Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Harish Iyer

2026-05-07T06:21:54Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding a article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian equal rights activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Harish Iyer
| birth_name = Harish Padma Vishwanath Iyer
| image = File:Harish iyer.jpeg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|4|16}}
| birth_place = [[Barrackpore]], West Bengal, India
| alma_mater = {{ubl| [[South Indian Education Society High School|SIES High School]] | [[Guru Nanak Khalsa College (King's Circle)|Guru Nanak Khalsa College]] | [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] | [[SVKM's NMIMS]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Columnist|activist|blogger}}
| nationality = Indian
| website = {{URL|http://hiyer.net}}
}}

'''Harish Iyer''', also known as "Aham",<ref>{{cite web|title=Coming Out Is A Process Not An Impulsive Decision|url=http://gaysifamily.com/2010/10/21/interview-aam-gaysi-coming-out-is-a-process-not-an-impulsive-decision/|work=An Indian Gay Interview|date=20 October 2010|publisher=gaysifamily|accessdate=1 December 2012}}</ref> ''hiyer'' and "Harrish Iyer" (born 16 April 1979) is an Indian equal rights activist. Iyer engages in advocacy for a number of causes,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harish Iyer's introduction on Pink Pages|url=http://pink-pages.co.in/general/meet-the-pink-pages-team/|publisher=Pink-Pages.co.in|accessdate=1 December 2012|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174827/https://pink-pages.co.in/general/meet-the-pink-pages-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gender is but a biological accident|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ws110712Opinion.asp|work=Harish Iyer was a columnist with tehelka|publisher=Tehelka|accessdate=1 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029020501/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ws110712Opinion.asp|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> including promoting the rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ([[LGBT]]) community, children, women and survivors of [[child sexual abuse]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhamgara|first=Kaizad|title=Fighting For Gay Pride|url=http://know.burrp.com/b-buzz/harish-iyer-gay-pride-gay-rights-india/9627|publisher=Burrp|access-date=1 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305181226/http://know.burrp.com/b-buzz/harish-iyer-gay-pride-gay-rights-india/9627|archive-date=5 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Harish Iyer was also one of the most vocal proponents of the decriminalization of homosexuality in India. He has engaged in several awareness campaigns about the impact of the decision and condemned the ruling via media advocacy. He has written articles and letters on the subject and appeared on top national television news shows to highlight the plight of the LGBT community in India in wake of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/12/11/being-gay-in-india/ |title=Being Gay in India – India Real Time - WSJ |website=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/the-buck-stops-here/what-s-illegal-about-love-your-lordships-301085 |title=What's illegal about love, your lordships? |website=Ndtv.com |date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> He was one of the people to move the Indian Supreme Court to decriminalize homosexuality. In June 2018, he filed an Impleadement Application in the 377 case.<ref>{{cite web|title=SC to start hearing petitions to read down Section 377|date=9 July 2018|url=https://cjp.org.in/sc-to-start-hearing-petitions-to-read-down-section-377/|publisher=cjp.org.in|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> In August 2018, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) appointed Iyer to the Core Group on LGBTI issues. This is the first group set up to look into concerns and challenges of the community, in a bid to harmonise existing laws with the needs of the community.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHRC sets up LGBTI Core Group Ropes in activist Harish Iyer|date=14 August 2018|url=https://cjp.org.in/nhrc-sets-up-lgbti-core-group-ropes-in-activist-harish-iyer/|publisher=cjp.org.in|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

==Media advocacy==
Iyer was featured on Indian movie star [[Aamir Khan]]'s talk show ''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' in an episode on the issue of [[child sexual abuse]]. In the show, he gave a frank and detailed account of his horrific experiences of childhood sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=L. Romal M.|title=I feel like a star already, says Harish Iyer post ''Satyamev Jayate''|date=15 May 2012|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_i-feel-like-a-star-already-says-harish-iyer-post-satyamev-jayate_1689001|work=DNA India|access-date=15 May 2012 |archive-date= 17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517084619/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_i-feel-like-a-star-already-says-harish-iyer-post-satyamev-jayate_1689001}}</ref> Prior to ''Satyamev Jayate'', he was seen in the panel of [[NDTV]]'s popular talk show ''[[We the People (Indian TV series)|We the People]]'', which is anchored by [[Barkha Dutt]], and in Richa Anirudh's [[Hindi]] talk show ''Zindagi Live''. British actor [[Stephen Fry]] elatedly tweeted "You're a hell of a guy!" after interviewing Harish for his [[BBC2]] documentary "OUT THERE".<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Fry|title=You're a hell of a guy! |url=https://twitter.com/stephenfry/status/307866123163009025|work=tweet|publisher=@stephenfry|date=2 March 2013 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> In 2016, Iyer and his family starred with [[Elliot Page]] in his web series [[Gaycation (TV series)|''Gaycation'']].<ref>{{cite web|author=Suktara Ghosh |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/09/20/giving-love-a-chance-why-we-want-to-watch-gaycation-in-india-ellen-page-ian-daniel-lgbtq |title='Gaycation' Gives A Peek Into The Life Of Indian Queers|website=thequint |date=20 September 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

In March 2015, Harish wrote a moving eulogy to his dear friend and Kolkata Park Street rape survivor [[Suzette Jordan]] after she succumbed to meningoencephalitis. Harish and Suzette had grown close after meeting at the Tehelka THiNK conference in Goa in 2014. Harish's letter raised several questions about the manner in which Suzette's trial was progressing and the indignities that she was subject to in court. He called for greater sensitivity in dealing with rape cases.<ref>{{cite web|author= Harish Iyer |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-killed-suzette-jordan-writes-activist-harish-iyer-in-moving-tribute-2068523 |title=India killed Suzette Jordan, writes activist Harish Iyer in moving tribute |website=Dnaindia.com |date=13 March 2013 |accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>

==Activism==
Iyer routinely uses social media (blogs, Facebook and Twitter) to campaign for causes dear to him. He is best known for turning his personal blog as a helpline during the [[26/11|26/11 Terror Attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Hilary|title=Blogging in the wake of terror|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/bloggers.mumbai/|newspaper=CNN|date=28 November 2008}}</ref> Iyer later organised an animal aided therapy workshop along with Animal Angels in Mumbai to help citizens recuperate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Utpat|first=Aditi|title=Animal therapy to help 26/11 victims recuperate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Animal-therapy-to-help-26/11-victims-recuperate/articleshow/3867666.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928233420/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-21/pune/27900163_1_train-blasts-dogs-animal-assisted-therapy|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2008}}</ref>

In 2009, Iyer and [[Shobhaa De]] initiated a campaign called S.I.T.A. (Sensitivity in True Action) Sena campaign to condemn the attack on women in a Bangalore pub by the right wing socio-political group Sri Ram Sene.<ref>{{cite news|last=Somaiyaji|first=Gurudarshan|title=Now, Sita Sena to counter Rama Sene|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNBAN4525|newspaper=DNA (Daily News & Analysis)|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> Through the campaign they urged women to arm themselves with whistles and blow it on eve teasers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Aditya |title=Blow whistle on eve-teasers, literally, blogger tells women|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/blow-whistle-on-eveteasers-literally-blogger-tells-women/449025/0|access-date=26 August 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=20 April 2009}}</ref> In August 2013, when the news of the gang-rape of a young photojournalist was published, in keeping with his quirky protests, Iyer marched on Mumbai's streets wearing bright red lipstick with a placard that read "Don't look at my lipstick. Listen to me".<ref>{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Arlene|title=Mumbai gangrape: It's time to reclaim our city, say protesters |date=23 August 2013|url=http://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/mumbai-gangrape-its-time-to-reclaim-our-city-say-protesters-1056735.html|work=FirstPost |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, he appeared in a PETA ad campaign encouraging consumers to go vegetarian.<ref>{{Cite news |title= LGBT Activist Harish Iyer Shares His Love for Cocks in Cheeky New PETA Video |url=http://www.theindianrepublic.com/nation/lgbt-activist-harish-iyer-shares-love-cocks-cheeky-new-peta-video-100041176.html |work=The India Republic |archive-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630030554/http://www.theindianrepublic.com/nation/lgbt-activist-harish-iyer-shares-love-cocks-cheeky-new-peta-video-100041176.html |date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
His life inspired two films, director [[Onir]]'s ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'' and [[Judhajit Bagchi and Ranadeep Bhattacharyya]] directed ''[[Amen (Short Film)|Amen]]''. In ''I Am'', the actor [[Sanjay Suri]] plays Abhimanyu, a child sexual abuse survivor, a character inspired by Harish's life<ref>{{cite web|title=Onir Dares Film World|url=http://ww.smashits.com/onir-dares-film-world/movie-review-8706.html|publisher=smashits.com|access-date=1 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729171906/http://ww.smashits.com/onir-dares-film-world/movie-review-8706.html|archive-date=29 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and that of Hyderabad-based fashion designer Ganesh Nallari. In ''Amen'', actor [[Karan Mehra]] plays Harry (Harish Iyer),<ref>{{cite news|title=Karan Mehra bases his role as a homosexual on activist Harish Iyer |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/oct/231012-Karan-Mehra-bases-his-role-as-a-homosexual-on-activist-Harish-Iyer.htm |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> a young man who is confident about his sexuality but still has the ghosts of his childhood memories of sexual abuse haunting him.

A book by [[Payal Shah Karwa]] called ''The Bad Touch'' featuring the biographic account of Iyer has been published.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-24 |title=Speak up about child sexual abuse |url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/speak-up-about-child-sexual-abuse-15116081 |access-date=2022-05-25 |work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

Amazon's Westland has signed up Harish Iyer for his autobiography titled "SON RISE".<ref>{{cite news |title=LGBT activist Harish Iyer to come out with memoir next year |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lgbt-activist-harish-iyer-to-come-out-with-memoir-next-year/1409335 |work=Outlook India |date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235215/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lgbt-activist-harish-iyer-to-come-out-with-memoir-next-year/1409335 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
* [[Bharat Petroleum| Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], an Indian government owned firm, recognised Harish Iyer with the Energising Bharat award in the year 2016 for his work in the field of women's empowerment. The award was handed over by the petroleum minister of India ''[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/open-avenue/winners-citations |title=Winners' Citations |publisher=OPEN Magazine |date=2016-02-12 |accessdate=2016-11-18}}</ref>
* [[The Guardian]], the British national daily named Iyer in the list of the 100 most influential LGBT people in the world. He is listed at number 71, and was the only Indian national ever in this list.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 100 most influential LGBT people of 2013|url=http://careers.guardian.co.uk/world-pride-power-list-2013-11-100|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=29 June 2013|archive-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702190415/http://careers.guardian.co.uk/world-pride-power-list-2013-11-100|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Pink Pages]] has named Iyer as one of India's seven most influential gay and lesbian people<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Solid Seven – India's Most Influential Gays and Lesbians: Harish Iyer |url=http://pink-pages.co.in/features/indias-most-influential-gays-and-lesbians-harish-iyer/ |magazine=Pink Pages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225114046/http://pink-pages.co.in/features/indias-most-influential-gays-and-lesbians-harish-iyer/ |archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>
* Iyer is one of the ten individuals to be awarded the Zindagi Live Awards for his work in creating awareness on child sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zindagi Live Awards|url=http://khabar.ibnlive.in.com/zindagiliveawards/winners.php|publisher=CNN IBN|access-date=1 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029050510/http://khabar.ibnlive.in.com/zindagiliveawards/winners.php|archive-date=29 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Harish Iyer has spoken many times at TEDx, an independently organised [[TED (conference)|TED conference]], including TEDxMasala on the topic "What if we had the culture of speaking about sex",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lO9BbFo3Qg |title=What if we had a culture of speaking about sex?: Harish Iyer at TEDxMasala |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2013-02-12 |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> then at TEDx Gitam University on the topic "Rising From The Ashes : From Abuse To Hope".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC4JD4u-hIQ |title=Rising from the ashes: From abuse to hope: Harish Iyer at TEDxGITAMUniversity |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2013-03-24 |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> and at TEDx XLRI, Jamshedpur.

Given his oratory skills and his ability to emote, Iyer finds a mention in the list of fiery motivational speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://topyaps.com/8-fiery-motivational-speakers-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305201717/http://topyaps.com/8-fiery-motivational-speakers-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 March 2014 |title=8 Fiery Motivational Speakers In India |website=Topyaps.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref>

Iyer spoke at [[Tehelka]]'s THiNK conference for the year 2013. Other prominent speakers at the same event included [[Robert De Niro]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[A R Rahman]], [[Shekhar Kapur]], [[Girish Karnad]] and [[Medha Patkar]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Davidson|first=Kumam|title=Activist Harish Iyer To Speak at Tehelka's Think Conference|date=30 October 2013|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/activist-harish-iyer-to-speak-at-tehelkas-think-conference/|publisher=Gaylaxy.com|accessdate=3 November 2013}}</ref> He is also the recipient of the 2015 Karmaveer Puraskar.
<ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi|first=Pranav|title= Equal Rights Activist Harish Iyer wins Rex Karamveer Global Fellowship Award|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-equal-rights-activist-harish-iyer-wins-rex-karamveer-global-fellowship-award-2037272|website=DNAINDIA.com|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Harish catapulted into the spotlight in May 2015 when his mother Padma Iyer placed what may be India's first gay matrimonial advertisement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey |first=Vikas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-32810434 |title=Harrish Iyer: Indian matrimonial ad seeks 'groom' for gay activist |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> While many top Indian newspapers refused to carry the advertisement, it was finally carried by [[Mid-Day]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Harish |title=I'm Gay, My Ma Placed an Ad Looking for a Groom For Me |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/im-gay-this-is-what-it-took-to-place-matrimonial-ad-for-me-764603 |work=NDTV |department=Opinion |language=en}}</ref> The ad attracted a lot of controversy for mentioning "Iyer preferred" ([[Iyer]] being a caste as well as the activist's last name). Both Harish and Padma received a lot of flak online and were accused of encouraging caste-based discrimination.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/harrish-iyer-in-the-eye-storm-for-placing-a-matrimonial-advertisement/article7261345.ece|title=Prejudice disguised as politeness|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2015|accessdate=2016-09-16|last1=Waghmore|first1=Suryakant}}</ref> However, they later clarified that the allegedly objectionable preference was mentioned "in jest" only to show how similar an LGBT matrimonial ad could be to an ad for a heterosexual alliance.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Harish |title=LGBT and crime: Behind dark rooms |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-lgbt-and-crime-behind-dark-rooms-1532694 |work=DNA India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126055322/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-lgbt-and-crime-behind-dark-rooms-1532694 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |language=en |url-status=live|ref=none}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Harish}}
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Indian activist journalists]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian gay writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Mental health activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse victim advocates]]
[[Category:Bisexual rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian children's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:LGBTQ social workers]]

Pennagaram Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T17:35:40Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting first entry first draft

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image = Constitution-Pennagaram.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Color box|{{Party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
| mla = [[S. Gajendran]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| name = Pennagaram
| electors = 246,293
| reservation =
}}

'''Pennagaram''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Dharmapuri district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 58. It comprises [[Pennagaram taluk]] and a portion of [[Palacode taluk]]. It is a part of [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[S. Kandaswami Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[S. Hemalatha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[M. V. Karivengadam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[P. K. C. Muthusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[N. Manickam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. Appunu Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[P. Theertha Raman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[H. G. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[N. Nanjappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. Purushothaman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[G. K. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[P. N. Periannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009–10 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2010]]
| [[P. N. P. Inbasekaran]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[N. Nanjappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[P. N. P. Inbasekharan]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=58}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[G. K. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|S. Gajendran
|
|'''[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]'''
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|50.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#2010 by-election|2010 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.48}}

{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|44.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|31.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|21.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress}}|52.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|32.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|29.32}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvam|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[G. K. M. Tamil Kumaran]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniammal |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kajendran |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =248614|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web|title=pennagaram Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a058|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. K. Mani]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=106,123 |percentage=50.46% |change=+21.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. P. Inbasekaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,937 |percentage=40.39% |change=+1.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Tamilazhagan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,945 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Uthayakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,921 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Periyananjappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,968 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,759 |percentage=0.84% |change=-0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shakila |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,471 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,186 |percentage=10.07% |change= 0.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=210,305 |percentage=85.22% |change= -2.82% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=437|percentage=0.21% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,772 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. P. Inbasekaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,848 |percentage=38.49% |change=-3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Anbumani Ramadoss]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=58,402 |percentage=29.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Munusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,687 |percentage=25.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nanjappan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,624 |percentage=2.82% |change=-46.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,081 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,446 |percentage=9.24% |change= 2.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=199,635 |percentage=88.04% |change= 5.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,746 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -10.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Nanjappan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=80,028 |percentage=49.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. P. Inbasekaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,485 |percentage=42.20% |change=-7.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Munusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,047 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kandasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,660 |percentage=1.64% |change=+1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,546 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,478 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,208 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Samykannu |party=Independent politician |votes=853 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,543 |percentage=7.11% |change= -10.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=162,288 |percentage=83.02% |change= 10.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,492 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2010 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009–10 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Pennagaram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = P. N. P Inbasekaran
|votes = 77,669
|percentage = 45.48%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = [[G. K. M. Tamil Kumaran]]
|votes = 41,285
|percentage = 24.17%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = R. Anbazhagan
|votes = 26,787
|percentage = 15.68%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = Kaveryverman
|votes = 11,406
|percentage = 6.67%
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 36,386
|percentage = 14.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,70,755
|percentage = 84.95%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Periannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,109 |percentage=49.43% |change=+33.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Vetrivel |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,177 |percentage=31.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dhandapani |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,567 |percentage=7.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Muthulakshme |party=Independent politician |votes=9,871 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Balamurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,738 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Periyannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,269 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,010 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kandasami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=933 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,932 |percentage=17.96% |change= 5.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,932 |percentage=72.05% |change= 16.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,084 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 5.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. K. Mani]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=49,125 |percentage=44.08% |change=+12.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Periannan |party=Independent politician |votes=34,729 |percentage=31.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,371 |percentage=15.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Periannan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,290 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. E. Sekar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,466 |percentage=1.32% |change=-0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,404 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anbalagan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,318 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ravi |party=United Communist Party of India |votes=1,262 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Murugan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,245 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Anbalagan |party=Independent politician |votes=725 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,396 |percentage=12.92% |change= 12.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,444 |percentage=55.76% |change= -9.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,848 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 12.45% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. K. Mani]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=34,906 |percentage=31.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=34,500 |percentage=31.26% |change=+15.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,217 |percentage=22.85% |change=-28.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nanjappan |party=United Communist Party of India |votes=11,717 |percentage=10.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. E. Sekar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,616 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kandasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=682 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=611 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=406 |percentage=0.37% |change= -19.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,373 |percentage=64.83% |change= 2.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,582 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Purushothaman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,585 |percentage=51.79% |change=+31.98 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Subramaniam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=30,757 |percentage=32.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,830 |percentage=15.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,828 |percentage=19.66% |change= 18.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,746 |percentage=62.69% |change= 11.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,888 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 30.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Nanjappan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,498 |percentage=21.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Srinivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,555 |percentage=19.81% |change=-35.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajarathanam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,808 |percentage=13.35% |change=-41.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumaran |party=Janata Party |votes=9,209 |percentage=12.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajamanikkam |party=Independent politician |votes=8,877 |percentage=12.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lakshmanan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,364 |percentage=10.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chandiran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,571 |percentage=3.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. G. Gunalan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,431 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=660 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Karunanidhi |party=Independent politician |votes=628 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Samraj |party=Independent politician |votes=550 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=943 |percentage=1.28% |change= -22.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,468 |percentage=51.53% |change= -16.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,380 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -33.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=H. G. Arumugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,616 |percentage=54.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nanjappan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,518 |percentage=31.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=9,580 |percentage=11.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Samadharamam |party=Independent politician |votes=747 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=682 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,098 |percentage=23.54% |change= 12.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,143 |percentage=68.03% |change= 8.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,479 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |swing= 2.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Theertha Raman |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=34,590 |percentage=52.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Marumuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,481 |percentage=41.90% |change=+26.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Appunu Gounder |party=Janata Party |votes=3,520 |percentage=5.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,109 |percentage=10.84% |change= 9.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,591 |percentage=59.16% |change= 3.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,908 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 20.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Appunu Gounder |party=Janata Party |votes=17,591 |percentage=32.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,932 |percentage=30.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. K. Narasimhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,086 |percentage=20.25% |change=-27.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Marimuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,487 |percentage=15.50% |change=-36.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Munniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=660 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=659 |percentage=1.20% |change= -3.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,756 |percentage=55.34% |change= -13.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,327 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Manickkam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,298 |percentage=52.36% |change=+5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. C. Muthuswami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,291 |percentage=47.64% |change=-1.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,007 |percentage=4.73% |change= 2.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,589 |percentage=68.87% |change= 3.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,155 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. C. Muthusamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,913 |percentage=49.20% |change=+14.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Manickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,570 |percentage=46.84% |change=-7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. Gounder |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,246 |percentage=3.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,343 |percentage=2.37% |change= -16.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,729 |percentage=64.98% |change= 12.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,966 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Karivengadam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,911 |percentage=53.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Hemalatha Devi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,303 |percentage=34.63% |change=+3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Veerappa Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,995 |percentage=5.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Munisami Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,623 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,134 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,608 |percentage=19.23% |change= 7.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,966 |percentage=52.57% |change= 21.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,007 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 22.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Hemalatha Devi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,791 |percentage=31.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. K. Gorunatha Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,536 |percentage=19.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thandavan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,443 |percentage=12.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. Munussamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,165 |percentage=11.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandasami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,017 |percentage=10.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,297 |percentage=8.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Latchumi |party=Independent politician |votes=864 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manthiri Thayappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=717 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,255 |percentage=11.70% |change= 7.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,830 |percentage=31.12% |change= -11.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,416 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |swing= 2.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Pennagaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandaswami Gounder |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=8,050 |percentage=29.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Raja Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,870 |percentage=25.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subbarao |party=Independent politician |votes=6,261 |percentage=22.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhaddi Alias Perumalu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,181 |percentage=18.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Pachiappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,092 |percentage=3.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,180 |percentage=4.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,454 |percentage=42.93% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,955 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.13|N|77.9|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Budhal Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T18:25:50Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up first info from scratch.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Update|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Budhal
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 84
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Javaid Iqbal (politician)| Javaid Iqbal]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 95,072<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Assembly_Elections_2024/Final_Publication_Data_2024.pdf | title=Final Publication Data_2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009201844/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Assembly_Elections_2024/Final_Publication_Data_2024.pdf | archive-date=2024-10-09}}</ref>
|reservation = ST
}}

'''Budhal Assembly constituency''' is an [[assembly constituency]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Raina, others address Tridev Sammelans across Jammu region |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/raina-others-address-tridev-sammelans-across-jammu-region/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Javaid Iqbal (politician)| Javaid Iqbal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Budhal<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Iqbal (politician)|Javaid Iqbal]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=42,043 |percentage=61.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,135 |percentage=33.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guftar Ahmed |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,885 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=814 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=497 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,908 |percentage=27.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,374 |percentage=71.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,072 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Delhi Durbar

2026-04-27T03:04:58Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Short description|Assembly organised by the British Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg|thumb|right|The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] seated upon the [[dais]].]]

The '''Delhi Durbar''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "[[Durbar (court)#British Indian Empire|Court]] of [[Delhi]]") was the imperial mass assembly organized by the [[British Raj]] at [[Coronation Park, Delhi]], [[India]], to mark the accession of an [[Emperor of India|Emperor or Empress of India]]. The ceremonial name was derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] term, ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (royal court). Also known as the '''Imperial Durbar''', it was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the [[British Empire]]. The 1911 Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], attended; at the earlier Durbars, the monarch was represented by their [[viceroy]]. A Durbar was contemplated in 1937 or 1938 for [[George VI]], the last emperor, but was postponed. The Durbar was rendered obsolete by the emergence of India and Pakistan as independent nations following [[World War II]].

==Durbar of 1877==
[[File:Delhi Durbar 1877.jpg|thumb|right|The Delhi Durbar of 1877. The [[Viceroy of India]] is seated on the dais to the left.]]
[[File:This illustration depicts some of the shān-o-shaukat (pomp and show) of the imperial assemblage in Delhi in January 1877.jpg|thumb|This illustration depicts some of the shān-o-shaukat (pomp and show) of the imperial assemblage in Delhi in January 1877]]
Called the "Proclamation [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]", the Durbar of 1877, for which the organisation was undertaken by [[Thomas Henry Thornton]], was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to proclaim [[Queen Victoria]] as [[Empress of India]] by the British. The 1877 Durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasion with mass participation like later durbars in 1903 and 1911. It was attended by the [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|1st Earl of Lytton]]—[[Viceroy of India]], [[maharaja]]s, [[nawab]]s and intellectuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/407181/the-imperial-assemblage-held-at-delhi-1-january-1877 |title=The Imperial Assemblage held at Delhi|date= 1 January 1877|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

Inside the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Calcutta]] is an inscription taken from the message of Queen Victoria presented at the 1877 Durbar to the people of India:

<blockquote>We trust that the present occasion may tend to unite in bonds of close affection ourselves and our subjects; that from the highest to the humblest, all may feel that under our rule the great principles of liberty, equity, and justice are secured to them; and to promote their happiness, to add to their prosperity, and advance their welfare, are the ever present aims and objects of our Empire.</blockquote>

The [[Empress of India Medal]] to commemorate the proclamation of the Queen as [[Empress of India]] was struck and distributed to the honoured guests,<ref>[[The Illustrated London News]] dated 20 Jan. – 17 Feb., 1877 retrieved 3/18/2007 [http://www.iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1877.htm medal]</ref> and the elderly [[Tagore family|Ramanath Tagore]] was raised to the status of an honorary [[Raja]] by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], viceroy of India.<ref>[[Evan Cotton|Cotton, H. E. A.]], ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p. 596, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

It was at this glittering durbar that [[Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi]], wearing "''homespun spotless white khadi''" rose to read a citation on behalf of the grass roots native political organization, the [[Poona Sarvajanik Sabha]], which organization presaged the later rise of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Joshi's speech put forth a demand couched in very polite language:

<blockquote>Her Majesty to grant to India the same political and social status as is enjoyed by her British subjects.</blockquote>

With this demand, it can be said that the campaign for [[Mahadev Govind Ranade#Political|Indian Independence]] was formally launched,<ref>The Delhi Durbar,, Dimdima.com, magazine of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], {{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}}[http://dimdima.com/knowledge/freedom.asp?q_content2=yes&tit=The+Delhi+Durbar free india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620133853/http://dimdima.com/knowledge/freedom.asp?q_content2=yes&tit=The+Delhi+Durbar |date=20 June 2008 }}</ref> {{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}} which was the beginning of a great transformation for India.<ref>KESAVAN MUKUL
(Sunday, 29 May 2005) "''STORY OF THE CONGRESS – Three pivotal moments that shaped early nationalism in India''", The Telegraph, Calcutta, retrieved 3/19/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118001807/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050529/asp/opinion/story_4798753.asp nationalism]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}}

The durbar would later be seen as controversial because it directed funds away from the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]].<ref>Douglas Northrop, ''An Imperial World: Empires and Colonies since 1750'' (Boston: Pearson, 2013), pp. 2–3.</ref>

==Durbar of 1903==
[[File:DelhiDurbar LordCurzon.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903]]

The durbar was held to celebrate the succession of [[King Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] as Emperor and Empress of India. The two full weeks of festivities were devised in meticulous detail by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], Viceroy of India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Pramod K.|last=Nayar|title=Colonial Voices: The Discourses of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CPu1l2zFY0C|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-27897-0|page=94}}</ref> It was a dazzling display of pomp, power, and split-second timing. Neither the earlier Delhi Durbar of 1877, nor the later Durbar held there in 1911, could match the pageantry of Lord Curzon's 1903 festivities. In a few short months at the end of 1902, a deserted plain was transformed into an elaborate tented city, complete with temporary light railway to bring crowds of spectators out from Delhi, a post office with its own stamps, telephone and telegraphic facilities, a variety of stores, a police force with specially designed uniforms, a hospital, a magistrate's court and complex sanitation, drainage, and electric light installations. Souvenir guidebooks were sold and maps of the camping ground distributed. Marketing opportunities were craftily exploited. A special [[Delhi Durbar Medal]] was struck, as part of the celebrations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher McCreery|author-link=Christopher McCreery|title=Commemorative Medals of the Queen's Reign in Canada, 1952-2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg1k4oJn8a4C&pg=PA32|year=2012|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0756-6|pages=32–}}</ref>

Edward VII, to Curzon's disappointment, did not attend but sent his brother, the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]] who arrived with a mass of dignitaries by train from Bombay just as Curzon and his government came in the other direction from Calcutta. The assembly awaiting them displayed possibly the greatest collection of jewels to be seen in one place. Each of the Indian princes was adorned with the most spectacular of his gems from the collections of centuries. Maharajahs came with great retinues from all over India, many of them meeting for the first time while the massed ranks of the Indian armies, under their Commander-in-Chief [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], paraded, played their bands, and restrained the crowds of common people.<ref>De Courcy Anne (2003) "''The Viceroy's Daughters: The Lives of the Curzon Sisters''", Harper Collins, 464 pages, {{ISBN|0-06-093557-X}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju0AEj7kUegC&dq=peacock+dress+curzon&pg=PA11 61 page Abstract](biography) retrieved from Google 3/14/2007</ref>

On the first day, the Curzons entered the area of festivities, together with the maharajahs, riding on elephants, some with huge gold candelabra stuck on their tusks. The durbar ceremony itself fell on New Year's Day and was followed by days of polo and other sports, dinners, balls, military reviews, bands, and exhibitions. The world's press dispatched their best journalists, artists and photographers to cover proceedings. The popularity of movie footage of the event, shown in makeshift cinemas throughout India, is often credited with having launched the country's [[Cinema of India#1896 - 1910|early film industry]].<ref>Holmes Richard, "''Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914''". HARPERCOLLINS. 571 pages.</ref><ref>Bottomore Stephen (Oct, 1995) "''An amazing quarter-mile of moving gold, gems and genealogy''": filming India's 1902/03 Delhi Durbar, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, includes extensive bibliography of the event, retrieved 3/18/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200618171347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qL46H88ToTI&gl=US&hl=en Victoria Memorial Inside 2018 Kolkata]</ref>

The India Post issued a set of two commemorative souvenir sheets with special cancellation struck on 1 January 1903 – 12 noon, a much sought-after item for stamp collectors today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hipstamp.com/listing/india-1903-king-edward-vii-coronation-durbar-delhi-commemorative-cancellation/20415958|title=India - 1903 King Edward VII Coronation Durbar, Delhi Commemorative Cancellation|publisher=Hip Stamp|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

The event culminated in a grand coronation ball attended only by the highest-ranking guests, presided over by Lord Curzon and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] in her jewels and [[Lady Curzon's peacock dress|peacock gown]].<ref>Cory, Charlotte (2002) Sunday Times, 29 December, retrieved 3/14/2007 "''The Delhi Durbar 1903 Revisited''",[http://www.charlottecory.com/travel/delhi_durbar.htm 1903 Durbar, extensive description] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513183442/http://www.charlottecory.com/travel/delhi_durbar.htm |date=13 May 2009 }}</ref>

==Durbar of 1911==
{{see also|1911 Delhi Durbar Honours}}
[[File:Delhi Darbar, 12 Dec 1911.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of the 1911 Durbar arena.]]
[[File:The Arena and the Spectator's mound from the top of the stand.jpg|thumb|right|View of the Durbar arena from the grandstand.]]
[[File:The Nizam of Hyderabad pays homage to the king and queen at the Delhi Durbar.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] pays homage to the Emperor and Empress at the Delhi Durbar, December 1911.]]
On 22 March 1911, a royal proclamation announced that the Durbar would be held in December to commemorate the coronation in Britain a few months earlier of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] and allow their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. Every [[Governor#British Empire and Commonwealth Realms|governor]] and all the rulers of [[princely state]]s in India were summoned to pay obeisance.<ref name="Official_Directory">{{cite book |author= |date=1911 |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationdurbar030742mbp/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |pages=1–5 }}</ref>

The King and Queen left [[Portsmouth]] on 11 November aboard {{RMS|Medina|1911|6}}, a new [[P&O (company)|P&O]] [[ocean liner]], arriving in Delhi on 7 December in a grand State Entry through the city gates in which 50,000 troops participated, led by [[O'Moore Creagh|Sir O'Moore Creagh]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief of India]]. Escorted by a guard of the [[Household Cavalry]], the King rode an Australian [[Horses in warfare|charger]] and was dressed in military uniform with a plumed [[pith helmet]], to the disappointment of the people in the crowd, who had been expecting him to be riding an elephant and wearing a crown. The Queen followed in an open carriage.<ref name="Makin1936">{{cite book |last=Makin |first=William J. |date=1936 |title=The Life of King George the Fifth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kubAYgEACAAJ |location=London |publisher=George Newnes Limited |pages=164–165}}</ref> The following days were taken up with receptions for the Indian princes, a [[church parade]] and the presentation of [[regimental colours]].<ref name="Official_Directory"/>

The Durbar itself was on Tuesday, 12 December, at [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], on which a semi-circular [[grandstand]] had been built for 10,000 government officials and other dignitaries, while further back an artificial mound seated 50,000 local people. The royal couple arrived in their Coronation robes, the King-Emperor wearing the [[Imperial Crown of India]] with eight arches, containing 6,100 [[diamond]]s, and covered with [[sapphire]]s, [[emerald]]s and [[Ruby|rubies]], with a velvet and miniver cap all weighing 34 ounces (965 g).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/31706/the-imperial-crown-of-india |title=The Imperial Crown of India 1911 |author= |date= |website=www.rct.uk |publisher=The Royal Collection Trust |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> Seated on thrones, they listened as the [[Delhi Herald Extraordinary]], [[William Peyton|Brigadier-General William Peyton]], read out the proclamation in English, followed by the Assistant Herald, [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan|Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan]],<ref>Cox, Noel, ''A New Zealand Heraldic Authority?'' in John Campbell-Kease (ed), ''Tribute to an Armorist: Essays for John Brooke-Little to mark the Golden Jubilee of The Coat of Arms'', London, The Heraldry Society, 2000, p. 93 & p. 101</ref> who read it in [[Urdu]].<ref name="Makin1936"/> They received homage from the native princes – including one woman, the [[Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Begum of Bhopal]] – at the [[shamiana]] (ceremonial tent); controversy ensued when the [[Gaekwar of Baroda]], Maharajah [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao III]], approached the royal couple without his jewellery on, and after a simple bow turned his back to them when leaving. His action was interpreted at the time as a sign of dissent to British rule.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16051168 | work=BBC News | title=Indian maharajah's daring act of anti-colonial dissent | date=2011-12-10}}</ref> Afterwards, the royal couple ascended to the domed royal pavilion, where the King-Emperor announced the move of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The annulment of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] was also announced during the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gktoday.in/gk/delhi-durbar-of-1911/|title=Delhi Durbar of 1911 - General Knowledge Today|website=www.gktoday.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-18}}</ref> After the departure of the king and queen, the enthusiastic crowd surged into the arena.<ref name="Makin1936"/>

On the following day, 13 December, the royal couple made a ''[[Jharokha Darshan]]'' (balcony appearance) at the [[Red Fort]], to receive half a million or more of the common people who had come to greet them,<ref name="Makin1936"/> a custom which was started by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Reddi |first=C. V. Narasimha |title=Public information management: ancient India to modern India, 1500 B.C.-2000 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3DgAAAAMAAJ|date=January 2001|publisher=Himalaya Pub. House|page=81|isbn=9788178660448 }}</ref> On 14 December, the King-Emperor presided over a military review of 40,000 troops, culminating in a great cavalry charge. There followed an investiture in Delhi Park, the first was the Queen who received the [[Order of the Star of India]].<ref name="Makin1936"/> 26,800 [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]]s in silver were awarded to the men and officers of the British and Indian Armies who participated in the 1911 event. A further two hundred were struck in gold,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Howard N Cole.|title=Coronation and Royal Commemorative Medals.|pages=37. Published J. B. Hayward & Son, London. 1977}}</ref> a hundred of which were awarded to Indian princely rulers and the highest ranking government officers.<ref>Delhi Durbar Medals of 1911 [http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/the_delhi_durbar_medal_1911.htm 1911 medal]</ref>

Following the Durbar, the King and Queen left for ten days in [[Nepal]], where the King was taken tiger hunting. After visiting Calcutta, they journeyed across India by train to Bombay, which they left on 10 January on RMS ''Medina''.<ref name="Makin1936"/>

A [[feature film]] of the event titled ''[[With Our King and Queen Through India]]'' (1912) – also known as ''The Durbar in Delhi'' – was filmed in the early color process [[Kinemacolor]] and released on 2 February 1912.<ref>Filming the Delhi Durbar [http://www.charlesurban.com/durbar.htm 1911 filming] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708135411/http://www.charlesurban.com/durbar.htm |date=8 July 2011 }}</ref>

Generally the Durbar achieved its purpose of cementing support for British rule among the native princes, as was demonstrated by the support given during the First World War.<ref name="Makin1936"/>

Today, the Coronation Park in Delhi is sometimes used for big religious festivals and municipal conventions.<ref>Mukherjee Sanjeeb (Oct. 2001) Coronation Park – the Raj junkyard, the-south-Asian.com, retrieved 3/18/2007 [http://www.the-south-asian.com/Oct2001/Junkyard_of_statues.htm Coronation Park] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111112718/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Oct2001/Junkyard_of_statues.htm |date=11 November 2006 }}</ref> The thrones used by King George V and Queen Mary are on display at Marble Hall Gallery and Museum at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/panoramic_view.html|title=Museum and Galleries in Rashtrapati Bhavan|author=Presidentofindia.nic.in|access-date=15 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505034522/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/panoramic_view.html|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Postponed Durbar of 1937 or 1938==
[[File:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow.jpg|thumb|right|Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, the Governor-General and Viceroy of India, was initially enthusiastic about another durbar, but ultimately led efforts to have it indefinitely postponed.]]
On the [[death of George V]] in January 1936, his eldest son acceded as [[Edward VIII]]. In his first and only [[speech from the throne]] at the [[State Opening of Parliament]] in November 1936, he announced that he would attend a Durbar in Delhi during the winter following his coronation in 1937. When [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated]] in December 1936, it was initially envisaged that his brother [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] would continue with the Durbar as already planned, with the enthusiastic backing of the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Zetland]] and the Viceroy, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]. However, persuaded by the prime minister, [[Stanley Baldwin]] and his doctors, George decided that travelling to India in the aftermath of his [[Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth|coronation in May]] would place too great a strain on his health, and it was announced on 9 February 1937 that the Durbar had been postponed until "a later date". The reason given was that it was "impossible to contemplate a prolonged absence during the first year of his reign", so as not to give credence to rumours circulating about the king's physical and mental wellbeing.<ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 274–275</ref>

By August 1937, the situation in India had changed. The [[Government of India Act 1935]] had set in motion modest moves towards Indian self government; the pro-independence [[Indian National Congress]] had dominated the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]] in seven out of eleven provinces, and had made it clear that they would not only boycott the Durbar but refuse to vote the funds to pay for it. Linlithgow wrote to Zetland in August saying that the king ought to be warned of "unpleasantness" if he visited India. Zetland took up the matter with the new prime minister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], while the viceroy sought the opinion of the [[Provinces of India|provincial governors]], who were all against the idea. Meanwhile, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the leader of the Congress party, told the Indian press that if the British Government wanted to protect the king from any sort of "untoward incident", then they ought to "keep him in England".<ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 289–290</ref>

Chamberlain was persuaded and initially omitted any mention of royal visit to India from the king's speech of October 1937, but under pressure from the king and against the advice of the viceroy, included the non-committal line; "I am looking forward with interest and pleasure to the time when it will be possible for Me to visit My Indian Empire".<ref>{{hansard|1937/oct/26/the-kings-speech | house=lords |access-date=29 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 290–291</ref> Linlithgow and Zetland then made a determined effort to dissuade the king from visiting India, even on a more modest scale, using the pretext of finance rather than Indian politics. Quoting a cost of £1 million, all of which would fall on the central government of India and which, they advised, the Indian Finance Minister, [[James Grigg]], was unwilling to support. Finally, in February 1938, the king had to be formally advised by Chamberlain to again postpone any visit "until the general world outlook has become more settled and the financial prospects [are] more definite".<ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 292–294</ref>

Eventually, the onset of the [[Second World War]] and [[Indian independence movement|the movement towards Indian independence]] rendered the prospect of any royal visit nearly impossible.<ref>Aldrich 2016, Ch. 15</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class="center">
File: Durbar Procession in 1903.jpg|A view of the Durbar Procession of 1903
File:Delhi Durbar 1903.jpg|Elephant Carriage of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], Delhi Durbar of 1903
File:Delhi durbar 1911 2.jpg|[[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] at the Delhi Durbar 1911
File: Queen Victoria's statue inside the memorial in Kolkata.jpg|Interior of the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[Kolkata]] (the inscription is to the right of the statue)
File: Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg|Durbar of 1911 in the amphitheatre created for the event
File: The Obelsik marking the Durbar of King George V at Coronation Park, Delhi.2JPG.jpg|Commemorative [[Obelisk]] at [[Coronation Park, Delhi]], erected at the exact place where [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] sat in 'Delhi Durbar' of 1911 while declaring the shifting of capital of [[British Raj]] from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]]
File: Malik Umar Hayat Khan - Assistant Delhi Herald.jpg|[[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]] serving as Assistant [[Delhi Herald Extraordinary]] in 1911
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Aldrich |editor-first1=Robert |editor-link1=Robert Aldrich (historian) |editor-last2=McCreery |editor-first2=Cindy |date=2016 |title=Crowns and colonies: European monarchies and overseas empires |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW25DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT400 |publisher=Manchester University Press |chapter=Chapter 15. A new monarchy for a new commomwealth? Monarchy and the consequences of republican India |isbn=978-1784993153}}
* {{cite book|last=Army|first=Indian |title=Soldiers' games: 'Imperial Assemblage'. Delhi, 3rd January, 1877 |url=https://archive.org/stream/soldiersgamesimp00delh#page/n0/mode/2up |year=1877 |publisher=s. n.}}
* Codell, Julie, ed. (2011). ''Power and Resistance: Photography and the Delhi Coronation Durbars.'' Ahmedabad: Mapin.
* Codell, Julie (2009), "Indian Crafts and Imperial Policy: Hybridity, Purification and Imperial Subjectivities," ''Material Cultures, 1740–1920: The Meanings and Pleasures of Collecting.'' Eds. A. Myzelev & J. Potvin. Aldershot: Ashgate, 149–70.
* Codell, Julie (2004), "Gentlemen connoisseurs and capitalists: Modern British Imperial Identity in the 1903 Delhi Durbar Exhibition of Indian Art," ''Cultural Identities and the Aesthetics of Britishness''. Ed.D. Arnold. Manchester U P, 134–63.
* Douglas-Home, Jessica (2011). ''A Glimpse of Empire.'' Wilby: Michael Russell.
* {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Lovat|title=At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903)|url=https://archive.org/stream/atdelhifras00fras#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1903|publisher=Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker}}
* {{cite book|last=Hobbes|first=John Oliver|title=Imperial India; letters from the East (Delhi Durbar)|url=https://archive.org/stream/imperialindialet00hobbiala#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1903|publisher=London : T.F. Unwin}}
* {{cite book| title = The Durbar (Illustrated)|last=Menpes|first=Mortimer|author-link=Mortimer Menpes| url = https://archive.org/stream/thedurbar00menpiala#page/n11/mode/2up|publisher=London: A & C Black|year=1903}}
* {{cite book|title=Coronation Durbar Delhi 1911: Official Directory with Maps|url=https://archive.org/stream/coronationdurbar030742mbp#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1911|publisher=The Superintendent, Government Printing, Calcutta}}
* {{cite book |title=Supplement to Who's Who in India – Containing lives and photographs of the recipients of honours on 12th December 1911|publisher=Newul Kishore Press, Lucknow|year= 1912 |url=https://archive.org/stream/supplementtowhos00luckrich#page/n9/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book|last=Raman and Agrawal|first=Sunil and Rohit |title=Delhi Durbar 1911: The Complete Story |year=2012|publisher=Roli Books |location=Delhi}}
* Codell, Julie, ed. (2012). ''Power and Resistance: The Delhi Coronation Durbars''. Ahmedabad: Mapin.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140911/https://vimeo.com/7141282 The Coronation Durbar of 1911, film] from BFI archives
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=51998 Great Coronation Durbar, DELHI video newsreel film]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826105024/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=51998 |date=26 August 2011 }}.
* [https://www.imdb.com/find?s=tt&q=Delhi+Durbar+and+Coronation Cornation Durbar films] at [[Internet Movie Database]]
* {{YouTube|id=oKF_lie2Wc8|title="Delhi Durbar" – 1903 – The Coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India – Robert W Paul – Documentary }}{{dead link|date=December 2017}}

{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|28.7235|N|77.1968|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Government of British India]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]
[[Category:Monarchy of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]
[[Category:1877 in British India]]
[[Category:1903 in British India]]
[[Category:1911 in British India]]
[[Category:1877 in India]]
[[Category:1903 in India]]
[[Category:1911 in India]]

Charaut Math

2026-04-25T19:16:43Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up basic data w/ refs.

{{Short description|Temple in Bihar, India}}
{{See also-text|[[Lakshminarayan Matha]]|[[Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir]]|[[Ramjanaki Math]]}}
{{Use British English|date = September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Mandir
|image=Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, Charaut Math.jpg
|alt=
|caption=Lakshminarayan Mandir
|country={{flag|India}}
|state=[[Bihar]]
|district=[[Sitamarhi]]
|deity=[[Lakshminarayan]] ([[Vishnu]])
|founded_by=Mahant Jai Kishun and Maharaja of Darbhanga Raj<ref name="Gaz">{{Cite web|title=Gazetter Publication/Muzaffarpur district/chapter-XVI|url=http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Muzaffarpur/chapter-XVI.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905083621/http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Muzaffarpur/chapter-XVI.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2021 }}</ref>
|established=1761<ref name="Gaz"/>
|location=[[Charaut]], [[Sitamarhi]], [[Bihar]]
|coordinates={{Coord|26.5310|N|85.7936|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Charaut Math''' is a temple at [[Charaut]] block (Sitamarhi), in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]], of the [[Lakshminarayan]] monastic order group of the Hindu tradition. It is an ancient temple in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. Its antiquity is felt by looking at the throne with copper vessels, brass bells of over a Quital weight, brass and silver doors, etc. Apart from being a Hindu temple, it was also an important centre for the tradition of [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Charaut Math.jpg|thumb|Campus of the Charaut Math]]

== History ==
Charaut Math is a Hindu monastery. It was founded by Mahant Jai Kishun. He was earlier a Mahanth (Head of Hindu Monastery) in a Hindu Math at [[Lakshminarayan Matha|Matihani Math]] ([[Yjnayavalkya Lakshminarayan Vidyapeeth, Matihani|Yjnayavalkya Lakshminarayan Vidyapeeth]]) of Nepal territory.<ref name="Gaz"/> He founded this Hindu Math when the Maharaja of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]] granted this village for the purpose of building a monastery to impart Vedic knowledge to students. It was founded in 1761.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patil|first=D. r|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532467|title=Antiquarian Remains In Bihar|date=1963}}</ref> It became an important center for the Hindu Vedic culture and tradition and education. Charaut was a part of the kingdom of [[Darbhanga Raj]], in the 18th century.

The history of the math has also been described in the book "Antiquarian Remains In Bihar", written by D R Patil, Superintendent, [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]], South-Western Circle, Aurangabad, Maharashtra in 1963.

There is also another story about the math. It is said that 350 years ago it was a forest. A Mahatma named ''[[Tasmaiya Baba]]'' selected it as his penance and meditation place. Darbhanga Maharaja was influenced by his penance and meditation, so he donated thousands of acres of land as a gift to him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=समृद्ध इतिहास पर वर्तमान में बदहाल है चोरौत - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-choraut-is-currently-on-the-rich-history-19100805.html |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Present structure ==
The present structure of the Matha (new buildings) was constructed in the year 1915 during the period of the Mahant Ramlakhan Dasji. The present architecture of the temple is 111 years old.<ref name=":0" />

The next Mahant Shyam Narayan Das initiated to take care the legacy of his Guru Ramlakhan Dasji properly. He constructed two high schools in the memory of the name of his guru, namely Lakhan Narayan Memorial High School and Laxmi Narayan Sanskrit High School in the year 1962.<ref name=":0" />

== Within the Math ==

There is Lakshminarayan Mandir in the campus of the math. There is also a Sanskrit school in the Math which was established in 1926 known as Sri Laksmi Narayan Sanskrit High School, Choraut.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SRI LAKSMI NARAYAN SANSKRIT H. S., CHORAUT - Choraut, District Sitamarhi (Bihar)|url=https://schools.org.in/sitamarhi/10041900213/sri-laksmi-narayan-sanskrit-h-s-choraut.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Mahants ==
The head of the matha is called as [[Mahant]]. The mahant of the matha is nominated according to the tradition of [[Guru–shishya tradition|Guru-Shishya parampara]] in Hinduism. Till now there have been nine Mahants in the Matha.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Lakshminarayan Mandir, Charaut Math.jpg|thumb|Closer view of the temple Lakshminarayan Mandir]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Hindu temples in Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bihar]]
[[Category:Ashramas]]
[[Category:Sanskrit areas of India]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]

Magrahat I

2026-04-19T19:47:57Z

Tonyrogers1123: basic improved information for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Magrahat I
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Magrahat-I in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Magrahat I community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2420|N|88.3784|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Usthi]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Ektara, Hariharpur, Kalikapota, Lakshmikantapur, Rangilbad, Sherpur, Shrichanda, Sirakol, Usthi, Uttarkusum, Yearpur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 119.04
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 269,494
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 65,657
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.82 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 951 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Magrahat I''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Magrahat I CD block is located at {{coord|22.2420|N|88.3784|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.

