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Shashank Subramanyam

2026-05-05T00:57:10Z

TonjaGerow46: Made Post

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Shashank Subramanyam
| caption =
| image = Shashank-Subramanyam DSC00005.jpg
| image_upright =
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = Rudrapatna, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| instrument = flute, [[Venu]], [[Bansuri]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]] [[indian classical music]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 1984–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|shashank.org}}
}}

'''Shashank Subramanyam''' (born 14 October 1978) is a bamboo flautist (flute player) from India. In recognition of his contributions to the arts, the Government of France honored him with the prestigious title of [[Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
]] for the year 2022<ref>{{cite web |title= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/flautist-shashank-subramanyam-conferred-with-the-prestigious-chevalier-award/articleshow/95340567.cms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/flautist-shashank-subramanyam-conferred-with-the-prestigious-chevalier-award/articleshow/95340567.cms |access-date=2022-05-21}}</ref>.
He was born in [[Rudrapatna]], Karnataka. He and his wife Shirisha have a daughter and a son, and live in Chennai, India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/reviews/rev302.html |title=Shirisha Shashank – a Bharatanatyam review |first1=Aneal |last1=Krishnamurthy |website=[[Narthaki.com]] |date=5 October 2005 }}</ref>

The significance of his contributions was recognized on a global scale, with Saptak Festival of Music in Ahmedabad broadcast on BBC World TV producing a documentary about him titled "Destination Music" in 2006 <ref>{{cite web |title= Musician Shashank in BBC Documentry |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Bj8Ds6Rz9tU?t=443 |access-date=2022-05-21}}</ref>. Additionally, his performances and interviews were featured on CNN international TV as part of the "Travel Logue India" show.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanyam, Shashank}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian flautists]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Venu players]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]

{{India-musician-stub}}
{{flautist-stub}}

Sujeet Kalkal

2026-05-02T13:47:25Z

TonjaGerow46: Made New Info...

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler (born 2002)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sujeet Kalkal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|11|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhiwani district|Imlota]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = 1.66 m
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| weight_class = 65 kg
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[freestyle wrestling]]}} [[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2026 Asian Wrestling Championships|2026 Bishkek]]|[[2026 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#65_kg|65kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[United World Wrestling|Grand Prix]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Tunis Ranking Series|2022 Tunis]]|[[2022 Tunis Ranking Series#Men's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Polyák Imre & Varga János Memorial Tournament|2025 Budapest]]|[[2025 Polyák Imre & Varga János Memorial Tournament#Men's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Grand Prix Zagreb Open|2026 Zagreb]]|[[2026 Grand Prix Zagreb Open#Men's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Muhamet Malo Tournament|2026 Tirana]]|[[2026 Muhamet Malo Tournament#Men's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[U23 World Wrestling Championships|World U23 Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2025 Novi Sad]]|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2024 Tirana]]|[[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 70 kg|70 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian U23 Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Bishkek|2022 Bishkek]]|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Vung Tau|2025 Vung Tau]]|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[U20 World Wrestling Championships|World U20 Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 World Junior Wrestling Championships|2022 Sofia]]|[[2022 World Junior Wrestling Championships#Men's freestyle|65 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian U20 Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Manama|2022 Manama]]|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|65 kg]]}}
}}
'''Sujeet Kalkal''' (born 5 November 2002) is an Indian [[freestyle wrestler]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2025-08-04 |title=How a missed chance became motivation: Sujeet Kalkal's rise in wrestling |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/wrestling/sujeet-kalkal-indian-wrestler-journey-to-la-2028/article69892050.ece |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aman Sehrawat, Sujeet Kalkal Make The Cut For World Wrestling Championships |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/aman-sehrawat-sujeet-kalkal-make-the-cut-for-world-wrestling-championships-ws-l-9484864.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ranking series wrestling: Asian U-23 champion Sujeet Kalkal secures gold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ranking-series-wrestling-event-in-budapest/article69826904.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Wrestling World Championship Trials: Sujeet Kalkal brings sharp counter-attacking speed to stacked 65kg field ahead of Worlds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/wrestling-world-championship-trials-sujeet-kalkal-65-kgs-10170952/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sujeet was born on 5 November 2002 in Imlota village, [[Bhiwani district]], [[Haryana]]. Trained by his father and coach, Dayanand Kalkal, Sujeet has focused on improving his strength and technical skills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Firoz |date=2024-03-11 |title=Losing court battle last year to winning trials for Asian Olympic Games qualifier: Wrestler Sujeet's story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2024/Mar/11/losing-court-battle-last-year-to-winning-trials-for-asian-olympic-games-qualifier-sujeets-story |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Sujeet Kalkal - a young challenger in Bajrang's weight category |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/sujeet-kalkal-a-young-challenger-in-bajrangs-weight-category-101708097574357.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> His solid defense and improved mat movement have made him a strong contender in the 65 kg category, filling the void left by [[Bajrang Punia|Bajrang Punia.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Firoz |date=2025-03-16 |title=Wrestler Sujeet restarts Olympic quest with qualification for Asian meet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Mar/16/wrestler-sujeet-restarts-olympic-quest-with-qualification-for-asian-meet |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kalkal rose to prominence with a gold medal in the 65 kg category at the 2022 U23 Asian Championships.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ranking series wrestling: Asian U-23 champion Sujeet Kalkal secures gold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ranking-series-wrestling-event-in-budapest/article69826904.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2024, he won a bronze medal in the 70 kg category at the [[U23 World Wrestling Championships]], contributing to India's tally of nine medals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2024-10-28 |title=U23 World Championship: Chirag Chikkara becomes 2nd Indian male wrestler to win gold |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/u23-world-championship-chirag-chikkara-2nd-indian-male-wrestler-win-gold-2624177-2024-10-28 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.olympics.com/en/news/u23-world-wrestling-championships-2024-india-medal-winners-list</ref> His performance at the [[2025 World Wrestling Championships]] selection trials in Lucknow showcased his counter-attacking skills, defeating opponents like Anuj (10-0) and Vishal Kaliraman (8-4) to secure his spot in the 65 kg category for the Zagreb event.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-04 |title=Indian team |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/wrestling/article69894236.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aman Sehrawat, Sujeet Kalkal Make The Cut For World Wrestling Championships |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/aman-sehrawat-sujeet-kalkal-make-the-cut-for-world-wrestling-championships-ws-l-9484864.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Kalkal's notable victories include an 8-2 win over American wrestler John Michael Diakomihalis in a 2023 World Ranking Series event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U23 Asian champion Sujeet Kalkal questions trial exemption for Bajrang Punia |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/u23-asian-champion-sujeet-kalkal-questions-trial-exemption-for-bajrang-punia-1238758.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He has been vocal about the need for fair trial processes, criticizing direct entries for established wrestlers like [[Bajrang Punia]] for the 2023 Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Asian Games: Sujeet Kalkal questions trial exemption granted to Bajrang Punia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/asian-games-sujeet-kalkal-questions-trial-exemption-granted-to-bajrang-punia/articleshow/101935952.cms#:~:text=Sujeet%20Kalkal,%20the%20U23%20Asian,next%20generation%20of%20Olympic%20wrestlers. |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalkal, Sujeet}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat]]
[[Category:Freestyle wrestling]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Vikrama Chola

2026-04-29T10:20:36Z

TonjaGerow46: Made Data...

{{Short description|Chola emperor from 1122 to 1135}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vikrama Chola விக்கிரம சோழன்
| title = KoParakesarivarman, Tyagasamudra
| image = vikrama territories.png
| alt =
| caption = Chola Territories c. 1126
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 1122 – 1135
| succession1 = [[Co-regent]] of the [[Chola Empire]]
| reign1 = 29 June 1118 – 1122
| predecessor = [[Kulothunga Chola I]]
| successor = [[Kulothunga Chola II]]
| spouse = Mukkōkilānadigal Tyagapataka
| spouse-type = Empress
| issue = [[Kulothunga Chola II]]
| house = [[Chalukya Cholas]]
| father = [[Kulothunga Chola I]]
| mother = Madhurandhagi
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1135
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion =
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Vikrama Chola''' (r. 1118–1135<ref name="The Cōḷas">''The Cōḷas.'' 62-63.</ref>), known as '''Kō Parakēsari Varman,''' was the [[Chola Empire|Chola emperor]] from 1118 to 1135. He succeeded his father [[Kulothunga Chola I|Kulothunga I]] (r. 1070–1122) to the throne.<ref name="The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire, page 245">''The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire, page 245''</ref> Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir-apparent by his father early in his life. He was appointed as viceroy of the [[Vengi]] province in 1089 CE, succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga. Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the [[Vengi|Vengi kingdom]].Vikrama Chola inherited the territories which included [[Tamil Nadu]] and some parts of Andhra Pradesh.

In 1118, the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co-regent. He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co-regent. He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne.<ref name="History of Indian administration: Volume 2">''History of Indian administration: Volume 2''</ref><ref name="The Cōḷas" /> This took place on 29 June 1118.<ref name="The Cōḷas" /> Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter's death in 1122. However the Western Chalukyas, utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi, invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces.

==Early life==

Vikrama Chola was the fourth son of [[Kulothunga Chola I|Kulothunga I]]. He was a younger brother of Vira Chola, who was the third son of Kulothunga I. The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions of Vikrama Chola confirm that he left the north for the south (of the Chola kingdom) before he was crowned king.<ref name="Epigraphy By Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle, page 4">''Epigraphy'' by Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle, page 4.</ref>

==Accession==
Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir-apparent by his father early in his life. He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089, succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga. Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom.

In 1118, the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from [[Vengi]] to the south to appoint him as his co-regent. He assumed many of the titles of his father including ''Rajakesari'' when he was a co-regent. He subsequently switched to ''Parakesari'' when he ascended the throne.<ref name="History of Indian administration: Volume 2" /><ref name="The Cōḷas" /> This took place on 29 June 1118.<ref name="The Cōḷas" /> Vikrama continued to rule jointly with his father until the latter's death in 1122. However the Western Chalukyas, utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi, invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces.

==Military campaigns==

===Kalinga expedition===

While he was still a crown prince, Vikrama led an expedition to the [[Odisha|Kalinga]] country on behalf of his father in 1110. The Kalinga war is also referred to in inscriptions and in the epic ''Vikkiramacholan Ula''. Generally, his inscriptions contain the introduction "svasti sri Pū-mādu Punara Puvi-mādu valara Nā-mādu vilanga". An excerpt of a Tamil inscription in the Grantha script from [[Chintamani (town)|Chintamani]], [[Karnataka]], mentions the decimation of Kalinga while he was still a co-regent of his father. The same inscription also mentions the conquest of Kadal Malai, the seaport at the very edge of Mahabalipuram. The inscription describes:

{{Cquote|{{center|''In the 5th of the reign of Kōv-Irajakesarivarman alias the emperor Sri-Vikkirama Sola Deva, who while the goddess of fortune wedded him; while the goddess of the earth increased[in size]; while the goddess of speech became conspicuous; while the goddess of victory moved abroad; while kings placed on their head his sacred lotus-feet; while Kalingam was destroyed;..while his sceptre went and swayed over every region; and while the cruel Kali having disappeared-true virtue flourished..and was graciously seated on the throne of heroes.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 270">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 270''</ref>''}}
}}

He seems to have ascended the throne sometime prior to his 10th year for we have a similar [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription of his from [[Srinivaspur]], [[Karnataka]] that gives him the title ''Parakesari''. The title of his chief queen Mukkōkilānadigal (''Queen of the Three Worlds'') is also mentioned. We also have the [[Saka Era|Saka]] date 1049:

{{Cquote|{{center|''In the 10th year of the reign of Kōpparakēsarivanmar alias the emperor of the three worlds, Sri-Vikkirama Sola Deva, who was graciously seated along with his queen Mukkōkilānadigal-.''<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 280">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 280''</ref>}}}}

===Recovery of Vengi===

Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir-apparent by his father early in his life. He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089, succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga. Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom.

In 1118, the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from [[Vengi]] to the south to appoint him as his co-regent. He assumed many of the titles of his father including ''Rajakesari'' when he was a co-regent. He subsequently switched to ''Parakesari'' when he ascended the throne.<ref name="History of Indian administration: Volume 2" /><ref name="The Cōḷas" /> This took place on 29 June 1118.<ref name="The Cōḷas" /> Vikrama continued to rule jointly with his father until the latter's death in 1122. However the Western Chalukyas, utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi, a brief occupation of the Vengi territories between 1118 and 1126, allied with Prince [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref>''Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India'' by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar p.233</ref> After Vikramaditya's death in 1126, the Cholas began a slow process of encroachment over Vengi. By 1133 Vikrama Chola was able to re-capture Vengi from Vikramaditya VI's mild son [[Someshvara III]].<ref name="soma">Sastri (1955), pp.175-176</ref><ref name="inscribe">Kamath (1980), p.105</ref><ref name="vengi">Sen (1999), pp.386-387</ref>

=== Recovery of Kerala ===
''Corrections by [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] (1972) on [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (1955, revised ed.) are employed.''

Vikrama Chola also oversaw the Chola recovery of the medieval [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera]] kingdom (in present-day [[Kerala]]) between c. 1102 and c. 1118.<ref name=":0" /> It seems that Jatavarman Parakrama, the Pandya, carried out the Kerala campaigns for his Chola overlord.<ref name=":0" /> The Cholas captured the [[Ay dynasty|Ay country]] and [[Venad|Venadu (the Kupaka)]], and defeated and levied tribute from the Chera king.<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala Perumals of Kerala].'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 125-28.</ref> The last Chera ruler of Kerala, [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara|Rama Kulashekhara]], is fondly remembered by a Chera princess in a record dated in the regnal years of Vikrama Chola from the [[Thiruvalanjuli]] temple (1122).<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==

Vikrama Chola was a great devotee of [[Shiva|Siva]] and greatly patronised the temple at [[Chidambaram]]. In 1128 he signaled his devotion by allocating the entire revenue of the year to the upgrade and extension of the temple. He had the main ''Vimana'' of the temple and the roofs of the passages around the main deity covered with gold. He had a palace built near the temple and spent much of his time there. We have many important people making donations to various temples during his reign. The most characteristic title of Vikrama Chola was ''Tyagasamudra'' – the ocean of sacrifice, which is found in his inscriptions and in ''Vikramacholan Ula''. We know the titles of three of his queens: Mukkōkilānadigal, Tyagapataka and Neriyan Madeviyar. Of his sons we only know of [[Kulothunga Chola II]] who succeeded him on the throne.

== Religious contribution ==
Vikrama Chola built a Siva temple at Ulagalanda Chola Mangalam (now renamed as Kalavai in Vellore district). This temple sivan is suyambu. A nataraja statue was made by pancha-loha, similar to Chithambaram Nataraja statue. Kovil's outer wall was constructed using green stones (patchai kal).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-16 |title=To sport a new look |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/to-sport-a-new-look/article6506910.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Officials ==
General [[Naralokaviran]] alias Ponnambalakuttan continued to serve Vikrama Chola after Kulottunga I.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Colas Volume II, Part II|author=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras|page=614}}</ref> One of the vassals in the Andhra country was Madhurantaka Pottapi Chola, the son of Siddharasa. The officer claimed descent from the [[Karikala Chola]] who raised the banks of Kaveri in epigraphs (Carana saroruha etc.).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Colas Volume II, Part II|author=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras|page=621}}</ref>

== Epigraphs ==
A Tamil inscription of the king from [[Sidlaghatta]] district, dated in the second year of his reign and beginning with ''Pumagal Punara'', states that Udayamartanda Brahmamarayan, an officer of the king with his residence in Arulmolideva Chaturvedimangalam, and who was well versed in Tamil, built the temple of Somesvarar in the village of Sugattur in Kaivara nadu. Vikrama Chola is called Pulivendan [[Koliyar]] kula Pati alias Rajayyar Vikrama Choladeva.<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, B. Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1979|page=164}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). ''The Cōḷas,'' University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India,'' OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
*''The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Struggle for Empire'' By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
*''Epigraphia Carnatica'', Volume 10, Part 1 by Benjamin Lewis Rice, Mysore (India: State). Archaeological Dept, Mysore Archaeological Survey
*''Epigraphy'' By Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle
*''History of Indian Administration'': Volume 2 by Baij Nath Puri

[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century regents]]
[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:1135 deaths]]

K. M. Udaya

2026-04-28T15:05:06Z

TonjaGerow46: created a stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Kadalur Udaya Gowda, alias K. M. Udaya''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Maddur Assembly constituency]] in [[Mandya district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaya K M in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/udaya-k-m-maddur-candidate-s10a187c001/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Udaya is born in Kadalur, near [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] to late Madaiah. He discontinued his studies after passing SSLC in 1991 from S.C.M.M. High School, Somanahalli, Maddur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaya K M(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MADDUR(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7513 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is a billionaire businessman and ran businesses in India and abroad, including in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=Maddur bizman Uday joins Congress, JDS in pickle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Mar/14/maddur-bizman-uday-joins-congress-jds-in-pickle-2555888.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Udaya won the [[Maddur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 87,019 votes and defeated his nearest rival, D. C. Thammanna of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 24,113 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Maddur Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Udaya.k.m Wins From Maddur |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/maddur-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601905 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KARNATAKA ASSEMBLY ELECTION-2023 {{!}} Mandya District . Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://mandya.nic.in/en/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Tuhin Das |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka 2023 election result: List of winners from Mandya area constituencies. Congress wins 6 out of 8, BJP Nil |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-results-counting-updates-for-malavalli-maddur-melukote-mandya-shrirangapattana-nagamangala-krishnarajpete-101683885677518.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

He was alleged to have helped in '[[Operation Kamala]]' where 17 Congress and JDS MLAs resigned to help [[Yeddyurappa]] form the government in 2019. Then, he was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] but later joined Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Businessman Allegedly Linked To Fall Of Congress Coalition Joins Party |url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/businessman-who-allegedly-played-key-role-in-collapse-of-coalition-govt-inducted-into-cong-3858095 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He is a close associate of former minister [[C. P. Yogeshwara|CP Yogishwar]] of the BJP.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaya, K. M.}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi

2026-04-25T13:20:13Z

TonjaGerow46: creating a location

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Antarvedi, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi
| image = Antarvedhi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3333|81.7333|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Devasthanam 5th Nava Narasimha Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Konaseema district]]
| location = [[Antarvedi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Narasimha|Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy]]
[[lakshmi|Rajyalakshmi]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals= Bheeshma Ekadasi, [[Ratha Saptami]], Kartika Pournami, [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =Shali Vahana Saka Years [1745] 1823 AD, Swabhanu nama samvatsaradhika Chaitra Krishna Dashami, Bhanu Vanara
| year_completed = Shalivahana Saka 1745 (1823 A.D)
| creator = Koppanathi Krishnamma
| website =
}}
'''[[Lakshmi Narasimha]] Temple''' is a Hindu temple in [[Antarvedi]], [[Sakhinetipalle mandal]], [[Konaseema district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The temple is situated at the place where the [[Bay of Bengal]] and Vashista Godavari, a tributary of the [[Godavari River]], meet.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/thousands-turn-up-for-antarvedi-festivities/article2855532.ece?textsize=large&test=1 | title= Thousands turn up for Antarvedi festivities | date=3 February 2012 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=B. V. S. | last=Bhaskar | access-date=22 May 2019 }}</ref> It was built in the 15th and 16th centuries.

[[File:Inscription of Navada Lothpala Malika, Shree Antharvedi Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple.jpg|thumb|alt=Light-coloured text inscribed on a dark stone slab|Stone inscription at Lakshmi Narasimha Temple.]]
== History ==
The temple was built by Kopanathi Krishnamma, .

=== Inscription of Navada Lothpala Malika ===
This stone inscription pertains to Navada Lothpala Malika. The inscription notes that the work on the temple was completed on the day of Chaitra Krishna Dashami in the Swabhanu year, referred to as Bhanu Vanara.[[File:Kopanathi krishnamma founder of Anthervedi Narashimha swamy temple.jpg|thumb|'''Kopanathi Krishnamma''', the founder of Lakshmi Narasimha Temple.]]

== Travel ==

There are three ways that one can travel to Antarvedi. Steam launches are available. Alternatively, one can ride on the ferry, upon reaching [[Sakhinetipalli]] and from there start for Antarvedi by road. The third option is to cross the Chinchinada using the newly built bridge, and travel the rest of the way by road.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} A launch pad allows visitors to land on the small island at the other side of the Godavari River - from this point, travel can then be undertaken to the convergence point of the river and the ocean.

== Festivals ==
Prominent festivals celebrated in the temple include:{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

* Kalyanamohasthavam ([[Magha (month)|Magha]] Sudha Sapthami to Magha Bahula [[Pratipada|Padyami]])
* Sri [[Venkateswara]] Swamy kalyanam (Jesta Sudha [[Ekadashi|Ekadasi]])

* Sri [[Narasimha]] Jayanthi ([[Vaishakha|Vaisakha]] Sudha Chaturdasi)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.antarvedisrilakshminarasimhaswamy.com/index.php Lakshmi Narasimha Temple website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928075440/http://www.antarvedisrilakshminarasimhaswamy.com/index.php |date=28 September 2018 }}
*[https://eastgodavari.nic.in/tourism/temples/sri-lakshmi-narasimha-swamy-temple-antharvedi/ East godavari district website]

{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Narasimha temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

Manush: Child of Destiny

2026-04-20T20:27:08Z

TonjaGerow46: creating new details

{{Short description|2023 Bengali action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manush:Child of destiny
| image = Manush- Child of Destiny poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sanjoy Somadder
| screenplay = Sanjoy Somadder
| story = Sanjoy Somadder
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]
* Gopal Madnani
* Amit Jumrani
}}
| starring = {{ubl|
* Jeet
* [[Jeetu Kamal]]
* [[Susmita Chatterjee]]
* [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]]
* Saurav Chakrabarti
* Ayanna Chatterjee
}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|
* Prosenjit Chowdhury
* Soumyadipta Vicky Guin
* '''Songs DOP:'''
* Manas Ganguly
}}
| editing = Malay Laha
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Aneek Dhar]] [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] Ahmed Humayun '''Background score:''' Anbu Selvan
| studio = Grassroot Entertainment Jeetz Filmworks
| distributor = '''Bengali:''' Jeetz Filmworks '''Hindi:''' [[AA Films]] '''Bangladesh:''' Action Cut Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manush: Child of Destiny''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɑː|n|u|ʃ}} {{Translation|'''''Human: Child of Destiny'''''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Sanjoy Somadder, in his directorial debut in Bengali cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahsan |first=Sohel |date=2023-10-14 |title='Manush is a complete cinematic experience': Sanjoy Somadder |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/manush-complete-cinematic-experience-sanjay-samaddar-718406 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Business Standard |quote=The director also finds the experience of working with a method actor like Jeet to be an immense achievement.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-01 |title=Jeet set to star in Sanjoy Samaddar directorial 'Manush' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/jeet-set-star-sanjoy-samaddar-directorial-manush-3184511 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |quote=The story of "Manush" will be centred around the cruelty of human nature and the consequences of people losing their humanity. The film has been written by Sanjoy Samaddar.}}</ref> Produced by [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], Gopal Madnani and Amit Jumrani under the banners of Jeetz Filmworks and [[Jeet filmography|Grassroot Entertainment]]. It stars Jeet, [[Jeetu Kamal]], [[Susmita Chatterjee]], Saurav Chakrabarti and Ayanna Chatterjee in her debut, with [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]] in a special appearance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Soumita |date=2023-11-11 |script-title=bn:'আমি শুধু আমার মেয়ের কাছে হিরো হয়ে থাকতে চাই!': জিৎ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/jeets-movie-manush-child-of-destiny-trailer-launch_495063.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-14 |title=Mim to star opposite Jeet in upcoming film |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/mim-star-opposite-jeet-upcoming-film-3196266 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |quote="I signed for 'Manush' long ago, but I couldn't reveal anything about it. I have come to Kolkata to shoot for the film tomorrow," said the actress.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> It follows Arjun Mukherjee, an [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] officer on the board to bring down the drug lord Chhota Mannan, turns to the drug world due to the circumstances, while the latter changes his path finding solace in religion.

Initially titled as ''Dwitiyo Purush'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Nabamita |date=2023-07-05 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশি পরিচালকের সঙ্গে জুটি বেঁধেছেন জিৎ, কবে মুক্তি পাবে 'মানুষ'? |url=https://www.khaboronline.com/entertainment/jeet-madnani-had-finished-next-film-project-manush/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=Khobor Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2023-09-22 |title=Jeet unveils poster for his new film on Ganesh Chaturthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-unveils-poster-for-his-new-film-on-ganesh-chaturthi/articleshow/103859881.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=From the first look in Manush, it is evident that Jeet is again set to come with a captivating character. The film, which is touted to be an intense action yet an emotional drama, is expected to feature the superstar in another mysterious role. In the poster, the leading man is seen in his most violent yet a cold avatar so far in the poster with a thick beard.}}</ref> the film was announced with its official title in November 2022.<ref name="bangla1">{{cite news |date=2022-11-30 |script-title=bn:Jeet: জন্মদিনে ফ্যানেদের রিটার্ন গিফট জিতের! ৩ বড় চমক দিলেন টলিউড সুপারস্টার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/jeet-gives-return-gifts-fans-his-birthday-tollywood-superstar-announces-2-new-movies-boomerang-and-manush-launches-teaser-chengiz-soc-477163-2022-11-30 |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Jeet Unveils the First Look of Manush |url=https://www.laughalaughi.com/news/jeet-unveils-the-first-look-of-manush/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=LaughaLaughi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ISF |date=2023-11-04 |script-title=bn:জিৎ এর নতুন ছবি মানুষ - নিয়তির সন্তান মানুষ - Manush Child of Destiny |url=https://www.isfbangla.com/2023/11/manush-child-of-destiny.html|access-date=2025-04-28 |website=ISF Bangla |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in January 2023 and wrapped by July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Sayanita |date=2023-07-01 |script-title=bn:শেষ হল শ্যুটিং, ফের জুটি বাঁধছেন সুস্মিতার সঙ্গে, আসছে জিৎ-র নতুন ছবি 'মানুষ' |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/jeet-share-a-new-picture-on-wrap-up-day-of-shooting-of-his-movie-manush-absc/articleshow-cgiweni |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Asianet News |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-18 |title=Mim starts shooting for Tollywood movie 'Manush' |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/668788 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> Major portions of the film are shot in [[Kolkata]], [[Howrah]] and [[Purulia]], with foreign locations in [[Bangkok]] and [[Pattaya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arkaprobho |date=2023-11-11 |script-title=bn:'কালো টাকার দুনিয়ায় তোরা দাস আর পরিণতি...', অন্ধকার জগতের শত্রু কী বন্ধু হবে? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-and-susmita-chatterjee-starrer-bengali-movie-manush-trailer-makes-fans-excited/articleshow/105149081.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[Aneek Dhar]], [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] and Ahmed Humayun,<ref name=":4">{{cite news |date=2023-01-17 |title=Mim to star in Jeet starrer ''Manush'' |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/mim-star-manush-569226 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Business Standard |quote=Last year was good for Mim's career, especially due to her roles in 'Poran' and 'Damal', both directed by Raihan Rafi. She is working on two new movies 'Ittefaq', directed by Raihan Rafi, and 'Antarjal' directed by Dipankar Dipon.}}</ref> while Anbu Shelvan provided its score. Prosenjit Chowdhury and Soumyadipta Vicky Guin handled its cinematography and the editing was done by Malay Laha.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-11-11 |script-title=bn:'অমানুষ দেখতে মানুষের মতো!' জিতের আগুনে সংলাপে কীসের ইঙ্গিত? |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/jeet-unveils-the-trailer-of-manush/tid/116968 |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal|The Wall]]}}</ref>

''Manush'' theatrically was released on 24 November 2023 simultaneously in Bengali and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] in India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Md Sohel |date=2023-11-13 |title=Bidya Sinha Mim's 'Manush' set to release in Kolkata {{!}} GreenWatchBD |url=https://greenwatchbd.com/celebrity/41115/bidya-sinha-mim%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98manush%E2%80%99-set-to-release-in-kolkata |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Greenwatchbd News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodhak |first=Reetam |date=2023-11-12 |title=Manush Release Date: Superstar Jeet unlocks Another Pan India Action thriller Film |url=https://technosports.co.in/manush-release-date-pan-india-action-thriller/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> making it the third Bengali [[Pan-Indian film]] after ''[[Chengiz]]'' (2023) and [[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|''Bagha Jatin'']] (2023),<ref>{{cite news |last=Misra |first=Akash |date=2023-10-14 |script-title=bn:'মানুষকে বিশ্বাস করা যায় না…' সোশাল মিডিয়ায় হঠাৎ পোস্ট জিতের, ব্যাপারটা কী? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-actor-jeet-shares-manush-movie-teaser/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Guin |first=Alok |date=2023-10-16 |title=২৪ নভেম্বর মুক্তি পাবে ''মানুষ'' |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/bengali-actor-jeet-starrer-upcoming-movie-manush-first-poster-out-fans-get-excited/articleshow/103797152.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref> while its [[Bangladesh]] release was on 15 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2023-10-16 |title=Jeet-''Manush'' Teaser: একমুখ দাড়ি নিয়ে নরখাদকের মতো মাংস খাচ্ছেন জিতু! জিতের 'মানুষ'-এ লুকিয়ে ভরপুর রহস্যের হাতছানি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-and-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-teaser-is-out-now-31697257656203.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029211733/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-and-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-teaser-is-out-now-31697257656203.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=Bidya Sinha Mim's 'Manush' to release in Kolkata without her |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/bidya-sinha-mims-manush-release-kolkata-without-her-3476791 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123070650/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/bidya-sinha-mims-manush-release-kolkata-without-her-3476791 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Majumder |first=Suparna |date=2023-11-10 |script-title=bn:''মানুষ''-এর ট্রেলারে ধুন্ধুমার অ্যাকশন, নারকোটিক্স সেলের অফিসার জিৎ, ভিলেন জীতু! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/here-is-the-official-trailer-of-jeet-susmita-jeetu-kamal-bidya-sinha-mim-starrer-manush-movie/ |work=2025-04-24 |language=bn}}</ref> Opening to highly positive reviews from critics and audience alike with specific appraisals of Jeet and Kamal's performances, storyline, script and action sequences, the film became an average success.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:গরমের ছুটিতে জমবে জিতের 'বুমেরাং' |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-and-rukmini-maitra-starrer-boomerang-release-date-announced-on-this-valentine-day/articleshow/107692359.cms |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Manush: Teaser of Jeet Starrer Loads with Action, Drama, and Suspense! |url=https://boxofficeincome.in/manush-teaser-of-jeet-starrer-loads-with-action-drama-and-suspense-26369 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=BOIncome |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

A mysterious man disguised as a doctor, enters a [[morgue]] and suddenly performs surgery on a corpse. He brings out a number of pouches full of drugs from inside the body, which were already being smuggled inside the dead man's stomach. Immediately after his departure, when the deceased's family members started a commotion, a renowned officer of the [[Kolkata Police]] Department, ACP Mandira Sanyal arrives there to solve the mystery. After special investigation, she realizes that this is a completely new technique of drug trafficking, where the products are being smuggled inside the stomachs of dead people. According to the information, someone uses to double-cross and kills the sub-ordinates after learning all the details of the smuggling movements from them. Then she comes to the conclusion that the sole mastermind behind this incident and the doctor in disguise was none other than Victor, a notorious dealer in the drug world and codenamed "V", whose face was unknown to the police records accordingly.

Mandira first interrogates Majid about this drug ring, who once worked under Mannan Sheikh alias "Chhota Mannan". He then tells her about Masud, who started his journey in the crime world with Mannan since their initials, and lost both his legs after falling under a lorry while saving Mannan from a police shootout, four years before. Mandira and her team immediately goes for interrogation with Masud, who assures them that Mannan may not be alive anymore, because there is a signature of being alive. A sketch artist brought in and a sketch of Mannan is made on the basis of Masud's description. Hardly has their enquiry been ended, when Mannan is reported to now be running an ashram for disabled children in [[Purulia]].

Mandira brings Mannan to the police custody for interrogation, who was beyond the reach of the police. In spite of not being associated with the underworld, Mannan, who lives a simple life, readily reveals that the real mastermind behind this new trend of drug ring and double-crossing is Arjun Mukherjee, the daredevil and a former officer of [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]]. Mandira gets shocked to know this, as she was an admirer of Arjuna's honesty. Mannan then narrates the past incidents involving him and Arjun.

