ab"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Jan |last=Gonda |year=1975 |title=Vedic Literature |volume=Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447016032}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |pages=35–37 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521438780}}</ref> The Samhitas are sometimes identified as ''karma-khanda'' (कर्म खण्ड, action / ritual-related section), while the Upanishads are identified as ''jnana-khanda'' (ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge / spirituality-related section).<ref name=ab>{{cite book |first=A. |last=Bhattacharya |year=2006 |title=Hindu Dharma: Introduction to scriptures and theology |pages=8–14 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0595384556}}</ref><ref>See {{Google books |3uwDAAAAMAAJ |Shankara's Introduction}} to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'', pages 1–5: {{quote| The Vedas are divided in two parts: The first is the ''karma-khanda'', the ceremonial part (also [called] ''purva-khanda'') and treats on ceremonies; the second part is the ''jnana khanda'', the part which contains knowledge (also named ''uttara-khanda'', or 'posterior part') and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal soul.|source=translation by Edward Roer}}</ref> The [[Aranyaka]]s and [[Brahmana]]s are variously classified, sometimes as the ceremonial ''karma-khanda'', other times (or parts of them) as the ''jnana-khanda''.

The ''Vedic Samhitas'' were chanted during ceremonies and rituals, and parts of it remain the oldest living part of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] tradition.<ref name=jl/>

A collective study of Vedas and later text suggests that the compendium of ''Samhitas'' and associated Vedic texts were far larger than currently available. However, most have been lost at some point or over a period of Indian history.<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Knapp |year=2005 |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The eastern path to freedom, empowerment, and illumination |pages=9–16 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0595350759}}</ref>

Historically, there were five recensions of the Rigveda Samhita, but now only one survives. The Samaveda has three Samhitas ([[Kauthuma Samhita|Kauthuma]], Rāṇāyanīya and Jaiminiya), two of which are quite similar, while the Atharvaveda has two. The term "samhita" also appears in titles of some non-Vedic texts like the Pancharatra Samhitas and the [[Bṛhat Saṃhitā|Brhat Samhita]], an astrological work, as well as in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], which self-references as a samhita.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm62133001 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0 |editor-last=Cush |editor-first=Denise |location=London; New York |pages=744 |oclc=ocm62133001 |editor-last2=Robinson |editor-first2=Catherine A. |editor-last3=York |editor-first3=Michael}}</ref>

==Examples==

===Rig veda===
The [[Gayatri mantra]] is among the famous Hindu [[mantra]]s. It is found in Rig Veda Samhita.<ref name=mmwpage17>Monier Monier-Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom, Luzac & Co., London, page 17</ref>
<blockquote>:ॐ भूर्भुवस्वः। तत्सवितुर्वरेण्यम्। भर्गो देवस्य धीमहि। धियो यो नः प्रचोदयात्

– Rig Veda 3.62.10<ref name="mmwpage17" /><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward F. |last=Crangle |year=1994 |title=The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices |page=124 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447034791}}</ref></blockquote>

===Sama veda===
[[Albrecht Weber|Weber]] noted that the ''Samhita'' of [[Samaveda]] is an anthology taken from the Rigveda-Samhita.<ref>{{cite book |first=Albrecht |last=Weber |title=History of Indian Literature |page=63 |postscript=,}} {{Google books|8nsoAAAAYAAJ|Samaveda-Samhita}}</ref> The difference is in the refinement and application of arts such as melody, meters of music, and literary composition.<ref name=fstaal>{{cite book |first=Frits |last=Staal |year=2009 |title=Discovering the Vedas: Origins, mantras, rituals, insights |pages=107–115 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0143099864}}</ref> Thus, the root hymn that later became the ''Rathantara'' (Excellent Chariot) mantra chant is found in both Rigveda and Samaveda Samhitas, as follows,<ref name=fstaal/>

:''Rigveda form'':
:Abhi tva sura nonumo 'dugdha iva dhenavah | isanam asya jagatah svardrsam isanam indra tasthusah

:''Samaveda form'':
:obhitvasuranonumova | adugdha iva dhenava isanamasya jagatassuvardrsam | isanama indra | ta sthu sa o va ha u va | as ||

:''Translation'' (same for both):<ref name=fstaal/>
:We cry out for you, hero, like unmilked cows to the lord of the living world !
:To the lord of the unmoving world whose eye is the sun, O [[Indra]] !

===Yajur veda===

The Yajur Veda consists of:

1. Āpastamba-mantra-pāṭhá (Kr̥ṣṇa-yajur-vedá)

2. Kāṭha-saṁhitā́ (Kr̥ṣṇa-yajur-vedá)

3. Kapiṣṭhala-kāṭha-saṁhitā́ (Kr̥ṣṇa-yajur-vedá)

4. Māitrāyaṇa-saṁhitā́ (Kr̥ṣṇa-yajur-vedá)

5. Tāittirīya-saṁhitā́ (Kr̥ṣṇa-yajur-vedá)

6. Vājasaneya-saṁhitā́ (Şukla-yajur-vedá) with (Kāṇvá and Mā́dhyaṁdina as sub-divisions)

Of these six, the Tāittirīya and the Vājasaneya saṁhitā́-s are the most extant ones. The Āpastamba-mantra-pāṭhá consists of mantras only found in the Āpastamba Kalpa sūtrá literature of the Kr̥ṣṇa-yajur-vedá.

The hymns in Section 4.1.5 of the Yajurveda ''Samhita'', dedicated to several ancient deities, state:<ref name=hpa/><ref name=edward>Edward F Crangle (1994), The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447034791}}, page 32</ref>

{{Quote|
May the [[Vasu]]s prepare you, with the [[gayatri]] meter, you are the earth, 
May the [[Rudra]]s prepare you, with the [[tristubh]] meter, you are the sky. 
May the [[Ādityas|Aditya]]s prepare you, with the jagati meter, you are the heaven. 
May the [[Visvedevas]], common to all men, prepare you, with the [[Anuṣṭubh|anustubh]] meter, you are the directions. 
You are the unchanging direction, make unchanging in me children, abundance of wealth, abundance of cattle, abundance of heroism.
|[[Taittiriya]] Samhita|4.1.5<ref name=hpa>Harvey P. Alper (2012), Understanding Mantras, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807464}}, pages 75-76</ref>}}

===Atharva veda===
A hymn in the Atharva Veda Samhita, for example, is a woman's petition to deity [[Agni]], to attract suitors and a good husband.<ref>[[s:Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book II/Hymn 36|Atharva Veda Samhita, Book 2 Hymn 36: To get a husband for a woman]], Translator: [[William Dwight Whitney]], Atharva Veda Samhita Series - Harvard University (Editor: [[Charles Rockwell Lanman]]), Wikisource</ref><ref name=rp/>
{{Quote|
May O Agni!, a suitor after this girl's heart come to her, 
May he come to this maiden with fortune! 
May she be agreeable to suitors, charming at festivals, promptly obtain happiness through a husband!
|[[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]]|2.36<ref name=rp>Rajbali Pandey (1969), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, pages 162-163</ref>}}

===Post-Vedic Samhitas===
There are many well known books written in the post-vedic period, also known as samhitas, because the word “samhita” also means “systematic compilation of knowledge”. Vedic samhitas should not be confused with these samhitas of post-vedic period.

Some post-vedic Samhitas are –
*[[Ashtavakra Gita]]
*[[Bhrigu Samhita]]
*[[Charaka Samhita]]
*[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]
*[[Gheranda Samhita]]
*[[Kashyap Samhita]]
*[[Shiva Samhita]]
*[[Brihat Samhita]]
*[[Sushruta Samhita]] (a treatise on food and medicine)
*[[Yogayajnavalkya Samhita]]
*[[Shandilya Samhita]]

==See also==
*[[Aranyaka]]
*[[Brahmana]]
*[[Upanishad]]
*[[Veda]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com] online edition in Sanskrit and English
*[http://www.sanskritweb.net/rigveda/rv01-001.pdf Rigveda Samhita] First Mandala, (in Sanskrit)
*[[s:Atharva-Veda Samhita|Atharva-Veda Samhita]] English translation of first 8 books of the Atharva Veda Samhita, (Editor: [[Charles Rockwell Lanman]]), Wikisource
*[http://www.justforkidsonly.com/truth/?p=95#more-95 Understanding of the Hinduism: Hindu Scripture VI], Just for Kids
*[https://pratibhabooks.com/product/rigveda-samhita-5-volumes/ Rigveda Samhita] Rigveda Samhita 5 Volumes in Hindi

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Vedas]]

Nandi Awards of 1967

2026-02-23T21:18:29Z

Tox Digital:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The [[Nandi Awards]] were presented annually by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. The first awards were given in 1964. The following films were awarded in 1967.

== 1967 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
|[[Sudigundalu]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
|Chadarangam
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[Chitrapu Narayana Rao]]
|[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1967 film awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1964]]

Advocate Achinta Aich

2026-02-23T11:09:01Z

Tox Digital: Creating New Data V1...

{{Short description|Indian Bengali legal drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Advocate Achinta Aich poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Legal drama]]|[[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]}}
| creator =
| developer =
| based_on =
| writer = Sreejib
| screenplay = Sreejib
| director = [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
* [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Sohini Sengupta]]
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Subhadeep Guha
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Subhadeep Guha
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 14
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Mahendra Soni
| editor = Malay Laha
| location = Kolkata
| cinematography = Tuban Dey
| camera = Single-camera
| runtime = 19 - 29 minutes
| company = {{ubl|Shree Venkatesh Films|Motionwave Production}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|||df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Advocate Achinta Aich''''' (also written as '''''Adv. Achinta Aich''''') is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[legal drama]] web series directed by [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]]. Produced under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Motionwave Production, it is the first Bengali courtroom drama web series in India.<ref name="ott">{{cite news |title=Advocate Achinta Aich: Anirban Chakrabarti joins Ritwick Chakrabarti |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/advocate-achinta-aich-anirban-chakrabarti-joins-ritwick-chakrabarti/f192e0b0aa108 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=OTTplay |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Written by Sreejib, the series stars [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] in the titular role, while [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]], Debraj Bhattacharya, [[Sohini Sengupta]] and Satyam Bhattacharya play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Ritwick Chakraborty stars as a lawyer trying to save the life of a death row convict in season 2 of Advocate Achinta Aich |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/ritwick-chakraborty-stars-as-a-lawyer-trying-to-save-the-life-of-a-death-row-convict-in-season-2-of-advocate-achinta-aich/2000482 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=11 August 2025}}</ref>

The first season revolves around a murder mystery in which Advocate Achinta Aich fights for a victim who has been falsely framed as a murderer.<ref>{{cite news |title=A compassionate lawyer risks his career and embarks on a quest for justice in the Hoichoi series Advocate Achinta Aich |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-compassionate-lawyer-risks-his-career-and-embarks-on-a-quest-for-justice-in-the-hoichoi-series-advocate-achinta-aich/875191 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=12 April 2024}}</ref> In the second season, Achinta Aich risks his own image in the society in order to defend a rape accused; he fights for a poor car driver who has been falsely accused of the rape and murder of a teenage girl. Subhadeep Guha has composed the music for the series. Tuban Dey did the cinematography, while Malay Laha handled the editing. Two seasons of the series are streaming on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta Bhanja |title=অ্যাডভোকেট না গোয়েন্দা? ধরতে পারবেন না 'অচিন্ত্য আইচ'কে! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/saswata-chatterjee-ritwick-chakraborty-starrer-advocate-achinta-aich-review/ |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=1 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Overview ==
=== Season 1 ===
The first season introduced Achinta Aich, a modest [[notary]] [[lawyer]] in [[North Kolkata]] who lives a quiet life with his bickering father and supportive wife. He got his first major client when he decided to defend Malini Dutta, the wife of popular sarod player Pablo Dutta. The heir of the Dutta family, he is found murdered at his home, at a family gathering. Although multiple eyewitnesses were presented who had seen a bloodstained knife in Malini’s hand, Achinta sensed a deeper conspiracy within the influential Dutta family. Sitaram Ganguly fought the legal case against Achinta on behalf of the Dutta family.

As the trial progressed, Achinta discovered secrets regarding Pablo's biological lineage and his family’s obsession with maintaining their social reputation. Through his sharp observation, he systematically discarded the eyewitnesses. In the climax, it was revealed that Pablo was killed by his own grandmother to protect family secrets. The season ended with the grandmother’s lifetime imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Ritwick Chakraborty to step into the role of an advocate in an upcoming web film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ritwick-chakraborty-to-step-into-the-role-of-an-advocate-in-an-upcoming-web-film/articleshow/109642968.cms |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Season 2 ===
In the second season, the plot centers on a young girl, Dyuti Chatterjee, who is raped and murdered. Pritam, a driver, is being accused of the crime, but Achinta felt that he is not guilty and is getting framed by influential persons for a crime which he hasn't committed. This time, his primary adversary is Advocate Nandini Ganguly, a [[POCSO]] expert. To navigate the courtroom duels, Achinta even seeks advice from his former rival, Sitaram Ganguly.

The investigation led Achinta eventually linking the current crime to a cold case from twenty years ago. Different people, including a senior police official, help him with his legal battle despite the political pressures surrounding the case. The season culminates in a tense courtroom showdown where Achinta bridged the generational gap in legal thinking to secure a conviction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Soumita |title='রেপ কী গো?' ছোট্টো নূপুরের এই 'ছোট্টো প্রশ্নের' উত্তর কি দিতে পারলেন অ্যাডভোকেট অচিন্ত্য? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/ritwick-chakraborty-advocate-achinta-aich-2-web-series-tollywood-actor-talks-about-society-real-scenario-abuse-justice-exclusive-soc-1261343-2025-08-14 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=14 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{| style="text-align:center"
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | Portrayed by
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | Character
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | 1
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | 2
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | [[Advocate]] Achinta Aich {{aka}} Tutul
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Main
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Debraj Bhattacharya
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Lakkhan Bhim Sardar, Achinta's assistant
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Malini Dutta, Pablo's newly-wed wife
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Main
| style="background:#e2e3e5;" | None
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Advocate Sitaram Ganguly, Achinta's adversary turned mentor
| rowspan="3" style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Main
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Guest
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | [[Dulal Lahiri]]
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Achinta's father
| rowspan="5" style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Main
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Kheya Chattopadhyay
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Achinta's wife
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Anumegha Kahali
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Nupur, Ranajoy's daughter
| rowspan="3" style="background:#e2e3e5;" | None
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | [[Sohini Sengupta]]
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Advocate Nandini Sinha, [[POCSO]] expert and Achinta's adversary
|-
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Satyam Bhattacharya
| style="background:#c8ffcc;" | Ranajoy, a driver accused of the rape and murder of Dyuti Chatterjee
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Loknath Dey
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Debnath Dutta, Pablo's relative
| rowspan="11" style="background:#cce5ff;" | Recurring
| rowspan="12" style="background:#e2e3e5;" | None
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Alakananda Roy
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Kanankbala Dutta, eminent musician and Pablo's grandmother
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Bhabani Mukherjee
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Soumen Mukherjee
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Sabyasachi Hazra
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Rudy, Pablo's maternal uncle
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Rohini Chatterjee
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Lokkhi, Pablo's relative
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Saswati Guhathakurata
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Judge
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Monalisha Chatterjee
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Lipika Chatterjee
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Srija Bhattacharya
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Roja Paramita Dey
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Srijita Mukherjee, Pablo's relative
|-
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Sanmitra Bhaumik
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Pablo Dutta, Sarod player and Dutta family's grandson who is murdered
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Guest
|-
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Ananya Guha
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Dyuti Chatterjee, 17-year old girl who is raped and murdered
| rowspan="4" style="background:#e2e3e5;" | None
| style="background:#f8d7da;" | Guest
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | [[Rupanjana Mitra]]
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Nina Chatterjee
| rowspan="3" style="background:#cce5ff;" | Recurring
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | Somak Ghosh
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|-
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | [[Sudip Mukherjee]]
| style="background:#cce5ff;" | —
|}

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #000000
| link1 = Advocate Achinta Aich#Season 1 (2024)
| episodes1 = 7
| released1 = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
| color2 = #383554
| link2 = Advocate Achinta Aich#Season 2 (2025)
| episodes2 = 7
| released2 = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
}}

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Pablo Hotyakando
|DirectedBy = [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]]
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Mukhbondho
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Asst Lakkhan Bhim Sardar
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ami Pablo-ke Marini
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = 15 Jon Shakkhi
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Damini Case
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Dutta Barir Itihash
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Nyay Onnyay
|DirectedBy = [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]]
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Bhutum
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = POCSO
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Shomon
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Bichar
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Investigation
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Nyay Dokhol
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement and development ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Achinta is not the kind of lawyer who walks in with swagger. He is unsure of himself, often second-guessing, and that makes him more real. He lives with his father, grew up without his mother, and that affected his confidence. Even after winning a big case in the first season, he has not suddenly become a swish and cool lawyer. What makes him stand out is that he cares. He does not always think about the result, but if he can help, he will."
| source = — [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] during an interview, regarding his character in the series ''Adv. Achinta Aich 2''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Atreyee |title=Ritwick Chakraborty opens up on Achinta Aich Season 2 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Aug/25/ritwick-chakraborty-opens-up-on-achinta-aich-season-2 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=25 August 2025}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 45%
}}

In April 2024, Hoichoi announced ten new shows and four new seasons of four web series as a part of their "Hoichoi Poila Boisakh" slate announcement. ''Advocate Achinta Aich'' was announced in that slate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Hoichoi's mega announcement ushering in the Bengali New Year |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/hoichois-announcement-of-new-web-series-with-swastika-ritwick-paoli-kaushik-solanki-sandipta-and-others/cid/2013767 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 April 2024}}</ref> Character posters for [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]] and [[Saswata Chatterjee]] were released in the first week of April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karia |first1=Vedant |title=Hoichoi shares new frames from its howlarious legal drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/hoichoi-shares-new-frames-from-legal-comedy-drama-adv-achinta-aich-starring-ritwick-chakraborty-saswata-chatterjee-surangana-bandyopadhyay/cid/2012255 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

The makers had initially not planned a second season, but since the first season turned out to be successful, the second season was made. This marked Ritwick reprising a role twice for the second time only, after ''[[Gora (TV series)|Gora]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Eccentric characters are fun to play: Ritwick Chakraborty |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/eccentric-characters-are-fun-to-play-ritwick-chakraborty-623959 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=Millennium Post |date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

The first-look poster for the second season announced its release date. The announcement video for the second season, titled ''Adv. Achinta Aich 2'', was dropped on 2 August 2025. A poster was also released along with it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Ritwick Chakraborty will reprise his role as a maverick lawyer in the second season of Advocate Achinta Aich |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/ritwick-chakraborty-will-reprise-his-role-as-a-maverick-lawyer-in-the-second-season-of-advocate-achinta-aich/2000381 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=6 August 2025}}</ref>