Magrahat I CD block is bounded by [[Bishnupur I]] and [[Bishnupur II]] CD blocks in the north, [[Magrahat II]] CD block in the east, [[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]] and [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD blocks in the south, [[Diamond Harbour I]] and [[Falta (community development block)|Falta]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have deposited sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]]-dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Magrahat I CD block has an area of 119.04 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 186 gram sansads (village councils), 90 [[mouza]]s and 78 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas. Sadasibpur village is located partly in Magrahat I and partly in Mandirbazar CD Block. [[Usthi#Police station|Usthi]] police station serves this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Usthi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Magrahat I CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Ektara, Hariharpur, Kalikapota, Lakshmikantapur, Rangilbad, Sherpur, Shrichanda, Sirakol, Usthi, Uttarkusum and Yearpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Magrahat I CD block had a total population of 269,494, of which 203,837 were rural and 65,657 were urban. There were 138,152 (51%) males and 131,342 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 38,472. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 55,191 (20.48%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 172 (0.08%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Magrahat I CD block had a total population of 228,367, out of which 117,752 were males and 110,615 were females. Magrahat I CD block registered a population growth of 16.51% during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89%. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84%. [[Scheduled Castes]] at 54,205 formed around one-fourth the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,603.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-date =21 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status =dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Magrahat I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ajodhyanagar]] (4,409), [[Sirakol]] (10,250), [[Uttar Bishnupur]] (4,703), [[Ghola Noapara]] (6,210), [[Usthi]] (6,230), [[Barijpur]] (5,536), [[Uttar Kusum]] (10,716), [[Kalikapota]] (13,086) and [[Bamna, Magrahat|Bamna]] (4,517).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Magrahat I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Iyarpur (9,238), Khela Rampur (6,176), Serpur (8,170), Kesili (4,167), Nainanpur (4,711), Nazra (9,552), [[Deula, Magrahat|Deula]](5,169), Samashat (4,829), Tulyan (4,003), Khanpur (5,101) and Bahirpua (4,610).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Magrahat I CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Srichanda (1,773), Rangilabad (3,459), Hariharpur (3,549), Ektara (2,604) and [[Baneswarpur]] (1960).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Magrahat I CD block was 170,534 (77.41% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 113,744 (83.62% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 91,045 (70.84% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.78%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Magrahat I CD block had a total literacy of 67.34% for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 77.39% female literacy was 56.54%. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45%, male literacy being 79.19% and female literacy being 59.01%.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Magrahat I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.91 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.06 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.91% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.06% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Magrahat I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|57.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|40.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.50}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Muslims numbered 155,700 and formed 57.78% of the population in Magrahat I CD block. Hindus numbered 108,987 and formed 40.44% of the population. Others numbered 4,807 and formed 1.78% of the population. Amongst the others, Christians numbered 4,035.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Muslims and Hindus were 55.26% and 43.06% of the population respectively, whiles Christians were 1.60% of the population.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Magrahat I CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 28.41%, a moderate level of poverty. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Magrahat I CD block'''
|value1 = 8.38
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 20.98
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 17.11
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 53.53
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Magrahat I CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,306 and formed 8.38%, agricultural labourers numbered 18,284 and formed 20.98%, household industry workers numbered 14,906 and formed 17.11% and other workers numbered 46,644 and formed 53.53%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 87,140 and formed 32.33% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 182,354 and formed 67.67% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 78 inhabited villages in Magrahat I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 78 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 25 villages (32.05%) have post offices. 73 villages (93.50%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 25 villages (32.05%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 34 villages (51.59%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (3.85%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (8.97%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Magrahat I CD block 564.10 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 452.21 acres or 80.16% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 3,294.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 38 fertiliser depots, 16 seed stores and 50 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Magrahat I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Magrahat I CD block produced 14,241 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 6,996 hectares, 137 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 53 hectares, 11,272 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,246 hectares, 804 tonnes of potatoes from 24 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Irrigation===
In Magrahat I CD block, in 2013-14, 53.22 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 62, Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Pisciculture===
In Magrahat I CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 936 hectares, engaging 936 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 9,120 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Magrahat I CD block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Magrahat I CD block has 1 ferry service and 9 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Bahirpuya Halt railway station|Bahirpuya]], [[Sangrampur railway station|Sangrampur]] and [[Deula railway station|Deula]] are stations on the [[Sealdah South section]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-diamond-harbour-local-34814/17067/325/8018#st | title = 34814 Sealdah-Diamond Harbour Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 22 April 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Magrahat I CD block had 113 primary schools with 14,410 students, 6 middle schools with 1,180 students, 7 high schools with 3,999 students and 19 higher secondary schools with 18,714 students. Magrahat I CD block had 1 general degree college with 496 students and 323 institutions for special and non-formal education with 19,017 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Magrahat I CD block, amongst the 78 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had two or more primary schools, 23 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 16 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Shirakole Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2007 at [[Sirakol]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shirakolemahavidyalaya.org/establish.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170412150211/http://www.shirakolemahavidyalaya.org/establish.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 12 April 2017 | title = Shirakole Mahavidyalaya | publisher = SM | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/shirakole-mahavidyalaya | title = Shirakole Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Dekho | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Magrahat I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 1 primary health centre and 3 private nursing homes with total 50 beds and 8 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 31 family welfare subcentres. 3,496 patients were treated indoor and 73,527 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Magrahat I CD block, 1 villages had a primary health centre, 29 villages had primary health subcentres, 15 villages had medicine shops and out of the 78 inhabited villages 32 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Baneswarpur Rural Hospital at [[Baneswarpur]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in Magrahat I CD block. There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at [[Sirakol]] (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

Chandupatla Janga Reddy

2026-04-18T11:30:14Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1935–2022)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Chandupatla|lang=Telugu}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Chandupatla Janga Reddy
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]]
| term_start = 1984
| term_end = 1988
| predecessor = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| successor = [[Kamaluddin Ahmed (politician)|Kamaluddin Ahmed]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1978
| term_end2 = 1984
| predecessor2 = ''constituency established''
| successor2 = Namidi Narsimha Reddy
| constituency2 = Shyampet
| term_start3 = 1967
| term_end3 = 1972
| predecessor3 = Rauthu Narsimha Ramiah
| successor3 = Pingali Dharma Reddy
| constituency3 = [[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
| image = Chendupatla Janga Reddy.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|11|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Parkala Village, Parkala Thaluk, [[Warangal]] District, [[Hyderabad state]]
| baptised = 
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| education = B.A.
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Chairman of Vaagdevi Group of Institutions
| era =
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| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
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| source = http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3148.htm
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|02|05|1935|11|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
}}

'''Chandupatla Janga Reddy''' (18 November 1935 – 5 February 2022) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected to the 8th [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Hanamkonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] defeating the future Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/politics/they-got-bjp-into-parliament-but-now-the-party-has-forgotten-them/103953/ | title=They got BJP into Parliament, but now the party has forgotten them | publisher=[[ThePrint]] | date=26 August 2018 | accessdate=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/internal-democracy-in-bjp-weakened-but-country-needs-party-says-first-bjp-mp-in-ls-119030300365_1.html | title=How has BJP changed over the years? Here's what the party's first MP thinks | newspaper=Business Standard India | publisher=Business Standard | date=4 March 2019 | accessdate=1 January 2021}}</ref> He helped many poor students with their education. He was the co-founder of Vaagdevi Group of Institutions.

== Early life ==
Reddy was born 18 November 1935. He worked as a teacher in Parkala Village, located in the [[Warangal District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now part of [[Telangana]]), for ten years ending in 1967.

==Political career==
He was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1967–72 (from Parkal as Jana Sangh member),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1967}}</ref> 1978–83 (from Shyampet as Janata Party member) and 1983–84 (from Shyampet as member of BJP). He was arrested in 1970 for leading a group in Delhi in support of the recognition of Bangladesh, and imprisoned under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (MISA) from 14 November 1975 to 18 December 1976.

He is best known for his time as [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the 8th Lok Sabha in [[1984 Indian general election|1984]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=India - Dates of Elections: 24, 27 and 28 December 1984 | url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1984_E.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611071310/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1984_E.PDF | archive-date=2011-06-11}}</ref> That year the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won just two of the 543 Parliament constituencies; one was won by Chendupatla Janga Reddy, representing [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]] in the then [[undivided Andhra Pradesh]], and the other by [[AK Patel]], representing [[Mehsana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]]. He took active part in the Telangana Satyagraha Movement and anti-[[Malappuram district]] agitation in [[Kerala]]. He participated in the ''satyagraha'' in [[Delhi]] against the [[Operation Blue Star|deployment of the army]] to the [[Golden Temple]] in 1984.

He was an active member of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and held many offices in the Andhra Pradesh Student Union, including Executive Member. He resided in [[Hanamakonda]], [[Warangal]].

== Personal life and death ==
Reddy married C. Sudeshma in 1953, with whom he had one son and two daughters. Reddy died in [[Hyderabad]] on 5 February 2022, at the age of 86.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First BJP MP in Lok Sabha, Chandupatla Janga Reddy, passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/feb/05/first-bjp-mp-in-lok-sabhachandupatla-janga-reddy-passes-away-2415657.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3148.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Chandupatla Janga}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]

Kalyanpur, Samastipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:01Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding the pg v1

{{For|disambiguation|Kalyanpur (disambiguation){{!}}Kalyanpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyanpur
| state = [[Bihar]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = 131-Kalyanpur, Samastipur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| constituency_no = 131
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Maheshwar Hazari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| preceded_by = Manju Kumari [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
}}
'''Kalyanpur''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==History==
In this constituency, the contest for political representation used to be in between the members of [[Koeri]] and [[Bhumihar]] caste until 2010, when the constituency was reserved for the [[Schedule Castes]]. The reservation of the constituency led to dilution of the caste based mobilisation of the candidates from the two castes. However, the political history of the constituency shows that for most of the times, this constituency has elected a legislator belonging to [[Koeri]] caste. The legislators belonging to the Koeri caste are [[Brahmdeo Narain Singh Kushwaha|Brahmdeo Narain Singh]], [[Sita Sinha]], [[Ashok Prasad Verma]] and [[Ashwamedh Devi]] among others.<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/kalyanpur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-rjd-bjp-jdu-congress-1159862-2020-11-10|title=Kalyanpur Election Result 2020: जेडीयू के महेश्वर हजारी जीते, भाकपा माले को दी मात|website=Aajtak|date=10 November 2020|accessdate=8 May 2024|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508131122/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/kalyanpur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-rjd-bjp-jdu-congress-1159862-2020-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/kalyanpur-vidhan-sabha-constituency-assembly-elections-2020-1132357-2020-09-19|title=कल्याणपुर सीटः 1990 के बाद कांग्रेस को नहीं मिली जीत, इस बार जदयू बचा पाएगी सीट?|website=Aajtak|date=19 September 2020|access-date=10 May 2024|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217184248/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/kalyanpur-vidhan-sabha-constituency-assembly-elections-2020-1132357-2020-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 131 Kalyanpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Kalyanpur and Pusa [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-10-25 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>

Kalyanpur Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 23 [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brahmdeo Narain Singh Kushwaha|Brahmdeo Narain Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Naresh Trivedi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bashistha Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Sukumari Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bashistha Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Dilip Kumar Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Sita Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Ashwamedh Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Ashok Prasad Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Ashwamedh Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|2009^
|[[Ashok Prasad Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Ram Sewak Hazari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
|2013^
|Manju Kumari
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Maheshwar Hazari]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyanpur, Samastipur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kalyanpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kalyanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0416.htm |accessdate=22 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222200616/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0416.htm |archivedate=22 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Hazari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:118162}}
|percentage = 49.3
|change = +10.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:79576}}
|percentage = 33.2
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ram Balak Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:16574}}
|percentage = 6.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajeev Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5631}}
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ratneshwar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3805}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mantesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3193}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Madhu Krishanji Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2497}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8634}}
|percentage = 3.6
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38586}}
|percentage = 16.1
|change = +10.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239675}}
|percentage = 73.76
|change = +15.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyanpur, Samastipur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Maheshwar Hazari]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:72279}}
|percentage = 38.46
|change = -11.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:62028}}
|percentage = 33.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = A Mona Prasad Sundeshwar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:23163}}
|percentage = 12.32
|change = -15.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Vikas Party
|candidate = Umesh Das
|votes = {{formatnum:4329}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Yuva Krantikari Party
|candidate = Sanjay Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3875}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janmat Party
|candidate = Anamika
|votes = {{formatnum:3723}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Shatrudhan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3303}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change = +0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Nath Sharan
|votes = {{formatnum:2734}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Pramila Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2019}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Mantesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1961}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6899}}
|percentage = 3.67
|change = +0.7
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10251}}
|percentage = 5.46
|change = -16.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187938}}
|percentage = 57.93
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyanpur, Samastipur<ref name="Kalyanpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Kalyanpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kalyanpur |accessdate=22 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222200711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kalyanpur |archivedate=22 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Maheshwar Hazari
|votes = {{formatnum:84904}}
|percentage = 50.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Prince Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:47218}}
|percentage = 28.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binod Das
|votes = {{formatnum:9098}}
|percentage = 5.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:5627}}
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prem Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4057}}
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abhay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2502}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Jibachh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1766}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ram Balak Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1646}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Renu Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:1586}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Janta Party (Indian)
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1554}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4999}}
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37686}}
|percentage = 22.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168470}}
|percentage = 57.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|25|56|18|N|85|46|56|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Samri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:43Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting some stub needs work.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Samri
| mla = Udheshwari Paikra
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Chintamani Maharaj]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:218557}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 8
| map_image = Samri Assembly constituency map.svg
}}'''Samri''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="ceomap">{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].
==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Shivbaksh Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jai Ram
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Larang Sai]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Amin Sai
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Larang Sai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Maheshwar Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Amin Sai
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Sohanlal
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" |Siddha Nath Paikra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Pritam Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress|last1=mint|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Uddheshwari Paikra]]
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanujganj<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Uddheshwari Paikra]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83483
|percentage = 45.53
|change = +9.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijay Paikra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=69540|percentage=37.93|change=-11.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anand Tigga|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=5034|percentage=2.75|change=-1.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4981|percentage=2.72|change=-1.12}}
{{Election box majority|votes=29,663|percentage=16.26|change=-4.99}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=183357|percentage=83.89|change=+1.58}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 218,557
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Samri<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 80,620
|percentage = 49.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sidhnath Paikra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 58,697
|percentage = 36.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mitkoo Bhagat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,587
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,250
|percentage = 3.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,923
|percentage = 13.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,825
|percentage = 82.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|23.41|83.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Kashmiri handicrafts

2026-04-07T20:40:08Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding the info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Traditional arts of Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Kmrwalnut.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kashmir Walnut Wood Carving|Kashmiri artisan carving walnut wood]]]]

'''Kashmiri handicrafts''' is a traditional art of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri people]] and [[artisan]]s who make, craft, and decorate objects by hand. [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]], and [[Budgam district|Budgam]] are the main districts in central [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] which have been making handicrafts products since ages. The rest of its [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir#Districts|districts]], including Srinagar, Ganderbal, and Budgam are best known for their cultural heritage which includes the handicraft industry in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Embroidery is an integral part of many Kashmiri handicrafts, shawls, carpets and Kashmiri ladies pheran are adorned with intricate embroideries or flower styles made of thin metal threads and this kind of embroidery is known as 'Tille' in Kashmiri language. Embroidery work is done by both men in women in the region conventionally.

The artistry of Kashmir with palkis, bedsheets, trunks, inkstands, boxes, and spoons are famous all over [[India]], furthermore, the shawl making is exceptional. Kashmiris make different types of handicraft products with simple items and materials traditionally. Handmade decorated metallic bags for women are also popular. Some notable areas are textiles, carpets and rugs, [[crewel embroidery]], phool kari, [[Silversmith|silverware]], [[Kashmir Walnut Wood Carving|woodwork]] and [[Kashmir papier-mâché|papier-mâché]], etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raina|first=Mohini Qasba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People|date=2014-11-13|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore|isbn=978-1-4828-9945-0|pages=203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rafiabadi|first=Hamid Naseem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysB4DTRgh5sC&pg=PA259|title=Saints and Saviours of Islam |date=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-555-4|pages=259}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rafiabadi|first=Hamid Naseem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeK9w9P0sBQC|title=World Religions and Islam: A Critical Study|date=2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-414-4|pages=106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Kishori Saran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India|date=1999|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-86471-72-2|pages=189}}</ref>

Handicraft is a source of living for many artisans in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saeed|first=Mohammad |year=1990|title=A Survey of Research in Commerce and Management|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-415-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGLsAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+handicrafts+is+a+traditional+art+of+Kashmiri+people+and+Artisans}}</ref>

== Kashmir papier-mâché ==
{{Main |Kashmir papier-mâché}}Kashmir paper-mâché is, a craft that was brought by Muslim saint [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] from [[Persia]] in the 14th century to [[Kashmir]]. It is based primarily on paper pulp, and is richly decorated and colourful. It is generally seen in the form of vases, bowls, or cups (with and without metal rims), boxes, trays, bases of lamps, and many other small objects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wonderwheelstore.com/the-art-and-craft-of-kashmir-kashmiri-handicrafts/|title=The Art and Craft of Kashmir – Kashmiri Handicrafts|date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>
Kashmiri papier-mâché forms are simple, with artisans painting intricate designs requiring great skill and precision. The paintings are either flat or raised, the latter resembling relief work. Birds, butterflies, flowers, and foliage are often depicted. Patterns are drawn freehand by the master Naqqashi, with assistants filling colors at various stages. The master then completes the outline, and the piece is finished with a varnish coating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-17 |title=The story of Boxes {{!}} kashmir papier-mâché {{!}} Story of Indian Craftsmen |url=https://gaatha.com/kari-kalamdani-papier-mache-painting-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Story of Indian crafts and craftsmen |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Kashmir walnut wood carving ==
{{Main|Kashmir walnut wood carving}}Kashmir walnut wood carving is a craft of fine wood carving. The ''[[Juglans regia]]'' tree that grows widely in Kashmir region is used for wood carving, and Kashmir is one of the places where [[walnut]] trees are available.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=107}} Walnut wood is used to make tables, jewelry boxes, trays, lamps etc.

== Clothing ==
Kashmir was the center for woolen materials. Various kinds of [[shawls]] were a popular products of Kashmir.

=== Kashmir shawl ===
{{Main|Kashmir shawl}}Shawls have been a foreign import to Kashmir by Muslim craftsmen from [[Turkestan]] as late as the 15th century. [[Iran|Persian]] masters were brought by the third [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] Akbar, that improved the local craft and techniques of shawl and carpet weaving.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ashfaque|first=Farzana|title=Shawl and Carpet Industry in Kashmir Under the Mughals|date=2009|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147675|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=285–296|jstor=44147675|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

The Kashmir shawl is a type of shawl distinctive for its Kashmiri weave, and traditionally made of shahtoosh or pashmina wool.
{{Quote box
| width = 33%
| align = right
| quoted = 1
| quote = [[François Bernier]], witnessing the shawl industry first hand, emphasizes that great pains "have been taken to manufacture shawls similar to those of Kashmir, in Patna, Agra, and Lahore but notwithstanding every possible care, they never have the texture and softness of the Kashmir article, whose unrivalled excellence may be owing to certain properties in the water of that country. Kashmiri Shawls are mainly sold at Polo View Srinagar( The Capital of J&K) by M/s GM Shah. One of the biggest exporter of the Kashmiri Handicrafts"
| salign = right
| source = References<ref>{{Cite web|title=Webpages – Frank Ames|url=https://frankames.com/category/webpages/|access-date=2021-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WOVEN LEGENDS: Carpets & Shawls from Kashmir 1585-1870 – Frank Ames |url=https://frankames.com/woven-legends-carpets-shawls-from-kashmir-1585-1870/|access-date=2021-01-07}}</ref>
}}

=== Pashmina or Kar Amir ===
{{Main|Pashmina}}

The majority of the woollen fabrics of Kashmir, and particularly the best quality shawls, were and are still made of ''Pashm'' or ''Pashmina'', which is the wool of ''[[Capra hircus]]'', a species of the wild Asian mountain goat. Hence the shawls came to be called Pashmina.

=== Do-Shala ===
{{main|Shawl#Do-Shalla}}

[[Emperor Akbar]] was a great admirer of Kashmiri shawls. It was he who began the fashion of wearing two shawls, sewn back to back, so that the under surfaces of the shawls were never seen. During that time the most desired shawls were those worked in gold and silver thread or shawls with border ornamented with fringes of gold, silver and silk thread.

The ''Do-shala'', as the name designates ("two-shawls"), are always sold in pairs, there being many varieties of them. In the ''Khali-matan'' the central field is quite plain and without any ornamentation.

=== Kani Shawl ===
{{Main|Kani Shawl}}

Kani shawl is another type of [[Kashmir shawl]] originating from the [[Kanihama]] area of Kashmir. It is one of the oldest handicrafts of Kashmir. This craft has been a part of the valley since the time of [[Mughals]]. The shawls are woven from [[pashmina]] yarn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vasudev|first=Shefalee |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HMFQLTl09nEnX1jeFAr1EO/Looms-of-the-valley.html|access-date=2020-12-29 |date=2015-07-11|title=Looms of the valley |website=mint}}</ref>

== Carpets, rugs and mats ==
Carpets are said to have originated from the oases and villages of [[Central Asia]]. The carpet weaving became a gift of these trading caravans to Kashmir.<ref>"Chapter XI SMALL - SCALE INDUSTRIES ART OF WEAVING The first covering used by man was the skin of animals . The discovery of twisting fibres ... CARPETS Carpets are said to have originated from the oases and villages of Central Asia. This art of Kashmir has been a gift of the caravans. In the time of Jehangir, the ..."

[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpY3AAAAMAAJ Geography of Jammu and Kashmir - Page 141]

[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpY3AAAAMAAJ A. N. Raina · 1981]
</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chib|first=Sukhdev Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OkeAAAAMAAJ|title=Jammu and Kashmir|date=1977|publisher=Light & Life Publishers|isbn= |location= |pages=81}}</ref> Kashmir produces several varieties of handmade, handknotted floor coverings such as carpets and rugs. Another widely used way to produce carpets was and is by the [[felt]]ing of wool.

=== Namda ===
[[File:Portrait of Mughal prince Sultan Murad.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Mughal prince Sultan Murad, depicted kneeling on a felt namda rug (ca 1600)]]
Namda<ref>{{Cite book|last=Delahunty|first=Andrew|date=2008-10-23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nvu17oLIQNgC&dq=Namda+carpet&pg=PA238|title=From Bonbon to Cha-cha: Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954369-4|pages=238}}</ref> is a traditional Kashmiri carpet produced by [[felting]] wool instead of [[weaving]] woollen threads. Wool that comes directly from the fleece of living sheep, is being sorted out, cleaned, dyed and then many layers are mingled together, soaped and felted. Later, the rug is decorated with chain stitch ''Aari'' embroidery<ref>{{Cite web|title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO.75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204105330/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_75.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-04|date=2015-11-26|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_75.pdf|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref> with contrasting dyed threads.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&dq=Namda+carpet&pg=PA198 |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-060-0|pages=198}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-17|title=Namda - The traditional felted craft of Kashmir|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/namda-the-traditional-felted-craft-of-kashmir/photo-KuRJVeDIe1EoNgJpRJarDI.html|access-date=2020-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Or decoreated with pieces of feIt.

Nomadic farming tribes of the Central Asian steppes and mountains knew the technique of felting already in the late [[Iron Age]] and felted carpets are still part of the culture of countries such as [[Kyrgyzstan|Kirgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Mongolia]], parts of [[Pakistan]], and [[Turkey]]. In India, the ''namda'' became popular during the time of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (1556–1605). It is said that he was so much impressed by a namda given as a present to shield his horse from the cold, that the emperor granted the ''namda''-maker, Nubi large swathes of land.<ref name=":outlook traveller">{{Cite web |title=Grab A Rug: The Namda From Kashmir |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/72539/grab-a-rug-the-namda-from-kashmir |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Outlook Traveller |date=4 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship is promoting the craft, expecting to benefit over 2,000 artisans of the 30 namda clusters from Kashmir.

=== Qaleen ===
{{Main|Qaleen}}

Qaleen ([[Colloquialism|Kaleen]], Kalin, قالین) is a type of hand knotted piled carpet.<ref>''<nowiki>''Another local woollen product is an ornately patterned woollen rug, known as qaleen . The usual weft threads are used in making the galeen, but in this case, the warp thread is purchased from the market . Very delicate patterns and designs ...''</nowiki>'' Persistence and Transformation in the Eastern Hindu Kush A Study of Resource Management Systems in Mehlp Valley, Chitral, North Pakistan By Fazlur Rahman · 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&pg=PA198|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-060-0|pages=198}}</ref> It is a product of Kashmiri handicraft, these are handknotted intricately designed piled carpets made with wool or silk.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ranjan|first1=Aditi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixhJAQAAIAAJ|title=Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian Handicrafts|last2=Ranjan |first2=M. P. |date=2009|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=978-0-7892-1047-0|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKouAQAAIAAJ |title=Khadi Gramodyog |date=1977 |publisher=Khadi & Village Industries Commission|pages=417}}</ref> [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin]] introduced "Kal baffi" craft (hand knotted carpets) from Persia to Kashmir in 15th century. Sultan brought carpet weavers from Persia and Central Asia in to Kashmir to train the local inhabitants.<ref name=":1">"Origin: Once upon time, from Persia a Sufi mystic named Hazrat Mir Syed Ali Hamdani visited Kashmir. His caravan comprised highly skilled weavers and came via the silk route. And thus, Kashmir became the land of carpet weaving. Another school of thought believes, in 15th century, Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin king Budshah introduced this craft to Kashmir. However, both theories find comfort in the fact that artisans were invited from Persia to train Kashmiris in the art of spinning and weaving. These hand knotted carpets are locally known as KalBaffi or." https://craffi.com/Product-Detail.aspx?Pcode=PD-27</ref>

=== Wagoo ===
{{Distinguish|Wagyu|Wagu}}
'''Wagoo''' (also '''waguv'''<ref name="global press journal"/> or '''waggu'''<ref name="kashmir images" />) is a Kashmiri mat made of [[Reed (plant)|reeds]]. Wagoo was made by [[hand-knotted|hand-knotting]]. Wagoo is a part of [[Kashmiri culture]] and heritage. Wagoo were regularly used in households in the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref name="in focus"/><ref name="greater kashmir"/>

Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] brought carpet weavers to Kashmir. Kal baff's{{definition needed|date=January 2021}} used to weave wagoo{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} and eventually it become famous in [[Kashmir]] in the 15th century.<ref name="in focus"/><ref name="kashmir images"/>

== Embroidery work ==
Embroidery is an integral part of many Kashmiri handicrafts; shawls, carpets and phirans, Kashmiri women's dresses, are adorned with intricate embroideries or flowers made with thin metal threads known as 'Tille' in Kashmiri language. [[Embroidery of India#Kashmiri embroidery|Embroidery]] work is done by both men in women in the region conventionally.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|pp=64, 73, 74, 280, 209}}

=== Crewel embroidery ===
{{Main|Crewel embroidery}}

== Stone crafting ==
Kashmiri artisans had very swift and neat hands in wood carving, stonework, stone polishing, glass blowing, and willow work. [[François Bernier]] appreciated Kashmiri's craft when he wrote in 1663.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=Shiri Ram|date=1997|title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture|publisher=Sarup & Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_4iFggmHdUC|isbn=978-81-85431-97-0|pages=214}}</ref> Stone crafting in Kashmir is very old; exceptional examples of beautiful architect and sculptures were crafted. Few examples are grand structures of the temples at Martand, Avantipur, Pariharpur, Patan, etc.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|pp=25, 188, 197}}

==Role of Kashmiri handicrafts in economy==
The handicraft industry remained an important key in the economic development of J&K and the industry has a great handout towards employment opportunities.<ref name="greater kashmir"/> Handmade products are exported all over India and other parts of the world. Kashmiri handicrafts eliminated financial crises among those people who are affected with the physical disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-interior/how-the-mir-brothers-are-sewing-their-way-out-of-disability-challenges/article25136574.ece |website=thehindubusinessline.com |title=Sewing their way out of disability challenges |date=5 October 2018 |publisher=Business Line}}</ref> After handicrafts gained foreign exposure with positive feedback, many youth made this, their profession. Kashmiri Handicrafts is the second largest and preferable industry after fruit in [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/handicrafts-and-artisans-economic-strength-of-j-k-cm-111090600066_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |title=Handicrafts and artisans economic strength of J&K: CM |publisher=Business Standard|date=2011-09-05 |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kashmir-carpet-in-gordian-knot/300695 |website=outlookindia.com |title=Kashmir Carpet In Gordian Knot |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rafoogar]]
*[[Wagoo]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="global press journal">{{cite news | url=https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/indian-administered_kashmir/kashmiri-weaver-keeps-reed-mat-tradition-alive-despite-drop-in-profits/ | title=Kashmiri Weaver Keeps Reed Mat Tradition Alive Despite Drop in Profits | first=Aliya | last=Bashir | date=16 April 2014 | access-date=17 January 2021 | work=[[Global Press Journal]] }}</ref>

<ref name="greater kashmir">{{cite news | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/wagoo-traditional-kashmir-mat-falling-flat-in-face-of-polymer-onslaught/ | title=Wagoo: Traditional Kashmir mat falling flat in face of polymer onslaught | date=28 February 2016 | access-date=17 January 2021 | first=Yasir | last=Ashraf | work=[[Greater Kashmir]] }}</ref>

<ref name="in focus">{{cite news | url=https://kashmirinfocus.com/2018/01/09/wagoo-traditional-reed-mat-loses-relevance-in-kashmiri-households/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122213653/https://kashmirinfocus.com/2018/01/09/wagoo-traditional-reed-mat-loses-relevance-in-kashmiri-households/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 January 2021 | title=Wagoo, traditional reed mat loses relevance in Kashmiri households | work=Kashmir In Focus | date=9 January 2018 | access-date=17 January 2021 | first=Javid | last=Amin }}</ref>

<ref name="kashmir images">{{Cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Iqbal|title=The abysmal state of traditional Mat manufacturing in Kashmir|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2018/12/02/the-abysmal-state-of-traditional-mat-manufacturing-in-kashmir/|date=2 December 2018 | access-date=2021-01-17|work=[[Kashmir Images]]}}</ref>

</references>
'''Source'''
* {{Cite book|last=Saraf|first=D. N.|title=Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture|date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-204-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC}}

[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Pakistani clothing]]
[[Category:Pakistani handicrafts]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]

Badarka

2026-03-28T23:54:29Z

Tonyrogers1123: brief refined details per sources also for clarity

{{moresources|date=November 2018}}
{{rewrite|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badarka
| other_name = Badarka Harbansh
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.46|N|80.49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Unnao District|Unnao]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Raja Harbans
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4776
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 209801
| registration_plate = UP35
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Badarka''', founded in 1643 CE, is a village & [[gram panchayat]] in Unnao [[tehsil]] of Unnao sub-district of [[Unnao district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. It is situated 15 km south of [[Unnao]] city between Ata & Lohcha villages on [[Kanpur]]-[[Raibareli]] road (also known as the ''Azad Marg''). The village is famed for being the native place of the renowned [[freedom fighter]] [[Chandrasekhar Azad]] and his parents - father Pandit Sitaram Tiwari and mother Jagrani Devi.

== History ==

Badarka was founded in 1643 CE by [[Raja]] Harbans, an official at the court of [[Shah Jahan]], who received a grant of 500 [[bigha]]s from the mughal emperor in Harha [[pargana]]. He built the '''Badarka fort''' and palace here with the walls of limestone blocks to a height of about 500m, surmounted with turreted walls, on an elaborate frieze of red stone over the gateway, having alternately geese & elephants in pairs. A large hall of audience supported on carved pillars formerly stood here, but [[Asaf-ud-daula]] took these pillars to build [[Imambara]] at [[Lucknow]].

== Geography ==

The total habited geographical area of village is 68.08 hectares. Nearby cities are Unnao 15 km north, [[Jajmau]] 13 km southwest, Kanpur 16 km southwest and [[Purwa]] 34 im northeast.

Near by tourist places are at Kanpur 15 km, [[Bithur]] 28 km west, Lucknow 68 north, [[Rae Bareli]] 91 km east and [[Kannauj]] 96 km northwest.

Nearby villages are
*Rajwa Khera
*Lakha Pur
*Ramchara Mau
*Alhuapur Saresa
*Katri Alhuapur Sares
*Rawal
*Supasi
*Sathara
*Garsar
*Maviya Layak
*Chheriha

==Demography ==

In [[2011 Census of India]], Badarka Harbansh had location code 142320, 597 houses, 2,834 total population including 1,508 male and 1,326 female.

==Transport ==

Public & private buses are available.

* Nearby railway stations are:
** [[Korari railway station]], 7 km
** [[Magarwara railway station]], 8 km
** [[Unnao railway station]], 11 km
** [[Kanpur Central railway station]], 14 km

* Nearby airports
** [[Kanpur Airport]] 10 km
** [[Amausi Airport]] 58 km
** [[Bamrauli Airport]] 191 km
** [[Khajuraho Airport]] 214 km

==See also==

* [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121227121301/http://unnao.nic.in/Personali.htm (Unnao district personalities - includes Chandra Shekar Azad)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906013823/http://varanasi.nic.in/history/shahid.html Shaheed of Varanasi] lists Sri Chandrashekhar Ajad as being from Badarka.
*[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Badarqa-Harbans-24953.htm india9.com: India - Uttar Pradesh - Badarqa Harbans]

[[Category:Historic sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Forts in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Villages in Unnao district]]

Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968

2026-03-25T23:35:46Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up new info w/ refs.

{{short description|Act of the Indian Parliament}}
The '''Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968''', is an act of the [[Indian Parliament]] through which the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) was raised on 10 March 1969. The CISF is a [[Central Armed Police Force]] which specialises in providing security and protection to industrial undertakings and other critical installations including nuclear plants, space centres and [[Delhi Metro]]. It is also the [[airport police]] of India.

The [[Government of India]] brought the bill in parliament in 1967 after the recommendation of a special commission, Mukherjee Commission, that was appointed to investigate a major fire at [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] production plant in [[Ranchi]] and thereafter recommended constituting a federal force exclusively for the security of industries. After the approval of the [[President of India|President]], the bill became an act on 2 December 1968 and came into force on 10 March 1969 when the CISF was raised with a strength of 2,800 personnel. It was first inducted at Fertilizer Corporation of India manufacturing plant in [[Trombay]], [[Maharashtra]], on 1 November 1969.

Originally the CISF was a force of watch and ward nature for maintaining vigilance and guard at the public sector industries, but it was made an armed force of the union after an amendment in 1983. The kidnapping and killing of H. L. Khera, general manager of CISF-protected [[Hindustan Machine Tools]] watch factory at [[Srinagar]], by the members of Students Liberation Front in April 1989 led to the government to bring an amendment to the act to make it a duty of CISF personnel to protect and safeguard the employees of an enterprise where it is deployed. The CISF received a mandate to provide paid [[Security Consultancy Wing|security consultancy services]] to both public and private sector enterprises through an amendment to the act in 1949. The last amendment to the act was brought in 2009 which made it possible for the CISF to provide its security services to private sector enterprises as well. The same amendment enhanced the territorial purview of the force by enabling the Central Government to deploy it outside of India.

== Background ==
India adopted the [[economy of the Soviet Union|Soviet model of planned economy]] after the independence and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] promoted an economic policy based on [[import substitution industrialisation]].<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book | title=Jawaharlal Nehru | publisher=Allied Publishers | author=Ghose, Shankar | year=1993 | page=243 | isbn=978-8170233695}}</ref> The second [[Five-Year Plans of India|five-year plan]] (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasised the development of public sector undertakings (PSUs) to meet Nehru's national industrialisation policy.<ref name="Ahluwalia">{{cite book | title=Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing | publisher=Academic Foundation | author=Ahluwalia, Isher J. |year=1993 | location=New Delhi | pages=25 | isbn=9788171880942}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] emphasised heavily in developing industries and its concern for the industrial security persuaded it in 1961 to appoint a high-ranking police officer as the Security Advisor in the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Industry]] for advising the PSUs on security related matters. Findings of the Security Advisor outlined many defects in the security arrangements of the PSUs and recommendation was made to set up a "unified force" exclusively to provide security and protection to PSUs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chatterjee|2005|p=73}}</ref>

A major fire at [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] (HEC) production plant in [[Ranchi]] on 29 January 1964 resulted in a large loss of property. This incident was followed by disturbances among the workers of the plant in the town.<ref name="ChatterjeeP74">{{Harvnb|Chatterjee|2005|p=74}}</ref><ref name="Print18">{{Cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |date=10 March 2018 |title=How CISF transformed itself into a revenue-earning modern security force |work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/ideas-that-worked/cisf-transformed-revenue-earning-modern-security-force/40620/ |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> The local policemen that were responsible for guarding the industrial plant were diverted and deployed to apprehend the growing violence and maintain law and order in the town, which left the security of the plant compromised.<ref name="Print18" /> These developments highlighted poor state of industrial security in the country and attracted national attention including of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref name="ChatterjeeP74" /><ref name="LSDebate64">{{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Republic of India |title=Lok Sabha Debates |url= |house=Lok Sabha |date=3 October 1964 |column_start=5035 |column_end=5040 |speaker=[[Tribhuvan Narain Singh|Singh, Tribhuvan Narain]] |position=Union Minister of Industry and Steel}}</ref> The Government of India acted upon the issue by appointing a judicial commission of inquiry headed by a retired justice of [[Allahabad High Court]] B. Mukherjee. The Mukherjee Commission found sabotage as a reason behind the fire at the HEC and reported inadequate security arrangements in industries at large. His report also recommended the creation of a central industrial security force under the Government of India.<ref name="ChatterjeeP74" /><ref name="LSDebate64" /> When the matter was discussed and the report was tabled at the [[Lok Sabha]] on 3 October 1964, the Union Minister of Industry and Steel [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]] assured the house that the suggestion of Justice Mukherjee regarding setting up a central security agency for industrial security was under examination by the government.<ref name="LSDebate64" />

== Raising of the CISF ==
The Government of India brought the Central Industrial Security Force Bill, 1968, in order to materialise the recommendations for establishing a federally-governed industrial security force. When the bill was discussed in the parliament, strong objections were raised by the members of opposition parties against the clause which conferred [[power of arrest]] to the personnel of CISF, which is usually held by state police. Members of the opposition parties expressed their disapproval as they were of the opinion that this clause would infringe upon the constitutional right of the states by allowing a federal force to exercise the power which otherwise comes under a [[State List|state subject]]. However, the objection was dismissed by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], by underscoring the inadequacy of the contemporary security system of the PSUs and the urgency of forming a trained disciplined force to ameliorate the latter.<ref name="Desai86">{{Harvnb|Desai|1986|p=122}}</ref> The bill became an act on 2 December 1968 and came into force on 10 March 1969 when the Central Industrial Security Force was raised with a strength of 2,800 personnel.<ref name="CISFActP1">{{Harvnb|CISF Act, 1968|p=1}}</ref> This day is celebrated every year by the force as its Raising Day.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} However, the force was not made an armed force and its mandate was of watch and ward nature for maintaining vigilance and guard at the industries.<ref name="ChatterjeeP74" /> The first induction of the CISF in a PSU was held at a [[Fertilizer Corporation of India]] manufacturing plant (which was later reorganised into [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers]]) in [[Trombay]], [[Maharashtra]] on 1 November 1969 and the next day on 2 November 1969 it was inducted at [[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro Steel Company Limited]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rajya Sabha Report|2018|p=11}}</ref>

== Amendments ==
There have been Five amendments in the CISF Act which were brought in 1983, 1989, 1999 and 2009. Successive amendments enhanced the power and jurisdiction purview of the force. The amendment of 1983 made the CISF an armed force of the Union of India. The 1989 amendment made it a duty of the force to provide protection and safeguard to the employees of an enterprise where it is deployed. The provision to provide technical consultancy to industrial establishments including the private sector was added through the amendment of 1999. The mandate to provide its security service to the private sector enterprises was enabled by the amendment of 2009.

=== Amendment Act of 1983 ===
The Government of India brought an amendment bill, the Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Bill, 1983, to grant the status of armed force to the CISF. The amendment was passed in March 1983 and came into force three months later on 15 June.<ref name="ChatterjeeP74"/> It effectively prohibits the CISF personnel from becoming a member of any association which is not of a "purely social, recreational or religious nature" without getting approval of the Central Government or of the competent authority. It also forbids the members of force from addressing or participating in any political gathering and communicating with the press. While adding to the restrictions already incorporated in the original act, the amendment augmented the disciplinary powers of the supervisory officers. The status of armed force brought the CISF under the purview of article 33 of the [[Indian Constitution]] which empowers the parliament to restrict or abrogate the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] of the members of armed forces. The amendment extended the powers of the force and it became from a "custodial force" to "law and order maintenance force".<ref>{{Harvnb|Desai|1986|pp=124–125}}</ref>

=== Amendment Act of 1989 ===
An amendment to the Section 10 of the CISF Act, 1968, in 1989 made it a duty of CISF personnel to protect and safeguard the employees of an enterprise where it is deployed.<ref>{{Harvnb|CISF Act, 1968|p=4}}</ref> The Government of India brought this amendment after the kidnapping and killing of H. L. Khera, general manager of [[Hindustan Machine Tools]] watch factory at [[Srinagar]], by the members of Students Liberation Front.<ref name="EmployeeProtection">{{harvnb|Chatterjee|p=78|2005}}</ref><ref name="HT09">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/19-years-later-kashmir-univ-v-c-killers-walk/story-CkriPkd0kcxskHxjUIO7yH.html |title=19 years later, Kashmir Univ V-C killers walk |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=20 April 2009 |access-date=3 July 2020 |last=Upadhyay |first=Tarun}}</ref> The CISF was deployed at this installation when its general manager Khera was kidnapped on 6 April 1989 and four days later on 10 April his dead body was recovered by police in Srinagar.<ref name="EmployeeProtection" /><ref name="HT09" />

=== Amendment Act of 1999 ===
The CISF Act, 1968, was amended by the [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government]] to add two major provisions besides other minor changes; one was to enable the Central Government to entrust any other duty to the CISF by changing Section 3 titled "Constitution of the Force" and another was by adding a new Section 14A with title "Technical Consultancy Service to industrial establishments". This amendment provided the CISF a mandate to offer security consultancy services to the industrial establishments in the private sector on their requests after charging a fee which is to be credited to the consolidated fund of India as dictated by the second subsection of the mentioned section.<ref>{{harvnb|CISF Act, 1968|p=2 & 5}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chatterjee|2005|p=82}}</ref>

=== Amendment Act of 2009 ===
A series of terrorist attacks in [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai in November 2008]]—in which, besides other locations, the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] and the Oberoi Trident hotel were also targeted— prompted many private sector companies, including [[Tata Group]], [[The Oberoi Group]], [[Infosys]] and the [[Jamnagar Refinery]] of [[Reliance Industries Limited]], to request the Minister of Home Affairs [[P. Chidambaram]] to allow CISF security cover for their respective enterprises.<ref name="EcoTime09">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ordinance-to-provide-cisf-cover-to-private-industries/articleshow/3926126.cms?from=mdr |title=Ordinance to provide CISF cover to private industries |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The [[2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul]] also persuaded the Central Government to improve the security arrangements of [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic missions abroad]]. However, the mandate of the CISF as per the CISF Act, 1968, allowed it to provide its security service to public sector undertakings and to be deployed in Indian territory only. The [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan Singh Government]] brought an amendment in December 2009 to enlarge the mandate of the force related to its service and deployment. The Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Bill, 2008, was introduced by Chidambaram in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 18 December 2008. It proposed to bring joint ventures of federal government or state governments with private industrial undertakings and private sector enterprises in the possible security ambit of the CISF and to enhance the territorial purview of the force by enabling the Central Government to deploy it outside of India.<ref name="HTFeb09">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/india-inc-wants-cisf-cover-is-the-govt-ready/story-60THmIvigR9Rvm7g5QaVPN.html |title=India Inc wants CISF cover. Is the govt ready? |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=17 February 2009 |access-date=3 July 2020 |last=Tikku |first=Aloke}}</ref><ref name="Gazette09">{{Cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/E_25_2010_019.pdf |title=The Gazette of India – The Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Act, 2009 |date=16 March 2009 |access-date=3 July 2020 |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |website=Egazette.nic.in}}</ref> The bill was referred to the parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, headed by [[Sushma Swaraj]], at the last day of the winter session of the parliament on 1 January 2009.<ref name="PRSCISF09">{{Cite web |url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-central-industrial-security-force-amendment-bill-2008-106 |title=The Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Bill, 2008 |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |website=Prsindia.org |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> The government decided to bring an ordinance to give effect to amendments proposed in the bill after the approval of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] on 2 January 2009.<ref name="EcoTime09" /> The ordinance, the Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009, was promulgated on 10 January 2009.<ref name="Gazette09" /><ref name="MumMirror09">{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/private-firms-can-now-have-cisf-shield/articleshow/15887443.cms |title=Private firms can now have CISF shield |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=3 July 2020 |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

After scrutinising the bill, the standing committee tabled its report at parliament on 13 February 2009. Subsequently, the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19 February 2009 and by the Rajya Sabha on 25 February 2009.<ref name="PRSCISF09" /> The amendment act was published in the [[Gazette of India]] on 16 March 2009 after receiving the assent of the [[President of India|President]]. It came into force retrospectively from 10 January 2009 due to the promulgation of the ordinance.<ref name="Gazette09" /> The Ministry of Home Affairs outlined a priority order for the CISF to take into consideration before assessing the requests of private sector undertakings. According to this order, the first priority is to be given to sectors like power, atomic energy, space, airports, science and technology and information technology; the second priority covers major private undertakings situated in [[Naxalite]] or insurgency-affected areas; and lastly those undertakings which do not get covered by either of two categories could be given security after threat analysis.<ref name="HTFeb09" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=D. K. |title=Central Police Organisations, Part 1 |publisher=Allied Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=2005|isbn=8177649027}}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal |title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Mumbai |year=1986 |isbn=0861321308 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1968-50.pdf |title=The Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968 |website=Legislative.gov.in |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=16 July 2020 |ref = {{harvid|CISF Act, 1968}}}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/cisfrules.pdf |title=The Central Industrial Security Force Rules, 2001 |website=Cisf.gov.in |publisher=Central Industrial Security Force, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=16 July 2020 |ref = {{harvid|CISF Rules, 2001}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs – Working Conditions in Non-Border Guarding Central Armed Police Forces |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] Secretariat |date=12 December 2018 |chapter-url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/15/107/215_2018_12_15.pdf |chapter=Central Industrial Security Force |edition=215 |access-date=7 August 2020 |ref = {{harvid|Rajya Sabha Report|2018}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/ Official Website of the CISF]

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1968]]
[[Category:Central Industrial Security Force|Act]]
[[Category:1968 in Indian law]]

Selvi Ramajayam

2026-03-25T19:18:21Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Selvi Ramajayam
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| office = Minister for Social Welfare and Nutritious Noon Meal Programme
| term_start = 16 May 2011
| term_end = 9 December 2011
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[J.Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor = [[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
| successor = [[B. Valarmathi]]
}}
'''Selvi Ramajayam''' is an Indian politician an ex [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|Tamil Nadu]] from [[Bhuvanagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhuvanagiri constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|access-date=25 August 2011|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402043414/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a cadre of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], She was previously elected to the same [[Bhuvanagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhuvanagiri constituency]] in 2006 and 2011 elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report of Tamil Nadu 2006 Elections|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramajayam, Selvi}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Ilaiyaraaja