It tells the story of hope and redemption, having emotion in every inch. Arjun is a middle class honest police officer who loves his daughter more than anything and can go to any extent for her whereas his enemy Mannan is a notorious drug dealer and ruthless criminal. However certain circumstances slowly change Arjun into an inhuman seeking money which makes Arjun become a drug lord and criminal named ‘Victor’. He is suspended from his job and continues to deal with drugs in the underworld for money whereas Mannan leaves the underworld by stopping all his crimes and starts to live a peaceful life by helping poor children after being diagnosed with advanced stage rare blood cancer. Soon the wheel of fate moves around making Victor realise that an enemy can also be a true friend. How they will both succeed to win the game of survival and fight the battle of destiny to become a true human being forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Arjun Mukherjee, [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] officer / Victor, a wanted drug lord<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeet dons menacing new avatar in teaser of Bengali action film 'Manush' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1130336 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ঘোষ |first=দেবারতি |date=2023-07-02 |script-title=bn:একজন 'মানুষ' এতটা হ্যান্ডসাম হয়! জিতের নয়া লুকে ফিদা অনুরাগীরা |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/jeet-shares-upcoming-film-manush-shooting-picture-in-social-media/101428672.cms |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Jeetu Kamal]] as Mannan "Chhota" Sheikh
* [[Susmita Chatterjee]] as Kajal
* Ayanna Chatterjee as Mili Mukherjee, Arjun's daughter
* Saurav Chakravarti as Akbar, Mannan's right-hand man, later rival drug lord
* [[Kaushik Chakraborty]] as Diwan ji
* Pradip Dhar as Arjun's boss
* Prantik Banerjee as Kuntal
* Somnath Kar as Akbar's henchman
* Vascar Dev as Arjun's friend
* Debapratim Dasgupta as Masud
* Debashis Nath as Majid

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Mandira Sangal
* Sumit Ganguly as a Aslam, a drug dealer

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the success of ''[[Badsha – The Don|Badsha]]'' (2016) and ''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule]]'' (2017), it was reported that [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] might do several [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh joint ventures]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=Jeet in New Indo-Bangla Film |url=https://radiobanglanet.com/jeet-new-indo-bangla-film/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=RadioBanglaNet |language=en-US}}</ref> however it was proved to be a rumour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-01 |title=Jeet is tied up with a number of Indo-Bangladesh joint productions |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/188569 |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=Daily Sun |language=en |quote=The producer and director from Bangladesh confirmed about Jeet’s commitment to these projects.}}</ref> Later in October 2021, it was reported that Sanjoy Somadder, visited Jeet at his residence and narrated a script titled ''Dwitiyo Purush'', which impressed him.<ref name=":1" /> The project was supposed to be the actor's 55th film as a leading actor, but that position instead went to ''[[Chengiz]]'' (2023). It was also reported that [[Mosharraf Karim]], who had previously made his debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] with [[Bratya Basu]]'s ''[[Dictionary (film)|Dictionary]]'' (2018), would be seen sharing screen with Jeet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-29 |title=Jeet in a Bangladeshi film with Mosharraf Karim? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-in-a-bangladeshi-film-with-mosharraf-karim/articleshow/87356612.cms |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=If all goes according to plan, Bangladeshi actor Mosharraf Karim who starred in Bratya Basu’s ‘Dictionary’ will soon share the screen with Jeet.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Jeet in a Bangladeshi film with Mosharraf Karim? {{!}} The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/274846/jeet-in-a-bangladeshi-film-with-mosharraf-karim |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=The Asian Age |language=en}}</ref>

Reports of a potential collaboration between Somadder and Jeet continued through July 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-29 |title=Yet another action entertainer for Jeet? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-and-mosharraf-karim-in-an-indo-bangladesh-action-entertainer/articleshow/93202055.cms |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=The Tollywood superstar already had a discussion with Sanjay regarding the story and he’s reportedly impressed with it. If things go smoothly the shooting is expected to start by the end of this year.}}</ref> The following August, Somadder confirmed there were discussions for him to direct Jeet's 56th film. It was rumoured that the film would be a crossover to Somadder's own play ''Omanush'' starring Karim, which had its release in the previous month.<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkYt5ouoTKM |title=এক মুভিতে মোশাররফ-জিৎ {{!}} Dwitiyo Purush {{!}} Jeet {{!}} Mosharraf Karim {{!}} Upcoming Movie {{!}} Binodon News |date=2021-10-25 |last=Actors Golpo |access-date=2025-04-25}}</ref> The project was funded by and Jeetz Filmworks and [[Jeet filmography|Grassroot Entertainment]], while Gopal Madnani and Amit Jumrani served as a co-producer. The company made a public announcement on the occasion of Jeet's birthday on 30 November 2022,<ref name="bangla1" /> confirming the project and its official title ''Manush''.'''<ref name=":1" />'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manush-Child of Destiny (2023) Bengali Movie: Director Sanjoy Samadder and Jeet's Maiden Collaboration |url=https://www.newmoviereviews.in/2022/12/manush-child-of-destiny-2023-bengali.html |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Nostalgic Screens}}</ref> Somadder revealed that ''Manush'' was inspired by [[Uttam Kumar]] starrer 1973 film ''Roudro Chhaya'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-19 |title=Jeet to star in a Bangladeshi film, talks are on for an action entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-to-star-in-a-bangladeshi-film-talks-are-on-for-an-action-entertainer/articleshow/93651410.cms |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which itself was based on a story by [[Bimal Kar]] and also was remade in Bangladeshi as ''Porichoy'' in 1974, where [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]] replaced Kumar. According to Somadder, "It inspired me to write ''Manush''. ''Roudro Chhaya'' left its mark on me and from that this movie was born. ''Manush'' is my tribute to Uttam Kumar and Razzak, the legends".<ref>{{cite news |last=Akbar |first=Pratik |date=2022-11-30 |script-title=bn:জীৎকে নিয়ে সঞ্জয় সমাদ্দারের সিনেমা ''মানুষ'' |url=https://www.newsbangla24.com/culture/214578/Sanjay-Samdars-film-Manoor-on-Jeet |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=NewsBangla24 |language=bn}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "Uttam Kumar starrer ''Roudro Chhaya'' is my first inspiration for ''Manush''. I can assure that this is a complete cinematic experience that promises to captivate audiences with its compelling narrative, emotions, action sequences, music, and outstanding performances by Jeet Da and Jeetu (Kamal). The film's storyline contains thought-provoking elements that will undoubtedly resonate with viewers. Also, the movie will introduce a new dimension to the action genre as we are working with Ravi Ji (Verma).
It's an honour for me that a superstar from another country has entrusted me with the responsibility of directing the film. Jeet Da is, of course, a superstar and known for his method acting skills. From listening to stories, script narration and shooting to dubbing, I have seen him work with utmost seriousness throughout the entire process. He is a complete director's actor on set. His dedication is unwavering. Yet, when it comes to rejuvenating everyone around him, his fantastic sense of humour captivates everyone. Jeet Da shows immense respect and affection for talented individuals."
| source = — Sanjoy Somadder on ''Manush'' and directing Jeet in an interview to ''The Business Standard''.<ref>{{cite news |last= Ahsan |first= Sohel |title= 'Manush is a complete cinematic experience': Sanjay Somaddar |url= https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/manush-complete-cinematic-experience-sanjay-samaddar-718406 |access-date= 28 April 2025 |work= The Business Standard |date= 14 October 2023}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 45%
}}

=== Pre-production ===
It took Somadder nearly four months for the writing and pre-production.<ref name=":2" /> He co-wrote the film's screenplay along with Arnab Bhaumik,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o17N-_rKLA0 |title="JEETদাকে MASS অবতারেই MANUSH এ দেখতে পাবে"Interview With ArnaB BhaumiK {{!}}MIRZA কবে আসবে? |date=2023-01-20 |last=MFK TV |access-date=2025-04-25}}</ref> in his third consecutive collaboration with Jeet after working on ''[[Baazi (2021 film)|Baazi]]'' (2021) and ''Raavan'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnab Bhaumik to write the screenplay in Jeet's ''Manush'' |url=https://www.vajracinema.com/movied/manush-child-of-destiny |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=vajracinema.com}}</ref> Both of them joined the writing team in mid-July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-11 |title=Manush- Child of Destiny Trailer Launch |url=https://www.bengalifilmreviews.com/post/manush-child-of-destiny-trailer-launch |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Bengali Film Reviews |language=en}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 2 December 2022, at Grassroot Entertainment's office in [[Kolkata]] with the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Jhumur |date=2023-12-02 |title=আসছে জিতের নতুন ছবি ''মানুষ'' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/manush-tollywood-star-jeet-shares-his-upcoming-movie-manush-s-subha-maharat-photo-and-information-know-in-details-939278 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[ABP News]] |language=bn}}</ref>

In mid-January 2023, Prosenjit Chowdhury was announced as cinematographer, marking his maiden collaboration with both Samadder and Jeet. [[Aneek Dhar]] and [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] were revealed to compose the music, in their respective second and fifth consecutive film with Jeet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manush - Child of Destiny |url=https://www.tvtime.com/movie/051d0136-6b75-4577-86d0-2a05624ef04b |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=TV Time |language=en}}</ref> The production house further retained most of the technicians from its previous ventures including editor Malay Laha, background scorer Anbu Shelvan and dance choreographer [[Imran Sardhariya]]. Manas Ganguly joined the team as its director of photography for the song sequences. [[Ravi Verma]] was hired to design the action sequences in the second collaboration with Jeet after ''Raavan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soujannya |date=2023-11-11 |title=Jeet drops ''Manush'' trailer; first look of Dev's ''Pradhan'' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-drops-manush-trailer-first-look-of-devs-pradhan/cid/1979344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130163827/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-drops-manush-trailer-first-look-of-devs-pradhan/cid/1979344 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |language=en |quote=After playing an underworld don in his last production ''Chengiz'', Jeet plays an elite officer of the anti-narcotics division and a highly devoted family man who fights the drug world in the crime thriller ''Manush''. |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Jeet (actor bengali) crop.jpg
| image2 = Jeetu Kamal BL.jpg
| footer = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Jeetu Kamal]] were cast as the two central characters of the film.
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}}

Jeet would sport a brown-shaded hairstyle for his character, which was finalised after 30 different looks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-11 |title=Jeet sports a new hairstyle for the upcoming ''Manush'' |url=https://www.filmeekeeda.com/trailer-manush-child-of-destiny/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In August 2022, Karim was reported to opt out of the project.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Jeetu Kamal and Jeet to share the big screen in an action thriller? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jeetu-kamal-and-jeet-to-share-the-big-screen-in-an-action-thriller/630b68738b366 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2023-11-10 |script-title=bn:সন্তানের জন্য জিতুর মুখোমুখি জিৎ, অ্যাকশনে ভরপুর ট্রেলার বলল মানুষের কোন গল্প? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-sushmita-chatterjee-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-trailer-out-31699605055076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110132056/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-sushmita-chatterjee-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-trailer-out-31699605055076.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> There were rumours that [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] would replace him, while it was later revealed that [[Jeetu Kamal]] would be seen in the film,<ref name=":3" /><ref name="ei14Dec2022" /> who was then working with Jeet in the reality show ''Ismart Jodi'' on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-22 |title=Jeet hosted 'Ismart Jodi' to feature Jeetu Kamal-Nabanita, Samrat Mukherji-Moyna and other celeb couples |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jeet-hosted-ismart-jodi-to-feature-jeetu-kamal-nabanita-samrat-mukherji-moyna-and-other-celeb-couples/articleshow/90367126.cms |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Priyanka |date=2023-11-17 |script-title=bn:'মনের খিদে মেটাতে হবে, আমি রঙিন থাকতে চাই', পর্দায় জিতকে টেক্কা! 'অপরাজিত' জিতু |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-jeetu-kamal-actor-says-manush-is-a-two-hero-film-hes-not-the-antagonist-31700135096794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304052535/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-jeetu-kamal-actor-says-manush-is-a-two-hero-film-hes-not-the-antagonist-31700135096794.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> Kamal agreed to be a part of the project, after being impressed by the one-line narrated for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2023-12-05 |script-title=bn:অপরাজিতর পর লম্বা বিরতি,ব্যক্তিগত জীবনের জন্যই কি বড়পর্দা থেকে দূরে ছিলেন জিতু? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeetu-kamal-shares-why-he-took-this-long-time-to-accept-a-movie-offer-31701747290765.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212173658/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeetu-kamal-shares-why-he-took-this-long-time-to-accept-a-movie-offer-31701747290765.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> [[Susmita Chatterjee]] was cast as the female lead, pairing opposite Jeet for the second time after ''Chengiz''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2023-11-28 |title=Susmita Chatterjee shares her moments in Manus alongside working with star actor Jeet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/susmita-chatterjee-shares-her-moments-in-manus-alongside-working-with-star-actor-jeet/cid/1983074 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128030318/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/susmita-chatterjee-shares-her-moments-in-manus-alongside-working-with-star-actor-jeet/cid/1983074 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-02 |script-title=bn:আসছে জিতের নতুন ছবি 'মানুষ', বিপরীতে নায়িকা কে? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/manush-tollywood-star-jeet-shares-his-upcoming-movie-manush-s-subha-maharat-photo-and-information-know-in-details-939278 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref> In December 2022, Bangladeshi actress [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]] was also reported to join the film in an important role, in her second collaboration with Jeet after ''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-07 |title=Mim wraps up shooting for ''Manush'' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/mim-wraps-shooting-manush-3241571 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095247/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/mim-wraps-shooting-manush-3241571 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-24 |title=Portraying a police officer was challenging: Bidya Sinha Mim |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/portraying-police-officer-was-challenging-bidya-sinha-mim-3477696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124144612/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/portraying-police-officer-was-challenging-bidya-sinha-mim-3477696 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=I feel proud to be part of 'Manush': Mim |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/723346 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> For an antagonistic role, Somadder initially wanted [[Taskeen Rahman]] to play,<ref>{{cite news |last=Shazu |first=Shah Alam |date=2022-12-16 |title=Jeet Da and I share a close bond, like family: Mim |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/jeet-and-i-share-close-bond-family-mim-3197586 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=bn |quote=I played the role of a police officer, Mondira, in the film. This is the first time I am doing this type of character. That's why I took a lot of time to prepare for the role. I spent a lot of time thinking about the character arc and storyline after receiving the script.}}</ref> but the latter declined due to scheduling conflicts. The same month, Saurav Chakrabarti came on the board, marking his fourth film with Jeet after working on his debut film ''[[Game (2014 film)|Game]]'' (2014), ''[[Shesh Theke Shuru]]'' (2019) and ''[[Panther: Hindustan Meri Jaan|Panther]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Saurav Chakrabarti set to work with Jeet again; says, "His humble behaviour and passion for work inspire me" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/saurav-chakrabarti-set-to-work-with-jeet-again-says-his-humble-behaviour-and-passion-for-work-inspire-me/articleshow/96078624.cms |access-date=2025-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-11 |title=Bengali actor Saurav Chakrabarti on sharing the screen with Shahid Kapoor, Vijay Sethupathi and Kay Kay Menon: Their passion for work is infectious |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actor-saurav-chakrabarti-on-sharing-the-screen-with-shahid-kapoor-vijay-sethupathi-and-kay-kay-menon-their-passion-for-work-is-infectious/articleshow/97818534.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "Jeet Da gave me an opportunity when I was struggling. Not every person gives a struggling artist a chance. Once the ball starts to roll, it continues but in the beginning, it needs a thrust. Jeet Da, gave me that. I still remember how he placed his hand on my chest and asked me to breathe, when I was too anxious during the shoot. He never let me feel that I am a newcomer and he is the Superstar Jeet. He once came to pick me up from home during the shooting of ''Game''. That was just a start. I have done three projects already with him and the fourth one will start rolling soon."
| source = — Saurav Chakrabarti on his fourth collaboration with Jeet in an interview to ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news |title= Saurav Chakrabarti set to work with Jeet again; says, "His humble behaviour and passion for work inspire me" |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/saurav-chakrabarti-set-to-work-with-jeet-again-says-his-humble-behaviour-and-passion-for-work-inspire-me/articleshow/96078624.cms |access-date= 29 April 2025 |work= The Business Standard |date= 9 December 2022}}</ref>
| align = right
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}}

On 14 December 2022, the star cast was announced by the makers.<ref name="ei14Dec2022">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabuddha |date=14 December 2022 |script-title=bn:একফ্রেমে জিৎ-জিতু কামাল, প্রকাশ্যে 'মানুষ'-এর স্টার কাস্ট |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/bengali-actor-jeet-reveals-the-star-cast-of-upcoming-movie-manush/articleshow/96231747.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=2022-12-01 |script-title=bn:জিতের মনে ধরেছে ''মানুষ'', বাংলাদেশের পরিচালকের সঙ্গে জুটি |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/bangladesh/story/tollywood-actor-jeet-jilm-manush-directed-bandladeshi-director-sanjay-samaddar-sus-477358-2022-12-01 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2022-12-14 |title=Mim to star opposite Jeet in upcoming film ''Manush'' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/mim-star-opposite-jeet-upcoming-film-3196266 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=bn}}</ref> Later, it was reported that Debapratim Dasgupta, Kaushik Chakraborty, Pradip Dhar and Prantik Banerjee would play prominent roles in the film. All of their inclusion was confirmed by the production house in late-January 2023. In March 2023, Sumit Ganguly was seen present at the film's shooting in [[Howrah]], confirming his presence in the film. Sulagna Mukherjee and Vascar Dev were also confirmed after participating in the film's [[Purulia]] schedule, while the former was reportedly cast in a major role throughout the film.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 16 January 2023 at NT-1 Studio in Kolkata. Minor portions of the film were held at Howrah and Nonapukur in the last week of January and Mim joined the team in this schedule.<ref name=":5" /> She shot some of his portions in Purulia, where Kamal and Dasgupta also were observed.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bidya Sinha Mim busy shooting 'Manush' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tags/bidya-sinha-mim-busy-shooting-manush |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118105245/https://www.thedailystar.net/tags/bidya-sinha-mim-busy-shooting-manush |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> It continued till 23 January and the second schedule commenced on 1 February. During this schedule, footage of Jeet was leaked and went viral, prompting the film's official technology security partner to warn people against sharing leaked content or they would be deleted. Furthermore, most of the cast and crew members were prohibited from using mobile phones on the sets, to prevent leakage of stills and videos from the shoot. On 27 February, Dasgupta tweeted that he had completed filming his portions for the film.

The film was wrapped up on 30 June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-07-31 |script-title=bn:'সাক্ষী থাকুক এক সুন্দর মুহূর্ত…', 'মানুষ' ছবির শ্যুটিং শেষে বার্তা জিতের |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-susmita-chatterjee-upcoming-movie-manush-shooting-wrap-yesterday/articleshow/101413575.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Pratikeshwar |date=2022-12-30 |title=Jeet to reunite with Susmita in Bangladeshi filmmaker Sanjay Samaddar's ''Manush'' |url=https://www.bangladeshlivenews.com/en/entertainment/details/jeet-susmita-in-bangladeshi-filmmaker-sanjay-samaddar-s-manush |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Yuger Barta}}</ref> The total filming was completed in 40 days, whereas the climax itself was shot at a [[jute mill]] in [[Titagarh]], for three days. Major portions of the film were shot at [[Kolkata]], [[Purulia]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-01-28 |title=Mim starts shooting for Tollywood movie ''Manush'' |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/668788/Mim-starts-shooting-for-Tollywood-movie-%E2%80%98Manush%E2%80%99 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Daily Sun |quote=She also has acted in a number of Tollywood films, including ‘Yeti Obhijaan’, ‘Sultan: The Saviour’ and ‘Black’.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Jeet Manush Film Wrap: 'দারুণ জার্নি', 'মানুষ' ছবির শ্যুটিং শেষে জানালেন জিৎ সঞ্জয় সমাদ্দার পরিচালিত 'মানুষ' ছবির শ্যুটিং শেষ করলেন জিৎ ৷ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/jeet-shares-pics-from-manush-film-set/wb20230701123253010010956 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=ETV Bharat |language=bn}}</ref> Susmita Chatterjee performed stunts riding on Royal Enfield and completed the training for the sequence in 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollyy |date=2023-11-21 |title="Mastering a Royal Enfield in 10 Days was such a thrilling and challenging experience for me" says Manush actress Susmita Chatterjee! |url=https://bollyy.com/mastering-a-royal-enfield-in-10-days-was-such-a-thrilling-and-challenging-experience-for-me-says-manush-actress-susmita-chatterjee/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=bollyy.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Aneek Dhar]], [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] and Ahmmed Humayun, while the background score was composed by Anbu Shelvan. The Bengali lyrics were written by [[Srijato]], Pranjal, Sanjoy Somaddar and Rivo while the Hindi lyrics were written by Shloke Lal, Prashant Ingole and Panchhi Jalonvi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2023-12-15 |script-title=bn:রণবীরের অ্যানিম্যাল দেখছেন কিন্তু জিতের সিনেমাকে উপেক্ষা করছেন কেন? প্রশ্ন দেবের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-seconds-parambrata-chatterjees-comment-on-bengali-audience-says-they-like-animal-jawan-but-not-jeet-starrer-manush-31702630820979.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217193151/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-seconds-parambrata-chatterjees-comment-on-bengali-audience-says-they-like-animal-jawan-but-not-jeet-starrer-manush-31702630820979.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samadder |first=Tulika |date=2023-12-01 |script-title=bn:'জিদ্দার বাড়ির সামনে ভিড় না করে মানুষ দেখুন, সিনেমা ফ্লপ করবে না': রাণা সরকার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-director-rana-sarkar-criticized-jeets-fans-who-dont-go-to-see-manush-film-on-cinema-hall-31701414164491.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samadder |first=Tulika |date=2023-12-27 |title='আমার অ্যানিম্যাল ভালো লেগেছে এমন নয়, দর্শক তো হলে গিয়ে দেখছে': দেব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-dev-shares-his-point-of-view-on-animal-movie-and-audience-reaction-on-this-movie-31703683465598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103204445/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-dev-shares-his-point-of-view-on-animal-movie-and-audience-reaction-on-this-movie-31703683465598.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref>

The singers are [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghosal]], [[Rupam Islam]], [[Shashwat Singh]] and [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title='Manush Child of Destiny' Trailer: Jeet brings a story full of action, thrill, and emotions |url=https://boxofficeincome.in/manush-child-of-destiny-trailer-jeet-brings-a-story-full-of-action-thrill-and-emotions-27513 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=BOIncome |language=en}}</ref>

The first single, titled "Tumi Amari Hobe" in Bengali and "Udd Jaun Tere Sang" in Hindi, was released on 31 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Misra |first=Akash |date=2023-10-31 |title=প্রিয় 'মানুষ'কে কাছে টানলেন জিৎ, ভালোবেসে বললেন, 'তুমি আমারই হবে… |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeets-new-movie-manush-song-out/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Rajkumar |date=2023-10-31 |script-title=bn:'তুমি আমারই হবে', মানুষের রোম্যান্টিক গানে ভালোবাসায় মাখামাখি জিৎ-সুস্মিতা |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-and-susmita-chatterjee-starrer-manush-first-romantic-song-tumi-amari-hobe-out-now/articleshow/104848784.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=New song from Jeet's next film launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/new-song-from-jeets-next-film-launched/articleshow/104854684.cms |access-date=2025-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The second single in both the languages were released on 14 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=Superstar Jeet brings a rain song 'Barse Re' from his film ''Manush''! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bengali-actor-jeet-brings-rain-song-barse-re-film-manush/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |quote=The Hindi version called ‘Barse Re’ has been sung by Shreya Ghoshal and Abhay Jodhpurkar. The music is given by Aneek Dhar and the lyrics have been penned by Panchhi Jalonvi.}}</ref> The third single was released on 20 November 2023. The fourth single was released on 22 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title="Sing-Along to Hard Rock Anthem 'Manush' Title Track" |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/hard-rock-banger-manush-title-track-is-a-sing-along-anthem-news-331829 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Outlook India |language=en |quote=Packed with punchy guitar riffs, the song starts off slow and gentle and is in fact very mellow, almost sounding somewhat depressing. But it soon begins to pick up pace as guitar sounds begin playing in the background, and soon brings in punchy power-packed riffs.The drumming is pretty basic, but it drives home the groove and the bass is audible enough. Synthesisers play a good part in the song, and it is almost somewhat similar to the modern-day hard rock bands.}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Manush: Child of Destiny
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Aneek Dhar]] and [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio = Playhead Studio Wow & Flutter Studios Studio 504 Roots Music Factor WCZ Studio Shraanti Studios Jam8 Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = Grassroot Entertainment
| producer =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Aneek Dhar]]
| prev_title = [[Chengiz]]
| prev_year = 2023
| title = Manush
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Mirza: Part 1 - Joker]]
| next_year = 2024
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| prev_title = [[Raavan (2022 film)|Raavan]]
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Manush
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Khadaan]]
| next_year = 2024
}}
}}

=== Bengali ===
{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tumi Amari Hobe
| music1 = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| lyrics1 = Sanjoy Somadder, Pranjal
| length1 = 4:03
| extra1 = Shashwat Singh
| title2 = Aay Bristi
| music2 = Aneek Dhar
| lyrics2 = Rivo, Pranjal
| length2 = 3:23
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghosal]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| title3 = Manush Title Track
| music3 = Ahmmed Humayun
| lyrics3 = Sanjoy Somaddar
| length3 = 2:37
| extra3 = [[Rupam Islam]]
| title4 = Aador Diye Chui
| music4 = Savvy
| lyrics4 = [[Srijato]]
| length4 = 3:51
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Udd Jaun Tere Sang
| music1 = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| lyrics1 = Shloke Lal
| length1 = 4:03
| extra1 = Shashwat Singh
| title2 = Barse Re
| music2 = Aneek Dhar
| lyrics2 = Panchhi Jalonvi
| length2 = 3:23
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghosal]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| title3 = Manush Title Track
| music3 = Ahmmed Humayun
| lyrics3 = Prashant Ingole
| length3 = 2:37
| extra3 = [[Rupam Islam]]
| title4 = Din Ka Hai Tara Mera Tu
| music4 = Savvy
| lyrics4 = Prashant Ingole
| length4 = 3:51
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
}}

== Marketing ==
The first look of Jeet from the movie was released on 19 September 2023 on the occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2023-09-20 |title=Jeet unveils first look of his next film Manush |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/sep/20/jeet-unveils-first-look-of-his-next-film-manushon-ganesh-chaturthi-53374.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=Superstar Jeet, known for his charismatic screen presence and method acting, is promising to deliver yet another cinematic masterpiece that will captivate audiences with ''Manush''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-09-20 |title=Jeet unveils first look of his upcoming film 'Manush' |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/17693/jeet-unveils-first-look-of-his-upcoming-film-manush.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=India Blooms |quote=Superstar Jeet was last seen in ''Chengiz'', a Bengali film which had a pan-India release in multiple languages.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manush: Jeet comes back as an angry young man |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manush-jeet-comes-back-as-an-angry-young-man/222c11f6ea854 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The second poster was released on 24 October, on the occasion of [[Dusshera|Bijaya Dashami]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-10-24 |title=Manush: Second look from Jeet's film unveiled on Bijaya Dashami and Dussehra |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/17808/-manush-second-look-from-jeet-s-film-unveiled-on-bijaya-dashami-and-dussehra.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=India Blooms |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=On the auspicious occasion of Vijaya Dashami, Superstar Jeet stuns us with the second look of his upcoming film "Manush" |url=https://anandosangbadlive.com/on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-vijaya-dashami-bengals-superstar-jeet-stuns-us-with-the-second-look-of-his-upcoming-film-manush/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Anandosangbad Live |language=en-US}}</ref> The third poster was released 28 October 2023, on the day of [[Lakshmi Puja]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=Manush Poster: Jeet, Susmita Chatterjee's romantic look will make your heart skip a beat |url=https://boxofficeincome.in/manush-poster-jeet-susmita-chatterjees-romantic-look-will-make-your-heart-skip-a-beat-27019 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=BOIncome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahay |first=Jigyasa |date=2023-11-24 |title=Jeet Speaks on Bangla Cinema's Struggle to Reach Rs 100 Cr Club -Exclusive {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bengali-superstar-jeet-speaks-on-bangla-cinemas-struggle-to-reach-rs-100-cr-club-exclusive-6531436/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> A third poster was released one day prior to the trailer on 9 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-10-14 |script-title=bn:'টাকার ওপর বিশ্বাস হারানো পাপ..', 'মানুষে'র থেকে কাগজের নোটের বেশি কদর করছেন জিৎ? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/jeet-movie-manush-actor-film-teaser-released-683137/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Priyanka |date=2023-11-21 |script-title=bn:মুম্বই বিমানবন্দরে লেন্সবন্দি জিৎ, সঙ্গে 'মানুষ' নায়িকা সুস্মিতা, দেখুন ভিডিয়ো |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/jeetwith-manush-actress-susmita-chatterjee-spotted-at-mumbai-airport-31700555056571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207190300/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/jeetwith-manush-actress-susmita-chatterjee-spotted-at-mumbai-airport-31700555056571.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-15 |title=Manush: Jeet drops teaser on Mahalaya |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manush-jeet-drops-teaser-on-mahalaya/024efc6eb1668 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

The Bengali teaser of the film was released on 14 October 2023 on the occasion of [[Mahalaya]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title=Jeet stuns fans in his menacing raw look in 'Manush' teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-stuns-fans-in-his-menacing-raw-look-in-manush-teaser/articleshow/104426768.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Further into the teaser, Jeet’s character speaks in Bangla, delving into his philosophical stance: “You can never place your trust in a human. Everyone has some story to tell, and some secrets brewing.” Subsequent reflections on money and faith underline the complex narrative.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Amritangshu |date=2023-10-16 |title=Manush Teaser : অ্যাকশন-ইমোশনের ঠাস বুনোট, মারকাটারি জিৎ আর জীতুর আবেগ, প্রকাশ্যে মানুষের টিজার |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-starrer-upcoming-movie-manush-teaser-out-on-14-october-mahalaya-2023/articleshow/104414667.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |publisher=Sky News |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-15 |title=Mim unveils electrifying teaser of upcoming thriller ''Manush'' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/mim-unveils-electrifying-teaser-upcoming-thriller-manush-3444006 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=bn |quote=Jeet's fans are accustomed to witnessing him in various romantic and action-hero avatars on the silver screen, and expectations are running high for his latest project. The teaser does not disappoint, it offers an exhilarating glimpse into what ''Manush'' holds in store.}}</ref> The Hindi teaser was released one day later, on 15 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Dhaitri |date=2023-10-15 |title=Jeet sets all guns blazing as the teaser of Manush drops |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/oct/15/jeet-sets-all-guns-blazing-as-the-teaser-of-manush-drops-54191.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=The teaser opens with the rugged look of Jeet performing some intense actions but the glimpse of his two different looks leaves the viewers in a mystery. The action sequences are nothing short of spectacular, showcasing Jeet's prowess as an action hero. His charisma and intensity leap off the screen, leaving fans eagerly anticipating the full-scale action that awaits in the film.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabuddha |date=2023-11-11 |title=চেঙ্গিজের পর ফের বলিউড মাতাবেন উড বি ড্যাডি, মানুষের হিন্দি টিজারেও ফাটাফাটি জিৎ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-upcoming-movie-manush-will-be-released-in-hindi-after-chengiz-during-to-be-father-soon/articleshow/104463351.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Karia |first=Vedant |date=2023-10-18 |title=The Hindi teaser for Jeet's 'Manush' is out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/jeet-dons-action-avatar-for-manush-hindi-teaser-out-now/cid/1973997 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |quote=At the heart of all the action is a huge pot of money that is driving the storyline forward.}}</ref> The Hindi and Bengali trailers were dropped on 10 November 2023 on Grassroot Entertainment's [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:প্রকাশ্যে 'মানুষ'-এর ট্রেলার, লঞ্চ অনুষ্ঠানে জিৎ-সুস্মিতা-জীতু |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/video/jeet-susmita-jeetu-kamal-aneek-dhar-at-manush-trailer-launch-sangbad-pratidin/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2023-11-10 |title=''Manush'' Trailer: 'বাবা হিসেবে...', সন্তানের জন্য জিতুর মুখোমুখি জিৎ, অ্যাকশনে ভরপুর ট্রেলার বলল মানুষের কোন গল্প? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-sushmita-chatterjee-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-trailer-out-31699605055076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110132056/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-sushmita-chatterjee-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-trailer-out-31699605055076.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2025-04-24 |title=Jeet unveils the trailer of ''Manush'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-unveils-the-trailer-of-manush/articleshow/105123182.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The trailer hints at a compelling storyline of an emotional journey of a father and daughter where fate and reality turn out to be the opposite side of the coin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bharat |first=ETV |date=2023-11-10 |title=Jeet Manush Trailer: বক্স অফিসে সাফল্য পেতে অ্যাকশনেই ভরসা জিতের, প্রকাশ্যে 'মানুষ' ছবির ট্রেলার |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/jeet-new-film-manush-trailer-is-out-now/wb20231110165702208208129 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=ETV Bharat |language=bn}}</ref> It was promoted at an event in [[New Delhi]] on 21 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Pooja |date=2023-11-21 |title=Swastika's heartwarming post, Jeet's Manush promotions, Dev's autumn portraits: Tollywood update |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/swastikas-heartwarming-post-jeets-manush-promotions-devs-autumn-portraits-tollywood-update/cid/1981502 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102736/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/swastikas-heartwarming-post-jeets-manush-promotions-devs-autumn-portraits-tollywood-update/cid/1981502 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Pooja |date=2023-11-20 |title=Jeet decodes popular Bengali phrases |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/jeet-promotes-manush-with-priyam-ghose-decoding-modern-bengali-lingo/cid/1980933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013163728/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/jeet-promotes-manush-with-priyam-ghose-decoding-modern-bengali-lingo/cid/1980933 |archive-date=13 October 2024 |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Manush'' was theatrically released on 24 November 2023 in standard and [[HDR10+|HDR]] formats. Apart from its original [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language, it was also released in [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-09-20 |title=Jeet marks Ganesh Chaturthi celebration with first look from "Manush" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-marks-ganesh-chaturthi-celebration-with-first-look-from-manush/articleshow/103785555.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Jeet is showcased in a look that's both aggressive and deeply emotional, featuring a thick beard and a visage full of intense feelings. This complex appearance is sure to resonate with fans, pulling at their emotional strings right from the onset.}}</ref>

The Hindi-language version of the film, which was also released at this same point in time, was released uncut with an 18 classification by the BBFC for strong bloody [[violence]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Sanjoy Somadder's 'Manush' gets uncut censor certificate |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/sanjoy-somadders-manush-gets-uncut-censor-certificate-3441306 |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> with the original Bengali-language version of the film subsequently getting the same classification on 12 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title='Manush' gets uncut censor certificate |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/717273/%E2%80%98Manush%E2%80%99-gets-uncut-censor-certificate |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Sneha |date=2023-09-19 |title=Jeet: জিতের চোখ থেকে ঝলসে পড়ছে আগুন; হঠাৎ কেন মনে হল অনুরাগীর? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/bengali-actor-producer-jeet-unveils-the-first-look-of-his-upcoming-film-manush-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-ganesh-chaturthi-908653.html |work=[[Channel 9 (Bangladeshi TV channel)|TV9]] |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Jaaz Multimedia]] bought the distribution rights of ''Manush'' in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title=Bringing 'Manush' to Bangladesh was a challenge: Sanjoy Somadder |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/bringing-manush-bangladesh-was-challenge-sanjoy-somadder-3494546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815185804/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/bringing-manush-bangladesh-was-challenge-sanjoy-somadder-3494546 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Expected to have its release in Bangladesh on the same day as its worldwide release,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title='Manush' in Bangladesh on the same day as India - CineBuzz Times |url=https://cinebuzztimes.com/manush-in-bangladesh-on-the-same-day-as-india/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=cinebuzztimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> it was later delayed because of the aforementioned distribution company's coming out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title=Bringing 'Manush' to Bangladesh was a challenge: Sanjoy Somadder |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/bringing-manush-bangladesh-was-challenge-sanjoy-somadder-3494546#:~:text=Sanjoy%20Somadder's%20debut%20Indian%20film,theaters%20across%20Bangladesh%20starting%20Friday. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815185804/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/bringing-manush-bangladesh-was-challenge-sanjoy-somadder-3494546#:~:text=Sanjoy%20Somadder's%20debut%20Indian%20film,theaters%20across%20Bangladesh%20starting%20Friday. |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally on 15 December 2023, it released there with uncut version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2023-11-27 |title=Susmita Chatterjee talks about her latest release Manush, working with Jeet and taking dance lessons |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/tech/susmita-chatterjee-talks-about-her-latest-release-manush-working-with-jeet-and-taking-dance-lessons/661538 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Mim's 'Manush' releasing today |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/movies/dueovkdpq7 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
[[Grassroot Entertainment]] and [[PVR INOX|PVR Cinemas]] distributed the film in [[West Bengal]] with 632 shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=I won't deviate from mainstream films: Jeet gearing up for 'Manush' release |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/i-wont-deviate-from-mainstream-films-jeet-gearing-up-for-manush-release/details |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref> In [[Maharashtra]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Tanya |date=2024-01-29 |title=Now, Bengali Filmmakers Eye Pan-India Market Via Dubbed Versions |url=https://shortpost.in/now-bengali-filmmakers-eye-pan-india-market-via-dubbed-versions/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Short Post |language=en-US}}</ref> [[AA Films]] acquired the distribution rights of the film. Action Cut Entertainment acquired the distribution rights of the film in Bangladesh.

==Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
The film was released to highly positive reviews from the critics and audience praising the story plot, editings, action sequences and Jeet's acting. Suparna Majumder of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The movie speaks about drug lords, a helpless father and the fight for survival. A complete action potboiler bound by an emotional father-daughter story, Jeet fans will enjoy the film."<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumder |first=Suparna |date=2023-11-24 |title=Manush Review: ড্রাগ মাফিয়া, অসহায় বাবা, আর বেঁচে থাকার লড়াইয়ের কথা বলে জিত-জীতুর 'মানুষ' |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/here-the-review-of-jeet-susmita-jeetu-kamal-starrer-manush-movie/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> The film was rated 3/5 stars by Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'', who addressed its storyline to be rather predictable, quoted "Jeet has a penchant for playing characters that have various shades to them and ''Manush: Child of Destiny'' is no exception. In the opposite spectrum is Mannan who has risen from abject poverty. Throughout the story, their dynamic seems to be the most interesting, and far easier to watch than the lukewarm chemistry the lead pair displays. Saurav Chakravarti as Akbar adds a good comic element in otherwise serious scenes." She also praised the action choreography, dialogues and editing of the film, but criticized its screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Poorna |date=2023-11-25 |title=Manush: Child of Destiny Movie Review : The Jeet-Jeetu duo pulls this predictable drama through |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/manush-child-of-destiny/movie-review/105497519.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}{{rating|3.0|5}}</ref> Tanmoy Ghosh of ''BFR'' addressed Kamal's performance in the film, who had shown his brilliance as [[Satyajit Ray]] in ''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]'' (2022) and opined "When the film starts and the title cut is shown, I simply loved the presentation of it, showcasing middle class, poor, rich lifestyles and also the title track of the film sung by Rupam Islam is impressively placed. The film could have more made impact but because of lack of emotions it failed. If you have seen Sanjoy Somadder’s other works like ''Chorki'' or ''Omanush'', wonderful works, will make you cry. He is known for emotions but it didn’t happen here." Rating the film 4/5 stars, he also noted the interval scene to be "awe-witnessing" and also added that the fight sequences could not entertain much which it did with Jeet’s previous films ''[[Raavan (2022 film)|Raavan]]'' (2022) and ''[[Chengiz]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Tanmoy |date=2023-11-24 |title=Manush Film Review |url=https://www.bengalifilmreviews.com/post/manush-film-review |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Bengali Film Reviews |language=en |quote=If you have seen Sanjoy Somadder’s other works like Chorki or Amanush, wonderful works, will make you cry. He is known for emotions but it didn’t happen here.}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote " Despite weak screenplay and insufficient character establishment, Jeet’s flawless performance, visually appealing cinematography, background music and thrilling action scenes makes it watchable for fans of the genre."<ref>{{cite news |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2023-11-25 |title=Manush Movie Review : Jeet and Jeetu Kamal Deliver Stellar Performances |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/manush-movie-review-jeet-and-jeetu-kamal-deliver-stellar-performances/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Cine Kolkata}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Subhadeep Kumar Ganguli of ''The Movie Blog'' rated the film 7.6 out of 10 stars and opined "Certain action movies in Bengali cinema are so intense that they can even surpass those of Bollywood. ''Manush'' happens to be one such thrilling action movie that can excite you. Even if the story of ''Manush'' lacks twists, its gripping narrative is enough to keep you engrossed and will give you an unforgettable cinematic experience that will leave you on the edge of your seat with excitement." Besides praising Jeet and Kamal's performance throughout the film, criticized its core story which lacks twists accordingly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganguli |first=Subhadeep Kumar |date=2023-12-06 |title=Exclusive Review: "Manush: Child Of Destiny" – Rage Unleashed! |url=https://www.themovieblog.com/2023/12/exclusive-review-manush-child-of-destiny-rage-unleashed/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=The Movie Blog |language=en-US}}{{rating|7.6|10}}</ref> ''The Top India'' cited "Samadder has cleverly used Jeet's eyes and actions apart from his [[method acting]] to create a picture of dual personality which works perfectly for Victor. The surprise addition in the climax sequence offers some hope and one of the best works by Ravi Verma."<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIGITALYOOG |date=2023-11-25 |title=Manush: Child of Destiny Movie Review |url=https://thetopindia.in/entertainment/manush-child-of-destiny-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=The Top India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

''Bongo Banjo'' gave average rating of 6.7/10 stars and said "The film waves together action, drama, and sweetness, promising an unforgettable cinematic experience. From the gripping narrative to the stellar performances, ''Manush'' is a cinematic journey that keeps the audience on the edge of their seats."<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=Manush Bengali Movie Review! |url=https://www.bongobanjo.in/2023/11/manush-bengali-movie-review.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Bongo Banjo}}{{rating|6.7|10}}</ref> Ayush Mishra of ''Janmat Samachar'' rated the film 4.1 out of 5 stars and quoted "A perfect psychological film with thought-provoking elements, can be considered to ''Manush''. A true Pan-Indian film, ''Manush'' sets up as a delight to Jeet fans, and Somadder has deliberately played with the conclusion of the movie that leaves the audience in anticipation of their next collaboration."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ayush |date=2023-11-24 |title=Royal Star Jeet brings a story full of action, thrill, and emotions with ''Manush: Child of Destiny'' (review) |url=https://janmatsamachar.com/bengals-superstar-jeet-brings-a-story-full-of-action-thrill-and-emotions-with-manush-child-of-destiny-trailer-out-now/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Janmat Samachar |language=en-US}}{{rating|4.1|5}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29229738}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2020s gangster films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological films]]
[[Category:2020s police films]]
[[Category:2023 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2023 crime action films]]
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about human sacrifice]]
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjoy Somadder]]
[[Category:Films scored by Savvy Gupta]]
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[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:53Z

TonjaGerow46: starting initial post w/ refs - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura state, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Bihar|Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amarpur
| mla = [[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| established = 2008
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:43687}}{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 42
}}

'''Amarpur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Gomati district|Gomati]] district. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Manoranjan Acharjee || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 elections in India#Tripura|2016 by-election]] || Parimal Debnath
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Amarpur<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,989 |percentage=44.21% |change={{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parimal Debnath|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=13,395|percentage=32.92%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashiram Reang|party=Tipra Motha Party|votes=8,116|percentage=19.94%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biplab Kumar Saha|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=431|percentage=1.06%|change={{increase}}0.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=350|percentage=0.86%|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amal Majumder|party=Republican Party of India (A)|votes=272|percentage=0.67%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,594 |percentage=11.29% |change= {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=40,693|percentage=93.30%|change={{decrease}}2.38}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,687 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Amarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,970 |percentage=48.87% |change={{increase}}19.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parimal Debnath|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,954|percentage=46.25%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=340|percentage=0.88%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biplab Kumar Saha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=312|percentage=0.80%|change={{decrease}}2.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subir Sen Ghosh|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=255|percentage=0.66%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pabitra Mohan Jamatia|party=Tipraland State Party|votes=212|percentage=0.55%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,016 |percentage=2.62% |change= {{decrease}}29.04 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=38,818|percentage=94.05%|change={{increase}}8.23}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,634 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 elections in India#Tripura|2016 Tripura Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Amarpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Debnath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,355 |percentage=60.80% |change={{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=9,758|percentage=29.15%|change={{increase}}27.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pabitra Mohan Jamatia|party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|votes=1,623|percentage=4.85%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chanchal Dey|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,231|percentage=3.68%|change={{decrease}}39.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=264|percentage=0.79%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ranajoy Jamatia|party=Independent politician|votes=216|percentage=0.65%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,597 |percentage=31.65% |change= {{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=33,478|percentage=87.99%|change={{decrease}}7.97}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,348 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Amarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoranjan Acharjee |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,075 |percentage=54.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niranjan Barman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,053 |percentage=43.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahi Bhusan Chakraborty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=410 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=321 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,022 |percentage=11.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,859 |percentage=95.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,588 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gomati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.52|91.64||display=title}}

[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dhumakot Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:59Z

TonjaGerow46: Started a stub

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhumakot
| established = 2002
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| abolished = 2012
| type= SLA
}}

'''Dhumakot Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref>

Dhumakot Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2007 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2007 By-election]] || [[B. C. Khanduri]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly By-election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Dhumakot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. C. Khanduri]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,708 |percentage=70.76% |change={{increase}}30.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh Negi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,537 |percentage=26.60% |change={{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Sundriyal |party=Independent politician |votes=848 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,171 |percentage=44.16% |change= {{increase}}39.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,093 |percentage=59.79% |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,986 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhumakot<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,319 |percentage=45.41% |change={{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushal Mani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,803 |percentage=40.60% |change={{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Prakash |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,362 |percentage=4.32% |change={{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhananjai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=768 |percentage=2.44% |change={{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Bharti |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=756 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Sundriyal |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Pal Singh Rawat |party=Vishwa Vikas Sangh |votes=403 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Chaturvedi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=384 |percentage=1.22% |change={{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditya Ram Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,516 |percentage=4.81% |change= {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,535 |percentage=54.89% |change= {{increase}}7.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,677 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhumakot<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,830 |percentage=33.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushal Mani Ghildiyal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,818 |percentage=29.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,728 |percentage=10.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Chandra Balodhi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,713 |percentage=10.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudershan Singh Alias Roshan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,227 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Prakash Juyal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=576 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhawan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=530 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Singh Rawat |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=527 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh Gusain |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogendra Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=412 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Devendra Pal Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=404 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,012 |percentage=3.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,244 |percentage=47.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,238 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.75|79.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Kanubhai Patel

2026-04-17T17:10:16Z

TonjaGerow46: created a article nd citations...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanubhai Karamshibhai Patel
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Gujarat]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption = Kanubhai Patel
| assembly = Sanand
| constituency = Sanand
| country = India
| election_date = 9 December 2017
| incumbent = 2017
| predecessor = Karamsinh Patel
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| birth_name = Kanubhai Patel
| birth_date = 1985
| birth_place = Sanand, Gujarat
| occupation = Businessman, Agriculturist
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Kanubhai Karamshibhai Patel''' is an [[Indian politician]], member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] for [[Sanand (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanand]] and a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].[[Patel]] belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-21 |title=Amit Shah takes out roadshow in Gujarat's Sanand |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/amit-shah-takes-out-roadshow-in-gujarats-sanand-191767-2019-04-21 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Picture abhi baaki hain: Bavalia |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/picture-abhi-baaki-hain-bavalia/67222530.html |access-date=2022-10-12| website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Sandeep |date=2017-12-10 |title=For Sanand, prosperity is so near, yet so far |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/gujarat-2017/for-sanand-prosperity-is-so-near-yet-so-far/article21386540.ece |access-date=2022-10-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Kanubhai}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-politician-stub}}

Gotegaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:18Z

TonjaGerow46: Started data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gotegaon
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 118
| map_image = 118-Gotegaon.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Mahendra Nagesh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Narmada Prasad Prajapati
}}
'''Gotegaon''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Narsinghpur district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Shyam Sunder Narayan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shashibhushan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|T. S. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Narsingdas
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Saraschandra Jharia
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ramkishan Hajji
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Narmada Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Anchal Bhai
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Narmada Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Shekhar Chaudhary
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Hakamsingh Chadhar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=22 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Narmada Prasad Prajapati
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Kailash Jatav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Narmada Prasad Prajapati
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Mahendra Nagesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gotegaon<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Nagesh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:91737}}
|percentage = 50.46
|change = +8.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narmada Prasad Prajapati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:43949}}
|percentage = 24.18
|change = -25.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shekhar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:36018}}
|percentage = 19.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Thakur Suresh Jhariya
|votes = {{formatnum:3310}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2890}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47788}}
|percentage = 26.28
|change = +18.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181793}}
|percentage = 83.94
|change = +2.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gotegaon<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narmada Prasad Prajapati]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79289}}
|percentage = 49.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kailash Jatav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66706}}
|percentage = 41.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Mehra
|votes = {{formatnum:2584}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Mahesh Prasad Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2109}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish Choudhary (Bedu Wale)
|votes = {{formatnum:2071}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pramod Jhariya (Tiger)
|votes = {{formatnum:1704}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3121}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12583}}
|percentage = 7.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159393}}
|percentage = 81.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gotegaon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.04|79.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Khanakul Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:21Z

TonjaGerow46: created first details from scratch...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khanakul
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Khanakul.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Khanakul Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Susanta Ghosh (Khanakul politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
| constituency_no = 202
| established = 1957
| electors = 219,368
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Khanakul Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 202 Khanakul Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Khanakul II (community development block)|Khanakul II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Ghoshpur, Khanakul I, Khanakul II, Kishorpur I, Kishorpur II, Pole II, Thakuranichak I, and Thakuranichak II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Khanakul I (community development block)|Khanakul I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India }}</ref>

Khanakul Assembly constituency is part of No. 29 [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" align=center|'''Khanakul'''
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|Khanakul had dual seat in 1957.}}||Panchanan Digpati||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Krishna Pada Pandit<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||rowspan=3|Madan Saha||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||Basudeb Hajra||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||Panchanan Digpati||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]||rowspan=3|Sachindra Nath Hazra||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6|dab=yes}}<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||rowspan=3|Banshi Badan Maitra<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||rowspan=2|[[Iqbal Ahmed (politician)|Iqbal Ahmed]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[Susanta Ghosh (Khanakul politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanakul}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Susanta Ghosh (Khanakul politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Palash Roy
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sheikh Saddam Hossain
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Kar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanakul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Susanta Ghosh (Khanakul politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
|votes = 1,07,403
|percentage = 49.27
|change = {{up}}40.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Munshi Nazbul Karim
|votes = 94,519
|percentage = 43.36
|change = {{down}}10.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Faisal Khan
|votes = 8,732
|percentage = 4.01
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,278
|percentage = 1.50
|change = {{down}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandan Samanta
|votes = 2,088
|percentage = 0.96
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aditya Manik
|votes = 1,045
|percentage = 0.48
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Atanu Samanta
|votes = 926
|percentage = 0.42
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,884
|percentage = 5.91
|change = {{decrease}}16.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,17,991
|percentage = 78.62
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanakul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Iqbal Ahmed (politician)|Iqbal Ahmed]]
|votes = 1,06,878
|percentage = 54.04
|change = {{decrease}}1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Islam Ali Khan
|votes = 63,391
|percentage = 32.05
|change = {{decrease}}8.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bikash Chandra Dolui
|votes = 17,686
|percentage = 8.94
|change = {{increase}}4.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,638
|percentage = 1.84
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandan Mondal
|votes = 2,451
|percentage = 1.24
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjib Karmakar
|votes = 2,305
|percentage = 1.17
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhasis Dutta
|votes = 1,431
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 43,487
|percentage = 21.99
|change = {{increase}}6.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,97,780
|percentage = 78.89
|change = {{decrease}}5.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanakul<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=202| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164614/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=202| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Khanakul| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Iqbal Ahmed (politician)|Iqbal Ahmed]]
|votes = 1,02,450
|percentage = 55.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subhra Parui
|votes = 74,571
|percentage = 40.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arabinda Maity
|votes = 7,360
|percentage = 3.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,879
|percentage = 15.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,84,381
|percentage = 84.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the 2006, 2001 and 1996 state assembly elections Banshi Badan Maitra of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Khanakul assembly seat (SC) defeating Kalyan Maji of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Tarapada Dolui of Trinamool Congress in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and Basudeb Hajra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Sachindra Nath Hazra of CPI(M) defeated Banshari Mohan Sardar of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Basudeb Hajra of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Panchanan Digpati of [[Janata Party]] defeated Sachindra Nath Hazra of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp193.htm |title = 193 - Khanakul (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Basudeb Hajra of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Madan Saha of CPI(M) won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Krishna Pada Pandit of Congress won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Panchanan Digpati and [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]], both of Congress, won the dual seat at Khanakul in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Etah Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:01Z

TonjaGerow46: Started entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Etah
| constituency_no = 104
| map_image = 104-Etah.svg
| mla = [[Vipin Kumar David]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Etah district|Etah]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,51,988 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Etah Assembly constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|eːʈaː}}) is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Etah district|Etah]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=8 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 104.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 8 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/etah.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Etah Assembly constituency is KCs Etah, Sakit, Malawan, Etah MB & Sakit NP of Etah Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || Hoti Lal Das || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency was called "Etah South" || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="6" | Ganga Prasad || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Swatantra Party]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Kailash Chandra Yadav || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Atar Singh Yadav || [[Lok Dal]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Pitam Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993 || Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Shishu Pal Singh Yadav || rowspan="2" | [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Prajapalan || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ashish Kumar Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Vipin Kumar David]] || [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || - || - || <ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= Etah Election results from Election Commission of India|publisher=[[india.com]] website|access-date=13 March 2017|url=http://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/etah/}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etah<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Vipin Kumar David
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97539}}
|percentage = 46.34
|change = +5.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jugendra Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:80292}}
|percentage = 38.15
|change = +7.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:26871}}
|percentage = 12.77
|change = -8.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:779}}
|percentage = 0.37
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17247}}
|percentage = 8.19
|change = -2.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210489}}
|percentage = 62.35
|change = -1.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etah<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Vipin Kumar David
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:82516}}
|percentage = 40.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jugendra Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61387}}
|percentage = 30.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gajendra Singh Chauhan Urf Babloo
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41937}}
|percentage = 20.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashish Kumar Yadav
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:11032}}
|percentage = 5.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1277}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21129}}
|percentage = 10.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201649}}
|percentage = 63.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Etah}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ashish Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = 39,282
|percentage = 24.02
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gajendra Singh Babloo
|votes = 36,038
|percentage = 22.04
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prajapalan
|votes = 32,857
|percentage = 20.09
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 16 candidates
|votes = 55,365
|percentage = 33.84
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,244
|percentage = 1.98
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 163,542
|percentage = 57.12
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Etah district]]
*[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etah]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Etah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Kalaignar TV Private Limited

2026-04-07T06:39:18Z

TonjaGerow46: created first article nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language media company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kalaignar TV Private Limited
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Mass media]]
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2007|6|6}}
| founder = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| key_people = Amirtham Srinivasan Elangovan
| products = {{hlist|[[Broadcasting]]|[[publishing]]|[[radio]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage =
}}

'''Kalaignar TV Private Limited''' is a Tamil [[mass media]] company headquartered in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established on 14 April 1992 by [[M. Karunanidhi]], it owns a variety of television channels in [[Tamil language]] and also radio station. Kalaignar TV launched its paid channel on 7 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journalismguide.in/kalaignar-network-is-going-to-be-paid-from-7th-september/|title=Kalaignar Network is going to be Paid from 7th September 2022|website=journalismguide.in|date=2 September 2022|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
On 15 September 2007 Kalaignar TV Private Limited launched [[Kalaignar TV]] is a general entertainment channel and [[Seithigal|Kalaignar Seithigal]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://twocircles.net/2007may21/dmk-launch-two-new-tv-channels.html|title=DMK to launch two new TV channels|work=twocircles.net|access-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> is a 24-hour news channel. On 22 February 2008, it launched a music channel named [[Isaiaruvi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/kalaignar-tv-networks-music-channel-isaiaruvi-goes-on-air-29913.html|title=Kalaignar TV Network’s music channel Isaiaruvi goes on air |work=www.exchange4media.com|access-date=25 Feb 2008}}</ref>
In September 2009, its sibling channel [[Sirippoli]] TV was launched, which airs non-stop Comedy channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/22797_kalaignar-launches-news-channel-comedy-kids-channel-next|title=Kalaignar launches news channel; comedy, kids channel next|website=www.afaqs.com|date=3 Dec 2008|language=en}}</ref> In 3 June 2010, launched Chithiram TV is a 24×7 Tamil Kids Channel. From 12 December 2022 It Was Fully Modified By [[Blacksheep TV|Black Sheep]] Programs

In 26 January 2012, launched [[Murasu TV]], is a 24-hour movie channel.{{fact|date=May 2023}} . In 12 December 2022, launched [[Blacksheep TV]] is a General Entertainment Channel Replacing Kalaignar's Chithiram TV Programs

==Owned channels==
===On air channels===
{| class="wikitable" width="55%"
!Channel
!Launched
!Category
!SD
!Ref
|-
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| 15 September 2007
| General Entertainment
| rowspan="7" | [[Standard-definition television|SD]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/25343_kalaignar-tv-set-to-attract-viewers-with-new-launches|title=Kalaignar TV set to attract viewers with new launches|website=www.afaqs.com|date=29 Oct 2009|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tv-series-on-dmk-patriarch-karunanidhi-s-life-from-nov-2/story-y4d8JODnVkLkKBQqPr6jRP.html|title=TV series on DMK patriarch Karunanidhi’s life from Nov 2|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=31 Oct 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Kalaignar Isaiaruvi
| 22 February 2008
| Music
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kalaignar-tv-launches-music-channel/articleshow/2808128.cms|title=Kalaignar TV launches music channel|work=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=23 Feb 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Seithigal|Kalaignar Seithigal]]
| 30 November 2008
| News
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/dmk-backed-kalaignar-tv-goes-on-airnews-channel-on-the-cards-27787.html|title=DMK-backed Kalaignar TV goes on air; news channel on the cards |website=www.exchange4media.com|date=18 Sep 2007|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Kalaignar Asia
| 2009
| General Entertainment only in East Asia
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/24585_kalaignar-tv-launches-kalaignar-asia-introduces-fresh-shows|title=Kalaignar TV launches Kalaignar Asia; introduces fresh shows|website=www.afaqs.com|date=30 Jul 2009|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sirippoli]]
| 21 February 2009
| Comedy
|
|-
| Murasu TV
| 26 January 2012
| Movies
|
|-
| [[Blacksheep TV]]
| 14 December 2022
| General Entertainment
|
|}

===Defunct channels===
{| class="wikitable" width="55%"
!Channel
!Launched
!Defunct
!Category
!SD
!Ref
!Notes
|-
| [[Chithiram TV]]
| 3 June 2010
| 13 December 2022
| Kids
| SD
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/27114_kalaignar-tv-to-launch-a-kids-channel|title=Kalaignar TV to launch a kids' channel|website=www.afaqs.com|date=19 May 2010|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2010/kailagnar-tv-chithiram-kids-channel-karunanidhi-bi.html?story=1|title=குட்டீஸ்களுக்கு இன்னொரு சேனல்..'கலைஞர் சித்திரம்'|work=tamil.oneindia.com|access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref>
| Replaced by [[Blacksheep TV]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tamiltvinfo.in/2022/10/blacksheep-tamil-new-satellite-tv-channel.html|title=Blacksheep TV Tamil New Satellite TV Channel Launch (Chithiram Tv Revamp) Update in Tamil |work=www.tamiltvinfo.in|access-date= 12 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2007]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Television companies of India|Broadcasting]]

Karthik Palani

2026-04-06T14:04:23Z

TonjaGerow46: created first details w/ refs...

{{short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karthik Palani
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|12|06|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| yearsactive = 2010{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Karthik Palani''' is an Indian cinematographer who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. After debuting with ''[[Love Shagun]]'' (2016), Palani has since worked in ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' (2017), ''[[Penguin (film)|Penguin]]'' (2020) and ''[[Adipurush]]'' (2023).

== Career ==
Karthik worked as an assistant to [[Tirru]] during ''[[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]'' (2018) and ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/cinematographer-karthik-palani-shares-his-penguin-movie-experience|title=''கொடைக்கானல் காடு, மிட்நைட் ஷூட்... கீர்த்தி சுரேஷை சுற்றி விஷத் தேனீ!" - 'பெண்குயின்'' அனுபவம்|language=ta|work=Vikatan|last=Rajan|first=Ayyanar|date=4 July 2020|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721222644/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/cinematographer-karthik-palani-shares-his-penguin-movie-experience|url-status=live}}</ref> He also worked as an assistant cinematographer in several Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil-language films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jun/24/no-recent-tamil-film-has-as-many-wide-shots-penguin-cinematographer-kharthik-palani-2160475.html|title=No recent Tamil film has as many wide shots: 'Penguin' cinematographer Kharthik Palani|work=New Indian Express|date=24 June 2020|last=Rajendran|first=Gopinath|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716111739/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jun/24/no-recent-tamil-film-has-as-many-wide-shots-penguin-cinematographer-kharthik-palani-2160475.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He garnered acclaim for his work in ''[[Penguin (film)|Penguin]]'' (2020). A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted that "Karthik Phalani's visuals help set the eerie mood" whilst a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated how "The filmmaker, however, revelation in terms of his visual sense. Two shots come to mind that are beautifully imagined and shot".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Penguin Movie Review: Some chills and many cheats in this underwhelming emotional thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/penguin/movie-review/76454190.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619055053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/penguin/movie-review/76454190.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=19 June 2020|title='Penguin' movie review: A confusing thriller with great visuals|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/penguin-movie-review/article31867265.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620101933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/penguin-movie-review/article31867265.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His next film was the Kannada film ''[[French Biriyani]]'' (2020). A critic noted that "Cinematographer Karthik Palani has created the right atmosphere and has employed quirky camera moves to keep us in tune with the film's proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/jul/24/french-biryani-review-a-comedy-in-times-of-malady-19490.html|title=French Biryani Review: A comedy in times of malady|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=24 July 2020|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725043640/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/jul/24/french-biryani-review-a-comedy-in-times-of-malady-19490.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, Karthik started working on ''[[Adipurush]]'', directed by [[Om Raut]]. It was based on the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Ramayana]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas spotted in Mumbai, to start shooting for Adipurush in March. Trending pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-spotted-in-mumbai-to-start-shooting-for-adipurush-in-march-trending-pic-1773879-2021-02-28 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=India Today |date=28 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The filming involved combining [[motion capture]] technology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motion capture work on Prabhas-Saif Ali Khan's 'Adipurush' begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jan/19/motion-capture-work-on-prabhas-saif-ali-khans-adipurush-begins-2252225.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=19 January 2021 }}</ref> with [[live action]] similar to the methods used on [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|''The Jungle Book'']] (2016) and [[Rise of the Planet of the Apes|''Planet of the Apes'']] (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Even commercial cinema needs a visual signature: 'Varisu' cinematographer Karthik Palani |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/jan/30/even-commercial-cinema-needs-a-visual-signature-varisu-cinematographer-karthik-palani-2542500.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=30 January 2023 }}</ref>

Karthik is collaborating with [[Maruthi]] again after ''[[Brand Babu]]'' (2018) for ''[[The RajaSaab]]'' (2026), starring [[Prabhas]] in his second collaboration with him following their work on ''Adipurush''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Prabhas- Maruthi's Raja Deluxe is a complete entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/17/exclusive-prabhas-maruthis-raja-deluxe-is-a-complete-entertainer-38866.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=17 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-25 |title=Prabhas joins the sets of Maruthi's film; see leaked pic |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-joins-the-sets-of-maruthis-film-see-leaked-pic/articleshow/96492172.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Love Shagun]]'' || [[Hindi]]||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-05 |title='Next Nuvve' team to tour towns - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/next-nuvve-team-to-tour-towns-telugu-news-199982 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''Zeenat''|| Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Brand Babu]]'' || Telugu || <ref>{{Cite web |last=HaribabuBolineni |date=2018-08-02 |title=Brand Babu Movie Review |url=https://www.chitramala.in/brand-babu-movie-review-270773.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Chitramala |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2020 || ''[[Penguin (film)|Penguin]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[French Biriyani]]'' || [[Kannada]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hope viewers relish the French Biriyani delivered right to their homes: Director Pannaga Bharana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jul/23/hope-viewers-relish-the-french-biriyani-delivered-right-at-their-homes-director-pannaga-bharana-19474.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| ''[[Varisu]]''|| Tamil || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Vijay starrer Varisu's first song gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-varisu-first-song-gets-release-date-8218119/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adipurush]]''
| Hindi Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azad |first=Easha |date=2023-01-18 |title=150 days to Adipurush release: Rs 600 crore budget movie & the controversies that it got entangled into |url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/150-days-to-adipurush-release-rs-600-crore-budget-movie-the-controversies-that-it-got-entangled-into/5225469.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=NewsroomPost |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-26 |title=Pic Talk: Prabhas from The Sets of Maruthi's Film |url=https://filmyfocus.com/pic-talk-prabhas-from-the-sets-of-maruthis-film |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5446220}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palani, Kharthik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Parenga

2026-03-30T11:20:35Z

TonjaGerow46: creating new data.

{{short description|Indigenous ethnic group of Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Parenga
| image = OpenSpeaks-pcj-Gorum-Boloram Muduli-OG-Use of Gorum Language.webm
| image_caption = A Parenga man shares how he and his family code-switch between [[Gorum language|Gorum]], [[Desia language|Desia]] and [[Odia language|Odia]]
| region1 = [[Odisha]]
| pop1 = 9,445
| ref1 = <ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref>
| languages = [[Gorum language|Gorum]]
| Script =
| religions =
| related = [[Gadaba people|Gadaba]], [[Bonda people|Bonda]] and other [[Munda peoples]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| regions = {{IND}}
}}
'''Parenga''' (also spelled '''Perengi''') are an Indigenous community and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]], primarily living in the districts of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]. The [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] refers to them as a sub‑tribe of the [[Gadaba people|Gadaba]] within the [[Munda people|Munda group of tribes]]. The Parenga people speak the [[Gorum language|Gorum]] language, which belongs to the South Munda branch of the [[Munda languages]].

== Etymology ==
According to Parenga oral annals, the ethnonym "Peranga" or "Parenga" is derived from the term "kerang", referring to a plant fibre historically used by the community to make clothing and other apparels.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Parenga |url=https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/91-tribes/199-parenga |website=www.scstrti.in |publisher=Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribal Museum">{{Cite web |title=Perenga |url=https://atlcodisha.in/uploads/images/tribes/PERENGA.pdf |website=Academy of Tribal Language and Culture |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]}}</ref>

== Distribution and population ==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Pcj-Gorum-Opino Gomango-Boloram Muduli-Language in Children's Education.webm|thumb|A native speaker discussing in 2026 the challenges in teaching [[Gorum language|Gorum]] to children]]

The Parenga are mainly concentrated in Nandapur and Lamtaput areas of [[Koraput district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha State Tribal Museum {{!}} Parenga |url=https://ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/parenga/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref>, with additional settlements in parts of [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]] and [[Balangir district|Balangir]] districts of Odisha. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], their population in Odisha is reported as 9,445 persons, including 4,532 males and 4,913 females.<ref name=":0" /> They are recognised as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] in Odisha, and are sometimes grouped statistically with other small Munda‑speaking communities of southern Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Profile of Scheduled Tribes in Orissa: Parenga |url=https://kbk.nic.in/tribalprofile/Perenga.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240226004134/https://kbk.nic.in/tribalprofile/Perenga.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=kbk.nic.in}}</ref> The Parenga consider the [[Gadaba people]] their "brothers", for being their neighbouring Indigenous group.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pāreṅgā jībanadhārā |date=|last=Sahu|first=Ananta Charan|publisher=Academy of Tribal Dialects & Culture|year=2010|last2=Pradhan|first2=Bibhutibhushan|last3=Mohanty|first3=Krishna Kumar}}</ref>

== Language ==
The Parenga speak their native, [[Gorum language]], South Munda language within the Austroasiatic language family. Gorum is closely associated with the Sora–Gorum subgroup in standard classifications of Munda languages, and speakers are typically bilingual in regional lingua francas such as [[Desia language|Desia]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="Tribal Museum"/>

== Social organisation ==
Parenga society is organised into two main lineages, namely "Vaishya" and "Putuli", which are further subdivided into several groups such as "Ontal" ([[cobra]]), "Khara" ([[sun]]), "Khilla" ([[tiger]]), "Pangi" ([[vulture]]), "Khinbudi" ([[bear]]), "Machha" ([[fish]]) and "Golari" ([[snake]]).<ref name=":1" /> These castes play a role in social identity and marriage regulation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ota |first=A.B. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.tribals.73842 |title=Parenga |last2=Patel |first2=B. |last3=Paikray |first3=B.K. |date= |publisher=Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) |year=2018 |location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref>

The typical Parenga household is described as nuclear, [[Patrilocal residence|patrilocal]], [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] and patripotestal, with authority centred on the senior male. Families are predominantly [[Monogamy|monogamous]], although the broader kin network remains important for economic cooperation and ritual obligations.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Scheduled tribes in Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parenga People}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]

Kannagi statue

2026-03-14T13:37:12Z

TonjaGerow46:

{{Short description|Statue in Chennai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

[[File:Statue of Kannagi.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Kannagi]]

'''Kannagi statue''' is a statue at the [[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]], India. It is located at the intersection of Bharathi Salai and Kamarajar promenade. On 2 January 1968, it was erected as [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] holding an anklet in her hand and demanding justice.<ref name="On Marina beach, Karunanidhi k..." />

==History==
In 1967, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) leader [[C. N. Annadurai]] became chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu]]. His government conducted second [[World Tamil Conference]] in January 1968, Chennai. As part of the conference, the statues of the ten Tamil icons who associated with the history of [[Tamil literature]] were erected on the marina beach. <ref name="1968 International Tamil Confe...">{{Cite news |date=2019-04-21 |title=1968 International Tamil Conference: A celebration of culture, language - and DMK |language=en |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/04/21054415/1115066/1968-International-Tamil-Conference-A-celebration-.vpf |access-date=2020-11-08}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This includes 10 foot bronze statue of Kannagi, a female protagonist character in the ''[[Silapathikaram]]'', one of the [[Five Great Epics]] of Tamil literature.<ref name="Controversy over a statue...">{{Cite news |last=S |first=VISWANATHAN |title=Controversy over a statue |language=en |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30243492.ece |access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref>

In May 2001, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) leader [[J. Jayalalithaa]] became chief minister of Tamil Nadu. On 21 September 2001, she resigned due to the corruption charges. In December 2001, the AIADMK government removed the Kannagi statue after a lorry damaged the pedestal of the statue and kept it in the [[Government Museum, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaya says she did not order removal of Kannagi statue |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-says-she-did-not-order-removal-of-kannagi-statue/385028 |access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref> While the opposition DMK alleged that the statue removed on the advice of the Jayalalithaa's astrologers as "the statue could bring misfortune to her".<ref name="On Marina beach, Karunanidhi k...">{{Cite news |title=On Marina beach, Karunanidhi keeps date with Kannagi - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/on-marina-beach-karunanidhi-keeps-date-with-kannagi/4509/1 |access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref> DMK leader [[M. Karunanidhi]], as a [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|PWD minister]] who oversaw the 1968 conference, considered the removal of statue as a "a challenge to Tamil pride".<ref name="Controversy over a statue..." /> After Karunanidhi come to power in 2006, he re-installed the statue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-06-03 |title=Kannagi statue reinstalled on Marina |language=en |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/03/kannagi-statue-reinstalled-on-marina-1149347282.html |access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The statue is featured in a scene from the film ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiN3BAnusFo |title=Pasupathi co Rasakkapalayam Tamil Full Movie {{!}} Ranjith{{!}} Sindhu Tolani {{!}} Vivek |date=2017-07-05 |last=Star Movies |access-date=2026-03-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Triumph of Labour]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.arturbanstatue.com/blog/life-size-bronze-statues/ Bronze Statues]

[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Chennai]]

{{sculpture-stub}}

Jemadar

2026-03-13T23:53:48Z

TonjaGerow46:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}
{{Short description|Title used in military system in the Indian subcontinent}}
'''Jemadar''' or '''jamadar''' ([[Urdu]]: جیمادار, [[Persian language|Persian]]: جِمادار, [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: جمادار)) is a title used for various military and other officials in the Indian subcontinent.

== Etymology ==
The word stems from [[Urdu]] ({{lang|ur|جمعدار}}), which derives through [[Persian language|Persian]] ''jam'dar'' from [[Arabic]] ''jamā‘a(t)'' 'muster' + [[Persian language|Persian]] ''-dār'' 'holder'.

==Pre-colonial==
[[File:Indian Army (1920-1950) Naib Subedar & Naib Risaldar.svg|thumb|upright 0.3|Rank insignia of a British Indian Army Jemadar, 1920–1950]]
A jemadar was originally an armed official of a [[zamindar]] (feudal [[lord]]) in India who, like a [[General officer|military general]], and along with [[Mridha]]s, was in charge of fighting and conducting [[warfare]], mostly against the rebellious peasants and common people who lived on the lord's land.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chatterjee
| first = Partha
| title = A Princely Impostor?
| publisher = Permanent Black
| isbn = 978-8178240848
}}</ref> Also, this rank was used among the [[thuggees]] as well, usually the gang leader.

Later, it became a [[military rank|rank]] used in the [[British Indian Army]], where it was the lowest rank for a [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]]. Jemadars either commanded [[platoon]]s or [[troop]]s themselves or assisted their [[United Kingdom|British]] commander. They also filled [[regiment]]al positions such as assistant [[quartermaster]] (jemadar quartermaster) or assistant [[adjutant]] (jemadar adjutant).

== Post-colonial ==
The rank remained in use in the [[Indian Army]] until 1965 as the lowest rank of [[junior commissioned officer]]. The rank of jemadar was later renamed in both the Indian Army and the [[Pakistan Army]] as [[naib subedar]] in infantry units, and [[naib risaldar]] in cavalry and armoured corps units. Jemadar remains a warrant officer rank in the [[Nepal Army]].

== Other uses ==
* Jemadar was also used in other contexts to denote Indian 'captains', like the leaders of [[thuggee]] bands who strangled travellers.<ref name="mikedash">[[Mike Dash]], ''Thug: the true story of India's murderous cult'', {{ISBN|1-86207-604-9}}, 2005</ref>
* Jemadar was used as a rank title for an Indian [[inspector]] in the [[Shanghai Municipal Police]]
* The name inspired that of the ''[[Star Trek]]'' enslaved warrior race known as the "[[List_of_Star_Trek_races#Jem'Hadar|Jem'Hadar]]"
* In the future of [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' novel ''[[The Moon Men]]'', "Jemadar" was a title of a ruler, implied to have been brought to Earth by the Lunar invaders.
== See also ==
* Koli rebellions
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]
* [[Hatem Ali Jamadar]] (1872–1982), Bengali politician
* [[Peter Jamadar]], Trinidadian judge

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of British India]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]

{{India-mil-stub}}
{{UK-mil-stub}}
{{Mil-rank-stub}}

Tara Singh Ghaiba

2026-03-13T22:46:06Z

TonjaGerow46: Made Biography...