On 8 January 2025, it was reported that the third season will be made soon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=নতুন কেস নিয়ে ফিরছে 'অ্যাডভোকেট অচিন্ত্য আইচ', জটিল সত্যির খোঁজে কোন চমক থাকছে তৃতীয় সিজনে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-advocate-achinta-aich-season-3-announcement-coming-soon-184303 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=8 January 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> The third season was officially announced in the "Notun Bochorer Notun hoichoi" slate announcements on 12 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arpita |title=Hoichoi releases exciting 2026 lineup: Mimi Chakraborty's Queens, Saswata Chatterjee's Roktofolok, and more |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hoichoi-releases-exciting-2026-lineup-mimi-chakrabortys-queens-saswata-chatterjee-roktofolok-and-more/867057a801437 |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2026 opens with a power-packed Bengali web series slate blending legacy, mystery and new voices |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/2026-opens-with-a-power-packed-bengali-web-series-slate-blending-legacy-mystery-and-new-voices/articleshow/126521272.cms |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=Times of India |date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Initially, [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] was reported to play Ritwick Chakraborty's adversary in the first season. But he was later replaced by [[Anirban Chakrabarti]].<ref name="ott"></ref>

But the makers didn't finalise Chakrabarti because they decided not to cast him in a negative character in order to keep his ''[[Eken Babu]]'' image intact. Finally, [[Saswata Chatterjee]] was roped in to play Ritwick's adversary, replacing Anirban Chakrabarti.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Saswata Chatterjee to make a comeback as a cop in Joydeep Mukherjee's web series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-saswata-chatterjee-to-make-a-comeback-as-a-cop-in-joydeep-mukherjees-web-series/d5566992d8872 |access-date=17 January 2026 |date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Debraj Bhattacharya was cast to play Ritwick's associate. [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] was roped in to play Ritwick's father. But he was replaced by [[Dulal Lahiri]] due to date issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Advocate Achinta Aich: Saswata Chatterjee in, Anirban Chakrabarti out as Ritwick Chakraborty's archrival |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-advocate-achinta-aich-saswata-chatterjee-in-anirban-chakrabarti-out-as-ritwick-chakrabortys-archrival/b0a383fb77250 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=OTTplay |date=5 January 2024}}</ref> Loknath Dey was cast in a pivotal role in the first season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Loknath Dey: Theatre taught me that there is nothing called a small or a big role. One has to do their job well |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-loknath-dey-theatre-taught-me-that-there-is-nothing-called-a-small-or-a-big-role-one-has-to-do-their-job-well/ea368bae6e645 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=OTTplay |date=6 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
{{Blockquote
| quote = I had to watch the previous season. I had to feel and remember what I was thinking during the shooting of season one. The mannerisms differ from character to character, but with Achinta I had to think again about how he reacts, how he walks, how he behaves. I haven’t often had the chance to play the same role twice — one was Gora, and now Achinta.
| author = [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
| source = during an interview with ''[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Ritwick Chakraborty talks about reprising the titular role in Advocate Achinta Aich 2 |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/ritwick-chakraborty-talks-about-reprising-the-titular-role-in-advocate-achinta-aich-2/2000659 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=21 August 2025}}</ref>}}

=== Filming ===
The filming of the first season was scheduled to start from the end of November 2023. It started in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ritwick Chakraborty turns Advocate Achinta Aich in a lighthearted courtroom drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ritwick-chakraborty-turns-advocate-achinta-aich-in-a-lighthearted-courtroom-drama/articleshow/104122085.cms |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2023}}</ref>

The filming of the second season was scheduled to start on 5 February 2025. But it got postponed owing to issues with the Federation of Cine Technicians and Workers of Eastern India. Director [[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]] complained that the federation hasn't clearly informed them about what the particular problem is. He added, "On 4 January, the Federation asked us to meet them via an email. We sent 3-4 emails in its reply but didn't get any answer. On 30 January, via another email, they asked us to meet on 3 February. We went there on the allotted date, but we were told that the officials had left. After a long wait, they told us to call the next day. We did as told, but all in vain. We visited the office again, and it's the same thing. As a result, I was forced to stop the shooting." He also added that the delay caused date issues for many actors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=কোন সমস্যার জেরে শেষমেশ বন্ধ 'অচিন্ত্য আইচ ২'-এর শুটিং? পরিচালকদের উদ্দেশ্যে কী অনুরোধ জয়দীপের? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/director-joydeep-mukherjee-talks-about-how-federation-problems-ruined-his-upcoming-web-series-advocate-achinta-aich-s-shooting-ent-120839 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=5 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first season ''Advocate Achinta Aich'' was rated [[Central Board of Film Certification#U/A certificate|U/A 13+]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. It was streamed on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi on 26 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dead Boy Detectives to Adv. Achinta Aich: 8 new web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dead-boy-detectives-to-adv-achinta-aich-8-new-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2015229 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The second season, titled ''Adv. Achinta Aich 2'', received [[Central Board of Film Certification#U/A certificate|U/A 16+]] from the Central Board of Film Certification. The age limit was increased since the second season deals with sensual topics like "rape" and "false victim blaming". It was streamed on Hoichoi on 15 August 2025.

== Marketing ==
The teaser for the first season of ''Advocate Achinta Aich'' was released on 31 March 2024. The trailer was revealed on 16 April 2024. The teaser for the second season, termed as "Series Preview", was dropped on 6 August 2025. The trailer of the second season was released on 8 August 2025.

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
==== Season 1 ====
Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Advocate Achinta Aich'' is one of the better whodunit series that has released this year. Joydeep Mukherjee delivers a well-crafted courtroom drama with it." He applauded Ritwick Chakrborty's performance, his quirky body language and sharp observation skills, Debraj Bhattacharya's comic timing, Saswata Chatterjee's dominating performance and Surangana Bandyopadhyay's range of emotions but bemoaned the rushed ending.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Advocate Achinta Aich Season 1 Review : A well-made courtroom drama that keeps one guessing till the end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/advocate-achinta-aich/season-1/seasonreview/109879558.cms |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 May 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and opined "Ritwick Chakraborty’s courtroom drama follows a linear and simplistic path and yet keeps us engaged due to performance. It is not the finest or the most intense legal drama out there and it is far from being realistic. Yet, it exudes the charm of simplicity, wit, and humour that works." She praised the well written initial episodes, strong character build-ups, several dramatic scenes, the dialogues, Ritwick's performance, Saswata's shrewd acting, performance of the ensemble cast, particularly Lokenath Dey and Dulal Lahiri, Surangana Bandyopadhyay's sublime portrayal and Debraj's comic timing but criticized the script in the later episodes, the hurried series ending and Saswata's one-dimensional character.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Adv. Achinta Aich review: Ritwick Chakraborty and Saswata Chatterjee's courtroom drama is entertaining and a one-time watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/adv-achinta-aich-review-ritwick-chakraborty-and-saswata-chatterjees-courtroom-drama-is-entertaining-and-a-one-time-watch/e0a86b716a270 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=27 April 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Archi Sengupta of ''Leisure Byte'' rated the series 2.5/5 stars and opined "Entertaining yet utterly forgettable, Advocate Achinta Aich is a one-time watch. It gets its messaging right and its protagonist is absolutely delightful to follow. However, it does fall into the trap of being a cliched and convenient watch." She applauded Ritwick Chakraborty's performance, Debraj Bhattacharya's comic timing, Ritwick's chemistry with Debraj, Ritwick's chemistry with his father, Saswata and Surangana in their respective roles, the twist present in the seventh episode but criticized the cliched plot, predictable dialogues, not so surprising "head honcho" character of Saswata Ganguly and, his childish and anti-climactic intimidations rather than doing something meaningful.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Advocate Achinta Aich Review: Ritwick Chakraborty Stars is a Mildly Entertaining Series |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/advocate-achinta-aich-review-ritwick-chakraborty/ |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=Leisure Byte |date=26 April 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Sudeep Ghosh of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the series 7/10 stars and wrote "Director Joydeep Mukherjee adds another success to his list, replicating the age old formula of courtroom dramas." He praised the casting of the series, the courtroom battle between Ritwick and Saswata, the performance of the associate cast, Surangana's more expressive and less dialogue acting but mentioned that the screeplay could have been better.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=সুদীপ |title=পরীক্ষিত, সফল ফর্মুলার গল্পে অভিনয়ের চমকদার চলন, কেমন হল 'অ্যাডভোকেট অচিন্ত্য আইচ'? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-new-hoichoi-bengali-web-series-advocate-achinta-aich-dgtl/cid/1513417 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=29 April 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|7|10}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
A critic from ''[[ABP Group|Aaro Ananda]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote "''Advocate Achinta Aich'' is one of the most successful courtroom dramas made in Tollywood." She praised the director for his presentation of Ritwick Chakraborty in the character of Achinta Aich, the intense climax present at the end of each episode, Ritwick's unusual but smooth performance, Debraj's acting and Sohini Sengupta's performance as the antagonist lawyer.<ref>{{cite news |title=অ্যাডভোকেট অচিন্ত্য আইচ ২ |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/movie-reviews/advocate-achintya-aich-redefining-courtroom-drama/10965128 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work= |date=24 August 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31975566}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/advocate-achinta-aich Advocate Achinta Aich] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Advocate-Achinta-Aich-Bengali/0JUQPH1YTLRG1PWRUBK9TFVKLK Advocate Achinta Aich] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Courtroom drama television series]]
[[Category:Legal drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

Sayani Palit

2026-02-15T04:26:19Z

Tox Digital: Put Up Some Biography From Scratch.

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Sayani_Palit_Sit.jpg
| caption = Sayani Palit
| birth_name = Sayani Palit
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|7|05}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| genre = Bollywood, Classical, Semiclassical, Fusion
| occupation = Classical and Semi-classical Vocalist, Composer, Playback Singer, Arranger, Music Educator
}}
'''Sayani Palit''' ({{langx|bn|সায়নি পালিত}}; born 5 July 1989) is an Indian classical and semi-classical vocalist, playback singer, music composer and performer from [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. Working as a playback singer in Tollywood from 2012, In 2015, Sayani made her Bollywood debut, singing the song, Ove Janiye Reprise for [[Katti Batti]] under the direction of [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]. Her biggest break in her musical career took place, when she won the Benadryl Big Golden Voice Season 2 judged by [[Shankar Mahadevan]].

== Early life ==
Sayani Palit started her musical career when she was just 4 years old. She continued her musical age for 20 years under [[Ajoy Chakrabarty|Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty]] and his wife Chandana Chakraborty. Later, when she was a scholar of [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]], she took taleem from [[Girija Devi|Padma Bhushan Girija Devi]]. A first-class first in Bachelor's and master's degree in Classical Music from [[Calcutta University]], Sayani is a regular performing artist of [[All India Radio]]. Recently, she submitted her PhD(thesis), 'Influence of Thumri' (film music) to the University of Kolkata.

==Professional career==
Sayani has worked as a playback and background singer for the following tracks:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film/Organization Name !! Language !! Song name !! Other notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Proloy (film)|Proloy]]''|| Bengali || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aco8m4U4UFY Roshni Elo] || Tollywood Playback
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Government of Maharashtra]]'' || Hindi || Rajiv Gandhi Jivandayi Arogya Yojna || Ad Film
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Hanuman.com]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b-iFFIB3h4 Momo Chitte] Thumri Fusion Style || Tollywood Playback
|-
| 2014 || [[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Background Score || Tollywood Playback
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Surreal Space Theme || Tollywood Playback
|-
| 2014 || ''Gaan Golpo Aar Gaan'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Gaan Golpo Aar Gaan || [[Ruposhi Bangla]] TV Commercial
|-
|2014
|[[Singur]]
|[[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Theme
|Tollywood Movie
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Katti Batti]]'' || [[Hindi]] || Ove Janiye Reprise Edition || Bollywood Playback
|-
| 2016 || ''Shalimar Agarbattis'' || [[Hindi]] || Ad Song || [[TV Commercial]]
|-
| 2017 || ''Enable India'' || [[Hindi]] || Garv Se Jiyenge Hum || [[Music Video]] with [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Allahabad Bank]]'' || [[Hindi]] || Ad Song || [[TV Commercial]]
|-
| 2017 || ''Neend'' [[Short Film]] || [[Hindi]] || || Bollywood Playback, Starring [[Deepti Naval]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Grameenphone]] '' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Megh Jomeche || Playback, [[TV Commercial]]
|-
| 2018 || Pichutan, Tele Film, [[Bangladesh]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || ''Alo'' || Playback, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xH7Qii-ncag Gaanchill Music]
|-
| 2018 || Shesh Porjonto, Tele Film, [[Bangladesh]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||'' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX8h0JT7WeE Bhalobese Bhul Korini] '', Playback, || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX8h0JT7WeE Gaanchill Music]
|-
| 2019 || ''Megh Bristi'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || E Moner Anache Kanache || Tollywood Playback,
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mukhomukhi]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1tm0TuWMys Yaad Piya Ki Aaye] || Tollywood Playback, Directed by [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]], Music Directed by [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Zee Bangla]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxGHOhMEJic Sonar Sansar 2019 – Aschya Award], Theme Song || Playback,
|-
| 2019 || ''Monkey King'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Jadu || Playback, Yet to Release
|-
| 2020 || ''Season's Greetings'' || [[Hindi]] || Sajani Sajani || Bollywood Playback, Directed by [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]],
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Asur (film)|Asur]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEKAvtW9Axo Tor Hoye Jete Chai] || Tollywood Playback duet with [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)]] for the film Asur starring [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Nusrat Jahan|Nusraat]] [[Jit]] Directed by Pavel
|-
| 2021 || ''Gangster'' || [[Hindi]] || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKJadkaQGjk&ab_channel=ZeeMusicCompany Raaho Main Humsafar] || Playback, Directed by [[Shahid Kazmi]],
|-
| 2021 || ''Malini'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || O Je Mane Na Mana || Playback, Directed by [[Arpan Basak]],
|-
| 2022 || ''Kadambari Aajo'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dYvmh4aFSc&ab_channel=AmaraMuzikRabindraSangeet Amar Ae Poth], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDBK28MhrbI&ab_channel=AmaraMuzikRabindraSangeet Amaro Porano Jaha Chae] || Kadambari Aajo is a Bengali movie released on 23 Sep 2022. The movie is directed by Sharmistha Deb,
|-
| 2023 || ''Kurban'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Background Score || Tollywood Playback,
|-
| 2025 || ''Zariyaa'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ebhabe theke jeo || The heart of Kolkata, a late-night RJ and an indie filmmaker cross paths, unraveling a soulful tale of music, love, and memory. Zariyaa(short film) is a poetic journey through the city's rhythm, art, and quiet transformations.,
|}

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
# '''Ruh Mein Hain-Sur Prabaha'''(2012) – Self Composed Sufi Song
# '''Naa Jaane Kyun:''' Ghazal(2015) – Self composed Ghazal
# '''Ishq Ki Inteha:''' Ghazal(2015) – Self composed Ghazal
# '''Kabhie Kabhie:''' Indipop(2015)
# '''Raat Ke Saaye''' feat. [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] and Sayani Palit(2016)
# '''Wo Jab Bhi Udaas:''' Ghazal(2016) – Self Composed Ghazal
# '''Reliving Rahman – Celebrating 50 ''' (2017) -A journey through 50 Rahmanious compositions in approx. 1000 seconds
# '''Garv Se Jiyenge Hum – ''' [[Shankar Mahadevan]] feat. Sayani Palit (2017) – This production is in support for Enable India
# '''Zindagi – ''' ZIA | Sanjoy Das (2023) – Composed by X-Raf Experimental Raga and Folk
# '''Rimjhim Barse – ''' Keshab Dey feat. Sayani Palit 2025
# '''Saaware – ''' Featuring Sayani Datta and Supratim Roy, Sayani Palit 2026

=== First album: Khwahishain ===
Khwahishain is the first full-fledged self-composed Hindi contemporary album of Sayani Palit released in 2014. This album is a melodic saga which depicts hues of romance through songs of different genres like Indipop, Folk, Ghazal, Experimental and others. The album consists of 6 tracks with Unn Bina being the most popular out of them. Unn Bina is an exclusive 11 beat song which got much popularity due to its creative music video.

'''Track List:'''

'''Track 1''' – Ab Jao Na Mohan Mere

'''Track 2''' – Unn Bina

'''Track 3''' – Rahon Mein Humsafar

'''Track 4''' – Khwahishein Dil Mein Jo Thi

'''Track 5''' – Khushiyan Yun Chalke Hain

'''Track 6''' – Dil Mein Khamoshiyan

'''Track 7''' – O Je Mane Na Mana Malini- A Film By Arpan Basak

=== SVF Devotional ===
'''Song List:'''

'''1''' – Hey Gobindo (হে গোবিন্দ)

'''2''' – Hanuman Chalisa (হনুমান চালিসা)

'''3''' – জবা হয়ে (Joba Hoye)

'''4''' – Shokhi Ami Na Hoy (সখি আমি না হয়)

'''5''' – Om Namah Shivay (ওম নমঃ শিবায়)

'''6''' – Bhubono Mohini (ভুবন মোহিনী)

'''7''' – Bhobo Shagoro (ভবসাগর)

'''8''' – Ontore Tumi (অন্তরে তুমি)

'''9''' – Joy Joy Debi (জয় জয় দেবী)

'''10''' – Shyamo Shokha (শ্যাম সখা)

=== Other albums ===

'''Rendezvous with Tagore''' – Jokhhon Eshechhile (2016) [[Tagore Songs]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]]

'''Notuner Daak''' – Tumi Kon Bhangonero Pathe (2017) [[Tagore Songs]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]]

==Awards and recognitions==
* Sayani received the State Award for the role model category from the honourable Governor of West Bengal.
* National scholarship award for the young artists. 2010/2011 from the ministry of culture Govt of India.
* 1st class 1st in bachelor's degree in 2011 & Masters' in 2013 under CU
* Completed [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in Music from [[University of Calcutta]].
* Received Telegraph award for excellence in 2006
* Sayani has been awarded the [[Benadryl]] Big Golden Voice of India Season 2 title (judged by [[Shankar Mahadevan]]).
* Sayani has recently been nominated as the 'Best Budding Playback Singer' at the Mirchi Music Awards Bangla 2014
* Her recent video "Reliving Rahman" has been appreciated by Music Maestro [[A. R. Rahman]] himself
* Gold Medalist in Graduation & Post Graduation level as well as a PhD research scholar in music from the University of Calcutta
* Performed in USA, UK & Bangladesh including [[Times Square]] & [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]].