2026-03-25T12:51:38Z

Tonyrogers1123: improved article

{{Short description|Indian composer and playback singer (born 1943)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| birth_name = Gnanathesigan Daniel
| image = Ilaiyaraaja at Merku Thodarchi Malai Press Meet (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ilaiyaraaja in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|06|02}}{{efn|name="birthdate"}}
| birth_place = [[Pannaipuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| alias = {{unbulleted list|Ilaiyaraja|Maestro|Isaignani}}
| genre = {{flat list|
*[[Film score]]
*[[world music]]
*classical
*[[oratorio]]
*[[Indian folk music|folk]]
*rock
*[[jazz]]
}}
| occupations = {{flat list|
*Composer
*Arranger
*Conductor
*Orchestrator
*Instrumentalist
*Lyricist
*Playback singer
*Film producer
}}
| instruments = {{flat list|
*Vocals ([[Playback singing]])
*[[Guitar]]
*[[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]]
*[[Pump organ|harmonium]]
*[[Flute]]
*[[Pipe organ|organ]]
*[[Piano]]
*[[Violin]]
*[[Cello]]
*[[Mridangam]]
*[[Jal tarang]]
*[[Drums]]
}}
| years_active = 1976–present
| associated_acts = {{flat list|
*[[Salil Choudhury]]
*[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
*[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
*[[John Scott (composer)|John Scott]]
*[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (Son)
*[[G. Devarajan]]
*[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| education = [[Trinity Laban]]
| spouse = Jeeva Rajayya
| children = [[Karthik Raja]] [[Bhavatharini]] [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] ([[The arts|Arts]])
| nominator = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start = 7 July 2022
| term_end =
}}
}}

'''Ilaiyaraaja''' (born '''Gnanathesigan''')<ref name="Valiant1" /> is an Indian musician, composer, arranger, conductor, orchestrator, multi-instrumentalist, lyricist and [[playback singer]] popular for his works in [[Indian cinema]], predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] in addition to [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. Regarded as one of the most prolific composers, in a career spanning over forty-nine years, he has composed over 8,600 songs, provided film scores for about 1,523 feature films in nine languages,<ref name="Valiant">{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha felicitates Ilaiyaraaja for composing English classical symphony 'Valiant' |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=THE HINDU BUREAU |work=The Hindu |date=19 March 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-felicitates-ilaiyaraaja-for-composing-english-classical-symphony-valiant/article69345495.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410045552/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-felicitates-ilaiyaraaja-for-composing-english-classical-symphony-valiant/article69345495.ece |archive-date=10 April 2025}}</ref> and performed in over 20,000 concerts.<ref name="thehindu_200506190401">{{cite web |title=No point in classifying music, says Ilayaraja |date=2005-06-19 |access-date=2022-09-15 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/19/stories/2005061904010500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117184423/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/19/stories/2005061904010500.htm |url-status=dead |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> He was one of the earliest Indian film composers to use [[Western classical music]] harmonies and string arrangements in Indian film music.<ref name="filmmusicthenewinterculturalidiomp.110">Venkatraman, S. 1995. "Film music: the new intercultural idiom of 20th century Indian music". pp. 107–112 in A. Euba and C.T. Kimberlin (eds.). ''Intercultural Music Vol. I''. Bayreuth: Breitinger (p. 110).</ref>

In 1986, he became the first Indian composer to record a soundtrack with computer for the film ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''.<ref name="m.behindwoods.com">{{Cite web|url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-technologies-brought-in-by-tamil-cinema/vishwaroopam.html|title=10 Technologies brought in by Tamil Cinema|date=21 November 2016|website=Behindwoods|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911020036/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-technologies-brought-in-by-tamil-cinema/vishwaroopam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, when [[CNN-IBN]] conducted a poll to commemorate 100 years of [[Indian cinema]], Ilaiyaraaja secured 49% of the vote and was adjudged the country's greatest music composer.<ref name=indiatimes_37560912>{{cite web|date=8 March 2013|title=NTR is the greatest Indian actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/NTR-is-the-greatest-Indian-actor/articleshow/18860418.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331080613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560912_1_vote-share-greatest-actor-indian-cinema|url-status=live|archive-date=31 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> In 2025, he became the first-ever Asian, as well as Indian film composer to compose, record, and perform live a full Western classical [[symphony]] in London.<ref name="Valiant1" /><ref name="Valiant" /> He also composed and orchestrated ''[[Thiruvasakam in Symphony|Thiruvasagam in Symphony]]'' (2006) - the first Indian [[oratorio]].<ref name="finndian.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.finndian.com/cd-review-ilaiyaraaja|title=CD Review: Ilaiyaraaja / Thiruvasagam | Finndian|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430045320/http://www.finndian.com/cd-review-ilaiyaraaja|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ilaiyaraaja received [[List of awards and nominations received by Ilaiyaraaja|several awards]] for his works throughout his career. In 2012, for his creative and experimental works in the field of music, he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the highest Indian recognition given to people in the field of [[performing arts]]. In 2010 he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian honour in India, and in 2018 the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest civilian award by the [[government of India]]. He is a nominated [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the Indian upper house [[Rajya Sabha]] since July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music maestro Ilaiyaraaja nominated to the Rajya Sabha|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/music-maestro-ilaiyaraaja-nominated-rajya-sabha-165614 |website=The Newsminute |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125091449/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/music-maestro-ilaiyaraaja-nominated-rajya-sabha-165614 |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="Valiant"/> A biographical film about his life titled "Ilaiyaraaja" was announced on 20 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-biopic-officially-announced-dhanush-reunites-with-arun-matheswaran/article67971577.ece|title=Ilayaraja's Biopic announcement|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 March 2024|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322010010/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-biopic-officially-announced-dhanush-reunites-with-arun-matheswaran/article67971577.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ilaiyaraaja was born as Gnanathesigan in a Christian<ref>{{cite web | title=Happy Birthday Ilayaraja: Assistant to maestro, here are some lesser known facts about Isai Gnani Ilayaraja's musical journey | work=The Times of India | date=2 June 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-ilayaraja-assistant-to-maestro-here-are-some-lesser-known-facts-about-isai-gnani-ilayarajas-musical-journey/articleshow/76137497.cms# }}</ref> [[Dalit]] family in [[Pannaipuram]], at present-day [[Theni district]] in Tamil Nadu, India, on 3 June 1943.<ref name="Valiant1">{{cite news |title=Ilaiyaraaja debuts symphony 'Valiant' in London's Eventim Apollo Theatre; fans call it 'a surreal experience' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-debuts-symphony-valiant-in-londons-eventim-apollo-theatre-fans-call-it-a-surreal-experience/article69312346.ece |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=THE HINDU BUREAU |work=The Hindu |date=10 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409081026/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-debuts-symphony-valiant-in-londons-eventim-apollo-theatre-fans-call-it-a-surreal-experience/article69312346.ece |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/controversy-ilayaraja-sanctum-entry-restrictions-temple-protocol-9727690/|title=Ilayaraja slams 'false rumours' after controversy over temple sanctum entry restrictions|work=Indian express|date=17 December 2024|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute_102837">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=Casteist message in Ilaiyaraaja's name is fake, composer's lawyer clarifies |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/casteist-message-ilaiayaraajas-name-fake-composers-lawyer-clarifies-102837 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208152510/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/casteist-message-ilaiayaraajas-name-fake-composers-lawyer-clarifies-102837 |url-status=live }}</ref> He however celebrates his birthday on 2 June to honour [[M. Karunanidhi]] whose birthdate also falls on 3 June. It was Karunanidhi who gave Ilaiyaraaja the title "Isaignani".<ref name=ToI020620>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-is-why-june-2-became-ilaiyaraajas-birthday/articleshow/76158934.cms|title=This is why June 2 became Ilaiyaraaja's birthday – The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603061207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-is-why-june-2-became-ilaiyaraajas-birthday/articleshow/76158934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Official date of birth of Ilaiyaraaja is June 3. As the birth dates of both Ilaiyaraaja and [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] fall on the same date i.e June 3, Ilaiyaraaja started celebrating it on June 2, so that people of Tamil Nadu can celebrate only that of Karunanidhi on June 3. This was done in honour of Karunanidhi who gave the title "Isaignani" to Ilaiyaraaja.<ref name=ToI020620/>|name="birthdate"}} At the time of joining school, his father, Daniel Ramasamy<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5g4lEc2gNc&t=521s |title=திமுகவில் இணையும்.. தமிழக பாஜகவின் கங்கை அமரன் -அதிரடி அரசியல் திருப்பம்{{!}}Gangai Amaran {{!}} Nerukku Ner |date=2023-01-14 |last=Sathiyam News |access-date=2024-12-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> changed his name from Gnanathesigan<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=529&v=L5g4lEc2gNc&feature=youtu.be |title=திமுகவில் இணையும்.. தமிழக பாஜகவின் கங்கை அமரன் -அதிரடி அரசியல் திருப்பம்{{!}}Gangai Amaran {{!}} Nerukku Ner |date=2023-01-14 |last=Sathiyam News |access-date=2025-01-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> to "Daniel Rasappa," and the people in his village called him "Rasaiah".<ref name=maalaimalar_01225356>{{cite web |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/02/01225356/Illayaraja-songs-created-on-th.html |title=திரை இசையில் திருப்பம் உண்டாக்கிய இளையராஜா கிராமிய இசைக்கு புத்துயிர் அளித்தார் |publisher=[[Maalai Malar]] |access-date=1 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182309/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/02/01225356/Illayaraja-songs-created-on-th.html |archive-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> When he joined [[Master Dhanraj|Dhanraj Master]] as a student to learn musical instruments, the master changed his name from "Rasaiah" to "Raja"<ref>{{cite web | title=About Raja | url=http://www.ilayaraja.freeservers.com/aboutraja.htm }}</ref> While working for his first film ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976), Tamil film producer [[Panchu Arunachalam]] added the prefix "Ilaiya" (meaning 'younger' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) to the name "Raaja", and renamed him as "Ilaiyaraaja", as in the 1970s there was another popular music director with the same suffix, namely [[A. M. Rajah]].<ref name=deccanherald_322751>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/322751/raja-his-rule.html |title=Raja and his rule |website=Deccan Herald |date=30 March 2013 |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/322751/raja-his-rule.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Initial exposure to music===
Ilaiyaraaja grew up in a [[rural area]] and was exposed to a range of [[Music of Tamil Nadu#Folk music|Tamil folk music]] in his formative years.<ref name="Ilaiyarajacomposerasphenomenon">Mohan, A. 1994. Ilaiyaraja: composer as phenomenon in [[Tamil film]] culture. M.A. thesis, Wesleyan University (pp. 106–107).</ref> At the age of 14, he joined a travelling musical troupe named "Pavalar Brothers", headed by his elder brother [[Pavalar Varadharajan]], and spent the next decade performing across [[South India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=pavalar+brothers&pg=PA1777|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|language=en|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025043130/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=pavalar+brothers&pg=PA1777#v=snippet&q=pavalar%20brothers&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> While working with the troupe, he penned his first composition, a musical adaptation of an [[elegy]] written by the Tamil [[poet laureate]], [[Kannadasan]], for India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=hinduonnet_200407090231>Rangarajan, M. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070216034838/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2004/07/09/stories/2004070902310400.htm "Memorable evening in many ways".]}} ''The Hindu''. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 19 November 2006.</ref><ref name=thehindu_24080492>{{Cite news|last1=Ananthakrishnan|first1=G.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/performance-is-an-important-component-of-a-musical-composition-ilaiyaraaja/article24080492.ece|title=Performance is an important component of a musical composition: Ilaiyaraaja|date=4 June 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 April 2020|last2=Ramani|first2=Srinivasan|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033030/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/performance-is-an-important-component-of-a-musical-composition-ilaiyaraaja/article24080492.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the initial years he used to set tunes to the songs of his brother Pavalar Varadarajan, who was a communist in then undivided [[Communist Party of India]]. He later left to [[Madras]] (now Chennai) along with brother Bhaskar to learn Music, they had only four-hundred rupees, which their mother procured by selling off the home radio. They knew no one in the city and were confident to live off the payments they would receive by singing for people on the streets.<ref name=India/>

In Madras, he became a student of [[Master Dhanraj]] who nurtured his immense potential. Remembering his master, Ilaiyaraaja said, "My master’s tiny room was inhabited by [[Bach]], [[Haydn]], [[Brahms]], [[Mozart]] and [[Beethoven]]. He trained me in classical music."<ref name=India/> Ilaiyaraaja emerged as the topper and a gold medalist in [[classical guitar]] after taking exam from the [[Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance|Trinity College of Music]], London.<ref name="Valiant"/> He also learnt [[Carnatic music]] from [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=google_20170825>{{Cite book|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=ilayaraja+communist&pg=PA155|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=25 August 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|pages=155|language=en|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025043130/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=ilayaraja+communist&pg=PA155#v=snippet&q=ilayaraja%20communist&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_38767109>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/T-V-Gopalakrishnan-gets-Sangita-Kalanidhi-award/articleshow/38767109.cms|title=T V Gopalakrishnan gets Sangita Kalanidhi award|date=21 July 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=8 April 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126052309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/T-V-Gopalakrishnan-gets-Sangita-Kalanidhi-award/articleshow/38767109.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
===Session musician and orchestrator===
During the 1970s, Ilaiyaraaja played guitar in a band-for-hire, and worked as a [[Session musician|session guitarist]], keyboardist, and organist for film music composers and directors such as [[Salil Chowdhury]] from [[West Bengal]].<ref name=hinduonnet_200411230058>Gautam, S. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016115625/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/11/23/stories/2004112300580100.htm "'Suhana safar' with Salilda".]}} ''The Hindu''. 13 November 2004. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</ref><ref name=hindu_200511200034>Chennai, S. [http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/11/20/stories/2005112000340500.htm "Looking back: flawless harmony in his music".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107163412/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/11/20/stories/2005112000340500.htm |date= 7 November 2012}} ''The Hindu''. 20 November 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2006.</ref><ref name=archive_200611171852>Choudhury, R. 2005. [http://www.salilda.com/filmsongs/films.asp The films of Salil Chowdhury: Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117185255/http://www.salilda.com/filmsongs/films.asp |date=17 November 2006}}. Retrieved 16 November 2006.</ref><ref name=thehindu_3752336>{{cite news |title=One of a kind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-of-a-kind/article3752336.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117184421/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-of-a-kind/article3752336.ece |archive-date=17 January 2016|last1=Mujumdar |first1=Neha }}</ref> Chowdhury once remarked that "[Ilaiyaraaja] is going to become the best composer in India".<ref name="One of a kind">{{cite news |title=One of a kind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-of-a-kind/article3752336.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |last1=Mujumdar |first1=Neha |archive-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117184421/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-of-a-kind/article3752336.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> "Our main guitarist in Madras is the best composer in India", he said.<ref name="Salil">{{cite news|title=Why many Ilaiyaraaja songs sound as if they emerged from a jam session with Salil Chowdhury|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/why-many-ilaiyaraaja-songs-sound-as-if-they-emerged-from-a-jam-session-with-salil-chowdhury/article23384713.ece|date=31 March 2018|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919050422/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/why-many-ilaiyaraaja-songs-sound-as-if-they-emerged-from-a-jam-session-with-salil-chowdhury/article23384713.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After being hired as musical assistant to [[Kannada film]] composer [[G. K. Venkatesh]], he worked on 200 film projects, mostly in Kannada cinema.<ref name=archive_200802010240>Vijayakar, R. [http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=13039 "The prince in Mumbai".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201024013/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=13039 |date= 1 February 2008}} ''Screen''. 21 July 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2007.</ref> As Venkatesh's assistant, Ilaiyaraaja would [[orchestration|orchestrate]] the melodic outlines developed by Venkatesh, and learn about composing under Venkatesh's guidance. During this period, Ilaiyaraaja also began to write his own scores. To listen to his compositions, he used to persuade Venkatesh's [[session musician]]s to play excerpts from his scores during their leisure times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Session musician and film orchestrator |url=https://www.tamilselvi.com/Ilaiyaraaja-Fame.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.tamilselvi.com}}</ref>

===Film score composer===
[[File:Ilaiyaraaja at the TFPC Press Meet Held Ahead Of The ‘Ilaiyaraaja 75’ Concert.jpg|thumb|left|Ilaiyaraaja at the TFPC Press Meet]]
At the start of his career, the music sensibility of Ilaiyaraaja was very different to the film music composed in those days. Even though he spent a lot of his time learning, he "wasn't able to grasp how music was being made for films." However, in 1975 when film producer Panchu Arunachalam was impressed by a song Ilaiyaraaja casually sung, he commissioned him to compose the songs and film score for the Tamil film ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976).<ref name=hindu_200704200023>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/20/stories/2007042000230200.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Let down by screenplay—Maayakkannaadi |date=20 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109103504/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/20/stories/2007042000230200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> For the soundtrack, Ilaiyaraaja applied techniques of modern popular film music orchestration to Tamil [[folk poetry]] and [[folk song]] melodies. This resulted in creation of a fusion of Western and Tamil idioms. Initially he was little apprehensive about how his work would be received, he thought musicians in the industry may write him off. However, when ''Annakili'' released in 1976, the music became a huge hit. For his following 12 films, Ilaiyaraaja based his compositions on the contemporary film music. Later, when a new wave of films started to come, they opened the space for the kind of music he wanted to explore.<ref>Greene, P.D. 2001. "Authoring the Folk: the crafting of a rural popular music in south India". ''Journal of Intercultural Studies'' 22 (2): 161–172.</ref><ref>Sivanarayanan, A. 2004. Translating Tamil poetry. ''World Literature Today'' 78(2): 56–58.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Ilaiyaraaja interview: 'Why should filmmakers know about music creation?' |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article59851815.ece |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926210416/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article59851815.ece|archive-date=26 September 2022 |url-status=live
}}</ref>

Ilaiyaraaja's use of [[Music of Tamil Nadu|Tamil folk music]] in his film scores injected new life in the Indian film score milieu.<ref name="musicforthepeople">Baskaran, S.T. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204030750/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm "Music for the people".]}} ''The Hindu''. 6 January 2002. Retrieved 15 November 2006.</ref> By the mid-1980s, he started gaining increasing stature as a composer and music director in the [[South Indian film]] industries.<ref name="filmmusicsouthernareap.544">Greene, P.D. 1997. Film music: Southern area. Pp. 542–546 in B. Nettl, R.M. Stone, J. Porter and T. Rice (eds.). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume V: South Asia—The Indian Subcontinent''. New York: Garland Pub. (p. 544).</ref> He worked with Indian poets and lyricists such as [[Kannadasan]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Vairamuthu]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], [[Sreekumaran Thampi]], [[Veturi]], [[Acharya Aatreya]], [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], [[Chi. Udayashankar]] and [[Gulzar]]. Most of his compositions were sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] and [[K. S. Chithra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/columns/straight-talk/2017/03/23/ilayaraja-royalty-ban-spb-tamil-songs-salim-kumar.html|title=Long Live Ilayaraja!' Salim Kumar's case for immortal music...|publisher=onmanorma|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215052327/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/columns/straight-talk/2017/03/23/ilayaraja-royalty-ban-spb-tamil-songs-salim-kumar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Non-cinematic output===
[[File:Ilaiyaraaja and Vikram at the Nadigar Sangam Protest.jpg|thumb|right|Ilaiyaraaja and Vikram at the Nadigar Sangam Protest]]
Ilaiyaraaja's first two non-film albums were explorations in the fusion of Indian and Western classical music. The first, ''[[How to Name It?]]'' (1986), is dedicated to the Carnatic master [[Tyagaraja|Tyāgarāja]] and to [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach]]. It features a fusion of the Carnatic form and ''[[ragas]]'' with Bach [[partita]]s, [[fugue]]s and [[Baroque]] musical textures.<ref>Greene, P.D. 1997. Film music: Southern area. Pp. 542–546 in B. Nettl, R.M. Stone, J. Porter and T. Rice (eds.). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume V: South Asia—The Indian Subcontinent''. New York: Garland Pub. (pp. 544–545).</ref> The second, ''Nothing But Wind'' (1988), was performed by flautist [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] and a 50-piece orchestra and takes the conceptual approach suggested in the title—that music is a "natural phenomenon akin to various forms of air currents".<ref name=archive_200611060940>Oriental Records. Undated. [http://www.orientalrecords.com/productdetails.php?id=123 Nothing But Wind] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106094012/http://www.orientalrecords.com/productdetails.php?id=123 |date=6 November 2006}}. Retrieved 19 November 2006.</ref>

He has composed a set of Carnatic ''[[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' which were recorded by electric mandolinist [[U. Srinivas]] for the album ''Ilayaraaja's Classicals on the Mandolin'' (1994). Ilaiyaraaja has also composed albums of religious/[[Bhakti|devotional]] songs. His ''Guru Ramana Geetam'' (2004) is a cycle of prayer songs inspired by the Hindu mystic [[Ramana Maharshi]], and his ''[[Thiruvasakam]]: A crossover'' (2005) is an [[oratorio]] of ancient Tamil poems transcribed partially in English by American lyricist [[Stephen Schwartz]] and performed by the [[Budapest Symphony Orchestra]].<ref name=hinduonnet_200507290041>Viswanathan, S. 2005. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070707012650/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2215/stories/20050729004110200.htm A cultural crossover]}}. ''Frontline'' 22 (15), 16–29 July. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</ref><ref name=hinduonnet_200411260303>Parthasarathy, D. 2004. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016115605/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/11/26/stories/2004112603032000.htm Thiruvasagam in 'classical crossover']}}. The Hindu, Friday, 26 November. Retrieved 1 March 2007.</ref> His most recent release is a world music-oriented album called ''The Music Messiah'' (2006).<ref name=hindu_200612300600>Soman, S. 2006. [http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/30/stories/2006123006000200.htm 'The Music Messiah'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105090625/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/30/stories/2006123006000200.htm |date=5 January 2007}}. The Hindu, Saturday, 30 December. Retrieved 27 February 2007.</ref> In 2025, he became the first asian to debut a western classical symphony in London {{cite web
|title=Ilaiyaraaja becomes first Asian to present Western classical symphony in London
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/09/ilaiyaraaja-becomes-first-asian-to-present-western-classical-symphony-in-london
|website=Cinema Express
|date=9 March 2025
|access-date=28 September 2025
}}
composed his first English classical symphony “Valiant”, performed by [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tw0zz6SRVJk |title=Ilaiyaraaja Symphony No. 1 - (Valiant) - BTS Video - Maestro Ilaiyaraaja - Mercuri |date=2025-01-24 |last=Mercuri Live |access-date=2025-02-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In May 2020, he composed a song titled ''Bharath Bhoomi'', as tribute to the people working amid [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=thehindu_31709650>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=30 May 2020|title=Ilaiyaraaja and SPB join hands for 'Bharath Bhoomi'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraajas-tribute-song-on-covid-19/article31709650.ece|access-date=2 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629064035/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraajas-tribute-song-on-covid-19/article31709650.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was crooned by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P Balasubrahmanyam]] and the video of the song was unveiled by Ilaiyaraaja on his YouTube channel on 30 May 2020, in Tamil and Hindi.<ref name=deccanchronicle_310520>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2020|title=A song of tribute: Ilayaraja's salute to COVID-19 warriors|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310520/a-song-of-tribute-ilayarajas-salute-to-covid-19-warriors.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814093713/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310520/a-song-of-tribute-ilayarajas-salute-to-covid-19-warriors.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=newindianexpress_2149984>{{Cite web|title=Maestro Ilaiyaraaja pays tribute to COVID-19 warriors, releases song sung by SPB|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/30/maestro-ilaiyaraaja-pays-tribute-to-covid-19-warriors-releases-song-sung-by-spb-2149984.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819230248/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/30/maestro-ilaiyaraaja-pays-tribute-to-covid-19-warriors-releases-song-sung-by-spb-2149984.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On his birthday in 2020, Ilaiyaraaja announced the upcoming launch of his 'Isai OTT' [[Mobile app|app]]. He stated that the app would contain much more than just his songs, like behind-the-scenes trivia about how each song was conceived, produced, and delivered, as well as collaborations with other musicians.<ref name=thehindu_31734573>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2020|title=Ilaiyaraaja to launch OTT app soon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ilaiyaraaja-to-launch-ott-app-soon/article31734573.ece|access-date=30 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702140910/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ilaiyaraaja-to-launch-ott-app-soon/article31734573.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ilaiyaraaja's song 'Naanthaan Ungappanda' from the 1981 film ''[[Ram Lakshman (film)|Ram Lakshman]]'' was part of the playlist for the opening ceremony of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Ilayaraja song for london Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilayaraja-song-for-london-olympics/articleshow/14319043.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-20 |title=Lesser-known Ilayaraja number at Olympics opener |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lesserknown-ilayaraja-number-at-olympics-opener/article3547902.ece |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123133348/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lesserknown-ilayaraja-number-at-olympics-opener/article3547902.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

His compositions ''Paayum Puli Title Music'' and ''Ilamai Itho'' were part of the soundtrack of [[Ashim Ahluwalia]]'s 2012 [[Cannes Film Festival]] entry, ''[[Miss Lovely]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sweetsoundtrack.com/Movies/Miss-Lovely-2012|title=Songs from Miss Lovely|website=sweetsoundtrack.com|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213326/http://sweetsoundtrack.com/Movies/Miss-Lovely-2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Lovebirds (2020 film)|''The Lovebirds'']] (2020) incorporated a section of Ilaiyaraaja's "Oru kili" soundtrack composed for the movie ''[[Aanandha Kummi]]'' (1983) as background music in its official trailer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzPq8uVgLe8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/YzPq8uVgLe8 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=live|title=The Lovebirds (2020) – Official Trailer|date=16 January 2020 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[The Black Eyed Peas]] sampled the Ilaiyaraaja's composition "Unakkum Ennakum" from ''Sri Raghavendra'' (1985) for the song "The Elephunk Theme" in ''[[Elephunk]]'' (2003).<ref name=hindu_200710175053>Mehar, R. 2007. [http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/17/stories/2007101750530200.htm Hip-hopping around the world] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316003456/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/17/stories/2007101750530200.htm |date=16 March 2008}}. The Hindu, 17 October. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref>

Ilaiyaraaja's song "Mella Mella Ennaithottu" from [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vaazhkai]] was sampled by Rabbit Mac in the song ''Sempoi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whosampled.com/Rabbit-Mac/Sempoi/|title=Sempoi by Rabbit Mac|website=[[WhoSampled]]|access-date=2022-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921125812/https://www.whosampled.com/Rabbit-Mac/Sempoi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Popular American rapper [[Meek Mill]] sampled one of Ilaiyaraaja's hit songs for ''Indian Bounce''.

The alternative artist [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] sampled "Kaatukuyilu" from the film ''Thalapathi'' (1991) for her song "Bamboo Banga" on the album ''[[Kala (album)|Kala]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Christgau |first=Robert |date=2007-08-23 |title=Kala |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/kala-248078/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>

Alphant sampled Ilaiyaraaja's music for his song ''An Indian Dream''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.soundcloud.com/alphant/an-indian-dream|title=Alphant – An Indian Dream (Original Mix)|access-date=2022-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921140800/https://m.soundcloud.com/alphant/an-indian-dream|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gonjasufi]] sampled Ilaiyaraaja's "Yeh Hawa Yeh Fiza" from the movie ''[[Sadma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GonjaSufi's 'Sheep' sample of Asha Bhosle and Suresh Wadkar's 'Yeh Hawa Yeh Fiza' |url=https://www.whosampled.com/sample/58292/GonjaSufi-Sheep-Asha-Bhosle-Suresh-Wadkar-Yeh-Hawa-Yeh-Fiza/ |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=WhoSampled}}</ref>

===Live performances===
[[File:Maestro Ilayaraaja with fellow musicians.jpg|thumb|left|Ilaiyaraaja at the inauguration of 91st Music Academy Concerts & Conferences]]

Ilaiyaraaja rarely performs his music live. His first major live performance since his debut was a four-hour concert held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]] in Chennai, India, on 16 October 2005.<ref name=hinduonnet_200510210014>Rangarajan, M. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060910163021/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/10/21/stories/2005102100140200.htm "The Raja still reigns supreme".]}} ''The Hindu''. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</ref> He performed in 2004 in Italy at the Teatro Comunale di Modena, an event-concert presented for the 14th edition of Angelica, Festival Internazionale Di Musica, co-produced with the L'Altro Suono Festival.<ref name=archive_200709280227>Van Ryssen, S. [http://leonardo.info/reviews/dec2005/llaiy_ryssen.html "Ilaiyaraaja's Musical Journey".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022757/http://leonardo.info/reviews/dec2005/llaiy_ryssen.html |date=28 September 2007}} ''Leonardo Digital Review''. December 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.</ref>

A television retrospective titled ''Ithu Ilaiyaraja'' ("This is Ilaiyaraja") was produced, chronicling his career.<ref name=archive_200507010242>[http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070102420400.htm "Ithu Ilaiyaraja".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045314/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070102420400.htm |date= 1 October 2007}} ''The Hindu''. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</ref> He last performed live at the audio release function of the film ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' and before that, he performed a programme that was conducted and telecasted by Jaya TV titled ''Enrendrum Raja'' ("Everlasting Raja") on 28 December 2011 at Jahawarlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai.

On 5 September 2012, Ilayaraja performed in a live concert in Chennai with the [[Hungarian National Philharmonic]] orchestra; during this event the music launch of his films ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' and ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' took place.<ref name=ibs>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-05|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/concert-ilayaraja2012.html|title=Ilayaraja concert and Yeto Velli Poyindi music launch – idle brain|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-06-03|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603170445/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/concert-ilayaraja2012.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 September 2012, he performed live in [[Bangalore]] at National High School Grounds.

On 16 February 2013, Ilayaraja made his first appearance in North America performing at the [[Rogers Centre]] in Toronto, Canada.<ref name="archive_201303011341">Trinity Events [http://www.trinityeventsonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301134143/http://www.trinityeventsonline.com/|date=1 March 2013}} Retrieved 24 February 2013.</ref> The Toronto concert was promoted by Trinity Events for Vijay TV in India and produced by Sandy Audio Visual SAV Productions with PA+. Following his show at Toronto, Ilaiyaraaja also performed at the [[Prudential Center]] Newark, New Jersey, on 23 February 2013 and at the [[HP Pavilion at San Jose]] on 1{{nbsp}}March 2013. After his North America tour, he made a live performance at [[The O2 Arena]] in London on 24 August 2013, along with [[Kamal Haasan]] and his sons [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Karthik Raja]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theo2.co.uk/event/ilaiyaraaja-20130825.html |title=Ilaiyaraaja's live concert – Raja the Raja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213232218/http://www.theo2.co.uk/event/ilaiyaraaja-20130825.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

==Musical style and sensibility==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Only the film director will be with me when the situation and the story are narrated. Then, it's just me and my harmonium. I just think about the situation and touch my harmonium and music flows. If people consider it as an alternate world, so be it. To me, it is something that I can't explain."
| author = — Ilaiyaraaja on his creative process<ref name="musicreligion">{{cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ilaiyaraaja-recounts-musical-journey/article26112431.ece
|title=Ilaiyaraaja: Music is my religion |first=Surendran Anusha |last= Ramamoorthy Preethi |work=The Hindu |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421205021/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ilaiyaraaja-recounts-musical-journey/article26112431.ece |archive-date=21 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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Ilaiyaraaja, once reflecting over his works after turning seventy-five, said his "life experiences and learning" have been the fount from which his musical output poured, but sometimes felt that some of his compositions transcended them as if they were "the reflection of the efforts of past lives — mine, or those of other musical exponents." When enquired if it was mystical as in the case of mathematical genius [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], who insisted he received math formula in [[dreams]] from a goddess, Ilaiyaraaja said that unlike Ramanujan who felt a supernatural being guiding him, he always felt a moment of clarity when a composition came to his mind — "It is as if I am the subject and the object of art at the same time when that happens," he said.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ilaiyaraaja-the-maestro-who-hears-unheard-melodies/article24062128.ece
|title=Ilaiyaraaja, the maestro who hears unheard melodies |work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2018 |access-date=2022-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005073013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ilaiyaraaja-the-maestro-who-hears-unheard-melodies/article24062128.ece |archive-date=5 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, he regards music as a form of spiritual seeking, where one needs to keep their "inner eye constantly open", but also assist it with vigorous work, "In my early years, I would be in the studio till 11 pm. Come home, have bath and dinner, and write music till 2 am. I would wake up by 4, sit down to do my music and be at the studio at sharp 7 am. Music is everything to me. Do you know it took me 27 years to understand the C [[major chord]] on the piano", he said.<ref name=India/>

Ilaiyaraaja uses the same [[harmonium]], both in his studio and in concerts. He has scored with it throughout his career. When he was younger, he was never allowed to touch it by his brother who thought he would spoil it. However, Ilaiyaraaja would play with it whenever his brother was not there, "that's how I learnt how to play," he said, "the harmonium knows that it was made for me. It tells me that there is more music to be made."<ref name="musicreligion"/> The harmonium was reportedly bought for eighty-five rupees.<ref name="ibs"/>

Ilaiyaraaja's musical style is characterised by an orchestration which is a synthesis of [[Indian folk music]] and Western classical music, with traditional [[Indian instruments]] and [[Mode (music)|modes]]. He uses electronic music technology that integrates synthesizers, electric guitars and [[Electronic keyboard|keyboards]], drum machines, rhythm boxes and [[MIDI]] with large orchestras that feature traditional instruments such as the ''[[veena]]'', ''[[venu]]'', ''[[nadaswaram]]'', ''[[dholak]]'', ''[[mridangam]]'' and ''[[tabla]]'' as well as Western lead instruments such as saxophones and flutes.<ref name="filmmusicsouthernareap.544" /> When asked to explain what his music is, Ilaiyaraaja said, "How can I explain anything? Everyone’s music is made of their own life experiences. To me music is that which connects human hearts. It is something that takes you to unknown levels."<ref name="India"/>

[[File:Music Maestro Ilayaraja speaking after receiving the centenary award at the inauguration of the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji, Goa. The Union Minister for Finance.jpg|thumb|Ilaiyaraaja speaking after receiving the centenary award at the [[46th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI-2015), in [[Panaji, Goa]]|left]]

On numerous occasions, Ilaiyaraaja has credited [[M. S. Viswanathan]] as an overwhelming influence on his music.<ref name="Salil"/> "I could be a music director only by closely watching and listening to the great techniques introduced by M.S. Viswanthan in film music", he said. Ilaiyaraaja first played the organ for the song ''Malar Ethu Kankal Than'' in the film [[Avalukendru Or Manam]] for MSV. He later worked on composing background music for few of his films.<ref name="MSV">{{cite news |last1=Kolappanand |first1=B. |title=I owe it to MSV, says Ilayaraja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/i-owe-it-to-msv-says-ilayaraja/article7427233.ece |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216042542/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/i-owe-it-to-msv-says-ilayaraja/article7427233.ece |archive-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> Along with M.S. Viswanthan, he called [[Naushad]], [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]], [[Madan Mohan]], and [[G.K. Venkatesh]] among several others, as the "great masters".<ref name=India>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/theres-india-in-his-music/article24094187.ece|title=There's India in Ilaiyaraja's music|first=Deepa|last=Ganesh|date=6 June 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607184950/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/theres-india-in-his-music/article24094187.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[S. Janaki]] had been the singers with whom he experimented his songs relentlessly.<ref name="Salil"/>

Ilaiyaraaja is nicknamed "Isaignani" (the musical sage), a title conferred by Kalaignar Karunanidhi. He is often referred to as "Maestro", the title conferred by the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], London.<ref name="huffingtonpost.in">{{Cite web|date=7 June 2020|title=To Appreciate Ilaiyaraaja's Anti-Caste Politics, You Have To Listen To His Music|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/to-appreciate-ilaiyaraaja-s-anti-caste-politics-you-have-to-listen-to-his-music_in_5eda5614c5b6817661649db5|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406072615/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/to-appreciate-ilaiyaraaja-s-anti-caste-politics-you-have-to-listen-to-his-music_in_5eda5614c5b6817661649db5|url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of the earliest Indian film composers to use Western classical music harmonies and string arrangements in Indian film music.<ref name="filmmusicthenewinterculturalidiomp.110">Venkatraman, S. 1995. "Film music: the new intercultural idiom of 20th century Indian music". pp. 107–112 in A. Euba and C.T. Kimberlin (eds.). ''Intercultural Music Vol. I''. Bayreuth: Breitinger (p. 110).</ref> This allowed him to craft a rich tapestry of sounds for films, and his themes and background score gained notice and appreciation among Indian film audiences.<ref>Venkatraman, S. 1995. "Film music: the new intercultural idiom of 20th century Indian music". pp. 107–112 in A. Euba and C.T. Kimberlin (eds.). ''Intercultural Music Vol. I''. Bayreuth: Breitinger (p. 111).</ref> The range of expressive possibilities in Indian film music was broadened by his methodical approach to arranging, recording technique, and his drawing of ideas from a diversity of musical styles.<ref name="filmmusicthenewinterculturalidiomp.110" />

According to musicologist Paul Greene, Ilaiyaraaja's "deep understanding of so many different styles of music allowed him to create syncretic pieces of music combining very different musical idioms in unified, coherent musical statements".<ref name="filmmusicsouthernareap.544" /> By virtue of this variety and his intermingling of Western, Indian folk and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] elements, Ilaiyaraaja's compositions appeal to the Indian rural dweller for its [[rhythm]]ic folk qualities, the Indian classical music enthusiast for the employment of Carnatic ''[[ragas]]'', and the urbanite for its modern, Western-music sound.<ref>Greene, P.D. 1997. Film music: Southern area. Pp. 542–546 in B. Nettl, R.M. Stone, J. Porter and T. Rice (eds.). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume V: South Asia—The Indian Subcontinent''. New York: Garland Pub. (p. 545).</ref> His sense of visualisation for composing music is always to match up with the movie storyline and help the audience feel the emotions flavoured through his musical score. He mastered this art of blending music to the narration, which very few others managed to adapt themselves over a longer time.<ref name="musical_man">S. Theodore Baskaran [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231674 "Jnana To Gana: Consistent eclecticism has kept Tamil film music virile"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116115029/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231674 |date=16 November 2010}}. Outlookindia.com, 26 June 2006.</ref> Although he uses a range of complex compositional techniques, he often sketches out the basic melodic ideas for films in a very spontaneous fashion.<ref name="Ilaiyarajacomposerasphenomenon" /><ref name="filmmusicsouthernareap.544" />

== Honours and legacy ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Ilaiyaraaja}}

[[File:He President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Illaiyaraja.JPG|thumb|Ilaiyaraaja receiving the [[Padma Vibhushan]] from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]]]]
In 2010, Ilaiyaraaja was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian honour in India and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2018, the second-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] by the government of [[Republic of India|India]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 January 2018|title=Ilaiyaraaja gets Padma Vibhushan|website=Behindwoods.com|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ilayaraja-gets-padma-vibhushan-award.html|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125652/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ilayaraja-gets-padma-vibhushan-award.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news18_1642129">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/award-shows-modi-govt-respects-tamil-people-a-lot-ilayaraja-on-getting-padma-vibhushan-1642129.html|title=Award Shows Modi Govt Respects Tamil People a Lot: Ilayaraja on Getting Padma Vibhushan|date=25 January 2018|website=news18.com|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607184952/https://www.news18.com/news/india/award-shows-modi-govt-respects-tamil-people-a-lot-ilayaraja-on-getting-padma-vibhushan-1642129.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 July 2022, Ilaiyaraaja was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] as Member of Parliament by the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Shashwat |date=6 July 2022 |title=Celebrated athlete PT Usha, Philanthropist Veerendra Heggade among 4 nominated for Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pt-usha-ilaiyaraaja-veerendra-heggade-vijayendra-prasad-garu-nominated-for-rajya-sabha-modi-congratulates-2022-07-06-790172 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706154659/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pt-usha-ilaiyaraaja-veerendra-heggade-vijayendra-prasad-garu-nominated-for-rajya-sabha-modi-congratulates-2022-07-06-790172 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi conferred an honorary doctorate to Ilaiyaraaja during the 36th Convocation Ceremony of [[Gandhigram Rural Institute]] in Tamil Nadu's [[Dindigul]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-pm-modi-presents-honorary-doctorate-to-music-maestro-ilaiyaraaja-2296175-2022-11-11 |title=PM Modi confers honorary doctorate to music maestro Ilaiyaraaja |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124115607/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-pm-modi-presents-honorary-doctorate-to-music-maestro-ilaiyaraaja-2296175-2022-11-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ilaiyaraaja has been awarded five [[National Film Awards]]—three for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] and two for Best Background Score.<ref name="Valiant"/><ref name="archive_200704181746">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418174624/http://mib.nic.in/dff/welcome.html|date=18 April 2007|title=Directorate of Film Festivals}}. Archived from [http://mib.nic.in/dff/welcome.html the original] on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2006.</ref> In 2012, he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists, for his creative and experimental works in the music field.<ref name="thehindu_4234942">{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=24 December 2012|title=Ilayaraja gets Sangeet Natak Akademi award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ilayaraja-gets-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article4234942.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330161248/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ilayaraja-gets-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article4234942.ece|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=12 April 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He is a gold medalist in classical guitar from [[Trinity College of Music]], London.<ref name="Valiant"/> In 2013, when the Indian news channel [[CNN-IBN]] conducted a poll commemorating 100 years of Indian cinema, he secured 49% of the people's vote and was adjudged as the country's greatest music composer; [[A. R. Rahman]] stood second with 29% of the vote.<ref name="indiatimes_37560912" />

Ilaiyaraaja is reputed to be one of the world's most prolific composers.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Award Winning Composer ilayaraja's Film Soundtrack Released : Love and Love Only Film Score Available Ahead of Indian-Australian Film Debut—The Indian Telegraph |url=http://theindiantelegraph.com.au/award-winning-composer-ilayarajas-film-soundtrack-released-love-and-love-only-film-score-available-ahead-of-indian-australian-film-debut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003435/http://theindiantelegraph.com.au/award-winning-composer-ilayarajas-film-soundtrack-released-love-and-love-only-film-score-available-ahead-of-indian-australian-film-debut/ |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=theindiantelegraph.com.au}}</ref> He composed more than 8,600 songs, provided film scores for about 1,523 movies in nine languages,<ref name="Valiant"/> and performed in over 20,000 concerts. He is the only musician to have composed a song only in ascending notes.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |date=13 March 2018 |title=Ilayaraja performs for the first time in Houston |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/ilayaraja-performs-for-the-first-time-in-houston/story-kP8qfMJIhlJEsiFxyLZMVM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412103314/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/ilayaraja-performs-for-the-first-time-in-houston/story-kP8qfMJIhlJEsiFxyLZMVM.html |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Baskaran2009">{{cite book |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNgqAQAAIAAJ |title=History through the lens: perspectives on South Indian cinema |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-3520-6 |page=82 |access-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107175235/http://books.google.com/books?id=fNgqAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Das2010">{{cite book |author=Emmanuel Anthony Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05oSduutr-IC&pg=RA2-PA7 |title=The Bestconferred is Yet to Be |date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=978-81-223-1144-0 |page=7 |access-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621193918/http://books.google.com/books?id=05oSduutr-IC&pg=RA2-PA7 |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of the earliest Indian film composers to use Western classical music harmonies and string arrangements in Tamil film music.<ref name="filmmusicthenewinterculturalidiomp.110" />
He composed the score and soundtrack for the 1984 [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'', the first stereoscopic 3D film made in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jijo-and-his-3d-dream-that-resulted-in-my-dear-kuttichathan/article23415321.ece|title=Jijo and his 3D dream that resulted in 'My Dear Kuttichathan|work=The Hindu|date=2 April 2018|access-date=21 September 2022|last1=Chelangad|first1=Saju|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114163829/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jijo-and-his-3d-dream-that-resulted-in-my-dear-kuttichathan/article23415321.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1986, he became the first Indian composer to record a soundtrack with computer for the film ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''.<ref name="m.behindwoods.com">{{Cite web|url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-technologies-brought-in-by-tamil-cinema/vishwaroopam.html|title=10 Technologies brought in by Tamil Cinema|date=21 November 2016|website=Behindwoods|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911020036/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-technologies-brought-in-by-tamil-cinema/vishwaroopam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He composed the soundtrack for the movie ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), an Indian film which was ranked by [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine as one of the all-time 100 best movies.<ref>TIME Magazine. 2005. [http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0, 23220, nayakan, 00.html All-TIME 100 Movies]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</ref> Director [[R. K. Selvamani]] said that for his film ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992), Ilaiyaraaja composed nine songs in just 45 minutes which is a record.<ref name=thenewsminute_20190108>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ilaiyaraaja-75-tribute-music-icon-be-held-feb-2-and-3-chennai-94684|title='Ilaiyaraaja 75': A tribute to the music icon to be held on Feb 2 and 3 in Chennai|date=8 January 2019|website=The News Minute|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205034939/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ilaiyaraaja-75-tribute-music-icon-be-held-feb-2-and-3-chennai-94684|url-status=live}}</ref> Actor [[Rajinikanth]] said Ilaiyaraaja used to complete the [[Re-recording (filmmaking)|re-recording]] of three films in a single day without any sleep, whereas the present-day generation composers take 30 days for a single film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ilayaraja 75: AR Rahman, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth attend celebration of legendary composer's illustrious career|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ilayaraja-75-ar-rahman-kamal-haasan-rajinikanth-attend-celebration-of-legendary-composers-illustrious-career-6030541.html|publisher=Firstpost|date=5 February 2019|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120134700/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ilayaraja-75-ar-rahman-kamal-haasan-rajinikanth-attend-celebration-of-legendary-composers-illustrious-career-6030541.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 9, 2025, Ilaiyaraaja became the first-ever Indian, as well as Asian film composer to compose, record, and perform live a full Western classical [[symphony]] in London.<ref name="Valiant" /><ref name="Valiant1" /> He had reportedly written the entire symphony in 34 days.<ref name="Valiant" /><ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |date=19 October 2015 |title=Mr.Viji Manuel talks about Symphony by Isaignani Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://youtube.com/watch/fFPjQlXXaio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430182824/https://www.youtube.com/watch/fFPjQlXXaio |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=20 October 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_200211220228">{{cite web |title=The Hindu : Ilayaraja's books |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/11/22/stories/2002112202280200.htm |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He also composed and orchestrated ''[[Thiruvasakam in Symphony]]'' (2006), the first Indian [[oratorio]].<ref name="finndian.com" /> With his work over decades, Ilaiyaraaja made a deep influence on the cultural landscape of Southern India.<ref name="Valiant1"/>

Achille Forler, board member of the Indian Performing Right Society, said in 2017, "the kind of stellar body of work that Ilaiyaraaja has created in the last 40 years should have placed him among the world's top 10 richest composers, somewhere between [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] ($1.2 billion) and [[Mick Jagger]] (over $300 million)."<ref name="thehindu_17682511">{{cite web|last=Forler|first=Achille|date=28 March 2017|title=My songs, my royalties|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ilaiyaraaja-sp-balasubrahmanyan-royalty-issue-my-songs-my-royalties/article17682511.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327212414/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ilaiyaraaja-sp-balasubrahmanyan-royalty-issue-my-songs-my-royalties/article17682511.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

British musician [[Andy Votel]], described Ilaiyaraaja in an essay thus, "Whatever "genre" of music you choose to like/ love/ promote/ protect/ politicise/ over-intellectualize/ despise/ defend or pretend to enjoy, Ilaiyaraaja has done it."<ref name="Salil" /> Carnatic vocalist [[T. M. Krishna]] stated that no other film composer has displayed the broad range of understanding music like the way Ilaiyaraaja did, and the way he adapts himself and creates music is "unfathomable" making him the "absolute master".<ref>{{cite web|title=An Artiste of the Millennium: Ilaiyaraaja at 75|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/the-arts/an-artiste-of-the-millennium-ilaiyaraaja-at-75|publisher=The Wire|date=10 September 2018|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915113344/https://m.thewire.in/article/the-arts/an-artiste-of-the-millennium-ilaiyaraaja-at-75|url-status=live}}</ref> [[G. K. Venkatesh]], one of the earliest mentors of Ilaiyaraaja, remarked on his success thus: "He is not in awe of his creations. That is the secret of his success. An Ilaiyaraja song is overshadowed only by another Ilaiyaraja song."<ref name="India"/>