{{short description|Sikh warrior (1710–1807)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Sardar]]
| name = Tara Singh Ghaiba
| image = Tara Singh Ghaiba (cropped).jpg
| caption = Miniature painting of Tara Singh Ghaiba (middle, yellow turban) with flywhisk attendant to the right and young boy to the left, circa 18th century
| birth_date = 1710
| death_date = 1807
| title = Chief of the Dallewalia Misl
| predecessor = [[Sardar Gulab Singh]]
}}

'''Tara Singh Ghaiba''' (1710–1807) was an associate member of the [[Dallewalia Misl]], who became the Leader of the Misl after the death of their founding member and head [[Sardar Gulab Singh]]. He made [[Rahon]] the capital of his Misl.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=%22Sardar+Tara+Singh+Ghaiba%22&pg=PA1|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=|location=|pages=26|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Jaspreet Kaur|title=Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective|publisher=Vision and Venture|year=2000|isbn=9788186769126|location=Original from the University of Michigan|pages=48}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sardar Tara Singh was supposedly born in 1710. He belonged to a [[Jat]] family of Kang Clan,<ref name="Sachdeva3">{{cite book |last=Sachdeva |first=Veena |title=Polity and Economy of the Punjab During the Late Eighteenth Century |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-033-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQkX8OZ65qwC |quote=The chief of Phillaur, Tara Singh, was a Kang Jat like his namesake Tara Singh Dallewalia, and had made joint conquests with him.}}</ref> from a village called Kang, present day six kilometers south of [[Lohian Khas|Lohian]], in [[Nakodar|Tahsil Nakodar]] [[Punjab, India]]. They had about hundred goats. When he was a young goatherd, he mastered the skill to cross his flock through the [[Kali Bein|Bein]] with ropes. And earned the name ''Ghaiba'' meaning he who could adopt mysterious devices. Once a notorious [[Gujjar]] robber Sulaiman, stolen his goats. The incident shook him, and In sheer desperation and despair, Tara left his village and started robbing. His reckless bravery added companions in his act. In March 1757, He earned his first horse by ditching Ahmad Shah Durrani's troops. When they made Tara captive and asked to help them cross the Bein, Tara fled to the jungle with their given horse. Gradually he joined Gulab Singh Dallevalia in his plundering raids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=H. R.|title=Origin of Sikh Territorial Chieftainships, 1748–1759|date=1939|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252464|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=3|pages=1172–1188|jstor=44252464}}</ref>

== Leadership of Dallewalia Misl ==
The Dallewalia Misl was one of the twelve [[Misl|Sikh Misls]] (sovereign groups of the Sikh Confederacy). Gulab Singh Dallewal was the founder of the Dallewalia Misl, which was operated near Dera Baba Nanak on the left bank of the River Ravi, 50 km northeast of Amritsar. After Gulab Singh's and Gurdiyal Singh's death, Tara Singh Ghaiba assumed the leadership, and he further expanded this Misl up to Ambala Area (Haryana Region). With other Sikh Sardars he Sacked Kasur city of Pathans and Joined the Sikh Sardars in the sack of Sirhind City in 1764. His bravery and passion for war and conquest made the confederacy of Dallevalia very strong within a short time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="HoS">{{Cite book|last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com|url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh|title=History Of The Sikhs |volume= IV – The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls|language=English}}</ref>
== Achievements ==
One of the first exploits in 1757, was to rob the troops of Ahmad Shah Durrani, an advance party under his son Timur Shah who was carrying the treasure from Delhi to Afghanistan. This treasure had crossed river, Tara Singh and Karora Singh decided to seize it before it crossed river Chenab. They reached the spot silently, cut down the guards present there, broke open the boxes, filled their leather bags with coins, and disappeared instantly and returned safely to Amritsar.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

* In 1759 Tara Singh seized [[Rahon]], He had control considerable territory on the both sides of [[Sutlej]] river.
* In 1760 he seized the parganahs of Dharamkot and Fatahgarh lying to the south of the Satlej, he gave Fatahgarh to his cousins Dharam Singh and Kur Singh of village Kang.
* He kept Dharamkot with himself.
* He captured [[Rahon]] and areas around; Rahon attained a high eminence because of commanding location. It was made the seat of his government.
* On his return to the Doab, he took the Sarai Dakkhni from Sharaf Ud'Din, an Afghan of Jalandhar and then marched eastwards, seizing the country around Rahori where he took up his residence.
* He next captured Nakodar from the Manj Rajputs, and other groups of villages on the right of the Sutlej, including Mahatpur and Kot Badal Khan.
*In March, 1763, Tara attended Hola festival.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ&q=Tara+Singh+Ghaiba|title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=2001|isbn=9788121501651|location=|pages=55}}</ref>
* In March, 1783, he was with other Sikhs in Delhi. He brought two guns from the Red Fort and kept them at Rahon. He rendered great help to Baghel Singh in constructing seven gurdwaras at Delhi
* Tara Singh Ghaiba maintained cordial relations with Patiala. In 1765, he helped Araar Singh in suppressing the revolt of Prince Himmat Singh who claimed the crown for himself.<ref name="HoS" />

== Religious life ==
Tara Singh was an enthusiastic Sikh. He believed in converting people to the Sikh religion by love and affection. Tara gave liberal help to the needy new converts. He converted Chaudhri Gauhar Das of Kang village. His set examples, followed by both the villages, Kang Kalan and Kang Khurd.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title=History of the Sikhs|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=2001|isbn=9788121501651|location=|pages=53, 58}}</ref>

== Distribution of territory ==
Tara Singh distributed his territory among all his four sons.

* Jhanda Singh was given Nakodar and Mahilpur.
* Dasaundha Singh given Dakhrii.
* Gujar Singh possessed parganahs of Ghungrana and Baddowal.
* The youngest whose name could not be traced was kept with him at Rahon.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
In 1807, Tara Singh Ghaiba died in the attack of Naraingarh. Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] attacked and annexed all the Dallevalia territories including Rahon to his empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Raj Pal|title=The Sikhs: Their Journey of Five Hundred Years|publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints|year=2003|isbn=9788186505465|location=|pages=140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|publisher=|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=U. S. Khattri|first=V. C. Pandey, U.|title=Modern India|publisher=Prakashan Kendra|year=1978|isbn=|location=the university of Virginia|pages=235}}</ref>

== Battles fought ==

*Capture of Rahon(1760)
*Capture of Sarai Dakkhni (1760)
*Capture of Nakhodar
*[[Sack of Kasur (1763)]]
*[[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]]
*[[Battle of Delhi (1783)]]
*Battle of Thanesar (1789)
*[[Battle of Amritsar (1797)]]
*[[Battle of Amritsar (1798)]]
*Battle of Nairaingarh (1807)

== See also ==

* [[Rahon]]
* [[Dallewalia Misl]]
* [[Sardar Gulab Singh Rathore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:1710 births]]
[[Category:1807 deaths]]
[[Category:Misl leaders]]

Arvinder Singh Kahlon

2026-03-10T11:13:55Z

TonjaGerow46: starting first bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Arvinder Singh Kahlon
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 December 2002
| birth_place = [[Barnala]], [[Punjab]], India
| position = Power forward
| league = Domestic tournaments (India)
| number = 24
}}

'''Arvinder Singh''' '''Kahlon'''<ref name=":2" /> (born 2 December 2002) is an Indian basketball player from Punjab.<ref>https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Arvinder-Singh/684280</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Senior Men |url=https://www.basketballfederationindia.org/2023-senior-men/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Basketball Federation of India |language=en-US}}</ref> He plays for the [[India men's national basketball team]] as a power forward. He plays for Railways in the domestic tournaments.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
He is born in Barnala, Punjab on 12 March 2002.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-08 |title=Exclusive {{!}} 'Came to Japan for basketball, now can't go back': The harsh reality of being an Indian hoopster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/exclusive-came-to-japan-from-india-for-basketball-now-cant-go-back-the-harsh-reality-of-being-an-indian-hoopster/articleshow/124330107.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Leandra |title=India’s Arvinder Singh in Japan for B3 Basketball League |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/indias-arvinder-singh-japan-b3-basketball-league |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref> His father is an assistant sub-inspector in Punjab Police. He started with athletics as a shot putter and at 13 shifted to basketball after he was spotted by Rajinder Singh of Ludhiana Basketball Academy, who persuaded his father to send his ward to basketball. Within a year Singh joined the NBA academy Greater Noida.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 2024, he was part of the Indian team that defeated Kazakhstan in the FIBA Asia Cup. In March 2025, he played 4 matches in the FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers at Manama, and in the crucial match where India defeated higher ranked Bahrain.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title=Harsh Dagar shines as India stun Bahrain to confirm Asia Cup berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/harsh-dagar-shines-as-india-stun-bahrain-to-confirm-asia-cup-berth/articleshow/119407330.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=Arvinder Singh . (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/389647-arvinder-singh- |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> He went on to play the FIBA Asia Cup in August 2025. In 2025, he played for the Yamaguchi Patsfive in the Japanese B3 League.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Leandra |title=India’s Arvinder Singh in Japan for B3 Basketball League |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/indias-arvinder-singh-japan-b3-basketball-league |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref>

He participated in the 2019 Basketball Without Borders Asia Camp in Tokyo.<ref name=":1" />

He was part of the Indian Railways team that won the Senior Nationals at Ludhiana in 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shotputter-turned-baller Arvinder Singh Kahlon out to become household name in Indian basketball |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/arvinder-singh-kahlon-interview-202508 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arvinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Forwards (basketball)]]

Vettaikkaran (1964 film)

2026-03-04T05:13:57Z

TonjaGerow46: Made New Page...

{{short description|1964 film by M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vettaikkaran
| image = Vettaikkaran 1964 poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| screenplay =
| story = [[Aaroor Dass]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]]
}}
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = N. S. Varma
| editing = {{plainlist|
*M. A. Thirumugam
*M. G. Balu Rao
*M. A. Mariappan
}}
| studio = [[Devar Films]]
| distributor = Emgeeyar Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1964|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Vettaikkaran''''' ({{translation|Hunter}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]] and produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]], with [[M. R. Radha]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Nagesh|Thai Nagesh]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and Baby Shakila in supporting roles. It revolves around an estate hunter whose penchant for hunting displeases his family, and a plunderer who lusts for his wealth.

''Vettaikkaran'' was released on 14 January 1964, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] day. The film was a commercial success, running for 25 weeks(175 days) in theatres.

== Plot ==
Babu, a wealthy estate owner living with his widowed mother, spends much of his time hunting, a habit that often troubles the two and worries his mother. His estate manager, Mayavan, secretly operates as a plunderer and has long aimed to take over Babu’s wealth. During one of his routine trips into the forest, Babu meets Latha. Their meeting evolves into a romantic relationship and a marriage. Latha eventually gives birth to their son, Raja.

Latha is soon diagnosed with tuberculosis and must undergo treatment away from her newborn. She is heartbroken as she is unable to nurture her baby until she completely recovers. Babu assumes responsibility for both his recovering wife and their child, which results in Raja forming a deep attachment to him while remaining emotionally distant from Latha. This growing imbalance creates tension in the couple’s relationship. As Raja grows, he begins to mirror his father’s interest in hunting, something Latha quietly opposes, adding further strain to the household.

Mayavan uses the family’s fragile situation to advance his long-planned scheme. He lures Latha and Raja into the forest and threatens them, attempting to force Babu into surrendering control of the estate. Babu reaches them in time and puts an end to Mayavan’s life. The crisis finally softens the distance in their home, and the film ends with Raja expressing that he now loves both his parents equally.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Babu<ref name="Kalki review" />
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]] as Latha<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" />
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Sundaram<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" />
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Mayavan<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" />
* [[S. A. Ashokan]]<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" />
* [[Nagesh|Thai Nagesh]] as Jokkar<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" />

* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Babu's mother<ref name="Randor Guy" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Jokkar's wife<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" />
* Baby Shakila as Raja<ref name="Randor Guy" />
}}

== Production ==
''Vettaikkaran'' was directed by M. A. Thirumugam and produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar under Devar Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 – வேட்டைக்காரன் – தேவர் பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1964 – Vettaikkaran – Devar Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails30.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190208055739/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails30.asp |archive-date=8 February 2019 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> A real leopard was brought for filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title=படம் பேசும் |trans-title=The film speaks for itself |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/15576-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918062515/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/15576-.html |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Vettaikaaran_M.A.Thirumugam_1964/143.%20Vettaikaaran_M.A.Thirumugam_1964.pdf |title=வேட்டைக்காரன் |publisher=Devar Films |year=1964 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=4 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1964 |title=Vettaikkaran (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/vettaikkaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1337342117 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230607065051/https://music.apple.com/in/album/vettaikkaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1337342117 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> According to [[Sachi Sri Kantha]], the song "Unnai Arinthaal", through its lyrics which go "''Unnai arinthaal – Nee unnai arinthaal, Ulagathil pooradalam''" (Know yourself – You, know yourself, then you can fight the world) serves as an "MGR self-praise song, equating his 'good traits' to that of a living God" and Kannadasan "incorporates the [[Socratic dialogue|Socratic]] wisdom of '[[Know thyself]]' in the beginning lines".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=28 March 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 50 {{!}} Teaching with Songs |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-50/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075641/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-50/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manjal Mugame
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 3:18
| title2 = Katha Naayagan
| extra2 = P. Susheela
| length2 = 3:04
| title3 = En Kannanukkethani
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 3:18
| title4 = Seettu Kattu Raja
| extra4 = [[L. R. Eswari]], [[A. L. Raghavan]]
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = Velli Nila
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length5 = 3:18
| title6 = Methuva Methuva
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length6 = 3:32
| title7 = Unnai Arinthaal
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length7 = 5:13
| total_length = 25:09
}}

== Release ==
''Vettaikkaran'' was released on 14 January 1964, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] day,{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=122}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 1964 |title=Vettaikkaran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640114&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and distributed by Ramachandran's Emgeeyar Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 1964 |title=Vettaikkaran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> To promote the film, the Madras-based Chitra theatre had a jungle set to welcome audiences. After much deliberation, they also managed to get a caged tiger inside the theatre premises.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2012 |title=Did you know? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/08/22&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02904 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161105063452/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/08/22&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02904 |archive-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Viswanathan |first=Lakshmi |date=2 September 2012 |title=Growing up with the talkies |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/growing-up-with-the-talkies/article3849254.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205613/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/growing-up-with-the-talkies/article3849254.ece |archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> Despite facing competition from another Pongal release ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dheenadhayalan |first=Pa. |date=31 July 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி-13. நூறு நூறு பெருமைகள்! |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/aug/01/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-13.-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95-48877.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124507/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/aug/01/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-13.-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95-48877.html |archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> the film became a box office success, running for 25 weeks in theatres.<ref name="Randor Guy" /> It was dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language as ''Inti Donga'' and released on 4 September 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 1964 |title=ఇంటి దొంగ |url=https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPATRIKA/302017_ANDHRAPATRIKA_04_09_1964_Volume_No_51_Issue_No_153/00000006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704074414/https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPATRIKA/302017_ANDHRAPATRIKA_04_09_1964_Volume_No_51_Issue_No_153/00000006.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |pages=6 |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 17 January 1964, "Loaded with fun and frolic with a substantial sprinkling of spicy scenes and intriguing drama told in a fascinating manner, [''Vettaikkaran''] is designed to please the filmgoer."<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 1964 |title='Vettaikkaran' is a good action drama |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640117&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' wrote on 22 February, "One would presume that ''Vettaikkaran'', to justify the title, would provide all the thrills and excitement of big game hunting. But there is nothing of that sort in the film [...] The story is of course a hotchpotch of various ideas and punches freely borrowed from foreign films. The swift tempo with which the latter half of the film moves covers up a major portion of its deficiencies".<ref name="Sport and Pastime review" /> On 26 January, Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film could be watched for the leopard, the scenery and the acting of Shakila.<ref name="Kalki review" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Kalki review">{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=26 January 1964 |title=வேட்டைக்காரன் |trans-title=Hunter |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/jan/26-01-1964/p28.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726065132/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/jan/26-01-1964/p28.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28 |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Sport and Pastime review">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=22 February 1964 |title=Another in the Thevar Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98084/page/n443/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230607033333/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98084/page/n443/mode/2up |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |pages=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=18}}</ref>
<ref name="Randor Guy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=20 February 2016 |title=Vettaikaaran (1964) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-bhanumathi-and-saroja-devi-in-vettaikaaran-1964/article8261292.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220124452/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-bhanumathi-and-saroja-devi-in-vettaikaaran-1964/article8261292.ece |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
[[Category:1960s action drama films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films about hunting]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

Thenaruvi

2026-03-03T21:05:38Z

TonjaGerow46: refined formatting also and added references per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thenaruvi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kunchacko]]
| producer = M. Kunchacko
| writer = [[P. K. Sarangapani]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Vijayasree]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] [[K. P. Ummer]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Udaya
| distributor = Udaya
| released = {{Film date|1973|08|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Thenaruvi''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[Kunchacko]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayasree]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] and [[K. P. Ummer]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=467|title=Thenaruvi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1260|title=Thenaruvi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/thenaruvi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094821/http://spicyonion.com/title/thenaruvi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Thenaruvi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Rajan, Mannan (double role)
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Rajan's brother - shots of Sathyan used from the movie 'Kaattuthulasi'
*[[Vijayasree]] as Neeli/Madhavi
*[[Vijayanirmala]] as Sudha
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Raman Nair
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Vakkeel
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Madhusudhanan
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Ichira
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Mariyamma
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Lazar
*Radhika as Rajan's mother
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Thulasi's father
*[[Ushakumari]] as Thulasi
*[[Adoor Pankajam]] as Kotha
*[[Alummoodan]] as Swami
*[[Manavalan Joseph]] as Swami
*Aryad Gopalakrishnan as Cheeran
*Vijayakala
*[[Baby Indira]] as Devi
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Devikulam Malayil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Madhuri]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kudikkoo Kudikkoo" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Mrigam Mrigam" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Naayattukaarude" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Parvatha Nandini" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 6 || "Pranayakala Vallabha" || P. Susheela || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 7 || "Tata Tata Thaazhvarakale" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0234877|Thenaruvi}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|'Kattuthulasi2]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Bakasura Restaurant

2026-03-03T09:10:13Z

TonjaGerow46: starting basic details w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by SJ Shiva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bakasura Restaurant.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = SJ Shiva
| writer = SJ Shiva
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Lakshmaiah Achari
* Janardhan Achari
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* [[Harsha Chemudu]]
* Jai Krishna
* Vivek Dandu
* Amar Lathu
* Ram Patas
* Shining Phani
}}
| cinematography = Bala Saraswathi
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = Vikas Badisa
| studio = SJ Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹ 5 crore <ref>{{cite web | title='Bakasura Restaurant' is a Complete Family Package : Director SJ Shiva | date=5 August 2025 | url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-interviews/bakasura-restaurant-is-a-complete-family-package-director-sj-shiva-323502.html }}</ref>
| gross = ₹ 0.76 crore
<ref>{{cite web | title=Telugu Box Office Collection | Telugu Movie Box Office Collection | Telugu Box Office Collection Worldwide & India 2025 - FilmiBeat | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/movies/telugu-box-office-collection.html }}</ref>
}}
'''''Bakasura Restaurant''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Comedy horror|horror comedy]] film written and directed by SJ Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-02 |title=First look of Bakasura Restaurant unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/02/first-look-of-bakasura-restaurant-unveiled |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakasura restaurant: ఆసక్తిగా 'బకాసుర రెస్టారెంట్‌' ఫస్ట్‌లుక్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/bakasura-restaurant-first-look-poster-release/0201/125079037 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> The film features an ensemble cast of [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]], [[Harsha Chemudu]], Jai Krishna, Vivek Dandu, Amar Lathu, Ram Patas and Shining Phani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-17 |title=Bakasura Restaurant trailer: A bunch of underdogs struggle to handle a gluttonous demon in the upcoming comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/17/bakasura-restaurant-trailer-a-bunch-of-underdogs-struggle-to-handle-a-gluttonous-demon-in-the-upcoming-comedy |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 8 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-17 |title='Bakasura Restaurant' to serve laughter and emotions on Aug 8 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bakasura-restaurant-to-serve-laughter-and-emotions-on-aug-8-988858 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Paramesh is a software employee who dreams of opening his own restaurant. He lives with four friends - Vaman, Sai, Palli, and Bhargav - and starts saving money to make his dream come true. Vaman wants to be a filmmaker, while the other friends have no clear goals and depend on Paramesh's income. When things don't go their way, the group turns to making [[ghost hunting|ghost-hunting]] videos for [[YouTube]] to earn quick money. During one of their shoots at a palace, they discover a book related to [[black magic]] (Tantra shastra). The story takes a supernatural turn when groceries start vanishing overnight from their home, no matter where they hide them. Something unseen and hungry is lurking in the kitchen. A wish made by the five youngsters leads them to unveil a supernatural force lurking around them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/bakasura-restaurant-review-little-fun-less-fear-148311 |title=Bakasura Restaurant Review: Little Fun- Less Fear |website=GreatAndhra |date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/bakaasura-restaurant-movie-review.html |title=Bakaasura Restaurant Movie Review |website=123Telugu |date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36793656/ |title=Bakasura Restaurant |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Paramesh
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Bakka Suri "Bakasura"
* Jai Krishna as Palli
* Vivek Dandu as Vamana
* Amar Lathu as Sai
* Ram Patas as Bhargav
* Shining Phani as Anji
* Ramya Priya as Varsha
* Prachi Thakur as Mounika
* [[Ramachandra Raju]]
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Hotel Manager
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Chakravarthy
* Jabardasth Apparao
* Tenali Shakuntala as Suramma

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by Vikas Badisa. The first song "Jathiyam" was released on 29 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=30 May 2025 |title='Jatheeyam' song lyrical video from 'Bakasura Restaurant' gets released |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jatheeyam-song-lyrical-video-from-bakasura-restaurant-gets-released-975577 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music = Vikas Badisa
| title1 = Jathiyam
| length1 = 3:09
| lyrics1 = Vishnu Vardhan
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title2 = Ayyo Emira Ee Jeevitham
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Vishnu Vardhan
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title3 = Velipothunte Sneham
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Vishnu Vardhan
| extra3 = Vikas Badisa
| title4 = Bakasura
| length4 = 3:05
| lyrics4 = Roll Rida
| extra4 = [[Roll Rida]], Vikas Badisa
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Bakasura Restaurant'' was released on 8 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-17 |title=Bakaasura Restaurant gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/17/bakaasura-restaurant-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was later released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Sun NXT]] on 8 September.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Telugu horror comedy Bakasura Restaurant is on 2 OTT platforms. Where to watch it |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/telugu-horror-comedy-bakasura-restaurant-is-on-2-ott-platforms-where-to-watch-it/articleshow/123768068.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "''Bakasura Restaurant'' entertains in patches and features a few engaging performances, but the execution never quite matches the freshness of its premise".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakasura Restaurant Movie Review: A quirky supernatural comedy that runs out of steam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bakasura-restaurant/movie-review/123187924.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''[[OTTPlay]]'' mentioned that the film is "a horror comedy that works in parts. It starts on a very interesting note and has good comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakasura Restaurant Review: Has decent laughs but limited scares |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bakasura-restaurant-review-harsha-chemudus-film-has-decent-laughs-but-limited-scares/54a1fb8ae9713 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and echoed the same.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-08-08 |title=Bakasura Restaurant Review: 'బకాసుర రెస్టారెంట్‌' ఎలా ఉందంటే.. {{!}} Comedian praveen Starrer Bakasura Restaurant Review avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/comedian-praveen-starrer-bakasura-restaurant-review-avm-65412.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36793656}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Unnai Solli Kutramillai

2026-03-03T05:01:27Z

TonjaGerow46: minor adjust information per standard format for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnai Solli Kutramillai
| image = Unnai Solli Kutramillai poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ameerjan]]
| producer = Rajam Balachander Pushpa Kandaswamy
| writer = [[Crazy Mohan]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]
| story = Ameerjan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = C. S. Ravibabu
| editing = S. S. Nazir
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|03|17}}
| country = India
| runtime = 145 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unnai Solli Kutramillai''''' ({{Translation|You are blameless}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Ameerjan]], starring [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]. The film, produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]], was released on 17 March 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnai Solli Kutramillai / உன்னைச் சொல்லி குற்றமில்லை |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/unnai-solli-kutramillai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012052410/https://screen4screen.com/movies/unnai-solli-kutramillai |archive-date=12 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Balu is a graduate youth who came from his village to town, and wants to become rich. He works as a police informer and falls in love with Janaki, the daughter of Inspector Veerapandian. Veerapandian asks Balu to watch his daughter closely, to see if she had a boyfriend. At the same time, Veerapandian's enemy Kumar tries to kidnap her daughter, but fail due to his opposition. Balu finds an illegal drug trade and his house's owner was sent to jail, then his whole family commits suicide. Veerapandian is promoted as assistant commissioner and Balu resigns from his job. One day, Veerapandian finds Balu in a crime scene and asks him to identify the killer, but he refuses. Even after being tortured, he says nothing. After being released from prison, he cannot find a job. Baby is killed and Balu decides to steal the money from the criminals. Balu becomes rich and Kumar falls in love with Balu's sister Parvathi. Balu was later arrested by Veerapandian and brutally tortured by the police in prison. Kumar refuses Balu's sisters request to save Balu, his sister realises that she has been cheated by Kumar and Kumar kills her. Janaki tells that the culprit is Darmaraj and Veerapandian releases him. Balu kills Kumar and Darmaraj to revenge his sister death.

== Cast ==

*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Balu "informer"
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Janaki
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Veerapandian
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Kumar
*[[Charle]] as Durai
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Baby
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Balu's mother
*[[Shihan Hussaini]] as Dharmaraj

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnai Solli Kutramillai (1990) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002986.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230604/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002986.html |archive-date=26 May 2013 |access-date=5 January 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnai Solli Kutramillai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/unnai-solli-kutramillai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012052356/https://mossymart.com/product/unnai-solli-kutramillai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=12 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Kettu Pattanam" || [[Ilaiyaraja]] || 4:31
|-
| "Raaththiriyil Thookkamillai" || [[Usha Uthup]] || 5:02
|-
| "Kar Silai Silai Thaan" || Usha Uthup, Saibaba || 4:51
|-
| "Sorkathin Vasapadi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chitra]] || 5:01
|}

== Critical reception ==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the basic story has evolved into a thin line that tries to connect the strong events that are set separately calling it the film's both positive and negative while praising the acting of Karthik and Radharavi, cinematography and music and concluded calling it entertainment where questions of why and how do not arise.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=15 April 1990 |title=உன்னைச் சொல்லி குற்றமில்லை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/apr/15-04-1990/p18.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220801043512/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/apr/15-04-1990/p18.jpg |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=26 June 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=18 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Ameerjan}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ameerjan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ananthu (screenwriter)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Arasatchi

2026-03-03T04:30:57Z

TonjaGerow46: Content refined and expanded

{{short description|2004 film by N. Maharajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arasatchi
| image = Arasatchi.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[N. Maharajan]]
| writer = N. Maharajan
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Lara Dutta]]
| producer = Murali Manohar Haresh Vikram Vijayakumar
| studio = Cee (I)TV Entertainment(p)ltd
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = B. S. Vasu Saleem
| distributor = Mars Entertainment Group Motion Pictures Partners
| released = {{Film date|2004|09|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Arasatchi''''' ({{translation|Government authority}}){{efn|Spelt onscreen as ''Arasaktchi''.}} is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] directed by [[N. Maharajan]], starring [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Lara Dutta]], alongside an [[ensemble cast]]. This is the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut of Dutta. The film was released on 17 September 2004.

== Plot ==
Brammanadham, a lawyer who defends rapists and murderers, is killed by a cricket ball hit by Siddharth. Siddharth is the General Manager of a five-star hotel owned by Rajesh. Rajesh's daughter, Lara, returns from abroad to join her father's hotel, but only as a trainee under the macho Siddharth. Soon, Lara falls in love with Siddharth.

The time for duets begins. Lara's friend, Prakash, is a public cause campaigner. His efforts lead to a raid on a brothel, resulting in a minister's arrest. The minister's goons attack Prakash, and Siddharth witnesses the crime. However, Siddharth refuses to testify, prompting Lara to leave him. Janakiraman defends the killer and gets him acquitted. Siddharth then kills Janakiraman. Major Vishwanath, a military officer, witnesses the murder and postpones his heart surgery to ensure the killer is caught. Siddharth now explains why he is targeting lawyers who defend criminals. Vishwanath ultimately abandons his mission.

Next, Karunakaran defends a rapist, and he is also killed. The turn then comes for advocate Ashok Mehta, who arrives from Delhi. The twist is that Ashok is Siddharth's brother-in-law, as Ashok's wife is Siddharth's long-lost sister. The story now shifts to the brother-sister relationship.

In the end, Ashok is shot dead by Siddharth on the court premises. The police open fire, and bystanders form a human wall and are shot. Siddharth tells the TV crew how his mission has now spread to the masses.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Siddharth
* [[Lara Dutta]] as Lara
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Hotel Assistant Manager
* [[S. Ve. Shekher]] as Rajesh, Lara's father
* [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Prakash
* [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] as Menaka, Prakash's wife
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Major Vishwanath
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Ashok Mehta (Siddharth's brother-in-law)
* [[Anandaraj]] as Advocate Brammanadham
* [[Charan Raj]] as Advocate Janakiraman
* [[P. Vasu]] as Saravanaperumal, Siddharth's father
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Lakshmi, Siddharth's mother
* [[Abitha]] as Swetha, Siddharth's sister
* [[Manivannan]] as Hotel Receptionist
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Karunakaran
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Contractor Muthupandi
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Inspector India Ganesan
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Inspector Karthikeyan
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Soosai
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Iyer
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Muthupandi's henchman
* [[Uma (actress)|Uma]] as Gayathri
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Sivaraman
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Goon
* [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Home Minister N. Gramani, M. A.
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Police Inspector
* [[Riya Sen]] as Bar Dancer in item song (Iruvadhu Vayasu)
* [[Perarasu]] as reporter (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Vallarasu]]'', Maharajan was supposed to direct [[Vijayakanth]] in another project but later got dropped and Maharajan went on to remake Vallarasu in Hindi as ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' with [[Sunny Deol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2000 |title=TAMIL CINEMA 2000 |url=https://cinematoday2.itgo.com/666Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319072600/https://cinematoday2.itgo.com/666Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=cinematoday2itgo}}</ref> Meanwhile, Maharajan announced his next project ''Arasatchi'' with Arjun playing the lead role. Miss Universe 2000 [[Lara Dutta]] made her acting debut in Tamil with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-17 |title=A long wait |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071701190401.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023053747/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071701190401.htm |archive-date=2010-10-23 |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The filming was held at Le Royal Meridian Hotel, Chennai, and the songs were picturised at locations in London, New Zealand and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 June 2003 |title=Arasatchi |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/arasatchi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920115501/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/arasatchi.asp |archive-date=20 September 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The song "Mughalai Mughalai" choreographed by Raju Sundaram was shot at London especially at London Central Tower.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=17 August 2003 |title=டான்ஸா? உடான்ஸா? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-08-17/page/88/mode/2up |access-date=4 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=86–87 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

During the making of the film, music composer [[Harris Jayaraj]] fell out with the director. Because of this, the song "Ippadiyea Vittu" was not shot, and it appears only in soundtrack version<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2002 |title=Kollywood Currents |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020612/113/1pvb2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020816205613/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020612/113/1pvb2.html |archive-date=16 August 2002 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Yahoo Movies}}</ref> The film was completed in 2003 but got delayed due to financial problems and finally released in 2004;<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2004 |title=Alas, the movie will be released |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9897.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025005244/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9897.html |archive-date=25 October 2004 |access-date=29 April 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> in between production delays, Maharajan finished ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' with [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Controversy ==
Before release, a poster featuring the tagline "When Justice Fails" created controversy, which caused a lawyer to file a case citing that the film would portray lawyers in bad light. However the case was sorted after the high court dismissed the petition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Kalidass vs Central Board Of Film Certification on 15 September, 2004 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1705088/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502053356/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1705088/ |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2003 |title=Arasatchi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/arasatchi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1491462828 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119125655/https://music.apple.com/in/album/arasatchi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1491462828 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 28:44
| title1 = Arakonathil Aarambam
| extra1 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]]
| length1 = 5:32
| title2 = Chant of Arasaktchi
| extra2 = [[karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Chandran
| lyrics2 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length2 = 2:32
| title3 = Ippadiyea Vittu Vittu
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length3 = 5:37
| title4 = Irubadhu Vayadhu
| extra4 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Febi Mani]]
| lyrics4 = Viveka
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Kozhaa Puttu Penney
| extra5 = Sriram, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| lyrics5 = [[Snehan]]
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = O Muhalai Muhalai
| extra6 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| lyrics6 = Thamarai
| length6 = 6:04
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath wrote for ''Chennai Online'', "A knot had potential and would have been ideal for the 'action king' if only the screenplay had been etched more carefully, the narration tightened, with more 'action' given to Arjun than to factors like tanker-blasts, etc."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=September 23, 2004 |title=Arasatchi |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov369.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016072825/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov369.asp |archive-date=16 October 2006 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Arjun does his usual song and fights convincingly while Lara Dutta is too loud and is there only for glamour and songs. The film looks out-dated as it has been years in the making".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2004 |title=Arasatchi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/arasatchi-review-tamil-pclv8mcdficgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200919/http://www.sify.com/movies/arasatchi-review-tamil-pclv8mcdficgc.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film "above average".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=3 October 2004 |title=அரசாட்சி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-10-03/page/12/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240205081239/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-10-03/page/12/mode/2up |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=20 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Maharajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Canada]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ninnu Vilayadu

2026-03-03T02:26:25Z

TonjaGerow46: creating post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninnu Vilayadu
| image = Ninnu Vilayadu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = C. Soundararajan
| writer = C. Soundararajan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M. Karthick M. Sarathkumar Keerthivaasan
| starring = [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] Nandana Anand [[Deepa Shankar]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = S. Pitchumani
| editing = Shankar Ki.
| music = Sathya Dev Uthayasankar
| studio = Raj Peacock Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|5|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ninnu Vilayadu''''' ({{Translation|Enroll and play}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by C. Soundarajan and starring [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]], Nandana Anand and [[Deepa Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=ஜல்லிக்கட்டு பின்னணியில் உருவாகும் 'நின்னு விளையாடு' |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/120997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430105026/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/120997 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Dinamalar}}</ref> The film was released on 3 May 2024 to negative reviews.