==References==
* [http://sholoanabangaliana.in/blog/2014/06/08/interview-sayani-palit-a-talented-young-singer-and-music-composer-ready-to-make-it-big-in-tollywood/#ixzz341stk8sd 'Sayani Palit to make it big in Tollywood'], ''Sholoana Bangaliana, 8 Jun 2015''
* [http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/sayani-palits-journey-from-kasba-to-bollywood/articleshow/48078865.cms 'Sayani Records for Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]', ''Ei Samay, 15 Jul 2015''
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Katti-Batti/articleshow/48901771.cms 'Mentioning of Sayani Palit in TOI Review of Katti Batti'], ''Times of India, 11 Sep 2015''
* [http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/sayani-palit-wins-ticket-bollywood/ 'Sayani Palit wins ticket to Bollywood'], ''Radio and Music, 18 Sep 2015''
* [http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/jul/heres-your-chance-to-be-the-next-big-bollywood-singer.asp/ 'Review on Big Golden Voice'], '' 15 Jan 2015''
* [http://www.india.com/showbiz/katti-batti-music-review-the-music-of-kangana-ranaut-imran-khan-starrer-is-a-crackerjack-521709/ 'Music review of Movie Katti Batti'], '' 28 Aug 2015''
* [https://www.missmalini.com/2015/09/11/shankar-mahadevan-plays-mentor-to-these-lucky-people/ 'Shankar Mahadevan Plays Mentor To These Lucky People!'], '' 11 Sep 2015''
* [https://twitter.com/SayaniPalit/status/815236448240578560 'A Fitting Tribute to Rahman'], ''[[Hindustan Times]], Dec – 31, 2016''
* [https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/learnt-a-lot-by-listening-to-rahman-s-songs-sayani-palit-117010300485_1.html 'Sayani Palit: Learnt a lot by listening to A.R. Rahman's songs'], ''[[Business Standard]], Jan – 3, 2017''
* [https://twitter.com/SayaniPalit/status/817397961248350211/photo/1 'রহমানের জন্মদিনে সায়নির সুরেলা শ্রদ্ধা'], ''[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|এই সময়]], Jan – 6, 2017''
* [https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/819171191323664384/ 'Music Maestro A. R. Rahman appreciates Reliving Rahman on twitter'], '' 11 Jan 2017''
* [http://www.colorstv.com/in/news/a-salute-to-sayani-palit-5663.html 'A Salute to Sayani Palit'], ''Colors TV 3 Mar 2017''
* [https://in.pinterest.com/pin/760052874583794594/ 'Press release of the performance at Music Mojo Kappa TV'], '' ''
* [https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kolkata/drishtikone-music-launch/Sayani-Palit/articleshow/63592076.cms 'The music launch of Kaushik Ganguly’s romantic thriller ‘Drishtikone’'], ''Times of India 1 Apr 2018''
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/times-baishakhi-1425-soaks-in-bengali-new-year-spirit/articleshow/63792673.cms 'Times Baishakhi 1425 soaks in Bengali New Year spirit'], ''Times of India 17 Apr 2018''
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/latest-bengali-song-yaad-piya-ki-aaye-sung-by-sayani-palit/videoshow/67796078.cms 'Latest Bengali Song Yaad Piya Ki Aaye Sung By Sayani Palit'], ''Times of India 1 Feb 2019''
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/celina-jaitlys-seasons-greetings-becomes-indias-first-film-to-hire-intimacy-supervisor-post-metoo-wave/articleshow/68418968.cms?from=mdr "'Seasons Greetings' creates a landmark in Indian cinema"], ''Times of India 15 Mar 2019''
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/nusrat-loves-the-response-to-her-latest-song/articleshow/72865872.cms "Nusrat loves the response to her latest song"], ''Times of India 18 Dec 2019''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/asur-song-tor-hoye-jete-chai-is-a-treat-to-musical-ears/articleshow/72896936.cms ‘Asur’ song ‘Tor Hoye Jete Chai’ is a treat to musical ears], ''Times of India 20 Dec 2019''
*[https://unishkuri.in/storydetails/-/unishkuristory/articleId-260328 'মা-কে নিয়ে শর্ট ফিল্মে সায়নী পালিতের গান'], ''Unish-Kuri Magazine 29 Apr 2020''
*[https://unishkuri.in/storydetails/-/unishkuristory/articleId-281873 '2020 জুড়ে সৃষ্টিমুখে মগ্ন ছিলেন গায়িকা সায়নী'], ''Unish-Kuri Magazine 4 Feb 2021''
*[https://mayapurimagazine.com/hi/entertainment-news/sayani-palit-released-the-cover-version-of-the-popular-retro-song-ae-zindagi-gale-laga-le-to-fill-new-spirits-in-the-lives-of-people-during-the-corona-period 'Sayani Palit released the cover version of the popular retro song 'Ae Zindagi Gale Laga Le'], ''Mayapuri Magazine 7 July 2021''
*[https://radiobanglanet.com/sayani-palit-to-pay-tribute-to-kk-on-her-uk-tour-gargi/?fbclid=IwAR0pZOP1GUpssLm69W5ax0OURVNsqFbnKo7ncWDQel3khEQNuoKl_Gk_7BQ 'বিলেতে কেকে-এর গানকে শ্রদ্ধা জানাবেন সায়নী পালিত'], ''Radio Bangla Net Sept 23, 2022''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/sayani-celebrates-the-essence-of-life-with-her-new-song-zindagi/articleshow/96757315.cms?fbclid=IwAR3xbrKskN6c9PkTC1rh738pCZeKE_I67vwjs6n04WajAqjV3_sRuWxH2I0 'Sayani celebrates the essence of life with her new song ‘Zindagi’'], ''Times of India 5 Jan 2023''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/sayani-palits-latest-release-hamari-atariya-pe-is-a-tribute-to-begum-akhtar/articleshow/99399587.cms 'Sayani Palit’s latest release 'Hamari Atariya Pe' is a tribute to Begum Akhtar'], ''Times of India 12 Apr 2023''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/golden-voice-helps-singer-find-light-in-darkness-kolkata-the-inner-cells-of-her-retina-dont-work/articleshow/108172753.cms 'Golden voice helps singer find light in darkness'], ''Times of India 3 March 2024''
*[https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/international-womens-day-salute-to-sayani-palits-fight/ 'দৃষ্টিহীনতাকে জয় করেই গানের ভুবনে উজ্জ্বল সায়নী, নারী দিবসে এমন সংগ্রামকে কুর্নিশ'], ''Sangbad Pratidin 8 March 2024''
*[https://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/kolkata/kolkata-city/2024-04-07/17 'Playback singer Sayani Palit spreading the light of music'], ''Prabhat Khabar 07 April 2024''
*[https://aadition.com/dr-sayani-palit-celebrated-indian-vocalist-shares-her-upcoming-works-and-planning-on-her-birthday/ 'সামনেই নতুন কাজ, আসছে নতুন বাংলা গানও, জন্মদিনে সায়নীর চাওয়া, ‘আরও ভাল গান হোক'], ''Aadition 05 July 2025''
*[https://technotimes.info/index.php/2025/07/14/labonnyo-2025-a-tribute-to-women-of-grit-grace-and-glory-by-techno-india-group/ 'Labonnyo 2025: A Tribute to Women of Grit, Grace and Glory by Techno India Group'], ''Techno Times 14 July 2025''
*[https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/singer-sayani-palit-talks-about-her-musical-journey-and-her-upcoming-songs-dgtl/cid/1619456 'শঙ্কর-আহসান-লয়ের সঙ্গে কাজ করে এসে এখানে কোনও বিশেষ অভ্যর্থনা পাইনি’, গানের কথায় বললেন সায়নী'], ''Anandabazar 18 July 2025''
*[https://www.instagram.com/p/DM9ljbHyOOT/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== 'Labonnyo spotlighted and honoured a bunch of exceptional women'], ''T2 Telegraph 05 August 2025''
*[https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/famous-play-back-singer-sayani-palit-who-complete-visual-impairment-exclusive-interview-amid-trending-zariyaa-song-ebhabe-theke-jeo-9726711' ৪ বছর বয়স থেকে সিনেমা দেখি তাই নায়িকার মুখ না দেখেও এক্সপ্রেশন দিতে পারি: সায়নী পালিত'], ''The Indian Express 23 August 2025''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/experimental-thumri-inspired-track-saware-unveiled-at-music-launch/articleshow/126503800.cms ' Experimental thumri-inspired track Saware unveiled at music'], ''Times of India 13 January 2026''
*[https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/singer-sayani-palit-talks-about-her-new-song-1276852.html ' মনের সুরে নতুন গান আনলেন সায়নী পালিত'], ''TV9 Bangla 21 January 2026''
*[https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/sayani-palit-s-saware-bridges-thumri-with-a-contemporary-sound/2003373 ' Sayani Palit's Saware bridges thumri with a contemporary sound'], ''t2Online 29 January 2026''

== External links ==
* [https://www.sayanipalit.in/ Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/SayaniPalitOfficial/ Facebook Fan Page]
* [https://twitter.com/sayanipalit/ Twitter]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/sayanipalit/ YouTube Official Channel]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palit, Sayani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Dhapa, India

2026-02-13T18:38:10Z

Tox Digital: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Dhapa 
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|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
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|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]] and [[Barun Sengupta metro station|Barun Sengupta]]
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|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
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|parts = [[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|57]], [[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|58]]
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|postal_code_type = PIN
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| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
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''' Dhapa''' is a locality on the fringes of [[East Kolkata]], [[India]]. The area consists of [[landfill]] sites where the solid [[waste]]s of the city of Kolkata are dumped. "Garbage farming" is encouraged in the landfill sites.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4/SP4_2.asp |title=United Nations Environment Programme article |access-date=14 April 2006 |archive-date=11 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511133821/http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4/SP4_2.asp }}</ref> More than 40 per cent of the [[green vegetable]]s in the Kolkata markets come from these lands.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} There are four sectors in Dhapa for dumping garbage that are filled with 2,500 tonnes of waste per day.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120912075500/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031030/asp/calcutta/story_2510892.asp "Vegetable lots to litter zone..."] ''The Telegraph''. 30 October 2003</ref>

==Crime and criminal activities==
The place was once notorious for criminal and anti-social activities as illegal drugs, liquor and other contraband objects were sold openly. There were various mafia groups who fought among themselves while trying to control the illegal liquor trade (hooch, desi). During the decades of 80's and 90's this area was once ruled by notorious criminals like Shiv Narayan, Ganesh, Jhantu and Tarak. However, with the arrival of new Officer in Charge things were under control by the year 2000. In 2013 this area suffered a major blow when the councilor Mr. Sambhunath Kow was charged with non intentional murder of a local mafia named Adhir Maiti.

==Demography==
Majority of the people living in the place are either migrant casual laborers who work in tanneries of China Town or are employed in small factories nearby. Some of the inhabitants are peasants and farmers who work in the fields that line the EM Bypass. These farmers came from Medinipur, Durgapur, Bihar and Orissa. The majority of the population is poor and some live below the poverty line. Recently new population has migrated in the Hatgachia area. Also the family of Patwas have moved here from Bihar who have minted the money in jewellery business.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.551333|88.442254}} 
| zoom = 12 
| label = Dhapa
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.551333|88.442254}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}
===Location===
Dhapa is located near the Parama Island on the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]], on the eastern side of Kolkata. The Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, [[Beleghata]] and [[Tangra, Calcutta|Tangra]] are on the west, [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|Basanti Highway]] and [[Bantala]] are on the south and Chingrighata is on the north. The closest landmarks near Dhapa are the ITC Sonar hotel and Silver Spring housing which fall on the west side, Milan Mela ground or the permanent trade fair ground and [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]] which are on the south side and Mathpukur five point crossing which is on the west side. In the west side of Dhapa, an old and important landmark exists which is the Awatar Bhavan that has Dhapa Post Office in it. It also has the St. Thomas school. Dhapa is home to more than 40% fresh vegetables around the city. Among all these things dhapa is also home to one of the biggest rice market.

The [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] is responsible for providing the basic civic facilities and amenities to the residents of the place like Water, Drainage, Sanitation, Garbage Collection, Anti Malarial and Health Care programs. The Calcutta Electricity Supply Corporation (CESC) provides electricity to the area as well as to entire Kolkata as the sole electricity provider.

===Police district===
Pragati Maidan police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|East division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at Parama Traffic Island, Kolkata-700 107.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=11&Division=F |title = Kolkata Police |department = East Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 21 March 2018}}</ref>

Jadavpur, Thakurpukur, Behala, Purba Jadavpur, Tiljala, Regent Park, Metiabruz, Nadial and Kasba police stations were transferred from South 24 Parganas to Kolkata in 2011. Except Metiabruz, all the police stations were split into two. The new police stations are Parnasree, Haridevpur, Garfa, Patuli, Survey Park, '''Pragati Maidan''', Bansdroni and Rajabagan.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203125607/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| archive-date = 3 February 2013|title = Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar | newspaper= The Telegraph |date=1 September 2011| access-date = 2 April 2018}}</ref>

==History==
Dhapa is located in the eastern fringes of Kolkata. The History of Dhapa Starts from Bhabhanath Sen who was a contractor of Kolkata Corporation responsible for Dumping Solid Wastes at Dhapa. In About 1925 this work was taken over by Late Yadunandan Singh who helped many people coming from Bihar to do Agriculture and other working opportunities nearby Dhapa Area. Late Mr Singh had laid the foundation of Jan Kalyan School. He also served as the president of Boichtolla Union Board and was also the Panchayat Pradhan. During his tenure he laid the foundation of Bengal Potteries and Tye Corporation of India.

==Pollution in Dhapa==
Dhapa has been a major victim of Air and sound pollution.<ref>{{Citation |author=Doshi, V. | date=24 October 2016 | website=The Guardian | title=The Kolkata dump that's permanently on fire: "Most people die by 50" | url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/24/difficult-breathe-inside-kolkata-india-rubbish-dump-permanently-fire | access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> In 1986 the pond next to the Dhapa Post Office was filled by the city garbage. As a result, at least 65% of the population above the age of 35 are infected by the exposure to tuberculosis.

==Schools==
The area has several schools like the Harvard House High School (ICSE), St. Thomas School , St. Patrick Day School (Primary), Janakalyan School (West Bengal Secondary Board) and a number of small primary and secondary schools affiliated to the local state board (West Bengal).

==See also==
* [[Bhalswa landfill]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/East}}

{{Landfills in india}}
{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Landfills in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Delhi Public School, Vijayawada

2026-02-12T04:38:28Z

Tox Digital: created basic article w/ sources

{{Short description|Public school in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
'''Delhi Public School,''' [[Vijayawada]] also known as DPS VJA, is a [[K–12]] [[Coed|co-ed]] [[English language|English-medium]] school in [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Vijayawada students excel in CBSE exam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2022/aug/01/dps-vijayawada-students-excel-in-cbse-exam-2482555.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]] from nursery to class XII,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-05 |title=DPS athletes shine in Guntur dist meet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/dps-athletes-shine-in-guntur-dist-meet/articleshow/98422096.cms |access-date=2023-04-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is one of the core schools of the [[Delhi Public School Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Public School Society |url=https://dpsfamily.org/school-in-india.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=dpsfamily.org |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023936/https://dpsfamily.org/school-in-india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-12-15 |title=Vijayawada: Delhi Public School gets Education Today award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-delhi-public-school-gets-education-today-award-590066 |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements and awards ==

* Best School Award for the fifth consecutive year in Andhra Pradesh,
* 19th place in all over India in the day-cum-boarding schools ranking 2018-19 by [[Education World Forum|Education World]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Public School Vijayawada gets best school award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/sep/30/delhi-public-school-vijayawada-gets-best-school-award-1878990.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Public schools in Asia]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Andhra Pradesh]]

2026 Pune Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-08T07:03:58Z

Tox Digital:

{{Short description|Local elections in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Pune Municipal Corporation election
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 15 January 2026
| country = India
| previous_election = 2017 Pune Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2017
| next_election =
| next_year = 2031
| seats_for_election = All 165 seats in [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 83
| image1 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|120x120px]]
| leader1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 97
| seats1 = '''119'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 22
| image2 = [[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|120x120px]]
| leader2 =
| party2 = Nationalist Congress Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 39
| seats2 = 27
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 12
| image3 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|120x120px]]
| leader3 =
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 9
| seats3 = 15
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 6
| image4 =
| party4 = NCP(SP)
| seats4 = 3
| last_election4 = new
| seat_change4 = -
| colour4 = #0640AD
| image5 =
| party5 = SS(UBT)
| last_election5 = new
| seats5 = 1
| seat_change5 = -
| colour5 = #FF6634
}}

The '''2026 Pune Municipal Corporation election''' was an election of members to the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Pune]], the 7th largest [[List of metropolitan areas in India|metropolis]] in [[India]]. The election took place on 15 January 2026 and the counting took place on 16 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Pune Municipal Corporation General Election Program 2025-26 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/b/pmc-general-election-program-2025-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101081840/https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/b/pmc-general-election-program-2025-26 |archive-date=2026-01-01 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mutha |first=Snehal |date=2025-12-15 |title=Polls for BMC, 28 other municipal corporations on Jan. 15, vote count on Jan. 16 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-bmc-maharashtra-municipal-corporation-election/article70398883.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217065949/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-bmc-maharashtra-municipal-corporation-election/article70398883.ece |archive-date=2025-12-17 |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won a decisive victory winning 119 of the 168 seats.<ref>https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/pune-municipal-corporation-election-results-2026-live-bjp-vs-shinde-sena-vs-ncp-who-will-win-1025294</ref> BJP's Manjusha Nagpure was elected as the mayor and RPI(A)'s Parshuram Wadekar as the deputy mayor.

==Background==
After the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) elections of 2017, the city was divided into 41 administrative wards, electing a total of 162 corporators, with each ward returning four members. As per the latest ward formation and reservation draft notification issued by the Government of Maharashtra, The city is divided into 41 wards(प्रभाग). 40 wards are represented by 4 corporators(नगरसेवक) each, while 1 ward(No. 38) is represented by 5 corporators. Thus, the general body consists of 165 elected councilors or corporators. All major political parties active in the state, contest the elections.