Ilaiyaraaja's soundtrack for the 1991 film ''[[Thalapathi]]'' was included in ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s ''100 Albums to Hear Before You Die''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Best Albums Ever |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/guardian100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813104430/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/guardian100.htm |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=3 February 2010 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In 2003, according to an international poll conducted by [[BBC]] of more than half-a million people from 165 countries, his composition "[[Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu]]" from ''Thalapathi'' was voted fourth in the top 10 most popular songs of all time.<ref name="archive_201503300739">{{cite web |title=THE WORLD'S TOP TEN |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330073900/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/ |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=BBC World Service.com}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]] said that Ilaiyaraaja finished composing for the entire soundtrack of the film ''Thalapathi'' in less than "half a day".{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=140}}
During the recording for the song "Sundari" from the movie ''Thalapathi'' in Mumbai with [[R.D. Burman]]'s orchestra, when Ilaiyaraaja gave the notes, they were so moved and taken in by the composition that all the musicians put their hands together in awe and gave him a standing ovation as a mark of respect.<ref name=thehindu_200510210014>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/21/stories/2005102100140200.htm |title=The Raja still reigns supreme |date=21 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831055436/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/21/stories/2005102100140200.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Ilaiyaraaja was married to his sister's daughter, Jeeva (who died in 2011<ref>{{cite web | title=Illayaraja's wife dies of heart attack | work=The Times of India | date=November 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/illayarajas-wife-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/10563331.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20November,(singer%20and%20music%20director) }}</ref>). He has three children with her—[[Karthik Raja]], [[Bhavatharini]] and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]—all of whom are film composers and singers.<ref name=hindu_200701130159>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/01/13/stories/2007011301591200.htm |title=Music from the past |website=The Hindu.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107163353/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/01/13/stories/2007011301591200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=hindu_200508050167>Staff reporter. [http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/05/stories/2005080501670200.htm "Ilaiyaraja's daughter gets engaged".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429073520/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/05/stories/2005080501670200.htm |date=29 April 2007}} ''The Hindu''. 5 August 2005. Retrieved 3 March 2007.</ref> Jeeva died on 31 October 2011.<ref name=thehindu_2587916>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2587916.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Music maestro Ilayaraja's wife passes away |date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210151421/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2587916.ece |archive-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> His brother, [[Gangai Amaran]], is also a music director and lyricist in the Tamil film industry. The composer was engaged in a 13 year feud with Amaran, until February 2022, when they both met.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/musical-brothers-ilaiyaraaja-and-gangai-amaren-reunite-after-13-years/articleshow/89633355.cms|title=Musical brothers Ilaiyaraaja and Gangai Amaren reunite after 13 years|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504113825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/musical-brothers-ilaiyaraaja-and-gangai-amaren-reunite-after-13-years/articleshow/89633355.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His only daughter Bhavatharini died of liver cancer on 25 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilaiyaraaja's daughter and playback singer Bhavatharini dies of cancer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ilaiyaraajas-daughter-and-playback-singer-bhavatharini-dies-of-cancer-2493685-2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=India Today |date=25 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125155226/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ilaiyaraajas-daughter-and-playback-singer-bhavatharini-dies-of-cancer-2493685-2024-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite being born and raised Christian<ref>{{cite web | title=Happy Birthday Ilayaraja: Assistant to maestro, here are some lesser known facts about Isai Gnani Ilayaraja's musical journey | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-ilayaraja-assistant-to-maestro-here-are-some-lesser-known-facts-about-isai-gnani-ilayarajas-musical-journey/articleshow/76137497.cms }}</ref>, Ilaiyaraaja has converted to Hinduism, and regards the Tamil Hindu sage [[Ramana Maharshi]] as his spiritual guru.<ref name=India/>

==Legal issues and controversies==
[[File:Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan and Ilaiyaraaja At The Nadigar Sangam Protest.jpg|thumb|Ilaiyaraaja (center) with [[Kamal Haasan]] (left) and [[Rajinikanth]] (right) at the [[Nadigar Sangam]] Protest in 2018]]

In 2017, claiming copyright violations, Ilaiyaraaja sent legal notices to singers, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P Balasubrahmanyam]], his son [[S. P. Charan]] and [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]], prohibiting them from singing his compositions without his consent, and warned they would have to pay huge [[royalties]] and face legal action if they do so.<ref name=hindustantimes_20170320>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/illayaraja-s-legal-notice-to-spb-sp-balasubrahmanyam-says-he-will-obey-the-law/story-hulhkHFbDsrOBOu3kiu1EN.html |title=Illayaraja's legal notice to SPB: SP Balasubrahmanyam says he will obey the law |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 March 2017 |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524181700/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/illayaraja-s-legal-notice-to-spb-sp-balasubrahmanyam-says-he-will-obey-the-law/story-hulhkHFbDsrOBOu3kiu1EN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja's brother Gangai Amaran criticized him, saying legal notice to SPB is 'foolishness'.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gangai-amaran-slams-brother-ilaiyaraaja-says-legal-notice-spb-foolishness-58886 | title=Gangai Amaran slams brother Ilaiyaraaja, says legal notice to SPB is 'foolishness' | date=20 March 2017 | access-date=4 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520140613/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gangai-amaran-slams-brother-ilaiyaraaja-says-legal-notice-spb-foolishness-58886 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, during a talk show in the US, Ilaiyaraaja expressed his doubts regarding the credibility of the Christian belief in the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection of Jesus Christ]] and claimed that resurrection happened only in the case of the Hindu saint [[Ramana Maharshi]]. He is reported to have said, "I regularly watch documentaries on Youtube. It is said that Jesus was not resurrected"<ref>{{cite web | title=Ilayaraja says no proof for Jesus' resurrection, sparks controversy | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/03/27/ilayaraja-says-no-proof-for-jesus-resurrection-sparks-controversy.html?fromNewsdog=1 }}</ref>. In protest, a Christian group lodged a complaint with the Police Commissioner of [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchi]], demanding police action against Ilaiyaraaja, or an apology from him, for raising doubt about the "ultimate belief of Christians".<ref>{{cite news|title=Christ remark: Plaint filed against Ilayaraja|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/christ-remark-plaint-filed-against-ilayaraja/articleshow/63523573.cms|date=29 March 2018|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315085146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/christ-remark-plaint-filed-against-ilayaraja/articleshow/63523573.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2022, while talking about the state of music composers in industry, Ilaiyaraaja said, "There are no composers in the film industry today; there are only programmers."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ilaiyaraaja: 'There are no composers today, only programmers'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-no-composers-today-only-programmers/article65230243.ece|date=16 March 2022|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922055454/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-no-composers-today-only-programmers/article65230243.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2022, Ilaiyaraaja triggered a controversy by writing a foreword in the book titled, "Ambedkar & Modi—Reformer's Ideas", in which he praised Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and compared him to the celebrated anti-caste activist [[B.R. Ambedkar]]. He was criticized by anti-caste activists and politicians who alleged that "Ambedkar worked for the uplift of the downtrodden and oppressed castes, and Ilaiyaraaja’s comparison was an insult to Ambedkar"<ref>{{cite web | title=Elangovan's tirade against Ilaiyaraaja goes viral | work=The Hindu | date=24 April 2022 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/elangovans-tirade-against-ilaiyaraaja-goes-viral/article65351346.ece/ }}</ref>. Supporters of Modi's [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] party, however, defended his comparison, citing his freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite news|title=The sound of criticism: How Ilaiyaraaja's comparison of Ambedkar and Modi triggered a political row|publisher=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-sound-of-criticism-how-ilaiyaraajas-comparison-of-ambedkar-and-modi-triggered-a-political-row-10572601.html|date=19 April 2022|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922130557/https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-sound-of-criticism-how-ilaiyaraajas-comparison-of-ambedkar-and-modi-triggered-a-political-row-10572601.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discography==

{{Main|Ilaiyaraaja discography}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1970s|Ilaiyaraaja 1970s]]
| [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1980s|Ilaiyaraaja 1980s]]
| [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1990s|Ilaiyaraaja 1990s]]
| [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 2000s|Ilaiyaraaja 2000s]]
| [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 2010s|Ilaiyaraaja 2010s]]
| [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 2020s|Ilaiyaraaja 2020s]]
| [[Ilaiyaraaja discography|New / Non-Film]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of songs recorded by Ilaiyaraaja]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|2}}
*Prem-Ramesh. 1998 ''Ilaiyaraja: Isaiyin Thathuvamum Alagiyalum'' (trans.: Ilaiyaraja: The Philosophy and Aesthetics of Music). Chennai: Sembulam.
*Ilaiyaraaja. 1998 ''Vettaveli Thanil Kotti Kidakkuthu'' (trans.: My Spiritual Experiences) (3rd ed.). Chennai: Kalaignan Pathipagam. → A collection of poems by Ilaiyaraaja
*Ilaiyaraaja. 1998 ''Vazhithunai''. Chennai: Saral Veliyeedu.
*Ilaiyaraaja. 1999 ''Sangeetha Kanavugal'' (trans.: Musical Dreams) (2nd ed.). Chennai: Kalaignan Pathipagam. → An autobiography about Ilaiyaraaja's European tour and other musings.
*Ilaiyaraaja. 2000 ''Ilaiyaraajavin Sinthanaigal'' (trans.: Ilaiyaraaja's Thoughts). Chennai: Thiruvasu Puthaka Nilayam.
*{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/20/south-ilaiyaraja-bio.htm |title=Making Music, Raja-style |author=Srinivasan, Pavithra |date=20 September 2010 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126153207/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/20/south-ilaiyaraja-bio.htm |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

*{{official website}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0006137}}
{{Ilaiyaraaja}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{IFFI - Indian Film Personality of the year Award}}
{{NTR National Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil}}
{{National Film Award Best Music Direction}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilaiyaraaja}}
[[Category:Ilaiyaraaja| ]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Background Score National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
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[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
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[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
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[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
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[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian classical pianists]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Bilpank

2026-03-24T20:40:51Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up initial article w/ infobox.

{{orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bilpank
| population_total = 3431
| population_as_of = 2011
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2270885|N|75.1350441|E|display=inline}}
}}
'''Bilpank''' is a village in the [[Ratlam district]], in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Landmarks==
An old Shiva temple is situated here.<ref name="Census">{{ cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/740/download/2606/DH_2011_2317_PART_A_DCHB_RATLAM.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Madhya Pradesh - Series 24 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Ratlam |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |pages=73, 494}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrKRAAAAIAAJ&q=bilpank+temple |title=Art of the Paramāras of Mālwā: Proceedings of the UGC Sponsored All-India Seminar Held at Prachya Niketan, Centre of Advanced Studies in Indology & Museology, Bhopal, Jan. 21-23, 1978 |date=1979 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village had a population of 3431, in 662 households.<ref name="Census"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Ratlam district]]

Raisina Dialogue

2026-03-18T08:32:53Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting some pg first draft

{{Short description|Multilateral conference in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| logo = Raisina Dialogue logo.png
| status = Active
| genre = [[Geopolitics]]
| begins =
| frequency = Annually
| location = New Delhi
| country = [[India]]
| years_active =
| first = {{Start date and age|2016|03|01|df=yes}}
| founder_name = [[Observer Research Foundation]]
| participants = Various
| area = Global
| patrons = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, India]]
| URL = {{Official website|https://www.orfonline.org/forums/raisina-dialogue}}
}}

The '''Raisina Dialogue''' is a [[multilateralism|multilateral]] [[conference]] held annually in [[New Delhi]], India, since 2016. The Raisina Dialogue has emerged as [[India]]'s flagship conference on [[geopolitics]] and [[geo-economics]]. The conference is hosted by the [[Observer Research Foundation]] (ORF) in partnership with the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]].

The name "''Raisina Dialogue''" comes from [[Raisina Hill]], an elevation in [[New Delhi]] which is the seat of the [[Government of India]].

== Origin and structure ==
The Raisina Dialogue was launched in 2016 by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs<ref name=":3" /> and the Indian think tank ORF, which was founded in 1990 with support from the Ambani family and [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Urvashi |date=1 March 2019 |title=Readiness and Reliance: The aims of Observer Research Foundation |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-aims-observer-research-foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608084208/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-aims-observer-research-foundation |archive-date=8 June 2019 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=16 August 2015 |title=India's most influential think-tanks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-most-influential-think-tanks/story-emb0db2lmqltL8pKeYuZiL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The conference is structured as a multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral discussion, involving a variety of global policymakers including [[Head of state|heads of states]], [[government]]s and [[International organization|international organisations]], [[Minister (government)|ministers]], high-ranking representatives of [[Military|armed forces]], among others. In addition, the Dialogue also welcomes major private sector executives, as well as members of the media and academia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=Raisina Dialogue 2025 begins today: Theme, chief guest, and who all are attending |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/raisina-dialogue-2025-theme-chief-guest-and-who-all-are-attending-19572026.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> It has been seen as an Indian attempt to rival the [[Munich Security Conference]] and [[Singapore]]'s [[Shangri-La Dialogue]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=2 March 2016 |title=India kicks off Raisina Dialogue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-kicks-off-Raisina-Dialogue/article60515476.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626212701/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-kicks-off-Raisina-Dialogue/article60515476.ece |archive-date=26 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/et-in-the-classroom-what-is-raisina-dialogue/articleshow/62435085.cms|title=ET in the classroom: What is Raisina Dialogue|first=Dipanjan Roy|last=Chaudhury|date=9 January 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

It has since emerged as India's flagship conference on geopolitics and geo-economics, and specifically, on [[Foreign relations of India|foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Swati |date=25 April 2022 |title=India's flagship foreign policy conference to be inaugurated by PM Modi today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raisina-dialogue-flagship-policy-conference-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-today-101650852407854.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Raisina Dialogue 2016 ===
[[File:MEA.jpg|thumb|[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], [[Sushma Swaraj]] during Raisina 2016]]
The first Raisina Dialogue was held from 1–3 March 2016. Over 100 speakers from over 35 countries attended to speak on the theme, "''Asia: Regional and Global Connectivity''".<ref name=":4" />

=== Raisina Dialogue 2017 ===
[[File:PM Modi during Raisina 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi|PM Modi]] during Raisina 2017]]In 2017, The Dialogue was held from 17 to 19 January. Held on a larger scale, the conference welcomed over 120 speakers from 65 countries and upwards of 800 participants. Attendees discussed the theme, "''The New Normal: Multilateralism with Multipolarity''".
The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], inaugurated the 2017 Raisina Dialogue. Other eminent speakers included the former [[President of Afghanistan]], [[Hamid Karzai]]; the former [[Prime Minister of Canada]], [[Stephen Harper]]; [[Nepal]]’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, [[Prakash Sharan Mahat]]; U.K.’s Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs, [[Boris Johnson]]; the Diplomatic Adviser to the [[President of France]], [[:fr:Jacques Audibert|Jacques Audibert]]; Commander of U.S. Naval Forces, Europe and [[Africa]], Admiral [[Michelle Howard]]; Commander of U.S. Pacific Command, Admiral [[Harry B. Harris Jr.]]; and the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Indian Chief of the Army Staff]], General [[Bipin Rawat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cf.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Raisina2016_Report.pdf|title=Raisina 2017}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2018 ===
The third Raisina Dialogue was held at the Taj Diplomatic Enclave in New Delhi, India from 16 to 18 January 2018. The theme for the 2018 Conference was "''Managing Disruptive Transitions: Ideas, Institutions and Idioms''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orfonline.org/raisina-dialogue/|title=Raisina 2018}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2019 ===
The fourth Raisina Dialogue was held at the Taj Diplomatic Enclave in New Delhi, India from 8–10 January 2019. The theme for the conference was "''New Geometrics | Fluid Partnerships | Uncertain Outcomes''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=Raisina Dialogue 2019: World leaders converge in New Delhi to discuss global issues |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/raisina-dialogue-2019-world-leaders-converge-in-new-delhi-to-discuss-global-issues/1437266/ |website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2020 ===
[[File:PM_Modi_with_global_leaders_at_inaugural_session_of_Raisina_Dialogue_2020_(January_14,_2020).jpg|thumb|PM Modi with global leaders at inaugural session of Raisina Dialogue 2020 (14 January 2020)]]
The fifth Raisina Dialogue was held in New Delhi, India from 14 to 16 January. The theme for the 2020 Conference was "''Navigating the Alpha Centurys''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |title=Raisina Dialogue 2020 to host ministers from across globe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/raisina-dialogue-2020-to-host-ministers-from-across-globe/articleshow/73054499.cms |access-date=2020-09-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Australian [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Foreign Minister]] [[Marise Payne]] gave the keynote address.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What the Raisina Dialogue tells about India's view of the world |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/what-raisina-dialogue-tells-about-india-s-view-world |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=www.lowyinstitute.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2021 ===
The sixth Raisina Dialogue was held in [[Virtual meeting|virtual mode]] from 13 to 16 April 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The theme for 2021 was ''"ViralWorld: Outbreaks, Outliers and Out of Control".''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raisina Dialogue 2021 {{!}} ORF |url=https://www.orfonline.org/raisina-dialogue/raisina-dialogue-2021/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.orfonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Agenda |url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/themes/orf/raisina-dialogue-2021/assets/images/agenda/Agenda-April-16.pdf |website=ORFonline}}</ref> Danish prime minister [[Mette Frederiksen]], Rwandan president [[Paul Kagame]] were the chief-guests present alongside Modi at the inaugural session.<ref name=":0" />

=== Raisina Dialogue 2022 ===
The seventh Raisina Dialogue was held in-person in New Delhi from 25 April to 27 April 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Raisina Dialogue - 2022 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35213/Raisina_Dialogue__2022 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.mea.gov.in |language=english}}</ref> The theme for 2022 was ''"Terra Nova: Impassioned, Impatient, and Imperilled".<ref name=":1" />''

=== Raisina Dialogue 2023 ===
The eighth Raisina Dialogue was held from 2 March to 4 March 2023. It focused on four pillars - ''Neo Insurgence'', ''Amoral Mosaic'', ''Chaotic Codes'', ''Pernicious Passports'', and ''Grey Rhinos''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raisina Dialogue Highlights India's Global Balancing Act |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/03/raisina-dialogue-highlights-indias-global-balancing-act/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Raisina Dialogue 2023: Every nation can be a lighthouse, says keynote speaker and Italy PM Giorgia Meloni |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/raisina-dialogue-every-nation-can-be-lighthouse-italy-pm-giorgia-meloni-narendra-modi-16085011.htm |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Giorgia Meloni]] was the chief guest.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mattoo |first=Shashank |date=2023-03-03 |title=Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov strikes defiant note on Ukraine at Raisina Dialogue |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/russian-foreign-minister-lavrov-strikes-defiant-note-on-ukraine-at-raisina-dialogue-11677837948084.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2024 ===
The ninth Raisina Dialogue was held in New Delhi from 21 February to 23 February 2024. The theme for 2024 was ''“Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create”''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raisina Dialogue 2024 kicks off|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/raisina-dialogue-2024-kicks-off-today-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-conference/articleshow/107888425.cms?|date=Feb 21, 2024 |website=The Economic Times }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Greece]] [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] was the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=Raisina Dialogue begins today: Everything you need to know about the conference |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-raisina-dialogue-9171750/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> With a heavy European presence, the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] became a key topic of the conference, alongside discussions on handling an aggressive China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=At the high table: On the Raisina Dialogue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/at-high-table-on-the-raisina-dialogue/article67885118.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2025 ===
The tenth Raisina Dialogue was held in New Delhi from 17 March to 19 March 2025. The theme for 2025 was ''“[[Kalachakra|Kālachakra]]: People, Peace and Planet”''. [[Christopher Luxon]], the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], was the chief guest and delivered the keynote address in the inaugural session. The event also featured [[Tulsi Gabbard]], the [[Director of National Intelligence|United States Director of National Intelligence]], alongside multiple other American intelligence officials.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=16 March 2025 |title=What’s on the agenda of the Raisina Dialogue? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whats-on-the-agenda-of-the-raisina-dialogue/article69334173.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316042732/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whats-on-the-agenda-of-the-raisina-dialogue/article69334173.ece |archive-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Raisina Dialogue 2026 ===
[[File:Prime Minister of Bharat, Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi and the President of Finland, Mr. Alexander Stubb at the Raisina Dialogue.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi and the President of Finland, [[Alexander Stubb]] in 2026 Raisina Dialogue]]
The eleventh Raisina Dialogue will be held in New Delhi from 5 March to 7 March 2026. The theme for 2026 is ''“[[Samskara (Indian philosophy)|Saṁskāra]]: Assertion, Accommodation, Advancement”''. <ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Raisina Dialogue 2026 {{!}} Announcement {{!}} Saṁskāra - Assertion, Accommodation, Advancement|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vY2P860oE1E|date=2026-01-25|access-date=2026-02-01|via=YouTube|last=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Each year, the Raisina Dialogue publishes a series of publications in order to ensure a continual dialogue of conference themes and highlights. Among these publications are [http://www.orfonline.org/research/raisina-files-debating-the-world-in-the-asian-century/ '''The Raisina Files'''], which contain a set of commentaries authored by high-profile speakers and delegates.

Additionally, ORF publishes a [http://www.orfonline.org/research/todays-capabilities-tomorrows-conflicts/ '''Defence Primer'''] and several policy reports to supplement the conversations held at each conference.

==See also==
* [[Gateway of India Dialogue]]
* [[Halifax International Security Forum]]
* [[Munich Security Conference]]
* [[Shangri-La Dialogue]]
* [[Yalta European Strategy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.orfonline.org/forums/raisina-dialogue Raisina Dialogue] (homepage)

[[Category:Political congresses]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:2016 in international relations]]
[[Category:2010s conferences]]
[[Category:2020s conferences]]

Golden Threshold

2026-03-16T05:21:35Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up new article v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Golden Threshold
| native_name =
| image = Golden thresh hold. heritage blg..JPG
| caption = View of the Golden Threshold in 2013
| architectural_style = Indo-European<ref name="NewIndExp1"/>
| address = [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]] Station Road, [[Abids]]
| location_town = Hyderabad
| location_country = India
| owner = University of Hyderabad
| current_tenants =
| coordinates = {{coord|17|23|17.82|N|78|28|26.95|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| construction_start_date =
| inauguration_date =
}}
The '''Golden Threshold''' is an off-campus annexe of [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title=A historic home that shaped education in Hyderabad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/a-historic-home-that-shaped-education-in-hyderabad/article66763799.ece |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is named after the renowned Indian poet and political leader [[Sarojini Naidu]]'s eponymous first collection of poems. It is located near [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]] Station Road, in the [[Abids]] neighbourhood of Hyderabad.

The building was the residence of [[Sarojini Naidu]]'s father [[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay]], the first Principal of [[Hyderabad College]], now Nizam College. During the Chattopadhyay family's residence, it was the centre of many reformist ideas in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], in areas ranging from marriage, education, women's empowerment, literature and nationalism. Specifically, the reformist ideas included more power for women in a time where politics in India, especially regional politics, was dominated by men. It also included ideas for involvement of women in the arts field. There were also many restrictions on marriage during this time period that persist to this day, such as inter-religion and inter-caste marriages. These ideas were progressive for the era, but brought a change in urban India over time.<ref name="Sharma2003">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Kaushal Kishore |title=Feminism, Censorship and Other Essays|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvfYx4zGB4C&pg=PA56|year=2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-373-4|pages=56–57|chapter=Sarojini Naidu: A Preface to Her Poetry}}</ref>

[[File:Sarojini Naidu Ashes.jpg|thumb|The ashes of [[Sarojini Naidu]] kept at Golden Threshold, Hyderabad before immersion]]
Golden Threshold was named after Sarojini Naidu's very first collection of poetry published in 1905. It now houses Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication of [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication|url=http://www.uohyd.ac.in/index.php/academics/2011-10-27-18-38-04/sarojini-naidu-school-of-arts-a-communication|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> The University of Hyderabad has plans to restore the dilapidated structure and transform Golden Threshold into a museum-cum-cultural centre.<ref name="NewIndExp1"/>

== History ==

=== University of Hyderabad (1975-present) ===
In 1974, [[Padmaja Naidu]] had donated it to the government to be used for educational purposes. In 1975, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] dedicated the Golden Threshold to its current owner, the University of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title=A historic home that shaped education in Hyderabad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/a-historic-home-that-shaped-education-in-hyderabad/article66763799.ece |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The social sciences and humanities programmes were run at the Golden Threshold. These were moved to the main campus in 1988. The Sarojini Naidu School of Arts and Communication ran at the premises till 2003.<ref name="NewIndExp1">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-14 |title=Golden Threshold is all set to be a thriving cultural hub |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/golden-threshold-sarojini-naidu/article29971930.ece |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Till recently Golden Threshold was listed as a protected heritage building under the Regulation 13 of the HMDA Act. As the Telangana Heritage Law does not incorporate the HMDA regulation, the Golden Threshold was stripped of its ‘protected’ tag. The building today is in a dilapidated condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/Aug/28/golden-threshold-vanishing-threshold-of-history-2025876.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|title=Golden Threshold: Vanishing threshold of history|first=Aihik|last=Sur|date=2019-08-29|access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Telangana]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Museums in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Sarojini Naidu]]

4th Hazara Pioneers

2026-03-11T18:08:24Z

Tonyrogers1123: small changes

{{Short description|British Indian Army regiment (1922–1932)}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 4th Hazara Pioneers <big>{{Nastaliq| هزاره پائیز }} </big>|
|image=4th hazara.jpg
|caption=
|dates= 1922 - 1932
|country= [[India]]
|allegiance=
|branch= [[British Indian Army]]
|type= [[Assault pioneer|Pioneer]]
|Uniforms =
|battle_honours=
|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
}}
{{Hazara people}}
The '''4th Hazara Pioneers''' (or '''Independent Pioneer Battalion'''<ref name="The Indian year book">{{cite book|title=The Indian year book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiwdAQAAMAAJ|access-date=29 March 2011|year=1933|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.}}</ref>) was a regiment of the British Indian Army formed in 1922, when the Indian army moved from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments; the [[106th Hazara Pioneers]] became the 1st Battalion 4th Hazara Pioneers.<ref name="Gaylor1992">{{cite book|author=John Gaylor|title=Sons of John Company: the Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903-91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gvfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 March 2011|year=1992|publisher=Spellmount|isbn=978-0-946771-98-1}}</ref> The 4th Hazara Pioneers were one of four Pioneer units in the 1922 reorganisation, including the [[1st Madras Pioneers]], [[2nd Bombay Pioneers]], and [[3rd Sikh Pioneers]].<ref name="Singh1993">{{cite book|author=Sarbans Singh|title=Battle honours of the Indian Army, 1757-1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 March 2011|year=1993|publisher=Vision Books}}</ref>

In 1929 the designation was changed to "The Hazara Pioneers"<ref>April 1932 Indian Army List</ref> and they were disbanded in 1932.

==See also==

*[[Hazara people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Hazara military personnel]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1922]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1932]]

{{UK-mil-unit-stub}}
{{India-mil-unit-stub}}

Bhojpuri language

2026-03-10T19:13:06Z

Tonyrogers1123: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to India and Nepal}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bhojpuri
| nativename = भोजपुरी · {{Script|Kthi|𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲}}
| image = Bhojpuri language.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| imagescale =
| states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| ethnicity = [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuriya]]
| region = [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]-[[Purvanchal]]
| agency = *[[India]]
**[[Bihar]] (Bhojpuri Academy)<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/new-chairman-of-bhojpuri-academy/articleshow/6447482.cms|title = New chairman of Bhojpuri Academy | Patna News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 28 August 2010|access-date = 21 April 2024|archive-date = 9 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230409203454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/new-chairman-of-bhojpuri-academy/articleshow/6447482.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
**[[Delhi]] ([[Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi]])
**[[Madhya Pradesh]] (Bhojpuri Sahitya Academy)
| nation = {{FIJ}} {{small|(as [[Fiji Hindi]])}}
| minority = {{IND}}
* [[Jharkhand]]<ref name="telegraph_jharkhandbihar_official">{{cite news|author=Sudhir Kumar Mishra|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bhojpuri-3-more-to-get-official-tag-217369|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204611/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bhojpuri-3-more-to-get-official-tag-217369|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2018|title=Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>
| speakers = {{sigfig|52.164405|3}} million, partial count
| date = 2011 census
| speakers2 = (additional speakers counted under Hindi)
| ref = <ref>{{cite news |date=2011 |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=8 |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120826/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2011 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2020/07/National-Population-and-Housing-Census-2011-Caste-ethnicity-and-mother-tongue.pdf |work=Census of Nepal |page=138 |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923053412/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2020/07/National-Population-and-Housing-Census-2011-Caste-ethnicity-and-mother-tongue.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| ancestor = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]
| ancestor3 = [[Abahattha]]
| dia1 = Northern Standard Bhojpuri
| dia2 = Western Standard Bhojpuri
| dia3 = Southern Standard Bhojpuri
| dia5 = Domra
| dia6 = Musahari
| dia7 = Mauritian Bhojpuri<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oozeerally|first1=Shameem|title=The Evolution of Mauritian Bhojpuri: an Ecological Analysis - Mauritius Institute of Education|date=March 2013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323772628|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
| dia8 = South African Bhojpuri {{small|{{small|(Naitali)}}}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rambilass|first1=B.|title=NAITALI - SOUTH AFRICAN BHOJPURI|url=http://www.indiandiasporacouncil.org/pdf/NAITALI-SOUTH-AFRICAN-BHOJPURI-by-B-Rambilass.pdf|website=indiandiasporacouncil.org|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918190623/http://www.indiandiasporacouncil.org/pdf/NAITALI-SOUTH-AFRICAN-BHOJPURI-by-B-Rambilass.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| script = {{unbulleted list
|[[Devanagari]]
|[[Kaithi]] (historical)
}}
| iso2 = bho
| iso3 = bho
| lingua = 59-AAF-sa
| notice = IPA
| glotto = bhoj1244
| glottorefname = Bhojpuric
| imagecaption = The word "Bhojpuri" in the [[Devanagari]] script
| map =
| mapcaption =
| map2 =
| mapcaption2 = Bhojpuri speakers in Mauritius (pink) along with Hindi and Urdu
| dia9 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
| altname =
| dia10 = [[Caribbean Hindustani]] (incl. [[Sarnami Hindustani]])
| dia11 =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Krishna speaking Bhojpuri.webm|thumb|A speaker of Bhojpuri]]

'''Bhojpuri''' (IPA: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|oʊ|dʒ|ˈ|p|ʊər|i}};<ref name="oxford">{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/bhojpuri |title=Bhojpuri entry, Oxford Dictionaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208140012/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/bhojpuri |archive-date=8 December 2015 |dictionary=Oxford University Press}}</ref> [[Devanagari]]: {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|भोजपुरी}}, [[Kaithi]]: {{Script|Kthi| 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲}}, ({{ipa|bho|bʰoːdʒpʊɾiː|ipa}})) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] native to the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]-[[Purvanchal]] region of [[India]] and the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]].<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> It is chiefly spoken in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], western [[Bihar]], and northwestern [[Jharkhand]] in India, as well as western [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]], eastern [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]]. According to the 2011 Census of India, it is spoken by approximately 50.5 million people.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Ojha |first=Atul Kr |title=English-Bhojpuri SMT System: Insights from the Karaka Model |date=6 May 2019 |arxiv=1905.02239 }}</ref>

It is also a minority language in [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Suriname]] and historically primarily in the [[Natal (province)|Natal]] province of [[South Africa]].<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikdPmwEACAAJ |title=A History of the Bhojpuri (or "Hindi") Language in South Africa |date=1985 |publisher=University of Cape Town |language=en}}</ref> [[Fiji Hindi]], an official language of Fiji, is a dialect of Bhojpuri spoken by the [[Indo-Fijians]]. [[Caribbean Hindustani]] is spoken by the [[Indo-Caribbean people]] in [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hns Hindustani, Caribbean] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113152633/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hns|date=13 January 2016}} Ethnologue (2013)</ref> In [[Mauritius]], it is recognised by the government and taught in university as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius Bhojpuri |url=https://www.mgirti.ac.mu/index.php/school-of-mauritian-and-area-studies/department-of-bhojpuri-folklore-oral-traditions}}</ref>

Bhojpuri language is listed as potentially [[vulnerable language|vulnerable]] in the [[UNESCO]] World Atlas of Languages.<ref name="UNESCO_bhoj"/>

==Name==
The oldest presence of the word "Bhojpuri" is found as ''Bodjpooria'' in 1789 in the translator's preface of a book titled ''A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin'', which is a translation of a [[Persian language|Persian]] book written in 1780 by [[Ghulam Hussain Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin |year=1789}}</ref> The paragraph in which reads:

{{Blockquote|text="Don't make so much noise" said of them in his Bhojpooria idiom, "we go to-day with the Frenghees, but we all are servant to [[Maharaja Chait Singh|Chëyt Singh]], and may come back tomorrow with him and then question will not be about your roots, but about your wives and daughters."|title=A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin|source=Translator's Preface}}

The word ''Bhojpuri'' is derived from [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]. After the conquest of [[Chero dynasty|Chero]] and [[Ujjainiya]] [[Rajput]]s in 12th century, who were the descendants of [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoj]] from [[Ujjain]], [[Malwa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] captured Shahabad and named their capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1871|pages=111–129}}</ref> The seat of their government was Bhojpur village which was near [[Dumraon]] in [[Buxar district|Buxar]]. Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress can still be seen. Slowly the word ''Bhojpur'' became the synonyms of the Shahabad or [[Arrah]] region (Today's [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], [[Buxar district|Buxar]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rennel|first=James|title=Bengal Atlas|year=1781}}</ref> and the adjective ''Bhojpuri'' or ''Bhojpuriya'' extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart from ''Bhojpuri'' in the Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to called ''Buxariya.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Irvine|first=William|title=The Army of the Indian Moghuls|year=1903|location=London|pages=168–169}}</ref> In Bengal, they called ''Paschhimas'' (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called them ''Deshwali'' or ''Khoṭṭa,'' in upper provinces like [[Oudh State|Oudh]] they called ''Purabiya.'' Besides these, ''Banarasi'', ''Chhaprahiya'', and ''Bangarahi'' has also used for the language and People. [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] has suggested two names for it i.e. ''Mallika'' or ''Malli'' (due to ancient tribe of [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]]) and ''Kashiki'' (due to ancient [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Udai Narayan|title=The Origin and Development of Bhojpuri|publisher=The Asiatic society|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The [[Girmityas]] who were taken to British colonies called it simply ''Hindustani'' or ''Hindi'' and it became ''[[Fiji Hindi]]'' in [[Fiji]] and ''[[Caribbean Hindustani]]'' in the [[Caribbean]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hua |first1=Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cliHDAAAQBAJ&dq=bhojpuri+in+fiji&pg=PA202 |title=Language Learning and Teaching as Social Inter-action |last2=Seedhouse |first2=P. |last3=Cook |first3=V. |last4=Wei |first4=L. |date=31 July 2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-59124-0 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, in [[South Africa]], while often locally referred to by speakers as 'Hindustani', the variety brought by indentured labourers who embarked at Calcutta was also known as ''''Kalkatia'''<nowiki/>'.<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32" />

==History==
Bhojpuri is a descendant of [[Magadhi Prakrit]]<ref name="Verma, Manindra K. 2003"/> which started taking shape during the reign of the [[Vardhana dynasty]]. [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]], in his [[Harshacharita]] has mentioned two poets named ''Isānchandra'' and ''Benibhārata'' who used to write in local language instead of [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Arjun|title=Bhojpuri Sāhitya ke itihāsa|publisher=Vishwavidyala Prakashan|year=2014|location=Varanasi|pages=35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cowell|first=Edward Byles|title=The Harsa-carita of Bana|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1897|location=London|pages=32}}</ref>

=== Initial period (700–1100 A.D.) ===
Some scholar enthusiasts like to trace the literary history of Bhojpuri from [[Natha Sampradaya|Siddha Sahitya]], as early as the 8th century A.D.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Arjun|title=Bhojpuri Sahtiya Ke Itihas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Narmadeshwar Sahay|title=Comprehensive History of Bihar (Bhojpuri Language and literature of Bihar)}}</ref>''.''{{Page needed|date=January 2025}} But it's not widely accepted.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=569 |language=en|quote=Some scholar enthusiasts like to trace the literary history of Bhojpuri from Siddha Sahitya itself, as early as 8th century A.D. (Upadhyay 1972:39). The so-called Bhojpuri forms that they may find that early may be nothing more than common developments shared by the whole northern complex of language-dialects stretching from the Midlands to the East.}}</ref>

=== 1100–1400 A.D. ===
Between the 11th and 14th centuries A.D., much Bhojpuri folklore such as [[Lorikayan]], ''Sorathi Birjabh'', Vijaymal, Gopichand, Raja Bharthariar came into existence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Vishwanatha|title=Yathopaari}}</ref> Alongside these, the [[Nath]] Saint composed literature in Bhojpuri. In this period, the Bhojpuri language altered and its regional boundaries were established.{{Sfn|Pandey|1986|p=41-42}}

=== Period of saints (1400–1700 A.D.) ===
In this era, saints from different sects such as [[Kabir]], [[Dharni Das]], [[Kina Ram (saint)|Kina Ram]] and [[Dariya Saheb]] used Bhojpuri as their language of discourse. In the same period Arabic and Persian words came into Bhojpuri. Folk songs are also said to have been composed in this era.{{Sfn|Pandey|1986|p=57-61}}

=== Early research period (1700–1900 A.D.) ===
{{Quote box
| title = A document of Horil Siha, the King of Bhojpur, dated 1728, script: Kaithi
| quote = Kaithi

{{Script|Kthi|𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂷𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂱 𑂩𑂱𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂠𑂶𑂞𑂹𑂨𑂢𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂉𑂢𑂵𑂞𑂹𑂨-𑂄𑂠𑂱 𑂥𑂱𑂥𑂱𑂡 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂠𑂫𑂪𑂲 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂧𑂢𑂷𑂢𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲 𑂧𑂰𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲-𑂔𑂱𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂰𑂢𑂰𑂧𑂹 𑂮𑂠𑂰 𑂮𑂧𑂩 𑂥𑂱𑂔𑂶𑂢𑂰𑃀 𑂄𑂏𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂄𑂏 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂄𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂍𑂆𑂪𑃀 𑂔𑂵 𑂍𑂵𑂇 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂃𑂏 𑂧𑂰𑂯 𑂄𑂫𑂵 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂵, 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂢𑂰𑂫 𑃁𑃀 ११३६ 𑂮𑂰𑂪 𑂧𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂧 𑂠𑂰𑂫𑂰 𑂡𑂳𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂞 १७८५ 𑂮𑂧𑂶 𑂢𑂰𑂧 𑂥𑂶𑂮𑂰𑂎 𑂮𑂳𑂠𑂱 𑂞𑂱𑂩𑂷𑂠𑂮𑂱 𑂩𑂷𑂔 𑂥𑂳𑂡𑃀 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂏𑂢𑂵 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩 𑂏𑂷𑂞𑂩 𑂮𑂫𑂢𑂍 𑂧𑂳𑂪 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂔𑂰𑂞𑂱 𑂣𑂰𑂫𑂰𑂩}}

{{Script|Kthi|𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂔𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪𑂰 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂍𑂆𑂪 𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞}}

Devnagari

स्वोस्ति स्रि रिपुराज दैत्यनाराएनेत्य-आदि बिबिध बिरदवली बिराजमान मनोनत स्री माहाराजाधिराज राजा स्री-जिव देव देवानाम् सदा समर बिजैना। आगे सुवंस पांड़े परा-आग के उपरोहित पाछिल राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु आपन उपरोहित कईल। जे केउ परा-अग माह आवे से सुवंस पांड़े के माने, उजेन नाव ॥। ११३६ साल मोकाम दावा धुस समत १७८५ समै नाम बैसाख सुदि तिरोदसि रोज बुध। प्रगने भोजपुर गोतर सवनक मुल उजेन जाति पावार

सुवंस जे पाछिला राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु कईल अपन उपरोहित

English Translation

The statement is that: Suvansa pande of Prayag is the priest of the past Rājās, so I also made him my priest. Whosoever among the Ujjen (Rajputs) comes to Prayag should have regard for him. Year 1136 place Dawa (The old place of the Rajas of Bhojpur, now a village) samat 1785 (A.D. 1728) date 13th of the bright part of Baisakha, Wednesday Paragana Bhojpur, Gotra Sawanak, origin Ujen, caste Pawara.

Suvans, who is the priest of the past Rājās, him I also made my priest.
| author = Horil Siha (King of Bhojpur)
| source = Origin and Development of Bhojpuri, pp 218-219
}}
In this period the British established themselves as the colonial power in India, and scholars from Britain conducted the first academic study of Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri folk literature was researched, and the Bhojpuri region was mapped for the first time. In this period Bhojpuri became an international language.{{Sfn|Pandey|1986|p=105}} Between 1838 and 1917 labourers from the Bhojpuri region were taken to [[British colony|British Colonies]] like [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[South Africa]], as well as the Dutch colony of [[Suriname]] as plantation workers. Linguistic analysis of the South African context indicates that while the majority of migrants arriving via [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (1860-1911) originated from Bhojpuri-speaking areas of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, there was also a substantial presence of speakers from Awadhi-speaking regions. This resulted in a process of language coalescence and the formation of a distinct '''koiné variety''' of Bhojpuri in South Africa, influenced by contact between these related dialects.<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32" /> Music genres based on [[Bhojpuri folk music]] such as [[Chutney music]], [[Baithak Gana]], Geet Gawanai and Lok Geet arose in those countries.<ref name="eco">{{cite news|title=The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21727896-century-after-india-ended-system-indentured-labour-its-diaspora-building|access-date=2 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2 September 2017|archive-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901212224/https://www.economist.com/news/international/21727896-century-after-india-ended-system-indentured-labour-its-diaspora-building|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Arrival Day|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Indian-Arrival-Day|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091036/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Indian-Arrival-Day|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[Caribbean]], particularly [[Trinidad]], the evolution from Bhojpuri folk traditions performed at weddings led to the development of [[Chutney music]] as a distinct genre, often incorporating English lyrics and Soca rhythms alongside Bhojpuri elements.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=ORAL LITERARY WORLDS (Chapter 4) |editor-last=Marzagora |editor-first=Sara |pages=145–165 |language=En}}</ref>

[[File:Paramaribo - Kleine Combeweg - Baba en Mai 20160922.jpg|thumb|Statue named '''Baba en Maai''' commemorating the arrival of first Indian couple in [[Suriname]]<ref name="kloosterbakker">Olga van der Klooster & Michel Bakker, ''Architectuur en bouwcultuur in Suriname'' (2009). KIT Publishers. {{ISBN|978-90-6832-531-7}}. Blz. 329-330.</ref>]]

British scholars like Buchanan, [[John Beames|Beames]] and [[George Abraham Grierson]] studied the language in details. Beames published the grammar of Bhojpuri for the first time in 1868. [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson]] compiled and published the folksongs of Bhojpuri in 1884. He published the folklore of Bhojpuri and also made the dictionaries in Bhojpuri. He also conducted the [[Linguistic Survey of India]].{{Sfn|Pandey|1986|p=101-111}} In his work, Grierson characterised Bhojpuri as "''a practical language of an energetic race''"<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Vidyarthi |first=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3TqmBoQnf4C&dq=%22bhojpuri%22&pg=PA375 |title=Rise of Anthropology in India: A Social Science Orientation |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

=== Present period (1900–present) ===
In the 19th century, notable works like [[Devakshara Charita]], [[Badmash Darpan]] were published. In the 20th century, [[Bhikhari Thakur]] contributed significantly to [[Bhojpuri literature]] and theatre with his notable plays like [[Bidesiya (play)|Bidesiya]], [[Beti Bechwa]], [[Gabarghichor]] and novels like ''Bindia'' and ''Phulsunghi'' were published. In 1962, the first Bhojpuri film, ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' was released and became the founding stone of the [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri film industry]].

Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi.<ref name="UNESCO_bhoj">{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/bhojpuri |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119111443/https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/bhojpuri |url-status=dead }}</ref> Words like ''Bujhã'' are being replaced by Hindi words like ''Samjhã''.<ref name="Gambhir 1983 28–38">{{Cite journal |last=Gambhir |first=Surendra K. |date=1983 |title=Diglossia in Dying Languages: A Case Study of Guyanese Bhojpuri and Standard Hindi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027654 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=28–38 |jstor=30027654 |issn=0003-5483 |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414065416/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027654 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=Dinesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-1135797102}}</ref> and borders the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]-speaking region to the west, the [[Nepali language|Nepali]]-speaking region to the north, the [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Bajjika language|Bajjika]]-speaking regions to the east and the [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]-speaking regions to the south.<ref name=eth2009/> In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language in south-western districts bordering Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="ucla" /> There are a number of Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims that are part of the [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]] community in [[Pakistan]], as well as in [[Bangladesh]], where they are referred to as [[Stranded Pakistanis]] due to them speaking Bhojpuri and [[Urdu]] as their native tongue and not Bengali as most Bangladeshis do. They migrated to Bangladesh there during the [[Partition of India]] when the area was part of [[East Pakistan]], before gaining independence as Bangladesh.

[[File:East Indian Coolies in Trinidad - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg|thumb|Arrival of Bhojpuri speaking people in Trinidad and Tobago]]
Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of [[Indentured servant|indentured labourers]] brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live in [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[South Africa]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], and other parts of the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32"/><ref name=ucla/><ref>{{cite web|title=Forced Labour|year=2010|publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204015712/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm|archive-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> In South Africa, speakers were historically concentrated in the Natal province. However, the language experienced significant decline throughout the 20th century, undergoing language shift towards English, with intergenerational transmission largely ceasing by the late 1900s. This South African variety also experienced language contact effects from [[English language|English]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], and [[Fanagalo]].<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32" /> In Mauritius, music is considered a primary vehicle for maintaining the language, with songs often reflecting adaptation to new environments and mixing Bhojpuri with [[Mauritian Creole]]. In [[Trinidad and Tobago]], while [[Caribbean Hindustani]] remains, popular music forms like Chutney often feature significant English admixture, reflecting linguistic creolisation, as exemplified by artists like [[Sundar Popo]].<ref name=":1" />


== Classification ==
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow]]
Bhojpuri is an [[Indo-European language]] and belongs to the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan group]] of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. The Magahi and Maithili languages of [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan group]] are closest living relatives of Bhojpuri. [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] are also closely related.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dept|first=West Bengal (India) Information and Public Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JITKDDK11M4C&q=Bhojpuri+and+Bengali|title=Introducing West Bengal|date=1976|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of West Bengal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tuṅga|first=Sudhāṃśu Śekhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRRYBHQvXdsC&q=Bhojpuri+and+Bengali&pg=PA79|title=Bengali and Other Related Dialects of South Assam|date=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-588-3|language=en}}</ref> Bhojpuri along with Magahi and Maithili, are grouped together as the [[Bihari languages]]. Together with the other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Bihari languages are considered to be direct descendants of the [[Magadhi Prakrit]].

Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Odia language|Odia]]. For example, the pronunciation of the vowel ''a'' is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like ''o'' in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from the sharp cut ''a'' in Middle Indo-Aryan.{{clarify|reason=What are the IPA symbols for these sounds?|date=July 2022}} In Bhojpuri, the clear cut ''a'' and the drawled ''a,'' which sounds like ''aw'' in the word ''awl''{{clarify|reason=What is the IPA symbol for this sound? The word cited is pronounced differently in different dialects of English.|date=July 2022}} are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Shruti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35jAAAAMAAJ&q=Similar|title=A Comparative Study of Bhojpuri and Bengali|date=2003|publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7124-343-3|pages=122|language=en}}</ref> This drawled ''a'' is represented by [[Avagraha]] (ऽ), for instance, the word ''dekh'la'', you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ.<ref>Other proposed methods to represent the drawled "a" sound are, देख'ल', देखःलः and देखअलअ.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}</ref> Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives does not change with the noun. For instance, ''moṭā'' is the feminine form of ''moṭī'' in Hindi. However, as with Bengali, in Bhojpuri, only ''moṭ'' is used. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -l''a'' and ''-ba'' respectively to the verb. Form example, ''I shall See'', in Bengali is ''dekh-bo'' and in Bhojpuri is ''dekh-ab''.<ref name=":2" />

Some scholars has also divided the East Indo Aryan or ''Magadhan'' languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varmā|first=Śīlā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qndjAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhojpuri+magahi+Maithili|title=The Structure of the Magahi Verb|date=1985|publisher=Manohar|pages=6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I34LAQAAMAAJ&q=western+Magadhan|title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL.|date=2008|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1RbjdP6nrgC&q=western+Magadhan|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1983|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-400-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yAKAQAAIAAJ&q=western+Magadhan|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|pages=358|language=en}}</ref> Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are:<ref name=":2" />

*''raürā'' or ''raüwā'' as an honorfic pronoun for second person along with the ''apne'' form is used Bhojpuri. ''apne'' form is their in other Magadhan Languages but ''raüwā'' is totally absent.
* Verb substantive in other Magadhan language is of ''-acch'' for but Bhojpuri has ''-baṭe'' and ''hawe''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Study|first=Indian Institute of Advanced|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_M7AQAAIAAJ&q='bate'|title=Transactions|date=1969|publisher=R. Nivas.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBzaAAAAMAAJ&q=bate+|title=Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology|date=1971|publisher=Indian Publications|language=en}}</ref>
* The simple present is made by Bhojpuri by adding a suffix starting from ''-la'' with the verb, but this is totally absent in the other languages of Magadhan group. Hence, ''he sees'', is ''dēkhe-lā'' in Bhojpuri but in but ''dekhait-chhi'' in Maithili and ''dekhechhi'' in Bengali.