==Plot==
The film follows a family's search for their lost [[jallikattu]] bull Karuppan.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] as Velu
*Nandana Anand as Keerthy
*[[Deepa Shankar]] as Velu's mother
*[[Zebu|Bull]] as Karuppan
*[[Pala. Karuppiah]]
*Pasanga Sivakumar as Keerthy's father
*Madurai Kumaran
*Savithri
*Sangavi D. as Velu's sister
*Jothi
}}

==Soundtrack ==
Music by Sathya Dev Uthayasankar.<ref name="M" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Alanganallur<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Alanganallur Lyrical Video-Ninnu Vilayadu | Dinesh Master | SenthilGanesh | Sathya Dev Uthayasankar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpswlsI_2oI |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| lyrics1 = Kavi Arasu
| extra1 = [[Senthil Ganesh]]
| length1 = 4:01
| title2 = Kanne Maniye<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2024 |title=Ninnu Vilayadu - Kanne Maniye Video Song | Dinesh Master | Nandhana Ananth |LAVaradhan |Sathya Dev U |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7JtuVMfr44 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| lyrics2 = LA Varadhan
| extra2 = Yadhu Krishna, Gayathry Rajiv
| length2 = 3:59
|total_length = 8:00
}}
== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "With a runtime exceeding two hours, ''Ninnu Vilayadu'', directed by C. Soundararajan, demands patience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ninnu Vilaiyadu Movie Review : Lost bull, lost love, lost patience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninnu-vilaiyadu/movie-review/109788007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516162340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninnu-vilaiyadu/movie-review/109788007.cms |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that the film's emotions are not taken itself seriously while praising the acting, calling the music mediocre and criticising the cinematography, which doesn't match the direction.<ref name="M">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Ninnu Vilaiyadu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ninnu-vilaiyadu-158723 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523071632/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ninnu-vilaiyadu-158723 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Birendra Lakra

2026-02-26T17:52:59Z

TonjaGerow46: small changes

{{short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Birendra Lakra
| fullname =
| image = Birendra Lakra.jpg
| caption = Lakra in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|2|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lachchada, [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]], [[Odisha]], India
| height = 1.67 m
| weight = 68 kg
| position = Defender
Arjuna awardee
| currentclub = BPCL
| clubs1 = [[Chandigarh Comets]]
| years1 = 2012
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| clubs2 = BPCL
| years2 =
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| clubs3 = [[Orissa Steelers]]
| years3 = {{0|0000}}–2008
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| clubs4 = [[Ranchi Rhinos]]
| years4 = 2013–2014
| caps4 = 15
| goals4 = 0
| clubs5 = [[Ranchi Rays]]
| years5 = 2015–2017
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| clubs6 = BPCL
| years6 = 2017–2022
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| clubs7 = [[Team Gonasika]]
| years7 = 2024–2025
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 2012–2022
| nationalcaps1 = 208
| nationalgoals1 = 10
| updated = 5 August 2021
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalOlympic}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Ipoh]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Jakarta]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Breda]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 Kuantan]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012 Doha]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2015 Raipur]]|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2015 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
}}
'''Birendra Lakra''' (born 3 February 1990) is an Indian former [[field hockey]] player. He represented India in men's field hockey and recently came out of retirement alongside [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinderpal Singh]] and captained the Indian team in the [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|men's tournament of field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games]], held in [[Jakarta|Jakarta, Indonesia]], winning a bronze medal. In the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]] also, he also served as the vice-captain of Indian team.

==Personal life==
Birendra Lakra was born on 3 February 1990 in the village of Lachchada in the [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh District]] of [[Odisha]], on the border with [[Jharkhand]]. He was born to a family belonging to an [[Kurukh people|Oraon tribe]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Career==
Birendra Lakra is a player for the Rourkela Steel Plant's SAIL Hockey Academy.<ref>{{cite news |title= Profile: Birendra Lakra |url= http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/india/profiles/item/193844-london-olympics-2012-birendra-lakra-hockey |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130216133629/http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/india/profiles/item/193844-london-olympics-2012-birendra-lakra-hockey |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-02-16 |publisher= [[NDTV]] |date= 2012-07-20 |access-date= 2013-01-17 }}</ref> He was included in the Indian junior team for the first time for the Singapore tour in 2007. He represented India in the Test series against South Africa in 2012, in the [[Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge tournament]] in South Africa in 2011, at the SAAF Games at Dhaka in 2010, at the Youth Olympics at Sydney in 2009 and at the Junior World Cup at Singapore in 2009.

He scored the first goal in India's victory in the final game of the Olympic Hockey Qualifying Tournament against France. He played a key role in taking India in to the semifinals of [[2012 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012 Champions Trophy]]. India defeated Belgium with the help of a single goal that was produced by the pass given by Birendra Lakra to the forward{{Clarify|reason=Which player scored the goal?|date=February 2019}}. With this India reached the semifinals of the Champions Trophy for the first time in eight years.

At the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], Lakra won a silver medal with India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/hockey/1008120/birendra_lakra.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Birendra Lakra Profile|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130165155/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/hockey/1008120/birendra_lakra.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hockey India League===
In the auction of the inaugural [[Hockey India League]] season, Lakra was bought by the [[Ranchi]] franchise for US$41,000<ref>{{cite news |title= Hockey India League Auction: the final squads list |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hil-auction-as-the-teams-shape-up/310745-5-136.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121219014754/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hil-auction-as-the-teams-shape-up/310745-5-136.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2012-12-19 |publisher= [[CNN-IBN]] |date= 2012-12-16 |access-date= 2013-01-17}}</ref> with his base price being US$9,250. The Ranchi team was named [[Ranchi Rhinos]]. The team finished first in the [[2013 Hockey India League|inaugural season]] and third in the [[2014 Hockey India League|2014 season]]. Following disputes between the franchise and [[Hockey India]], the team decided to pull out, after which Lakra signed with the [[Ranchi Rays]] franchise from the [[2015 Hockey India League|2015 season]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ranchi Rhinos make way for the Ranchi Rays |url= http://www.austinsmith.co.za/blog/ranchi-rhinos-make-way-for.html |publisher= austinsmith.co.za |access-date= 23 January 2015 |archive-date= 3 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803083221/http://www.austinsmith.co.za/blog/ranchi-rhinos-make-way-for.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/birendra-lakra-profile-121 Birendra Lakra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127085108/https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/birendra-lakra-profile-121 |date=27 November 2021 }} at [[Hockey India]]
*{{Sports links}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2012 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakra, Birendra}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Male field hockey defenders]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

Pradhanmantri (TV series)

2026-02-23T14:17:36Z

TonjaGerow46: creating info

{{short description|2013 Indian political television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pradhanmantri (TV Series).jpg
| genre = [[Documentary]]
| creator = [[ABP News]]
| starring =
| narrated = [[Shekhar Kapur]]
| director = Puneet Sharma
| producer = ABP News
| country = India
| language =  Hindi
| num_episodes = 26
| runtime = 60 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|2013|07|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2014|01|04|df=yes}}
| channel = [[ABP News]]
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}}''' ({{translation|The Prime Minister}}) is an Indian television political [[documentary]] series, hosted by actor-director [[Shekhar Kapur]] on Hindi news channel [[ABP News]]. It premiered on 13 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-have-the-courage-to-go-for-politics-Shekhar-Kapur/articleshow/21163974.cms|title=I don't have the courage to go for politics: Shekhar Kapur - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Kashyap |first1=Nitisha }}</ref> It aimed to bring to the audience never-seen-before facts of [[Indian history]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Navni-Parihar-to-essay-Indira-Gandhi/articleshow/20207054.cms|title=Navni Parihar to essay Indira Gandhi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Bhopatkar |first1=Tejashree }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|title=Top News in India: India News, Bollywood News, Sports News, Business News & Current Affairs, National & International News|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The weekly programme chronicles the history of India from 1947 to the present day.<ref>{{cite web| title = Shekhar Kapur: Will tell untold stories in 'Pradhan Mantri' | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shekhar-kapur-will-tell-untold-stories-in-pradhan-mantri/406056-44.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130718113904/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shekhar-kapur-will-tell-untold-stories-in-pradhan-mantri/406056-44.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 18 July 2013|publisher=CNN-IBN (IBN Live)|date= 12 Jul 2013 | accessdate = 2013-08-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Shekhar Kapur turns narrator for TV series| publisher = [[NDTV]] Movies| url = http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shekhar-kapur-turns-narrator-for-tv-series-391325| date = 12 July 2013| accessdate = 2013-08-10| archive-date = 8 October 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131008171810/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shekhar-kapur-turns-narrator-for-tv-series-391325| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = New TV show to tell untold stories of contemporary history
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130719050119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/tv/40553421_1_new-tv-show-untold-stories-shekhar-kapur| url-status = live| archive-date = 19 July 2013|date=13 July 2013| access-date = 2013-08-10 | work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The TV series was hosted by the renowned film-maker, actor and host [[Shekhar Kapur]] and directed by [[Puneet Sharma (director)|Puneet Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Shekhar-Kapur-turns-host/articleshow/20645679.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623035231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-19/tv/40049973_1_shekhar-kapur-veteran-actor-show|url-status=live|archive-date=23 June 2013|title=Shekhar Kapur turns host?|last=Bhopatkar|first=Tejashree|date=12 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Vaquar Sheikh bags Pradhanmantri!| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Vaquar-Sheikh-bags-Pradhanmantri/articleshow/24930966.cms| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/news/43526178_1_qubool-hai-vaquar-sheikh-love-triangle| url-status = live| archive-date = 3 November 2013|date=13 October 2013| access-date = 2013-08-10 | work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/television/shekhar-kapurs-email-account-hacked-635877|title=Shekhar Kapur's email account hacked - NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> It was a unique attempt to present the changes in the country during the tenures of 13 prime ministers in the last 65 years. {{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}} aired every Saturday at 10 pm.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/navni-parihar-is-indira-gandhi-on-pradhan-mantri/1161310 | title=Navni Parihar is Indira Gandhi on Pradhan Mantri | date=30 August 2013 | newspaper=The Indian Express | first=Onkar | last=Kulkarni | accessdate=23 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbullet.in/tv/56-more/43327-untold-stories-in-pradhanmantri-kapur|title=Untold stories in 'Pradhanmantri': Kapur|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|work=ABP News|date=12 July 2013|accessdate=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715024933/http://www.newsbullet.in/tv/56-more/43327-untold-stories-in-pradhanmantri-kapur|archive-date=15 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Freedom nuggets in new TV show | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130713/jsp/nation/story_17112820.jsp#.UgZjhdI3CgQ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130718104548/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130713/jsp/nation/story_17112820.jsp#.UgZjhdI3CgQ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 July 2013 |date=13 July 2013| accessdate = 2013-08-10 |publisher= The Telegraph}}</ref> Raghi Papiya Joshi and Sohan Thakur are casting directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Swanand-Kirkire-to-host-Saregama-Productions-next/articleshow/26104567.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215193239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-20/news/44283982_1_satyamev-jayate-abp-legend|url-status=live|archive-date=15 December 2013|title=Swanand Kirkire to host Saregama Production's next|last=Bhopatkar|first=Tejashree|date=12 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

The series aired the news telecast of death of [[Indira Gandhi]] on [[Doordarshan]] by [[Salma Sultan]]. Initially conceptualised for 23 episodes, {{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}} was extended to 26 episodes with the last episode aired on 4 January 2014. The show was earlier rumoured to be titled ''Idea of India''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shiv-Subramaniam-Akhil-Mishra-returns/articleshow/20460245.cms|title=Shiv Subramaniam & Akhil Mishra returns!|website=The Times of India|last1=Bhopatkar |first1=Tejashree }}</ref>

{{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}} has been re-telecasted in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] on [[ABP Ananda]] from 14 December 2013, hosted by Bengali actor [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] and re-telecasted in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language on [[ABP Majha]] with the name ''Sinhasan'' and hosted by Marathi actor [[Vikram Gokhale]] from 23 November 2013.

Season 2, christened as {{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}} 2, premiered on ABP News on January 25, 2020. It is again being hosted by actor-director [[Shekhar Kapur]]."{{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri|italic=no}} Season -II" will discuss the ideas which will give India its due place in the comity of great nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/pradhanmantri2.html|title=Pradhanmantri Season 2: प्रधानमंत्री सीजन 2, Videos, News, Photos & Review|website=www.abplive.com|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{multiple image
| footer = [[Navni Parihar]] as [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Akhil Mishra]] as [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] in {{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}}.
| align = right

| image1 =
| width1 = 165
| alt1 = Indira Gandhi

| image2 =
| width2 = {{#expr: (200 * 554 / 465) round 0}}
| alt2 = Lal Bahadur Shastri
}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Shekhar Kapoor]] as the Narrator
*Saurabh Dubey as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
*[[Navni Parihar]] as [[Indira Gandhi]]
*[[Surendra Pal]] as [[B. R. Ambedkar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surendra-pal-shishir-sharma-anang-desai-in-idea-of-india/articleshow/19862288.cms|title=Surendra Pal, Shishir Sharma &Anang Desai in Idea of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Bhopatkar |first1=Tejashree }}</ref>
*[[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Hari Singh]]
*[[Anang Desai]] as [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
*[[Prithvi Zutshi]] as [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
*[[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as [[K. Kamaraj]]
*[[Adi Irani]] as [[V. P. Menon]]
*[[Tej Sapru]] as [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
*[[Amit Behl]] as [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
*Rio Kapadia as [[Sam Manekshaw]]
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
*[[Ravi Jhankal]] as [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
*[[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as [[J. F. R. Jacob]] & [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
*[[Harsh Chhaya]] as [[Sanjay Gandhi]]
*[[Pankaj Berry]] as [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]]
*[[Rajesh Vivek]] as [[Raj Narain]]
* Anwar Fatehan as [[Charan Singh]]
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as N. K. Singh, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] joint director
*[[Deepak Jethi]] as [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]
*Devaj Parikh as [[Narendra Modi]]
*Ramesh Ramamoorthy as [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
*[[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
*[[Suzanne Bernert]] as [[Sonia Gandhi]]
*[[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as [[K. Kamaraj]]
*[[Vaquar Shaikh]] as [[Chandra Shekhar]]
*[[Akhil Mishra]] as [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
*[[Dharmesh Tiwari]] as [[Jaswant Singh]]
*[[Kishori Shahane]] as [[Pupul Jayakar]]
*[[Dinesh Kaushik]] as [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
* Naresh Suri as [[A. A. K. Niazi]]
* Ashwin Kaushal as [[Hanwant Singh]], ruler of Jaisalmer
*Bhupindder Bhoopii as [[Harchand Singh Longowal]]
*Onkar Nath Mishra as [[Swami Karpatri]]{{div col end}}

==Episodes ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!|Episode
!|Topic
!|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}
|-
|{{center|1}}
|[[Political integration of India|Integration of princely states]] with [[Dominion of India|India]]
|{{center|13 July 2013}}
|-
|{{center|2}}
|Story of [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] and [[Annexation of Junagadh|Junagadh]]
|{{center|20 July 2013}}
|-
|{{center|3}}
|Story of [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]]
|{{center|27 July 2013}}
|-
|{{center|4}}
|Story of [[Madras State|Madras]] and [[Bombay State|Bombay]]
|{{center|3 August 2013}}
|-
|{{center|5}}
|[[Hindu code bills]]
|{{center|10 August 2013}}
|-
|{{center|6}}
|[[Sino-Indian War]]
|{{center|17 August 2013}}
|-
|{{center|7}}
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|{{center|24 August 2013}}
|-
|{{center|8}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] becomes PM
|{{center|1 September 2013}}
|-
|{{center|9}}
|Split in [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]
|{{center|8 September 2013}}
|-
|{{center|10}}
|Story before [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
|{{center|15 September 2013}}
|-
|{{center|11}}
|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and [[Independence of Bangladesh|birth of Bangladesh]]
|{{center|22 September 2013}}
|-
|{{center|12}}
|[[The Emergency (India)|1975–77 state of emergency in India]]
|{{center|29 September 2013}}
|-
|{{center|13}}
|Story of [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Janata Party]]
|{{center|5 October 2013}}
|-
|{{center|14}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] back as PM and [[Operation Blue Star]]
|{{center|12 October 2013}}
|-
|{{center|15}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]] becomes PM and [[Shah Bano case]]
|{{center|19 October 2013}}
|-
|{{center|16}}
|[[Ayodhya dispute]]
|{{center|26 October 2013}}
|-
|{{center|17}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Bofors scandal]]
|{{center|2 November 2013}}
|-
|{{center|18}}
|[[Mandal Commission]]
|{{center|9 November 2013}}
|-
|{{center|19}}
|Rise of [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] and [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
|{{center|16 November 2013}}
|-
|{{center|20}}
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and corruption charges against him
|{{center|23 November 2013}}
|-
|{{center|21}}
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 13 days government and India during 1996–98
|{{center|30 November 2013}}
|-
|{{center|22}}
|[[Pokhran-II]] and [[Kargil War]]
|{{center|7 December 2013}}
|-
|{{center|23}}
|[[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Gujarat riots]] and fall of Vajpayee government
|{{center|14 December 2013}}
|-
|{{center|24}}
|Story of [[Sonia Gandhi]] and [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA-I]] government
|{{center|21 December 2013}}
|-
|{{center|25}}
|[[United Progressive Alliance#Controversies|Scams in UPA government]] and [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|anti-corruption movement]]
|{{center|28 December 2013}}
|-
|{{center|26}}
|Untold stories of 6 decades of India
|{{center|4 January 2014}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Pradhanmantri 2 Episodes list
!Episode
!Topic
!Original Air Date
|-
|{{center|1}}
|The real responsibility for Jammu and Kashmir issue
|{{center|25 January 2020}}
|-
|{{center|2}}
|The country's biggest issue and the real story buried in the documents
|{{center|1 February 2020}}
|-
|{{center|3}}
|[[Sardar Patel]] and the story of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]]
|{{center|8 February 2020}}
|-
|4
|Nehru's 'Kashmir Plan'. Why Jammu and Kashmir was given [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|separate flag, separate constitution]]
|
|-
|5
|Story of India-Pakistan War and [[Shimla Agreement]]
|
|-
|6
|Story of [[Communism in India|Leftism]] and [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalism in India]]
|
|-
|7
|Who are the Naxalites, what they want, the whole story of the second round of Naxalism in India
|
|-
|8
|Story of the beginning of [[corruption in India]]
|
|}

==Reception==
Senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[L. K. Advani]] praised {{Lang|hi-latn|Pradhanmantri}} on his blog and public platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/46661-pradhanmantri-an-excellent-tv-serial-writes-lk-advani|title="Pradhanmantri: An excellent TV serial," writes LK Advani|access-date=20 October 2013|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021055018/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/46661-pradhanmantri-an-excellent-tv-serial-writes-lk-advani|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.lkadvani.in/pradhan-mantri-an-excellent-tv-serial/|title=PRADHAN MANTRI: AN EXCELLENT TV SERIAL – LK Advani's Blog|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330075416/http://blog.lkadvani.in/pradhan-mantri-an-excellent-tv-serial/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/46662-watch-pradhanmantri-on-india-after-assassination-of-indira-gandhi- Watch Pradhanmantri on India After Assassination of Indira Gandhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065130/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/46662-watch-pradhanmantri-on-india-after-assassination-of-indira-gandhi- |date=21 October 2013 }}. newsbullet.in.</ref> Retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer [[Kiran Bedi]] and Sunil Shashtri (son of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]) also praised the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/thekiranbedi/status/391980682375073793|title=Brilliant prog Pradhanmantri on @abpnewstv RajivGandhi's inexperience continues to cost d nation dearly. Voters may never forget in 2014|first=Kiran|last=Bedi|date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

===Social media===
The show noticed a huge engagement on social media with the #Pradhanmantri trending on Twitter for over 4 days in India on its launch. The hash-tag was promoted heavily by ABP News through a contest on [[Twitter]]. The lucky winners of the #Pradhanmantri contest were given [[Karbonn a15|K Touch A15]] smartphone and a set of 19 books by Rajkamal Prakashan Private Limited on topics like Maanav Samskrithi, modern India, Lokayuth, Bhagath Singh, Prakrithi, Saahithya as gratifications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mccsindia.com/AnnouncementDetails.aspx?AnnouncementId=58|title=#Pradhanmantri rules Social Media|access-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819163739/http://mccsindia.com/AnnouncementDetails.aspx?AnnouncementId=58|archive-date=19 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> #Pradhanmantri trended for more than 56 hours, had almost 2.2 million views on [[YouTube]], and had more than 1.2 million mentions on [[Twitter]] in 25 weeks.

==Season II==
'''''Pradhanmantri II''''' (''The Prime Minister'') is an Indian television political [[documentary]] series, hosted by actor-director [[Shekhar Kapur]] on Hindi news channel [[ABP News]]. This second season premiered on 25 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shekhar-kapur-starts-shooting-for-pradhanmantri-2-5831597/|title=Shekhar Kapur starts shooting for Pradhanmantri 2|date=16 July 2019}}</ref> The first episodes showed the integration of Kashmir into the Union of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pradhanmantri-season-ii-on-abp-news-explored-the-dark-corners-of-indian-history-to-unfold-the-jk-issue/1719840|title=Pradhanmantri Season II on ABP News Explored the Dark Corners of Indian History to Unfold the J&K Issue|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Saurabh Dubey as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
*[[Anang Desai]] as [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
*[[Prithvi Zutshi]] as [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
*[[Vaquar Shaikh]] as [[Hari Singh]]
*[[Amit Behl]] as [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
*[[Navni Parihar]] as [[Indira Gandhi]]
*Shahab Khan as [[Y. D. Gundevia]]
*Shekhar Kapoor as the Narrator

==Episodes Season II==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!width=8%|Episode
!width=29%|Topic
!width=15%|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}
|-
|{{center|1}}
|Kashmir I
|{{center|25 January 2020}}
|-
|{{center|2}}
|Kashmir II
|{{center|1 February 2020}}
|-
|{{center|3}}
|Kashmir III
|{{center|8 February 2020}}
|-
|{{center|4}}
|Kashmir IV
|{{center|15 February 2020}}
|-
|{{center|5}}
|Kashmir and 1971 India- Pak war
|{{center|22 February 2020}}
|-
|{{center|6}}
|Story of Naxal movement in India - I
|{{center|29 February 2020}}
|-
|{{center|7}}
|Story of Naxal movement in India - II
|{{center|7 March 2020}}
|-
|{{center|8}}
|Corruption in India
|{{center|14 March 2020}}
|}

==See also==
* [[7 RCR (TV series)|''7 RCR'']]
* [[Bharatvarsh (TV series)|''Bharatvarsh'']]
* ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''
* [[Samvidhaan (TV series)|''Samvidhaan'']]
* [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|''Satyamev Jayate'']]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3246616}}
* [http://abpnews.newsbullet.in/component/tag/pradhanmantri Pradhanmantri on ABP News]

[[Category:ABP News original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about the history of India]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Television series about prime ministers]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Manmohan Singh]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Memorials to Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
[[Category:Morarji Desai]]
[[Category:Memorials to Chaudhary Charan Singh]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:Gowda administration]]
[[Category:Gujral administration]]
[[Category:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Chandra Shekhar administration]]
[[Category:Abdullah family (politics)]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
[[Category:Memorials to Jayaprakash Narayan]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
[[Category:Jaswant Singh]]

Kalyani University Experimental High School

2026-02-21T07:27:54Z

TonjaGerow46: page edit

{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kalyani University Experimental High School
| native_name = কল্যাণী ইউনিভার্সিটি এক্সপেরিমেন্টাল হাই স্কুল
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image = Kalyani University Experimental School.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = তমসো মা জ্যোতিরগময়
| motto_translation = From darkness leads us to light
| address = Ward no. 12, Kalyani, Nadia
| city = Kalyani
| state = West Bengal
| postal_code = 741235
| zipcode =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|58|42.95|N|88|26|33.16|E|display=title, inline}}
| schooltype = Co-Education
| fundingtype =
| type =
| religious_affiliation = Secular
| established = 1965
| founder =
| status =
| closed =
| locale =
| sister_school =
| authority = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
| category = Higher Secondary
| chairman =
| principal =
| head_teacher = Chhanda Biswas
| executive_headteacher =
| acting_headteacher =
| head =
| chaplain =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| key_people =
| grades =
| years =
| gender = Unisex
| enrollment =
| affiliations =
| alumni =
| website = {{URL|https://www.kuehs.com/}}
| school_board = WBBSE
| campus = Urban
| enrollment_as_of =
}}

'''Kalyani University Experimental High School''' or KUEHS is a government sponsored high school, located in the township of [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] in the district of [[Nadia district|Nadia]] of state [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/kalyani-university-experimental-hig/19102301201|title=Kalyani University Experimental High School|website=icbse.com|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== History ==
[[File:K.U_Experimental_High_School_Building.jpg|thumb|Experimental High School Building]]

Kalyani University Experimental High School started her journey in 1965 as an English medium K.G. school housed in two sheds and eight quarters. Mr. Sushil Chandra Ray was the first principal of this school. The school was under the University of Kalyani because at that time there was dart of schools especially English Medium one at Kalyani. That time the K.G. school has grown into a full-fledged Higher Secondary School in addition to having premises for primary and secondary education. In 1970 the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] recognized the institution as XI class High School with two streams viz. Science & Humanities, currently the only government-affiliated school that provides English education in Kalyani. From 1965 to 1986 the school had been under the [[University of Kalyani]]. Later in 1987 the [[Government of West Bengal]] had been taken over all the fiscal liabilities and the school had become a Govt. Sponsored one. In 1990 the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education recognized the institution as an H.S. School. In the last five decades the school has occupied a position of excellence in the district as well as the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kuehs.com/|title=Kalyani University Experimental High School|publisher=kuehs.com|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Kalyani, West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Arif Md Yeasin Jwadder

2026-02-11T08:37:30Z

TonjaGerow46: starting basic data w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian human rights lawyer and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

'''Arif Md Yeasin Jwadder''', commonly known as '''Arif Jwadder''', is an Indian human rights lawyer and activist from the state of [[Assam]].<ref name="about">{{Cite web|title=About Arif Jwadder|url=https://www.arifjwadder.com/about.html|website=ArifJwadder.com|access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> He is noted for his legal advocacy on issues of police accountability and civil liberties.

In December 2021, Jwadder filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) before the [[Gauhati High Court]], seeking an independent investigation into alleged "[[fake encounters]]" by the [[Assam Police]].<ref name="PILs">{{Cite news|title=PIL in Gauhati High Court seeks independent probe into Assam fake encounters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pil-in-gauhati-high-court-seeks-independent-probe-into-assam-fake-encounters-101640264472522.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|first=Utpal|last=Parashar|date=23 December 2021|access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> Between May 2021 and August 2022, 171 police encounter cases were reported in the state, resulting in 56 deaths, according to government data.<ref name="HT">{{Cite news|title=SC asks Assam Human Rights Commission to probe police encounter cases|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-asks-assam-human-rights-commission-to-probe-police-encounter-cases-101748428945824.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 May 2024|access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> Although the High Court dismissed the PIL, Jwadder appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], which overturned the ruling and directed the [[Assam Human Rights Commission]] to conduct an independent and time-bound investigation.<ref name="Wire">{{Cite web|title=Why the SC-Ordered Probe Into Assam's Fake Encounters Is Significant|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/why-the-sc-ordered-probe-into-assams-fake-encounters-is-significant|website=The Wire|date=29 May 2025|access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

Jwadder has also filed PILs on other constitutional matters, including one challenging the mandatory registration of job seekers at government employment exchanges.<ref name="The Leaflet">{{Cite web|title=All employment exchanges in Assam to allow registration of candidates with professional degrees: Assam govt to HC|url=https://theleaflet.in/supreme-court/all-employment-exchanges-in-assam-to-allow-registration-of-candidates-with-professional-degrees-assam-govt-to-hc|website=The Leaflet|date=16 Mar 2021|access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>

In addition to his legal work, he is an observer of regional security and humanitarian issues, including the impact of Myanmar’s 2021 military coup on synthetic drug production and trafficking networks in the region.<ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite web|title=Military coup fallout turns Myanmar into world's largest synthetic drug producer|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/military-coup-fallout-turns-myanmar-worlds-largest-synthetic/|website=The Telegraph|date=28 December 2021 |access-date=7 June 2025 |last1=Wallen |first1=Joe |last2=Kapoor |first2=Cheena }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jwadder, Arif}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ramesh Bhat

2026-02-10T02:54:33Z

TonjaGerow46: added references

{{Short description|Indian Kannada film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramesh Bhat
| image = Ramesh Bhat.jpg
| caption = Ramesh Bhat in 2011 film ''[[Sri Naga Shakthi]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{ Birth date and age|1946|01|07|df=yes }}
| birth_place = [[Kundapur]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name=deccan/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, film director, producer
| known_for =
}}

'''Ramesh Bhat''' is a multiple-award–winning [[India]]n actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nodi-swamy-get-up-close-and-personal-with-ramesh-bhat/article4321782.ece|title=Nodi Swamy, get up close and personal with Ramesh Bhat|date=19 January 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2016-01-15|archive-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831142306/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nodi-swamy-get-up-close-and-personal-with-ramesh-bhat/article4321782.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He has worked predominantly in [[Kannada]] films and television serials.

==Early life==
Ramesh Bhat was born in [[Kundapur]], [[Karnataka]]. He completed his primary education at Manki and portrayed national leaders like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in school day functions. He moved to [[Bangalore]] when his father, Rathnakar Rao, migrated there. He later studied at Model High School in [[Chamarajpet|Chamarajapet]], Bangalore and went on to complete his diploma in mechanical engineering from SJ Polytechnic in Bangalore. He briefly worked at [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] as a fitter before joining his father's business. He also ran his own business in [[Basavanagudi]].<ref name="deccan"/>

== Career ==
In the 1960s and 1970s, young Ramesh worked with theatre groups like Spandana, Nataranga, and Benaka. Working in theatre brought him closer to [[Shankar Nag]], resulting in several plays, films and TV series.<ref name="deccan" /> He was the assistant director for the television series ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]''.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/257423/full-surprises.html|title=Full of surprises|date=17 July 2012|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2016-01-15|archive-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202165308/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/257423/full-surprises.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also directed a movie named ''[[Parameshi Prema Prasanga]]'', which was nominated for the National Awards in 1983.

== Awards ==
* 2010: [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava award]]<ref name="Rajyotsava">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/infosys-ceo-gopalakrishnan-ullas-karanth-bag-top-karnataka-award/article859752.ece|title=Infosys CEO Gopalakrishnan, Ullas Karanth bag top Karnataka award|date=30 October 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2016-01-15|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011192256/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Infosys-CEO-Gopalakrishnan-Ullas-Karanth-bag-top-Karnataka-award/article15798322.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''Mana Manthana''<ref name="bangaloremirror.com">{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms |title=Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List |access-date=18 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518094804/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2023: Rotary Annual Vandana Award in recognition of his achievements in the fields of entertainment and cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-28 |title=Rotary Vandana Award to be presented to actor Ramesh Bhat on May 3 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/rotary-vandana-award-to-be-presented-to-actor-ramesh-bhat-on-may-3/article66790071.ece |access-date=2023-06-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Notable filmography==
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Abachurina Post Office]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' || Inspector Nayak ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' || Satish ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Coolie'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[Nodi Swamy Navirodu Hige]]'' || Kallesh Nuggehalli ||
|-
| ''[[Hosa Theerpu]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Makkaliralavva Mane Thumba]]'' || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Parameshi Prema Prasanga]]'' || Parameshi ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Accident (1985 film)|Accident]]'' || Inspector Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'' || || Hindi / English; various roles played by Bhat in Shankar Nag's TV series
|-
| ''[[Na Ninna Preetisuve]]'' || Mallesh Mavinakere ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1987 || ''[[Digvijaya (film)|Digvijaya]]'' || Soorappa Nayak ||
|-
| ''[[Ondu Muttina Kathe]]'' || Kutta ||
|-
| ''Anthima Ghatta'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''Lorry Driver'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''Poornachandra'' || Raghu ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Crazy Colonel''|| Colonel || Television series
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 || ''Narasimha'' || Visveswaraya ||
|-
|''[[Hosa Kavya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosa Kavya (1989) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/hosa-kavya-1989 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|Chandru
|
|-
| ''Bala Hombale'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Idu Saadhya]]'' || [[Constable]] Ranga || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1990 || ''Matsara'' || Jayanna ||
|-
| ''[[Nigooda Rahasya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neene Nanna Jeeva]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ramarajyadalli Rakshasaru]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]'' || Shastri ||
|-
| ''[[Ashwamedha (film)|Ashwamedha]]'' || Gunda ||
|-
| ''Avesha'' || Prajwal Kumar ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' || Madhusudan ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || ''[[Ganesha Subramanya]]'' || Subramanya ||
|-
| ''[[Bombat Hendthi]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Mannina Doni]]'' || Mallikarjuna ||
|-
| ''[[Saptapadi (1992 film)|Saptapadi]]'' || Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Dharma Peeta]]'' || Vishwa ||
|-
| ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' || Bhagoji ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995 || ''[[Nishkarsha]]'' || Lift Gundanna ||
|-
| ''[[Mutthinantha Hendathi]]'' || ||
|-
|''Mr. Vasu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Vasu (1995) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/mr-vasu-1995 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|Ramesh
|
|-
| ''[[Beladingala Baale]]'' || James ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Surya Vamsha]]'' || Padma's father ||
|-
| ''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Balagalittu Olage Baa]]'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Preetisle Beku]]'' || Ganesha's father ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005 || ''[[Yashwanth]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]''|| Madesha's father ||
|-
| ''[[Masala (2005 film)|Masala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Ajji]]'' || Queen's grandson-in-law ||
|-
| ''Giri'' || Amjad Khan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''Hettavara Kanasu'' || |||
|-
| ''[[Shree (2006 film)|Shree]]'' ||||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[No 73, Shanthi Nivasa]]''|| Kashinath ||
|-
| ''[[Jambada Hudugi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganesha (film)|Ganesha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Mussanjemaatu]]'' || Tanu's father ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Nannedeya Haadu]]'' || Shankara Shastry ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' || Priya's father || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jayahe]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Gandedhe]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Uyyale (2011 film)|Uyyale]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' || Geeta's father ||
|-
| ''[[Dashamukha]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Romeo (2012 film)|Romeo]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Kshetra Adi Chunchanagiri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'' || Servant ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shathru (2013 film)|Shathru]]'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Adyaksha]]'' || Chandru's father ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Bullet Basya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganesha Matte Banda]]'' || Ganesha's father ||
|-
| ''[[Mana Manthana]]'' || || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref name="bangaloremirror.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Kalpana 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Naani''|| ||
|-
| ''[[...Re (film)|...Re]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Veera Ranachandi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nemoda Boolya]]'' || || Tulu film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Brahmi (film)|Brahmi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Tulasi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]'' || Anantha Padmanabha M. ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kavacha]]'' || Jayarama's uncle ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Gadhayuddha'' || Scientist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sreemanta]]'' || ||
|}

==Short Movies==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016
| ''Meghadootha'' || Chandrashekar || Kannada ||
|-
|2020
| ''[[Teerada Mouna]]''
|Ramesh
|Kannada
|
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1693209}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008063336/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-filmography/2722/1/ramesh-bhat.html Ramesh Bhat Filmography]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ramesh-Bhat Ramesh Bhat] on ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2010]]
[[Category:1947 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

One Race Films

2026-01-30T21:43:41Z

TonjaGerow46: page edit

{{short description|American film and multimedia production company}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = One Race Films
| logo = [[File:One_Race_Films.png|frameless|upright=0.35]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| location = [[Los Angeles]]
| founder = [[Vin Diesel]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1995}}
| key_people = Vin Diesel
| industry = Film
| area_served = Worldwide
| revenue =
| num_employees =
| subsid = [[Tigon Studios]] [[Racetrack Records]]
| homepage = [http://www.oneracefilms.com/ www.oneracefilms.com]
}}
'''One Race Films''', also known as '''One Race Productions''', is an American [[production company]] founded by actor [[Vin Diesel]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/universal-pictures-and-one-race-films-begin-principal-photography-on-the-sci-fi-thriller-riddick-starring-vin-diesel-138645809.html|title=Universal Pictures and One Race Films begin principal photography on the sci-fi thriller Riddick, Starring Vin Diesel|website=[[PR Newswire]]|date=February 3, 2012|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> It has produced a total of 15 films, all of which star Diesel, who also founded its subsidiaries [[Tigon Studios]] to create video games and [[Racetrack Records]] to release music.