==Schedule==
===Ward Structure Event===

{| class="wikitable"
!Structure Event
!Schedule
|-
|Draft Ward Structure
| 22 August 2025
|-
|Objections and Suggestion
| 11 & 12 September 2025
|-
| Final draft
| 6 October 2025
|}

===Poll Event===

{| class="wikitable"
!Poll Event
!Schedule
|-
|Issue of notification of election
|15 December 2025
|-
|Last Date for filing nomination
|30 December 2025
|-
|Scrutiny of Nominations
|31 December 2025
|-
|Withdrawal of Candidature
|2 January 2026
|-
|Date of Poll
|15 January 2026
|-
|Date of Counting
|16 January 2026
|}
== Result ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>Sr.</big>
<big>no</big>
!<big>Ward</big>
<big>Number</big>
!<big>Ward Name</big>
!<big>Seat</big>
!<big>Winner</big>
!
!<big>Party</big>
|-
!1
! rowspan="4" |1
! rowspan="4" |Kalas-Dhanori-Lohegaon
|A
|Ashwini Rahul (Appa) Bhandare
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|B
|Dangat Sangita Sandeep
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|C
|Rekha Chandrakant Tingre
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!4
|D
|Anil (Bobby) Vasantrao Tingre
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
! rowspan="4" |2
! rowspan="4" |Phulenagar-Nagpur Chawl
|A
|Dhende Nandini Siddharth
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!6
|B
|Ravi (Harshal) Ramesh Tingre
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!7
|C
|Shital Ajay Sawant
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!8
|D
|Suhas Vijay Tingre
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!9
! rowspan="4" |3
! rowspan="4" |Vimannagar-Lohegaon
|A
|Dr. Shreyas Pritam Khandve
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!10
|B
|Anil Dilip Satav
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!11
|C
|Aishwarya Surendra Pathare
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!12
|D
|Dabhade Ramdas Dattatray
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!13
! rowspan="4" |4
! rowspan="4" |Kharadi-Wagholi
|A
|Shri. Bansode Shailjeet Jaywant
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!14
|B
|Ratnamala Sandeep Satav
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!15
|C
|Bharane Trupti Santosh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!16
|D
|Surendra Bapusaheb Pathare
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!17
! rowspan="4" |5
! rowspan="4" |Kalyaninagar-Vadgaonsheri
|A
|Narayan Mohan Galande
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!18
|B
|Galande Shweta Mukund
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!19
|C
|Galande Kavita Mahendra
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!20
|D
|Mulik Yogesh Tukaram
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!21
! rowspan="4" |6
! rowspan="4" |Yerawada-Gandhinagar
|A
|Adv. Avinash Raj Salve
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!22
|B
|Saira Hanif Sheikh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!23
|C
|Ashwini Daniel Landge
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!24
|D
|Vishal Hari Malke
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!25
! rowspan="4" |7
! rowspan="4" |Gokhalenagar-Wakdewadi
|A
|Manvatkar Nisha Sachin
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!26
|B
|Anjali Vinodanna Orse
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!27
|C
|Adv. Nikam Nilesh Narayan
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!28
|D
|Datta Bahirat
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!29
! rowspan="4" |8
! rowspan="4" |Aundh-Bopodi
|A
|Parshuram Balkrishna Wadekar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!30
|B
|Bhakti Ajit Gaikwad
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!31
|C
|Chhajed Sapna Anand
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!32
|D
|Chandrashekhar (Sunny) Vinayak Nimhan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!33
! rowspan="4" |9
! rowspan="4" |Sus-Baner-Pashan
|A
|Chimte Rohini Sudhir
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!34
|B
|Chandere Baburao Dattoba
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!35
|C
|Kokate Mayuri Rahul
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!36
|D
|Amol Ratan Balwadkar
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!37
! rowspan="4" |10
! rowspan="4" |Bavdhan-Bhusari Colony
|A
|Kiran Dagde Patil
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!38
|B
|Pawar Rupali Sachin
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!39
|C
|Varape Alpana Ganesh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!40
|D
|Vedepatil Dilip Tukaram
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!41
! rowspan="4" |11
! rowspan="4" |Rambaug Colony-Shivteerthnagar
|A
|Harshwardhan Deepak Mankar
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!42
|B
|Dokh Deepali Santosh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!43
|C
|Butala Manisha Sandeep
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!44
|D
|Adv. Ramchandra (Chandusheth) Atmaram Kadam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!45
! rowspan="4" |12
! rowspan="4" |Shivajinagar-Model Colony
|A
|Amruta Ram Mhetre (Zadpe)
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!46
|B
|Shri. Apoorva Dattatray Khade
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!47
|C
|Sau. Pooja Pratul Jagade
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!48
|D
|Ekabote Nivedita Gajanan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!49
! rowspan="4" |13
! rowspan="4" |Pune Station-Jay Jawannagar
|A
|Nilesh Suresh Alhat
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!50
|B
|Sumayya Maheboob Nadaf
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!51
|C
|Vaishali Nagnath Bhalerao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!52
|D
|Arvind Shinde
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!53
! rowspan="4" |14
! rowspan="4" |Koregaon Park-Ghorpadi-Mundhwa
|A
|Himali Navnath Kamble
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!54
|B
|Dhayarkar Kishor Vishnu
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!55
|C
|Kawade Surekha Chandrakant
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!56
|D
|Gaikwad Umesh Dnyaneshwar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!57
! rowspan="4" |15
! rowspan="4" |Manjri-Budhruk-Keshavnagar-Sadesatranali
|A
|Abnave Nanda Anil
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!58
|B
|Dr. Dada Kodre
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!59
|C
|Ghule Sarika Amit
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!60
|D
|Ajit Dattatraya Ghule
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!61
! rowspan="4" |16
! rowspan="4" |Hadapsar-Satavwadi
|A
|Bankar Vaishali Sunil
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!62
|B
|Jangle Ujwala Subhash
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!63
|C
|Gawade Nitin Nivrutti
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|-
!64
|D
|Tupe Maruti Shivaji
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!65
! rowspan="4" |17
! rowspan="4" |Ramtekdi-Malwadi-Vaiduwadi
|A
|Londhe Khandu Satish
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!66
|B
|Hemlata Nilesh Magar
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!67
|C
|Payal Viraj Tupe
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!68
|D
|Prashant (Mama) Tupe
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!69
! rowspan="4" |18
! rowspan="4" |Wanowrie-Salunkhe Vihar
|A
|Adv. Kedari Sahil Shivaji
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!70
|B
|Kalinda Muralidhar Punde
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!71
|C
|Komal Samir Shendkar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!72
|D
|[[Prashant Jagtap|Jagtap Prashant Sudam]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!73
! rowspan="4" |19
! rowspan="4" |Kondhwa Khurd-Kausurbaug
|A
|Taslim Hasan Shaikh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!74
|B
|Aasia Maniyar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!75
|C
|Kashif Fakrul Syed
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!76
|D
|Pathan Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|-
!77
! rowspan="4" |20
! rowspan="4" |Shankar Maharaj Math-Bibewadi
|A
|Aaba (Rajendra) Y. Shilimkar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!78
|B
|Divekar Tanvi Prashant
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!79
|C
|Deshpande Mansi Manoj
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!80
|D
|Gaurav Ganesh Ghule
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!81
! rowspan="4" |21
! rowspan="4" |Mukundnagar-Salisbury Park
|A
|Vairage Prasannajit Bharat
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!82
|B
|Shilimkar Siddhi Avinash
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!83
|C
|Chorbele Manisha Pravin
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!84
|D
|Bhimale Srinath Yashwant
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!85
! rowspan="4" |22
! rowspan="4" |Kashewadi-Dias Plot
|A
|Mrunal Pandurang (Bappu) Kamble
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!86
|B
|Rafiq Abdul Rahim Sheikh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!87
|C
|Archana Tushar Patil
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!88
|D
|Vivek Mahadev Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!89
! rowspan="4" |23
! rowspan="4" |Rawiwar Peth-Nana Peth
|A
|Javale Pallavi Chandrashekhar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!90
|B
|Andekar Sonali Vanraj
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!91
|C
|Andekar Lakshmi Udayakant
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!92
|D
|Dhanwade Vishal Gorakh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!93
! rowspan="4" |24
! rowspan="4" |Kasba Ganpati -Kamla Nehru Hospital-KEM hospital
|A
|Bahirat Kalpana Dilip
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!94
|B
|Ujwala Ganesh Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!95
|C
|Devendra (Chhotu) Wadke
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!96
|D
|Bidkar Ganesh Madhukar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!97
! rowspan="4" |25
! rowspan="4" |Shaniwar Peth-Mahatma Phule Mandai
|A
|Sau. Swapnali Nitin Pandit
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!98
|B
|Raghavendra (Bappu) Mankar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!99
|C
|Swarada Gaurav Bapat
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!100
|D
|Tilak Kunal Shailesh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!101
! rowspan="4" |26
! rowspan="4" |GhorpadePeth-Gurwarpeth-Samta Bhoomi
|A
|Ganesh Bugaji Kalyankar
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!102
|B
|Malwade Sneha Namdev
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!103
|C
|Aishwarya Samrat Thorat
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!104
|D
|Ajay Appasaheb Khedekar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!105
! rowspan="4" |27
! rowspan="4" |Navi Peth- Parvati
|A
|Mahesh (Amar) Vilas Awale
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!106
|B
|Smita Vaste
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!107
|C
|Gaud Lata Raghunath
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!108
|D
|Shr. Dheeraj Ramachandra Ghate
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!109
! rowspan="4" |28
! rowspan="4" |Janta Vasahat-Hingane Khurd
|A
|Rithe Vrushali Anand
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!110
|B
|Gadade Priya Shivaji
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!111
|C
|Suraj Nathuram Lokhande
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!112
|D
|Adv. Prasanna (Dada) Ghanshyam Jagtap
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!113
! rowspan="4" |29
! rowspan="4" |Deccan Gymkhana-Happy Colony
|A
|Pande Sunil Namdev
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!114
|B
|Adv. Sawalekar Mitali Kuldeep
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!115
|C
|Khardekar Manjushree Sandeep
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!116
|D
|Joshi Puneeth Srikant
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!117
! rowspan="4" |30
! rowspan="4" |Karvenagar-Hingane Home Colony
|A
|Dudhane Swapnil Devaram
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!118
|B
|Barate Reshma Santosh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!119
|C
|Tejashree Mahesh Pawale
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!120
|D
|Barate Rajesh Kisan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!121
! rowspan="4" |31
! rowspan="4" |Mayur Colony-Kothrud
|A
|Mathwad Dinesh Mahadev
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!122
|B
|Jyotsna Jagannath Kulkarni
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!123
|C
|Vasanti Navnath Jadhav
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!124
|D
|Sutar Prithviraj Shashikant
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!125
! rowspan="4" |32
! rowspan="4" |Warje-Popularnagar
|A
|Bhosale Harshada Shantanu
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!126
|B
|Barate Bharatbhushan Sharadchandra
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!127
|C
|Wanjale Sayali Rameshbhai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!128
|D
|Dodke Sachin Shivajirao
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!129
! rowspan="4" |33
! rowspan="4" |Shivane-Khadakwasla-Dhayari
|A
|Dhanashree Dattatray Kolhe
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!130
|B
|Anita Tukaram Ingle
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|-
!131
|C
|Nanekar Subhash Muralidhar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!132
|D
|Sopan (Kaka) Chavan
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|-
!133
! rowspan="4" |34
! rowspan="4" |Vadgaon Budhruk-Dhayari
|A
|Charwad Haridas Krishna
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!134
|B
|Komal Sarang Navale
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!135
|C
|Jayshree Satyawan Bhumkar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!136
|D
|Raju Murlidhar Laygude
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!137
! rowspan="4" |35
! rowspan="4" |Suncity-Manikbaug
|A
|Gosavi Jyoti Kishor
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!138
|B
|Manjusha Deepak Nagpure
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!139
|C
|More Sachin Raosaheb
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!140
|D
|Shrikant Shashikant Jagtap
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!141
! rowspan="4" |36
! rowspan="4" |Sahakarnagar-Padmavati
|A
|Veena Ganesh Ghosh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!142
|B
|Bhosale Shailaja Arun
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!143
|C
|Sai Prashant Thopte
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!144
|D
|Mahesh Nanasaheb Wable
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!145
! rowspan="4" |37
! rowspan="4" | Dhankawadi-Katraj Dairy
|A
|Balabhau (Kishor) Uttam Dhankawade
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!146
|B
|Tapkir Varsha Vilas
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!147
|C
|Badak Tejashree Sachin
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!148
|D
|Arun Bhagwan Rajwade
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!149
! rowspan="5" |38
! rowspan="5" |Balajinagar-Ambegaon-Katraj
|A
|Smita Sudhir Kondhare
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!150
|B
|Beldare Sandeep Balasaheb
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!151
|C
|Beldare Seema Yuvraj
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!152
|D
|Chorghe Pratibha Rohidas
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!153
|E
|Khopade Vyankoji Maruti
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!154
! rowspan="4" |39
! rowspan="4" |Upper Super Indiranagar
|A
|Varsha Bhimrao Sathe
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!155
|B
|Pratik Prakash Kadam
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!156
|C
|Dhadve Rupali Dinesh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!157
|D
|Bala (Pramod) Premchand Oswal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!158
! rowspan="4" |40
! rowspan="4" |Kondhwa Budhruk-Yeolewadi
|A
|Archana Amit Jagtap
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!159
|B
|Kamthe Vrushali Sunil
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!160
|C
|Kadam Tushar Puja
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!161
|D
|Tilekar Ranjana Kundalik
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!162
! rowspan="4" |41
! rowspan="4" |Mohammadwadi-Undri
|A
|Alhat Prachi Ashish
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!163
|B
|Bandal Nivrutti Dnyanoba
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!164
|C
|Shweta Sachin Ghule
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!165
|D
|Tarwade Atul Narayan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2026 elections in India]]
* [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in/Home/Index State Election Commission Maharashtra Official Website]

{{Maharashtra municipal corporation elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2026 elections in India]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in Maharashtra|Pune]]
[[Category:Pune Municipal Corporation]]

Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar

2026-02-07T17:56:43Z

Tox Digital: Put Up First Data Initial Version

{{short description|Indian physicist (1930-2004)}}
{{Distinguish|text = his cousin [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], Indian-American astrophysicist and Nobel laureate}}
{{indian patronymic|Chandrasekhar|Sivaramakrishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar
| image = S.Chandrasekhar.jpg
| caption =
| honorific_suffix = FNA, FRS
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|8|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|3|8|1930|8|6|df=yes}}
| death_place = Bengaluru, India
| alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]], [[University of Cambridge]]
| known_for = Liquid crystals
| work_institutions = [[University of Mysore]], [[Raman Research Institute]]
| awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1994) [[Eringen Medal]] (1996)
| father = {{ill|Sivaramakrishnan (Indian Accounts Service)|lt=Sivaramakrishnan|qid=Q125516718|short=1}}
| mother = {{ill|Sitalaxmi (Chandrasekhar family)|lt=Sitalaxmi|qid=Q124416098|short=1}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[C.V. Raman]] (uncle)|[[S. Pancharatnam]] (brother)|[[S. Ramaseshan]] (brother)}}
}}
'''Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar''' [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]], [[Royal Society|FRS]] (6 August 1930 – 8 March 2004)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gray | first1 = G. W. | last2 = Luckhurst | first2 = G. R. | last3 = Raynes | first3 = E. P. | title = Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar. 6 August 1930 -- 8 March 2004: Elected FRS 1983 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2007.0015 | doi-access = free| journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]| volume = 53 | pages = 127 | year = 2007 | s2cid = 72944918 }}</ref> was an Indian physicist who won the [[Royal Medal]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1750|title=Royal Medal Winners: 2007 - 1990|access-date=2008-12-06}}</ref> He was the founder-president of the [[International Liquid Crystal Society]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/09/stories/2004030905811200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040508105551/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/09/stories/2004030905811200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]| title=Prof. S. Chandrashekhar dead|access-date=2009-07-22|location=Chennai, India|date=9 March 2004}}</ref>

Chandrasekhar was born on 6 August 1930 at [[Kolkata]], to {{ill|Sitalaxmi (Chandrasekhar family)|lt=Sitalaxmi|qid=Q124416098|short=1}} (sister of [[C.V. Raman]]) and {{ill|Sivaramakrishnan (Indian Accounts Service)|lt=Sivaramakrishnan|qid=Q125516718|short=1}}.<ref>{{cite Q|Q125516639}}</ref><ref>{{cite Q|Q125503928}}</ref> He received his MSc degree in [[physics]] with first rank from [[Nagpur University]] in 1951. Subsequently, he joined the [[Raman Research Institute]] (RRI), [[Bangalore]] to work for his doctoral degree in physics under the guidance of his maternal uncle, [[C. V. Raman]]. The main topic of his research was related to optical rotatory dispersion measurements on several crystals. He received the D Sc degree from Nagpur University in 1954. Then he went to the [[Cavendish Laboratory]] on an [[1851 Exhibition Scholarship]] and obtained a second doctorate degree from [[Cambridge University]] mainly for his work on the corrections for extinction in [[neutron]] and [[X-ray scattering]] from [[crystal]]s.

His subsequent postdoctoral work in the University College and the [[Royal Institution]] at London also dealt with crystallographic problems. He returned to India in 1961 as the first Head of the Department of Physics, which had just been started in the [[University of Mysore]] at Mysore. It was here that he turned his attention to [[liquid crystals]], a subject which at that time was just coming out of a long hibernation.

== Research ==
Liquid crystals made of rod-like molecules had been discovered in 1888, and many compounds had been synthesized at [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Germany]] in the 1920s and 30s. Some physical studies had been undertaken by the German and Russian schools during that era, but the subject later languished till the mid-fifties. Starting in the late fifties, the systematic synthetic effort by [[George William Gray]] in the UK and the physical studies by Wilhelm Maier in Germany (including the well-known [[liquid crystal#Maier–Saupe mean field theory|Maier–Saupe]] or MS theory) started a revival of the subject. Chandrasekhar and his co-workers made contributions to the application of the dynamical theory of reflections to study the fascinating optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals which have a helical structure with a pitch which is usually ~ 0.5 mm, and to the extensions of the molecular theory of nematic liquid crystals beyond the MS model. Chandrasekhar was invited to establish a liquid crystal laboratory in RRI after the Department of Science and Technology started supporting it in 1971. The move had a highly positive impact on his productivity. Along with a couple of former students who moved with him to RRI, in a short time, he developed a laboratory with all the essential facilities needed for research in the chosen area. Realizing that cutting-edge research would not be possible without an in-house capacity to produce new materials, a [[organic synthesis|synthetic organic chemistry laboratory]] was set up. Soon many new experimental and a few theoretical results emerged and the Liquid Crystal Laboratory at RRI became one of the leading centres of research in the world. The twisted nematic [[liquid crystal display]] was invented in Europe in 1971 and recently, LCDs have displaced CRTs as commercially the most important displays. In cooperation with Chandrasekhar and his colleagues, the [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL), Bangalore, developed indigenous know-how for the manufacture of simple LCDs for the domestic market.

== Columns ==
The pinnacle in Chandrasekhar's scientific career came in 1977, when he and his co-workers discovered the [[columnar phase]] of liquid crystals made of disc-shaped [[molecule]]s, rather than the well-studied rods. Through [[supramolecular assembly]], the discs exhibit a [[mesophase]] which has a two-dimensional, periodic order. The paper announcing the discovery of this [[state of matter]] was published in the Indian physics journal [[Pramana (journal)|Pramana]], and is one of the most highly cited papers in the field of liquid crystals. Subsequently, a few thousand compounds with disc-like
molecules were synthesized. The columnar liquid crystals are noted for their highly [[anisotropic]] conducting properties, which is exploited in device applications.

The subject has had yet another resurgence in 1996, when Japanese scientists discovered new types of liquid crystalline phases exhibited by compounds made of another new type of (banana-shaped) molecule having bent-cores. Many such compounds exhibit columnar liquid crystalline phases.

== Publications and honors ==
The year 1977 also saw the publication of Chandrasekhar's book on liquid crystals by the [[Cambridge University Press]]. The book is popular amongst workers in the field, and has been translated into Russian and Japanese. An enlarged second edition of the book was published in 1992. Chandrasekhar also organized several international conferences, including the one in 1973 on the occasion of the [[Silver Jubilee]] of the founding of the RRI. Many stalwarts in the field of liquid crystals like [[Glen H. Brown]], George William Gray, [[Alfred Saupe]] and [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] (who was to receive the Nobel Prize in 1991, partly for his work on liquid crystals) participated in this conference. He was awarded [[A. Cemal Eringen]] [[Eringen Medal|Medal]] in 1996.

Other major conferences Chandrasekhar organized include the Ninth International Liquid Crystals Conference in 1982 and the Second Asia-Pacific Physics Conference in 1986. After retiring from the RRI in 1990, Chandrasekhar started the Centre for Liquid Crystal Research<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.res.in/en/|title=Home|website=www.cens.res.in}}</ref> in a building made available by BEL in [[Bangalore]]. Chandrasekhar's scientific achievements brought him many honours. He was elected Fellow of all the three scientific academies in India, including the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc, 1962) and the Indian National Science Academy (FNA, 1978). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1983, and was also a fellow of the [[Institute of Physics]] (London) and of the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]]. He was a member of several international and national committees on science and education.