==Dialects==
Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri,<ref name=dsal1>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/6968AK Parable of the prodigal son in Benares Bhojpuri] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101536/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/6968AK |date=4 March 2016 }}, A Recording in May 1920 by Rajaji Gupta, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA</ref> and Nagpuria Bhojpuri.<ref name=dsal2>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/6588AK Parable of the prodigal son in Nagpuria Bhojpuri] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210005/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/6588AK |date=4 March 2016 }}, A Recording in 1920 by Shiva Sahay Lal, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA</ref><ref name=ucla>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=133 Bhojpuri] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225194746/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=133 |date=25 February 2014 }} Language Materials Project, University of California, Los Angeles, United States</ref>

Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent in the [[Shahabad district]] ([[Buxar]], [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]], [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]], and [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] districts) and the [[Saran division|Saran]] region ([[Saran district|Saran]], [[Siwan District|Siwan]] and [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] districts) in Bihar, the eastern [[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]] ([[Ballia]] and eastern [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] districts) and [[Varanasi division|Varanasi]] (eastern part of [[Ghazipur]] district) regions in Uttar Pradesh, and in the Palamu division ([[Palamu district|Palamu]] and [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]] districts) in Jharkhand. The dialect is also known as ''Kharwari''.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western [[Tirhut division]] (east and west [[Champaran]] and in Muzaffarpur district) in Bihar, and [[Gorakhpur division]] ([[Deoria district|Deoria]], [[Kushinagar]], [[Gorakhpur]], and [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] districts) and [[Basti division]] ( [[Siddharthnagar district|Sidharthanagar]], and [[Sant Kabir Nagar]] districts) in Uttar Pradesh. It is also spoken in Nepal.<ref name=ss1981>Shaligram Shukla (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Georgetown University School of Language, {{ISBN|978-0878401895}}</ref>

Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of [[Varanasi division|Varanasi]] ([[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]], eastern [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], and the western part of Ghazipur district), [[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]] ([[Azamgarh district]], western part of [[Mau district]]) and [[Mirzapur division|Mirzapur]] ([[Chunar]] of eastern [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]] and [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] districts) divisions in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&dq=Mirzapur+district+Bhojpuri+language&pg=PA518 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Jain |first2=Dhanesh K. |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |language=en}}</ref> Banarasi is a local name for Bhojpuri, named after [[Banaras]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuria Bhojpuri]] is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] of [[Jharkhand]], particularly parts of [[Palamu division|Palamu]], [[South Chotanagpur division|South Chotanagpur]] and [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] divisions. It is sometimes referred to as ''Sadari''.<ref>[[Monika Boehm-Tettelbach|Monika Horstmann]] (1969), Sadari, Indologia Berolinensis, Otto Harrassowitz – Wiesbaden, Germany, pp 176–180</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel-Horstmann |first=M. |date=1969 |title=Sadani : a Bhojpuri dialect spoken in Chotanagpur |s2cid=127410862 |language=en}}</ref>

A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri.

=== Mauritian Bhojpuri ===
Bhojpuri is a major language spoken by Indo-Mauritians, as the majority of the nearly 450,000 indentured labourers who arrived in Mauritius between 1834 and the early 1900s were Bhojpuri speakers who did not return to India. The speech that evolved in [[Mauritius]] is not based on a single dialect, but is rather a blend of several varieties of Indian Bhojpuri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Michaelis |first=Susanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&dq=%22bhojpuri%22&pg=PA174 |title=Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates |date=2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-5255-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Over time, Mauritian Bhojpuri has undergone grammatical simplification when compared to its Indian counterpart. The most notable change is in the system of personal pronouns and honorifics. The multiple levels of honorifics (e.g., formal ''ap'', informal ''tu'') found in Indian Bhojpuri have been reduced, with Mauritian Bhojpuri primarily using a single form, ''tou'', for "you". Similarly, the second and third-person plural pronouns have been simplified.<ref name=":5" />

In present Mauritius, the language exists in a complex relationship with [[Mauritian Creole]] and [[Hindi]]. There is a degree of mutual intelligibility with Hindi, partly due to the teaching of Hindi in schools and access to Hindi-language television. Mauritian Bhojpuri has also been influenced by Mauritian Creole, particularly in its sentence structure and through lexical borrowing, with younger and more urban speakers tending to use more Creole words. The influence is bidirectional; it has been documented that Mauritian Creole has borrowed more than 300 words from Indo-Aryan languages, the majority of which are likely from Bhojpuri.<ref name=":5" />

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Vowels<ref name="rlt" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Gopal |title=A Grammar of Bhojpuri |year=2020 |pages=82 |language=English}}</ref>
! !![[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ɪ}}|| ||colspan="2"|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}|| ||{{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|ə}}
|
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| ||{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|æ}} || {{IPA link|a}} ||
|}

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonants<ref name="rlt" />
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! ([[Dental consonant|Denti-]]) [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! ([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant| palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[breathy voice]]d}}
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| || ||
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! {{small|plain}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
| || ||
|-
! {{small|[[breathy]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɾʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɽʱ}}
| || ||
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}} ~ {{IPA link|ʋ}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Among the seven languages which are [[Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistically]] often counted as [[Hindi dialects]] (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Kannauji),<ref name="autorefA">Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali, [http://www.icphs2011.hk/resources/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Mishra/Mishra.pdf A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170926/http://www.icphs2011.hk/resources/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Mishra/Mishra.pdf|date=1 February 2014}}, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390</ref> Bhojpuri has the most [[Allophone|allophonic]] variations in [[vowels]].<ref>Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali, [http://www.icphs2011.hk/resources/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Mishra/Mishra.pdf A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170926/http://www.icphs2011.hk/resources/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Mishra/Mishra.pdf |date=1 February 2014 }}, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390–1393</ref>

Bhojpuri has 6 vowel [[phoneme]]s<ref name="Verma, Manindra K. 2003"/> and 10 [[vocoids]]. The higher vowels are relatively tense, and the lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 [[consonant]] phonemes and 34 [[contoid]]s (6 [[Bilabial consonant|bilabial]], 4 apico-dental, 5 [[apico-alveolar]], 7 [[Retroflex consonant|retroflex]], 6 [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveo-palatal]], 5 [[dorso-velar]], and 1 [[Glottal consonant|glottal]]).<ref name="rlt" /> 

[[Linguist]] Robert L. Trammell published the phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971.<ref name="rlt">{{Cite journal |jstor=30029290|title=The Phonology of the Northern Standard Dialect of Bhojpuri|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=13|issue=4|pages=126–141|last1=Trammell|first1=Robert L.|year=1971}}</ref><ref name="Verma, Manindra K. 2003">Verma, Manindra K. (2003), Bhojpuri, In Cardona et al. (Editors), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 515–537. London: Routledge</ref> According to him, the [[syllable]] system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of [[Sonority hierarchy|sonority]]. [[Coda (syllable)|Codas]] may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in [[diphthong]]s. The [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours.<ref name="rlt" /><ref>Shukla, Shaligram (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Washington, D. C., Georgetown University Press</ref>

Word-stress in Bhojpuri is phonemic, meaning the placement of stress can change the meaning of a word. For example, the noun सौटा /ˈsota/ ('a short stick') is distinguished from the verb सोटा /soˈta/ ('to be slim') solely by the shift in stress. Additionally, it contains a series of devoicing aspirate [[sonorant]]s (such as म्ह /mʱ/, न्ह /nʱ/) that function as independent phonemes, distinct from their unaspirated counterparts (like /m/ and /n/).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Arun Kumar |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhishek |last3=Kumar |first3=Mohit |last4=Yadav |first4=Divakar |date=2024-07-04 |title=Semantic proximity assessment in Bhojpuri and Maithili: a word embedding perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-024-01287-w |journal=Social Network Analysis and Mining |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=130 |doi=10.1007/s13278-024-01287-w |issn=1869-5469|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Grammar==
{{main|Bhojpuri grammar}}

Linguistically, Bhojpuri is an inflecting and almost entirely suffixing language. Nouns are inflected for case, number, and gender, while verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, and person-number-gender agreement. A notable feature is its system of verbal honorifics, which marks politeness towards the subject directly in the verb form. Syntactically, Bhojpuri is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language, though it allows for considerable free word-order.<ref name=":7" /> Unlike Hindi, it uses a nominative-accusative case system, does not have an oblique case.<ref name=":7" />

According to [[George Abraham Grierson]], the grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=G.A.|title=Linguistic Survey of India. Vol V. Part II|year=1902}}</ref> Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix ''-na'' or ''ni'' with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as ''sabh'' (all) or ''lōg'' (people).

Examples:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Definition
!Singular Form
!Plural Form
|-
|House
|ghar
|gharan
|-
|Horse
|ghoṛā
|ghoṛan
|-
|Boy
|laïkā
|laïkan/laïka sabh
|-
|King
|rājā
|rājā lōg
|}

Except few instances the [[Verb form]]s of Bhojpuri depend only on the subject and the object has no effect on it. Unlike other [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], Bhojpuri has a different verb form for the present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms of [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. It is formed by adding the suffix ''-lā'' to the present subjunctive. Therefore, for the verb ''to see'' the Bhojpuri verb is ''dekhe'' and the present form is ''dhekhelā'', which is peculiar to itself and is not found in other languages of the same family like [[Magahi language|Magahi]] (dekhaït haï), [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (dekhaït achi) and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is considered vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form ({{lang|bho-Latn|dekhab'}}) is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form ({{lang|bho-Latn|dekhab}}; I will see) is used instead of second person plural ({{lang|bho-Latn|dekhab'}}). To show plural number the suffix ''-sa'<nowiki/>'' or ''-ja'' is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thus ''dekhe-la'-sa'' is ''they see''. The present perfect form is made by adding ''ha''' to the past form. Thus, ''ham dekh'li'' (I saw) is the past from and its present perfect form is ''{{lang|bho-Latn|ham dekh'li ha'}}'' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix ''-al'' to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms like ''kar (kail)'', ''mar'' ''(mual)'' etc.<ref name=":2" />

[[Bhojpuri numerals|Numerals of Bhojpuri]] take the classifier ''gō'' and ''ṭhō'', which emphasises the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes ''-o'' and ''-e'' as in ''ham āmo khāïb'' (I will eat mangoes too) verses ''ham āme khāïb'' (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Dinesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last2=Cardona|first2=George|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=9781135797119}}</ref>

The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ''ha'', ''ho'', ''hokh'', ''bāṭ'', ''rah''. These also act as the [[Copula (linguistics)|Copula]]. The ''bāṭ'' form provides for the tenses and the ''hokh'' or ''ho'' form provides for the modes, where as ''rah'' is the past of other three.<ref name=":3" />

==Writing system==
[[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]]
Bhojpuri was historically written in [[Kaithi]] script,<ref name=eth2009/> but since 1894 [[Devanagari]] has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified variants are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant is used for writing Bhojpuri.<ref name=":2" /> Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri.

Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the [[Mughal era]] for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers{{who|date=January 2020}} report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts.<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32">Rajend Mesthrie, ''Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa'', Routledge, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0415064040}}, pages 30–32</ref>

[[File:Kaithi signboard.jpg|thumb|right|Signboard at Purbi Gumti Arrah with "Lock no. 11" written on the board in Bhojpuri using [[Kaithi|Kaithi Script]] (on the left side), [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]] (on the right side) and [[Roman script]] (above).]]

By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari was sometimes spelled as ''Devanagri''. In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari.<ref>Sarita Boodho, ''Bhojpuri traditions in Mauritius'', Mauritius Bhojpuri Institute, 1999, {{ISBN|978-9990390216}}, pages 47–48 and 85–92</ref>

==Politeness==
{{self-contradictory|about=the number of levels of politeness|date=July 2022}}
Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] through these tiers. The verb ''to come'' in Bhojpuri is ''aail'' and the verb ''to speak'' is ''bolal''. The [[Imperative mood|imperatives]] ''come!'' and ''speak!'' can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of [[auxiliary verb]]s and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.

{{plain row headers}}
{| class="wikitable plain-row-headers"
|-
! scope=row | Literary
| [teh] āō
| [teh] bōl
|-
! scope=row | Casual and intimate
| [tu] āō || [tu] bōl
|-
! scope=row | Polite and intimate
| [tu] āv' || [tu] bōl'
|-
! scope=row | Formal yet intimate
| [rau'ā] āīñ || [rau'ā] bōlīñ
|-
! scope=row | Polite and formal
| [āpne] āīñ || [āpne] bōlīñ
|-
! scope=row | Extremely formal
| āwal jā'e || bōlal jā'e
|}

Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective ''your'' has several forms with different tones of politeness: ''tum'' (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), ''rā'ur'' (polite and formal) and ''āpke'' (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use the form ''tu'' to address a younger individual and ''raua'' for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations.

== Status ==
Greater official recognition of Bhojpuri, such as by inclusion in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]], has been demanded.{{by whom|date=January 2020}}<ref name="bh">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3429620.ece|title=Chidambaram speaks a surprise|date=17 May 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 June 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520172134/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3429620.ece|archive-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> In 2018, Bhojpuri was given second-language status in Jharkhand state of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|access-date=17 December 2019|work=Avenue Mail|date=21 March 2018|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhojpuri is taught in matriculation and at the higher secondary level in the [[Bihar School Examination Board|Bihar School Education Board]] and the [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} It is also taught in various universities in India, such as [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vksu.ac.in/new/bhojpuri/|title=Bhojpuri|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170106/https://vksu.ac.in/new/bhojpuri/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Banaras Hindu University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/arts/bhojpuri/pc.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718084839/http://bhu.ac.in/arts/bhojpuri/pc.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2014|title=Banaras Hindu University, Faculty of Arts, bhojpuri addhyan kendra Varanasi|website=www.bhu.ac.in|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> [[Nalanda Open University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/notices/Schools/school%20of%20language/content%20for%20website%20for%20Certificate%20course%20in%20Bhojpuri.pdf|title=Bhojpuri in NOU|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228073002/http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/notices/Schools/school%20of%20language/content%20for%20website%20for%20Certificate%20course%20in%20Bhojpuri.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dsmru.up.nic.in/User/course.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516181428/http://dsmru.up.nic.in/User/course.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the digital and technology spheres, Bhojpuri was long considered a "low-resource language" due to a scarcity of standardised digital data and advanced computational tools. Early academic efforts, such as doctoral research at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 2018, focused on creating the first large-scale digital corpora (text collections) and experimental machine translation systems to begin addressing this gap.<ref name=":7" />

A major milestone in the language's digital presence occurred in May 2022, when [[Google Translate]] officially added Bhojpuri to its platform. This significantly improved the language's accessibility and utility for millions of speakers globally. Despite this progress, challenges remain in developing more advanced NLP applications due to wide dialectal variations and the lack of a single, universally adopted standard for writing the language.<ref name=":8" />

== Sociolinguistic Context ==

=== Bilingualism and Code-Switching ===
Due to the prevalence of [[Hindi]] as the formal language of education and media, a majority of Bhojpuri speakers are [[bilingual]]. This has led to frequent code-switching and the emergence of a mixed language variety sometimes referred to as Bhojpuri-Hindi. For many speakers, Bhojpuri remains the dominant language of the home and informal settings, used for understanding, expression, and inner thought. Hindi, however, is often preferred in formal situations or urban environments, sometimes as a means of showing social status. This dynamic is a central aspect of the language's current context, with some scholars questioning whether it will lead to a new mixed language or the gradual decline of Bhojpuri in certain domains.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Alatis |first1=James E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljumbfV_7y0C&dq=%22bhojpuri%22&pg=PA319 |title=Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT) 1999: Language in Our Time: Bilingual Education and Official English, Ebonics and Standard English, Immigration and the Unz Initiative |last2=Tan |first2=Ai-Hui |date=7 September 2001 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-854-9 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Linguistic Tensions ===
The close interaction between Bhojpuri and Hindi has sometimes led to linguistic tension and activism. A notable example occurred in the Bhojpuri-speaking areas of [[Patna]] in the 1960s with the '''"ne-hatao aandolan" (remove 'ne' movement)'''. This movement was a direct reaction against the Hindi grammatical particle ''ne'' (a marker for the agent in certain past-tense constructions), which is absent in Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri speakers found this particle "unnecessary and revolted against its use," organising demonstrations with banners and loudspeakers demanding its removal from Hindi. While the movement was viewed as humorous by some outsiders, it represented a serious assertion of Bhojpuri linguistic identity.<ref name=":4" />

=== Grammatical and Lexical Transfers ===
The influence of Bhojpuri is evident in the Hindi spoken by bilinguals, who often transfer grammatical features and vocabulary from their native tongue. Some common transfers are:

* '''Use of the definite noun suffix <code>-wa</code>''': For example, using <code>laikwa</code> (the boy) in Hindi instead of the standard Hindi <code>laṛka</code>.
* '''Substitution of adverbs and interrogatives''': Using Bhojpuri words like <code>lage</code> (near) in place of the Hindi <code>pa:s</code>.
* '''Lexical transfer''': Introducing Bhojpuri words into Hindi, which can sometimes lead to a narrowing of the Hindi word's meaning. For example, using the Bhojpuri word for a mature jack-fruit, <code>kaTahar</code>, may lead to the Hindi word being used in a more specific sense.

==Literature==


{{main|Bhojpuri literature}}
[[File:Badmash Darpan (cover).jpg|thumb|Cover page of [[Badmash Darpan]] by [[Teg Ali Teg]]]]
[[Lorikayan]], the story of [[Veer Lorik]] contains Bhojpuri folklore from Eastern Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75e5RRqIhMQC&q=lorik+ahir&pg=PA8 |title=Traditions of heroic and epic poetry |date=4 December 1969 |access-date=27 February 2014|isbn=9780900547720 |last1=Auty |first1=Robert }}</ref> [[Bhikhari Thakur]]'s [[Bidesiya (play)|Bidesiya]] is a play, written as a book. ''Phool Daliya'' is a well-known book by [[Prasiddha Narayan Singh]]. It comprises poems of ''veer ras'' (A style of writing) on the theme of ''azaadi'' (''Freedom'') about his experiences in the [[Quit India movement]] and India's struggle with poverty after the country gained independence.

Although Bhojpuri is not one of the established literary languages of India, it has a strong tradition of oral literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mustgo.com/ |title=Bhojpuri |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129164832/https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/bhojpuri/?amp |archive-date=29 January 2023 }}</ref> This "persistent orality" continues in the diaspora, where the language often thrives more through performance, particularly song and music (like folk songs and Chutney), than through formal print literature, adapting across multiple media platforms like radio, recordings, and digital formats.<ref name=":1" />

The oral traditions of Bhojpuri have been a topic of academic research. In the 20th century, scholars documented and analysed the region's folklore. [[W.G. Archer]] published collections of folk songs, as did Durga Shankar Prasad Singh, whose work was primarily sourced from women in the [[Shahabad district]]. Other researchers like Satya Vrata Sinha focused on the academic classification of folktales. Thematic analysis was also conducted; for instance, V.S. Gautam wrote about the role of folk songs such as ''Bidesiya'' in the development of national consciousness during the colonial period.<ref name=":6" />

==Media==
The first journal to be published in Bhojpuri was Bagsar Samāchar which was published in 1915, but was closed in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=2004 |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZQAQAAMAAJ&q=bagsar+samachar+bhojpuri+1915|quote=The first quarterly in Bhojpuri Bagsar Samachar came up in 1915 but was closed down in 1918}}</ref> The first Bhojpuri weekly was published on 15 August 1947. Bhojpuri journalism rose massively in the 1960s and 1970s. Prominent publications from this era include Anjor, published by the ''Bhojpuri Parivar'' organisation in Patna, and journals from ''Bhojpuri Mandal'' (Motihari) and ''Bhojpuri Samaj'' (Arrah). Another important folkloric journal was Purvaiya from Varanasi..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Minakshi |date=2023 |title=Debunking the Myth of the Standard: Development of Hindi in Bihar |journal=International Journal of English and Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=10}}</ref> Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Several Bhojpuri newspapers are available locally in [[northern India]]. ''Parichhan'' is a contemporary literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by a Maithili-Bhojpuri academy and the government of [[Delhi]], and edited by [[Parichay Das]]. ''The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130031143/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bh/|url-status=dead|title=Today Bhojpuri Newspaper Update Headlines India- The Sunday Indian Online Magazine – The Sunday Indian|archive-date=30 January 2014|website=www.thesundayindian.com|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> is a regular national news magazine in Bhojpuri. ''Aakhar'' is a monthly online Bhojpuri literature magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aakhar.com |title=आखर भोजपुरी पत्रिका Aakhar Bhojpuri Magazine |access-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153456/http://www.aakhar.com/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Other media in Bhojpuri include ''Lok Lucknow'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rni.nic.in/display_language.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225130153/http://rni.nic.in/display_language.asp |archive-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> and the channels [[Mahuaa TV]] and [[Hamar TV]]. [[Bhojpuri Wikipedia]] was launched in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Study on the Usage of Internet by Working Women of Vadodara City for Performing Their Household Responsibilities|publisher=Anchor Academic Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-3960675518}}</ref> On 22 May 2022, [[Google Translate]] added Bhojpuri as one of their languages.<ref name=":8">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | title=Google Translate now supports Sanskrit and Bhojpuri | date=11 May 2022 | access-date=3 November 2022 | archive-date=3 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
Bhojpuri vocabularies have similarity with other Indo Aryan languages and also have loanwords from Persian. Tiwari has classified the words of Bhojpuri in to 6 parts:{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=xliv}}

* Words of [[Sanskrit]] origin
* Words with untraceable origin
* Words borrowed from other Indo-Aryan Languages
* Sanskrit words either in original or modified form
* Words of non-Aryan Indian origin
* Foreign origin (Arabic, British etc.)

Words of Persian origin are roughly classified under the following head:{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=xlv}}

* Words pertaining to kingly states: amīr, kābū, hajūr
* Words relating to Revenue, Administration and Law: darogā, hak, huliyā
* Words relating to Islam: Allāh, tobā, mahjid
* Words of intellectual culture, music, education: ilīm, ijjat, munsi
* Words of material culture: kāgaj, kismis, sāl

Since Bengal has been one of the greatest centre for Bhojpuri-speaking people, Bhojpuri has taken a number of words from [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It is also probable that words of European origin came to Bhojpuri through Bengali.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=xlvi}} The specific vocabulary of South African Bhojpuri also reflects contact with other languages prevalent in the region, notably incorporating loanwords from Zulu and the pidgin Fanagalo, alongside English.<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32" />

===Weekdays===
{| class="wikitable" border = 1
|-
! English
! Bhojpuri (Latin script)
! भोजपुरी (देवनागरी लिखाई)
|-
|Sunday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Eitwaar}}
|एतवार
|-
|Monday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Somaar}}
|सोमार
|-
|Tuesday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Mangar}}
|मंगर
|-
|Wednesday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Budhh}}
|बुध
|-
|Thursday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Biphey}}
|बियफे
|-
|Friday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Shuk}}
|शुक
|-
|Saturday
|{{lang|bho-Latn|Sanichar}}
|सनिचर
|}

===Common phrases===
{| class="wikitable" border = 1
|-
! English
! Bhojpuri
|-
|Hello
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Raam Raam / Parnaam|राम राम / परनाम|}}
|-
|Welcome/Please come in
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Aain na|आईं ना|}}
|-
|How are you?
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Ka haal ba? / Kaisan hava?|का हाल बा? / कइसन हवऽ?|}}
|-
|I'm good. And you? / We're good. And you
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Hum theek baani. Aur rauwa? / Humni theek hañi. Aur aap?|हम ठीक बानी। अउर रउवा? / हमनी ठीक हईं। अउर आप?|}}
|-
|What is your name?
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Tohaar naav ka ha? / Raur naav ka ha?|तोहार नाँव का ह? / राउर नाँव का ह?|}}
|-
|My name is ...
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Hamar naav ... ha|हमार नाँव ... ह|}}
|-
|What's up?
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Kaa howat aa?|का होवत आ?|}}
|-
|I love you
|{{interlinear|lang=bho|Hum tohse pyaar kareni / Hum tohra se pyaar kareni|हम तोहसे प्यार करेनी / हम तोहरा से प्यार करेनी|}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Number
! English !! Bhojpuri
|-
| 1= one || १= {{lang|bho-Latn|ek}} = एक
|-
| 2= two || २= {{lang|bho-Latn|du}} = दु
|-
| 3= three || ३= {{lang|bho-Latn|teen}} =तीन
|-
| 4= four || ४= {{lang|bho-Latn|char}} = चार
|-
| 5= five || ५= {{lang|bho-Latn|pan}} = पान
|-
| 6= six || ६= {{lang|bho-Latn|chhav}} = छव
|-
| 7= seven || ७= {{lang|bho-Latn|sat}} = सात
|-
| 8= eight || ८= {{lang|bho-Latn|aath}} = आठ
|-
| 9= nine || ९= {{lang|bho-Latn|nav}} = नव
|-
| 10= ten || १०= {{lang|bho-Latn|das}} = दस
|-
| 100= one hundred || १००= {{lang|bho-Latn|ek say}} = एक सव
|-
| 500= five hundred || ५००= {{lang|bho-Latn|pan say}} = पान सव
|-
| 1000= one thousand || १०००= {{lang|bho-Latn|ek hajar}} = एक हजार
|}

===Words of English origin===
* atharāiṭīs (𑂃𑂟𑂩𑂰𑂅𑂗𑂲𑂮/अथराइटीस): From [[Arthritis]].<ref name=":0" />
* afkaran (𑂃𑂤𑂺𑂍𑂩𑂢/अफ़करन): Used in ''South African Bhojpuri,'' Borrowed from English phrase "Half a Crown".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22bhojpuri%22+%22word%22+%22english%22+%22loanword%22&pg=PA91 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* askūṭara (𑂃𑂮𑂹𑂍𑂴𑂗𑂩/अस्कूटर): From [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]].<ref name=":03" />
* asaṭāṭ (𑂃𑂮𑂗𑂰𑂗/असटाट): From English verb '''''Start'''''. ''sṭāṭ'' ''is'' used in South Aftican Bhojpuri. It was borrowed in sense of starting a [[Motor vehicle]] or any other mechanical device.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last1=Barz |first1=Richard Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMns1oU3n14C&dq=%22bhojpuri%22+%22word%22+%22english%22+%22loanword%22&pg=PA162 |title=Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi |last2=Siegel |first2=Jeff |date=1988 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02872-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* aspatāla (𑂃𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂞𑂰𑂪/अस्पताल): From [[Hospital]].<ref name=":03" />
* injin (𑂅𑂢𑂹𑂔𑂱𑂢/इन्जिन): From [[Engine]].<ref name=":03" />
* eroplena (𑂉𑂩𑂷𑂣𑂪𑂵𑂢/एरोपलेन): From [[Aeroplane]].<ref name=":03"/>
* kār (𑂍𑂰𑂩/कार): From English [[Car]]. ''khār'' is used in South African Bhojpuri.
* ṭībī (𑂗𑂲𑂥𑂲/टीबी): From T.B., the short form of [[Tuberculosis]].<ref name=":03" />
* ṭeksī (𑂗𑂵𑂍𑂹𑂮𑂲/टेक्सी): From [[Taxi]].<ref name=":03" />
* ṭesan (𑂗𑂵𑂮𑂢/टेसन): from English [[Station (disambiguation)|Station]].<ref name=":03"/>
* ḍākṭar (𑂙𑂰𑂍𑂹𑂗𑂩/डाक्टर): From [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]. In South African Bhojpuri ''ḍokṭar'' or ''ḍokṭe'' is used.<ref name=":03" />
* nars (𑂢𑂩𑂹𑂮/नर्स): From [[Nurse]]. ''nes'' or ''staf-nes'' (Staff Nurse) in South African Bhojpuri.<ref name=":03" />
* peṭarol (𑂣𑂵𑂗𑂩𑂷𑂪/पेटरोल): From [[Petrol]].<ref name=":03" />
* palaga (𑂣𑂪𑂏/पलग): From [[Plug (disambiguation)|Plug]].<ref name=":03" />
* baeṭrī (𑂥𑂉𑂗𑂹𑂩𑂲/बएट्री): From [[Battery (disambiguation)|Battery]].<ref name=":03" />
* ba's (𑂥𑂮/बस): From [[Bus]]. ''baz'' in South African Bhojpuri.<ref name=":03" />
* bhaena (𑂦𑂉𑂢/भएन): From [[Van]]. ''ven'' is used in South African Bhojpuri.<ref name=":03"/>
* moṭar (𑂧𑂷𑂗𑂩/मोटर): From English word [[Motor]], also used for [[Motor vehicle]].<ref name=":03"/>
* rēl (𑂩𑂵𑂪/रेल): from English '''''rail''''', meaning [[Train]].<ref name=":03"/>
* rēl-gār̤ī (𑂩𑂵𑂪𑂏𑂰𑂚𑂲/रेलगाड़ी): gār̤ī is a Bhojpuri word meaning [[Vehicle]].
* laurī (𑂪𑂸𑂩𑂲/लौरी): From English word [[Lorry]]. ''Lori'' is used in South African Bhojpuri.<ref name=":03"/>
* sāikīl (𑂮𑂰𑂅𑂍𑂲𑂪/साइकील): From [[bicycle]].<ref name=":03" />
* sīka (𑂮𑂲𑂍/सीक): From [[wikt:sick|sick]]. Used in South African Bhojpuri, with the verbal form ''sīkā gael'' (has become sick).<ref name=":03" />
* sūgar (𑂮𑂴𑂏𑂩/सूगर): From [[sugar]], meaning [[Diabetes]].<ref name=":03" />
* hāṭ (𑂯𑂰𑂗/हाट): From [[Heart]], it used for any heart related disease.<ref name=":03" />

==Example text==
The following is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in four languages:

* Bhojpuri (kaithi){{Snd}}{{Script|Kthi|𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂢𑂱 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂯𑂫𑂵 𑃀 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂃𑂢𑂹𑂞:𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂞𑂰 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂒𑂰𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂵𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂪𑂰 𑃁}}
* Bhojpuri (Devanagari){{Snd}} अनुच्छेद १: सबहिं लोकनि स्वतंत्रे जन्मेलन अउर ओखिनियहूं के समान सम्मान अउरी अधिकार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ अ अंत:करण के स्वर होखता आओर हुनके हुं के दोसरा के साथ भ्रातृत्त्व के बेवहार करय के चाही।<ref name="UDHR-Bhojpuri">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights{{Snd}} Bhojpuri |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bhj.pdf |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=3 January 2020 |page=1 |language=bho |date=23 April 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103114805/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bhj.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sarnámi Hindustani]] (a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani){{Snd}} {{lang|hns-Latn|Aadhiaai 1: Sab djanne aadjádi aur barabar paidaa bhailèn, iddjat aur hak mê. Ohi djanne ke lage sab ke samadj-boedj aur hierdaai hai aur doesare se sab soemmat sè, djaane-maane ke chaahin}}.<ref name="UDHR-SarnamiHindustani">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights{{Snd}} Sarnámi Hindustani |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hns.pdf |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=3 January 2020 |page=2 |version=(in [[Sarnámi Hindustani]]) |date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103114804/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hns.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Language}}
* [[Culture of Bhojpuri Region]]
* [[Bhojpuri cinema]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Rajathi, J; Perumalsamy, P (2021). "[http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/9.%20BHOJPURI.pdf Bhojpuri" in Linguistic Survey of India Bihar Volume], New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General. pp. 293–407.
* {{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Rasbihari |title=Bhōpurī Bhāshā kā itihāsa |publisher=Lok Sahitya Sangam |year=1986 |edition=1st |location=[[Arrah]] |language=Hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Uday Narayan |title=The Origin And Development Of Bhojpuri |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1960}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Bhojpuri Grammar |first=Shaligram |last=Shukla |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |date=1981 |isbn=9780878401895}}
* {{Cite thesis |type=Masters |first=Gopal Thakur |last=Lohar |url=https://archive.org/details/a-sociolinguistic-survey-of-bhojpuri-by-gopal-thakur |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhojpuri Language in Nepal |date=4 June 2006 |location=Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal |publisher=Central Department of Linguistics, [[Tribhuvan University]]}}
* Ghosh, Aditi (2012). "Bhojpuri as a non-dominant variety of Hindi". In: Muhr,. Rudolf et al (eds.). ''Non-Dominant Varieties of Pluricentric Languages. Getting the Picture. In Memory of Michael Clyne, hrsg. v. Rudolf Muhr'' (Österreichisches Deutsch - Sprache der Gegenwart 14). Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2012. pp. 435–452.
* {{cite thesis |first=Gopal Thakur |last=Lohar |title=A Grammar of Bhojpuri |type=PhD |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |publisher=Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[Tribhuvan University]] |date=2020 |url=https://www.academia.edu/45566555}}

;On Diasporic Bhojpuri:
* {{cite journal |last=Gambhir |first=Surendra K. |title=Diglossia in Dying Languages: A Case Study of Guyanese Bhojpuri and Standard Hindi |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=1983 |pages=28–38 |jstor=30027654}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |title=Koineization in the Bhojpuri–Hindi diaspora ― with special reference to South Africa |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=99 |date=1993 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1993.99.25}}
* {{cite book |title=Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=Routledge |date=2020 |orig-year=1991}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jayaram |first=N. |title=The Dynamics of Language in Indian Diaspora: The Case of Bhojpuri/Hindi in Trinidad |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=49 |issue=1 |date=2000 |pages=41–62 |doi=10.1177/0038022920000103 |jstor=23619888}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=bh|Bhojpuri}}
* [[:iarchive:rosettaproject bho undec-1|The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bhojpuri]], United Nations Information Centre, India (1998)
* [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4250/simple-search?filterquery=Bhojpuri&filtername=language&filtertype=equals Archived open-access recordings of Bhojpuri] from [[Kaipuleohone]]
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.02239 English-Bhojpuri Machine Translation System]
* [http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/9.%20BHOJPURI.pdf Bhojpuri]. [[Linguistic Survey of India]].
* [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BPLR Bhojpuri Language Resource] collection of Bhojpuri language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive

{{Bihari languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojpuri Language}}
[[Category:Bhojpuri language| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Bihar]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Languages of Madhesh Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Lumbini Province]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Gruhalakshmi (1955 film)

2026-03-04T05:05:21Z

Tonyrogers1123: brief add details for clarity

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=September 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gruhalakshmi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = H. V. Babu
| screenplay = Udhayakumar (dialogues)
| story = [[H. M. Reddy]]
| based_on =
| producer = H. M. Reddy
| starring = [[M. K. Radha]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[V. Nagayya]] T. V. Kumudhini
| narrator =
| cinematography = D. L. Narayana
| editing = [[M. S. Parthasarathy]]
| music = B. S. Kala/Sarala [[T. A. Kalyanam]] G. Natarajan
| studio = [[H. M. Reddy|Rohini Pictures]]
| distributor = Rohini Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|04|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 181 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gruhalakshmi''''' ({{translation|Prosperous House-wife}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by H. V. Babu. The film stars [[M. K. Radha]] and [[Anjali Devi]]. It is a remake of the 1938 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film [[Gruhalakshmi (1938 film)|of the same name]]. The film was released on 14 April 1955.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1955 – கிருஹலஷ்மி – ரோகினி பிக்சர்ஸ்-கிரஹலஷ்மி (தெ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails10.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170615130202/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails10.asp |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[M. K. Radha]]
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*Raghuveer
*Peer Mohamed
*T. E. Krishnamachari
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[Anjali Devi]]
*T. V. Kumudhini
*''Bombay'' Meenakshi
*Padma
{{Col-end}}

==Production==
The film was produced by [[H. M. Reddy]] who earlier produced and directed the Telugu version in 1938. This Tamil version was directed by H. V. Babu (Hanumappa Viswanath Babu). H. M. Reddy wrote the story and the dialogues were written by Udayakumar. D. L. Narayana handled the cinematography while the editing was done by [[M. S. Parthasarathy]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Art direction was by A. K. Sekar and the choreography was done by Natraj. Still photography was done by Eswar Babu. The film was made at Film Centre, Madras.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by B. S. Kala, Sarala, T. A. Kalyanam and G. Nataraj.<ref>{{cite book |author=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=89 |language=Tamil}}</ref> A song "Kaalai Thookki Nindru Aadum", penned by [[Carnatic music]] composer [[Marimutha Pillai]] was included in the film.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Jaya Jaya Savithri Devi" || [[P. Leela]]|| [[Papanasam Sivan]]||
|-
| "Kanne Maniye Kannoli Poove" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]|| rowspan="4" |Guhan ||
|-
| "Vaaraayi Sukumaaraa Yen Manadhil" || [[Jikki]]||3:19
|-
| "O Settaiyyaa Sottaiyyaa" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Paapam Seydheno" || P. Leela & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]||
|-
| "Kaalai Thookki Ninru Aadum" || Natarajan & Padma || Marimutha Pillai ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. S. Kalla]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Natarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. A. Kalyanam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chhayamoy

2026-03-04T00:26:32Z

Tonyrogers1123: updated citations per sources and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|2013 Bengali film by Haranath Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chhayamoy
| image = Chhayamoy 2013 Bengali film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| producer =
| writer = Monotosh Chakraborty
| screenplay = Monotosh Chakraborty
| story = [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
| based_on = {{based on|Chhayamoy|[[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] [[Deepankar De]]
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = Souvik Basu
| editing = Rabiranjan Moitra
| studio = Rosevalley films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03|22|Kolkata}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chhayamoy''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[fantasy]] [[Comedy horror|comedy horror films]] directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]] and based on [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]'s novel of the same title.<ref name="Haranath Chakraborty back with kids' film Chhayamoy">{{cite web|title=Haranath Chakraborty back with kids' film Chhayamoy|url=http://www.indianoon.com/news/entertainment/haranath-chakraborty-back-with-kids-film-Chhayamoy-3919.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115022404/http://www.indianoon.com/news/entertainment/haranath-chakraborty-back-with-kids-film-Chhayamoy-3919.html|archive-date=15 November 2013|publisher=India Noon|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-16|title='Chayamoy' raises social awareness: Haranath Chakraborty|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chayamoy-raises-social-awareness-haranath-chakraborty-596988.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> This was a children's film with supernatural elements in it. Debajyoti Mishra composed the music of the film.<ref name="Tollywood's kidding around">{{cite news|title=Tollywood's kidding around|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/news-interviews/31206903_1_film-gold-coins-tollywood|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/news-interviews/31206903_1_film-gold-coins-tollywood|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Indrajit is a UK based scholar. While working to preserve historical documents, he finds a parchment from which he learns about treasures hidden in an old Zamindar palace in Simulgarh, a village of [[West Bengal]]. Actually Indrajit is the descendant of the zamindar's family. He comes to the village and finds out the treasure. But a corrupt moneylender Gagan Sapui accuses him of robbery, beats him up, snatches all the treasures and throws him in a nearby forest. From there, Indra is rescued by Alankar, a simple and poor boy from the village. Together they retrieve the treasure from Gagan Sapui with the help of a noble ghost Chhayamoy, who was once the minister of the Zamindar family. Eventually, the fraud and the corrupt nature of Gagan Sapui is revealed to the entire village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chayamoy|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chayamoy/cid/1555499|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] as Indrajit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chayamoy (2013) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chayamoy-34021/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210220829/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chayamoy-34021/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=10 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Chhayamoy/Chandra Kumar
* [[Deepankar De]] as Gagan Sapui
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Gour Thakurda
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Kali Kapalik
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as dancer
* [[Monu Mukherjee]] as Potol Ganguly
* [[Nimu Bhowmik]] as Natabar Ghosh
* Adhiraj Ganguly as Alankar
* Debesh Roychowdhury as Haripada
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Lakkhan
* Chandu Chakraborty as Raja Mahendra Pratap

== See also ==
* ''[[Ashchorjyo Prodeep]]'', 2013 Bengali film
* ''[[Ajab Gayer Ajab Katha]]'', 1998 Bengali film

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]

==External links==
{{IMDb title|4300302}}
[[Category:Bengali-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language adventure horror films]]

Ravivarma (film)

2026-03-03T22:07:19Z

Tonyrogers1123: general improved formatting after review and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravivarma
| image = Ravivarma (film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Joe Simon
| based_on = ''[[Bramma]]'' (Tamil) by [[K. Subash]]
| producer = [[Hemalatha Ramesh]]
| story = Joe Simon
| writer = Joe Simon
| screenplay = Joe Simon
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Bhavya]] [[Rupini]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = D V Rajaram
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Chinni Pavan Cine Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1992|06|04|df=yes}}
| runtime = 156 min
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Ravivarma''''' (Kannada: ರವಿವರ್ಮ) is a [[Kannada films of 1992|1992]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] and produced by [[Hemalatha Ramesh]]. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Bhavya]] and [[Rupini]] in lead roles. The film had musical score by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/rav/ravivarma/mid_36273/|title=Ravivarma movie reviews|accessdate=2015-02-02|publisher=Apukachoice.com}}</ref> The film was a romantic drama and a remake of the 1991 Tamil movie ''[[Bramma]]''.

==Cast==
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Ravivarma
*[[Bhavya]] as Pavithra
*[[Rupini]] as Jennifer
*[[Mysore Lokesh]]
*[[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
*Ashok Rao as Dayanand
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
*Shanthamma
*Ramamurthy
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Babu Antony]] as George

==Soundtrack==
All songs were composed by [[Upendra Kumar]]. The lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and Shyamsundar Kulkarni. The soundtrack was successful upon release.

* "Nenapu Nooru Manadali" – [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
* "Sogasu Kanna" – [[S. Janaki]]
* "Naane Bere Nanna Style Bere" – Mano
* "Ododi Hoguva"- Mano, S. Janaki
* "Ravivarma Baredanta" – Mano, S. Janaki

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1354057}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Kane Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T23:50:45Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding first pg added tags - done

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kane Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|27|40|00|N|94|39|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1991
| area_km2 = 31
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Along]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kane Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[West Siang district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/arunachal_pradesh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|31|km2}} and was declared as a protected area in 1991.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://arunachaltourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/widlife.pdf|title=Wildlife of Arunachal Pradesh|work=[[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=9}}</ref>

The protected area consists of a mixture of [[tropical evergreen forest|tropical evergreen]] and [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate broad leaf mixed forests]]. The fauna found in the sanctuary include [[Indian elephant]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[gaur]], [[Asiatic black bear]], [[slow loris]], [[rhesus macaque]], [[capped langur]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[mouse deer]], and [[antelopes]]. There are more than 70 species of bird including [[white-bellied heron]], [[white-winged duck]], [[rufous-necked hornbill]], [[dark-rumped swift]], [[beautiful sibia]], and [[broad-billed warbler]]. Reptiles include the [[king cobra]], [[Indian python]], and [[reticulated python]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Siang district]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1995]]

B. D. Chaurasia

2026-02-14T02:14:22Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding data

{{Short description|Indian anatomist, medical academic and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Bhagwan Din Chaurasia
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Barigarh]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|05|05|1937|10|01|df=y}}
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| education = MS, PhD
| alma_mater = [[Ewing Christian College]] [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|MGM Medical College]] [[Jiwaji University]]
| occupation = Anatomist, medical educator and writer
| years_active = 1965 – 1985
| known_for =
| relations =
| website =
| profession =
| field =
| work_institutions = MGM Medical College [[Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal]] [[Gajara Raja Medical College]]
| specialism = [[Human Anatomy]]
| research_field =
| notable_works = ''Human Anatomy''
| prizes = Dr. Kailash Nath Katju Award of Science
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}
'''Bhagwan Din Chaurasia''' (1937 – 1985) was an Indian [[Anatomy|anatomist]], medical educator and writer for medical education. He is best known for his widely acclaimed textbook, ''Human Anatomy'', which remains a popular anatomy resource for medical students in India and abroad.

==Early life and education==
Bhagwan Din Chaurasia was born on 1 October 1937 in [[Barigarh]], a town now in [[Chhatarpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. He was raised in the farming family of Ramadin and Radharani Chaurasia. In 1954 he completed his early education from [[Ewing Christian College]], [[Allahabad]]. He gained his MBBS from [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (MGM) Medical College]], [[Indore]], in 1960, and five years later obtained a Master of Surgery (M. S.) in anatomy from the same college. In 1975 he completed his Ph.D. from [[Jiwaji University]], [[Gwalior]].<ref name=Vaishya2024>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishya |first=Raju |date=2024-12-01 |title=Dr Bhagwan Din Chaurasia: A Guiding Light and a Pillar of Anatomy Education in India |journal=Apollo Medicine |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1177/09760016241258531 |issn=0976-0016|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Jindal2022>{{Cite journal |last1=Jindal |first1=Ankush |last2=Bansal |first2=Manishi |date=2022-08-01 |title=Bhagwan Din Chaurasia (1937–1985): The unsung hero of Indian anatomy |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0967772020961011 |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=145–147 |doi=10.1177/0967772020961011 |pmid=32960741 |issn=0967-7720|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chaurasia started his teaching career as a demonstrator in the department of anatomy at MGM Medical College, Indore. He worked there for three years followed by a two-year stint as a lecturer in anatomy at the [[Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal|Gandhi Medical College]] (GMC), [[Bhopal]]. In 1968, he joined the [[Gajara Raja Medical College]] (GRMC), Gwalior, as a Reader in Anatomy, and worked there until his death.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 />

Chaurasia's class notes on the human brain, with handwritten diagrams, became very popular and served as the foundation for his first publication. As photocopying and typewriting were expensive, and to make education accessible, he cyclostyled his notes and sold them to students for {{INR}}10 for each booklet. His work caught the attention of CBS Publishers in New Delhi, who invited him to write a comprehensive textbook on human anatomy.<ref name=Vaishya2024 />

In 1979, inspired by his mentor professors Inderbir Singh from [[Rohtak]] and S. C. Gupta from Jiwaji University, he published ''[[Human Anatomy (Chaurasia)|Human Anatomy]]'' in which he incorporated riddles and rhymes, in the hope that students would not find learning anatomy tiresome and boring.<ref name=Jindal2020>{{Cite journal |last1=Jindal |first1=Ankush |last2=Bansal |first2=Manishi |date=22 September 2020 |title=Bhagwan Din Chaurasia (1937–1985): The unsung hero of Indian anatomy |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0967772020961011 |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=145–147 |doi=10.1177/0967772020961011 |pmid=32960741 |issn=0967-7720|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He dedicated the book to his teacher Uma Shankar Nagayach. It quickly became an essential resource for medical students. The first edition was reprinted annually until 1988. The second edition was published in 1989 with five reprints till 1994. The eighth edition was published in 2020.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 /> After 45 years, it remains in use, with the ninth edition in 2024 edited by Krishna Garg. The book combined simple language, concise explanation with visually engaging and easily reproducible diagrams; which addressed the lack of accessible and student-friendly anatomy resource. It also had flowcharts and clinical correlations for better understanding. It has been translated into multiple languages and remains useful across various medical disciplines, including [[dentistry]], [[physiotherapy]], and [[occupational therapy]].<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 /> He authored ''Handbook of General Anatomy'' which also became popular.<ref name=Jindal2022 />

Chaurasia published over 60 research papers in national and international journals.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 /> He attended academic societies and served as a member on the advisory board of the publications such as the ''Acta Anatomica'' from 1981 and on the editorial board of ''Bionature''.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 /> His research spanned diverse topics; including anatomy, human variations, congenital anomalies, anthropology, neurology, behavioural sciences, human genetics and botany.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 />

Chaurasia never married.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /> He had a dog named Rani. Munne Miyan was his helper.<ref name=Vaishya2024 /> He died on 5 May 1985, most likely due to [[myocardial infarction]].<ref name=Vaishya2024 /><ref name=Jindal2022 /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2024-09-30 |title=History Today in Medicine - Dr. B. D. Chaurasia |url=https://cmeindia.in/history-today-in-medicine-dr-b-d-chaurasia/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=CME INDIA |language=en-US |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716031142/https://cmeindia.in/history-today-in-medicine-dr-b-d-chaurasia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Recognition==
Chaurasia was elected as a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (FAMS) in 1982 and was posthumously awarded the Dr. Kailash Nath Katju Award of Science by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]. His birthday, 1 October, is celebrated as Medical Teacher's Day in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=Vaishya2024 />

==Selected publications==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal|title=Functional asymmetry in the face |journal=Acta Anatomica |date=1975 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=154–160 |doi=10.1159/000144379 |pmid=1136705 |issn=0001-5180 |last1=Chaurasia |first1=B.D. |last2=Goswami |first2=H.K. }} (Co-author)
*{{cite journal |last1=Chaurasia |first1=B. D. |title=Forebrain in human anencephaly |journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger |date=1977 |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=471–478 |pmid=607812 |issn=0003-2786}}
*{{cite journal |title=Helical structure of the human umbilical cord |journal=Acta Anatomica |date=1979 |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=226–230 |doi=10.1159/000145013 |pmid=419931 |issn=0001-5180 |last1=Chaurasia |first1=B.D. |last2=Agarwal |first2=B.M. }} (Co-author)
*{{cite journal |title=Classification of inherited brachydactylies |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |date=August 1980 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=324–325 |doi=10.1136/jmg.17.4.324-b |pmid=7205911 |issn=0022-2593|pmc=1048584 |last1=Goswami |first1=H. K. |last2=Chaurasia |first2=B. D. }} (Co-author)

===Books===
*{{cite book |title=B. D. Chaurasia's Handbook of General Anatomy |date=1978 |publisher=CBS Publishers}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaurasia, B. D.}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian anatomists]]
[[Category:Indian medical educators]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Jiwaji University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century science writers]]

Bormarjong

2026-02-09T06:06:54Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up the entry and citations.