As of 2024, One Race's feature films have grossed $6 billion worldwide, with an average gross per film of $686 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Race Films Production Company Box Office History |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/production-company/One-Race-Films |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] }}</ref> The company's films, especially the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise, rank among the highest-grossing of all time; the franchise itself is among the highest-grossing of all time. Its films are typically distributed by [[Universal Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2011-10-11|title=Vin Diesel inks first-look deal with Universal|url=https://variety.com/2011/film/news/vin-diesel-inks-first-look-deal-with-universal-1118044217/|access-date=2020-11-09|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Director(s)
! scope="col"| Release date
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'' || [[David Twohy]] || June 11, 2004 || ||
|-
| ''[[Find Me Guilty]]'' || [[Sidney Lumet]] || March 17, 2006 || ||
|-
| ''[[Babylon A.D.]]'' || [[Mathieu Kassovitz]] || August 29, 2008 || ||
|-
| ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]'' || [[Justin Lin]] || April 3, 2009 || ||
|-
| ''[[Los Bandoleros (film)|Los Bandoleros]]'' || Vin Diesel || July 28, 2009 || Short film ||
|-
| ''[[Fast Five]]'' || rowspan="2"|Justin Lin || April 29, 2011 || ||
|-
| ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' || May 24, 2013 || ||
|-
| ''[[Riddick (film)|Riddick]]'' || David Twohy || September 6, 2013 || ||
|-
| ''[[Furious 7]]'' || [[James Wan]] || April 3, 2015 || ||
|-
| ''[[The Last Witch Hunter]]'' || [[Breck Eisner]] || October 23, 2015 || ||
|-
| ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' || [[D.J. Caruso]] || January 20, 2017 || ||
|-
| ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' || [[F. Gary Gray]] || April 14, 2017 || ||
|-
| ''[[Bloodshot (film)|Bloodshot]]'' || David S. F. Wilson || March 13, 2020 || ||
|-
| ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]'' || Justin Lin || June 25, 2021 || || <ref>{{Cite web|first=Borys|last=Kit|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/fast-furious-9-lands-kin-writer-1111726|title='Fast and Furious 9' Neal Moritz is producing via his Original Film banner, Diesel through his One Race Films, and Lin via his Perfect Storm Entertainment|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=14 May 2018|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fast X]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Louis Leterrier]] || May 19, 2023 || ||
|}

===Undated films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #ffa500; border: 1px #ffa500 solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- style="background:#ffa500; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Release date
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| ''[[Fast Forever]]'' || March 17, 2028 || distributed by [[Universal Pictures]]; co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Perfect Storm Entertainment]], [[Seven Bucks Productions]], and [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Everything you need to know about Fast & Furious 11 |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a43903614/fast-furious-11-release-date/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Chris |date=May 4, 2024 |title='Fast 11' Will Be Released in 2026, Says Director Louis Leterrier [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/fast-11-filming-release-window/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504203917/https://collider.com/fast-11-filming-release-window/ |archive-date=May 4, 2024 |access-date=May 4, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunn |first=Jack |date=June 29, 2025 |title=Vin Diesel Teases Paul Walker's Character Could Return for 'Fast and Furious 11,' Confirms April 2027 Release: We Are 'Reuniting Dom and Brian O'Conner' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/vin-diesel-paul-walker-return-fast-and-furious-11-1236443658/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629185927/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/vin-diesel-paul-walker-return-fast-and-furious-11-1236443658/ |archive-date=June 29, 2025 |access-date=July 6, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Reyes'' || {{TableTBA}} || distributed by [[Universal Pictures]]; co-production with [[Original Film]], FlynnPictureCo., [[Seven Bucks Productions]], Chris Morgan Productions, and [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/dwayne-johnson-fast-and-furious-new-mobie-hobbs-1235630335/|work=Variety|title=Dwayne Johnson to Return as Luke Hobbs in New 'Fast and Furious' Standalone Film|author=Donnelly, Matt|date=June 1, 2023|accessdate=June 11, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots#Film adaptation|Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots]]'' || {{TableTBA}} || distributed by [[Universal Pictures]]; co-production with [[Mattel|Mattel Studios]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title='Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots' Live-Action Movie In The Works With Vin Diesel, Universal & Mattel Films |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/vin-diesel-rock-em-sock-em-robots-movie-mattel-universal-1234739487/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=19 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Riddick: Furya]]''
| {{TableTBA}}
| financed by FFF Bayern, distributed internationally by Rocket Science and in the US by CAA Media and [[Universal Pictures]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blaney |first=Martin |date=October 8, 2024 |title='Riddick 4: Furya' starring Vin Diesel secures €2m funding from Germany's FFF Bayern |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/riddick-4-furya-starring-vin-diesel-secures-2m-funding-from-germanys-fff-bayern/5197913.article |access-date=October 8, 2024 |work=Screen Daily}}</ref><ref>Han, Angie (2014-01-28). [http://www.slashfilm.com/universal-wants-a-riddick-sequel-says-vin-diesel/ "Universal Wants a 'Riddick' Sequel, Says Vin Diesel."] ''SlashFilm.com''. Retrieved 2014-02-04. </ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Vin Diesel}}
{{Film Studio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Video production companies]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Film production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Film studios in Southern California]]
[[Category:Vin Diesel]]

{{US-film-company-stub}}

St Xavier's College Ground

2026-01-23T07:07:44Z

TonjaGerow46: typo fix

{{short description|Cricket ground}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = St Xavier's College Ground
| nickname =
| country = India
| image =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| establishment = 2014/15 (first recorded match)
| seating_capacity =
| end1 =
| end2 =
| year1 =
| club1 =
| date = 29 October 2016
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/12500.html Ground profile
}}

'''St Xavier's College Ground''' (also known as '''KCA Cricket Ground''') is a [[cricket]] ground in [[Thumba]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India.<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1053905.html |title=St Xavier's College Ground |access-date=29 October 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=St Xaviers- College- KCA Cricket Ground – Trivandrum|url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/Thumba|website=Kerala Cricket Association|access-date=4 November 2017}}</ref> The first recorded match on the ground was in 2014/15. It was used as a venue for a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]] tournament between [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] and [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]].<ref name="Ranji">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053521.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Assam v Vidarbha at Thumba, Oct 20-23, 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/12500_f.html |title=First-Class Matches played on St Xavier's College Ground |access-date=29 October 2016 |work=Cricket Archive}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of cricket grounds in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/12500.html St Xavier's College Ground] at CricketArchive
*[http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/Thumba St Xavier's College Ground] at [[Kerala Cricket Association]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St Xavier's College Ground}}
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Kerala]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Activism

2026-01-14T14:15:10Z

TonjaGerow46: quick update

{{Short description|Efforts to make change in society toward a perceived greater good}}
{{Redirect|Activist|similar titles|The Activist (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:1963 march on washington.jpg|thumb|Civil rights activists at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] during the [[civil rights movement]] in August 1963.]]
[[File:Leffler - WomensLib1970 WashingtonDC.jpg|thumb|A [[Feminist movement|women's liberation]] march in Washington, D.C., August 1970.]]
'''Activism''' consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make [[Social change|changes in society]] toward a perceived [[common good]]. Forms of activism range from [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]] building in a community (including writing letters to newspapers), petitioning [[elected officials]], running or contributing to a political campaign, preferential [[patronage]] (or [[boycott]]) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies, street marches, [[Strike action|strikes]], [[sit-in]]s, or [[hunger strike]]s.

Activism may be performed on a day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways, including through the creation of art ([[artivism]]), computer hacking ([[hacktivism]]), or simply in how one chooses to spend their money ([[economic activism]]). For example, the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation of workers]] by that company could be considered an expression of activism. However, the term commonly refers to a form of [[collective action]], in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics|last=Tarrow|first=Sidney|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-07680-7|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=727948411|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/powerinmovements0000tarr}}</ref> Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a [[social movement]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts|last1=Goodwin|first1=Jeff|last2=Jasper|first2=James|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-8764-0|edition=2nd|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/socialmovementsr2edunse}}</ref>

Historically, activists have used literature, including [[Pamphlet|pamphlets]], tracts, and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of the [[Social justice|justice]] of their cause.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ostertag |first=Bob |title=People's movements, people's press: the journalism of social justice movements |date=2006 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-6164-0 |location=Boston, Mass}}</ref> Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate [[civic engagement]] and collective action combining [[Politics and technology|politics with technology]].<ref name="Advocacy 2.0">{{cite journal|last= Obar|first= Jonathan|title= Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action|journal= Journal of Information Policy|year= 2012|volume= 2|pages= 1–25|doi= 10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.1|ssrn= 1956352|s2cid= 246628982|display-authors=etal|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Obar">{{Cite journal|last= Obar|first= Jonathan|title= Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada|journal= Canadian Journal of Communication|year= 2014|ssrn= 2254742|doi= 10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678|doi-access= free|volume= 39}}
</ref> [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] online activists often use different tactics. [[Hashtag activism]] and offline protest are more common on the left. Working strategically with partisan media, migrating to [[Alt-tech|alternative platforms]], and manipulation of [[mainstream media]] are more common on the right (in the United States).<ref name=":3" /> In addition, the perception of increased left-wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative [[Institutional trust (social sciences)|trust]] in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism, including on college campuses.<ref name=":5" /> Some scholars have also shown how the [[Social influence|influence]] of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

Separating activism and [[terrorism]] can be difficult and has been described as a 'fine line'.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Carol |last=Bohmer |title=Rejecting refugees: political asylum in the 21st century |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77375-1 |page=258 |oclc=743396687}}</ref>

==Definitions of activism==
The ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]'' records the English words "activism" and "activist" as in use in the political sense from the year 1920<ref>{{OEtymD|activism|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> or 1915<ref>{{OEtymD|activist|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> respectively. The history of the word ''activism'' traces back to earlier understandings of [[collective behavior]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to the Science of Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107514|last1=Park|first1=Robert|last2=Burgess|first2=Ernest|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1921 |location=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Theory and Social Structure|last=Merton|first=Robert|publisher=Free Press|year=1945|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements |last=Hoffer|first=Eric|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1951|location=New York}}</ref> and [[Social action theory|social action]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Structure of Social Action|last=Parsons|first=Talcott|publisher=Free Press|year=1937 |location=New York}}</ref> As late as 1969 ''activism was'' defined as "the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy", without regard to a political signification, whereas ''social action was'' defined as "organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions", without regard to normative status. Following the surge of "new social movements" in the United States during the 1960s, activism came to be understood as a rational and legitimate democratic form of protest or appeal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups|url=https://archive.org/details/logicofcollectiv0124olso|url-access=registration|last=Olson|first= Mancur|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=1965|location=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Strategy of Social Protest|last=Gamson|first=William A.|publisher=Dorsey Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-256-01684-0|location=Homewood, IL|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/strategyofsocial0000gams}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=From Mobilization to Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/frommobilization00till|url-access=registration|last=Tilly|first=Charles|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=1978|location=Reading, Mass.|isbn=978-0-201-07571-7}}</ref>

However, the history of the existence of [[Rebellion|revolt]] through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to the [[Slave rebellion|slave revolts]] of the 1st century BC(E) in the [[Roman Empire]], where under the leadership of former gladiator [[Spartacus]] 6,000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to [[Rome]] in what became known as the [[Third Servile War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/spartacus.htm|title=Ancient History: Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion|last=Czech|first=Kenneth P.|date=Apr 1994|website=HistoryNet|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102642/https://www.historynet.com/spartacus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In English history, the [[Peasants' Revolt]] erupted in response to the imposition of a [[Poll tax riots|poll tax]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Peasants-Revolt|title=Peasants' Revolt|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909022504/https://www.britannica.com/event/Peasants-Revolt|url-status=live}}</ref> and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary, Russia, and more recently, for example, [[Umbrella Revolution|Hong Kong]]. In 1930 under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] thousands of protesting Indians participated in the [[Salt March]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March |title = Salt March|encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Britannica|first = Kenneth|last = Pletcher |date = 14 December 2015}}</ref> as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government, resulting in the imprisonment of 60,000 people and eventually independence of their nation. In nations throughout Asia, Africa and South America, the prominence of activism organized by [[social movement]]s and especially under the leadership of [[Civil and political rights|civil activists]] or [[social revolution]]aries has pushed for increasing national self-reliance or, in some parts of the developing world, collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991|url=https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff|url-access=registration|last= Goodwin |first=Jeff|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> Activism has had major impacts on Western societies as well, particularly over the past century through social movements such as the [[Labour movement]], the [[Women's rights|women's rights movement]], and the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century|last1=Meyer|first1=David|last2=Tarrow|first2=Sidney|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1998}}</ref>

==Types of activism==
[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|Barricade at the [[Paris Commune]], March 1871.]]
Activism has often been thought to address either [[human rights]] or [[Environmentalism|environmental]] concerns, but [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] and [[Religious right in the United States|religious right]] activism are also important types.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Keckler|first1=Charles|last2=Rozell|first2=Mark J.|date=2015-04-03|title=The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right|journal=Perspectives on Political Science|volume=44|issue=2|pages=92–99|doi=10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476|s2cid=145428669|issn=1045-7097}}</ref> Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boyle|first=Alan|date=October 11, 2012|title=Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?|url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894|journal=European Journal of International Law|volume=23|issue=3|pages=613–642|doi=10.1093/ejil/chs054|via=Oxford Academic|doi-access=free|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605004937/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894|url-status=live}}</ref> prior to the 21st century, most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues, and likewise, human rights concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=Spring 2004|title=Introduction|url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/2_11/index/_res/id=Attachments/index=0/Human_Rights_Dialogue_Environment.pdf|journal=Human Rights Dialogue|volume=2|issue=11 |page=2|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110100149/https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/2_11/index/_res/id=Attachments/index=0/Human_Rights_Dialogue_Environment.pdf}}</ref> In the 21st century, the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important, leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement<ref>{{Cite news|last=Britton-Purdy|first=Jedediah|date=September 7, 2016|title=Environmentalism Was Once a Social-Justice Movement|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019041533/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the development of the [[environmental justice]] and [[climate justice]] movements.
[[File:Trans day of Visibility 2024. Activists hold banner saying "Sex Change not Climate Change".jpg|thumb|Lisbon, March 31, 2024: As part of the demonstration for the day of transgender visibility, climate activists hold a banner saying "Activists hold banner saying "Sex Change not Climate Change"]]

=== Human rights ===
{{Main article|Human rights movement}}

Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] including such liberties as: [[right to life]], [[citizenship]], and [[Right to property|property]], [[freedom of movement]]; constitutional [[Freedom of thought|freedoms of thought]], [[Freedom of speech|expression]], [[Freedom of religion|religion]], [[Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]]; and others.<ref>{{Cite web|year=1948|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/|url-status=live|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504133757/http://www.un.org:80/en/documents/udhr/ |archive-date=4 May 2009 }}</ref> The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to [[colonialism]], [[imperialism]], [[slavery]], [[racism]], [[Segregation laws|segregation]], [[patriarchy]], and [[oppression]] of indigenous peoples.<ref>Clapham, ''Human Rights'' (2007), p. 19. "In fact, the modern [[civil rights movement]] and the complex normative international framework have grown out of a number of transnational and widespread movements. Human rights were invoked and claimed in the contexts of anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-slavery, anti-apartheid, anti-racism, and feminist and indigenous struggles everywhere."</ref>

=== Environment ===
{{Main article|Environmentalism}}

Environmental activism takes quite a few forms:
* the protection of nature or the natural environment [[Environmentalism#Preservation and conservation|driven by a utilitarian conservation ethic or a nature oriented preservationist ethic]]
* the protection of the human environment (by pollution prevention or the protection of [[Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage|cultural]] heritage or quality of life)
* the conservation of depletable [[natural resource]]s
* the protection of the function of critical [[Earth system science|earth system]] elements or processes such as the [[climate]].

=== Animal rights ===
{{Main article|Animal Rights Movement}}

=== Shareholder activists ===
{{Main article|Shareholder activists}}

=== Libertarian and conservative ===
Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries, and some scholars have found: "the main split in conservatism has not been the long-standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys (i.e., approximately the [[Libertarian right]] and the [[Christian right]]). Instead, it is between an emergent group (Activists) that fuses ''both ideologies'' and a less ideological category of 'somewhat conservative' Establishment Republicans."<ref name=":8" /> One example of this activism is the [[Tea Party movement]].<ref name=":8" />

[[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] identified a "group of 'Staunch Conservatives' (11 percent of the electorate) who are strongly religious, across-the-board socially and economically conservative, and more politically active than other groups on the Right. They support the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]] at 72 percent, far higher than the next most favorable group."<ref name=":8" /> One analysis found a group estimated to be 4% of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] "to be the core of this group of high-engagement voters" and labeled this group "Activists."<ref name=":8" />

==Methods==
[[File:PeacePark.jpg|thumb|right|The longest running [[White House Peace Vigil|peace vigil]] in U.S. history, started by activist [[Thomas (activist)|Thomas]] in 1981]]

Activists employ many different methods, or tactics, in pursuit of their goals.<ref name=":0" /> The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing. For example, nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than violent ones.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective|last1=Zunes|first1=Stephen|last2=Asher|first2=Sarah Beth|last3=Kurtz|first3=Lester|date=1999|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-57718-075-3|location=Malden, Mass.|oclc=40753886|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nonviolentsocial0000unse}}</ref> and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict|last1=Chenoweth|first1=Erica|last2=Stephan|first2=Maria J.|author-link1=Erica Chenoweth|author-link2=Maria Stephan|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-231-15683-7|location=New York|oclc=810145714}}</ref>

Historically, most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in the policy or practice of a government or industry. Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly (see also [[direct action]]), rather than to persuade governments to change laws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct action |url=http://www.activisthandbook.org/en/tactics/direct-action |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Activist Handbook |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713071802/https://www.activisthandbook.org/en/tactics/direct-action |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, the [[cooperative movement]] seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain the same, in an effort to [[Countermovement|counter change]].

[[Greta Thunberg]] a Swedish [[climate activist]] is known for founding the [[Fridays for Future]] movement.

[[Charles Tilly]] developed the concept of a "[[repertoire of contention]]", which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Contentious Politics|last1=Tilly|first1=Charles|last2=Tarrow|first2=Sidney|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-025505-3|edition= Second revised |location=New York, NY|oclc=909883395}}</ref> This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past, such as boycotts, petitions, marches, and sit-ins, and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements. Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest. These may be entirely novel, such as Douglas Schuler's idea of an "activist road trip",<ref>{{cite book|title=Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution|last1=Schuler|first1=Douglas|date=2008|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-69366-0|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicsphereproject.org/content/activist-road-trip|title=Activist Road Trip|year=2008|website=Public Sphere Project|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090151/http://www.publicsphereproject.org/content/activist-road-trip|url-status=live}}</ref> or may occur in response to police [[oppression]] or [[countermovement]] resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McAdam|first=Doug|year=1983|title=Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=48|issue=6|pages=735–754|doi=10.2307/2095322|jstor=2095322 |bibcode=1983ASRev..48..735M }}</ref> New tactics then spread to others through a social process known as [[Diffusion of innovations|diffusion]], and if successful, may become new additions to the activist repertoire.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ayres|first=Jeffrey M.|year=1999|title=From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=566|issue=1|pages=132–143|doi=10.1177/000271629956600111|s2cid=154834235|issn=0002-7162}}</ref>

Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Activism|url=http://www.permanentculturenow.com/what-is-activism/|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=Permanent Culture Now|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225044808/https://www.permanentculturenow.com/what-is-activism/|url-status=live}}</ref> The term "activist" may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism, or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice.

[[Helena Alviar Garcia]] has combined activism with her work as a legal scholar, resulting in academia being seen as activism.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/latin-american-legal-scholar-returning-teach-hls-academia-activism/|title=For Latin American legal scholar returning to teach at HLS, 'academia is activism'|website=Harvard Law Today|first=Heather|last=Beasley Doyle|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=January 14, 2025}}</ref>

=== Political activism ===
{{Main|Political movement}}

Judges may employ [[judicial activism]] to promote their own conception of the social good. The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kmiec|first=Keenan D.|date=October 2004|title=The Origin and Current Meanings of Judicial Activism|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1324&context=californialawreview|journal=California Law Review|volume=92|issue=5|pages=1441–1478|doi=10.2307/3481421|jstor=3481421|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217052001/https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1324&context=californialawreview|archive-date=17 December 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted.

{{See also|Judicial activist|Judicial activism in Canada|Judicial activism in India|Judicial activism in the European Union}}

Activists can also be public [[Consumer organization|watchdogs]] and [[whistle blower]]s by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency.<ref name="pat">{{cite web|date=27 February 2017|title=Politically Active? 4 Tips for Incorporating Self-Care, US News|url=http://health.usnews.com/health-care/for-better/articles/2017-02-27/politically-active-4-tips-for-incorporating-self-care|access-date=5 March 2017|work=US News|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406042142/https://health.usnews.com/health-care/for-better/articles/2017-02-27/politically-active-4-tips-for-incorporating-self-care|url-status=live}}</ref>

Political activism may also include [[political campaign]]ing, [[lobbying]], [[voting]], or [[petition]]ing. Often political activists also publish their ideas themselves via newsletters, periodicals, presses, or digital media.<ref name=":4" />

Political activism does not depend on a specific ideology or national history, as can be seen, for example, in the importance of conservative British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thackeray|first=David|date=October 2010|title=Home and Politics: Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth-Century Britain|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/home-and-politics-women-and-conservative-activism-in-early-twentiethcentury-britain/61F919C0C2F8F8FB8179E6BB5BFC495A|journal=Journal of British Studies|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=826–848|doi=10.1086/654913|pmid=20941876|s2cid=27993371|issn=1545-6986|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127114026/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/home-and-politics-women-and-conservative-activism-in-early-twentiethcentury-britain/61F919C0C2F8F8FB8179E6BB5BFC495A|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Political activism, although often identified with young adults, occurs across peoples entire life-courses.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2019-12-18 |editor-last=Nolas |editor-first=Sevasti-Melissa |editor2-last=Varvantakis |editor2-first=Christos |editor3-last=Aruldoss |editor3-first=Vinnarasan |title=Political Activism across the Life Course |doi=10.4324/9781351201797 |isbn=978-1-351-20179-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781351201797/political-activism-across-life-course-sevasti-melissa-nolas-christos-varvantakis-vinnarasan-aruldoss |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629163032/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781351201797/political-activism-across-life-course-sevasti-melissa-nolas-christos-varvantakis-vinnarasan-aruldoss |url-status=live }}</ref>

Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left-wing politics since the 1960s, and recently there has been "a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses" and "it is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students groups".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Ince|first1=Jelani|last2=Finlay|first2=Brandon M.|last3=Rojas|first3=Fabio|year=2018|title=College campus activism: Distinguishing between liberal reformers and conservative crusaders|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12603|journal=Sociology Compass|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|article-number=e12603|doi=10.1111/soc4.12603|s2cid=150160691|issn=1751-9020|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127120320/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12603|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

While people's motivations for political activism may vary, one model examined activism in the British Conservative party and found three primary motivations: (1) "incentives, such as ambitions for elective office", (2) "a desire for the party to achieve policy goals" and (3) "expressive concerns, as measured by the strength of the respondent's partisanship".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Whiteley|first1=Paul F.|last2=Seyd|first2=Patrick|last3=Richardson|first3=Jeremy|last4=Bissell|first4=Paul|date=January 1994|title=Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/explaining-party-activism-the-case-of-the-british-conservative-party/4DBBB9C3276D3C71071BAE596341AED0|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=79–94|doi=10.1017/S0007123400006797|s2cid=154681634|issn=1469-2112|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127121606/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/explaining-party-activism-the-case-of-the-british-conservative-party/4DBBB9C3276D3C71071BAE596341AED0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In addition, very wealthy Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes, and one study of the 400 richest Americans found "substantial evidence of liberal or right-wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates."<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Burris|first=Val|date=2000-08-01|title=The Myth of Old Money Liberalism: The Politics of the Forbes 400 Richest Americans|journal=Social Problems|volume=47|issue=3|pages=360–378|doi=10.2307/3097235|jstor=3097235|issn=0037-7791}}</ref> This study also found, in general, "old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money."<ref name=":6" /> Another study examined how "activism of the wealthy" has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease [[economic inequality]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Scully|first1=Maureen|last2=Rothenberg|first2=Sandra|last3=Beaton|first3=Erynn E.|last4=Tang|first4=Zhi|date=2017-03-20|title=Mobilizing the Wealthy: Doing "Privilege Work" and Challenging the Roots of Inequality|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0007650317698941|journal=Business & Society|volume=57|issue=6|pages=1075–1113|doi=10.1177/0007650317698941|s2cid=157605628 |issn=0007-6503|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Internet activism===
{{Further|Internet activism|Hacktivism|Online social movement|Anonymous (group)|Digital rights|Category:Internet activism}}
The power of [[Internet Activism|Internet activism]] came into a global lens with the [[Arab Spring]] protests starting in late 2010. People living in the Middle East and North African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests, including videos recorded on smart phones, which put the issues in front of an international audience.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sliwinski|first=Michael|date=21 January 2016|title=The Evolution of Activism: From the Streets to Social Media|url=http://lawstreetmedia.com/issues/politics/evolution-activism-streets-social-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130020535/http://lawstreetmedia.com/issues/politics/evolution-activism-streets-social-media/|archive-date=30 January 2016|access-date=6 February 2016|website=Law Street}}</ref> This was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen-activists to circumvent state-controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world. These types of practices of Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations, such as the [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|15-M Movement]] in Spain in 2011, [[Gezi Park protests|Occupy Gezi]] in Turkey in 2013, and more.<ref name=":1" />

Online "left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Freelon|first1=Deen|last2=Marwick|first2=Alice|last3=Kreiss|first3=Daniel|date=2020-09-04|title=False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abb2428|journal=Science|volume=369|issue=6508|pages=1197–1201|language=EN|doi=10.1126/science.abb2428|pmid=32883863|bibcode=2020Sci...369.1197F|s2cid=221471947|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142705/https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abb2428|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Left-wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional "hashtag activism" and offline protest, while right-wing activists may "manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages".<ref name=":3" /> Research suggests right-wing online activists are more likely to use "strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories".<ref name=":3" />

Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing the Internet itself, also known as [[digital rights]]. The Digital Rights movement<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hector|first=Postigo|title=The digital rights movement: the role of technology in subverting digital copyright|date=2012|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-30533-4|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=812346336}}</ref> consists of activists and organizations, such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies, particularly concerning the Internet and other [[Information and communications technology|information and communications technologies]].

Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), also known as [[Internet activism]] or cyber-activism. Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to the traditional offline tools of contention.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet|last=Meikle|first=Graham|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86403-148-5|location=Annandale, N.S.W.|oclc=50165391}}</ref> Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique, such as certain types of [[hacktivism]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation|last=Samuel|first=Alexandra|publisher=Doctoral Dissertation|year=2004|location=Harvard University}}</ref> Together they form a new "digital repertoire of contention" alongside the existing offline one.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age|last1=Earl|first1=Jennifer|last2=Kimport|first2=Katrina|publisher=MIT Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-262-29535-2|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=727948420}}</ref> The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rolfe|first=Brett|year=2005|title=Building an Electronic Repertoire of Contention|journal=Social Movement Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=65–74|doi=10.1080/14742830500051945|issn=1474-2837|citeseerx=10.1.1.457.9077|s2cid=10619520}}</ref> has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self-organized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuchs|first=Christian|year=2006|title=The Self-Organization of Social Movements|journal=Systemic Practice and Action Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=101–137|doi=10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0|s2cid=38385359|issn=1094-429X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations|last=Clay|first=Shirky|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59420-153-0|location=New York|oclc=168716646|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age|last=Castells|first=Manuel|publisher=Polity|year=2015|isbn=978-0-7456-9575-4|edition= 2nd|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=896126968}}</ref> and [[Leaderless resistance|leaderless]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zeynep|first=Tufekci|title=Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-300-21512-0|location=New Haven|oclc=961312425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People will Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century|last=Carne|first=Ross|publisher=Plume|year=2013|isbn=978-0-452-29894-1|location=New York|oclc=795168105}}</ref> or what is known as '''franchise activism'''.

=== Economic activism ===
{{Further|Economic activism}}
[[Economic activism]] involves using the economic power of government, consumers, and businesses for social and economic policy change.<ref>Lin, Tom C. W., [https://ssrn.com/abstract=3294317 Incorporating Social Activism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201044724/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3294317 |date=1 February 2021 }} (1 December 2018). 98 Boston University Law Review 1535 (2018)</ref> Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political, religious, or social values and behaviors.<ref>White, Ben and Romm, Tony, [https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/corporate-america-challenges-trump-234704 Corporate America Tackles Trump] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104083709/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/corporate-america-challenges-trump-234704 |date=4 November 2019 }}, ''Politico'', (6 February 2017)</ref> This may be done through [[ethical consumerism]] to reinforce "good" behavior and support companies one would like to succeed, or through boycott or [[divestment]] to penalize "bad" behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business.

[[Brand activism]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Christian|title=Brand Activism: From Purpose to Action|last2=Kotler|first2=Philip|date=October 2018|isbn=978-0-9905767-9-2}}</ref> is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of [[social change]]. Applying brand activism, businesses show concern for the communities they serve, and their economic, social, and environmental problems, which allows businesses to build sustainable and long-term relationships with the customers and prospects. [[Philip Kotler|Kotler]] and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve the global problems its future customers and employees care about.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHAT IS BRAND ACTIVISM? – ActivistBrands.com|url=http://www.activistbrands.com/what-is-brand-activism/|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129134906/http://www.activistbrands.com/what-is-brand-activism/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Consumer activism]] consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for [[consumer protection]] or by consumers themselves. For instance, activists in the [[free produce movement]] of the late 1700s protested against [[slavery]] by boycotting goods produced with slave labor. Today, vegetarianism, [[veganism]], and [[freeganism]] are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products. Other examples of consumer activism include [[simple living]], a minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce [[Economic materialism|materialism]] and [[conspicuous consumption]], and [[tax resistance]], a form of [[direct action]] and [[civil disobedience]] in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, to government policy, or as [[Taxation as theft|opposition to taxation in itself]].

[[Shareholder activism]] involves [[shareholder]]s using an [[Equity (finance)|equity]] stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Tom C. W.|date=2015-03-18|title=Reasonable Investor(s)|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2579510}}</ref> The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of [[shareholder value]] through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial ([[disinvestment]] from particular countries, adoption of [[environmentalism|environmentally friendly]] policies, etc.).<ref>{{cite web|title=Activist Investor Definition|url=https://www.carriedin.com/activist-investor|access-date=17 July 2015|website=Carried Interest|archive-date=25 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625230601/https://www.carriedin.com/activist-investor|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Art activism ===
Design activism locates design at the center of promoting social change, raising awareness on social/political issues, or questioning problems associated with mass production and [[consumerism]]. Design Activism is not limited to one type of design.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Markussen|first1=T|year=2013|title=The Disruptive Aesthetics of Design Activism: Enacting Design Between Art and Politics|journal=Design Issues|volume=29|issue=1|page=38|doi=10.1162/DESI_a_00195|s2cid=17301556}}</ref><ref>Tom Bieling (Ed.): Design (&) Activism – Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design. Mimesis, Milano, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-6977-241-2}}.</ref>

Art activism or [[artivism]] utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary. Art activism can activate [[utopian thinking]], which is imagining about an ideal society that is different from the current society, which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions.

Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fashion Activism: Changing the World One Trend at a Time {{!}} Peacock Plume|url=http://peacockplume.fr/fashion/fashion-activism-changing-world-one-trend-time|access-date=2020-04-24|website=peacockplume.fr|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193406/http://peacockplume.fr/fashion/fashion-activism-changing-world-one-trend-time|url-status=live}}</ref> Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change, specifically in the fashion industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirscher|first=Anja-Lisa|year=2013|title=Fashion Activism Evaluation and Application of Fashion Activism Strategies to Ease Transition Towards Sustainable Consumption Behaviour|journal=Research Journal of Textile and Apparel|volume=17|pages=23–38|doi=10.1108/RJTA-17-01-2013-B003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mazzarella|first1=Francesco|last2=Storey|first2=Helen|last3=Williams|first3=Dilys|date=2019-04-01|title=Counter-narratives Towards Sustainability in Fashion. Scoping an Academic Discourse on Fashion Activism through a Case Study on the Centre for Sustainable Fashion|journal=The Design Journal|volume=22|issue=sup1|pages=821–833|doi=10.1080/14606925.2019.1595402|issn=1460-6925|doi-access=free}}</ref> It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in the industry.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fuad-Lake|first=Alastair|title=Design activism: beautiful strangeness for a sustainable world|publisher=Earthscan|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84407-644-4|location=Sterling, VA}}</ref> Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirscher|first1=Anja-Lisa|last2=Niinimäki|first2=Kirsi|year=2013|title=Fashion Activism through Participatory Design|journal=European Academy of Design}}</ref>

Craft activism or [[craftivism]] is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Youngson|first=Bel|date=2019-02-05|title=Craftivism for occupational therapists: finding our political voice|url=http://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/4464/1/Youngson_CraftivismFor.pdf|journal=British Journal of Occupational Therapy|volume=82|issue=6|pages=383–385|doi=10.1177/0308022619825807|issn=0308-0226|s2cid=86850023|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927075514/http://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/4464/1/Youngson_CraftivismFor.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corbett|first1=Sarah|last2=Housely|first2=Sarah|year=2011|title=The Craftivist Collective Guide to Craftivism|journal=Utopian Studies|volume=22|issue=2 |pages=344–351 |doi=10.5325/utopianstudies.22.2.0344 |s2cid=141667893 }}</ref> People who contribute to craftivism are called "craftivists".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Craftivism: the art of craft and activism|date=21 April 2014|editor=Greer, Betsy|isbn=978-1-55152-535-8|location=Vancouver|oclc=1032507461}}</ref>

Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms. Alternatively, [[literary activism]] may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within the publishing industry.

=== Science activism ===
Science activism may include efforts to better [[Science communication|communicate the benefits of science]] or ensure continued funding for scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Daie|first1=Jaleh|year=1996|title=The Activist Scientist|journal=Science|volume=272|issue=5265|page=1081|doi=10.1126/science.272.5265.1081|doi-access=free|bibcode=1996Sci...272.1081D }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hernandez|first1=Daniela|date=22 April 2017|title=Why Some Scientists Are Embracing Activism|website=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-some-scientists-are-embracing-activism-1492862410|url-status=live|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181211030103/https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-some-scientists-are-embracing-activism-1492862410|archive-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scheitle|first1=Christopher P.|year=2018|title=Politics and the Perceived Boundaries of Science: Activism, Sociology, and Scientific Legitimacy|journal=Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World|volume=4|page=237802311876954|article-number=2378023118769544 |doi=10.1177/2378023118769544|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[March for Science]] held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism. Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological, marketing-oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self, aversion to solutions to problems, and social perceptions.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Campbell|first=Troy H.|year=2019|title=Team Science: Building Better Science Activists with Insights from Disney, Marketing, and Psychological Research|url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/07/team-science-building-better-science-activists-with-insights-from-disney-marketing-and-psychological-research/|magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]]|volume=43|issue=4|pages=34–39|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Other methods ===
* [[Community building]]
** [[Community of practice|Communities of practice]]
** [[Cooperative]]
** [[History of the cooperative movement|Cooperative movement]]
** [[Grassroots]]
** [[Guerrilla gardening]]
** [[Transition town|Transition movement]]
* Manipulation
** [[Hacktivism]]
** [[Brainwashing|Mind control]]
** [[Sabotage]]
** [[Terrorism]]
** [[War]]
* [[Media activism]]
** [[Culture jamming]]
* [[Peace movement|Peace activism]]
** [[Nonviolent resistance]]
** [[Peace camp]]s
** [[White House Peace Vigil|Peace vigil]]
* Propaganda
** [[Guerrilla communication]]
** [[Soapbox]]
* [[Protest]]
** [[Demonstration (people)|Demonstration]]
** [[Direct action]]
** [[Theatre for development|Performance Theater]]
** [[Protest songs]]
** [[Sit-in]]
** [[Strike action|Strikes]]
** [[Boycott]]
* Strike action
** [[Hunger strike]]

==Activism industry==
Some groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry. In these cases, activism is often done full-time, as part of an organization's [[core business]]. Many organizations in the activism industry are either [[non-profit|non-profit organizations]] or non-governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods,{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage.

The term ''activism industry'' has often been used to refer to outsourced [[fundraising]] operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well.<ref>{{cite web|first =Dana R.|last = Fisher|url=https://prospect.org/article/activism-industry|title = The Activism Industry|url-status =live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205162211/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11993 |archive-date= 5 December 2010|website = [[The American Prospect]]|date=14 September 2006}}</ref> [[Lobbying]], or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gklaw.com/publication.cfm?publication_id=724|title=Do Pay-For-Placement Search Engines engage in Trademark "Use"?, IP Law360 – Godfrey and Kahn|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711095632/http://www.gklaw.com/publication.cfm?publication_id=724|archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>

Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of [[income tax|tax]] relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations.