Chandrasekhar was the founder president of the [[International Liquid Crystal Society]] for 1990–92, and was an editor of the journal ''Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals'' for 20 years. He was the recipient of the [[Bhatnagar Award]] (1972), the Homi Bhabha (1987) and Meghnad Saha (1992) medals of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], C.V. Raman Centenary Medal of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (1988), the Royal Medal of Royal Society (1994), [[Niels Bohr International Gold Medal]] of UNESCO (1998), and the Freedericksz Medal of the ''Russian Liquid Crystal Society'' (2000). He was also the recipient of the [[Karnataka Rajyotsava award]] (1986), [[Padma Bhushan]] (1998)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and the honour of Knight of the [[Order of Academic Palms]] by the French Government (1999).
Chandrasekhar was largely responsible for placing [[India]] on the international map in the field of liquid crystals.
Chandrasekhar hailed from the most illustrious family of physicists in India.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite book| author = David Dunmur|author2=David A. Dunmur |author3=Tim Sluckin | title = Soap, Science, and Flat-Screen TVs: A History of Liquid Crystals| date = 2010-11-04| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-954940-5| pages = 259, 260 }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article421131.ece Obituary: Professor Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, published in ''[[Times Online]]'', 11 May 2004

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{FRS 1983}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekhar, Sivaramakrishna}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Chandrasekhar family|Sivaramakrishna]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]

Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli

2026-02-04T03:37:30Z

Tox Digital: Put Up New Page Basic Info.

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{long plot|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| producer = [[Kavita K. Barjatya]]
| creator = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| director = [[Arvind Babbal]] Rohit Dwiwedi Amit Gupta
| creative_director = Fatima Rangila, [[Raghvendra Singh]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = "Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli" by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| voices = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] Pamela Jain [[Suresh Wadkar]] [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 697<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/yahan-main-ghar-ghar-kheli/video/yahaan-main-ghar-ghar-kheli-episode-697-13-07-2012.html|title=Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli Episode 697}}</ref>
| country = India
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20 minutes
| company = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|11|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|7|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli''''' (English: ''I've Spent My Childhood Here''), (International title: [[Zee World|My Golden Home]]) produced by [[Rajshri Productions]], was an Indian dramatic serial that aired on [[Zee TV]] Monday to Friday evenings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/yahan-main-ghar-ghar-kheli/ |title=Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli: ZEE TV Show | Watch Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli TV Serial Episodes and Videos Online at |publisher=Zeetv.com |access-date=2014-05-23}}</ref> It was well received, and stopped running on air in July 2012. It was aired on Apna TV in New Zealand and [[FBC TV]] in Fiji. Notable actors [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Zahida Parveen]], [[Alok Nath]] and [[Smita Jaykar]] acted in this serial as well. Lyricist [[Raghvendra Singh]] is the creative director in this serial.

==Plot==

''Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli'' revolves around the story of the families associated with a mansion called ''Swarn Bhawan'' (meaning: The house of gold) in the city of [[Ujjain]]. ''Swarn Bhawan'' has been passed down the Thakur family and Thakur Uday Pratap Singh, his wife Thakurain Chandra Prabha, their son Swarn Prakash and their youngest daughter Swarn Abha live there. Their eldest daughter Swarn Lata is married and lives with her husband.

Unfortunately, the Thakur family go into deep debt and are forced to sell ''Swarn Bhawan''. It is bought by Jagmohan Prasad (Uday Pratap's father's driver's son). The Thakur family has to leave Swarn Bhawan and live with Chandra Prabha's brother Raghav Pandit, who was once the Thakur's [[dewan]]. Abha ends up working as Jagmohan's employee in ''Swarn Bhawan'' under a false name Tasveer. Jagmohan's youngest son Karan Prasad and Abha fall in love. Karan and Abha marry. Initially, the families refuse to accept them but after a lot of struggle they finally come around. Abha's ex-fiancé, Sanskar, is still madly in love with her and decides to kill Karan but fails repeatedly. Karan's best friend Sania falls in love with Sanskar and he also pretends to love her back in order to stay close to Abha. Because of a misunderstanding created by Sanskar, Karan divorces Abha but discovers the truth and pleads Abha for forgiveness and they remarry. Sanskar also has a change of heart. Sanskar and Sania get married.

Everything is going well and then suddenly Karan's maternal aunt Yashodhara comes to Swarn Bhawan. She is sweet and starts taking care of the house like a mother would. Karan and Abha go to Singapore for their honeymoon. It is revealed the Karan's mother Pratibha, who was believed to be dead, is alive. Karan's maternal uncle, Ranjit, wants to ruin the Prasad family due to an old enmity between him and Pratibha. He tries to create misunderstanding between the Prasad family and Pratibha. However, with Abha and Pratibha's efforts he is caught and punished but his other sister and Jagmohan's second wife, Yashodhra saves herself. Pratibha, who has lost her memory and behaves like a child is continuously targeted by Yashodhara, her son, Dushyant and his wife. Their efforts are thwarted by Abha, who manages to send Pratibha to a rehabilitation centre to be treated. Meanwhile, Yashodhara attempts to kill her step son Karan to gain ownership of Swarn Bhawan. Karan meets with an accident in [[Mumbai]] and is presumed dead. Abha meets his lookalike Sidharth, an actor and screenwriter whose actual name is Ranchod. It is revealed that Ranchod is in fact Karan's twin brother who Jagmohan handed over at birth to a Mr. Tiwari who was incorrectly pronounced guilty in a court case because of Jagmohan. Only Jagmohan and the nanny are aware of Ranchod's existence. Ranchod/Siddharth agrees to help Abha and masquerade as Karan for 11 days after which they return to Mumbai. Abha searches for Karan one last time. Ranchod happens to meet Karan in the hospital and thinking Karan is about to die, promises him that he will protect Abha and rest of family from Yashodhara.

The Prasad family expects Karan and Abha to bring Ranchod home, with the family planning a grand birthday party for both sons. Abha is about to tell the family the sad news about Karan, when Ranchod enters. Abha finds out that she is pregnant with Karan's baby. Yashodhara and Dushyant attempt to kill the entire Prasad and Thakur families but fail and are exposed by Abha and Karan (Ranchod). Yashodhara is arrested together with Dushyant and his wife. During a religious [[Holi]] celebration, Ranchod is exposed and then explains that he was fulfilling Karan's last wish.

Karan is revealed to be alive and is saved by Dr. Arundhati who decides to take him home. As Karan cannot speak and is paralyzed, she names him Neel. Shaili sees a picture of Karan in the newspaper and decides to keep him away from Abha and Ranchod. Abha and Ranchod marry reluctantly after they realise Karan is most likely dead and with pressure from both families. Abha is still sad over Karan's disappearance trips down the stairs and loses her baby as a result of Shaili and Dushyant's actions.

===Two years later===

It is Abha and Ranchod's second anniversary and Karan is able to talk and move by now. He returns to Ujjain, greeting Abha with rose petals. Dr. Arundhati is surprised when Jagmohan introduces Shaili as Karan's sister-in-law. Arundhati recalls Shaili had introduced herself as Maithili, Karan's cousin. Ranchod finds out that it was Dushyant who caused Abha's miscarriage, and his rage, he severely injures Dushyant, who dies. Ranchod is framed for murdering him and is arrested. Abha knows that Ranchod is innocent and has to fight his case. On the day of the hearing, Shaili tells Karan everything about Abha's marriage with Ranchod. Karan is extremely upset thinking Abha has moved on with Ranchod. He tells Abha that he will help her fight the case but hints their relationship as being over. Karan and Abha trap Shaili and reveal her truth before everyone on the final day of Ranchod's hearing. Abha and Karan find evidence to prove Ranchod's innocence. Dushyant's wife is revealed to be the killer. Ranchod is able to bring Abha and Karan back together.

The Prasad family start looking for someone to marry their middle son Veer and a girl named Priyanka is chosen. Meanwhile, Abha's father finds a book that his ancient ancestors wrote that tells about the chilling history of Swarn Bhawan and the destruction of the daughters in the household at the hands of a woman called Vasundhara. Abha lets Shaili come back into the family to let her be with her daughter Asmi. Shaili is now a good daughter-in-law and has changed her ways. Priyanka's nanny, who enters Swarn Bhawan is really Yashodhra in disguise. The spirit of Vasundara possesses Yashodhara to scare the family. Abha delivers her baby but Vasundhara is waiting to take it into the spirit world. Abha stops Vasundara, who agrees to give her baby back, stating that Abha's affection has won. She then turns back into Yashodara who threatens to kill the baby unless they give her Swarn Bhawan. However, Vasundara comes back and hands the baby to Karan, then causing Yashodhara to get hit by a truck, finally killing her.

Karan tells Priyanka to leave the house, stating that she was the reason that Yashodhara came back. She insists that she only did it to give Yashodhara back her place in the house. But as she is walking out of the house, she faints. The doctor reveals that she is pregnant. Karan decides to let her stay and everybody seems to forgive her but she vows to break the unity in the house. Karan and Vimal come home and state that Vimal's dream project has been approved. Priyanka, wanting to create a rift between the brothers, sets the factory on fire. Karan is blamed for the fire that poses a financial problem for the Prasads.

Raj Singhania, Karan's childhood friend, buys Swarn Bhawan claiming that he is saving it from becoming a hotel. However, for this, Karan has to marry Raj's sister Koyal who keeps telling Karan that they have a daughter named Tanvi. Karan and his family finally unmask Koyal and make her confess. Koyal and Raj leave, with Raj apologizing for her behaviour but also stating that he still believes Karan might be Tanvi's father.

Swarn Bhawan is preparing for Pavani's naming ceremony. Abha's sister, Lata, goes to buy a gift for Pavani but is later found raped. When she wakes up in the emergency room she points towards Karan's brother, Vimal who is arrested. Karan decides to be his lawyer. Abha is forced to choose between Lata and Vimal. Lata's boss, Dev, offers to marry her. Dev's mother also accepts Lata. Lata starts to like Dev but Chandra Prabha grows suspicious. She discovers that Dev is Tanvi's father but Koyal kills Chandra Prabha with her daughter Tanvi as witness. Raj (Koyal's brother), Karan and Abha find out the truth and they stop the wedding. Koyal and AK/Dev are arrested and Raj marries Lata.

Abha and Thakur get on a bus to return home. However, some goons kidnap Abha and Pavani. Thakur, with the police, eventually find Abha lying on the ground in the woods with Pavani sitting next to her crying. They reach home safe, but Abha behaves very differently. It is then revealed that Abha is an impostor. She is really a dancer names Albeli hired by Priyanka to ruin Abha's reputation in the house. Abha who is being held captive, manages to escape but severely injures herself. Before she reaches Swarn Bhawan, she is passed out and is taken to a hospital where she has a surgery. She gains consciousness but now has the mind of a child.

Kanika plans to sell Swarn Bhawan. Albeli finds out and tells Priyanka. Priyanka makes a deal with Kanika to split the money equally for hiding the truth. Albeli reveals Kanika's truth and kicks her out while protecting Priyanka. Albeli is told that Abha met a fatal truck accident and died. Albeli, presuming Abha to be dead, decides to take Abha's place in the family. She starts loving Karan and his family. Albeli exposes Priyanka's evil intentions. Priyanka tries to expose Albeli's truth but the family does not believe her and Priyanka is thrown out of Swarn Bhawan.

Abha regains her memory and tries to convince everyone that she is the real Abha but no one believes her. Abha leaves Swarn Bhawan. Priyanka has realised her mistakes and helps Abha and Karan reunite at a ''dargah''. Albeli eventually realizes the goodness of Abha's heart and that she can never replace her. She leaves. Priyanka is welcomed back to the family.

Then the family pandit comes and warns the family about the future tragedy. Abha and Karan pay a visit to Nilanjana. The family plans to go for a picnic. Nilanjana & her husband Dr. Viren Roy along with their children also goes to the picnic. Abha sees a bad and strange dream every time. On their return, a car accident takes place in which all the men in the family died except Karan, together with Dr. Viren's wife Nilanjana. Abha comes with the dead bodies of men of the family. All the women are shocked. Thakur unable to control this trauma goes into coma. Karan is in hospital in critical condition. The doctors says that only Dr. Viren can do the operation of Karan. Dr. Viren, who was extremely angry at Karan as he felt Karan responsible for his wife's death whom he deeply loved. When Abha asks Viren to operate Karan, he immediately disagrees. But then he agrees on one condition that he would operate Karan only if she marries him. Abha has to agree for this marriage to save Karan's life. Then Abha & Viren get married with Bengali customs. Dr. Viren keeps his promise and operates Karan. Karan is saved but he loses his memory. Abha brings changes in Dr. Viren, who thanks Abha and asks her to forgive him. He also frees Abha from the false marriage and remarriage of Karan and Abha takes place. Meanwhile, Lata manages to convince Raj to allow Aruna, his true mother, to live in their house. Raj hates Aruna because he believes that Aruna cheated his father; however it was Daai Maa who had created the misunderstanding between Aruna and Raj's father. Raj has deep faith in Daai Maa and he treats her like his mother. Daai Maa gets raged when Lata brings Aruna back home. She swears to take revenge from Lata. But Lata promises Aruna that she will give back Aruna her place in the house and Raj's heart.

Meanwhile, Sushant, who is sent by Priyanka's parents enters Swarn Bhawan as a family accountant of Priyanka's family. He is actually Viren's brother-in-law who left his parents alone only for money. Sushant is an evil person. He tries to impress Priyanka and turn her against her family. He becomes successful as already Sheetal (Abha's mami) had turned Priyanka against Abha. Abha, Karan & Viren go to Mumbai for the treatment of Karan. Karan's operation also becomes successful and he regains his memory. Karan learns about Abha and Viren's marriage. Viren regrets what he had done. Karan says that he does not need forgiveness because Viren lost his wife due to Karan's mistake. Viren now puts his trust in the Gods. They return to Ujjain.

Meanwhile, Shaili's mother Karuna enters Swarn Bhawan after hearing the sad news of death of the men of the family. Karan is unaware about the death of the men of his family (as Abha do not tell him about this because Viren informs her that Karan is not fully well and she should tell him later). On Abha's request the widowed women of family agrees to wear coloured dresses and presuming before Karan that they are not widows. Karan reaches Swarn Bhawan. He is warmly welcomed by his family. All try to hide the truth from Karan. But then Shaili who had been believing that her husband Vimal is alive comes downstairs in a white widow dress. All are shocked. Finally, Karan discovers about the truth. Actually, it was the evil plan of Sushant and Priyanka who managed to get Shaili make her daughter accept the truth of her husband's death. Priyanka blames Karan for the death of the men of the family as he was driving that car which crashed. Karan is full of remorse and cries loudly. The other women of the family console Karan and tell him that he was not responsible for this but this was the game of fate.

Now, Karan pledges that he will not allow the tears to come in the eyes of any member of the family and he will equally treat Paavani, Asmi (Shaili's daughter) and Nishant (Priyanka's son). Then the comatose Thakur Uday Pratap regains consciousness. Abha, Karan and their family ask Thakur Sahab to live with them in Swarn Bhawan. Though reluctant, Thakur Sahab agrees. Now Abha and Karan decide to get the widowed ladies of the house Shaili, Priyanka and Kanika remarried. Pratibha also supports them. Abha and Karan go to meet with a Pandit and ask him to search a good bride for them. Thakur gives Karan some savings, advising him to do a business. The family decides to start an Achar-Papad business. They get their first order. All the ladies work hard.

Daai maa keeps a puja for welfare of Raj's child (she is presuming to be good). Abha is also there that time. While Daai maa is talking to a pandit regarding puja, Abha and Lata find Daai Maa's passbook in her room which was hidden in a flower vase. In the passbook, it is mentioned that Daai maa has a family account with someone. Meanwhile, the pandit tells the Singhanias that the unborn child's grandmother will have to go to Kshipra river and bring its water. Then the child's mother will have to bathe with that water. Abha says that Aruna is the child's grandmother and she will do that. Daai maa get jealous. Daai maa also learns that Lata has known her secret. Thus she plans to kill Lata by burning her. Therefore, after Aruna comes with Kshipra river's water with her in a matka and get busy in other preparations. Daai maa empties the matka containing water and fills it with gasoline. Lata bathes with it and her clothes catches fire. The doctor informs that Lata's body was wet with gasolene. A female police inspector arrives with her force. Daai maa blames Aruna, whom inspector believes, and arrests Aruna.

Lata regains consciousness. She is shocked after hearing about the arrest of Aruna. Raj files a case against Aruna. Lata at once understand that it is Daai Maa who tried to burn her and also instigated Raj against Aruna. She also files a case against Daai Maa and asks Abha to fight this case. Raj is upset with Lata because of this.

Abha and Lata try to find D.M. Shikhawat with whom Daai Maa had a joint account. Abha discovers that this D.M. Shikhawat is Devashish Mukherji aka Ashmit Kappor (Koyal's husband and Lata's rapist) who is Daai Maa's real son. Next day, Abha arrives at the court late. She tells the reason that on her way, an accident happened on the road in which her sister's husband's relative Devashish Mukherji died. Daai Maa who is also present in the court is shocked. She shouts at Abha that she is telling lie. In grief and worry, she finally confesses to Raj that Dev is her son whom she kept away from her for his bright future. That moment Devashish also enters the court. Daai Maa then realizes that Dev is unharmed and says that she has no relation to him. After Abha holds a gun to Dev's head, Daai Maa confesses that Dev is her son and that she tried to burn Lata alive. Abha says that she had to tell this lie so that Daai Maa could confess her crime. Aruna is proven innocent and is released. Daai Maa is jailed. Now Raj apologises Aruna for his behavior and asks her to come with them in her home. Abha, Lata and Aruna are happy.

Shaili tells everyone that Priyanka ran away to marry Sushant. Abha and Ranchod go to Sushant's house and find Swarn Bhawan owner transferring papers and money that Priyanka gave him. Abha goes and stops the wedding. Ranchod exposes Sushant's plan in front of Priyanka by showing her Swarn Bhawan owner transferring papers. Abha asks Sushant to leave Priyanka's life forever and not to show his face to their family again. Then, Sushant is murdered, members of Swarn Bhawan are suspected, and are arrested one after another however the truth is finally revealed; Shaili's mother Karuna with her car CD177 was the culprit and she is arrested.

Karan and Abha start thinking about the remarriage of widowed ladies of Swarn Bhawan. Karan's friend who is a police officer, comes and proposes to marry Shaili. All are happy when Shaili agrees. Kanika and Priyanka's marriage also get fixed. Abha and Karan promises Pratibha that the responsibility of wedding is theirs and they will try their best to make it an unforgettable wedding. Abha and Karan do the Kanyadaan of all three of them. Thakur Uday Pratap gifts a book to each bride as his blessing.