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Bormarjong'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=People Of The Margins. Across Ethnic Boundaries In North-east India [PDF] [7o4kna90mkh0] |url=https://vdoc.pub/documents/people-of-the-margins-across-ethnic-boundaries-in-north-east-india-7o4kna90mkh0 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=vdoc.pub |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2021-02-14 |title=Of bamboo groves and monoliths |url=https://assamtribune.com/of-bamboo-groves-and-monoliths/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The Assam Tribune |language=en}}</ref> is a village in the [[West Karbi Anglong district]] of [[Assam]] State in [[Northeast India|North East India]]. It falls under the Amri Development Block and Vidhan Sabha [[Baithalangso (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|No. 20 Baithalangso ST LAC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bormarjong Pincode |url=http://pincodeaddress.com/locality/Bormarjong_Karbi-Anglong |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=pincodeaddress.com}}</ref>

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bormarjong
| native_name = Marjong
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5730|N|92.1158|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hamren]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[West Karbi Anglong district]]
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 782413
}}

==Geography==
Bormarjong village extends from 25.56'37" North to 25.57'30.8" North latitude and 92.11'58.3" East to 92.12'49.7" East longitude with the average elevation of 645.5 m. The highest point of the village is about 820 m. The village is located on the western part of [[West Karbi Anglong district]] near the border between the states of [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]]. The village is situated at 37.7 km away from the NH 27, passing through Nellie of [[Morigaon district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pator |first=Sidhartha |title=Bormarjong |publisher=Tiwa Mathonlai Tokhra |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-955741-0-0 |location=Assam |pages=7–10 |language=English}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The total population of the village is about 1075 of which the male population is about 510 and the female population is 565.<ref>According to the information gathered from Bormarjong Village Council by Sidhartha Pator for his research based book called 'Bormarjong'.</ref> The village is dominated by the [[Hindus|Hindu]] religion<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramirez |first=Philippe |date=2016-07-02 |title=Conversions, population movements and ethno-cultural landscape in the Assam–Meghalaya borderlands |url=https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631369.2015.1091650 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=340–352 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2015.1091650 |s2cid=148081765 |issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 100% of the total population belong to [[Tiwa people (India)|Tiwa tribe]]. These people have their own language, tradition, rituals, social system etc.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Assam}}
{{North East India}}

[[Category:Villages in Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Tiwa (India)]]

Bettina Vollath

2026-02-06T09:51:22Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Expand German|topic=bio|date=September 2020}}{{Short description|Austrian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox MEP
| honorific-prefix =
| name =
| honorific-suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|MEP}}
| party = [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]]
| image = Member of the European Parliament for Austria Bettina Vollath.jpg
| caption =
| constituency_MP = [[Austria (European Parliament constituency)|Austria]]
| term_start = [[2019 European Parliament election in Austria|2 July 2019]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates ahead|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/elections-press-kit/0/key-dates-ahead |publisher=European Parliament |access-date=28 May 2019 |language=en |date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates ahead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48365702|publisher=BBC News |access-date=28 May 2019 |language=en |date=22 May 2017}}</ref>
| term_end = 9 October 2022
| parliament = European
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|10|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Graz]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Austrian
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Graz]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| website =
| successor = [[Theresa Muigg]]
}}
'''Bettina Vollath''' (born 29 October 1962) is an Austrian politician of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]] (SPÖ) who served as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] from [[2019 European Parliament election in Austria|2019]] until 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/politik/aussenpolitik/5635851/|title=Die Neuen im EU-Parlament: EU-Wahl: Strache müsste bis 2. Juli auf Mandat verzichten|date=28 May 2019|website=www.kleinezeitung.at|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
In parliament, Vollath served on the [[Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs]].<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197678/BETTINA_VOLLATH/home Bettina Vollath] [[European Parliament]].</ref> In 2021, she also joined the parliament's working group on [[Frontex]], led by [[Roberta Metsola]].<ref>Mia Bartoloni (February 26, 2021), [https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/movers-and-shakers-26-february-2021 Movers and Shakers] ''[[The Parliament Magazine]]''.</ref>

In addition to her committee assignments, Vollath was part of the parliament's delegation to the EU-Albania Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee.<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197678/BETTINA_VOLLATH/home Bettina Vollath] [[European Parliament]].</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|European Union}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Bettina Vollath navigational boxes
|list =
{{Current EP Austria}}
{{EP Political Group S&D}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vollath, Bettina}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Graz]]
[[Category:MEPs for Austria 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Austria MEPs]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women MEPs for Austria]]

{{Austria-MEP-stub}}
[[Category:21st-century Austrian women politicians]]

Aly Morani

2026-02-05T06:42:49Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding a details

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aly Morani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Yasmin Aly Morani
| children = Shirin Morani (daughter) Noureen Morani (daughter)
| relatives = [[Karim Morani]] (brother) [[Lucky Morani]] (sister-in-law) [[Zoa Morani]] (niece) [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Uday J. Singh]] (son-in-law)

| website = {{URL|cineyug.com}}
}}
'''Aly Morani''' is an Indian film producer who has produced films like ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'', ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', ''[[Damini]]'', ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' and ''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]''. He, along with his brother [[Karim Morani]], owns [[Cineyug]] which is a production and event company.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Arjun (1985 film)]]'' || As ( executive producer)
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Vardi (film)]]'' || As (producer)
|-
| 1993 || ''[[ Damini ]]'' ||As ( producer)
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]'' || As (producer).
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' || As (Producer)
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' || As (Producer)
|-
|}

==Controversies==
There was an attempt on his life by the Mumbai underworld.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ravi-pujari-gang-planned-to-kill-film-producer-13-held-2036122 | title=Ravi Pujari gang planned to kill film producer, 13 held | work=dnaindia.com | access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-bollywood/article/unidentified-men-fire-5-rounds-producer-ali-morani%E2%80%99s | title=Unidentified men fire 5 rounds at Producer Ali Morani's residence | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-probing-firing-outside-film-producer-ali-moranis-house-on-saturday-653750 | title=Police Probing Firing Outside Film Producer Ali Morani's House on Saturday | work=ndtv.com | access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ravi-pujari-asks-shah-rukh-khan-to-stay-away-from-ali-morani-2013930 | title=Ravi Pujari asks Shah Rukh Khan to stay away from Ali Morani | work=dnaindia.com | access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Yasmin Aly Morani and the couple have two daughters Shirin (wife of Uday J. Singh, brother of Indian actor [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]]) and Noureen Morani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shirin-morani-marries-heropanti-actors-brother-uday-singh/15859182 | title=Shirin Morani marries 'Heropanti' actor's brother Uday Singh | work=mid-day.com | date=22 December 2014 | access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/aishwarya-rai-priyanka-chopra-anushka-sharma-attend-ali-moranis-daughters-wedding-reception-958604.html | title=AISHWARYA RAI, PRIYANKA CHOPRA, ANUSHKA SHARMA ATTEND ALI MORANI'S DAUGHTER'S WEDDING RECEPTION | work=news18.com | access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm0603057}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morani, Aly}}
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]

Jharkhand Gramin Bank

2026-02-03T02:50:54Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding a data more to come - done

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jharkhand Gramin Bank
| former_name = Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank (2019–2025)
| logo = JGB Logo.png
| caption =
| native_name = '''झारखण्ड ग्रामीण बैंक'''
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor = *Jharkhand Gramin Bank (2006-2019)
*Vananchal Gramin Bank (2006-2019)
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2019|04|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| location_city = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Jharkhand]]
| key_people = '''Mr. Madan Mohan Bariar''' (Chairman)
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products = [[Credit card]]s, [[Retail banking|consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|corporate banking]], [[Financial services|finance and insurance]], [[investment banking]], [[mortgage loan]]s, [[private banking]], [[private equity]], [[wealth management]]
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of Jharkhand]] (15%)
[[State Bank of India]] (35%)
| num_locations = 450 Branches
| num_employees = 1525
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{ubl|{{URL|https://jrgbank.bank.in}}
|{{URL|https://inb.jrgbank.bank.in/JRGBOnline}}}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Jharkhand Gramin Bank'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jrgbank.bank.in/ |title= Jharkhand Gramin Bank}}</ref> ('''JGB Bank''') is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Jharkhand]] established on 1 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/02/01/regional-rural-bank-amalgamation-of-vananchal-gramin-bank-and-jharkhand-gramin-bank-into-jharkhand-rajya-gramin-bank/|title=Regional Rural Bank {{!}} Amalgamation of Vananchal Gramin Bank and Jharkhand Gramin Bank into Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank|author=Devika|date=1 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-the-merger-of-jharkhand-rural-bank-and-vananchal-rural-banks-now-jharkhand-state-rural-bank-will-be-named-2473859.html|title=झारखंड ग्रामीण बैंक और वनांचल ग्रामीण बैंकों का विलय, अब झारखंड राज्य ग्रामीण बैंक होगा नाम|work=Live Hindustan|language=hi|date=3 April 2019}}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of '''Jharkhand Gramin Bank''' and '''Vananchal Gramin Bank'''. It currently has 450 branches in rural areas of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazette Notification|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/267093.pdf |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>

It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by [[State Bank of India]]. It is under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. It is sponsored by [[State Bank of India|SBI]] & is jointly Owned by the Government of India, Government of Jharkhand and State Bank of India.

The shareholders of the Bank are Govt. of India (50%), [[State Bank of India]] (35%) and Govt. of Jharkhand (15%). The Bank is operating in all 24 districts of Jharkhand State with its Head Office at [[Ranchi]] (sub-capital of [[Jharkhand]] State ). The bank has eight Regional Offices functioning at [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[East Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]] & [[Godda district|Godda]].

== History ==
'''Jharkhand Gramin Bank (JGB Bank)''' is one of the prominent [[Regional rural bank]]s in [[India]].

===Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank (2019-2025) ===
In April 2019, '''Vananchal Gramin Bank''' was amalgamated with '''Jharkhand Gramin Bank''' to form '''Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank(JRG Bank)'''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dumka-vananchal-grameen-bank-merger-from-1st-chairman-19074722.html|title=पहली से वनांचल ग्रामीण बैंक का विलय : अध्यक्ष|work=Jagran|language=hi|date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

On October 23, 2025, [[Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] announce the renaming of several [[Regional Rural Bank]]s (RRBs) to simplify their names and align them with their states. Changes include '''Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank(JRG Bank)''' becoming '''Jharkhand Gramin Bank(JGB Bank)''' and several others being renamed after requests from their sponsor banks. The functional jurisdiction and operations of these banks remain unchanged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Renames Multiple Regional Rural Banks Across India |url=https://thekanal.in/en-IN/details/government-renames-multiple-regional-rural-banks-across-india-10547 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=thekanal.in}}</ref>

=== Vananchal Gramin Bank (2006-2019) ===
'''Vananchal Gramin Bank''' was a [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], Established on June 30, 2006, through the amalgamation of '''Santhal Parganas Gramin Bank''' and '''Palamau Kshetriya Gramin Bank'''. It was sponsored by the [[State Bank of India]]. The Bank is operating in 9 districts of [[Jharkhand]] State with its Head Office at [[Dumka]] (sub-capital of [[Jharkhand]] State ). It has four Regional Offices

=== Jharkhand Gramin Bank (2006-2019) ===
'''Jharkhand Gramin Bank''' was a [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], Established on June 30, 2006, through the amalgamation of '''Bihar Gramin Bank''' and '''Banka Gramin Bank'''. It was sponsored by the [[Bank of India]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Regional rural bank]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://jrgbank.bank.in/ Official site]
* [https://inb.jrgbank.bank.in/JRGBOnline// Internet Banking]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 2019]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Economy of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2019]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]

Khajamalai

2026-01-31T16:44:36Z

Tonyrogers1123: update information after review and updated info for clarity

{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Khajamalai
|other_name = Khajapahadi
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Tiruchirapalli
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|10|46|39|N|78|41|13|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code = 620001
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Khajamalai''' ({{langx|ta|காஜாமலை}}) or '''Kajamalai''' is a [[suburb]] in the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Khajamalai gets its name from the rock or hill lock located at the heart of the locality. [[Muslim]] [[Sufi]] [[Saint Khwaja Syed Ahmed Shah Aulia]] is interred here. This Hillock was called Fakirs Tope during the [[British Raj]]

The [[Bharathidasan University]]'s Centre of Distance Education is located here. The [[Anna Stadium|Anna Stadium complex]].<ref name="thehindu_20110125">{{cite news|title=Veteran hockey players delighted with synthetic turf in Tiruchi|date=25 January 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012559450200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130010059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012559450200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011|first=G.|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Prasad}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20080616">{{cite news|title=Anna Stadium to get astro turf|first=G.|last=Prasad|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650310100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618170713/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650310100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> are also located here.

== See also ==
* [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tiruchirappalli}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tiruchirappalli]]

{{Tiruchirapalli-geo-stub}}

Bikaner Development Authority

2026-01-30T08:21:11Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up basic pg more to come.

{{short description |Development Authority in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bikaner Development Authority
| nativename = BDA
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Rajasthan]]
| headquarters = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| agency_type =
| status = Active
| parent_agency = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| keydocument1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| chief2_name =
| parent_department =
}}

'''Bikaner Development Authority''' (BDA) is a government agency formed in 2024 by the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan government issues notification to form development authorities in Bharatpur and Bikaner
|url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/rajasthan-government-issues-notification-to-form-development-authorities-in-bharatpur-bikaner/116368216 |date=16 December 2024 |work=Economic Times |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> It was created to manage and plan urban development in [[Bikaner]] city and nearby areas. The authority replaced the [[Urban Improvement Trust]] (UIT) and is responsible for tasks such as land use planning, approving building layouts, and developing public infrastructure.<ref>{{cite newspaper |title=इतिहास बनी यूआईटी, अब लगेगा बीकानेर विकास प्राधिकरण का बोर्ड |url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/uit-became-history-now-the-board-of-bikaner-development-authority-will-be-installed-19238156 |date=16 December 2024 |work=Patrika |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> Its area of work includes [[Bikaner]] city, [[Napasar]], [[Deshnoke|Deshnok]], and surrounding villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=भरतपुर और बीकानेर के लिए बड़ी खुशखबरी, स्मार्ट सिटी की तर्ज पर होगा विकास; नोटिफिकेशन जारी |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/bharatpur-development-authority-and-bikaner-development-authority-notification-issued-after-bhajanlal-cabinet-decision-7253694 |date=15 December 2024 |work=NDTV Rajasthan |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> The main office of the authority is located in the Jodbeed area of Bikaner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-03 |title=बीकानेर विकास प्राधिकरण: कलेक्टर ने जोड़बीड़ में बनाने का प्रस्ताव शासन को भेजा, विधायक बोले दूर है - Bikaner News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/the-collector-sent-a-proposal-to-the-government-to-build-it-in-jodbid-the-mla-said-it-is-far-away-authority-should-be-formed-at-the-sheep-wool-research-center-near-ms-college-134227267.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105182830/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/the-collector-sent-a-proposal-to-the-government-to-build-it-in-jodbid-the-mla-said-it-is-far-away-authority-should-be-formed-at-the-sheep-wool-research-center-near-ms-college-134227267.html |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{gov-agency-stub}}
[[Category:Bikaner district]]

Deep Chand Bahman

2026-01-25T05:10:19Z

Tonyrogers1123: Put up a article w/ sources

{{Infobox writer
| name = Deep Chand Bahman
| birth_place = [[Khanda, Sonipat]], [[Haryana]]
| occupation = [[Poet]] and [[Saang]] artist
| language = [[Haryanvi]] language
| nationality = Indian
| awards = [[Rai Sahib]]
}}

'''Deep Chand Bahman''' was a celebrated [[Saang]] artist of Haryana. He was born in [[Khanda, Sonipat]] [[Haryana]]. He was popularly known as Shakespeare or Kalidas of Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre {{!}} Art & Cultural Affairs Department {{!}} India |url=https://artandculturalaffairshry.gov.in/theatre/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haryana (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SYLAQAAIAAJ&q=dip+chand+bahman+khanda |title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Sonipat |date=1990 |publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organization |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Haryana's folk theatre 'Saang' |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/haryana%E2%80%99s-folk-theatre-%E2%80%98saang%E2%80%99-628038 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> He played great role in enriching Haryanvi dialect of Hindi and preserving the ragni sang culture of Rohtak belt. Mahashaya Deep Chand with his sangs gathered the donations and founded the Bhatgaon Gaushala.

==Early life==
Pt. Deep Chand was great [[Saang]] theatre artist born in [[Brahmin]] family of [[Khanda, Sonipat|Khanda]] village of [[Sonipat district]] Haryana. During the First [[World War]] the [[British Government]] gave him a title of [[Rai Sahib]] and granted him other favours.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barari |first=H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ZuAAAAMAAJ&q=dip+chand+bahman+khanda |title=A Governor's Tryst with Haryana |date=2007 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0919-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==Famous writings==
* Raja Harishchandra
* Jyani Chor
* Raja Bhoj
* Gopichand Maharaj
* Utanpad
* Bhakti Bhav
* Yug Chetna<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Sharafat |date=2021-05-14 |title=जीवन परिचय दीपचन्द - THEDKZ.COM |url=https://thedkz.com/jivan-prichya-deepchand/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=thedkz.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahman, Deep Chand}}
[[Category:Folk artists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Poets from Haryana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]

Umbharat Beach

2026-01-23T07:03:32Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting initial article w/ sources.

{{Short description|Beach in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Umbharat Beach
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Gu
| other_name =
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| type = Semi-Urban, Sandy beach
| location = [[Konkan]] coast, [[Arabian Sea]], [[Navsari District]] near [[]], [[Gujarat]]
| nearest_city = [[India]]
| coords =
| area =
| created =
| operator = [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
| status =
| designation =
}}
'''Umbharat Beach''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Ubhrat-beach-beckons-more-tourists-now/articleshow/4066981.cms|title=Ubhrat beach beckons more tourists now - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surat-to-anchor-its-dreams-at-Umbhrat/articleshow/23671716.cms|title=Surat to anchor its dreams at Umbhrat - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref> also known as '''Umbharat Beach''' is a beach along the [[Arabian Sea]] situated near [[Navsari]] of Surat in Gujarat, India. The black sand beach lies {{convert|50|km}} from the centre of [[Surat]].

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beaches of Gujarat]]
[[Category:History of Surat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surat district]]

{{Surat-geo-stub}}

Vijay Nagar, Indore

2026-01-22T23:23:21Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{About|a residential area in Madhya Pradesh|other uses|Vijaynagar (disambiguation){{!}}Vijaynagar}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vijay Nagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = {{Annotated image
| image = IndoreMontage.jpg
| image-width = 630 
| image-left = 0 
| image-top = 
| width = 300 
| height = 245 
| float = right
| annotations = 
| caption = Vijay Nagar Area
| icon = none
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = <!Maha Laxmi Nagar--India Madhya Pradesh-->
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Indore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Indore Development Authority]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 198000
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 452010
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0731
| registration_plate = MP 09
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Indore
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Indore
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indore Development Authority]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vijay Nagar''' is a major residential area in [[Indore]], as a part of Greater Indore.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> Developed by the [[Indore Development Authority]], the suburb saw a boom in population in the late 1990s. Real estate prices have since shot up and are among the highest in Indore, in part because of the continued influx of immigrants. Vijay Nagar is located in the eastern part of the city and is nestled between MR-9, MR-10, and Eastern Ring Road. Lately, with the development of Indore BRTS, the area has witnessed rampant growth. Today, It has developed as the major commercial hub of Indore.

==Entertainment==
Vijay Nagar is popular for its malls like the C-21, Malhar Mega Mall, Mangal City and Orbit. There are a number of food chains and cafes in the area. The streets of Vijay Nagar are dotted with shops and high end shopping plazas. Playotel, Hotel Marriott, Hotel Wow and Sayaji, the leading hotels of Indore are in Vijay Nagar as well.

== Society flats ==
The locality consists of IDA Flats and also private residential projects, including Shalimar Township, Shekhar Planet, Nandini Vihar, Suyash Club and BCM Heights

==Nearby Suburbs==
*'''[[Sukhliya, Indore|Sukhliya/MR10 Region]]'''
*'''Palasia'''
*'''Khajrana Temple Area'''

==Transportation==

'''Bus Routes:'''

004 Panchwati - Vaishali Nagar 005 Arvindo Hospital - Mhow Naka 017 Silver Springs - MR10

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}
{{Indore Metropolitan Region}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Indore]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Indore]]

Aarti Mukherjee

2026-01-16T08:42:56Z

Tonyrogers1123: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1943)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aarti Mukherjee
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Aarti Mukherjee
| alias = Aarti Mukherji, Arati Mukhopadhyay
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|7|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, British India
| origin =
| genre = Classical music
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 1961–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Aarti Mukherjee''', also known as '''Aarti Mukherji''' or '''Arati Mukhopadhyay''' (born 18 July 1943),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering singer Arati Mukherjee |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/remembering-singer-arati-mukherjee |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian playback singer who has sung in [[Hindi film]]s such as ''[[Geet Gata Chal]]'' (1975), ''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]'' (1976), ''Manokamana'', ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' (1983), and ''Sooraj Mukhi'' (1992).

==Early life==
Mukherjee was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family with a rich cultural and musical heritage. She was introduced to music by her mother. She studied under Shri Susheel Banerjee, Ustaad Mohammed Sagiruddin Khan, Acharya [[Chinmoy Lahiri]], Pandit Laxman Prasad Jaipurwale, and Pandit Ramesh Nadkarni.

She was married to lyricist Subir Hazra, who also assisted Satyajit Ray after some years. Their marriage did not last long and they divorced later.

5 years after the divorce, she remarried a Gujrati businessman from Munim family. She has a son named Soham Munim who is a talented Sitar player.

==Career==
In [[Bangladesh|Bangla]] TV show ''Dadagiri'' she reflected on her early days. She stated that she sang on the ''All India Music Talent Programme'' in 1955 at age 14 or 15. She was trained in [[Indian Classical Music]] from a young age. She sang primarily for Bengali films. She won the music contest, "Metro-Murphy Contest" whose judges were music directors including [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]], [[Naushad]], [[Vasant Desai]] and [[C. Ramchandra]]. This enabled her career as a playback singer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Full of patriotic fervour Solo magic |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/03/stories/2008100350440100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605123512/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/03/stories/2008100350440100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2014 |date=3 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref> She got her first break in 1958 Hindi film ''Sahara'', but the music of that film was limited.

After a string of flops like ''A Girlfriend'', she decided to open herself to Bengali films. She sang for the first time in a Bengali film called ''Kanya'' in 1962. Her versatility and voice infatuated audiences so much that they started losing affection for erstwhile leading singer [[Sandhya Mukherjee]] and Pratima Banerjee . In the late 1960s, her voice was used as the on-screen voice of leading actress [[Suchitra Sen]].

In 1966, she sang in the film ''Golpo Holeo Sotyi,'' which earned her [[BFJA Award]] for Best Female Playback Singer. In 1976, she won again for ''Chhutir Phande''. She lent her voice for leading actresses of the late sixties till eighties, such as Madhabi Mukherji, [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Aparna Sen]], Debashri Roy and [[Tanuja]]. She, along with [[Asha Bhosle]], took the leading spot in the 1970s.

She sang 'Bacche ho tum Khel khilone' and in a duet with [[Kishore Kumar]] titled 'Do panchi do tinke'. She is said to have sung 15,000 songs in Bengali as well as Hindi songs. She continued success in the 1970s that inspired her to return to [[Bollywood]]. In 1983 R. D. Burman, who was the mentor of Bengali singers [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]] and [[Andrew Kishore]], gave her "Do Naina Aur Ek Kahani" in the film [[Masoom (1983 film)|''Masoom'']] voicing Shabana Azmi. The song was a chartbuster and is still sung. It earned her the Filmfare award for best female playback singer in 1983. Her popular repertoire includes 'Radha Banshi Chara Janena', 'Ek Boishakhe Dekha Holo Dujonar', 'Ei Mom Jochonay Ongo Bhijiye', 'Ja Ja Behaya Pakhi Jana', 'Tokhon Tomar Ekush Bochor Bodhoy.' She also has several non-film songs to her credit. She lent her voice to several Hindi compositions as well.

In the year 1957, while still in school, she bagged the first prize in the All-India Murphy Metro Music contest held in Mumbai, having been adjudged the best singer by leading music directors of that time such as Anil Biswas, Naushad Ali, Vasant Desai, C. Ramchandra, and Madan Mohan.

Arati commenced her musical journey in films with Bengali film ''Subarna Rekha'' and Hindi film ''Angulimaal'' and has, since then, sung thousands of songs in Bengali, [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and other languages.

Apart from films, Arati has engaged audiences with albums and live performances on television and stage of Rabindra Sangeet and Nazrul Geeti. Her versatility can be seen in diverse genres of music like [[Thumri]], [[Bhajan]], Tappa, [[Tarana]], and [[Ghazal]]. She performed extensively in India and throughout the world.

== Recognition ==

* Bengal Film Journalists Association Award (1965) for Best Female Singer and earned it repeatedly thereafter
* "Miyan Tansen award" of Sur Singar Samsad for her performance in ''Geet Gata Chal''
* Gujarat State Government Awards for three consecutive years for her Gujarati film songs.
* Lifetime Achievement Award from the Orissa Government (2015)
* Lifetime Achievement Award from Times of India Group (2016)
* [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Do Naina" in [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''.
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Female Playback Award]] – 1976 for ''Chhutir Phande''
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Female Playback Award]]- 1967 for ''Golpo Holeo Satyi''

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1958 ||''[[Sahara (1958 film)|Sahara]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Angulimaal (film)|Angulimaal]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1961 ||''[[Boy Friend (1961 film)|Boy Friend]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1962 ||''Kanna'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1963 ||''[[Deya Neya]]''||Bengali||
|-
| 1965 ||''[[Subarnarekha (1962 film)|Subernarekha]]''|| Bengali||
|-
| 1965 ||''Do Dil'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1965 ||''Abhaya O Srikanta'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1966 ||''[[Joradighir Chowdhury Paribar]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1967 ||''[[Badhu Bharan]] ''|| Bengali||
|-
| 1968 ||''[[Gar Nasimpur]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1969 ||''[[The Fiancee (1969 film)|The Fiancee]] ''|| Bengali||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Teen Bhubaner Pare]]'' || Bengali ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1970 ||''[[Bilambita Lay]] ''|| Bengali||
|-
| 1970 ||''[[Samantaral]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1970 ||''[[Manjari Opera]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1971||''[[:as:অৰণ্য (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|Aranya]]''|| Assamese<ref name="bolchabi">{{Cite book |author1=Babul Das |year=1985 |title=Asomiya Bolchabir Geet |publisher=Bani Mandir, Dibrugarh |accessdate=}}</ref>||
|-
| 1971||''[[:as:মানৱ আৰু দানৱ|Manab aru Danab]]''|| Assamese<ref name="bolchabi" />||
|-
| 1971 ||''[[Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1971 ||''[[Dhanyee Meye]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1971 ||[[Ghorer Moddhye Ghor]]||Bengali||
|-
| 1971 ||[[Kokhono Megh]]||Bengali||
|-
| 1971 ||''[[Fariad]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Haar Maana Haar]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Brojendrogi Luhongba]]'' || Manipuri||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Bhaiti]]'' || Assamese<ref name="bolchabi" />||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[:as:মৰিচিকা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|Morichika]]'' || Assamese<ref name="bolchabi" />||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Ajker Nayak]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Andha Atit]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1973 ||''[[Sriman Prithviraj]]'' ||Bengali ||
|-
| 1973 ||''[[Basanta Bilap|Basanata Bilap]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1974 ||''[[Alor Thikana]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1974 ||''[[Bikele Bhorer Phul]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1975 ||''[[Chhutir Phande]]'' || Bengali ||
|-
| 1976 ||''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1976 ||''[[Harmonium]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1976 ||''[[Hangsaraj]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1976 ||''[[Nidhiram Sardar]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Solah Shukrawar]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Phir Janam Lenge Hum]]''/''[[Janam Janam Na Saathi]]'' (1977) || Hindi/Gujarati ||
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Anand Ashram]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Baba Taraknath]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1978 ||''[[Ganga Ki Saugand]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1978 ||''[[Saajan Bina Suhagan]]'' ||Hindi ||
|-
| 1979 ||''[[Nagin Aur Suhagan]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1979 ||''[[Ashaati Beej]]'' || Gujrati||
|-
| 1979 ||''[[Ganadevata (film)|Ganadevata]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Taraana]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1980 ||''[[Megha Mukti]]'' ||Oriya ||
|-
| 1980 ||''[[Baata Abaata]]'' ||Oriya ||
|-
| 1980||''[[Manokaamnaa]]'' || Hindi||
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Geet Gaata Chal]]'' ||Hindi ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Ek Baar Kaho (1980 film)|Ek Baar Kaho]]'' ||Hindi ||
|-
| 1980 ||''[[Dadar Kirti]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1981 ||''Dustu Misti'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1981 ||''[[Ulka (1981 film)|Ulka]]'' || Oriya||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Tike Hasa Tike Luha]]'' ||Oriya ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Surya Sakshi]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1982 ||''[[Rajbadhu]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' || Hindi|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Desire (1983 film)|Desire]]'' || Oriya||
|-
| 1983 ||''[[Aashar Akash]] ''||Oriya ||
|-
| 1983 ||''[[Amar Geeti]]'' ||Bengali ||
|-
| 1983 ||''[[Rang Birangi]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1983||'' [[Indira (1983 film)|Indira]]'' || Bengali||
|-
| 1984|| ''Shatru'' || Bengali ||
|-
| 1985 ||''Ram Tere Kitne Nam'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1985 ||''[[Rusvai]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Lallu Ram''|| Hindi ||
|-
|1991
|Pyaar Ka Saawan
|Hindi
|-
||1992
|Sooraj Mukhi
|Hindi
|
|-
|}

== Bengali songs ==
===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Writer(s)
!Co-artist(s)
|-
| 1963
!''[[Deya Neya]]''
| "Madhobi Modhupe"
| Shyamal Mitra
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| solo
|-
| rowspan=1| 1966
!''Sankha Bela''
| "Aji Jhoro Jhoro Mukhoro"
| colspan=2| Rabindranath Tagore, Sudhin Dasgupta
| solo
|-
| rowspan=4| 1967
! Rowspan=2| ''Ajana Shapath''
| "Mone Rekhe More"
|rowspan=2| Hemanta Mukherjee
| Pulak Banerjee, Miltoo Ghosh
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Ogo Bondhu Amar"
| Miltoo Ghosh
|-
! rowspan=2| ''[[Miss Priyambada]]''
| "Se Ki Tobe Tumi Ogo"
| rowspan=2| Azad Rahman and Subir Sen
| rowspan=2| Shankar Bhattacharya
| Manabendra Mukherjee
|-
| "O Shalik Amay De Nare"
| solo
|-
| rowspan=6| 1968
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Gar Nasimpur]]''
| "Ogo Sundor"
|rowspan=3| Shyamal Mitra
| Rowspan=3|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Borsha Je Elo"
|-
| "Tuhun Chandra Mor"
| Shyamal Mitra
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Kokhono Megh]]''
| "Sob Dushtu Chhelerai"
|rowspan=3| Sudhin Dasgupta
| Rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Hariye Jete Jete"
|-
| "Tomay Dekhe Chhobi Enke"
|-
| rowspan=3| 1969
!''Duti Mon''
| "Ore O Jharna"
| Hemanta Mukherjee
| Pulak Banerjee
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Teen Bhubaner Pare]]''
| "Dure Dure Kachhe Kachhe"
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Keno Ek Chena Pothe"
|-
| rowspan=11| 1970
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Bilambita Loy]]''
| "Ek Boishakhe Dekha Holo Dujonay"
| rowspan=5| Nachiketa Ghosh
| rowspan=5| Pulak Banerjee
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Anka Banka Pathe Jodi
|-
| "Sona Roder Gaan"
|-
| "Bendhona Phulomala Dore"
| rowspan=2| Manna Dey"
|-
| "Taap Chare To"
|-
! rowspan=4| ''Ruposhi''
| "Kheli Je Lukochuri"
| rowspan=4| Shyamal Mitra
| rowspan=4|
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Kokila Re O Tui Emon Kore"
|-
| "Namo Namo Sabbojan"
|-
| "O Sujyi Alo De"
| Shyamal Mitra, chorus
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Sagina Mahato]]''
| "Bhalobeshe Bhashore Bhalo"
| rowspan=2| Tapan Sinha
| rowspan=2| Shyamal Gupta, Hemen Ganguly
| Anup Ghoshal, Pintoo Bhattacharya
|-
| "Chhoti Si Panchhi"
| Anup Ghoshal
|-
| rowspan=3| 1971
!''[[Dhanyi Meye]]''
| "Bou Kotha Kou"
| Nachiketa Ghosh
| Pulak Banerjee
| solo
|-
! rowspan=2| ''Shakuntala''
| "Jaage Chand Jaage Go"
| Rowspan=2| Kalipada Sen
| rowspan=2| Saral Guha
| Manabendra Mukherjee
|-
| "Modhur Modhur Baaje Beena"
| chorus
|-
| 1972
!''[[Andha Atit]]''
| "Aha Neel Neel Taragulo"
| Shyamal Mitra
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| Shyamal Mitra
|-
| rowspan=3| 1973
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Basanta Bilap]]''
| "Ami Miss Calcutta"
| rowspan=3| Sudhin Dasgupta
| rowspan=3| Pulak Banerjee
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Ek Choretei Thanda"
|-
| "O Shyam Jokhon Tokhon"
| Sujata Banerjee
|-
| rowspan=2| 1974
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Fuleswari]]''
| "Shunun Shunun Babumoshai"
| rowspan=2| Hemanta Mukherjee
| rowspan=2| Pulak Banerjee
| solo
|-
| "Hay Hay Hay Hay"
| Sandhya Mukherjee
|-
| rowspan=12| 1975
!''Aparajita''
| "Ekti Mayer Shopno Chhilo"
| Sudhin Dasgupta
|
| solo
|-
!rowspan=7| ''Hongsoraaj''
| "O Babumoshai"
| rowspan=7| Sudhin Dasgupta
| rowspan=7|
| rowspan=6| solo
|-
| "Are Bahare Baha"
|-
| "O Didimoni"
|-
| "Chol Apon Mone"
|-
| "O Shamu Shyam Re"
|-
| "O Boro Koshto Ami Pelam"
|-
| "Om Namah Shibay"
| Sandhya Mukherjee, Tarun Banerjee
|-
!rowspan=4| ''Shubho Songbad''
| "Ami Mori Laaje"
| rowspan=4| Sudhin Dasgupta
| rowspan=4|
| rowspan=4| solo
|-
| "Jetuku Chai"
|-
| "Tomate Amate" (part 1)
|-
| "Tomate Amate" (part 2)
|-
| Rowspan=7| 1976
!''Anandamela''
| "Bish Koutoy Bish Chhilona"
| Nachiketa Ghosh
|
| solo
|-
!rowspan=4| ''Shubho Songbad''
| "Aaj Akash Paare"
| rowspan=4| Nachiketa Ghosh
| rowspan=4|
| rowspan=4| solo
|-
| "Sob Bhalo Jar"
|-
| "Ja Gechhe Ta Jaak"
|-
| "Bashite Bahar Chhilo"
|-
! rowspan=2|''[[Sudur Niharika]]''
| "Jekhanei Tumi Thako"
| rowspan=2| Manabendra Mukhopadhyay
| rowspan=2| Shyamal Gupta
| solo
|-
| "Jibon Moroner Sathi"
| Manna Dey
|-
| rowspan=3| 1977
!''Baba Taraknath''
| "Poncho Prodeepe Dhupe"
| Neeta Sen
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| Banasree Sengupta, Dinendra Chowdhury
|-
!''Padma Nadir Majhi''
| "Padma Nadir Majhi"
| Dinendra Chowdhury
| Manik Bandyopadhyay
| Hemanta Mukherjee, Dhananjay Bhattacharya, Anup Ghoshal and others
|-
!''Proxy''
| "Jodi Tomar Chokher Akash"
| Hemanta Mukherjee
|
| Hemanta Mukherjee
|-
|rowspan=5| 1978
!rowspan=2| ''[[Bansari (1978 film)|Bansari]]''
| "Nhoromer Gaan Shune Phool"
| rowspan=2| Hriday Kushari
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Ke Tumi Ami Jaani"
|-
! ''Korunamoyi''
| "Ja Debi Sorbobhuteshu"
| Sudhin Dasgupta
|
| Hemanta Mukherjee
|-
!''Nishaan''
| "Tumi Je Premer"
| Shyamal Mitra
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| Kishore Kumar
|-
!''Tilottama''
| "Amay Tomar Motoi"
|
|
| solo
|-
| rowspan=5| 1979
!rowspan=2| ''Krishna Sudama''
| "Dao Likhe Dao"
| rowspan=2| Neeta Sen
| rowspan=2|
| solo
|-
| "Phaguay Ke Kumari"
| Usha Mangeshkar, Gautam, chorus
|-
!rowspan=2| ''Nondon''
| "Churi Churi Churi Amar Mon"
| rowspan=2| Sudhin Dasgupta
| rowspan=2|
| Sudhin Dasgupta
|-
| "Ghore Osustho Bhai"
| solo
|-
!''[[Srikanter Will]]''
| "O Amar Joto Sukh"
| colspan=2| Salil Chowdhury
| solo
|-
|rowspan=6| 1980
!''Premer Phandey''
| "Kotha Dilam Ei Aam Bagane"
| N/A
| N/A
| Anup Ghoshal
|-
!''Putul Ghor''
| "O Akash"
|
|
| solo
|-
!''Rajnondini''
| "Antor Jaar Athoi Sagor" (female)
| Abhijeet Banerjee
|
| solo
|-
!rowspan=2| ''Sujata''
| "Jodi Chand Aar Surjo"
| rowspan=2| Nachiketa Ghosh
| rowspan=2|
| Aarti Mukherjee
|-
| "Megher Pore Megh Jome"
| solo
|-
!''Upalabdhi''
| "Projapoti Sethay Ghore"
|
|
| solo
|-
| rowspan=2| 1981
!''Chameli Memsaheb''
| "Asom Desher Meye Ami"
| Bhupen Hazarika
| Shibdas Banerjee
| solo
|-
!''Khelar Putul''
| "Amar Jibon Jodi"
| Hemanta Mukherjee
| Pulak Banerjee
| solo
|-
| rowspan=8| 1982
! Rowspan=2| ''Aparupa''
| "Pelam Kothay"
| rowspan=2| R D Burman
| rowspan=2| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| Amit Kumar
|-
| "Laal Neel Holde"
| chorus
|-
!rowspan=2| ''Protikkha''
| "Ei Holo Hashi"
| rowspan=2| Hemanta Mukherjee
| rowspan=2| N/A
| solo
|-
| "Seema Theke Dure"
| Hemanta Mukherjee
|-
!''Rajbodhu''
| "Oi Neel Neel"
| Abhijeet Banerjee
|
| Manna Dey
|-
!rowspan=3| ''Sonar Bangla''
| "Mukhei Boli Bharotbasi"
| rowspan=3| Neeta Sen
| rowspan=3| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| Manna Dey
|-
| "Keu Jodi Nao Thake"
| solo
|-
| "Tuturidhun"
| Hemanta Mukherjee, Haimanti Shukla
|-
|rowspan=10| 1983
!rowspan=3| ''Bonoshree''
| "E Pathor"
|rowspan=3| Sudhin Dasgupta
|rowspan=3| N/A
| rowspan=2| Manna Dey
|-
| "Se Kotha Rakhena"
|-
| "Shudhu Ekti Bhalobashar Gaan"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Chena Achena (1983 film)|Chena Achena]]''
| "Koto Swapna Chhilo"
| rowspan=2| Abhijeet Banerjee
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Jouban Palashe Agun"
|-
!''Parabat Priya''
| "Naa Re Naa Tumi Naa"
| Ajoy Das
| Pulak Banerjee
| solo
|-
!''Roktoraag''
| "Aasmame Joto Roshni"
| Abhijeet Banerjee
|
| solo
|-
!rowspan=3| ''Tagari''
| "Ami Gourharir Choron"
|rowspan=3| N/A
|rowspan=3| N/A
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Tagari Naamti Amar"
|-
| "Piriti Rosher Khela"
| Hemanta Mukherjee
|-
|rowspan=4| 1984
!rowspan=3| ''Rashiphal''
| "Dhoro Dhoro Shrimatike"
|rowspan=3| N/A
|rowspan=3| N/A
| rowspan=2| Anup Ghoshal
|-
| "Ki Hobe Na Hobe"
|-
| "Jokhon Tokhon Asa"
| solo
|-
!''Shilalipi''
| "Prothom Dekhar Pore"
| Suparnakanti Ghosh
| Palash Bandyopadhyay
| solo
|-
| 1985
!''Shatru''
| "Bolona Gi Kar Maa Tumi"
| R D Burman
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| solo
|-
| 1987
!''Radharani''
| "Kunjokanon Ghire"
|
|
| solo
|-
| 1992
!''Rongin Bosonto''
| "Abeshe Bhora Mon"
|
|
| solo
|-
| rowspan=2| 1995
! Rowspan=2| ''Tarini Maa Tara''
| "Tui Maa Tara Korunamoyi"
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Bhim Bibhishon"
|-
| 1997
!''Banglar Bodhu''
| "Tomake Bhalo Je Besechhi"
| Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul, Anupam Dutta
|
| solo
|-
|}

=== Popular songs ===

* "Shyam Teri Bansi Pukare" (with Jaspal Singh – Geet Gaata Chal)
*"Do Panchhi Do Tinke"
*"Kabhi Kuchch Pal Jeevan Ke"
*"Do Naina, Aur Ek Kahani"
*"Yadon Ko Bhool Jayen To Kaise Bhool Jayen"
*"Nayana Neer Na Bahao"
*"Bolo Na Bolo Na Soi"
*"Prajapati Sethay Ghore"
*"Kon Kule Aaj Bhirlo Tari"
*"Swapna Niye"
*"Sujyi Alo De"
*"Anugatajane Keno Karo Eto"
*"Tokhon Tomar Ekush Bosor"
*"Ei Mon Jochonay Ongo Vijiye"
*"Sara Mora Kajra Churaya Tu Ne" ( with Rafi -Do Dil – 1965)
*"Shile Shile Theka Khale"
*"O Golap O Malati"

==References==
{{Reflist }}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0611507}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|38348|Aarti Mukherji}}
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213164227/http://calcuttaweb.com/gaan/arati.shtml |title=Aarti Mukherjee on Calcuttaweb |date=13 February 2009}} {{in lang|hi}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Aarti}}
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:1943 births]]

K. Reuben Mark

2026-01-09T00:55:35Z

Tonyrogers1123: adding new entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Church of South Indian bishop}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Reverend|The Most Rt. Rev. Dr.]]
| name = K. Reuben Mark, moderator of [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Karimnagar Diocese of the Church of South India|Bishop – in – Karimnagar]] and [[Church of South India Synod| Moderator of CSI Inter-diocesan Office - in - Chennai]]
| image = Kantipudi Reuben Mark.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| alt =
| caption = Bishop Reuben Mark at the Protestant Regional Theologiate in Secunderabad on 1 January 2019
| church = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Anglican]], the [[Church of England]], [[Lutheran]] churches, and missionary societies: [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], and [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]] in India )''
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Karimnagar Diocese of the Church of South India|Karimnagar]]
| see =
| elected = 2015
| term = 
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Bishop]] [[P. Surya Prakash]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| successor = ''[[Incumbent]]''
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 1988
| ordained_by = [[Bishop]] [[K. E. Swamidass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] at [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral, [[Karimnagar]]
| consecration = 4 May 2015<ref name="Synod">CSI Synod News, New Bishop consecrated and installed in CSI Karimnagar Diocese, Monday, 18 May 2015. [http://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=207]</ref>
| consecrated_by = The Most Reverend [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], then Moderator and Principal consecrator and [[The Right Reverend]] [[Thomas K. Oommen]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] then Deputy Moderator<ref name="Synod"/> and co-consecrator
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Bishop]]

| birth_name = Kantipudi Reuben Mark
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|03|29}}
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence = Mukarampura, [[Karimnagar]]
| parents = [[Sri]] Shadrach
| occupation = [[Priesthood]]
| previous_post = [[Priest]], [[Diocese of Karimnagar]], [[Church of South India]] {{small|(1988–1995)}}, [[Professor]], [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]] {{small|(1995-2015)}}
| education =[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Master of Theology|M. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] ([[Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences|Higginbottom]])
| alma_mater = [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]]), [[University of Copenhagen Faculty of Theology|University of Copenhagen Faculty of Theology, Copenhagen]] ([[Denmark]]), [[Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences|Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| other =
}}
'''[[The Right Reverend|Rt. Rev. Dr.]] K. Reuben Mark''' is the present [[moderator]] of [[church of South India]] and (2015<ref name="Synod"/> onwards)
[[Karimnagar Diocese of the Church of South India|Bishop in Karimnagar]]<ref>[[Anglican Communion]], ''Member Churches''.[http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese/position.aspx?church=south-india&dio=karimnagar&pos=bishop-of-karimnagar&posID=19736]</ref> and the sixth in succession and occupies the ''[[Cathedral]]'' of the Bishop placed in Karimnagar's [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral. Reuben Mark is currently a Council Member<ref>[[United Theological College, Bangalore]], ''Council 2015-2018''.[http://www.utc.edu.in/home/council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825103524/http://www.utc.edu.in/home/council |date=25 August 2017 }}</ref> for the period 2015–2018 at the fully-[[ecumenical]] [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]. During the XXXVIth session of [[Church of South India Synod]], Reuben Mark has been elected as Deputy Moderator for the triennium 2020-2023 succeeding [[V. Prasada Rao]].<ref name="George">George Conger, ''New moderator for the Church of South India'', Anglican Link, January 12, 2020.[http://anglican.ink/2020/01/12/new-moderator-for-the-church-of-south-india/]</ref>

Before he assumed the [[ecclesiastical]] office of the Bishop, Reuben Mark was Professor in [[Homiletics]] from 1995 through 2015.<ref name="Senate Directory" /><ref name="Surya">[[P. Surya Prakash]], ''Karimnagar Diocese 133 years and Beyond: Church of South India Karimnagar Diocese - A Story of Transformation (1879-2012)'', 2013. [https://oimts.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/2013-2-prakash.pdf]</ref> Mark's professorship was at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], affiliated to India's first University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'' {a University under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/]</ref>'' with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref>

==Moderator of CSI==
He was elected as Deputy Moderator of CSI Synod from 2020 to 2023. After Reuben Mark was the [[Moderator of the General Assembly|Moderator]] of the CSI Synod from July 2025

==Ministerial formation==
===Graduate===
After the completion of graduate studies in [[Hanamakonda|Hanumakonda]], Reuben Mark discerned his avocation towards [[priesthood]] and became a ministerial candidate of the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] of the [[Church of South India]], then under the bishopric of [[G. B. Devasahayam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] who took him into the Church and became his [[Confessor|Spiritual Confessor]] and sent him for [[spiritual formation]] to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], where he studied [[Bachelor of Divinity]] degree from 1984 to 1988<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] 1910-1997'', [[Bangalore]], 1997. pp.70 and 134</ref> under the Principalship of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar, [[E. C. John]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and was taught by faculty that comprised [[G. D. Melanchthon]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> James Carl, [[South Andhra Lutheran Church|SALC]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Theodore N. Swanson]], [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|ELCA]], [[D. N. Premnath]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and others. In 1988 when Reuben Mark returned to the Diocese, he was ordained in 1988/1989 by then Bishop [[K. E. Swamidass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] following which he began ministering in parishes of the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]].

===Postgraduate===
In 1992, Reuben Mark was resent to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] to upgrade his academics and studied from 1992 to 1994 during the successive Principalships of [[E. C. John]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and [[Gnana Robinson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] taking a postgraduate degree in [[Master of Theology]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> specializing in [[Homiletics]] under Professor [[P. Surya Prakash]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] then Faculty Member<ref name="Hiwale"/> at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]. Reuben Mark was awarded graduate and post-graduate degrees by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] during the Registrarship of [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church|IPC]].

===Research studies===
After a period of teaching ministry at the near-[[ecumenical]] Seminary in [[Secunderabad]], Reuben Mark was again sent by his [[Bishop]] [[S. John Theodore]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] for research studies at the [[University of Copenhagen Faculty of Theology]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] where he researched from 2000 to 2004 on the theme, ''A Homiletical analysis of the Revival Sermons of [[D. G. S. Dhinakaran]] and its Relevance of the Dalit Perspective''<ref name="Allahabad">''Annual Report'', [[Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]], [[Allahabad]], 2008-2009, p.22. [http://shiats.edu.in/upd/ar_0809.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314171959/http://shiats.edu.in/upd/ar_0809.pdf|date=14 March 2016}}</ref> and later transferred himself to the [[Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]], [[Allahabad]] researching under the able guidance of [[Prof.]] V. K. Singh<ref name="Allahabad"/> and was awarded the doctoral degree in 2009.<ref>''List of Ph.D. Scholars.'' [[Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]], [[Allahabad]]. [http://14.139.57.198/webwapp/PhdPassout.asp]</ref><ref>User ''Bishopreuben'' unsourced edit on 13 March 2016: He registered on 1-9-2000 as a Ph.D. Student in the Copenhagen University and studied for three years (I.e. Up to 31-8-2004) in the field of Homiletics, concentrating especially on the Indian revival sermons by Dhinakaran. He has also conducted valuable fieldwork in India and gathered material related his research. He had fulfilled Ph.D.requirements of Copenhagen University except submission of his thesis. He wanted to transfer his Ph.D. Studies to one of the Indian universities that are under UGC, India for he wanted to do it in India under and Indian scholar for an able guidance, for which the University of Copenhagen also agreed and transferred his candidature from University of Copenhagen to any of the Universities in India. The reasons to transfer his candidature firstly, the research is mostly I.e. 80% related to Indian context. Secondly, as there was no Indian scholars in Copenhagen University and as the studies needed to have further guidance and to be evaluated by Indian experts, informed about the specific social and religious environment in India. Hence, he got transferred to Sam Hagginbotham Institute of Agriculture and Technological Sciences (formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) - Deemed University and was awarded a Ph.D. on 25 February 2009.</ref>

==Ecclesiastical ministry==

===Pastoral===
After his [[Seminary]] studies, Reuben Mark was ordained as a [[Deacon]] in 1988 by then [[Bishop]] [[K. E. Swamidass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and the following year as a [[Presbyter]] at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral in [[Karimnagar]] and began pastoring parishes within the [[ecclesiastical]] jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] until 1992 when he went to upgrade his academics in the [[Protestant]] Seminary in [[Bangalore]]. After his return from the [[Seminary]] in 1994, Reuben Mark began re-pastoring the parishes until 1995 when [[Bishop]] [[S. John Theodore]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] sent him for teaching ministry to the [[Protestant]] Regional [[Seminary]] in [[Secunderabad]].