==See also==
{{cmn|* [[Arab Spring]]
* [[Advocacy evaluation]]
* [[Advocacy group]]
* [[Advocacy]]
* [[Animal rights]]
* [[Asian American activism]]
* [[Civil disobedience]]
* [[Community leader]]
* [[Counterculture of the 1960s]]
* [[Cultural activism]]
* [[Demonstration (protest)]]
* [[Dissident]]
* [[Human rights activists]]
* [[List of activists]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[Media manipulation]]
* [[Restorationism]]
* [[Slacktivism]]
* [[Social engineering (political science)]]
* [[Spiritual activism]]
* [[Student activism]]
* [[Water protectors]]
* [[Youth activism]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Paul Rogat Loeb]], ''Soul of a Citizen: Living With Conviction in a Cynical Time'' ([[St Martin's Press]], 2010). {{ISBN|978-0-312-59537-1}}.
* [[Brian Martin (social scientist)|Brian Martin]] with Wendy Varney. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jarZAAAAMAAJ ''Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression''], (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).
* [[Randy Shaw]], ''The Activist's Handbook: A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond'' ([[University of California Press]], 1996). {{ISBN|0-520-20317-8}}.
* [[David Walls (academic)|David Walls]], ''The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America'' (Simon & Schuster/Fireside, 1993). {{ISBN|0-671-74634-0}}.
* Deflem, Mathieu. 2022. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2022/02/celebrity-activism-racial-justice.html "Celebrity Activism on Racial Justice during COVID-19: The Death of George Floyd, the Rise of Naomi Osaka, and the Celebritization of Race in Pandemic Times."] ''International Review of Sociology'' (Published online: March 16, 2022). {{doi|10.1080/03906701.2022.2052457}}
* Deflem, Mathieu. 2019. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-new-ethics-of-pop-celebrity.html "The New Ethics of Pop: Celebrity Activism Since Lady Gaga."] pp. 113–129 in ''Pop Cultures: Sconfinamenti Alterdisciplinari'', edited by Massimiliano Stramaglia. Lecce-Rovato, Italy: Pensa Multimedia. {{ISBN|9788867606092}}
* [[Victor Gold (journalist)|Victor Gold]], ''Liberwocky'' (Thomas Nelson, 2004). {{ISBN|978-0-7852-6057-8}}.
* [https://commonslibrary.org/ Commons Social Change Library]

{{Portal bar|Politics|Society}}

[[Category:Activism| ]]
[[Category:Community organizing]]
[[Category:Activism by issue]]

Abhijit Mukherjee (earth scientist)

2025-12-18T07:15:31Z

TonjaGerow46: starting initial data initial version

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhijit Mukherjee
| image = File:Abhijit Mukherjee (Professor).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = 
| caption = Abhijit Mukherjee
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1975
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =[[Professor]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
}}
'''Abhijit Mukherjee''' (born 1975) is an Indian professor, scientist and currently Professor of [[Geology]] and [[Geophysics]] and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The KGP Chronicle|url=https://kgpchronicle.iitkgp.ac.in/|access-date=2020-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref> He was awarded [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in 2020 in the field of [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth Atmosphere]] Ocean and [[Planetary science|Planetary Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-26|title=14 scientists from prominent research & academic institutions to receive Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/14-scientists-from-prominent-research-academic-institutions-to-receive-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-6617314/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=CSIR Announces Awardees of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for 2020|url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/csir-ss-bhatnagar-prize-2020/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mukherjee hails from [[Kolkata]]. He studied in [[South Point High School (Calcutta)|South Point High School]] and [[Calcutta University]]. He went to the [[United States]] for higher studies and post-doctoral research. Mukherjee worked in [[Canada]] for several years and after returning to India joined in IIT-Kharagpur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2020|title=Bengal scores high with Bhatnagar Prize |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-scores-high-with-bhatnagar-prize/articleshow/78341243.cms|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He works there as an associate professor at the Department of Geology and Geophysics and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moment of Pride – The KGP Chronicle|date=26 September 2020 |url=https://kgpchronicle.iitkgp.ac.in/moment-of-pride/|access-date=2020-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhijit Mukherjee - Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=2W0C2EcAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2020-09-27|website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref>

Mukherjee completed a B.Sc.(Hons) in Geology from the [[Asutosh College]], and his master's in [[University of Calcutta]] in 1999. He holds another master's degree from [[University of Kentucky]] in 2003. Later he completed his Ph.D there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Mukherjee |url=https://ees.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/MukherjeeVita-09-09.pdf |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mukherjee is currently the professor of [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology]] from December 2022. He was elected to the Geological Society of America International Committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-29 |title=Honour for IIT-Kgp earth scientist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/honour-for-iit-kgp-earth-scientist/articleshow/89190282.cms |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:Thar Desert groundwater availabilty.jpg|thumb|Mukherjee doing fieldwork on groundwater availability in deserts]]

He served as a physical hydrogeologist at [[Alberta Geological Survey]], Energy Resources Conservation Board of Government of Alberta. He was a postdoctoral Fellow at the Bureau of Economic Geology, [[Jackson School of Geosciences|Jackson School of Geoscience]] in 2006–2008 under the supervision of Prof. [[Bridget Scanlon]]. Mukherjee also holds a Professional Diploma in Software Engineering, from [[National Institute of Information Technology]], in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Poulami |date=2021-05-13 |title=IIT Kharagpur Professor Abhijit Mukherjee has been inducted as a Fellow of the Geological Society of America |url=https://kgpchronicle.iitkgp.ac.in/iit-kharagpur-professor-abhijit-mukherjee-has-been-inducted-as-a-fellow-of-the-geological-society-of-america/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The KGP Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Research==
Mukherjee's works have been acknowledged nationally and internationally. He researched the subject of [[groundwater]] exploration for suitable and sustainable drinking water sources including [[arsenic]] and other contaminants. His research group developed an AI prediction model for detecting groundwater arsenic in the [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Abhijit Mukherjee, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Geology & Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur Selected for 'Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar' Prize|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1659436|access-date=2020-09-27|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Mukherjee |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/scientist/abhijit-mukherjee/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:NGA2016.jpg|thumb|Mukherjee receiving the National Geoscience Award in 2016]]

Mukherjee is regarded as one of the most well known hydrogeologists in South Asia. He has done field-based and numerical research on the quality and quantity of groundwater-sourced drinking water across India. He has significantly contributed to the recent advancement of groundwater research in India. Mukherjee's recent research work has significantly contributed to support and evaluate the [[Government of India]]'s missions like [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|MNREGA]] on groundwater rejuvenation in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-12 |title=India’s falling groundwater storage being replenished: Study |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-falling-groundwater-storage-being-replenished-study-4792829/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His research work on geological and human influences on groundwater pollution (arsenic, pesticide, sanitation-sourced pollution) in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra river basins]] has attracted wide national and international attention.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr Abhijit Mukherjee, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Geology & Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur Selected for ‘Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar’ Prize |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1659436 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Groundwater depleting fast in Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra basins’ |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/water/-groundwater-depleting-fast-in-indus-ganga-and-brahmaputra-basins--73607 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
* Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize<ref name=":0" />
* Kharaka Award<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Mukherjee |url=https://www.apn-gcr.org/person/abhijit-mukherjee/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.apn-gcr.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Faculty Excellence Award
* [[Asian Scientist 100]]
* Newton-Bhabha Research Grant Award
* National Geoscience Award<ref name=":1" />
* Young Scientist Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Mukherjee, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abhijit-Mukherjee-3 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>
* Graduate Research Award

==Books==
*Mukherjee, A., Scanlon, B. R., Aureli, A., Langan, S., Guo, H., & McKenzie, A. A. (Eds.). (2020). ''Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions''. Elsevier.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions |date=2021 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-818172-0 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Abhijit |location=Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge |editor-last2=Scanlon |editor-first2=Bridget R. |editor-last3=Aureli |editor-first3=Alice |editor-last4=Langan |editor-first4=Simon |editor-last5=Guo |editor-first5=Huaming |editor-last6=McKenzie |editor-first6=Andrew A.}}</ref>
*Mukherjee, Abhijit, ed. ''Riverine Systems : Understanding the Hydrological, Hydrosocial and Hydro-Heritage Dynamics''. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022. Print.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Abhijit |title=Riverine systems: understanding the hydrological, hydrosocial and hydro-heritage dynamics |date=2022 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-87067-6 |edition=1st |location=Cham}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Riverine systems: understanding the hydrological, hydrosocial and hydro-heritage dynamics |date=2022 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-87066-9 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Abhijit |location=Cham}}</ref>
*Mukherjee, A. (ed.), 2018. Groundwater of South Asia.Springer, {{ISBN|978-981-10-3888-4}}, 799 pgs.
*Ramanathan, A., Johnston, S., Mukherjee, A., Nath, B. (eds.), 2015. Safe and sustainability use of arsenic-contaminated aquifers in the Gangetic plain. Springer, {{ISBN|978-3-319-16123-5}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Abhijit}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]

Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis

2025-12-16T04:00:54Z

TonjaGerow46: created first article from scratch...

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis.jpg
| status =
| genus = Hemiphyllodactylus
| species = arakuensis
| authority = Khandekar, Giri, Ramakrishnan, & Karanth, 2019
| synonyms =
}}

[[File:Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis.jpg | thumb|right]]
'''''Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemiphyllodactylus|species=arakuensis}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Type-series-of-Hemiphyllodactylus-arakuensis-sp-nov-Asterisk-indicates-broken-tail_tbl2_331527373 |title=Type series of Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis sp. nov. Asterisk (*) indicates broken tail or measurement could not be taken Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis sp. nov. |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63951981}}

[[Category:Hemiphyllodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

Gwalior Quran

2025-11-14T02:07:55Z

TonjaGerow46: created basic bio nd citations

{{Short description|Qur'anic manuscript from 1399 CE}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Double page from the Gwalior Qur'an.jpg|thumb|Double page from the Gwalior Qur'an]]
The '''Gwalior Qur'an''' is a Qur'anic manuscript or [[mushaf]] completed in 1399 in [[Gwalior Fort]] in the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in modern-day [[India]]. The manuscript is notably the oldest known illuminated Qur'anic manuscript from the Delhi Sultanate and the oldest known example of the [[Bihari script]], a calligraphic style with contested origins, but is primarily seen in works from the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>Eloïse Brac de la Perrière. “Manuscripts in Bihari Calligraphy: Preliminary Remarks on a Little-Known Corpus.” Muqarnas 33 (2016): 64-65. <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551682</nowiki>.</ref> It is also the oldest dated mushaf which includes a [[falnama]], a section used for [[bibliomancy]]. It is currently on display at the [[Aga Khan Museum]] in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].

== Origins ==
The [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of the Gwalior Qur'an indicates that it was completed in 1399 in Gwalior Fort in [[Gwalior]] and copied by Mahmūd Sha’bān.<ref name=":0">Nourane Ben Azzouna. “The Gwalior Qur’an: Archaeology of the Manuscript and of its Decoration. A preliminary study.” In ''Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures'', edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 58.</ref> Other than the information provided in the colophon, not much is known about the patronage or historical context surrounding the manuscript. According to Persian chronicles of the sultans of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of the Delhi Sultanate, Gwalior was occupied by the Hindu Tonwar dynasty.
[[File:Gwalior fort panorama.jpg|left|thumb|255x255px|View of Gwalior Fort, 2009]]
However, some Persian hagiographical texts suggest that the manuscript was brought by Sufi shaykh [[Gisu Daraz]] who was fleeing from Timur’s [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|1398 sacking of Delhi]], with it only being completed in Gwalior.<ref>Johanna Blayac. “Contextualizing the Gwalior Qur’an: Notes on Muslim Military, Commercial and Mystical Routes in Gwalior and India before the 16th century.” In ''Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures'', edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 117.</ref> While the precise chronology of the creation of the Gwalior Qur’an is unknown, the production and style of the mushaf was influenced by the trade routes and cultural exchanges between India, Iran, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]] in Egypt, and other groups of the era along with stylistic influences from the [[Mushaf|masahif]] (Qur’anic manuscripts) of [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanids]] and [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]].<ref>Flood, Finbar Barry. “Eclecticism and Regionalism: The Gwalior Qur’an and the Ghurid Legacy to Post Mongol Art.” In ''Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures'', edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 153-155.</ref>

== Formatting and style ==
The Gwalior Qur’an is currently composed of 550 folios, but it is estimated that the original volume had around 567 folios. The mushaf is currently measured to be 29 x 22 cm and the paper it was written on has a smooth and shiny finish. Most pages have thirteen lines of text except pages with special formatting at the beginnings of four [[Surah|suwar]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Text and calligraphy ===
[[File:Double page from Qur'an in bihari script.jpg|thumb|Qur’an from 16th century India in Bihari script with commentary in Persian.]]
The Gwalior Qur'an is the earliest dated Qur'an which uses the Bihari script. The script is characterized by long horizontal lines, shorter vertical lines, and large spaces between words.<ref>Jeremiah P. Losty. ''The Art of the Book in India''. (London: British Library, 1982), 38.</ref> The script was primarily seen in copies of the Qur’an. Unlike many other manuscripts in the Bihari script, the Gwalior manuscript uses not black ink, but instead blue, red, and gold ink in its main body of text. The main lines of Arabic text are neatly spaced and alternate between blue, red, and gold with a Persian translation written in a smaller [[Naskh (script)|naskh]] script in between them.

Along with the use of Bihari script for the main text, scripts common elsewhere in the Islamic world were incorporated, such as the [[kufic]] and [[muhaqqaq]] scripts used for [[Juz'|juz’]] markers or [[thuluth]] script for sura headings.<ref name=":1">Flood, Finbar Barry. “Eclecticism and Regionalism: The Gwalior Qur’an and the Ghurid Legacy to Post Mongol Art.” In ''Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures'', edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 160.</ref> The use of these scripts shows the Ghurid influence in the style of the manuscript.<ref name=":1" /> In the margins of the manuscript, there are annotations with commentary on the reading or recitation of the Qur’an which are mostly written in red and blue ink, but with some which do use black ink.<ref>Sabrina Alilouche and Ghazaleh Esmailpour Qouchani. “Les gloses marginales et le fālnāma du Coran de Gwalior: témoignages des usages multiples du Coran dans l’Inde des sultanats.” In ''Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures'', edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 98</ref>

=== Ornamentation ===
The manuscript is profusely decorated with medallions, botanical and [[arabesque]] elements, and geometric patterns. Before almost every juz’ (a division that is around one-thirtieth of the Qur’an) and four suwar, there are illuminated double [[Book frontispiece|frontispieces]]. However, the first double frontispiece is much more ornate than the others as it is decorated with stars and geometric patterns that are similar to designs in manuscripts made by the Ilkhanids in Iran and the Mamluks in Egypt in the 14th century.<ref name=":0" /> The similarities in ornamentation suggest a cultural link between the creators of the Gwalior Qur’an with other parts of the Islamic world.

== Divinatory use ==
The Gwalior Qur'an features a section at the end of the manuscript for bibliomancy, or foretelling the future by interpreting parts of sacred text, known as a Qur'anic falnama. The Gwalior Qur’an is regarded as the earliest known mushaf with a falnama. It is located on the six pages following the prayer or [[Dua|du’a]] that completes the Qur'an, and before the colophon.<ref>Sabrina Alilouche and Ghazaleh Esmailpour Qouchani. “Les gloses marginales et le fālnāma du Coran de Gwalior: témoignages des usages multiples du Coran dans l’Inde des sultanats.” In Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures, edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 103.</ref>

The falnama at the end of the manuscript contains a gridded chart which attributes each letter of the Arabic alphabet with a prediction for the future. To find the letter, the reader starts by performing ritual ablutions, called [[wudu]]. The reader is instructed to recite certain suwar, prostrate oneself, and recite prayers. After that, the reader must open a random page in the Qur’an, then go back seven pages before finding the first letter of the seventh line on the page.<ref>Sabrina Alilouche and Ghazaleh Esmailpour Qouchani. “Les gloses marginales et le fālnāma du Coran de Gwalior: témoignages des usages multiples du Coran dans l’Inde des sultanats.” In Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures, edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 103, 105.</ref> It is unique in that the Qur'anic falnama addresses the reader directly, as opposed to other later examples of Qur'anic falnama which are typically written in third person.<ref>Sabrina Alilouche and Ghazaleh Esmailpour Qouchani. “Les gloses marginales et le fālnāma du Coran de Gwalior: témoignages des usages multiples du Coran dans l’Inde des sultanats.” In Le Coran de Gwalior: polysémie d’un manuscrit à peintures, edited by Fabienne Dugast (Paris: Éditions de Boccard, 2016), 108.</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwalior Quran}}
[[Category:Quranic manuscripts]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:1399 books]]

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]

Battala Woodcut Prints

2025-11-10T08:06:08Z

TonjaGerow46:

{{Short description|Woodcut prints from Battala, India}}
{{Infobox postage stamp
| image = [[File:BattalaJagannath.jpg|frameless]]
| location_of_production = [[Battala]]
| number_in_existence = 100-200<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artinprint.org/article/a-rare-kali-woodcut-from-the-era-of-the-battala-printers/|title = A Rare Kali Woodcut from the Era of the Battala Printers : Art in Print| work=Art in Print }}</ref>
|caption=A Battala woodcut print depicting Durga slaying Mahishasura}}

'''Battala woodcut prints '''({{langx|bn|বটতলার কাঠখোদাই}}, ''[[Romanization of Bengali|Romanized]]: Boṭṭolār Kāṭkhodāi'') are the [[Woodcut|woodcut relief]] prints produced in the [[Battala]] region of [[Calcutta]].<ref name="Pinney2004">{{cite book|author=Christopher Pinney|title='Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA27|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-184-6|pages=27–}}</ref><ref name="Gallery1985">{{cite book|author=Jehangir Art Gallery|title=Indian Print Making Today, 1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CAkAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Jehangir Art Gallery}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=East and West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tPlAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente}}</ref> These were a distinctive artform that flourished in 19th-century Bengal, particularly in the urban milieu of colonial [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. These prints, produced in the Battala neighborhood, were known for their affordability, bold imagery, and accessibility, making them popular among the burgeoning middle class. Although woodblock printing on fabrics has been in India for centuries, the paper adaptation of woodblock printing appeared relatively late. Reproducing pictures using blocks began in India around the same time as the printing of books on paper, following the introduction of the printing press from Western sources. This marked the simultaneous development of the mass production of both books and images in India, aligning with the age of the printing press and the modern period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Ashit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUvMxwbq-10C |title=Woodcut Prints of Nineteenth Century Calcutta |date=1983 |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-81-7046-000-8 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref> Battala woodcut printing had a remarkably short run due to its late entry into the Indian market and the advent of [[Chromolithography|colour lithography]]. The Battala woodcuts were printed on a very cheap newsprint like paper to keep the cost of these prints low. Because of the short run, cheap paper and humid conditions of the region very few of these prints have survived.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artinprint.org/article/a-rare-kali-woodcut-from-the-era-of-the-battala-printers/|title = A Rare Kali Woodcut from the Era of the Battala Printers : Art in Print| work=Art in Print }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Shri Gobinda Chandra Roy - Jatayu (Rama'a Mythical Bird) Hinders Ravana's Chariot, Trying to Prevent A - 2003.111.a - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|left|thumb|285x285px|[[File:India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting, 19th century - Jatayu Hinders Ravana's Chariot, Trying to Prevent the Abduction of Sita - 2003.109.a - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|frameless|292x292px]](Top) A Battala print of [[Jatayu]] trying to prevent the abduction of [[Sita]] by [[Ravana]]; (Bottom) A [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat Painting]] depicting the same scene. The striking similarity in composition—highlights how Battala engravers often borrowed popular imagery from [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat pats.]] ]]
In the early 19th Century, the [[Battala]] area, situated near the northern part of Calcutta, became known for the prints, which typically had a religious or mystical theme.<ref name="ChakravortyGupta2004">{{cite book|author1=Swapan Chakravorty|author2=Abhijit Gupta|title=Print Areas: Book History in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKQPnCIZMnIC&pg=PA171|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-082-4|pages=171–}}</ref> It emerged as a hub of commercial printing and publishing in the early 19th century. The neighborhood’s [[Woodcut|woodcut printing]] industry developed alongside the growing demand for inexpensive literature and visual art that catered to a diverse audience. These prints were often bound into chapbooks or used as standalone illustrations, complementing the narratives of popular Bengali texts.

They made their first appearance in the 1820s as book illustrations;<ref name="McDermott2011">{{cite book|author=Rachel Fell McDermott|title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89raYcDgXiUC&pg=PA294%7CYEAR%3D2011%7CPUBLISHER%3DCOLUMBIA+UNIVERSITY+PRESS%7CISBN%3D978-0-231-12918-3%7CPAGES%3D294%E2%80%93%7D%7D%3C%2FREF%3E|year=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12918-3|pages=294–}}</ref> by the mid nineteenth century printmakers started printing the smaller prints, which often represented [[Kalighat]] paintings.<ref name="Sarkar2001">{{cite book|author=Tanika Sarkar|title=Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation, Community, Religion, and Cultural Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3zRZAKw8-IC&pg=PA65|year=2001|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34046-7|pages=65–}}</ref><ref name="Rossi1998">{{cite book|author=Barbara Rossi|title=From the Ocean of Painting: India's Popular Paintings, 1589 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTTaAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511193-4}}</ref> By the 1860s and 1870s, the wood and metal engravers of Battala had become the leading artisan community in Calcutta's art market. Their prints emerged as the most prominent examples of 'bazaar' art, increasingly marginalizing Kalighat pictures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Guha-Thakurta |first=Tapati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrnFQgAACAAJ |title=The Making of a New 'Indian' Art: Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in Bengal, c.1850-1920 |date=1992-08-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39247-1 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>
The rise of Battala woodcut prints coincided with a period of rapid urbanization and cultural exchange in Bengal. As literacy rates increased and a new middle class emerged, there was a growing appetite for affordable art and literature. Battala prints served as a medium to disseminate religious stories, folklore, pulp fictions, and moral lessons, as well as to provide entertainment.

By the turn of the century, demand for the prints began to decline with the introduction of [[lithography | color lithography]] printing.<ref name="Chaitanya1976">{{cite book|author=Krishna Chaitanya|title=A History of Indian Painting: The modern period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&pg=PA118|year=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6|pages=118–}}</ref> During the 1860s and 1870s, the [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat patuas]] and the Battala engravers were engaged in intense competition, with the latter often incorporating popular imagery from [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat pats]] and encroaching on their market. However, advancements in [[Printmaking|printing technology]] that had initially empowered the Battala engravers eventually led to their decline. Their craft and trade rapidly diminished due to competition from [[lithography]] and [[Chromolithography|oleography]]. By the 1880s, Calcutta's popular art market was dominated by hand-colored lithographs produced by the Calcutta Art Studio, run by former students of the [[Government College of Art & Craft|Calcutta School of Art]], alongside English chromolithographs that replicated the Art Studio's works with greater precision and at a fraction of the cost.<ref name=":0" />

== Techniques and Style ==

=== The Woodcut process ===
Woodcut printing involved carving intricate designs into wooden blocks, which were then inked and pressed onto paper. This technique enabled the mass production of prints at a low cost, making them widely accessible. Battala, an important center for woodcuts, saw multiple artisans collaborating in the production process. The woodcutters primarily lived around the [[Chitpur]] and [[Shobhabazar]] areas. Generally, woodblocks were used for the process, while metal plates, which were more durable for creating a higher number of prints from a single block, were also used. Stone and burnt clay were additionally employed in printing, with some artisans specializing in block carving while others focused on hand-coloring the prints.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/IndiaPrintingAndBookProductionInBengal |title=India Printing And Book Production In Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Workers of Battala |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-workers-of-battala |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Soma |date=2022-10-31 |title=19th Century Woodcut Printing - Artworks from Bengal |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/19th-century-woodcut-printing-artworks-from-bengal-1 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref><mapframe latitude="22.591824" longitude="88.367157" zoom="12" text="A map of some areas where the woodcut engravers were located. " lang="en-in" width="298" height="220">
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=== Features ===
Battala woodcut prints were characterized by bold outlines, simplified forms, and dramatic compositions. Initially, [[artisan]] groups such as [[Blacksmith|ironsmiths]], [[Coppersmith|coppersmiths]], and [[Goldsmith|gold]]- and [[Silversmith|silversmiths]] (including Kansaris, Shankharis, Swarnakars, and Karmakars) found employment in British-operated printing presses in [[Serampore]] and Calcutta. These artisans adapted their metalworking skills to create [[Typeface|typefaces]] and [[Engraving|engraved blocks]]. By the 1820s and 1830s, they formed a distinct community that specialized in [[Woodblock printing|woodblock]] printing, well-suited for producing inexpensive, small-sized illustrations in affordable Bengali books from Battala. These books spanned a wide range of genres, from religious texts and [[Panjika|almanacs]] to popular fiction and adventure stories.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

By the 1830s, Battala emerged as the central hub for Bengali printing and publishing, with numerous small presses established in areas such as [[Shobhabazar]], Dorjitola, Ahiritola, [[Kumortuli]], Garanhata, Simulia, and [[Bagbazar]]. These printers and engravers focused on meeting the demand for affordable prints on inexpensive paper, resulting in prints of lower quality compared to the more refined European engravings produced in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] during the same period.

=== Stylistic Trends ===
Battala prints typically featured a flat, decorative, and two-dimensional style, often emphasizing stark contrasts of black and white. The figures, similar to those in rural pats, were stylized and not naturalistic, relying on thick, curving lines and bold hatchings to convey volume and mass. These figures were arranged across a flattened pictorial space, with backgrounds and clothing decorated with repetitive [[Hatching|cross-hatching]] and small ornamental motifs.<ref name=":0" />

The themes in these prints often echoed those found in [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat]], satirizing the upper-class babu, his indulgent lifestyle, and his subjugation by immoral women. Although the style was primarily influenced by local traditions, European elements occasionally appeared in the prints, particularly in architectural motifs derived from British Calcutta. For example, [[Corinthian order|Corinthian columns]] and [[Arch|archways]] were used in scenes like [[Yashoda]] and [[Krishna]] churning butter, while European furniture appeared in images of both European couples and local mythological scenes, such as "Rasaraj and Rasamanjari."<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Shri Gobinda Chandra Roy - Rama and Sita in Royal Palace - 2003.156.a - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|291x291px|Rama and Sita in Royal Palace - An example of the usage of colour in the Battala woodcut prints.]]

=== Colour Usage ===
In Calcutta, popular art naturally mirrored [[Printmaking|Western printing techniques]], which were primarily produced by Europeans and became widely available in the city's bazaars. This influence is evident in the Battala woodcuts. Like their Western counterparts, these prints were hand-colored, but without the use of stencils. Instead, the artists applied the colors directly with broad strokes.<ref name=":1" /> Many prints used a limited color range, but some were hand-colored to enhance their visual appeal. As Nikhil Sarkar observed, "The colored print was essentially a plain print with splashes of red, yellow, blue, and green applied in certain areas."<ref name=":1" />

== See more ==

* [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat Painting]]
* [[Woodcut]]
* [[Woodblock printing|Woodblock]]
* [[Pattachitra]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Woodcuts]]
[[Category:Relief printing]]

Anuradha Pavunraj

2025-10-28T12:28:06Z

TonjaGerow46: starting new stub added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Anuradha Pavunraj''' or '''P. Anuradha''' (born 25 May 1992) is an Indian weightlifter from [[Pudukkottai district|Pudhukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She represented India in the [[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships]] in [[Apia]], [[Samoa]]. She won the gold medal in the Women's 87 kg category weightlifting with a lift of 221 kg (100 kg in snatch and 121 kg in clean and jerk).

==Early life==
Anuradha was born on 25 May 1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weightlifting Athletes / Bios: P. Anuradha |url=https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=p.-anuradha-1992-05-25&id=16396 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=iwf.sport }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in Nemmelipatti in [[Pudukkottai district|Pudhukkottai]], Tamil Nadu. She has an elder brother, Marimuthu. Having lost their father when they were young, her elder brother gave up his studies to help her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கிருஷ்ணன் |first=பிரமிளா |date=2019-07-24 |title=அனுராதா: தடைகளை தாண்டி பளுதூக்கும் போட்டியில் தங்கம் வென்றது எப்படி? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/sport-49065142 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.bbc.com (பிபிசி தமிழ்)}}</ref> He guided her to pursue in Sports instead of becoming an engineering graduate.<ref name="Grit, gold and glory: Tamil Na...">{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Sowmya |date=2019-07-27 |title=Grit, gold and glory: Tamil Nadu village girl makes India proud |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jul/27/grit-gold-and-glory-tamil-nadu-village-girl-makes-india-proud-2009886.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

She completed her Computer Science graduation from [[H. H. The Rajah's College, Pudukkottai|Rajah's College]] and Post graduation from JJ College.
She joined as a sub-inspector of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] in 2016 in [[Thanjavur District]].<ref name="Grit, gold and glory: Tamil Na..." />

In March 2019, under [[Government of India]]'s [[Sports Authority of India|Sai sponsorship]] she trained at the Indian Camp in [[Patiala]] and got selected for Commonwealth Championships, where she won gold.

==Major results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 width=40 | Year
! rowspan=2 width=250 | Venue
! rowspan=2 width=60 | Weight
! colspan=4 | Snatch (kg)
! colspan=4 | Clean & Jerk (kg)
! rowspan=2 width=60 | Total
! rowspan=2 width=40 | Rank
|-
! width=60 | 1
! width=60 | 2
! width=60 | 3
! width=45 | Rank
! width=60 | 1
! width=60 | 2
! width=60 | 3
! width=45 | Rank
|-
! colspan=13|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships]]
|-
| [[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2019]] || align=left | {{flag icon|SAM}} [[Apia]], [[Samoa]] || 2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships| 87 kg || 92 || 96 || 100 || '''2''' || 113 || 119 || 121 || '''1''' || '''221''' ||'''{{Gold1}}'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

List of surnames from Kerala

2025-10-26T12:49:25Z

TonjaGerow46: creating a info

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}
{{Short description| Titles of the families from Kerala state India}}
The titles are given to certain individual of families in Kerala

* [[Nambudiri]] - Malayali elite [[Brahmin]] surname.
* [[Nair]] - Upper caste surname, encompassing several subcastes which includes High ranking [[Kshatriya|martial]] castes like [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Kurup of Travancore|Kurup]], [[Unnithan]], [[Menon (title)|Menon]], [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]], etc that formed the [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]] and elite of traditional Kerala, which is also used by auxiliary, intermediate and middle-caste Nairs like [[Padamangalam Nair]], [[Pallicchan Nair|Pallichan Nair]], [[Chakkala Nair|Vaniya Nair]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sreenivasan |first1=T. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCDtYsyQagYC |title=Mattering to India: The Shashi Tharoor Campaign |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131759448}}</ref>
* [[Samantha Kshatriya|Varma]] - The surname of royal [[Nair|Nairs]], notably kings, varies depending on the specific monarchy.
* [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]] - The Pillai surname is often associated with [[Nair|Nairs]] who are [[Madampi (Nair title)|feudal Lords]], [[Aristocracy (class)|royals]], and [[Kshatriya|warriors]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lannoy |first=Mark de |title=The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: history and state formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758 |last2=DeLannoy |first2=Mark |date=1997 |publisher=Research School CNWS |isbn=978-90-73782-92-1 |series=CNWS publications |location=Leiden}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devasahayam |first=M. G. |last2=ThePrint |date=2022-07-11 |title=Saint Devasahayam's anti-caste struggle angered Brahmins and Nairs, not his conversion |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/saint-devasahayams-anti-caste-struggle-angered-brahmins-and-nairs-not-his-conversion/1033774/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Kurup of Travancore|Kurup]] - The surname "Kurup" among the [[Nair|Nairs]] often indicates individuals who are [[Naduvazhi]] or [[Madampi (Nair title)|landlords]] and are recognized as brave [[Kshatriya|warriors]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lannoy |first=Mark de |title=The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: history and state formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758 |last2=DeLannoy |first2=Mark |date=1997 |publisher=Research School CNWS |isbn=978-90-73782-92-1 |series=CNWS publications |location=Leiden}}</ref>
* [[Adiyodi]] - [[Samanthan Nair|Samantan Nair]] clan of [[North Malabar]]
* [[Unnithan]] - A group of [[Nair|Nairs]] belonging to the [[Baron|baronial]] class.
* [[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)|Nayanar]] - The [[Nair]] surname associated with [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Eric J. |author-link=Eric J. Miller |title=India's Villages |publisher=Media Promoters & Publishers |year=1955 |editor-last=Srinivas |editor-first=M. N. |editor-link=M. N. Srinivas |location=Bombay |chapter=Village Structure in North Kerala}}</ref>
*[[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]] - The Landlord class [[Nair|Nairs]] found in [[North Malabar]].
*[[Thampi and Thankachi|Thampi]] - The Surname associated with [[Nair|Nairs]] related to royal families.
* [[Menon (surname)|Menon]] - Aristocratic title for [[Nair|Nairs]], who primarily function as landlords, [[warriors]], accountants, military officers of the princely state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qUJAAAAIAAJ&q=census+of+india+1901+malabar |title=Census of India, 1901: India (4 v.) |date=1903 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kartha]] - [[Nair|Nairs]] associated with [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]].<ref name=":0222">{{cite web |last=Kaimal,” the title of a prince of the Nayar caste in Malabar (Dalgado I 172-173). |year=1977 |title=Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 2: India, 1541-1545 |url=https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n91/mode/2up?q=kaimal |publisher=The Jesuits Historical Institute, 1977}}</ref>
* [[Kaimal]] - The [[Nair]] surname 'Kaimal' is associated with [[Kiryathil Nair|Kiriyathil Nair]].
* [[Thirumulpad]] - Surname of [[Nair|Samantha Nairs]].<ref name="Fact022">Madras Census report 1891</ref>
* [[Tharakan (title)|Tharakan]] - Surname of [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Saint Thomas Christians]].
* [[Rawther]] - The surname for Muslims [[Rowther|Rowthers]] in [[Travancore–Cochin|Travancore]].
* [[Panicker]] - The surname is associated with [[Nair|Nairs]], [[Ezhava|Ezhavas]], Thiyyas and [[Saint Thomas Christians|Christian]] families.
* [[Mannadiyar]] - Aristocratic surnames of [[Nair|Kiriyathil Nairs]] in Palakkad district.
* [[Moopil Nair]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 1959 |title=The Indian Civil Liberties Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNI9AAAAMAAJ&q=moopil+nair+title |via=Google Books}}</ref> - [[Nair]] rulers of vassal kingdoms
* [[Potti]] - Brahmin Surname.
* [[Zamorin]]<ref>{{Cite web |year=1874 |title=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IStcAAAAQAAJ |via=books.google.co.in}}</ref> - Malabar [[Nair]] dynasty title.
* [[Swaroopathil Nair|Swaroopam]] - Royal title of Kerala.
* [[Thamban]] - Royal Nair title.
* [[Chekavar]] - A title in [[North Malabar]], given to the members of Thiyya Caste who are trained in Warfare and Martial Arts and are deployed as Soldiers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Thomas A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&dq=chekavar+caste&pg=PA176 |title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2001 |isbn=9781576071502}}</ref>
*[[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] - Mappila is a surname for [[Travancore]] [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] and [[Mappila Muslims|Muslims]] of [[Malabar District|Malabar]].
*[[Moopan]] - All Kerala and North Malabar most commonly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKQ4m___Pd4C&q=moopan+title|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|date=May 9, 2009|publisher=University of Kerala.|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[Koya (name)|Koya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2NuAAAAMAAJ&q=muslim+koya+title|title=Mappilas of Malabar: Studies in Social and Cultural History|first=S. M. Mohamed|last=Koya|date=May 9, 1983|publisher=Sandhya Publications|via=Google Books}}</ref> - Muslim surname in Malappuram district.
*[[Channar (surname)|Channar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj4wAQAAIAAJ&q=channar+title|title=Influx: Crete to Kerala|first=Manakkadan Manicoth Anand|last=Ram|date=May 9, 1999|publisher=Keerthi Publishing House|via=Google Books}}</ref> - surname associated with [[Ezhava|Ezhavas]] and [[nadars]]
*[[Cherayi Panikkar (title)|Cherayi Panikkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLg1h6j5HcQC&q=cherayi+panikar+title|title=India's Legacy: The World's Heritage|first=Pattotmogar R. Ranganatha|last=Punja|date=May 9, 1948|publisher=Basel Mission Book Depot|via=Google Books}}</ref> - Commander of Samoothiri Raja and title given to the Thiyya Caste in South Malabar.
*[[Achari (surname)|Achari]] - south part
*[[Ezhuthachan]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkEAEAAAQBAJ&q=ezhuthachan+title&pg=PA240|title=IF YOU LOVE SOMEONE LET THEM SLEEP|first=ARUNRAJ|last=R|date=January 25, 2018|publisher=Arunraj R|isbn=9781545716656|via=Google Books}}</ref> - Malappuram and Thrissur District.
*[[Vaidyar]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCvkAAAAMAAJ&q=vaidyar+title|title=Popular Catholicism in a World Church: Seven Case Studies in Inculturation|first1=Tomás|last1=Bamat|first2=Jean-Paul|last2=Wiest|date=May 9, 1999|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=9781570752520|via=Google Books}}</ref> - title given to physicians across Kerala.
*[[Thandan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSYbAAAAIAAJ|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Kozhikode (supplement)|via=books.google.co.in|last1=(India)|first1=Kerala|year=1962}}</ref> - Title Given to Thiyya Caste Headman/chiefs across kerala.
* [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] - Southern Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram mainly)
* [[Shenoy]] - Gaud saraswat brahmin surname
*[[Marakkar]] - Muslim title given to Naval chief of [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]].
*[[Mannanar]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|isbn=9788120602885|via=books.google.co.in|last1=Thurston|first1=Edgar|last2=Rangachari|first2=K.|year=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref> - Kannur dynasty.
* [[Poozhitharaa]] - [[Mappila Muslims|Muslims]] surnames in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] and Malappuram district
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Kerala-related lists|Surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Lists of surnames]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Cre-A Ramakrishnan

2025-10-13T02:27:21Z

TonjaGerow46: Started a details

{{Short description|Tamil publisher}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

'''S Ramakrishnan''', commonly known as '''Cre-A Ramakrishnan'''{{efn|{{langx|ta|க்ரியா ராமகிருஷ்ணன்<ref name="BBCTamil">{{cite news|access-date=2021-10-11|language=ta|title=க்ரியா எஸ். ராமகிருஷ்ணன் காலமானார் - தமிழுக்கு அவரது பங்களிப்பு என்ன?|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-54971777|newspaper=BBC News தமிழ்}}</ref>|Kriyā Rāmakiruṣṇaṉ}}}} (18 June 1945{{snds}}17 November 2020), was an Indian publisher and editor who founded '''Cre-A Publishing'''.{{efn|{{langx|ta|[[:ta:க்ரியா பதிப்பகம்|க்ரியா பதிப்பகம்]]|Kriyā patippakam}}}} He is known for making major contributions to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] contemporary literature and vocabulary though Cre-A, including the introduction of several editing and translation practices, and for producing one of the most used modern dictionaries of the language.