Everything settles in Swarn Bhawan and all ends well in Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli International title : My Golden Home.<ref>{{citation|title=Yahaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
* [[Suhasi Goradia Dhami]] as Swarnabha Karan Prasad / Albeli (Double role)
* [[Karan Grover]] as Karan Jagmohan Prasad / Ranchod (Double role)
* [[Jayshree Arora]] as Saraswati Ram Prasad
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Jagmohan Ram Prasad
* [[Zarina Wahab]] / Natasha Sinha / [[Surbhi Tiwari]] as Pratibha Jagmohan Prasad
* [[Zahida Parveen]] as Yashodhara Sahay / Yashodhara Jagmohan Prasad / Gayatri
* Harsh Vashisht as Vimal Jagmohan Prasad
* Karuna Pandey as Shaili Vimal Prasad
* [[Mehul Nisar]] as Veer Jagmohan Prasad
* Dimple Inamdar as Priyanka Veer Prasad
* [[Alok Nath]] as Thakur Uday Pratap Singh
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Thakurain Chandra Prabha Uday Pratap Singh
* Tarun Mehta as Thakur Swarnprakash Singh
* [[Lavina Tandon]] / Silkeena Kaur / Shivangi Sharma as Thakurain Kanika Prakash Singh
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Raj Singhania
* [[Namrata Thapa]] as Swarnlata Raj Singhania
* [[Kiran Bhargava]] as Laachi Shikhawat (Daai Ma)
* [[Varun Khandelwal]] as Dushyant Sahay
* Sonica Handa as Devyani Dushyant Sahay
* [[Pankaj Berry]] as Raghav Pandit
* Sonali Naik as Sheetal Raghav Pandit
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Sanskaar
* Preeti Chaudhary as Sania
* [[Megha Gupta]] as Dr. Arundhati
* [[Natasha Sharma]] as Vasundhara
* [[Darshan Pandya]] as Ashmit Kapoor / Devashish Mukherji / Dev Mohan Shekhawat
* [[Sonia Singh]] as Koyal Singhania / Koyal Dev Mohan Shekhawat
* [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] as Dr. Viren Roy
* [[Sameksha]] as Nilanjana Viren Roy
* Madhu Raja as Promita (Nilanjana's mother)
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as Karuna (Shaili's Mother)
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Sushant
{{div col end}}

== Awards ==
'''[[Zee Rishtey Awards|Zee Rishtey Awards 2009]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/zee-rishtey-awards |title=Complete List of Winners of Zee Rishtey Awards, 2009 |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204843/http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/zee-rishtey-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Favourite Bada Sadasya - [[Alok Nath]] as Thakur Uday Pratap Singh
* Favourite Naya Sadasya (Female) - [[Suhasi Goradia Dhami]] as Swarn Abha

'''[[Zee Rishtey Awards|Zee Rishtey Awards 2010]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/zee-rishtey-awards |title=Complete List of Winners of Zee Rishtey Awards, 2010 |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204843/http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/zee-rishtey-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Favourite Aadarniya Sadasya - [[Alok Nath]] & [[Smita Jaykar]] as Uday Pratap and Chandra Prabha
* Favourite Behen - [[Suhasi Goradia Dhami]] as Swarn Abha
* Favourite Beta - [[Karan Grover]] as Karan Prasad

'''[[Zee Rishtey Awards|Zee Rishtey Awards 2011]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeeuk.com/zeeuk2008/blog/?p=370 |title=Winners of Zee Rishtey Awards, 2011 |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224526/http://www.zeeuk.com/zeeuk2008/blog/?p=370 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Favourite Beti - [[Suhasi Goradia Dhami]] as Swarn Abha
* Favourite Show (Fiction) - Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli
* Popular Face(Male) - [[Karan Grover]] as Karan Prasad

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.zeetv.com/shows/yahan-main-ghar-ghar-kheli/}}
*{{IMDb title|tt1587102|Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]

Benipur

2026-02-03T21:11:34Z

Tox Digital: Creating Initial Data W/ Infobox

{{About|the census town in Varanasi district|1. the assembly constituency|Benipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|2. the village in West Bengal|Benipur, Hooghly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Benipur
| settlement_type = Census town & Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Benipur
| pushpin_map_caption = Census town location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.368927|83.009789|display = inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 77.273
| population_total = 12,470 <ref name="Demography">{{cite news|title=Demography|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website|accessdate= 1 November 2015|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/209729-benipur-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221007 <ref name="Post code">{{cite news|title=Post code|publisher=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/varanasi/benipur.html}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = UP 65 ''XX XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Census town code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209729
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008"/>
}}
'''Benipur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Census town details">{{cite news|title=Census town details|publisher=Local Government directory|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref> The census town falls under the Benipur [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Census town details"/> Benipur Census town is about 7 kilometers North-East of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], 303 kilometers South-East of [[Lucknow]] and 14 kilometers North of [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="Distances">{{cite news|title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?source=tldso}}</ref><ref name="Census town coordinates">{{cite news|title=Census town coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Elevation">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name="Census town info">{{cite news|title=Census town info|publisher=WikiEdit.Org|accessdate=1 November 2015 |url= http://wikiedit.org/India/Benipur/90330/}}</ref>

==Demography==
Benipur has 1,708 families with a total population of 12,470. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the census town is 908 and [[child sex ratio]] is 848. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || - || - || 1,708 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || 6,534 || 5,936 || 10,592
|-
| Children || - || - || 1,878
|-
| Total population || 6,534 || 5,936 || 12,470
|-
| Literacy || 73.3% || 55.9% || 65%
|-
|}

==Transportation==
Benipur is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Varanasi City railway station]]) and by road. Nearest operational airports is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] and nearest operational railway station is [[Varanasi City railway station]] (24 and 5 kilometers respectively from Benipur).<ref name="Distances"/>

==See also==

* [[Varanasi district]]
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]
* [[Varanasi tehsil]]
{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==

* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Villages in Varanasi district}}
{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Benipur'''
|North =
|Northeast = [[Sarnath]] (3.5 km)
|East =
|Southeast = [[Vasanta College for Women]] (8.5 km)
|South = [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] (8.5 km)
|Southwest = [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]] (11 km)
|West = [[Bhadohi]] (53 km)
|Northwest = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] (24 km)
}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]

{{Varanasi-geo-stub}}

Kotgarh

2026-01-02T06:43:43Z

Tox Digital:

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotgarh
| other_name =
| nickname = The Apple Bowl of India
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Kotgarh Village.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kotgarh Village
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.31|77.47|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kumarsain]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1888
| population_total = 608
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Shodochi)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 172031
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP-95]]
| website =
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_magnitude =
}}

'''Kotgarh''' is a town and a sub-tehsil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsils {{!}} Shimla District, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpshimla.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Kumarsain]] [[Subdivision (India)|subdivision]] of [[Shimla district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Formerly under the [[British Raj]], it was the capital of [[Kotkhai]]-Kotgarh [[princely state]], which was later shifted to Kiari in [[Kotkhai]]. Kotgarh was incorporated into [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] in 1815 and later to [[India]] in 1947.

It was in this region, where [[Satyanand Stokes]] planted first American apple tree in India in 1916.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/himachal-farmers-want-stokes-birthday-memorialised-as-apple-day-101629123508883.html|title=Kotgarh "The apple bowl of India"}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh is known as the apple bowl as well as fruit bowl of India, due to its high quality of apple and cherry cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/hillstations/Kotgarh/index.htm|title=About Kotgarh}}</ref>
[[File:Plate 14. Mission Bungalow and School House at Khotghur - sunset.jpg|thumb|Mission Bungalow and School House at Khotghur in 1850]]
==References==
<references />

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimla district]]

2008 in Kerala

2025-12-30T01:56:51Z

Tox Digital: Creating Initial Details W/ Refs...

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2008''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] -

* [[R.L. Bhatia]] (till July),
* [[R. S. Gavai]] (from July)

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] -

* [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]

== Events ==

* January 30 - Kerala cabinet directs [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretary]] to submit an enquiry report on the controversial 70-acre HMT Land Deal that had taken place in October 2006 between [[HMT (company)|HMT]] and Mumbai-based HDIL.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2008-01-31|title=HMT Kerala land deal under scanner|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hmt-kerala-land-deal-under-scanner-108013101044_1.html|access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref> There are allegations that the land which costs 700 crore was sold at a highly discounted price of 91 crores to HDIL's subsidiary Blue Star Realtors.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2009-08-11|title=Kerala HC ratifies HMT land sale|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kerala-hc-ratifies-hmt-land-sale-109081103016_1.html|access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>
* February 6 - Forceful eviction of poor families from [[Moolampilly]] for [[Vembanad Rail Bridge]] to [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-06|title=13 years on, dark day still haunts evictees at Moolampilly|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/13-years-on-dark-day-still-haunts-evictees-at-moolampilly/article30748577.ece|access-date=2022-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* February 26 - In an affidavit placed before [[Kerala High Court]], [[Government of Kerala]] submits that HMT land deal is legal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HMT land sale legal, says State government |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/46531/hmt-land-sale-legal-says-state-government/|access-date=2022-01-28|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref>
* February 28 - [[British Council, India|British Council Library]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] closes down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-30 |title=The Hindu : Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : British Library closes down |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/01/stories/2008030157390300.htm |access-date=2022-01-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030063601/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/01/stories/2008030157390300.htm |archive-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* February - [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] raises corruption allegations against [[Elamaram Kareem]] and [[K. P. Rajendran]] over sale of 70 acres of land held by [[HMT Limited]] at [[Kalamassery]] to a [[Mumbai]] based realtor firm Blue Star Realtors a subsidiary of HDIL for building a Rs. 4000 crore Cyber City project during October 2006. This land is valued at Rs. 700 crores and teh deal took place for 91 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2008-02-08 |title=Kerala ministers under scanner in land scam |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb08/kerala_ministers_under_scanner_land_scam.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2008-02-26 |title=Kerala opposition walks out over Cyber City deal |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb26/kerala_opposition_walks_out_over_cyber_city_deal.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-07 |title=Left lands a scam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20080218-left-lands-a-scam-735332-2008-02-07 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=HC upholds HMT land sale |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Aug/12/hc-upholds-hmt-land-sale-76893.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-25 |title=HMT land sale to NIA to be complete by June |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/hmt-land-sale-to-nia-to-be-complete-by-june/article18575387.ece |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* June - [[T. P. Chandrasekharan]] forms [[Revolutionary Marxist Party]] at [[Onchiam]] after getting expelled from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala: Rebels throw CPI(M) out of power in its bastion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/kerala-rebels-throw-cpim-out-of-power-in-its-bastion-35437-2008-12-18 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* July 17 - [[Government of Kerala|The government of Kerala]] revises the [[Social science]] textbook for 7th standard students in the state following controversy over a chapter named "''Mathamillatha Jeevan"'' which was accused of promoting [[Atheism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from a Kerala textbook |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/16guest2.htm |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala textbook row: Govt to remove controversial portions |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kerala-textbook-row-govt-to-remove-controversial-portions/336968/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* July 18 - A group of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] workers under the leadership of M.R. Murali leaves party to form Jankeeya Vikasana Samithi in [[Palakkad district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disgruntled reds leave the fold to throw a party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2011/sep/18/disgruntled-reds-leave-the-fold-to-throw-a-party-291943.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* August 12 - ''Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008'' came into effect. This act prevents conversion of paddy land through landfilling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2022-05-14 |title=An Act at a crossroads |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-act-at-a-crossroads/article65404448.ece |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* September 10 - Five youngsters were recruited and sent from [[Kerala]] to take part in [[Kashmir militancy]] by alleged affiliates of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] active in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorists for Hire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/nation/story/national-investigation-agency-reveals-kerala-emerging-as-terror-hub-129704-2011-03-11 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* October 7 - Two [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militants]] named Abdul Raheem and Muhammad Fayaz hailing from [[Kannur district]] and [[Malappuram district]] killed in an encounter in [[Lolab Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's youths have links with terrorists in J&K: Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/keralas-youths-have-links-with-terrorists-in-j-k-police-33578-2008-11-18 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* October 10 - Two [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militants]] named Muhammad Yassin and Faizal from [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam districts]] of [[Kerala]] killed in an encounter in the [[Kupwara district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala’s Emergence as a Terror Hub: Repeated Warnings Ignored |url=https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/KeralasEmergenceasaTerrorHub_AVKumar_111108 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=idsa.in}}</ref>
* November 13 - [[Kerala Police]] seized 125 [[Bomb|Country Bomb]] from [[Panoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-11-13 |title=125 crude bombs seized in Kannur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/125-crude-bombs-seized-in-kannur/articleshow/3709536.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* December 4 - nine schoolchildren were killed and twelve injured in a road accident at [[Perumannu]], when a [[Mahindra Major|Jeep]] hit the children as they were on their way home from school. One of the injured victims died a few days later, raising the death toll to 10 children
* December 17 - [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] introduces [[Volvo Buses]] in the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] – [[Bangalore]] route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSRTC flags off new Garuda buses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2008/dec/18/ksrtc-flags-off-new-garuda-buses-11624.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* January 29 - [[Baby John]], 90, politician and [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] leader.
* May 15 - [[Henry Austin (Indian politician)|Henry Austin, Indian politician and diplomat]], 88.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2008 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]

Vadakkan Pattukal

2025-12-23T09:25:43Z

Tox Digital: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Song}}
{{redirect|Thacholi Othenan|the film|Thacholi Othenan (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Vadakkan Pattukal''' ({{Literal translation|the ballads of the north}}) are a collection of [[Malayalam]] [[ballad]]s from the medieval period (12th-20th century).{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}}{{sfnp|Narayanan|2003|p=20}} The genre as a whole represents the [[Rasa (aesthetics)|sentiment]] of ''vira'', or the heroic, through its depictions of "valour and sacrifice."<ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=Tiya&pg=PA316 |language=en}}</ref>

==Contents==
The songs present stories of heroes such as [[Aromal Chekavar]] and [[Thacholi Othenan]], and heroines like [[Unniyarcha]]. The stories centre around the fortunes of two families, Puthooram family and Thacholi Manikkoth family. Though the two families belong to two different castes or communities, [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] and [[Nair]] respectively, they have a shared martial traditional. The chief among the Thiyyar chieftains of Puthooram was [[Aromal Chekavar]], who had been killed by his cousin Chanthu Chekavar in his first duel (Ankam) by deceit. His sister, Attumanamel Unniyarcha, is equally adept in the use of arms. The exploits of the Nair chieftain, Thacholi Othenan, belonging to the Thacholi family, form the theme of several ballads. The last duel Othenan fought was with his own guru, called Mathiloor Gurukkal, who was from the [[Kaniyar|Ganaka]] caste. Thandasseri Chappan, who was the best friend and all time companion of Othenan, was from Thiyyar caste. They always travel together and fight together. Vadakkan Patt also talks about other strong women like Poomathayi Ponnamma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=Tiya&pg=PA316|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|isbn = 9788126003655|last1 = Ayyappa Paniker|first1 = K.|year = 1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My8DEAAAQBAJ&q=Chekavan&pg=PT42|title = Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus|isbn = 9780190992071|last1 = Nisha|first1 = P. R.|date = 12 June 2020}}</ref> They exemplify the heights of folk-poetry and are also sometimes associated with deities. Almost all these ballads show strong connections to [[Kalaripayattu]]. The oldest compositions do not date earlier than 16th century but their idiom and vocabulary seem older.<ref name = "Vada1">Sujit Mukherjee, A Dictionary of Indian Literature (Orient Longman Publications, 1998, {{ISBN|81-250-1453-5}}), page 406</ref>{{qn|date=June 2020}}<ref name = "vada2">Vadakkan and Thekkan Pattukal.(Sri Rama Vilasom Press, 1967), pages 128–148</ref>{{qn|date=June 2020}} However, like any other oral cultural forms that are sung by communities even today, these songs show great flexibility and a repetitive pattern in their lexicon that is typical of the simplicity of folksongs in general.<ref> Rakhava Warrier, Vadakkan pattukalude Paniyala 1982 Vallathol Vidhyapeedom Press</ref>{{pn|date=June 2020}}{{qn|date=June 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book | last =Menon | first=A. Sreedhara | date =4 March 2011 | title =Kerala History and its Makers | publisher =D C Books | isbn =978-81-264-3782-5 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC | access-date =10 October 2021}}

* {{Citation | last =Narayanan | first =M.T. | year =2003 | title =Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar | publisher =Northern Book Centre}}
{{refend}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
}}

[[Category:Ballads]]
[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Ezhava]]
[[Category:Songs in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]

Ajni Square metro station

2025-12-19T17:48:01Z

Tox Digital: Creating A Entry First Draft...

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ajni Square
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Orange}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Ajni Square metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Ajni Chowk, Ramakrishna Nagar, Vivekanand Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440015
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.1183|79.0721|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] Platform-2 → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Rahate Colony|to-left=Automotive Square|right=Chhatrapati Square}}
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ajni Square''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in the city of [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra. It was opened on 22 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro's Double Decker Viaduct Inaugurated |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/16/nagpur-metros-double-decker-viaduct-inaugurated/ |website=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=26 November 2021 |date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ashish|last=Roy |title=Two months pass but no new Metro station opens|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/two-months-pass-but-no-new-metro-station-opens/articleshow/69241835.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Ajni Square track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Rahate Colony}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Chhatrapati Square}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] '''Next Station:''' [[Chhatrapati Square metro station|Chhatrapati Square]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] '''Next Station:''' [[Rahate Colony metro station|Rahate Colony]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Abhishek Iyengar

2025-12-18T07:23:05Z

Tox Digital: Creating Initial Data First Draft...