===Teaching===
In 1995, Reuben Mark joined the Faculty of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] and began teaching Practical Ministry/[[Homiletics]]<ref name="Senate Directory">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''Directory of Teaching Staff''. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty.php?college=Select%20College&spez=Christian%20Ministry&i=40]</ref> at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] from 1995 to 2015 and taught<ref name="Surya"/> in a near-[[ecumenical]] setting comprising the [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Methodist]], [[Lutheran]], [[Congregational]], [[Baptist]], and [[Anglican]] Church societies beginning with the periods of Principalship comprising the [[Church of South India]], the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]], the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]], and the [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] notably under [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Regunta Yesurathnam|R. Yesurathnam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] K. D. G. Prakasa Rao, [[CBCNC]] and D. J. Jeremiah, [[CBCNC]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] B. J. Christie Kumar, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] N. V. Luther Paul, [[American Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Ch. Vasantha Rao, [[Church of South India|CSI]] and [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] T. Mathews Emmanuel, [[CBCNC]].

After a two-[[decade]]s teaching ministry that began in 1995, Reuben Mark was recalled to the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] by the [[Church of South India Synod]] in mid-2015 as his name was announced as Bishop-elect for the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] resulting in his resignation from the Faculty of the near-[[ecumenical]] [[Protestant]] Regional Theologiate in [[Secunderabad]].

===Bishopric===

During the period when Reuben Mark was teaching at the [[Seminary]] in [[Secunderabad]], the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] saw the change of at the Bishopric in 2007 following which [[P. Surya Prakash]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], Reuben Mark's Professor at Bangalore was consecrated as the fifth Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Karimnagar|Karimnagar]] who occupied the [[Cathedra]] up to 2014 until his resignation on account of superannuation resulting in [[sede vacante]]. The [[Church of South India Synod]] conducted elections for the Bishopric following which [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], then Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] announced the appointment of K. Reuben Mark as Bishop-elect for the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]].

On 4 May 2015<ref name="Synod"/> the Most Reverend [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], then Moderator principally consecrated Reuben Mark with other co-consecrator, [[The Right Reverend]] [[Thomas K. Oommen]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], then Deputy Moderator at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral, Karimnagar in the presence of Bishops of the adjoining dioceses, [[B. D. Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Eggoni Pushpalalitha]], [[CSI Order of Sisters]],
[[V. Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and the General Secretary of the [[Church of South India Synod]], [[Daniel Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]. Also present were the two living patriarchs of the [[Diocese of Karimnagar]], the Old Testament Scholar [[S. J. Theodore]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and [[P. Surya Prakash]], [[Church of South India|CSI]].<ref name="Synod"/>

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Bishop]] [[V. Prasada Rao]] 2017-2019| title=Deputy Moderator,<ref name="George"/> [[Church of South India Synod|CSI Synod]], [[Chennai]]
|after=''Incumbent''
| years=2020-2023
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Bishop]] [[P. Surya Prakash]] 2007-2014| title=[[Diocese of Karimnagar|Bishop - in - Karimnagar]], [[Church of South India]], [[Karimnagar]]
|after=''Incumbent''
| years=2015-''Present''
}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Perapogu Joseph|P. Joseph]], [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]] 1986-1994| title=Professor - in - [[Homiletics]], [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]]|after=[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] A. John Prabhakar, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]] 1999-| years=1995-2015}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| author=K. M. Hiwale (Compiled)
| title=Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997
| year=1998
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yCvXPgAACAAJ&q=Directory+of+the+United+Theological+College+1910%E2%80%931997
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Bobbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
| publisher=University of Missouri Press
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&q=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reuben Mark, K.}}
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Karimnagar]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Denmark]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Patna–Gaya Passenger

2026-01-07T20:13:15Z

Tonyrogers1123: enhance content additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Patna–Gaya Passenger
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|07|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)
| stops = 23
| end = {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}} (GAYA)
| distance = {{convert|92|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 3h 15m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 53213/53214
| speed = {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Patna–Gaya Passenger''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 53213/53214 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/india/patna-bhabua-express/90709/ | title=Contradictory reports on derailment of Patna–Bhabua Express | date=3 January 2017 | newspaper=Janta Ka Reporter | access-date=8 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://irctcnews.in/list-rescheduleddelayedlate-trains-17th-January-2014/ |title=List of Rescheduled/Delayed/Late Trains 17 January 2014 s |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317141749/http://irctcnews.in/list-rescheduleddelayedlate-trains-17th-January-2014/ |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://irctcnews.in/rescheduled-trains-today-2/ |title=Rescheduled trains today |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317152343/http://irctcnews.in/rescheduled-trains-today-2/ |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==

The 53213/Patna–Gaya Passenger has an average speed of 30 km/h and covers 92 km in 3h 5m. The 53214/Gaya–Patna Passenger has an average speed of 29 km/h and covers 92 km in 3h 10m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Parsa Bazar}}
* {{stnlnk|Ramgovindsingh Mahuli Halt}}
* {{stnlnk|Punpun Ghat Halt}}
* {{stnlnk|Punpun}}
* {{stnlnk|Jehanabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Jehanabad Court}}
* {{stnlnk|Makhdumpur Gaya}}
* {{stnlnk|Bela}}
* {{stnlnk|Ore Halt}}
* {{stnlnk|Chakand}}
* {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 14 coaches:

* 12 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Mughal Sarai|Mughal Sarai Loco Shed]]-based [[WAM-4]] electric locomotive from Patna to Gaya and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with

* 13249/13250 [[Patna–Bhabua Road Intercity Express]]
* 13243/13244 [[Patna–Bhabua Road Intercity Express (via Gaya)]]
* 53211/53212 [[Patna–Sasaram Passenger]]

== See also ==

* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhabua Road railway station]]
* [[Patna–Bhabua Road Intercity Express (via Gaya)]]
* [[Patna–Bhabua Road Intercity Express]]
* [[Patna–Sasaram Passenger]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5128 53213/Patna–Gaya Passenger]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/3760 53214/Gaya–Patna Passenger]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna-Gaya Passenger}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Marathi Brahmin

2026-01-01T16:30:16Z

Tonyrogers1123: content update

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
</noinclude>{{short description|Community of Marathi speaking Brahmins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{For|people belonging to Maharashtra|Marathi people|Konkani people}}

'''Marathi Brahmins''' (also known as '''Maharashtrian Brahmins''') are communities native to the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. They are classified into mainly three sub-divisions based on their places of origin, "[[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]]", "[[Karad]]" and "[[Konkan]]". The Brahmin subcastes that come under Maharashtra Brahmins include [[Deshastha]], [[Chitpavan]] (Kokanastha), [[Karhade]], and [[Devrukhe]].

==Geographical distribution==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = India Maharashtra locator map.svg
| width1 = 155
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| footer = The location of state of Britain in India. Majority of Maharashtrian Brahmins live in Maharashtra (left).
}}
[[File:Maharashtra Districts.png|right|thumb|315px|Divisions of Maharashtra.]]
Maharashtrian Brahmins are native to the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. However, their training as priests, expertise in Hindu laws and scriptures, and administrative skills have historically led them to find employment in all corners of India. For example, in the 1700s, the court of Jaipur had Maharashtrian Brahmins recruited from [[Benares]]. This community had in turn migrated to Benares after the fall of [[Vijayanagar empire]] in southern India.<ref name="Pauwels2017">{{cite book|author=Heidi Pauwels|title=Mobilizing Krishna's World: The Writings of Prince Sāvant Singh of Kishangarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OE9nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=26 October 2017|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-74224-3|page=31}}</ref> The greatest movement of the community took place when the [[Maratha Empire]] expanded across India. [[Peshwa]], [[Holkars]], [[Shinde|Scindia]], and [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] dynastic leaders took with them a considerable population of priests, clerks, and armymen when they established new seats of power. Most of these migrants were from the literate classes such as Deshasthas, Saraswats and non-Brahmin communities like [[CKP]]. These groups formed the backbone of administration in the new Maratha Empire states in many places such as [[Baroda]], [[Indore]], [[Gwalior]], [[Bundelkhand]], and [[Tanjore]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=John|title=The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule|journal=The Historical Journal|date=1971|volume=14|issue=2|pages=243–244|jstor=2637955}}</ref> The Deshasthas in Tanjure in modern day [[Tamil Nadu]] state in southern India dates back to early 1700s.<ref name="Rao2019">{{cite book|author=Jaishri P. Rao|title=Classic Cuisine and Celebrations of the Thanjavur Maharashtrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bciVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|date=29 April 2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-68466-649-2}}</ref> In modern times the Maharashtrian brahmin and CKP communities of Indore dominated the RSS and Bharatiya Janasangh (the forerunner of the BJP).<ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PR7|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|page=147}}</ref>

[[Brahmin]]s are about 8-10% of the total population of [[Maharashtra]].<ref># {{Citation |author1=Irawati Karmarkar Karve |title=Group relations in village community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPhHAQAAIAAJ |page=9 |year=1963 |publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute |quote=The Brahmin who form about 8% of the population of Maharashtra. |author2=Yashwant Bhaskar Damle }}
# {{Cite book |author1=Subhash R. Walimbe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MMLAQAAMAAJ |title=Anthropology for archaeology: proceedings of the Professor Irawati Karve Birth Centenary Seminar |author2=P. P. Joglekar |author3=Kishor Kumar Basa |publisher=Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |year=2007 |page=158 |quote=While comprising only 9% of the Maharashtrian population, the eight endogamous Brahmin castes studied by Karve and Malhotra }}
# {{Citation |title=Maharashtra Assembly election: How Brahmin Devendra Fadnavis won over Marathas |date=17 October 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/maharashtra-assembly-election-how-brahmin-devendra-fadnavis-won-over-marathas-1610274-2019-10-17 |publisher=India Today |quote=For record, Brahmins contribute to around 10 per cent in the population of Maharashtra. }}
# {{Citation |title=After Marathas, Brahmins in Maharashtra seek reservation |date=3 December 2018 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-marathas-brahmins-in-maharashtra-seek-reservation/articleshow/66916397.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |quote=Dave also said they would be soon meeting the Maharashtra Backward Class Commission to pitch for their claims. According to the latter, the state had around 90 lakh Brahmins and 70% of them are below the creamy layer, which means they would be eligible for reservation benefits. }}
# {{Citation |title=No reservation for Brahmins, says Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis |date=29 May 2019 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/no-reservation-for-brahmins-says-maharashtra-cm-devendra-fadnavis |publisher=The Free Press Journal |quote=The Brahmin community has around 8 percent share in the population of the state which is around 90 lakhs. }}
# {{Citation |title=Maharashtra Brahmins unhappy, want separate 4% reservation |date=31 January 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-brahmins-unhappy-want-separate-4-reservation/articleshow/67765301.cms |work=The Times of India |quote=Vishwajeet Deshpande, a functionary of the Samaj, said that the Brahmin community comprises 8% of Maharashtra's total population of 11.4 crore. }}
# {{Citation |title=Distribution Of Brahmin Population |date=5 February 2022 |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/distribution-of-brahmin-population/220442 |publisher=Outlook |quote=Brahmins are about 10 percent of Maharashtra population. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
# {{Citation |title=Maharashtra: Brahmin community presses for economic status survey |date=3 December 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-brahmin-community-presses-for-economic-status-survey-5475575/ |publisher=The Indian Express |quote=It is widely believed that people from the Brahmin community are well-to-do. That is not true. Almost 60-70 per cent Brahmins are poor, especially those living in rural areas,” said Anand Dave, president of Pune district unit of the Akhil Bharatiya Brahman Mahasangh. The mahasangh said that Brahmins make up 8-9 per cent of Maharashtra’s population, which is around 90 lakh. }}
# {{Citation |title=Now Brahmins in Maharashtra want survey on socio-economic status |date=7 December 2018 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article25690217.ece |publisher=Frontline, The Hindu |quote=In the numbers game, which is so crucial in influencing government policy, Brahmins do not do as well as Marathas. The Brahmin community forms about 9 per cent of the State’s population as opposed to Marathas who constitute about 30 per cent of the population. }}
# {{cite book |author=Hazel D'Lima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlCw0LwqyFIC&pg=PA170 |title=Women in Local Government: A Study of Maharashtra |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1983 |isbn=978-8170221418 |page=170 |quote=Brahmins do not have a numerical superiority as they account for only 8 per cent of the population. }}</ref> Among Maharashtrian Brahmins, almost 60 per cent (three-fifth) are Deshastha Brahmins and 20 per cent (one-fifth) are Chitpavan Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|author=Richard I. Cashman|publisher=University of California Press|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/19 19]|quote=The Deshasthas, who hailed from the Deccan plateau, the Desh, accounted for three-fifths of the Maratha Brahman population.|isbn=9780520024076}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Elites in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA98|page=98|author1=Edmund Leach|author2=S. N. Mukherjee|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|quote=The Chitpavans account for one-fifth of all Maharashtrian Brahmins.}}</ref>

==Occupation==
===Historical===
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=200|caption=Location of places a long distance away from Maharashtra region where Maharashtrian brahmins have settled over the centuries. Most of these had Maratha rulers sometime in their history. Hover over the dot to see the placename.|places=
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Dewas |lat=22.96|long=76.06}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Gwalior |lat=26.22|long=78.18}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Sagar, Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.83|long=78.71}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Indore |lat=22.71667|long=75.84722}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Vadodara |lat=22.30|long=73.19}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Varanasi |lat=25.28|long=82.96}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Thanjavur |lat=10.47|long=79.8}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Arcot |lat=12.99|long=79.314}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Almora |lat=29.5971|long=79.6591}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Jabalpur |lat=23.166|long=79.93}}
}}
In Maharashtra Brahmins have had a wider occupational basis, including as priests, vedic scholars, administrators, warriors, courtiers, business and politics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Provincial Hinduism: Religion and Community in Gwalior City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtV8BgAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=134|first=Daniel |last=Gold|quote=In Maharashtra, Brahmins have been known for traditional occupations of broader scope than those in most of the rest of India. Not just characteristically priests and scholars as elsewhere, Maharashtrian Brahmins were also recognized as men of action: administrators, businessmen and political leaders|isbn=9780190266332|year=2015}}</ref><ref name="Cashman1975">{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/8 8]}}</ref> For decades together during the era of the [[Deccan sultanates]] Deshasthas and Saraswats were significant recruits to administrative roles and as tax collectors.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |volume=2|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|pages=130–146|isbn=9780521033169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA130}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the Court of Bijapur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAvqAAAAMAAJ|author=Deborah S. Hutton|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2006|page=17|quote=Bijapur Sultanate certainly inherited patterns of cultural interaction from the Bahamani dynasty. One notable practice was the use of Maharashtrian Brahmins and Marathi-speaking soldiers in the kingdom's administration and army. Because the number of Muslims in Deccan was relatively small, the Deccan Islamic kingdoms depended on Brahmins, primarily from the Maharashtrian region, for administration and tax collection.|isbn=9780253347848}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA23|page=23|title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards|first1=Richard M. |last1=Eaton|first2=Munis D. |last2=Faruqui|first3=David |last3=Gilmartin|first4=Sunil |last4=Kumar|first5=John F. |last5=Richards|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107034280|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1992|title=Deccan (Maharashtra) under the Muslim Rulers from Khaljis to Shivaji: A Study in Interaction|jstor=42930434|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=51/52|pages=501–510|last=Kulkarni|first=G. T.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammad |first1=T.A. |title=Nobility in the Bijapuri Kingdom |date=2008 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |page=61 |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/3741/1/T%207409.pdf |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
They were also administrators during the period of the [[Maratha Empire]], spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, when some Chitpavans also emerged as [[peshwa]]s and thus the de facto rulers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA129 |title=The Satara Raj, 1818–1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture |isbn=978-81-7099-581-4 |year=1995 |last=Kulkarni |first=Sumitra |page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Marathas#ref485879 |title=India : Rise of the peshwas |publisher=Britannica.com |date=2011-11-08 |access-date=2013-03-23}}</ref> During the peshwa rule, Pune became the de facto financial capital of the empire with the bankers (sawakar in Marathi) being mainly Maharashtrian brahmins.<ref name="Damodaran2008">{{cite book|author=H. Damodaran|title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=25 June 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-59412-8|page=50}}</ref> During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many Marathi brahmins migrated north to Hindu holy city of [[Benaras]] on the [[Ganges|Ganga River]]. During this period Benaras had become an important center of learning. Seven Marathi brahmin clans became the intellectual elites of the city with patronage from wealthy benefactors during the early Mughal era or even from an earlier period. The clans included Sesa, Bhat, Dharmadhikari, Bharadvaja, Payagunde, Puntambekar and Chowdhuri. These brahmins were collectively called dakshinatya brahmins. The clans dominated the study of [[Sanskrit]] scriptures and Hindu laws in the city for many centuries. Most them also mentioned maintained close connections to their original homes in the centers of learning on the [[Godavari River]] such as [[Paithan]], [[Puntamba]], and [[Trimbakeshwar]].<ref>Benke, T., 2010. THE ŚŪDRĀCĀRAŚIROMAN I OF KR S N A ŚES A: A 16th Century Manual of Dharma for Śūdras. Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations, p.159.[https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=edissertations]</ref> All these clans had expertise in particular area of Sanskrit literature.<ref name="O'HanlonWashbrook2014">{{cite book|author1=Rosalind O'Hanlon|author2=David Washbrook|title=Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTnJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT274|date=2 January 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-98287-6|pages=274–|chapter=Speaking from Siva's temple:Banaras scholar households and the Brahmin ecumene of Mughal India}}</ref>
During this era, Benaras also became a base from which scholars could go to regional courts and display their learning. The Bhatta family, for example, had branches in Benaras, [[Amer, India|Amer]] and [[Mathura]].<ref>- Rosalind O'Hanlon. 10 Dec 2013, Scribal Migrations in Early Modern India from:
Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora Routledge
Accessed on: 25 Nov 2019 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203796528.ch3</ref> A number of Maharashtrian brahmins settled in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region of present day Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] in places such as [[Almora]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koranne-Khandekar |first1=Saee |title=A taste of home |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZT00Hwi3tpS4D10f8uz2hJ/A-taste-of-home.html |access-date=21 February 2020 |work=live Mint |issue=1 Dec 2017 |date=2017}}</ref><ref name="Almora">{{cite book|author=Dr. R. K. Thukral|title=Uttarakhand District Factbook : Almora District: District level socio-economic data of Almora District, Uttarakhand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpYqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP4|date=1 January 2017|publisher=Datanet India Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-86277-98-5|pages=4–}}</ref> These brahmins now form part of the Kumaoni brahmin community and the Garhwali Pandit Community.<ref name="Mohan Chandra Joshi">{{cite book|author=Braj Bhushan|title=Eminent Indian Psychologists: 100 years of Psychology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xtBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT285|date=28 August 2017|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-86446-43-5|pages=285–}}</ref><ref name="Pants of coastal Maharashtra">{{cite book|author=Namita Gokhale|title=Mountains Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bJlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=17 August 2015|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-180-4}}</ref>

John Roberts has argued that from the time of the Maratha Empire and into the period when the [[British East India Company]] was forming the administrative unit of the [[Bombay Presidency]], they were mostly urban dwellers, along with other non-Brahmin clerical castes, and shunned trading roles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=John|title=The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule|journal=The Historical Journal|date=1971|volume=14|issue=2|pages=241–262|jstor=2637955}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=March 2022|reason=Clarify who are "they" }} This view appears to be distinct to that of Edmund Leech and S. N. Mukherjee, who note the Chitpavan incomers to the region as being involved also in trade and cultivation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Elites in South Asia|page=99|first1=Edmund |last1=Leach |first2=S. N. |last2=Mukherjee |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99}}</ref>

===Modern era===
The British rulers of Maharashtra region during early years of colonial rule in the nineteenth century recruited for clerical and lower level administrative work mainly from castes such as brahmin and [[CKP]] whose traditional occupations involved scholarship, teaching, and record keeping. Incidentally, these castes had considerable experience in government administration during the Peshwa rule which preceded the British rule. Brahmins and CKP were also the first to take to western education. This was their gate way to rise to positions of dominance in many fields during the nineteenth century colonial era. These included positions in professions such as teaching, law, medicine, and engineering.<ref>Patterson, M.L., 1954. Caste and political leadership in Maharashtra. The Economic Weekly, pp.1066-7.[https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/39/caste_and_political_leadership_in_maharashtraa_review_and_current_appraisal.pdf]</ref> Maharashtrian brahmins also dominated lower level jobs in the colonial government. The 19th century social reformer, [[Jyotirao Phule]] lamented the brahmin domination in education and government jobs.<ref name="Keer1997">{{cite book|author=Dhananjay Keer|title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: Father of the Indian Social Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&pg=PA1|year=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-066-2|page=99}}</ref> In the early 20th century, however, different governments in the region such as the [[Bombay Presidency]] or the princely state of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] started reservation policies in government jobs at lower levels that discriminated against the brahmins.<ref name="Mohanty2004">{{cite book|author1=Manoranjan Mohanty|author2=M.N. Srinivas|title=Class, Caste, Gender|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msyGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|date=6 May 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0369-1|pages=161–165|chapter=Caste in modern India}}</ref>

Being the first to receive western education, Maharashtrian brahmins such as [[Justice Ranade]], or [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]] were at the forefront of social reform, female education, and participation in political process at the local level. They were also equally opposed by more orthodox members' of their own communities such as [[Lokmanya Tilak]] for advocating reforms.<ref name="Bhattacharya2002">{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&pg=PR7|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2192-6|page=238}}</ref> In the twentieth century, Maharashtrian brahmins such as [[Savarkar]] formulated the [[Hindutva]] ideology, and [[Hedgewar]], and his successor [[Golwalkar]] founded or led the Hindu nationalist organization, the [[RSS]].

In the last one hundred years, many brahmin families such [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]], Garware, Ogale,<ref>Damodaran, H., 2008. Brahmins, Khatris, and Babus. In India’s New Capitalists (pp. 48-91). Palgrave Macmillan, London.</ref> and Mhaiskar have been successful in creating large manufacturing, and construction businesses.<ref name="Damodaran2018">{{cite book|author=Harish Damodaran|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG58DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|pages=50–57}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
===Religious customs===
[[File:Deoghar with Annapurna, Ganesh and Balkrishna.jpg|thumb|right|A Devghar (Household shrine) in a Marathi brahmin family. From Left traditional oil lamp (Niranjan), electric lamp, Image of [[Yogeshwari]] of [[Ambejogai]] (family deity or Kuldaivat), Image of Laxmi Keshav (Family deity or Kuldaivat), On the low bench from left, small statues of Goddess [[Annapurna (goddess)|
Annapurna]], [[Ganesh]], Bal[[krishna]] (crawling baby Krishna)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/astro/religion-festival-news/worship-of-balkrishna-or-temple-in-home-rules-in-marathi-significance-of-devghar-and-balkrishna-pooja/articleshow/88748443.cms|title=Worship Of Balkrishna बाळकृष्ण सर्वांच्या देवघरात असतात,तुम्हाला माहित आहे का बाळकृष्णाची नित्यसेवा कशी करावी?|website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref>]]
Sociologist S. D. Pillai states, basing on the studies by [[G. S. Ghurye]], that claim of Brahminhood by communities such as some Saraswat subcastes of the Western Indian Konkan belt who historically had no knowledge of [[vedas]], no priesthood, and even ate non-vegetarian food demonstrates that the Brahmin claim was available on other grounds and using legends to justify Brahmin origins. But the non-vegetarian tradition did not apply to Saraswats from the south of Western India.<ref name="Pillai1997"/><ref name="Kurzon2004">{{cite book|author=Dennis Kurzon|title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC&pg=PA74|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-673-5|pages=74–|quote=Saraswatis claim that they come from the Brahmin caste – hence their name - but others believe that they are usurpers using some fake brahmin ancestry to maintain their superiority.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ramesh Bairy|title=Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTXgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-19820-5|pages=193–|quote=Saraswat claim to Brahminhood is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka.}}</ref>

Chitpavans from Konkan area acted as priests for religious rituals and also involved in farming.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of world cultures: South Asia - Volume 2|page=69|quote= The occupation of the Chitpavans in their original territory of the Konkan was farming, with some income from performing rituals among their own caste.|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|editor=Paul Hockings|year=1992}}</ref>

Among Karhades there are both [[Smarthas]] and [[Vaishnavites]]. Smarthas are followers of [[Adi Shankara]] and Vaishnavas are followers of [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Our Fellow Pilgrims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IXYAAAAMAAJ|page=65|author=Gregory Naik|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Prakash|year=2000|quote=The Karhada Brahmins: The Brahmins lived in southern parts of modern Maharashtra, between Konkan and Desh, in a province, then called Karathak, comprising Satara, Sangli, and Kolhapur, with Karad as capital. Hence the name of Karhada Brahmins. Among them too there are Smartas and Madhvas or Bhagwats (Vaishnavites).|isbn=9788187886105}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA113|page=113|publisher=Asian Educational Services|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|year=1989|isbn=9788120604889|quote=The Karhades are all Rigvedis of the Shakala Shaka, who respect the sutra, or aphorism, of Ashwalayana. They belong to both the Smartha, and the Vaishnava sects, and in religious and spiritual matters follow the guidance of Sri Shankaracharya, and Madhwacharya, respectively.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=States, Citizens and Outsiders: The Uprooted Peoples of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-7rAAAAMAAJ|page=25|author1=Tapan K. Bose|author2=Rita Manchanda|publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights|year=1997|quote=The Brahmins, who found very few jobs in the arid hills of the western ghats, since one subcaste, the Chitpawan brahmins, dominated that region, felt the Chitpawan competition very unfair in Maharashtra. Most notably, these were Deshastha and Karhade Brahmans many of whom migrated across Deccan into the East Godavari basin. This was administered through the 19th century by Deshastha Brahmins who used the Maharashtrian surname, Rao.}}</ref>

The deshastha and the karhade historically allowed cross-cousin marriages but the chitpavan did not.<ref>Karve, I., 1958. What is caste. Economic Weekly, 10(4), p.153.[https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/4-5-6/what_is_casteiv_castesociety_and_vedantic_thought.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121073501/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/4-5-6/what_is_casteiv_castesociety_and_vedantic_thought.pdf|date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
Historically, widow remarriage was uncommon among the ritually upper castes in Maharashtra i.e. Marathi speaking brahmins, CKPs and Saraswat unlike among some others castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=women in distress|author=Neela Dabir|pages=97,98,99|publisher=Rawat Publishers|year=2000}}</ref>

Like most other Hindu communities, Marathi brahmins have a shrine called a ''devghar'' in their house with idols, symbols, and pictures of various deities.<ref>Chavan, C. Y., & Chandar, S. (2022). The Relationships Between Socio-Economic, Political and Cultural Profiles of the People and House-Forms: Sawantwadi, Maharashtra, India.Journal of the International Society for the Study of Vernacular Settlementsal, Vol. 9, no.3,[https://isvshome.com/pdf/ISVS_9-3/ISVS_EJ_9.3.9.pdf]</ref>

===Diet===
{{See also|Maharashtrian cuisine|List of festivals of Maharashtrian Brahmins}}
[[File:Maharashtrian Thali.jpg|thumb|right|A Maharashtrian vegetarian meal with a variety of items]]
Maharashtrian Brahmins, Deshasthas, Chitpavans and Karhades have historically been strict vegetarian. As per Singh, Saraswats eat only fish.<ref name="Pillai1997">{{cite book|author=S. Devadas Pillai|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&pg=PA30|year=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-807-1|pages=30–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=2079|quote=Among them the Chitpavan, Desastha, Karhade and Devdny Brahman are pure vegetarian.|isbn=9780195633542}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=2082|quote=The Saraswat Brahman eat only fish while other Brahmans like Deshastha, Karhade and Konkanastha take a vegetarian diet.|isbn=9780195633542}}</ref><ref name="KumarSanyal2020">{{cite book|author1=Nita Kumar|author2=Usha Sanyal|title=Food, Faith and Gender in South Asia: The Cultural Politics of Women's Food Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LrLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=20 February 2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-13708-0|pages=120–}}</ref> Singh's claim is, however, contradicted by the ''Saraswat Mahila Samaj'' (Saraswat caste association of Women) of Mumbai that has published a book ''Rasachandrika'' in 1988 on Saraswat cuisine discussing egg, fish and even mutton recipes.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Rasachandrika: Saraswat Cookery Book with Notes and Home Remedies, Useful Hints and Hindu Festivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ue-b_OJrR1wC&pg=PA199|year=1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-290-1|pages=199–|author=Saraswat Mahila Samaj}}</ref>

During the Peshwa era, brahmins of Pune passed caste specific laws for alcohol - making the sale of liquor illegal to [[Brahmins]], [[Shenvi|Shenvi(GSB)]]s, [[Prabhu Communities|Prabhus]] and the officers working for the administration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caste and Race in India|page=[https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/5 5]|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1969|quote=Thus the Brahmin government of Poona, while passing some legislation prohibiting the manufacture and sale of liquors, excluded the bhandaris kolis and similar other castes from the operation thereof but strictly forbade the sale of drinks to Brahmins, Shenvis, Prabhus and Government officers|url=https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur|url-access=registration|isbn=9788171542055}}</ref> 

== Social and political issues ==

Sociologist [[Sharmila Rege]] writes that, as the demand of the British Raj for administrators increased and thus guided the direction of education policy, the "caste composition of the emerging intelligentsia" demonstrated how the upper castes were able to cement their socio-economic position by dominating recruitment to the available bureaucratic positions. They also dominated selection for the schools themselves, demanding that lower caste students be rejected. For example, from 1827 to 1848, in the [[Elphinstone College|Elphinstone institutes]] of Bombay, out of 152 matriculating students, 16 were Brahmins, 12 were [[Shenvi|Gaud Saraswat Brahmin(Shenvi)]], 71 were [[Prabhu Communities|Prabhus]], 28 were [[Parsis]] and 25 belonged to lower castes. In the New English school in Pune, in 1886, 911 out of 982 were Brahmins. In the employment of the "elite administrative hierarchy" in 1886, out of 384, 211 were Brahmins, 37 were Prabhus and there was only one Shudra.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4-oDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|page=32|title=Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonies|first=Sharmila |last=Rege|authorlink=Sharmila Rege |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=9789383074679|year=2014 |orig-year=1999}}</ref>

[[Gail Omvedt]] concludes that during the British era, the overall literacy of Brahmins and CKPs was overwhelmingly high as opposed to the literacy of others such as the [[Kunbi]]s and Marathas. Specifically, the top three literate castes were Chitpavans, CKPs and Deshasthas. Men were more literate than the women from any caste. Female literacy as well as English literacy showed the same pattern among castes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Omvedt |first=Gail|title=Development of the Maharashtrian Class Structure, 1818 to 1931|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=8 |issue=31/33 |pages=1418–1419 |date=August 1973}}</ref>{{efn|Omvedt does add a proviso saying that: There is difficulty in using such Census data, particularly because the various categories tended to be defined in different ways in different years, and different criteria were used in different provinces for classifying the population. Nonetheless, the overall trend is clear}}

[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] believed that the [[Deshastha]], [[Chitpawan]] and [[Karhade]] should get united. He encouraged this by writing comprehensive discussions on the urgent need for these three sub-castes to intermarry and dine together.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority|author=Sandhya Gokhale|year=2008|page=147|quote=As early as 1881, in a few articles Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the resolute thinker and the enfant terrible of Indian politics, wrote comprehensive discourses on the need for united front by the Chitpavans, Deshasthas and the Karhades. Invoking the urgent necessity of this remarkable Brahmans combination, Tilak urged sincerely that these three groups of Brahmans should give up caste exclusiveness by encouraging inter sub-caste marriages and community dining."}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Maharashtrian Brahmins have played a significant role in the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist movement]]. [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], a political scientist, states that even in Indore (a city in Madhya Pradesh), from 1950 to 1965, Maharashtrian Brahmins and CKP together accounted for two-third or three-fourth of the Hindu nationalist representation in the municipal councils.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, 1925 to the 1990s|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=October 15, 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC&pg=PA147|page=147,148|isbn=9780231103350|quote=(pg 147)Members of the Maharashtrian high castes were particularly numerous, whether Brahmins or - like Thakre[Kushabhau, pg 133] - CKPs.(pg 148) In Indore, the Maharashtrian upper castes were particularly over-represented within the RSS and the Jana Sangh. In the municipal councils, from 1950-65, the Maharashtrian Brahmins and CKP accounted for two-thirds or three-fourth of the Hindu Nationalist representation.}}</ref>

Jaffrelot thinks that Brahmins are still resented by the Marathas and Dalits of Maharashtra despite no longer having much political power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bhima-koregaon-dalits-maratha-ambedkar-maharashtra-a-war-of-labels-5016769/|title=A war of labels|date=9 January 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

===Anti-Brahmin Violence===

After [[Gandhi]]'s murder by [[Nathuram Godse]], himself a [[Chitpavan Brahmins|Chitpavan Brahmin]]; Brahmins in Maharashtra, in 1948, became targets of violence, mostly by some elements from the [[Maratha_(caste)|Maratha]] caste.<ref name="malon"/><ref name="ullekh"/> V. M. Sirsikar, a political scientist at the [[University of Pune]], noted that {{quote|It will be too much to believe that the riots took place because of the intense love of Gandhiji on the part of the Marathas. Godse became a very convenient hate symbol to damn the Brahmins and burn their properties.<ref name="malon">{{cite book|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11|editor1=Mariam Dossal|editor2=Ruby Malon|author=V.M.Sirsikar|page=11|isbn=9788171548552|year=1999}}</ref>}}

Another political scientist, Donald B. Rosenthal, said that the motivation for the violence was the historical discrimination and humiliation faced by the Maratha community due to their caste status and "Even today, local Brahmins claim that the Marathas organized the riots to take political advantage of the situation".<ref name="ullekh">{{cite book|title=The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|page=39|author= Ullekh N P|publisher=Random House India|year=2018|isbn=9789385990816}}</ref>

In [[Satara district|Satara]] alone, about 1000 houses were burnt in about 300 villages. There were "cruel, cold-blooded killings" as well – for example, one family whose last name happened to be 'Godse' had three of its male members killed. Brahmins suffered from serious physical violence as well as economic violence in the form of looting. In Sangli, [[Jains]] and [[Lingayats]] joined the Marathas in their attacks against the Brahmins. Thousands of offices and homes were also set on fire. [[Sexual abuse|Molestation]] incidents were also reported during these attacks. On the first day alone, the number of deaths in Bombay were 15, and 50 in Pune. The total monetary loss has been estimated to Rs.100 million (or about 20 million in 1948 US dollars).<ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Patterson">{{cite book|editor1=Donald W. Attwood|editor2=Milton Israel|editor3=Narendra K. Wagle|author=Maureen Patterson|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|date=October 1988|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8|pages=35–58|quote=Such resistance was to no avail, and the Brahmans' fears and troubles were realized in February 1948 when they were set upon by recently politicized communities - Marathas, as well as Jains and Lingayats - who unhesitatingly took advantage of the opportunity provided by assassin Godse's shots.[page 50]; This is no doubt low since about 1000 houses were officially reported to have been burnt down in some 300 villages spread across all thirteen talukas of the district and Aundh State.[page 40]}}</ref>

=== Reservation Demands in Maharashtra ===
Brahmins (8-10% of Maharashtra), under the group Samast Brahmin Samaj have protested in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] & [[Sambhaji Nagar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-23 |title=Brahmin community demands reservation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/brahmin-community-demands-reservation/articleshow/80412555.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> been put forth 15 demands including "additional 4% reservations under EWS"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-31 |title=Maharashtra Brahmins unhappy, want separate 4% reservation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-brahmins-unhappy-want-separate-4-reservation/articleshow/67765301.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and a fixed pension of Rs.5000 for their community citing the 'rise of economical backwardness amongst them and unemployment with only have 120 days of work'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-16 |title=After Marathas, now Brahmins to protest in Mumbai for reservations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-marathas-now-brahmins-to-protest-in-mumbai-for-reservations/story-LDdoR4DCAWbJ9J5gFclCTO.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

*[[List of Deshastha Brahmins|Notable Deshastha Brahmins]]
*[[Chitpavan#Notable people|Notable Chitpavan Brahmins]]
*[[Karhade Brahmin#Notable people|Notable Karhade Brahmins]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ|first=Richard Maxwell|last=Eaton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781400868155}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]

Village on Wheels

2025-12-31T08:04:02Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Short description|Special train introduced by the Indian Railways to cater to the budget tourists}}
'''Village on Wheels''' is an Indian train introduced by the [[Indian Railways]] to cater to budget tourists, especially villagers. The trains connect the selected tourist destinations, usually with a circular schedule. They are managed by the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation ([[IRCTC]]), a public-sector undertaking of the Railways.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tripathi |first1=Shishir |date=9 November 2013 |title=Village on Wheels by Rlys to start tomorrow. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/village-on-wheels-by-rlys-to-start-tomorrow/ |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=Operated by IRCTC, the train will take the entourage on a 12 days journey that will start from Chandigarh on November 11 and return on November 22.}}</ref>

This is envisaged to be the more plebeian version of the luxurious [[Palace on Wheels]] trains.

'The train is aimed at promoting tourism and connecting one city to another, says the railways official 'The first nine-day journey will cost Rs. 4,500 inclusive of [[lacto-vegetarian]] meals and snacks.'

The train has 10 coaches and can accommodate 350 passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=After 'Palace on Wheels', now a 'Village on Wheels' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/after-palace-on-wheels-now-a-village-on-wheels/articleshow/3653966.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=30 October 2008 |quote=350 passengers would be accommodated}}</ref>

== Route ==
* The first route is [[Rajendra Nagar, Patna|Rajendra Nagar]] (start)-[[Patna]]-[[Varanasi]]-[[Agra]]-[[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]-[[Delhi]]-[[Vaishno Devi]] ([[Jammu Tawi]])-[[Amritsar]]-[[Haridwar]] ([[Rishikesh]])-[[Patna]] -Rajendra Nagar(finish) in nine days.
* The second route is [[Patna]] (start)-[[Mokama]]-[[Jasidih]]-[[Asansol]]-[[Bardhaman]]-[[Howrah]]-[[Puri]]-[[Howrah]]-[[Asansol]]-[[Patna]](finish) in six days.
* The third route is [[Howrah]]-[[Patna]]-[[Manmad]]([[Shirdi]])-[[Pune]]-[[Mumbai]]-[[Ahmedabad]]-[[Dwarka]]-[[Veraval]]-[[Ajmer]]-[[Jaipur]]-[[Delhi]]-[[Patna]]-[[Howrah]] (finish) in twelve days.
* The fourth route is [[Patna]] (start)-[[Howrah]]-[[Puri]]-[[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupati]]-[[Madurai]]-[[Rameshwaram]]-[[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]]-[[Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Ernakulam]]-[[Howrah]]-[[Patna]](finish) in twelve days.
*The fifth route is [[Patna]] (start) - [[Prayagraj]] - [[Satna]] - [[Katni]] - [[Jabalpur]] - [[Narsinghpur]] - [[Itarsi]] - [[Narmadapuram]] - [[Habibganj]] - [[Bhopal Junction]] - [[Bhopal Bairagarh]] - [[Maksi Junction]] - [[Ujjain]] - [[Dewas]] - [[Indore Junction BG]] ([[Indore]]) - [[Patna]] (finish) in 12-days

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060603125816/http://24x7updates.com/FullStory-News-Village_on_Wheels_on_its_way_next_week-ID-35587.html] Village on Wheels on its way next week
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-24/india/27171077_1_train-railway-minister-lalu-prasad-flag] Lalu to flag-off 'Village On Wheels'

{{Indian Railways}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Village On Wheels}}
[[Category:Luxury trains in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in India]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]

Semma (restaurant)

2025-12-17T01:49:05Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting first article initial version.

{{Short description|Restaurant in New York City}}
{{About|the restaurant in Manhattan|the Tamil film|Semma}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| name = Semma
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Semma NYC.jpg
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Semma in April 2024
| pushpin_map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| slogan =
| established = {{Start date|2021}}
| closed =
| current_owner = Roni Mazumdar Chintan Pandya
| chef =
| head_chef = Vijay Kumar
| food_type = [[South Indian cuisine]]
| dress_code =
| rating = [[Michelin Guide]]: {{Michelinstar|1}}
| street_address = 60 Greenwich Avenue
| city = New York City
| county =
| state = New York
| postcode = 10011
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|44|9.7|N|74|0|2.2|W|type:landmark_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| seating_capacity = 79 (12 bar seats,) 85 in the summer (with patio)
| reservations = Required outside of the bar/summer patio
| other_locations =
| other_information =
| website = {{URL|semma.nyc|semma.nyc}}
}}
'''Semma''' is an [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] restaurant in [[New York City]] specializing in [[South Indian cuisine]]. The restaurant, operated by Roni Mazumdar and Chintan Pandya and their hospitality group Unapologetic Foods, replaced their first collaborative restaurant, Rahi. The restaurant received a Michelin Star in 2022, which it retained in 2023 and in 2024, it has received positive reviews from restaurant critics. Its chef Vijay Kumar won the 2025 [[James Beard Foundation Award]] for best chef in New York State.

==History and focus==
Rahi, the restaurant which previously occupied Semma's location, closed in September 2021.<ref name=eater-adams-13.10.22>{{cite news |last1=Adams |first1=Erika |title=Star Dhamaka Team Closes Rahi to Make Way for a New South Indian Spot |url=https://ny.eater.com/2021/10/13/22723121/semma-restaurant-west-village-opening-menu |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=Eater NY |date=October 13, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111163247/https://ny.eater.com/2021/10/13/22723121/semma-restaurant-west-village-opening-menu |url-status=live }}</ref> Semma opened on October 12, 2021.<ref name=eater-adams-13.10.22/> Vijay Kumar left his position as chef at [[Rasa (restaurant)|Rasa]], an Indian restaurant in California, to become Executive chef/ partner at Semma.<ref name=eater-adams-13.10.22/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheshes |first1=Jay |title=Inside New York's dining revolution |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9bbd0dbc-b9f0-44a6-ac3d-6047ceea970a |access-date=July 9, 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=June 27, 2022}}</ref> Kumar grew up in [[Tamil Nadu]] and designed the menu to focus on the foods of [[Southern India]].<ref name=eater-adams-13.10.22/> Dishes on the menu, including the nathai pirattal (a snail dish) and a venison dish, were inspired by meals prepared by Kumar's family during his childhood.<ref name=vogueindia-shah-8.12.22>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Pooja |title=How Semma became the only Indian restaurant in the US to win a Michelin star this year |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/semma-becomes-the-only-indian-restaurant-in-the-us-to-win-a-michelin-star-this-year |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=Vogue India |date=December 8, 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111170130/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/semma-becomes-the-only-indian-restaurant-in-the-us-to-win-a-michelin-star-this-year |url-status=live }}</ref> Semma does not list a phone number.<ref name=reservations_review>{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Priya |last2=Syam |first2=Umi |last3=Aufrichtig |first3=Aliza |title=How to Win the Restaurant Reservation Game |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/23/dining/restaurant-reservations-nyc.html |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=October 24, 2023 |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130044332/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/23/dining/restaurant-reservations-nyc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The writers of a 2023 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' article about strategies to secure in-demand restaurant reservations referred to Semma as "one of the hardest-to-get-into places" in New York City.<ref name=reservations_review/>

"Semma" means "fantastic" or "super" in [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]].<ref name=vogueindia-shah-8.12.22/><ref name="eater-sietsema-25.10.22"/> Mazumdar and Kumar have both said that patrons have thanked them for providing food and flavors which accurately capture cooking found in India.<ref name=vogueindia-shah-8.12.22/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Muthalaly |first1=Shonali |title=Manhattan tastes rural Tamil cuisine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/new-york-restaurant-semma-celebrates-rural-tamil-nadu-cuisine/article37414864.ece |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=November 10, 2021 |language=en-IN |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111182247/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/new-york-restaurant-semma-celebrates-rural-tamil-nadu-cuisine/article37414864.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhagat |first1=Mallika |title=New York Says 'Semma' To South Indian Cuisine With Vijay Kumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/et-al-express-insight/new-york-says-semma-to-south-indian-cuisine-with-vijay-kumar-8823655/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=July 11, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711164534/https://indianexpress.com/article/et-al-express-insight/new-york-says-semma-to-south-indian-cuisine-with-vijay-kumar-8823655/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Design===
The interior of the space was redone after the closure of Rahi, with a new design inspired by the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=eater-adams-13.10.22/> The ''New York Times'' referred to the interior as having "tropical accents" and noted that wood ceilings "suggest" Keralan houseboats, known as [[kettuvallam]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabricant |first1=Florence |title=The Carlyle Hotel's Refurbished Restaurant, Dowling's, Opens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/12/dining/new-york-restaurant-openings.html |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=October 12, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171124/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/12/dining/new-york-restaurant-openings.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Semma also features a mural depicting a ''[[Kathakali]]'' dancer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=He |first1=Michael |title=Inside One MICHELIN Star Semma, a Taste of South India in Manhattan |url=https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/article/features/michelin-guide-restaurant-semma-only-indian-star-america |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=MICHELIN Guide |date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001001028/https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/article/features/michelin-guide-restaurant-semma-only-indian-star-america |url-status=live }}</ref> The restaurant's decor was designed by Wid Chapman Architects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=William |title=Heritage Is on the Menu at New York's Hottest Restaurants |url=https://www.elledecor.com/life-culture/a42623406/restaurants-cultural-heritage/ |access-date=February 11, 2023 |work=ELLE Decor |date=February 1, 2023 |language=en-us |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322220710/https://www.elledecor.com/life-culture/a42623406/restaurants-cultural-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reviews and accolades==
===Reviews===
In a positive review, ''New York Times'' critic [[Pete Wells]] compared Semma favorably to other restaurants by Unapologetic Foods.<ref name=nyt-wells-10.1.22>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Pete |title=South Indian Food That Goes Back to Its Roots, at Semma |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/dining/restaurant-review-semma-south-indian-food.html |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111181124/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/dining/restaurant-review-semma-south-indian-food.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wells praised the "rustic cooking" featured at Adda and [[Dhamaka (restaurant)|Dhamaka]], Semma's "siblings" as their primary strength, while asserting that Semma was distinguished by its "chutneys...sauces...and spices" and its more extensive offerings.<ref name=nyt-wells-10.1.22/>

In a review published by ''[[Eater (website)|Eater]]'', critic [[Robert Sietsema]] praised the restaurant for "aggressively challenging New York’s long-standing ideas about the scope and depth of Indian cuisine".<ref name=eater-sietsema-25.10.22>{{cite news |last1=Sietsema |first1=Robert |title=South Indian Newcomer Semma Slings Crisp, Crunchy Dosas and Curry Leaf-Infused Gin Cocktails |url=https://ny.eater.com/2021/10/25/22739010/south-indian-restaurant-semma-opens-greenwich-village-nyc |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=Eater NY |date=October 25, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111164319/https://ny.eater.com/2021/10/25/22739010/south-indian-restaurant-semma-opens-greenwich-village-nyc |url-status=live }}</ref> Sietsema highlighted the Mangalore huukkosu, mulaikattiya thaniya, and erral thoku as several of his favorite dishes.<ref name=eater-sietsema-25.10.22/>

Hannah Albertine, in a review published by The Infatuation, praised the restaurant's decor and food.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Albertine |first1=Hannah |title=Semma – West Village – New York |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/new-york/reviews/semma |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=The Infatuation |date=November 18, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111211402/https://www.theinfatuation.com/new-york/reviews/semma |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Accolades===
The restaurant was awarded a [[Michelin Star]] in 2022, which it retained in 2023 and 2024<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortney |first1=Luke |title=Winners and Losers From NYC's 2022 Michelin Awards |url=https://ny.eater.com/2022/10/7/23391417/winners-losers-2022-michelin-stars-new-york-city |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=Eater NY |date=October 7, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111163953/https://ny.eater.com/2022/10/7/23391417/winners-losers-2022-michelin-stars-new-york-city |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Infatuation]] included Semma on its list of the best new restaurants in New York City in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York City's Best New Restaurants Of 2021 – New York |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/new-york/guides/best-new-restaurants-new-york-city-2021 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=The Infatuation |date=December 5, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210104/https://www.theinfatuation.com/new-york/guides/best-new-restaurants-new-york-city-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The restaurant was included on a list published by ''[[The New York Times]]'' of the restaurants "loved most" by its critics in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Restaurant List 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/dining/best-restaurants-list-america.html#semma |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=September 19, 2022 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522201451/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/dining/best-restaurants-list-america.html#semma |url-status=live }}</ref> The publication ''[[Bon Appétit]]'' included Semma on its list of the best new restaurants of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Human |first1=Becca |title=For Chef Vijay Kumar, the Path to Semma Began With Rice |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/semma-new-york-best-new-restaurants-2022 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=Bon Appétit |date=September 14, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165431/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/semma-new-york-best-new-restaurants-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BA's 10 Best New Restaurants of 2022 |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/10-best-new-restaurants-america-2022 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |work=Bon Appétit |date=September 14, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165525/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/10-best-new-restaurants-america-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Semma has been included on lists of the best Indian restaurants in New York City published by sites including ''[[Eater (website)|Eater]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sietsema |first1=Robert |title=18 Stellar Indian Restaurants in NYC |url=https://ny.eater.com/maps/best-indian-restaurants-nyc-jersey-city-dining-takeout |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=Eater NY |date=May 10, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722085442/https://ny.eater.com/maps/best-indian-restaurants-nyc-jersey-city-dining-takeout |url-status=live }}</ref> Thrillist,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Swathi |title=The 15 Best Indian Restaurants in NYC |url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/new-york/best-indian-food-in-nyc |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=Thrillist |date=November 11, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602141615/https://www.thrillist.com/eat/new-york/best-indian-food-in-nyc |url-status=live }}</ref> TastingTable,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallacher |first1=Blair |title=The 21 Best Indian Restaurants In NYC |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1129781/best-indian-restaurants-in-nyc/ |work=Tasting Table |date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> and The Infatuation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talreja |first1=Neha |last2=Finn |first2=Carina |last3=Kim |first3=Bryan |title=The Best Indian Restaurants In NYC - New York |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/new-york/guides/the-best-indian-restaurants-in-nyc |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=The Infatuation |date=May 12, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608191903/https://www.theinfatuation.com/new-york/guides/the-best-indian-restaurants-in-nyc |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pete Wells placed Semma in twelfth place in his 2023 ranking of the best hundred restaurants in New York City,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Pete |title=The 100 Best Restaurants in New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/dining/best-nyc-restaurants.html |access-date=April 18, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=April 18, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033550/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/dining/best-nyc-restaurants.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in seventh place on the same list for 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Pete |title=The 100 Best Restaurants in New York City in 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/dining/best-nyc-restaurants.html |access-date=April 6, 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=April 1, 2024}}</ref> In 2025, [[Priya Krishna (journalist)|Priya Krishna]] and [[Melissa Clark]], the interim food critics at the ''Times'' after Wells's departure, ranked Semma in first place on their list.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Priya |last2=Clark |first2=Melissa |author1-link=Priya Krishna (journalist) |author2-link=Melissa Clark |title=The 100 Best Restaurants in New York City in 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/dining/best-nyc-restaurants.html? |access-date=7 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited |date=2 June 2025}}</ref>
In 2025 head chef Vijay Kumar won the Best Chef in New York State award from the [[James Beard Foundation Awards]].

==See also==
* [[List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.semma.nyc}}

{{Greenwich Village}}
{{Restaurants in Manhattan|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2021 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian restaurants in New York City]]
[[Category:Asian restaurants in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Greenwich Village]]
[[Category:Michelin-starred Asian restaurants in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2021]]
[[Category:Michelin-starred Indian restaurants]]

Rahul Bachha Sonkar

2025-12-15T17:22:32Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting the post first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahul Bachha Sonkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|3|4}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Bilhaur Assembly constituency|Bilhaur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| education = [[Bachelor of Education]]
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
}}
'''Rahul Bachha Sonkar''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Bilhaur Assembly constituency]] of the [[Kanpur Nagar district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite news |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18209/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rahul-bachha-sonkar/ |title=Rahul Bachha Sonkar, BJP MLA from Bilhaur |website=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/bjp-mla-rahul-bachha-threatened-accused-after-reaching-the-police-station/articleshow/102389014.cms |title=Kanpur News: भूसा भर दिया जाएगा, सपा की सरकार नहीं है, थाने पहुंचे बीजेपी विधायक ने दी धमकी, घर से बरामद हुई पीड़िता |language=hi |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-kanpur-police-arrested-accused-from-hariyana-who-was-given-threat-of-shoot-to-bilhaur-bjp-mla-rahul-bacha-sonkar-22634840.html |title=कानपुर : भाजपा विधायक को गोली मारने की धमकी देने वाला हरियाणा से गिरफ्तार, ककवन का है आरोपित |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttar-pradesh/mla-rahul-bacha-sonkar-said-in-kanpur-police-station-stwsk-2022511.html |title=ये सपा की नहीं BJP की सरकार है, भूसा भर देंगे', थाने में बोले विधायक राहुल बच्चा सोनकर |language=hi |publisher=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Rahul Bachha Sonkar was born on 4 March 1989 in [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Kala Bachha Sonkar and Manhorma Sonkar.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Mansi Sonkar on 6 December 2020.<ref name="UPLA"/> Kala Bachcha Sonkar was subject to 76 FIRs in a single day following his actions in protecting Hindus during the riots. Kala Bachcha Sonkar saved the lives of many Hindu families in the riots that broke out after the Babri demolition in Kanpur. He was killed on February 9, 1994, in a bomb attack, allegedly orchestrated by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), with funding from Mumbai. The postmortem examination revealed the presence of around 40 nails in his remains, highlighting the severe nature of the bomb used. Despite the tragic loss, his son Rahul Bachcha Sonkar continues to honor his father's sacrifices. After Kala Bachcha Sonkar's death, the Mulayam Singh Yadav government faced significant criticism for its handling of the situation. His body was cremated secretly, and his family was denied the right to perform the last rites. Additionally, BJP supporters who protested the decision were assaulted.

== Education==

Rahul Bachha Sonkar completed his education in 2012 with a [[Bachelor of Education]] at [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]], Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1746 |title=Mohit Sonkar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BILHAUR (SC)(KANPUR NAGAR) |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Bilhaur Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonkar, Rahul Bachha}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Samad Mir

2025-12-04T08:04:10Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting some pg initial version.

{{Short description|Kashmiri Sufi poet (1893–1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Samad Mir
| image = 
| caption = Samad Mir
| birth_date = 1893
| birth_place = Alam Sahib Narwara, Srinagar, Kashmir
| death_date = 9 January 1959
| death_place = Nambalhar, Budgam district, Jammu and Kashmir
| occupation = Poet
| language = Kashmiri
| genre = Sufi poetry
| notableworks = ''Aknandun'', ''Kulyaat-e-Samad Mir''
}}

'''Samad Mir''' (1893 – 9 January 1959) was a Kashmiri [[Sufism|Sufi]] poet<ref>{{cite web |title=CUK holds seminar on life and works of poet Samad Mir |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/cuk-holds-seminar-on-life-and-works-of-poet-samad-mir/ |website=Greater Kashmir |date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad Zia |first=Rakib |date=24 June 2024 |title=Samad Mir: A Great Sufi Poet of Kashmir |url=https://preciouskashmir.com/2024/06/24/samad-mir-a-great-sufi-poet-of-kashmir/ |website=Precious Kashmir}}</ref> His poetry explores themes such as divine beauty, spiritual longing, and his ethical ideals of the Sufi tradition.

== Early life ==
Mir was born in 1893 in Alam Sahib Narwara, [[Srinagar]]. His parents, Khaliq Mir and Noor Khaliq Mir, were [[dervish]] members of a Muslim, specifically Sufi, religious order who had taken vows of poverty and austerity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-13 |title=DERVISH definition in American English {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dervish |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

His father, Khaliq Mir, originated from Nambalhar, a village in the [[Budgam district]].<ref name="KP">{{Cite web |last=Yousuf |first=Imran |date=2018 |title=Samad Mir (1894–1959) |url=https://www.kashmirpen.in/samad-mir-1894-1959/ |website=Kashmir Pen}}</ref> Khaliq was also a poet, and died shortly after Samad’s birth, sometime between 1893 and 1894.<ref name="KP" />

Mir had two brothers, Rahim and Mohammad. Rahim remained in Narwara, while Mohammad died in his twenties.<ref name="KP" /> As an adult, Mir eventually returned to his ancestral village of Nambalhar.

During his youth and early adulthood, Mir worked as a labourer at the [[Hari Niwas Palace]] in Srinagar. He later married and became the father of three sons and one daughter.<ref name="KP" />

== Poetry and Sufism ==
Mir was illiterate and received no formal schooling.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSpgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |title=Hierophantic Experiences in Kashmiri Sufi Poetry |last=NAJAR |first=Manzoor Ahmad |publisher=Evincepub |year=2018 |isbn=9789387905481}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gauhar|first1=G. N.|title=Hazratbal: The Central Stage of Kashmir Politics|year=1998|publisher=Virgo Publications|isbn=9788185870113|page=248}}</ref> His verses were transcribed by Ali Shah of Wagar, [[Budgam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=Samad Mir: A Great Sufi Poet of Kashmir |url=https://preciouskashmir.com/2024/06/24/samad-mir-a-great-sufi-poet-of-kashmir/}}</ref>

A complete collection of his poetry, titled ''Kulyaat-e-Samad Mir'', was compiled and edited by Moti Lal Saqi. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]] has published revised editions of this collection multiple times.<ref name="KP" /> More than 200 poems are attributed to Mir.<ref name="KP" />

Mir’s works incorporate a blend of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindi]] vocabulary,<ref name="KP" /> and contained references of prophets, [[wali|Sufi saints]], and religious figures.

A monograph on his life and literary contributions has been published by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] in both Urdu and Kashmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hazratbal: The Central Stage of Kashmir Politics|author=G.N. Gauhar|year=1998|publisher=Virgo Publications|page=248}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mir died on 9 January 1959 in Nambalhar, [[Budgam district]]. He was buried in Agar, Nambalhar, where a shrine dedicated to him now stands.<ref name="KP" />

== Works ==
Mir’s works include:

'''''Aknandun''''' (''“The Only Son”'') – widely regarded as his most significant narrative poem<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSpgDwAAQBAJ&q=samad+mir+poetry&pg=PA119|title=Hierophantic Experiences in Kashmiri Sufi Poetry|last=NAJAR|first=DR MANZOOR AHMAD|date=2018-06-16|publisher=Evincepub Publishing|isbn=9789387905481|language=en}}</ref>

'''''Praran Praran Tarawatiyay'''''<ref name=":0" />

A series of '''Na‘at''' poems praising the Prophet Muhammad.<ref name=":0" />

Short devotional verses invoking prophets, ''[[Wali|awliyāʾ]]'' (saints), and Kashmiri Sufi masters.<ref name=":0" />

His [[Lyric poetry|lyric poems]] are noted for their use of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindi]] [[Loanword|loanwords]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Gauhar|first1=G. N.|title=Hazratbal: the central stage of Kashmir politics|date=1998|publisher=Virgo Publications|isbn=9788185870113|page=248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjZuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22samad+mir%22+%22poet%22|language=en}}</ref>

Several of Mir’s compositions continue to be performed in Kashmiri [[Sufi music|Sufi musical traditions]] and have been interpreted by regional singers such as Abdul Rashid Hafiz.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalam-e-Samad Mir |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3rV8IheAx0
|website=YouTube |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/kulliyat-e-samd-mir-moti-lal-saki/page/n1/mode/1up Kuliyat-e-Samad Mir] at Internet Archive
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3rV8IheAx0 Kalam-e-Samad Mir] – sung by Abdul Rashid Hafiz
* [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QeJ0WZZ8OTjDiqSk2AeeBso0_vH2nNiX/view Samad Mir Biography (PDF)] by Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Mir

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Samad}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1890s births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]

St. John's Cathedral, Nazareth

2025-11-20T15:34:09Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting the bio w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. John's Cathedral
| fullname =
| image = stjohnsnzt.jpg
| imagesize =

| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.560715|77.971978|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| previous denomination = [[Church of England]]
| churchmanship =
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| website = [http://www.stjohnscathedralnazareth.org/ www.stjohnscathedralnazareth.org]
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| consecrated date = 2013
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| status = [[Cathedral]]
| functional status = Active
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| architectural type = Cathedral
| style = Gothic
| groundbreaking =
| completed date = 1928
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| bishop = [[Timothy Ravinder]]
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'''St. John's Cathedral''' is the [[cathedral]] of the [[Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese of the Church of South India|Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]].

== History ==
In 1803, a site of a village was purchased by the Rev. J.C. Kohloff, S.P.C.K. missionary. The same year, that village by the name "Shanpathu" with 8 families became Christians, through Rev. Sathyanathan. Its revenue extent is 7 sq. miles. The first church, a thatched building with palmyrah leaves, was built in 1803 and named as St. John’s church. In 1805, the place name was changed to Nazareth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pate |first1=H.R. |title=Tinnevelly |date=1917 |publisher=Superintendent Of Government Press, Madras |location=Digital Library Of India |page=503 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.181680/2015.181680.Tinnevelly--Vol-1#page/n361/mode/2up/search/a+purely+Christian+settlement}}</ref>

In the year 1829, Rev. David Rosen laid the foundation for the Nazareth church and in the following year 1830, the second church was built by Rev. Adaikalam. This church was erected under the supervision of Rev. David Rosen.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harvard|first1=Andover|title=The Missionary Register|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH0oAAAAYAAJ&q=rosen+church+NAZARETH+erected&pg=PA129}}</ref> At the time of [[Arthur Margoschis]] at Nazareth, on his part, he revamped the church. He extended the back portion of the church.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Margoschis|first1=Arthur|title=Canon Arthur Margoschis|url=http://www.stjohnscathedralnazareth.org/mission.html}}</ref> Also, Arthur Margoschis planned to build a new big church, but that plan could not be fulfilled during his time.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

It was during the time of Rev. C.S.Stapley (1911 - 1924) at Nazareth, foundation and developments for a new church were initiated. In June 1920, the old church was demolished and a foundation was laid for a new church by Rt. Rev. E.H.M. Waller, Bishop in [[Tinnevelly]]. For that time, till the completion of the new church, a temporary church was built in front of the present day church.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

In the year 1924, Rev. C.S. Stapley, the then Presbyter and missionary was transferred, and the charge was handed over to Rev. Canon D. Koilpillai. Koilpillai was the first Indian Presbyter in the history of the S.P.G. Mission. After taking charge, Rev. Canon D.Koilpillai has built this new church. The church was dedicated by Rt. Rev. Norman H. Tubbs, Bishop of [[Tinnevelly]], in the year 1928. The S.P.G. funds helped to build this church. Natives of Nazareth, on their part, came forward to fund Rs. 20,000 to build this church. During the period of Rev. John Samuel (1936-1940), the church tower was completely built. The interlude between the formation of the Diocese in 1924 and the formation of the Church of South India in 1947 saw some distinct developments in the life of the church.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

== Cathedral ==
After the increase of various institutions and revenue at Nazareth, its members felt that it is necessary to get bifurcated or trifurcated from the Tirunelvelli Diocese. The C.S.I. Synod has accepted the request of Nazareth and bifurcation was ordered to form Tuticorin-Nazareth Diocese from out of Tirunelvelli Diocese.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Church of South India |first1=CSI |title=Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese |url=http://www.csitnd.org.in/}}</ref> The celestial ceremony was conducted on 25 October 2003 forming of a New Diocese and St. John's church was elevated to the position of Cathedral of Tuticorin-Nazareth Diocese since 23 October 2003. The ceremony was conducted by the then Moderator of C.S.I, Rt. Rev. Dr K.J. Samuel in the presence of Moderator Commissionary of Tuticorin-Nazareth Diocese, Rt. Rev. Dt. J.W. Gladston.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nazareth|first1=St. John's Cathedral|title=St. John's Cathedral|url=http://www.stjohnscathedralnazareth.org/about.html}}</ref>

== Relic ==
The church has 12 Relic features. They are:

# '''Doors''' – Three sides of the Church are provided with 5 entrances, as a symbol of welcoming all into the church from all sides.
# ''' Baptism tub''' - Baptistery has been put up at the main entrance of the Church so that it is open to accept everyone as a member of the Church. An adult baptism (immerse)tub has been provided within a campus of the church. And as initial 50 members were baptised in this tub.
# '''The Floor (Nave)''' – Marvellous flooring has been beautifully laid throughout the church.
# '''Litany Desk''' – There is a litany Desk, provided in front of the congregation. It is used at the time of Praying Litany.
# '''The Lectern''' – Bronze made lectern is beautifully provided in the shape of an eagle’s legs showering as its foot-rest.
# '''Pulpit''' – The majestic pulpit is located at the centre of the church in a nominal height so that the entire congregation can see the preacher face to face from all the sides of the church.
# '''Altar''' – The most special feature of the church is the Altar with its curtain. It reminds us of the verse in Isaiah 6:1 "His robe filled with whole of the Temple". Besides there are four glass stained pictures at the backside of the altar, which symbolically means the four Gospels in the Bible. The first one portrays the birth of Jesus Christ, The second shows St. John leaning on the chest of Jesus. The third picture depicts the last supper of Jesus Christ. The fourth picture vividly represents how Jesus was taken up to heaven. Different coloured Altar table cloths and screens and robes of the priests are being used to show the different Days of Service.
# '''Cross''' – It is beautifully located at the centre top of the Altar. It reminds Jesus's Crucification. The pedestal of the cross on the Altar table consists of three steps which symbolize Faith, Hope, and Love and also the sacrifice of the Lord,
# '''Candle & Candle Sticks''' – The candles with seven sticks are burning on the two sides of the cross. This indicates the seven gifts of the Holy Sprit, Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Fortitude, Knowledge, True Godliness and the fear of the Lord.
# '''Organ with Benches for the Choir''' – The Choir used to carry three types of crosses during their services. One cross during the regular service and other two with Banner are used during festivals and Saints’ days.
# '''Sanctuary Lamps''' – Seven lamps hanging inside from both sides of the Altar are being provided, and at the centre of the Altar there is a lamp burning all the hours day and night throughout the year.
# '''The Symbols''' – All types of symbols as traditional relics are seen in all the parts of the church, The sign XPICTOC or IHC (The first two letters of the word Christ in Greek), IHCOYC (the first three letters of the word Jesus in Greek), INRI ( the word as Jesus the Nazarene, the King of Jews in Latin JESUS NAZARENUS REX JUDAEORUM), the letters as Alpha & Omega, Star of David, etc.

Other salient features in this church are, The Pillars - The magnificent pillars towering without clench and supporting the roof, The church's portico which is floored with ornamental roof, The Stratum & Clock - The church tower has 7 stratums at the height of 178 feet, having clocks in four sides and neon cross lights. At the top, there is a neon cross light.

== Festivals ==
The church congregation celebrates the following five festivals in grand manner:

# New Year
# Easter
# Day of Church Dedication
# All Souls' Day & All Saints' Day
# Christmas

==Bishops of the Diocese==
# Rt. Rev. Dr. J.A.D. Jebachandran(2006-2013)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diocese |first1=The Hindu |title=The first Bishop of Tuticorin-Nazareth diocese |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/jebachandran-frst-bishop-of-tuticorinnazareth-diocese/article3145638.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=11 April 2006}}</ref>
# [[S E C Devasahayam|Rt. Rev. Dr. S.E.C. Devasahayam]](2017-2020)<ref>{{cite news |last1=TV |first1=Anglican |title=Bishop in Thoothukudi- Nazareth consecrated |url=http://www.anglican.ink/article/bishop-thoothukudi-nazareth-consecrated-south-india |publisher=Anglican Ink |date=12 Jun 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thoothukudi - Nazareth - Anglican Communion |first1=Diocese |title=Rt Revd Samuel Devasahayam Ebenezer Clement |url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese.aspx?church=south-india&dio=thoothukudi-nazareth}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.stjohnscathedralnazareth.org/ Official St. John's Cathedral, Nazareth website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John's Cathedral, Nazareth}}
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Church of South India cathedrals]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1928]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1803]]

Solapur–Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express

2025-11-11T17:44:05Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting a data from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Solapur Mumbai CST Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = 27 October 2013
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]
| start = [[Mumbai CST]]
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|Solapur Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|455|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hours 50 minutes as 22140 Solapur–Mumbai CST Express, 10 hours 50 minutes as 22139 Mumbai CST–Solapur Express
| frequency = 6 days a week. 22140 Solapur–Mumbai CST Express – except Wednesday, 22139 Mumbai CST–Solapur Express – except Thursday.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22139 / 22140
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|46.27|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22140 / 39 '''Solapur–Mumbai CST Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Solapur Junction}} and [[Mumbai CST]] in India.

It operates as train number 22140 from Solapur Junction to Mumbai CST and as train number 22139 in the reverse direction serving the state of [[Maharashtra]].

==Coaches==

The 22140 / 39 Solapur–Mumbai CST Express has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class cum AC 2 tier]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], 6 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

22140 Solapur–Mumbai CST Express covers the distance of {{convert|455|km|0}} in 10 hours 50 mins (42.00 km/h) and in 8 hours 50 mins as 22139 Mumbai CST–Solapur Express (51.51 km/h).

==Routeing==

The 22140 / 39 Solapur–Mumbai CST Express runs from Solapur Junction via {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Karjat}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} to Mumbai CST.

==Traction==

This train is hauled end to end by a Kalyan-based WAP7 in its entire journey.

==Timings==

22140 Solapur–Mumbai CST Express leaves Solapur Junction every day except Wednesday at 21:10 hrs IST and reaches Mumbai CST at 05:10 hrs IST the next day.

22139 Mumbai CST–Solapur Express leaves Mumbai CST every day except Thursday at 21:20 hrs IST and reaches Solapur Junction at 05:30 hrs IST the next day.

== See also ==
* [[Siddheshwar Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Punes-rail-connectivity-goes-up/articleshow/20920955.cms
* http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/rail-budget-2013-mumbai-commuters-to-get-ac-coaches-soon-335808
* http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=PDAJJAPsXBxZj4WoEyWkD1Em6li2iBrXJuRTLALz62w=

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solapur-Mumbai CST Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

Adilabad–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express

2025-11-10T09:50:14Z

Tonyrogers1123: added info

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Adilabad - Hazur Sahib Nanded Express
| image = NED - ADB Exp. (22800051577).jpg
| image_width = 200px
| caption = Hazur Sahib Nanded - Adilabad Express at [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = 14 July 2012
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Adilabad}} ('''ADB''')
| stops = 7
| end = {{rws|Hazur Sahib Nanded}} ('''NED''')
| distance = {{convert|184|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 3 hours 52 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = Second Class sitting, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17409/17410
| speed = {{cvt|47|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Adilabad - Hazur Sahib Nanded Express''' is an intercity train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Adilabad railway station|Adilabad]] in [[Telangana]] and [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is currently being operated with 17409/17410 train numbers on a daily basis. It was flagged off on 14 July 2012.<ref>[https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=1380&did=1342184442055CFD15DA34C5C7F462CA783EFA8D49270.web103 South Central Railway], Retrieved 08 April 2020</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nanded-Tirupati derails, no casualty|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nanded-tirupati-derails-no-casualty|accessdate=26 May 2017|work=Telangana Today|date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Etymology of trains|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-name.html|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club Association|accessdate=14 June 2014}}</ref>

== Service==
The 17409 Adilabad - Hazur Sahib Nanded Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 184 km in 3 hours 55 minutes. The 17410 Hazur Sahib Nanded - Adilabad Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 184 km in 3 hours 50 minutes.

== Route and halts ==
* {{rws|Adilabad}}
* {{rws|Kinwat}}
* {{rws|Bodhadi Bujrug}}
* {{rws|Sahasrakund}}
* {{rws|Himayatnagar}}
* {{rws|Hadgaon Road}}
* {{rws|Bhokar}}
* {{rws|Mudkhed Junction}}
* {{rws|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}

== Timings ==
The 17409 Adilabad-Hazur Sahib Nanded Express departs from Adilabad at 8:00 a.m. and arrives at Hazur Sahib Nanded at 11:55 a.m..
The 17410 Hazur Sahib Nanded-Adilabad Express departs from Hazur Sahib Nanded at 3:50 p.m. and arrives at Adilabad at 6:55 p.m..

==Coach composite==

The train consists of 13 coaches :

* 1 AC III Tier
* 4 Sleeper Coaches
* 3 Second Class sitting
* 4 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction ==
As the route is fully electrified, the train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada]]-based WAP-4.

== Rake sharing ==
This train shares its rake with 17405/17406 [[Krishna Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/adilabad-hazur-sahib-nanded-express-17409/18563/2336/1676 17409/Adilabad-Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/hazur-sahib-nanded-adilabad-express-17410/18564/1676/2336 17410/Hazur Sahib Nanded-Adilabad Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adilabad - Hazur Sahib Nanded Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Adilabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Nanded]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

Sri Yantra

2025-10-30T19:34:58Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Short description|Form of mystical diagram used in the Shri Vidya school of Hinduism}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}
[[File:A Yantra with Tamil Om symbol in center, at a Mariamman Temple.jpg|thumb|A Sri Yantra with Tamil Om symbol in center]]
{{Saktism}}
The '''Sri Yantra''', '''Shri Yantra''', or '''Shri Chakra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: श्री यन्त्र, [[IAST]]: śrī yantra) is a form of mystical diagram (''[[yantra]]'') used in the [[Shri Vidya]] school of [[Hinduism]]. Traditions associate the first known drawings of the complex yantra with the figure of Adiśaṃkarācārya mention that the earliest examples of yantras date back to 11,000–10,000 BCE. Comprising nine interlocking triangles, it embodies complex symbolism. Four upward triangles signify [[Shiva]], while five downward triangles represent [[Shakti]], encompassing the cosmic and human realms around a central point called the bindu. This configuration is sometimes termed the "'''Navayoni Chakra'''".<ref name="SC">{{cite book|title=Sri Chakra|last=Shankaranarayanan|first=S.|publisher=Dipti Publications|year=1979|edition=3rd}}</ref>

The Sri Yantra holds great significance in the [[Shri Vidya]] school, central to its worship. It symbolizes the union of masculine and feminine divine energies. The triangles, varying in size, form 43 smaller triangles in concentric levels, mirroring the cosmos. The power point ([[Bindu (symbol)|bindu]]) stands as the cosmic center, encompassed by concentric circles with lotus petal patterns denoting creation and life force. These elements, set within an earth square, depict a temple with doors to different regions of the universe.

In the Shri Vidya tradition, the Sri Yantra represents the core of devotion. Each triangle and level is associated with specific aspects of divinity, culminating in a structure known as the nava chakra. Its projection into three dimensions results in the [[Mount Meru]], symbolizing the philosophy of [[Kashmir Shaivism]].

==Appearance==
In the 2009 issue of Brahmavidya (the journal of the [[Adyar Library]]), [[Subhash Kak]] argues that the description of Shri Yantra is identical to the ''yantra'' described in the [[Śrī Sūkta]] in the [[Rigveda]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ikashmir.net/subhashkak/docs/SriChakra.pdf |title=Subhash Kak Great Goddess Lalitā and the Śrī Cakra Brahmavidyā |journal=The Adyar Library Bulletin |volume= 72-73| pages=155–172|year=2008–2009}}</ref>{{how|date=September 2022}}

The Sri Yantra's nine constituent triangles vary in size and shape and intersect to form 43 smaller triangles, organized in five concentric levels. Together they represent the totality of the cosmos and express [[Advaita]] or [[non-duality]]. In the middle, the power point (''bindu'') represents the cosmic center. The triangles are circumscribed by two concentric circles composed of 8 and 16 petals, representing the [[Padma (attribute)|lotus]] of creation and reproductive vital force. The entire configuration is framed by the broken lines of an earth square, representing a temple with four doors open onto the regions of the universe.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://eb.pdn.ipublishcentral.com/product/culture-india|title=Understanding India: The Culture of India|last=Kuiper|first=K|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781615302031}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eye-of-revelation.org/PDF/THEORY-SriYantra.pdf | title=The geometrically exact Sri Yantra |date=10 December 2018 }}</ref>

===Gallery===
{{Gallery

|title=Shri Yantra in various forms

|Image:Sri Yantra.svg|The Lalita Sahasranama in diagrammatic form, showing how its nine interlocking triangles form a total of 43 smaller triangles.

|Image:Sree Chakram.JPG|Shri Yantra engraved in metal

|Image:meru1.jpg|The ''Shri Yantra'' shown in the three-dimensional projection called ''[[Sumeru|Mahāmeru]]''

}}

==Symbolism==
[[File:Tripura-sundari yantra color.jpg|thumb|The Sri Yantra in diagrammatic form, showing how its nine interlocking triangles form a total of 43 smaller triangles.]]

In the [[Shri Vidya]] school of [[Hindu tantra]], the Sri Yantra ("[[shri|sacred]] [[yantra|instrument]]"), also Sri Chakra is a diagram formed by nine interlocking triangles that surround and radiate out from the central ([[bindu (symbol)|bindu]]) point. The Sri Yantra is the object of devotion in Sri Vidya.<ref name="Gales">{{cite book |last1=Khanna |first1=Madhu |title=Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion |chapter=Yantra |edition=Second |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |pages=9871–9872 |isbn=0-02-865997-X }}</ref>

The worship of the Sri Yantra is central to the Shri Vidya system of Hindu worship. The four upward-pointing [[isosceles triangle]]s represent the Goddess's masculine embodiment [[Shiva]], while the five downward-pointing triangles symbolize the female embodiment [[Shakti]].<ref name="Gales" /> Thus, the Sri Yantra also represents the union of Masculine and Feminine Divine. Because it is composed of nine triangles, it is known as the ''Navayoni Chakra''.<ref name="SC"/>

{{blockquote|These nine triangles are of various sizes and intersect with one another. In the middle is the power point (bindu), visualizing the highest, the invisible, elusive centre from which the entire figure and the cosmos expand. The triangles are enclosed by two rows of (8 and 16) petals, representing the lotus of creation and reproductive vital force. The broken lines of the outer frame denote the figure to be a sanctuary with four openings to the regions of the universe.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Kathleen |editor-last=Kuiper |title=The Culture of India |year=2010 |publisher=Britannica Educational Pub. |isbn=978-1615301492}}</ref>}}

Together the nine triangles are interlaced in such a way as to form 43 smaller triangles in a web symbolic of the entire cosmos or a womb symbolic of creation. The 12 and 15 sides of the four upward and five downward triangles also correspondingly symbolise, on the physical plane, the 12 sidereal zodiac signs of the Sun and 15 'nityas' phase-signs of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shivashakti.com/varahi.htm|title=Shri Varahi Devi|website=www.shivashakti.com}}</ref> This is surrounded by a lotus of eight petals, a lotus of sixteen petals, and an earth square resembling a temple with four doors.<ref name=SC />

The Sri Yantra is also known as the ''nava chakra'' because it can also be seen as having nine levels. "Nine" comes from" Nava" of [[Sanskrit]]. Each level corresponds to a [[mudra]], a [[yogini]], and a specific form of the Deity Tripura Sundari along with her [[mantra]]. These levels starting from the outside or bottom layer are:<ref name=SC />
#'''''Trailokya Mohana''''' or ''Bhupara'', the outermost square with four gates. It represents the Earth plane and acts as a protective boundary for the inner levels.
#'''''Sarva Aasa Paripuraka''''' consists of a sixteen-petal lotus. It signifies fulfillment of all desires and aspirations.
#'''''Sarva Sankshobahana''''' features an eight-petal lotus. It represents the stirring or agitation of the mind, symbolizing the initial stages of spiritual awakening.
#'''''Sarva Saubhagyadayaka''''', composed of fourteen small triangles, this level is associated with bestowing auspiciousness and good fortune.
#'''''Sara Arthasadhaka''''', composed of ten small triangles, it pertains to fulfilling worldly desires and material goals.
#'''''Sarva Rakshakara''''', composed of ten small triangles, represents protection and safety from harm.
#'''''Sarva Rogahara''''', composed of eight small triangles, it signifies healing and protection from ailments, both physical and spiritual.
#'''''Sarva Siddhiprada''''', composed of 1 small triangle, representing accomplishment, spiritual attainment, and realization of one's true self.
#'''''Sarva Anandamaya''''', a point or ''bindu'' at the center of the yantra. It symbolizes pure consciousness, infinite bliss, and the ultimate unity of all existence.

The two-dimensional Sri Chakra, when it is projected into three dimensions is called a Maha Meru ([[Mount Meru]]). The Sri Yantra is the symbol of [[Hindu tantra]], which is based on the [[Hindu philosophy]] of [[Kashmir Shaivism]]. The Sri Yantra is the object of devotion in [[Shri Vidya]].

In a recent issue of Brahmavidya, the journal of the [[Adyar Library]], [[Subhash Kak]] argues that the description of Sri Yantra is identical to the yantra described in the [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad|Śvetāśvatara Upanisad]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://ikashmir.net/subhashkak/docs/SriChakra.pdf |first=Subhash |last=Kak |title=The Great Goddess Lalitā and the Śrī Cakra |journal=Brahmavidyā: The Adyar Library Bulletin |volume=72–73 |pages=155–172 |date=2008–2009}}</ref>

==Shri Vidya==
The Sri Yantra is at the heart of [[Shri Vidya]] practice, representing the geometric manifestation of the formless Tripurasundari. Both the [[Lalita Sahasranama]] and [[Tripura Rahasya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Rahasya |url=https://mahaavidya.org/tripura-rahasya/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Mahavidya Sadhana Centre |language=en-US}}</ref> emphasize that while Tripurasundari is formless in her divine essence, she is worshipped through the Sri Yantra, which symbolizes her cosmic energy, and the Panchadashakshari Mantra (the 15-syllabled [[mantra]]), which invokes her presence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Vidya Sadhana |url=https://mahaavidya.org/srividya-sadhana/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Mahavidya Sadhana Centre |language=en-US}}</ref> Together, the Yantra and Mantra serve as the central tools for connecting with and realizing the supreme goddess in [[Shri Vidya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Srividya Sadhana - Srividya Sadhana |url=https://srividya.net/srividya-sadhana/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Loka]]
* [[Mandala]]
* [[Sefirot]]
* [[Religious symbolism]]
* [[Sacred geometry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Shaktism}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Mathematics and art}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism |India|Religion}}

[[Category:Hindu symbols]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Indian iconography]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]

Patna–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express

2025-09-24T00:30:27Z

Tonyrogers1123: starting a article w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Patna Junction – SMVT Bengaluru ''Humsafar Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|03|02}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Patna Junction}} ('''PNBE''')
| stops = 22
| end = {{rws|Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} ('''SMVB''')
| distance = {{convert|2694|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 48h 15m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22353 / 22354
| speed = {{cvt|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed with halt
| map = {{Patna–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22353 / 22354 '''Patna–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]] of [[Bengaluru]] city.

It is currently being operated with 22353/22354 train numbers on a weekly basis.

==Coach composition ==

The trains is completely 3-tier AC sleeper trains designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

== Service==

The 22353/'''Patna - Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru Humsafar Express''' has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 2640 km in 48h 45m.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-patna-banaswadi-humsafar-express-22353/29343/332/1518| title=22353/Patna - Banaswadi Humsafar Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

The 22354/'''Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru - Patna Humsafar Express''' has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 2640 km in 47h 30m.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-banaswadi-patna-humsafar-express-22354/29344/1518/332| title=22354/Banaswadi - Patna Humsafar Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==

{{columns-list|# '''{{Stnlnk|Patna Junction}}'''
# {{Stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Buxar}}
# {{Stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction||Pt. DD Upadhyaya Junction (Mughalsarai)}}
# {{Stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Satna}}
# {{Stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Pipariya}}
# {{Stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Betul}}
# {{Stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Chandrapur}}
# {{Stnlnk|Balharshah}}
# {{Stnlnk|Warangal}}
# {{Stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Perambur}}
# {{Stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
# {{Stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
# '''{{rws|Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal}}'''|colwidth=15em}}

==Traction==
This route is fully electrified and both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] locomotive on its entire journey.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train Number !! Station Code !! Departure Station !! Departure Time !! Departure Day !! Arrival Station !! Arrival Time !! Arrival Day
|-
| 22353 || PNBE || {{Stnlnk|Patna Junction}} || 20:15 PM || Thursday || {{Stnlnk|Banaswadi}} || 21:15 PM || Sat
|-
| 22354 || SMVB || {{Stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} || 13:15 PM || Sun || {{Stnlnk|Patna Junction}} || 12:45 PM || Tue
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Banaswadi railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna - Banaswadi Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2019]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Luhara

2025-09-19T01:53:22Z

Tonyrogers1123: New Some Info First Draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sherpur Luhara
| native_name = Sherpur Luhara
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Luhara in Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|10|00|N|77|13|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shamli district|Bhagpat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 248
| population_total = 9000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 250617
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01234
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:910 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sherpur Luhara''' is a village in the [[Chhaprauli (Assembly constituency)|Chhaprauli]] constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. It is located in the Baghpat district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>[http://bagpat.nic.in/villagelist.pdf "Local Government Directory - All Villages of Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh State"]. ''District Baghpat Official Website''.</ref> It is famous{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} for the [[Banasura]] temple in the heart of village. It is sometimes called "Sherpur Luhara". Sherpur is nearby village of Luhara. It falls under the [[tehsil]] of [[Baraut]].

==Geography==
It is located at 10 km from [[Baraut]], 60 km from [[Delhi]], the National Capital via NH-57, and 45 km from the district "[[Shamli]]".
Luhara is in the "[[Baghpat]]" district, and is situated 30 km from district headquarters "[[Baghpat]]".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903013316/http://www.upelections.co.in/ Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201613/http://bagpat.nic.in/villdow_bag.aspx]

[[Category:Villages in Bagpat district]]

Dhanaulti Assembly constituency

2025-09-07T13:04:08Z

Tonyrogers1123:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhanaulti
| mla = [[Pritam Singh Panwar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Tehri Garhwal]]
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 86,036
| constituency_no = 14
| map_image = Dhanaulti Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Dhanaulti Legislative Assembly constituency'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/view/60/79-assembly-constituencies--corresponding-districts-parliamentary-constituencies|title= STATE ASSEMBLY ELECTION-2007 UTTARAKHAND STATE|website=Government Of Uttarakhand, India}}</ref> is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Dhanaulti]] is part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Kaul Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Khajan Dass]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Mahavir Singh Rangarh]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[Pritam Singh Panwar]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanaulti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh Panwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,827 |percentage=40.22% |change={{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jot Singh Bisht |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,143 |percentage=31.97% |change={{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahavir Singh Rangarh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,644 |percentage=22.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amendra Bisht |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,735 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=641 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurav Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,684 |percentage=8.25% |change= {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,754 |percentage=65.48% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,675 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanaulti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh Panwar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,811 |percentage=35.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,196 |percentage=32.70% |change={{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manmohan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,193 |percentage=24.62% |change={{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Semwal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=789 |percentage=1.59% |change={{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=640 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=551 |percentage=1.11% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Nautiyal |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dutt |party=Indian Business Party |votes=332 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,615 |percentage=3.26% |change= {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,524 |percentage=64.44% |change= {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,858 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanaulti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahavir Singh Rangarh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,081 |percentage=26.37% |change={{decrease}}23.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manmohan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,933 |percentage=23.86% |change={{decrease}}8.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jot Singh Bisht |party=Independent politician |votes=10,261 |percentage=22.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,049 |percentage=13.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somvari Lal Uniyal |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=2,127 |percentage=4.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,499 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yeshveer Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chintamani |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=503 |percentage=1.10% |change={{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=417 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chait Ram Alias Chaitu |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,148 |percentage=2.51% |change= {{decrease}}14.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,814 |percentage=68.30% |change= {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,079 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}23.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanaulti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khajan Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,328 |percentage=49.61% |change={{increase}}22.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaul Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,800 |percentage=32.85% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Bhartwan |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,129 |percentage=8.03% |change={{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jouhri Lal Suman |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,251 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagtam Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,064 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaitu Alias Chait Ram |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=869 |percentage=2.23% |change={{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rukmani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=521 |percentage=1.34% |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,528 |percentage=16.75% |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,962 |percentage=62.18% |change= {{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,681 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanaulti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaul Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,612 |percentage=32.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khajan Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,687 |percentage=26.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,544 |percentage=13.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jouhri Lal Suman |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,465 |percentage=10.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Prakash Uttarakhandi |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=2,329 |percentage=7.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Lal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,178 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=748 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,925 |percentage=5.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,474 |percentage=50.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,830 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* {{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/purola.html|title= Purola (Uttarakhand) Elections 2017 Results|website=www.elections.in}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.40|78.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Uttarkashi]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tehri Garhwal district]]

Annanur railway station

2025-08-27T15:31:33Z

Tonyrogers1123: expanded content

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Annanur
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Annanur Station, Chennai, View 1.jpg
| image_caption = Annanur railway station
| address = [[Annanur]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord |13|6|59|N|80|7|38|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN-TN|display=inline}}
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF3210
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code = ANNR
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/>
| former = South Indian Railway
| mpassengers =
| passengers = 20,000/day<ref name="AmbTalk_AnnanurSeeksAttention"/>
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2016
| pass_percent =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=West|left1=Avadi|to-left=Arakkonam Junction|right1=Thirumullaivoyal|to-right1=Chennai Central MMC}}
| route_map = {{West Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Annanur railway station''' is one of the railway stations of the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. Located about 18 km from [[Chennai Central|Chennai Central railway station]], the station serves the neighbourhood of [[Annanur]], which is pronounced as 'Annanoor', a suburb of [[Chennai]] located west of the city centre. It has an elevation of 24.28 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]]. The station also has an EMU car shed complex located on the southern side.

==History==
The first lines in the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section. Additional lines at the station were electrified on 2 October 1986, with the electrification of the Villivakkam–Avadi section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref>

==Layout==
The station has four tracks and two platforms—a [[side platform]] and an [[island platform]]. The island platform houses the ticket counter. Unlike most other suburban stations on the network, the station lack several basic passenger amenities such as macadamised road leading to the neighbourhoods. A new footover bridge (FOB) has been constructed and now in use since May 2023. But the passengers are put to hardship as all the direct approaches to the platform has been blocked due to the running of high speed train on this route.Old people and people with luggage find it very difficult. <ref>{{Seen and experienced by self.}
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = Annanur residents tread on slushy no-man's road
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 August 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/chennai/29892090_1_avadi-main-road-residents
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103231503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/chennai/29892090_1_avadi-main-road-residents
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 2 September 2012}}</ref>

=== Station layout ===
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance, [[Footbridge#Railways|FOB]] & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="6" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Track 4'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |'''Track 3'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] / [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left | </nowiki>'''T3 & T4''' – '''''Express Lines'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Central MMC]] next station is [[Thirumullaivoyal railway station|Thirumullaivoyal]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] next station is [[Avadi railway station|Avadi]]
|-
| colspan="2" width="100" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" align="center" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |South Entrance Street level
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|}

==Traffic==
As of 2016, the railway station serves around 20,000 passengers every day.<ref name="AmbTalk_AnnanurSeeksAttention">{{Cite news
| title = Annanur Seeks Attention
| newspaper = Ambattur Talk
| location = Chennai
| pages = 8
| date = 17–23 July 2016
}}</ref>

==Road overbridge==
In 2012, the state government approved the construction of a {{cvt|200|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} two-lane road overbridge meant for two-wheelers and cars at a cost of {{INR}} 240 million.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = ROB project yet to start at Annanoor station
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = DownTown (pp. 1, 7)
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 27 July 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rob-project-yet-to-start-at-annanoor-station/article24532058.ece
| access-date = 27 July 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/annanur-annr/7666 Annanur station at Indiarailinfo.com]

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Annanur|Thirumullaivoyal|Avadi|13|18.33|}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Annanur|Thirumullaivoyal|Avadi|13|18.33|}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Annanur|Thirumullaivoyal|Avadi|13|18.33|}}
{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tiruvallur district]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry

2025-08-24T03:29:39Z

Tonyrogers1123: expand references for clarity and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| flag = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| flag_border = true
| date_formed = 12 March 1986
| date_dissolved = 26 June 1988
| government_head = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| deputy_government_head =
| deputy_government_head_title =
| state_head = [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]] (1986) [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] (1986-87) [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy|K. Brahmananda Reddy]] (1988)
| state_head_title = Governor
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 7 Cabinet ministers (Incl. Chief Minister)
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government]]{{Composition bar|161|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|INC(S)]] (Until December 1986) [[Janata Party|JNP]] [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]] [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)|RPI(G)]]
| opposition_leader = * [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]: [[Sharad Pawar]] (INC(S)) (1986) [[Babanrao Dhakne]] (JNP) (1986) [[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman|Nihal Ahmed]] (JNP) (1986-87) Datta Patil (PWP) (1987-88) 
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]: Devidas Karale (INC(S)) (1986) [[R. S. Gavai]] (RPI(G)) (1986-88)
| election = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 5 years
| previous = [[Nilangekar ministry|Nilangekar]]
| successor = [[Second Pawar ministry|Pawar II]]
}}

'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] for the second time in March 1986,<ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Prabhu Chawla]] |title=One should not succumb to wrong pressures: S.B. Chavan |newspaper=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860331-one-should-not-succumb-to-wrong-pressures-s.b.-chavan-800711-1986-03-31 |date=31 March 1986 |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=S B Chavan: The tough taskmaster |newspaper=[[Rediff News]] |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/26chavan1.htm |date=26 February 2004 |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> on resignation of his predecessor, [[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Maharashtra CM Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar passes away in Pune |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-maharashtra-cm-shivajirao-patil-nilangekar-passes-away-in-pune/story-CR4iO50JQmUQx6XcfZ7XbO.html |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra:Former CM Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar dead |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-former-cm-shivajirao-patil-nilangekar-dead/articleshow/77363640.cms |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> Chavan's cabinet served until his resignation on 26 June 1988, and subsequent replacement by [[Sharad Pawar]]'s [[Second Pawar ministry|ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pawar in Nanded tomorrow; to pay homage to late S B Chavan |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/25/pawar-in-nanded-tomorrow-to-pay-homage-to-late-s-b-chavan-1574667.html |date=25 February 2017 |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

==List of ministers==
The following is a list of ministers in Chavan's cabinet:<ref>{{cite journal |date= |title=Parliamentary and Constitutional Developments (1 January to 30 June 1986) - Maharashtra |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764414/1/jpi_september_1986.pdf |journal=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |volume=XXXII |issue=3 |pages=435, 443–444 |doi= |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
*General Administration
*Home Affairs
*Jails
*Water Resources (Krishna Valley Development)
*Water Resources (Konkan Valley Development)
*Urban Land Ceiling
*Special Assistance
*Irrigation
*Water supply
*Sanitation
*Information and Public Relations
*Information Technology
*Protocol
*Marketing
*State Excise

Departments or portfolios not allocated to any minister.
| minister1 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 26 June 1988
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Agriculture
*Horticulture
*Command Area Development
*Relief & Rehabilitation
*Labour
*Animal Husbandry
*Fisheries
*Dairy Development
*Other Backward Classes
*Other Backward Bahujan Welfare
| minister1 = Bhagwantrao Gaikwad
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 26 June 1988
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Revenue
*Cooperation
*Public Works
(Excluding Public Undertakings)
*Public Works
(Including Public Undertakings)
*Transport (12 March 1986 – 23 May 1987)
*Legislative Affairs
*Forest
*Social Forestry
*Skill Development, Entrepreneurship
*Textiles
*Socially And Educationally Backward Classes
*Majority Welfare Development
*Soil and Water Conservation
*Mining Department
| minister1 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 26 June 1988
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Finance
*Planning
*Law and Judiciary
*Industrial (12 March 1986 – 23 May 1987)
*Transport (23 May 1987 – 26 June 1988)
*Marathi Language
*Special Backward Classes Welfare
*Nomadic Tribes
*Khar Land Development
*Tribal Development
| minister1 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 26 June 1988
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*School Education
*Higher and Technical Education
*Sports and Youth Welfare
*Cultural Affairs
*Employment
*Tourism
*Vimukta Jati
*Panchayat Raj
| minister1 = Ram Meghe
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 26 June 1988
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Prohibition
*Employment Guarantee Scheme
*Industries (23 May 1987 – 26 June 1988)
*Ports
*Public Health
*Medical Education, and Drug
*Family Planning
*Rural Development
*Social Welfare
*Woman and Child Development
| minister1 = Bhai Sawant
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 10 March 1988<ref>{{cite journal |date= |title=Parliamentary and Constitutional Developments (1 January to 31 March 1988) - Maharashtra |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763153/1/jpi_June_1988.pdf |journal=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |volume=XXXIV |issue=2 |pages=210, 217 |doi= |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Energy
*Housing
*Urban Development
*Food and Civil Supplies
*Environment
*Slum Improvement
*Food and Drug Administration
*Minority Development and Aukaf
*Disaster Management
*Earthquake Rehabilitation
*Ex. Servicemen Welfare
| minister1 = [[V. Subramanian]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1986
| minister1_termend = 26 June 1988
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Maharashtra|Shankarrao II]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|Shankarrao II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1986|Shankarrao II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1988|Shankarrao II]]