{{notability|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian playwright and theatre director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Iyengar
| image =
| image_upright =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|11|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Theatre director, writer
| years_active = 2006–present
}}
'''Abhishek Iyengar''' is an Indian playwright and theatre director. He is a co-founder of [[Bangalore]]-based theatre company [[WeMove Theatre]]. He writes play in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and English.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |title=Plays for everyone |website=The Hindu |date=2016-02-26 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/plays-for-everyone/article8285613.ece |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Joyeeta |title=Playwright Abhishek Iyengar bags his next film project |website=The Times of India |date=2021-09-12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/playwright-abhishek-iyengar-bags-his-next-film-project/articleshow/86116562.cms |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref>

==Career==
Iyengar wrote ''E=MC2'', a thriller play which revolves around the life of a software engineer. The protagonist of the play, a person with [[schizophrenia]], is hired to search the missing Software Engineer and through this quest he explores many other hidden truths.<ref name=":0"/> His another play entitled ''Magadi Days'' is a political satire. In this play, a local government manipulates the laws because of which the common man suffers.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |title=Political network |website=The Hindu |date=2013-11-29 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/political-network/article5405398.ece |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> His play ''Namma Metro'' (2012) is a symbolic representation of Bangalore. It deals with issues of how a small-time city suddenly gets exposed to globalization and the repercussions occurs due to the same.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=A play on namma metro |website=The New Indian Express |date=2012-05-29 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/may/29/a-play-on-namma-metro-372537.html |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=A lot can happen on a bench in the city |website=The Hindu |date=2012-06-13 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-lot-can-happen-on-a-bench-in-the-city/article3524566.ece |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> In 2013, he wrote and directed ''P.S. I Don't Love You''.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Nirmala |title=Of love & other demons |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2013-05-14 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/of-love-other-demons/articleshow/21194139.cms |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref> His play ''Cocktail'' is a collection of eight short stories based on the real-life stories of people in India. Each story depicts a different emotion and expression thus adding eight different variations. The play is devised using the 'black-box' concept.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Arunima |title=The Mint Planner, 20 March 2015 |website=Mint |date=2015-03-19 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/the-mint-planner-20-march-2015-1540715256609.html |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Retreating World with a twist |website=The Times of India |date=2014-05-08 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/the-retreating-world-with-a-twist/articleshow/34841001.cms |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=A bouquet of emotions |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2014-05-06 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/wemove-theatre-abhishek-iyengar-cocktail-play-meant-for-the-masses-bangalore-karnataka-events/articleshow/34744640.cms |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> His play ''Anaavarana'' (The Unveiling) revolves around the subject of reunion of friends after their graduation. Miffed with their own secrets, the six friends try to recollect their graduation days and what percolates out is a series of emotions which were always hidden from each other.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Prajeet |title=Bittersweet reunions |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2017-05-14 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/bittersweet-reunions/articleshow/58662080.cms |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Slay this Monday with a host of activities – from art to meditation to a drag show and a dance party |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2020-03-09 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/slay-this-monday-with-a-host-of-activities-from-art-to-meditation-to-a-drag-show-and-a-dance-party/articleshow/74541748.cms |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref>

In 2006, he co-founded the [[WeMove Theatre]] with Rangraj Bhattacharya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visually Appealing |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2015-11-26 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/visually-appealing/articleshow/49926666.cms |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref> In 2017, he was appointed a WorldTheatre Ambassador as a representative of India for world theatre map, as a part of [[HowlRound]], a project by [[Emerson College]], [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoot at sight | website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2017-05-31 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/shoot-at-sight/articleshow/58917435.cms |access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref>

==Awards==
Iyengar received first prize at Adjust Madkobedi Theatre Festival for his play ''Mooru Humpugalu''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rousing finale for 'Adjust Madkobedi' Natakotsava |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=2014-05-06 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/mooru-humpugalu-abhishek-iyengar-adjust-madkobedi-theatre-festival-vijaya-karnataka-abhinaya-mysooru-fourth-wall-tahatto-goblin-productions-arundhati-nag/articleshow/34695687.cms | access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref> Iyengar was awarded the Kannada Sahitya Parishat Award by [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] for his plays ''Magadi Days'' and ''By2coffee''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/karnataka/kasapa-datti-awards-2021-kannada-sahitya-parishad-s-2021-endowment-award-announced-which-work-for-which-award-check-details-here-181676548030624.html | title=KaSaPa datti awards 2021: ‌ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್‌ನ 2021ನೇ ಸಾಲಿನ ದತ್ತಿ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರ ಪ್ರಕಟ; ಯಾವ ಕೃತಿಗೆ ಯಾವ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರ – ವಿವರ }}</ref>

==List of plays==
=== Plays written in English ===
* ''P.S I Don't Love You''<ref name=":5"/>
* ''Cocktail''<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/>
* ''Malgudi Express'' (adapted from [[Malgudi Days (short story collection)|''Malgudi Days'']] written by R. K. Narayan)<ref name="The New Indian Express 2012">{{cite web | title=Malgudi Daze on stage | website=The New Indian Express | date=2012-03-30 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2012/mar/30/malgudi-daze-on-stage-353704.html | access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref>
* ''Anaavarana'' (The Unveiling) (2017), directed by Ranjan S.<ref name=":4"/>

===Plays written in Kannada===
* ''Namma Metro''<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":8"/>
* ''Magadi Days''<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{cite web |title='Magadi Days' play on February 8 |website=Deccan Herald |date=2014-02-05 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/384597/magadi-days-play-february-8.html |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref>
* ''E=MC2''<ref name=":0"/>
* ''Sambhandagala Sutta''<ref>{{cite web |title=WeMove Theatre marks its 14th anniversary today |website=The Times of India |date=2020-08-26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/wemove-theatre-marks-its-14th-anniversary-today/articleshow/77763863.cms |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm4842533}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Surat railway station

2025-12-02T04:50:40Z

Tox Digital:

{{Short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Surat
| native_name = {{nobold|સુરત}}
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Surat Railway Station - Nov 2024.jpg
| image_caption = Surat railway station
| address = Lal Darwaja Station Rd, Suryapur Gate, [[Varachha]], [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] 395003
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|21.205538|72.840954|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|59.220|m|ft}}
| line = {{rcb|Indian Railways|Delhi–Mumbai|small}}
| structure = Above-grade
| platform = 4 (2 [[side platform|side]] and 1 [[island platform]])
| tracks = 6
| connections = {{rint|bus}} [[Surat BRTS|Sitilink]]: 01, 02, 17A, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 102R, 104, 105, 106R, 106S, 107J, 112, 116BR, 116R, 117, 117P, 118, 126R, 127J, 136, 137J, 146, 147J, 153R, 254, 402
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1852}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|df=yes|1970}}
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = ST
| zone = Western Railway
| division = {{rwd|Mumbai WR}}
}}
| owned = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|15px]] [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone]]
| status = Ongoing Partial Redevelopment
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Gujarat#India
| map_dot_label = Surat railway station
| map_size = 300
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Delhi–Mumbai|left=Vadodara Junction|right=Mumbai Central}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Surat Railway Station''' (Code: '''ST''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/65|title=ST/Surat (4 PFs) Railway Station Map/Atlas WR/Western Zone Indian Railway Enquiry|work=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is a major railway station serving Surat, beside Gothangam, Kosad, {{stnlnk|Utran}}, {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhestan}}, {{stnlnk|Niyol}} and {{stnlnk|Sachin}}. It is under the administrative control of the [[Western Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. Surat is '''A1''' – category railway station of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It is on the [[Ahmedabad]]–[[Vadodara]]–[[Mumbai]] rail route. The railway station was built in 1860.

Going north, {{stnlnk|Utran}} Railway Station is the nearest railhead. {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}} Railway Station is to the south of [[Surat]].

In early 2016, the [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]] rated the facility the best large station in India based on cleanliness.<ref>{{cite news|title=Surat railway station cleanest: survey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/surat-cleanest-railway-station-varanasi-among-the-dirtiest-survey/article8366276.ece|access-date=18 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 March 2016}}</ref> Railway station of Surat is on the first floor from ground.

The nearest international airport is [[Surat Airport]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ahmedabadairport.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=463| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204022051/http://www.ahmedabadairport.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=463| archive-date=4 February 2012| title=Ahmedabad Airport| website=AhmedabadAirport.com| publisher=Worldviewer.com}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|-
|style="border-left:solid 2px black; border-top:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;"|
|style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;" align="center"|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;" align="center"|[[Side platform]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 0px gray;width:60px;"|'''<big>→</big>'''
|style="border-top:solid 0px gray;font-size:smaller;" align="center"|Track 1
|style="border-top:solid 0px gray;font-size:smaller;" align="center"|22-car train
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;"|'''<big>←</big>'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;font-size:smaller;" align="center"|Track 2
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;font-size:smaller;" align="center"|22-car train
|-
|style="border-left:solid 2px black; border-top:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;"|
|style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;" align="center"|'''Platform 2 / 3'''
|style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;" align="center"|[[Island platform]] ''Under renovation; limited access in effect.''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 0px gray;"|'''<big>→</big>'''
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 0px gray;"|Track 3
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 0px gray;"|22-car train
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;"|'''<big>←</big>'''
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 1px gray;"|Track 4
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 1px gray;"|
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;"|'''<big>→</big>'''
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 1px gray;"|Track 5
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 1px gray;"|
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;"|'''<big>←</big>'''
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 1px gray;"|Track 6
|align="center" style="font-size:smaller;border-top:solid 1px gray;"|22-car train
|-
|style="border-left:solid 2px black; border-top:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;"|
|style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;" align="center"|'''Platform 4'''
|style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black;" align="center"|[[Side platform]]
|}

==Major trains==

Following trains start from Surat railway station:

* 12935/36 [[Surat–Bandra Terminus Intercity Superfast Express]]
* 12921/22 [[Flying Ranee|Surat–Mumbai Central Flying Ranee Superfast Express]]
* 12945/46 [[Surat–Chhapra Tapti Ganga Express]]
* 09065/66 [[Surat–Chhapra Special Clone]]
* 22947/48 [[Surat–Bhagalpur Tapti Ganga Superfast Express]]
* 19053/54 [[Surat–Muzaffarpur Express]]
* 20955/56 [[Surat–Mahuva Superfast Express]]
* 13425/26 [[Surat–Malda Town Express]]
* 19025/26 [[Surat–Amravati Express]]
* 22827/28 [[Surat–Puri Superfast Express]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Surat Railway Station 1.jpg|Surat Railway Station
File:Surat opening plaque.jpg|Surat opening plaque
File:Surat Railway Station.jpg|Surat Railway Station
File:New electronic coach display indicators at Surat railway station.jpg|New electronic coach indicators at Surat
File:19132 Kutch Express at a curve outside Surat railway station.jpg|19132 [[Kutch Express]] at a curve outside Surat
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
*[[Surat International Airport]]
*[[Surat BRTS]]
*[[Surat Metro]]
*[[Surat high-speed railway station]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}
{{Surat topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1952]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Surat district]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Debashis Chatterjee

2025-11-27T18:37:02Z

Tox Digital: created a details more to come...

{{Short description|Indian management professor, author and columnist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

{{BLP sources|date=February 2024}}


{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Debashis Chatterjee
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Professor, author, columnist
| death_date =
| image = Debashis Chatterjee, Director Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode.jpg
| office = Director Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode
| caption =
| website = {{URL|http://www.debchat.com}}
}}

'''Debashis Chatterjee''' is an Indian management professor, author, and columnist..<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Prasun |title='You are greater than your circumstances' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/education/you-are-greater-than-your-circumstances/cid/1804781 |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=The Telegraph Online |date=September 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Ishita |title='This book is not about looking at the past but learning from it': Debashis Chatterjee on 'Karma Sutras' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/this-book-is-not-about-looking-at-the-past-but-about-learning-from-the-past-debashish-chatterjee-on-karma-sutra-7457850/ |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=August 25, 2021}}</ref> He is the director<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode - IIMK|url=https://iimk.ac.in/faculty-profiles/DEBASHIS-CHATTERJEE|access-date=2021-10-12|website=iimk.ac.in}}</ref> of [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kochi |first1=Bureau |title=Debashis Chatterjee resumes charge as Director, IIM Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/debashis-chatterjee-resumes-charge-as-director-iim-kozhikode/article24252017.ece |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=Business Line |date=Jun 25, 2018}}</ref> His first tenure was from 2009 to 2014. He was reappointed as Director again in June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Special |first1=Correspondent |title=Debashis Chatterjee returns as IIM-K director.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/debashis-chatterjee-returns-as-iim-k-director/article23960496.ece |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=May 22, 2018}}</ref>

== Education ==
He has been awarded the prestigious Fulbright Fellowship twice for Pre-Doctoral research and Post-Doctoral work at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debashis Chatterjee {{!}} Fulbright Scholar Program |url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/grantee/debashis-chatterjee |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=fulbrightscholars.org}}</ref>

== Author ==
=== Books ===
Debashis Chatterjee authored the following works:

* {{Cite book |last=Debashis Chatterjee |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/one-minute-wisdom/ |title=One Minute Wisdom: Transformative Coaching for Life, Learning and Leadership |publisher=Penguin |year=2025 |isbn=9780143476245 |location= |publication-date=30 June 2025 |pages=268 pages |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Debashis Chatterjee |title=Leadership Chronicles: My Experiments with Globalizing Indian Thought |publisher=Penguin |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-670-09865-1 |location= |pages=256 pages |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Debashis Chatterjee |url=https://read.amazon.in/kp/embed?asin=B0B7NTCFB1&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_H69GAN71YDVG3ABPV1AB |title=KRISHNA: The 7th Sense |publisher=Rupa Publications India |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-5520-544-5 |location=New Delhi |language=English}}
* {{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBEeEAAAQBAJ|title=Karma Sutras : Leadership and Wisdom in Uncertain Times|publisher=SAGE Publications.|year=2021|isbn=978-93-5388-695-0|location=New Delhi|language=English}}
* {{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32854248-invincible-arjuna|title=Invincible Arjuna|publisher=Westland Ltd.|year=2016|isbn=978-93-85152-31-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|title=Can You Teach A Zebra Some Algebra?: The Alchemy Of Learning|publisher= Wisdom Tree|year=2014|isbn=978-81-8328-371-7|location=New Delhi|pages=168 pages|language=English}}
*{{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbeIRrRquJQC|title=Timeless Leadership:18 Leadership Sutras from the Bhagavad Gita|publisher=Wiley India Pvt Ltd|year=2012|isbn=978-81-265-3665-8|pages=256|language=English}}
*{{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TppfDwAAQBAJ|title=The Other 99 %|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2011|isbn=978-81-8495-207-0|pages=184|language=English}}
*{{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgEKAQAAMAAJ|title=Break Free|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2006|isbn=978-0-14-310047-8|pages=160|language=English}}
*{{Cite book |last=Debashis Chatterjee |title=Light the Fire in Your Heart |publisher=Full Circle Publishing Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7621-130-7 |language=English}}
*{{Cite book|last=Debashis Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1wwV9GC3rUC|title=Leading Consciously|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998| isbn=978-1-136-01497-0 |language=English}}

=== Published works ===

* Vasist, P. N., Chatterjee, D., and Krishnan, S. (2023). "The polarizing impact of political disinformation and hate speech: A cross-country configural narrative," Information Systems Frontiers, ahead of print, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-023-10390-w. (AJG 2021: 3; ABDC 2022: A)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debashis |title=The Polarizing Impact of Political Disinformation and Hate Speech: A Cross-country Configural Narrative |journal=Information Systems Frontiers |date=2023 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=663–688 |doi=10.1007/s10796-023-10390-w |pmid=37361884 |pmc=10106894 }}</ref>
*Krishnan, S., Chatterjee, D., Vasist, P.N. (2023). Rethinking Nation Branding in the Post-pandemic, Post-truth Era. In: Saini, A., Paul, J., Parayitam, S. (eds) Contemporary Trends in Marketing. Palgrave Studies in Marketing, Organizations and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36589-8_5<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debashis |title=Contemporary Trends in Marketing |chapter=Rethinking Nation Branding in the Post-pandemic, Post-truth Era |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36589-8_5 |via=link.springer.com |series=Palgrave Studies in Marketing, Organizations and Society |date=2023 |pages=55–91 |publisher=springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-36589-8_5 |isbn=978-3-031-36588-1 |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>
* Chatterjee, D. (2022). Dharma of Leadership: Wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita in an Uncertain World. In: Mukherjee, S., Zsolnai, L. (eds) Global Perspectives on Indian Spirituality and Management . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1158-3_18<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debashis |title=Global Perspectives on Indian Spirituality and Management |chapter=Dharma of Leadership: Wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita in an Uncertain World |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1158-3_18 |via=link.springer.com |date=2022 |pages=219–226 |publisher=springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-1158-3_18 |isbn=978-981-19-1157-6 |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Bharat Asmita Acharya Shreshtha Award for the Best Teacher in the field of Management, MIT World Peace University, Pune (2019)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debashis |title=BHARAT ASMITA AWARDS - 2019 |url=https://www.bharatasmita.com/awards-2019 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=bharatasmita.com |publisher=MIT World Peace University}}</ref>
* Outstanding Director Award, All India Management Scholars (2013)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debashis |title=AIMS International (Association of Indian Management Scholars) Award 2013 |url=https://aims-international.org/files/winners2013.pdf |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=aims-international.org/Awards.html |publisher=AIMS International}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Debashis}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]]

Bihta Dry Port

2025-11-12T17:02:22Z

Tox Digital: created the entry w/ refs...

{{Short description|Inland port in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Bihta Dry Port
| native_name = ICD Bihta
| native_name_lang =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_geomask =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| image =
| image_size = 210px
| image_caption =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| location = [[Bihta]], [[Patna district]], [[Bihar]]
| embed = Inland Container Depot
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|33|28|N|84|52|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| opened = 21 October 2024
| operated = Pristine Magadh Infrastructure Pvt Ltd
| owner = [[Government of Bihar]]
| type =
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size =
| berths =
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle1 = Terminals
| blankdetails1 =
| blankdetailstitle2 =
| blankdetails2 =
| blankdetailstitle3 =
| blankdetails3 =
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| blankstatstitle1 =
| blankstats1 =
| blankstatstitle2 =
| blankstats2 =
| blankstatstitle3 =
| blankstats3 =
| website = {{URL|pristinelogistics.com}}
}}

'''Bihta Dry Port''' also known as '''Bihta Inland Container Depot''' (ICD Bihta) is the first inland port in the state of Bihar in India. It is located in the [[Bihta]] suburb town of the capital city [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=Bihar gets its first dry port: What is it, how it can help the state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-dry-port-what-is-it-how-it-can-help-9635067/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Bihar's first inland container depot inaugurated in Bihta - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/bihars-first-inland-container-depot-inaugurated-in-bihta/114430782 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-22 |title=Min: State's first inland depot can transform industrial sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihars-first-inland-depot-a-game-changer-for-industrial-growth/articleshow/114440981.cms |access-date=2024-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/business/bihar-s-first-inland-container-depot-has-potential-to-transform-state-s-industrial-sector-minister/1920997 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[dry port]] was inaugurated on 21 October 2024 by the state Industries Minister [[Nitish Mishra]] at the [[Bihta]] suburb town of the [[Patna Metropolitan Region|Patna Metropolitan]] city in Bihar.<ref name=":0" /> On the inauguration day, first shipment of 90 containers were shipped to [[Russia]]. It was flagged off by the state Industries Minister Nitish Mishra from the newly constructed dry port at Bihta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बिहार में चालू हो गया सूखा बंदरगाह, बिहटा के इनलैंड पोर्ट से 90 कंटेनर रूस रवाना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/first-dry-port-functioning-in-bihar-90-containers-sent-to-russia-from-bihta-inland-port-201729572660447.html |work=Hindustan |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Description ==
Bihta Dry Port or Bihta Inland Container Depot (ICD, Bihta ) has been established to help the exporters and importers of the state for easy customs clearance. It is expected that the ''ICD Bihta'' will be helpful for the businessmen of the Bihar state in India to make their presence in the global markets. They will also be able to participate in the competitions of the International market.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

ICD, Bihta is presently spread over 7 [[Acre]]s of land. It is located near Bihta railway station. It is connected to the major gateway coastal ports of Kolkata, Haldia, Visakhapatnam, Nhava Sheva, and Mundra by the Indian railways. The Bihta Dry Port is being run under PPP (public-private partnership) mode by Pristine Magadh Infrastructure Private Limited and Bihar State Industry Department.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-28 |title=Days after inauguration, Bihta dry port exports first consignment to Russia |url=https://indiaseatradenews.com/days-after-inauguration-bihta-dry-port-exports-first-consignment-to-russia/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Seatrade News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Dry ports]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna district]]

{{India-transport-stub}}

Diu Head

2025-11-04T19:04:59Z

Tox Digital: formatting fix

{{Short description|Headland in the Arabian Sea}}
{{coord|20|41|19|N|70|49|46|E|display=title}}
{{Location map
|India
|label=Diu Head
|lon_dir=E
|lat_dir=N
|lat_deg=20|lat_min=41
|lon_deg=70|lon_min=49
|position=right
|width=250
|float=right
|mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg
|marksize=20
|caption=Location of Diu Head in the Indian coast
}}
'''Diu Head''' or '''Diu Point''' is a headland in the [[Arabian Sea]].
It is located at the southern end of the [[Kathiawar Peninsula]] in the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[India]], close to the town of [[Diu, India|Diu]] and 17 km southeast of [[Kodinar]] town.<ref>[http://www.satelliteviews.net/cgi-bin/w.cgi?c=in&UF=-2095028&UN=-2908962&DG=CLF Diu Head, India]</ref>

There is a [[lighthouse]] station on the point.<ref>[http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/DIU.html Diu Head Lighthouse] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403105700/http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/DIU.html |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Diu, India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub173/173sec02.pdf Sailing Directions: West Coast of India, Sector 2: Diu Head to Cape Rama]

[[Category:Headlands of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Diu district]]

Languages of Tripura

2025-10-14T15:18:36Z

Tox Digital: corrected page per standard format and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|State in North East India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
'''Languages of [[Tripura]]''', a state in the [[Northeast India|Northeast]] [[India]], include [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]] as official languages, and many other minority languages.<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 79–84 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/kokborok kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/kokborok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728204554/http://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/kokborok |date=28 July 2017 }} Website of Directorate of bangali and other minority languages, Government of Tripura</ref><ref>[http://gomati.tripurapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploaded-file/Tripura%20Official%20Language%20Act%2C%201964.pdf gomati.tripurapolice.gov.in/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728204031/http://gomati.tripurapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploaded-file/Tripura%20Official%20Language%20Act%2C%201964.pdf |date=28 July 2017 }} Tripura Official Languages Act, 1964, website of Tripura Police Department, Kokborok as official language of Tripura</ref><ref>[http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400 www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225012637/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400 |date=25 February 2016 }} Department of Kokborok, Tripura University, A Central University of Government of India</ref> As in the rest of India, English is used for official purpose.<ref name=nclmanurep2010/> [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the most spoken language, due to the predominance of [[Bengali people]] in the state. [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]] is spoken by the [[Tripuri people]].

{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages of Tripura (2011)<ref name="Lang"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Indian Census: Language and Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311145639/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Kolkata/every-5th-bengali-speaker-lives-outside-bengal/articleshow/64770649.cms |title=Every 5th Bengali speaker lives outside Bengal |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 June 2018 |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121034108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/every-5th-bengali-speaker-lives-outside-bengal/articleshow/64770649.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|label2=[[Tripuri language|Tripuri]]
|label3=[[Chakma language|Chakma]]
|label4=[[Mogh language|Mogh]] (Marma)
|label5=[[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
|label6=[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Halam]]
|label7=[[Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
|label8=Others
|value1=63.43
|value2=25.88
|value3=2.29
|value4=0.97
|value5=0.64
|value6=0.62
|value7=0.60
|value8=5.53
|color1=red
|color2=deepskyblue
|color3=yellow
|color4=green
|color5=orange
|color6=purple
|color7=lightgreen
|color8=maroon
}}

In the state of [[Tripura]], most of the languages of India are used. Major languages in terms of the number of speakers per 2011 census of India are as follows:<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410152742/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language<ref name="Lang"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma|title=Chakma | DIRECTORATE OF KOKBOROK & OTHER MINORITY LANGUAGES|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509170638/https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma|url-status=live}}</ref> !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || 2,330,452 || 63.43
|-
| [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]] || 950,875 || 25.88
|-
| [[Chakma language|Chakma]] || 84,269 || 2.29
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || 56,696 || 1.54
|-
| [[Mogh language|Mogh]] (Marma) || 35,722 || 0.97
|-
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri) || 23,779 || 0.64
|-
| [[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Halam]] || 23,089 || 0.62
|-
| [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]] || 22,112 || 0.60
|-
| [[Garo language|Garo]] || 21,019 || 0.57
|-
| [[Mongsen Ao language|Mongsen]] || 19,278 || 0.52
|-
| Others || 106,626 || 2.90%
|-
| Total || 3,673,917 || 100.00
|}

A report in [[Times of India]] said that the state is home to three dozen languages including some that are nearly extinct, including [[Saimar language|Saimar]] which was spoken by only 4 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/mysore/32713218_1_ciil-saimar-speakers-tribal-languages |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/mysore/32713218_1_ciil-saimar-speakers-tribal-languages |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Saimar's oldest speaker appeals to protect his language |last=Milton| first= Lawrence|date= 17 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date= 29 March 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei language in Tripura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Tripura}}

[[Category:Languages of Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Piramal Realty

2025-09-25T05:27:26Z

Tox Digital: put up

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian real estate company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Piramal Realty
| logo = Piramal Realty.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| type = Private
| industry = [[Real estate]], [[Construction]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012}} in [[Mumbai]], India
| founder = [[Anand Piramal]] (Executive Director)
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Abhijeet Maheshwari (CEO)
| services = Development of luxury commercial and residential properties
| parent = [[Piramal Group]]
| divisions =
| website = {{URL|https://www.piramalrealty.com/|Official website}}
}}
'''Piramal Realty''' is an Indian [[real estate company]], founded in 2012 and headquartered in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name=BT/> It is a part of the Piramal Group. The company focuses on the development of residential and commercial properties, with projects under development covering an estimated 15 million square feet. Among its notable projects include Piramal Aranya, Piramal Mahalaxmi, Piramal Revanta, Piramal Vaikunth and Piramal Agastya.<ref name=FO>{{cite news |last1=Panchal |first1=Salil |title=Land of plenty: The Piramals' three-pronged realty strategy |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/real-estate-special-2018/land-of-plenty-the-piramals-threepronged-realty-strategy/49869/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=BT/>

== History ==
The company was founded in 2012 as a real estate arm of [[Piramal Group]] led by [[Ajay Piramal]].<ref name=FO/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaykumar |first1=PB |title=From chasing dreams to 'realty', the scion's journey as a businessman |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/anand-piramal-from-chasing-dreams-to-realty-scion-journey-businessman-107574-2018-05-07 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

In July 2015, Piramal Realty raised $234 million from private equity firms [[Warburg Pincus]] and [[Goldman Sachs]], making it one of the largest investment in India's real estate sector.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Saritha |title=Warburg Pincus Invests In Piramal Realty, Biggest Deal In India's Real Estate Sector |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saritharai/2015/07/22/warburg-pincus-invests-in-piramal-realty-biggest-deal-in-indias-real-estate-sector/?sh=5045753d1cbb |work=[[Forbes]] |date=22 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Bindu D |title=Goldman Sachs picks stake in Piramal Realty for ₹900 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/goldman-sachs-picks-stake-in-piramal-realty-for-900-crore/article7550058.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=BT/>

The company has acquired multiple land parcels for development in Mumbai. In April 2012, it acquired a sea-facing property from [[Hindustan Unilever Limited]] in [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]], for {{INR}}452 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Realty buys HUL's sea-facing property in Mumbai 'Gulita' for Rs 452.5 cr |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/real-estate/story/piramal-realty-buys-hul-property-in-mumbai-gulita-31789-2012-04-05 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HUL sells leasehold rights of Mumbai property |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business//article59987807.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> In June 2011, Piramal Realty acquired a 7-acre plot in [[Byculla]] from Mafatlal Industries for {{INR}}605.80 crores,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Babar |first1=Kailash |title=Mafatlal Industries sells 7-acre Mumbai land to Piramal Realty for Rs 605 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/mafatlal-industries-sells-7-acre-mumbai-land-to-piramal-realty-for-rs-605-crore/articleshow/8902523.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=18 June 2011}}</ref> however, ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'' reports it to be {{INR}}753 crores.<ref name=BT>{{cite news |last1=Jayakumar |first1=PB |title=Piramal's big bet |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/piramal-group-ajay-piramal-real-estate-business-financial-services-85538-2017-07-22 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=13 August 2017}}</ref> It purchased 3.2 acres of land parcel in [[Mulund]] from rival Nirmal Lifestyles for {{INR}}153 crores in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=C H |title=Piramal Realty Buys Nirmal Lifestyle Land For Rs 153 Crore In Mulund |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Piramal-Realty-Buys-Nirmal-Lifestyle-Land-For-Rs-153-Crore-In-Mulund/03-10-2017-127333/ |publisher=[[Business World]] |date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Real estate companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]

2002 Gujarat riots

2025-07-22T04:39:53Z

Tox Digital: redirect

#REDIRECT [[2002 Gujarat violence]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mall of Travancore

2025-07-03T08:41:21Z

Tox Digital: update article for clarity and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Mall of Travancore (MOT)
| logo = File:Mall of Travancore Logo.png
| logo_width =
| image = Mall of Travancore lights.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Main entrance to the mall
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]]
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| coordinates = {{coord|8.4872|76.9255|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| address = NH 66, Near International Airport, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| opening_date = {{start date and age|2018|3|23}}
| closing_date =
| developer = Malabar Developers
| manager =
| owner = Malabar Group
| architect = Shijeesh M Das
| number_of_stores = 300+
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|700000|sqft|m2}}<ref name='Mall of Travancore'/>
| floors = 4
| parking = 2500+
| publictransit = [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]
| website = {{URL|http://malloftravancore.com/|malloftravancore.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mall of Travancore (MOT)''' is a shopping mall located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Developed by Malabar Group, it is the first shopping mall in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pinarayi-opens-citys-first-mall/article23337223.ece|title=Pinarayi opens Thiruvananthapuram's first mall|date=2018-03-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Mall was initiated by Malabar Developers in 2014 and was completed in 2018.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} It covers an area of 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2).<ref name='Mall of Travancore'>{{cite web|url=http://www.malloftravancore.com/|title=Mall of Travancore|publisher=Mall of Travancore|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> This is the second largest mall in Thiruvananthapuram after the [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram|Lulu Mall]]. The mall has three floors of retail space, comprising more than 150 retailers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/capitals-first-mall-to-open-on-march-23/article23268038.ece|title=Capital's first mall to open on March 23|date=2018-03-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/mar/16/thiruvananthapuram-all-set-for-a-new-shopping-experience-1787745.html|title=Thiruvananthapuram all set for a new shopping experience|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref>
[[File:Mall of Travancore interior.jpg|thumb|Interior of Mall of Travancore]]

== Location ==
Situated at [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]], Eanchakal, Chakkai Junction, right in front of [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], Mall of Travancore is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The mall is just 650 m away from the airport.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== Facilities and features ==
The mall has an area of 7 lakh sq ft in four floors with the capacity to accommodate 150 stores,<ref name='Mall of Travancore'/> A multiplex with 6 screens and a VIP screen by [[Cinépolis]], a hypermarket, jewellery showrooms, electronics and home appliances showroom, showrooms of lifestyle products, a food court and a large entertainment centre with 11 indoor rides, a 9D theatre, 60 video kiosks, a 1.5 km dedicated jogging track and parking facility for around 1,000 cars and 1,200 two-wheelers are some of the amenities<ref name=":0" /> at the mall. As of January 2021, The mall contains shops like Azad Star, Ibaco, Muffin House, Chai Chai, [[Kailash Parbat]], Naga's, [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Burger King]], [[Taco Bell]], [[Baskin-Robbins|Baskin Robbins]], [[ChicKing|Chicking]], Noodle King, Fujian Express, Green Apple and many more.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== Green Mall ==

As the first Green Mall<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/countrys-first-green-mall-to-be-inaugurated-on-march-23/articleshow/63323461.cms|title=Country's first 'green mall' to be inaugurated on March 23 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> in the India, the Mall of Travancore has taken up several measures towards an Eco-friendly environment. The facade of the mall has a vertical garden that covers 70% of the wall. The mall has three organic waste converters each with a total capacity to treat 2.5 tonnes of waste each day. To manage other waste, the mall has a sewage treatment plant with an ability to process over three lakh litres of waste per day. The mall restricts the use of plastic in the premises and the food court uses reusable cutlery.{{cn|date=July 2025}} [[File:Mall of Travancore Playaza.jpg|thumb|Kids Playing Area]]

==See also==
*[[Taurus Zentrum]]
* [[Lulu Mall, Thiruvananthapuram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.malloftravancore.com Mall of Travancore]
{{commons category|Mall of Travancore}}
{{Shopping malls in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Kerala]]

National Highway 752K (India)

2025-03-17T13:12:26Z

Tox Digital: added article

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 752K
| image =
| length_km = 254
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56289409|title=National Highway 752K|text= Map of National Highway '''752K''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Jintur]]
| terminus_b = [[Bhalki]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 52
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 752I
| next_route = 50
| states = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 752K''', commonly referred to as '''NH 752K''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=28 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=28 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=28 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-752K traverses the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] in India.

== Route ==

[[Jintur]], Bori, Zari, [[Parbhani]], [[Gangakhed]], Isad, Kingaon, Dhanora, Jadhala bus stand
, WadvalNagnath,[[Chakur]], Gharani, Nalegoan,[[Latur]], [[Babhalgaon]], Nitur, [[Nilanga]], Sirshi, [[Aurad Shahajani]], [[Bhalki]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|752I|country=IND}} Terminal near Jintur.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Parbhani]].<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}} Terminal near Kingaon.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|361|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Chakur]].<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|50|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Bhalki]].<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6854875 NH 752K on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH52 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Sumber railway station

2025-03-09T07:01:37Z

Tox Digital: Put Up Initial Info With Sources.

{{Short description|Railway station in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sumber
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| address = [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.2983350|N|75.1168024|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|1417.599|m|ft}}
| line = [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SMBR
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| opened = {{start date|2024|02|20|df=y}}
| electrified = Yes (25 kV AC)
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| status = Operational
| route_map = {{Jammu–Baramulla line|inline=1}}
| map_state=collapsed
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Sangaldan|right=Khari|to-left=Jammu Tawi|to-right=Baramulla|type=[[Jammu-Baramulla line]]}}
}}

'''Sumber railway station''' is a railway station in [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is part of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] and became operational on 20 February 2024 as part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project’s Banihal-Sangaldan section.<ref name="hindustan">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/udhampursrinagarbaramulla-rail-link-of-banihal-sangaldan-section-to-open-on-february-20-101708240383711.html|title=Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link of Banihal-Sangaldan section to open on February 20|website=Hindustan Times|date=2024-02-20|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>

== History ==
The station was constructed as part of the USBRL project, sanctioned in 1994-95 and declared a national project in 2002, aimed at connecting the Kashmir Valley with the rest of India’s railway network.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-all-you-need-to-know-2504582-2024-02-21|title=Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link: All you need to know|website=India Today|date=2024-02-21|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref> The Banihal-Sangaldan section, including Sumber, was completed and electrified, with train services starting in February 2024.<ref name="hindustan" />

== Location ==
Sumber railway station is located in [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, along the Banihal-Sangaldan section of the USBRL.

== Services ==
The station is served by electrified trains on the Jammu–Baramulla line, including passenger services introduced after the section’s opening.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/indias-ambitious-udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-to-likely-open-on-feb-20/articleshow/107818358.cms|title=India’s ambitious Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link to likely open on Feb 20|website=Times of India|date=2024-02-20|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ramban district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]
{{JammuKashmir-railstation-stub}}

Fakirpasha Mahebub Shahajinde

2024-12-27T20:26:34Z

Tox Digital: created basic data v1...

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language poet (born 1946)}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Fakirpasha Mahebub Shahajinde
| honorific_suffix =
| image = फ. म. शहाजिंदे.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|07|03}}
| birth_place = [[Sastur]] village, [[Osmanabad district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet
| language =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
}}

'''Fakirpasha Mahebub Shahajinde''' (born 3 July 1946), known commonly as '''Fa Ma Shahajinde''', is a poet from [[Maharashtra]], India. The [[Marathwada|Marathwadi]] language remains an important core of his literature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=More |first1=Sangita Vyankatrao |title=शहाजिंदे फकीरपाशा महेबूब (Shahajinde Fakirpasha Maheboob) |url=https://marathivishwakosh.org/33150/ |website=मराठी विश्वकोश |publisher=[[Marathi Vishwakosh]] |access-date=30 September 2022 |language=mr-IN |date=19 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="thesis"/>

== Personal life ==
Shahajinde born on 3 July 1946 in [[Sastur]] village of [[Osmanabad district]], Maharashtra to a Hindu father and a Muslim [[Kolhati]] mother. His father died in a communal riot that broke out during the [[Annexation of Hyderabad]]. After the Razakars staged an armed uprising, many rebels against the Nizam government were killed, which was followed by a communal Hindu riot in retaliation. A Hindu family protected his mother and other relatives.<ref name="thesis"/>{{rp|52}}

He earned his B.A. from the [[Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science]] in [[Aurangabad]] and M.A. in Marathi from the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University|Marathwada University]] in 1970.<ref name="thesis"/>{{rp|53}}

== Career ==
Shahajinde began his career as the professor of [[Marathi language]] at Master Deenanath Mangeshkar College in [[Aurad Shahajani]] (near [[Nilanga]]). In 2006, he retired as the head of the department of Marathi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ainapure |first1=G. K. |last2=Ajim |first2=Kaleem |title=मराठी कवितेतली मर्ज्य समूहनिष्ठता म्हणून या कवितेचे महत्त्व अधोरेखित होतेच, पण 'मुस्लीम मराठी' असा काही उच्चार केल्यास ती 'एकमेव' ठरते! |url=https://www.aksharnama.com/client/article_detail/4728 |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=AksharNama |date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

As much as his poems are searching for a new place, they are also establishing a new place. The rebellion expressed in Shahajinde's poetry is not violent, but challenging this system with the self-sufficiency of existence and the meaningful confidence given by the soil here. Shahajinde's poems in ''Nidharmi'' (निधर्मी) and ''Adam'' (आदम) collections challenge the system that has made life difficult for the Muslims here and its history and present.<ref name="thesis">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last1=Digole |first1=Balaji Vitthalrao |title=Fa Ma Shahajinde yanchya wangmayacha vivecdhak abhyas (फ म शहाजिंदे यांच्या वाङमयाचा विवेचक अभ्यास) |date=2009 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/242964 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=[[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] |hdl=10603/242964 |language=mr}}</ref>

===Bhumi Prakashan===
Shahajinde was instrumental in publishing the literature of many local poets and writers in [[Marathwada]] through his publishing house, ''Bhumi Prakashan Sanstha''. It was established in 2000 on a [[cooperative]] basis.

[[Marathi literature|Marathi]] [[Warkari|saint literature]] was a focus area and the press published more than 100 works of [[Yusufkhan Mohamadkhan Pathan]], Fakhruddin Bennoor, [[Janardan Waghmare]], Suryanarayan Ransubhe, Rajekhan Shanediwan, and Shripal Sabnis. Bhumi Prakashana has also published the selected literature of Javed Qureshi and Lalita Gadge.

===Muslim Marathi Literature movement===
He has played an important role in the ''Muslim Marathi Literature'' movement established in the 1990s. He was the President of the first All India Muslim Marathi Literary Conference held at [[Solapur]] in March 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dholé |first1=Kaustubh |title=Marathi Muslims: Rich and Unique, an Identity Misplaced from Urban India ? |url=https://kaustubhdhole.wordpress.com/2019/09/30/marathi-muslims-a-rich-and-unique-identity-misplaced-from-urban-india/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Kaustubh Dholé’s Blog |date=30 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Shahajinde has published a total of 17 books so far.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vishwavidya.com/Latur-२४७-५९f५२४६bd७a२९-१.html|title=फ.म. शहाजिंदे यांच्या शब्दबिंब पुस्तकाचे प्रकाशन|website=www.vishwavidya.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 2, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarvekara |first1=Kailas |title=MARATHI GRAMIN KAVITECHA ITIHAS |date=1999 |publisher=[[Mehta Publishing House]] |location=Pune |isbn=9788171618750 |edition=1st |url=https://www.mehtapublishinghouse.com/book-details/MARATHI-GRAMIN-KAVITECHA-ITIHAS/1925.aspx |access-date=30 September 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahajinde, Fakirpasha Mahebub}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:People from Osmanabad district]]