==Biography==
S Ramakrishnan was born on 18 June 1945 in [[Chennai]]. Although he was born into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Brahmin family and natively spoke [[Telugu language|the language]], he considered himself Tamil, and was drawn to Tamil literature from his youth.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite web|access-date=2021-10-11|title=Veteran Tamil publisher, lexicographer Cre-A Ramakrishnan dies at 75|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/nov/17/veteran-tamil-publisher-lexicographer-cre-a-ramakrishnan-dies-at-75-2224494.html|website=The New Indian Express |date=17 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="TH2016">{{cite news|first1=Akila|last1=Kannadasan|access-date=2021-10-11|title=The interpreter of words|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/The-interpreter-of-words/article14389993.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 June 2016|location=Chennai|issn=0971-751X|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> After a stint at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], Ramakrishnan entered an "informal group... driven by a thirst for books", which included writers such as [[Gnanakoothan]], and published a literary magazine called ''Ka Sa Da Tha Pa Ra'' with them in the 1960s. Following some time working for an advertising agency and "being with books" for two years, where he started thinking about trying to increase the quality of Tamil books and make them on-par with English-language publishing, Ramakrishnan started Cre-A Publishers in 1974 to achieve that mission, with the first work published being a compilation of plays by [[Na Muthuswamy]] titled ''Naarkaalikaarar''.<ref name="TH2020">{{cite news|first1=T.|last1=Ramakrishnan|access-date=2021-10-11|title=Veteran Tamil publisher Cre-A Ramakrishnan no more|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veteran-tamil-publisher-cre-a-ramakrishnan-no-more/article33112580.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 November 2020|location=Chennai|issn=0971-751X|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="Federal">{{cite web|first1=Samhati|last1=Mohapatra|access-date=2021-10-11|title=Cre-A Ramakrishnan, wordsmith of Tamil literary world, dies at 75|url=https://thefederal.com/obituary/cre-a-ramakrishnan-the-wordsmith-of-tamil-literary-world-dies-at-75/|date=17 November 2020|website=The Federal}}</ref> The name was based on his friend Jayalakshmi, who Ramakrishnan described as "instrumental in introducing me to this field" in an interview; she had originally mentioned the name and pointed out it rhymed with "Jaya" in jest.<ref name="TH2016"/>

Cre-A was initially known for its translations, particularly direct, high-quality ones from French and German for authors such as [[Franz Kafka]] and [[Albert Camus]]. It also published some earlier works of now-renowned writers such as [[C. S. Lakshmi|Ambai]], [[Imayam (writer)|Imayam]] and [[Sundara Ramaswamy]].<ref name="TNIE"/><ref name="Federal"/> It later grew in scope, growing to publish works on "[the] environment, healthcare, agriculture, modern Western philosophy and technology" as well as Tamil translations of Hindi, Bengali and Kannada literature from 1978 onward. Through his experience with publishing, Ramakrishnan decided to fill the need for a contemporary Tamil dictionary, having realized that no such product had been produced yet and concerned about the apparent "lack" of Tamil lexical development, and thus started working on the ''Cre-A Dictionary of Contemporary Tamil'',{{efn|{{langx|ta|[[:ta:க்ரியாவின் தற்காலத் தமிழ் அகராதி|க்ரியாவின் தற்காலத் தமிழ் அகராதி]]|Kriyāviṉ taṟkālat tamiḻ akarāti}}}} which began development in 1985 and was released in 1992.<ref name="TH2020"/><ref name="Federal"/> A review in ''[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]'' of the second edition, published in 2008, stated that it had become "the most reliable, detailed, and useful dictionary of contemporary Tamil" by then. The second edition added new terms, including Sri Lankan regional vocabulary, and new drawings; while the review praised this, it also stated that more regional terms should be added and the dictionary's focus on standard written Tamil limited its potential.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebeling |first=Sascha |date=August 2009 |title=Kriyāviṉ taṟkālat tamiḻ akarāti (tamiḻ-tamiḻ-āṅkilam): Cre-A Dictionary of Contemporary Tamil (Tamil-Tamil-English). 2nd ed. Edited by S. Ramakrishnan. Chennai: Cre-A Publishers, 2008. lxiii, 1328 pp. Rs. 495 (paper). |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=1014–1015 |doi=10.1017/S0021911809990568 |issn=0021-9118|doi-access=free }}</ref> He also played pivotal roles in establishing Roja Muthiah Research Library in Chennai, MOZHI public trust and co-founded the Koothu-P-Pattarai avant-garde theatre group with Na Muthuswamy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-17|title=Veteran Tamil publisher Cre-A Ramakrishnan passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/veteran-tamil-publisher-cre-a-ramakrishnan-passes-away-7054559/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Ramakrishnan contracted the disease and was admitted to the [[Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital]] in 2020. Despite this, he continued to edit the third edition of the dictionary from his hospital bed to meet its November 13 release date. Four days later, Ramakrishnan died from the disease at the age of 75; a number of Tamil political figures, including then [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], subsequently issued statements of tribute, and linguist-cum-Indologist [[David Dean Shulman]] eulogized him, stating that "he was the living heart of modern Tamil".<ref name="BBCTamil"/><ref>{{cite web|first1=Kavitha|last1=Muralidharan|access-date=2021-10-11|title=Why Tamil publisher Crea Ramakrishnan's literary legacy will be long-lasting|url=https://scroll.in/article/978858/why-tamil-publisher-crea-ramakrishnans-literary-legacy-will-far-outlive-his-life|website=Scroll.in |date=19 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-10-11|title=S Ramakrishnan, who published the Cre-A Tamil dictionary, dies at 75|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/s-ramakrishnan-who-published-cre-tamil-dictionary-dies-75-137857|date=18 November 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In November 2021, a book was launched by The Hindu Publishing Group titled ''Book Culture in Tamil: Essays in Memory of Cre-A Ramakrishnan'' in remembrance of him.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-11-18|title=Book launched in memory of Cre-A Ramakrishnan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/book-launched-in-memory-of-cre-a-ramakrishnan/article37551568.ece|access-date=2021-11-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=James |first=Gregory |chapter=The ''Cre-A'': Dictionary of Contemporary Tamil |pages=271–279 |title=Colporuḷ : a history of Tamil dictionaries |date=2000 |publisher=Cre-A |isbn=81-85602-76-X |edition=1st |location=Chennai |oclc=44614382}}

==External links==
* [https://www.crea.in/ Cre-A Publishing]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/crea/ Cre-A Dictionary (1992)], [[Digital South Asia Library]]

[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]

Pattamadai Mat

2025-08-29T07:38:01Z

TonjaGerow46: creating new post

{{Short description|Mat woven from grass straws}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Pattamadai Mat
| image = Pathamadai mats in making JEG1741.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| description = [[Mat|Straw mat]]s from [[Pattamadai]] region
| type = Handicraft
| area = [[Pattamadai]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| registered = 2012–13
| material = [[Cyperus rotundus|Korai grass]]
| official website =
}}

'''Pattamadai Mat''' or '''Pattamadai Paai''' is a type of [[mat]] woven from [[Cyperus rotundus|Korai grass]] straws in the [[Pattamadai]] region in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/195|title=Application details|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331231421/https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/195|url-status=live}}</ref> It was declared as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical indication]] in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Journal_47.pdf|title=Geographical indications journal|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cozy |first1=Ellen |title=Door Mat |url=https://doormatsaustralia.com.au/ |access-date=14 May 2023}}</ref>

== Description ==
Pattamadai mats are traditional [[Mat|mats]] weaved from dried [[Cyperus rotundus|Korai grass]] straws in the [[Pattamadai]] region of South [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Weavers of dreams|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/weavers-dreams-2221438|access-date=27 May 2024|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> The grass is sourced from the banks of [[Thamirabarani River]]. It is soaked in the river for a week to make it flexible. The dried straws are then dyed using [[organic dye]]s to produce different colors. The colored straws are woven into mats. The grass absorbs heat and is used to keep the body during hot summers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/Apr/05/make-mats-matterpattamadais-sustainable-korai-mats-2285772.html|title=Make mats matter: Pattamadai's sustainable korai mats|date=5 April 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408035622/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/apr/05/make-mats-matterpattamadais-sustainable-korai-mats-2285772.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, the mats were used extensively in [[Tamil people|Tamil]] homes but the demand has tapered in the 21st century due to competition from plastic mats and reduced usage of mats. As of 2024, only ten families are engaged in the traditional weaving of mats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Sep/10/grass-not-greener-at-pattamadai-mat-weavers-end-2356720.html|title=Grass not greener at Pattamadai mat weavers’ end|date=10 September 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910024710/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/sep/10/grass-not-greener-at-pattamadai-mat-weavers-end-2356720.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Culture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Caimpiyarganj Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:53:01Z

TonjaGerow46: Started a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Caimpiyarganj
| map_image = 320-Caimpiyarganj.svg
| mla = [[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,83,702
| constituency_no = 320
}}

'''Caimpiyarganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Caimpiyarganj in the [[Gorakhpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 320 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Member of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! scope="col" |Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Caimpiyarganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Caimpiyarganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Caimpiyarganj<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122032}}
|percentage = 54.38
|change = {{increase}}12.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kajal Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:79376}}
|percentage = 35.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:13153}}
|percentage = 5.86
|change = {{decrease}}12.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Atal Bihari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2592}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = {{decrease}}25.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1155}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.33
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42656}}
|percentage = 19.01
|change = {{increase}}3.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224393}}
|percentage = 58.48
|change = {{decrease}}1.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

The MLA is [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Fateh Bahadur Singh]] who won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Chinta Yadav by a margin of 32,854 votes.<ref name="Election Result">{{Cite web |title=Assembly result 2017 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/caimpiyarganj.html |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Elections.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Campierganj|Caimpiyarganj]]<ref name="Election Result"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Fateh Bahadur Singh|Fateh Bahadur]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:91636}}
|percentage = 42.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chinta Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58782}}
|percentage = 27.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ananda Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:39243}}
|percentage = 18.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Mohammad Mainuddin
|votes = {{formatnum:10935}}
|percentage = 5.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Gorakh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7265}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1806}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32854}}
|percentage = 15.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216710}}
|percentage = 59.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.03|83.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]

Purushottam Publishers

2025-07-29T13:22:54Z

TonjaGerow46: creating new pg.

{{short description|Indian Media Company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Purushottam Publishers
| logo = Purushottam Publishers Logo Registered Trademark & Copyright.png
| type =
| industry = {{hlist|[[Publishing]]|[[Academic publishing]]|[[Writing]]}}
| founded = 2007
| founder = Snehangshu Banerjee Biswa Priyo Bandyopadhyay
| hq_location_city = [[Baranagar]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| products = Academic & Research based Books, Guidebooks, AudioBooks and eBooks
| num_employees = 50
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = '''JIPL Group'''
| website = {{URL|purushottam-publishers.in}}
}}
'''Purushottam Publishers''' is an independent publishing house and media company headquartered in [[Baranagar]], [[West Bengal]], India, publishing [[K–12|K-12]] school textbooks, academic research and career guidebooks for University and College level and General books of various genre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/prem-o-kichhu-katha-released-at-kolkata.html |title= Book Release event media coverage |publisher=tollywoodhamaka.com |date= |accessdate=2017-04-19}}</ref> Founded in 2009, this publishing house is a venture of the '''JIPL Group'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jipl.co.in/publishing-book/ | title= JIPL Group Business Verticals | publisher=JIPL Group | date= | accessdate=2017-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://orange-publishers.com/ |title= Orange Publishers |publisher=Orange Publishers |date= |accessdate=2017-11-15}}</ref>

== History ==
Between January and June 2009, Snehangshu Banerjee and Biswapriyo Bandyopadhyay came together as first-generation entrepreneurs in [[Baranagar]], [[Kolkata]]. They founded the '''JIPL Group'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jipl.co.in/#about |title= About the JIPL Group |publisher=JIPL |date= |accessdate=2022-01-04}}</ref> and subsequently '''Purushottam Publishers'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiamart.com/purushottampublishers/about-us.html |title= About Purushottam Publishers |publisher=Indiamart|date= |accessdate=2022-01-04}}</ref> The book ''Fishermen of The Coastal Districts of Bengal''<ref name="Book">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFdOBAAAQBAJ |title= Fishermen of The Coastal Districts of Bengal |date= 16 July 2012|isbn= 9788192412900 |accessdate=2017-04-19|last1= Surjendu Dey |first1= Dr }}</ref> by researcher, academic author ''Dr. Surjendu Dey,''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=YGcSBEIAAAAJ|title= Author Surjendu Dey |publisher=Google scholar |date= |accessdate=2017-04-19}}</ref> and Leadership & [[Entrepreneurship]] 2020 – by Er. Ravinder Kumar Handa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Leadership-Entrepreneurship-Ravinder-Kumar-Handa/dp/9385908308/ | title= Leadership and Entrepreneurship 2020 by Er. Ravinder Kr. Handa | publisher=Purushottam Publishers | date=2016-01-01 |accessdate=2021-06-24}}</ref> were the company's significant published works during its early days. The pair sold the books on their own to [[independent bookstore]]s. The book ''Fishermen of The Coastal Districts of Bengal'' won the Meghnad Saha Memorial Award and Medal in February 2016. Purushottam Publishers' subsequent works included several other<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.himalayanwritingretreat.com/traditional-publishers-in-india/|title= Traditional Publishers in India |publisher=HWR |date=2021-06-24 |accessdate=2021-06-24}}</ref> academic titles.

The company specializes in [[K–12|K-12]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpk12.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/KeepingPace2012.pdf |title= Keeping pace with K-12 online and Blended Learning |publisher=Evergreen Education Group |date= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121224135904/http://kpk12.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/KeepingPace2012.pdf |accessdate=2019-04-02|archive-date= 24 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoover.org/research/short-history-k-12-reform |title= A Short History of K-12 Reform by Chester E. Finn Jr. |publisher=Hoover Institution |date= |accessdate=2018-06-09}}</ref> [[Textbook|School textbooks]] for English / Bengali Medium schools of CISCE/CBSE Board, and also books/[[ebooks]] in higher academic [[research]].

The firm is named after [[Swami Shankar Purushottam Tirtha]] Ji Maharaj by the primary stakeholders,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporatedir.com/company/jnanalok-infotech-private-limited | title= JIPL is the Holding company of Purushottam Publishers | publisher=corporatedir.com | date=2012-06-11 |accessdate=2021-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jipl.co.in/#about | title= About JIPL | publisher=jipl.co.in | date=2012-06-11 |accessdate=2021-06-24}}</ref> who are disciples of the [[Siddhayoga]] lineage of Saints.

All books published by Purushottam Publishers are made available on the fully owned official Online Storefront, '''Purushottam Bookstore'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://purushottam-bookstore.com | title= Purushottam Bookstore | publisher=JIPL Group| date=2012-06-11 |accessdate=2021-12-12}}</ref>

==Publications==
===School textbooks===
*''Purushottam's FUNKIDS Picture Dictionary'' – an indigenously developed [[Picture_dictionary|Picture Dictionary]] or [[Visual dictionary|Visual Dictionary]] book for Junior School
*''Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Studies'' – a series of eight school textbooks (Subject: Social Studies) for std. I – VIII
*''Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge''<ref name="Link1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/best-books-for-rrb-je-1548077918-1 |title= Best Books for RRB JE 2019 CBT-2 Exam Preparation |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date= |accessdate=2020-08-06}}</ref><ref name="Link2">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/best-books-for-ssc-gd-constable-exam-1534507230-1 |title= Best Books for SSC GD Constable 2018–19 Exam Preparation |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date= |accessdate=2019-02-08}}</ref> – a series<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908006/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 1 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908014/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 2 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908022/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 3 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908030/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 4 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908049/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 5 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908057/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 6 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908065/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 7 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-Spectrums-General-Knowledge-Textbook/dp/9385908073/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's Spectrums of General Knowledge - 8 | publisher=Amazon India |date=2015-11-15 | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref> of eight school textbooks for std. I – VIII
*''Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art & Colour Book''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908162/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - A | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908170/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - B | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908189/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - 1 | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908197/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - 2 | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908200/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - 3 | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908219/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - 4 | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Purushottams-FUNKIDS-Art-Colour-Book/dp/9385908227/ | title= Amazon: Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Colour Book - 5 | publisher=Amazon India |date= | accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref> – a series of seven art and colour books for std. LKG – std. V
*''Purushottam's FUNKIDS Art and Craft Book'' – a series of five art and craft books for std. LKG – III
*''Purushottam's Kochi Kanchar A AA KA KHA'' – a Bengali alphabet book, for young learners
*''Purushottam's FUNKIDS My First A-B-C'' – an English alphabet book for young learners
*''Purushottam's FUNKIDS Number Book 1 (1–50)'' – Junior School Mathematics primer book for young learners
*''Purushottam's FUNKIDS Number Book 2 (1–100)'' – Junior School Mathematics primer book for young learners

===Higher academic publications===
*''Yoga Vaani'' – by [[Swami Shankar Purushottam Tirtha]] {{ISBN|978-81-924129-2-4}} – Bengali Edition of a [[Siddhayoga]] book written in the early 1900s in India, discusses the experiences during meditation (sadhana) based on the ''Siddhayoga Kundalini Shaktipat Tradition''.
*''Fishermen of the Coastal Districts of Bengal'' – by ''Dr. Surjendu Dey'' {{ISBN|978-81-924129-0-0}} – A wide-spectrum research-oriented book covering multi-disciplinary areas of sociology, economics, culture hnd History.<ref name="Book"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/65982 |title= Fishermen of coastal districts of Bengal – A study in Socio-cultural Transformation |publisher=Shodh Ganga |date= |accessdate=2020-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elLWedou79A |title= Video Book Trailer of Fishermen of coastal districts of Bengal – A study in Socio-cultural Transformation |publisher=Purushottam Publishers Youtube Channel |date= |accessdate=2021-12-12}}</ref>
*''Leadership & Entrepreneurship 2020'' – by ''Er. Ravinder Kumar Handa'' {{ISBN|978-93-85908-30-9}} – A case-study centric reference for Leaders, Entrepreneurs and students of Management.
*''Indian Society-Problems and Issues'' – by ''Dr. Saraswati Raju Iyer'' {{ISBN|978-93-85908-37-8}} – A research oriented book related to contemporary Indian society. A reference for students (both undergraduate and postgraduate), research scholars, educators, social scientists, those in government and non-governmental organizations, social activists and policy makers.

==See also==
*[[ABP Group]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://purushottam-bookstore.com|name=Purushottam Bookstore: Online Storefront}}
*{{YouTube|channel=UC7e8uTXlEPm5WkSefUkpzHg}}
*{{Official website|https://purushottam-publishers.com|name=Purushottam Publishers: Official Website}}

{{Baranagar}}

[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Book publishing company imprints]]
[[Category:Baranagar]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 2007]]

List of high commissioners of India to Australia

2025-05-12T07:34:09Z

TonjaGerow46:

{{short description|Head of mission of India to Australia}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = High Commissioner of India to Australia
| body =
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 70
| department = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| image = Gopal Bagalay 2024 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Gopal Bagalay]]
|incumbentsince = {{startdate|2024|1|1|df=y}}
| residence =
| seat = [[Canberra]]
| nominator =
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| reports_to = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister for External Affairs]]
| termlength =
| formation = 1945
| inaugural = [[R. P. Paranjpye|Raghunath P. Paranjpe]]
| website = [https://hcicanberra.gov.in/ India High Commission, Canberra]
}}

The '''high commissioner of India to Australia''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[Australia]].

==History==
The first high commissioner of India to Australia was [[R. P. Paranjpye]].

[[K. M. Cariappa]] was appointed the High Commissioner in 1953. He became known for his opposition to the [[White Australia policy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Alexander E. |date=2015 |title=A Shared History?: Postcolonial Identity and India-Australia Relations, 1947–1954 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24779119 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=849–869 |doi=10.5509/2015884849 |jstor=24779119 |hdl=2440/97158 |issn=0030-851X|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==List==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
! width="200" |Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous High Commissioners |url=https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/page/previous-high-commissioners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208131850/https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/page/previous-high-commissioners/ |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=[[High Commission of India, Canberra]]}}</ref>
! width="50" |Photo
!Entered office
!Left office
|-
|1
|[[R. P. Paranjpye|Raghunath P. Paranjpe]]
|[[File:Purushottam Paranjpye.jpg|150px]]
|1945
|1947
|-
|2
|[[Daya Singh Bedi]]
|
|1948
|1951
|-
|3
|[[Duleepsinhji|M. S. Duleepsinghji]]
|[[File:Duleepsinhji 1920s.jpg|150px]]
|1951
|1954
|-
|4
|[[K. M. Cariappa]]
|[[File:General K. M. Cariappa.jpg|150px]]
|1954
|1956
|-
|5
|K.R. P. Singh
|
|1956
|1958
|-
|6
|[[P. Achutha Menon|Parakat Achutha Menon]]
|
|1958
|1961
|-
|7
|[[Samar Sen (diplomat)|Samar Sen]]
|
|1961
|1963
|-
|8
|B.K. Massand
|
|1963
|1965
|-
|9
|[[D. N. Chatterjee]]
|
|1965
|1969
|-
|10
|A. M. Thomas
|
|1969
|1972
|-
|11
|S. Krishnamurti
|
|1972
|1975
|-
|12
|S. Sinha
|
|1975
|1977
|-
|13
|Jagdish Chand Ajmani
|
|1977
|1980
|-
|14
|[[K. D. Sharma|Krishan Dayal Sharma]]
|
|1980
|1982
|-
|15
|D.S. Kamtekar
|
|1982
|1985
|-
|16
|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
|[[File:The Vice President Shri M. Hamid Ansari in July 2016.jpg|150px]]
|1985
|1989
|-
|17
|S. K. Bhutani
|
|1989
|1992
|-
|18
|A. M. Khaleeli
|
|1992
|1995
|-
|19
|[[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy|G. Parthasarathy]]
|[[File:Gopalaswami Parthasarathy - Kolkata 2015-06-23 7531.jpg|150px]]
|1995
|1999
|-
|20
|C. P. Ravindranathan
|
|1999
|2000
|-
|21
|R. S. Rathore
|
|2000
|2004
|-
|22
|R. P. Shukla
|
|2004
|2007
|-
|23
|[[Sujatha Singh]]
|[[File:Sujatha Singh 2013 (cropped).jpg|150px]]
|2007
|2012
|-
|24
|Biren Nanda
|
|2012
|2015
|-
|25
|[[Navdeep Singh Suri]]
|[[File:Navdeep Singh Suri.jpg|150px]]
|2015
|2016
|-
|26
|A.M. Gondane
|
|2016
|2019
|-
|27
|[[A. Gitesh Sarma]]
|
|2019
|2021
|-
|28
|[[Manpreet Vohra]]
|[[File:Manpreet Vohra (cropped).jpg|160x160px]]
|2021
|2023
|-
|29
|[[Gopal Baglay]]
|
|2024
|present
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Australia|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Australia]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia| ]]

{{Ambassadors of India}}

Jai Samand Road Railway Station

2025-05-11T16:48:47Z

TonjaGerow46: created initial stub w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Jai Samand Road Railway Station
| native_name = जय समन्द रोड
| native_name_lang = hi
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] Station
| address = MDR 11, Dengari, [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| elevation = 267m above sea level
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway]]
| line =
| platforms = 2
| tracks =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = JYM
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| services =
}}

'''Jai Samand Road Railway Station''' (station code: '''JYM''') is a railway station located in Dengari, [[Rajasthan]], India. It falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Ajmer division]] of the [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]] (NWR). Positioned at an elevation of 267 meters above sea level, the station features two platforms and facilitates the boarding and deboarding of passengers traveling through this area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Western Railway introduces additional trains for Ahmedabad-Udaipur route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/western-railway-introduces-additional-trains-for-ahmedabad-udaipur-route/articleshow/98371516.cms |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Samand Road Railway Station Forum/Discussion - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/jai-samand-road-jym/160 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Jai Samand Road Railway Station is strategically placed near MDR 11 in the Dengari locality of Rajasthan, serving as a key halt point for several trains in the region. It provides essential connectivity within Rajasthan and to adjoining states, despite not originating or terminating any trains. The station's proximity to [[Udaipur]] enhances its importance as a conduit for local and intercity travel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=Railways give Udaipur 3 special trains for Holi: Two trips each for Udaipur to Vaishno Devi Katra, Bandra Terminus and Katihar, know the full route {{!}} Udaipur Kiran |url=https://udaipurkiran.com/railways-give-udaipur-3-special-trains-for-holi-two-trips-each-for-udaipur-to-vaishno-devi-katra-bandra-terminus-and-katihar-know-the-full-route/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=udaipurkiran.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=New Trains Approved On Udaipur-Ahmedabad Route, Know Schedule |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/new-trains-approved-on-udaipur-ahmedabad-route-know-schedule-6138301.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=Udaipur Ahmedabad train to take on its new avatar in April - Gauge conversion near completion |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/Ahmedabad-Udaipur-Delhi/cid6961570.htm |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Services ==
The station witnesses regular halts from a multitude of trains, offering vital links to the major cities and towns for the local populace. Its two platforms accommodate the flow of passengers efficiently, making it a crucial node in the railway network of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAI SAMAND ROAD Railway Station {{!}} जय समंद रोड रेलवे स्टेशन {{!}} JYM रेलवे स्टेशन – NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/railway-enquiry/jai-samand-road-jym-railway-station |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jai-samand-road-jym/6451 Jai Samand Road at India Rail Info]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Ratan Chandra Kar

2025-04-28T18:44:22Z

TonjaGerow46: creating new data.

{{Short description|Indian doctor}}

'''Ratan Chandra Kar''' is an [[India|Indian]] physician and health official who worked in [[Andaman and Nicobar]]. He is known for helping the [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)]] from disease outbreaks, such as measles in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title="Don't Have Words To Express My Happiness": Andamans' Padma Shri Awardee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-have-words-to-express-my-happiness-andamans-padma-shri-awardee-3726191 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

Ratan Chandra Kar was born in [[Ghatal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=West Bengal: Padma awardee Ratan Chandra Kar, feted for Jarawa measles care, hopes to inspire youth to work in remote areas |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-padma-awardee-ratan-chandra-kar-feted-for-jarawa-measles-care-hopes-to-inspire-youth-to-work-in-remote-areas/articleshow/97565712.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a general physician and is the author of the book ''The Jarawas of the Andamans.''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jarawas of the Andamans |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/29861550-the-jarawas-of-the-andamans |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Goodreads}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=The Doctor's Diary That Holds Clues About the Residents of North Sentinel |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/health/jarawa-north-sentinel-andaman-tribes |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> He is an alumnus of [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]].<ref name=":0" />

He worked with the remote indigenous people, learning their language and gaining their trust, from 1998 to 2003.<ref name=":0" /> As the local medical official, he worked out of a thatched hut which served as the primary health centre.<ref name=":1" /> He then went to work in [[Port Blair]] in 2003, but continued his visits to the Jarawas. In 2006, he became the deputy director (tribal and welfare) of the Andaman and Nicobar administration. From 2012 to 2013, he was posted at [[Neil Island]]. Following his 2014 retirement, he continued to work locally, and then returned with his family to Bangalore. <ref name=":0" />

In 2023, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893797 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=PIB}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |date=January 26, 2023 |title=Doctor to the Jarawas on Padma list |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/doctor-to-the-jarawas-on-padma-list/501820.html |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> Locally, he was known as Jarawa Doctor.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian public health doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]

Ganpatrao Jadhav

2025-03-26T05:04:37Z

TonjaGerow46: added references

{{short description|Indian social activist and writer (1908–1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganpatrao Jadhav
| image = Ganpatrao Jadhav 2009 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 245px
| caption = Jadhav on a 2009 stamp of India
| birth_date = 5 May 1908
| birth_place = Gaganbavada, [[Kolhapur district]], India
| death_date = 20 May 1987 (aged 79)
| death_place = [[Kolhapur]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Ganpatrao Govindrao Jadhav
| occupation = Journalist Writer
| yearsactive = 1930–1987
| known for = [[Pudhari]]
| spouse = Indira Devi
| domesticpartner =
| children = 7, including [[Pratapsinh Jadhav]]
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Kakasaheb Limye Award Acharya Atre Award
}}
'''Ganpatrao Govindrao Jadhav''' (5 May 1908 – 20 May 1987) was an Indian freedom activist, journalist and writer.<ref name="India 2009 Ganpatrao ">{{cite web | url=http://uk.ebid.net/for-sale/india-2009-ganpatrao-govindrao-jadhav-freedom-fighter-newspaper-publisher-fdc-137369018.htm | title=India 2009 Ganpatrao | publisher=eBid | date=2015 | access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> He was the founder of [[Pudhari]],<ref name="Pudhari">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.pudhari.com/ | title=Pudhari | publisher=Pudhari | date=2015 | access-date=17 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717074005/http://epaper.pudhari.com/ | archive-date=17 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> a Marathi daily founded in 1937.<ref>{{cite book|title=Press in India, Issue 33|year=1867|publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers|location=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY4qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ganpatrao+Jadhav%22+Pudhari|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth-highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1984<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> and issued a commemorative postage stamp with his image on 12 November 2009.<ref name="Postage Stamp">{{cite web | url=http://www.freestampcatalogue.com/sid30950-ganpatrao-govindrao-jadhav-1v | title=Postage Stamp | publisher=Free Stamp Catalogue | date=2015 | access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
Jhadav was born on 5 May 1908 at Gaganbavada, a small hamlet in the [[Kolhapur district]] of the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Brief Sletch">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/4463874 | title=Brief Sletch | publisher=Academia | date=2015 | access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> His education at the local school did not go beyond the primary levels due to financial constraints, but Jhadav taught himself by reading books.<ref name="G G Jadhav">{{cite web | url=http://www.stampsathi.in/stamppages/2542-g%20g%20jadhav.php | title=G G Jadhav | publisher=Stamp Sathi | date=2015 | access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> He started his career as a journalist at ''Tej'', a weekly published from Mumbai, then worked for other local publications.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}

During this period, he was involved with [[Satyashodhak Samaj]], a social organization founded in 1873 by [[Jyotirao Phule]], in their reformist activities, which gave him the opportunity to interact with several known [[Marathi people|Marathi]] personalities such as [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], Dinkarrao Jawalkar, Achyutrao Kolhatkar, [[Bhaskarrao Jadhav]], [[Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar]] and M. G. Ranganekar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} Soon, he launched a daily, ''Daily Kaiwari'', with the assistance from Bhaskarrao Jadhav and became its editor.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> His association with [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] influenced him to participate in the [[Dandi March]] in March 1930 and he established the [[Kolhapur district]] chapter of the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]].<ref name="Brief Sletch" /> During the Indian [[civil disobedience]] movement of 1930, he oversaw the information flow between the [[Indian National Congress]] leadership and the frontline and underground activists.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> When [[Dinkarrao Javalkar]], one of the leaders of the movement in [[Maharashtra]] was arrested by the British government, Jhadav stayed underground and organized the picketing movements at Wadi Bunder and Carnak Bunder. He continued clandestine activities till the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] was signed on 5 March 1931, granting [[dominion]] status to India.<ref name="Brief Sletch" /> During this period, he was also associated with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] for the upliftment of the [[dalit]] communities and was involved in the ''temple entry protest'' at the [[Kalaram Temple]] in March 1930.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /><ref name="Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA123 | title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857–1956 | publisher=M. D. Publications | date=1 January 1994 | author=Ramacandra Kshirasagara | pages=123 | isbn=978-81-85880-43-3}}</ref>

The latter half of 1930s saw Jhadav getting involved with journalism with renewed vigour and started a weekly by name, ''Sevak'', which was renamed [[Pudhari]] on 13 May 1937.<ref name="Brief Sletch" /> The publication is reported to have gained popularity and from the New Year's Day of 1939, it turned a daily to become the largest circulated daily in the western Maharashtra and north [[Karnataka]], with an online edition.<ref name="Brief Sletch" /> Around this time, he founded the Journalists' Association of Kolhapur (''Kolhapur Patrakar Sangha'') and became its founder president.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> He also served as the president of the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] and was involved with the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]] of 1956.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> His involvement with the farmers led to the establishment of Kolhapur District Agriculturist Co-operative Society of which he was a founder member.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> His contributions are also reported in the establishment of educational institutions such as [[Shivaji University]], Tararani Vidyapeeth and Mouni Vidyapeeth.<ref name="G G Jadhav" />

==Awards and honours==
Jhadav was awarded the ''Kakasaheb Limye Award'' by the Pune Press Club in 1983.<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1984.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He received the ''Acharya Atre Award'' of the Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh in 1985 and the next year, the [[Shivaji University]] selected him for the DLitt degree (honoris causa).<ref name="G G Jadhav" /> On 12 November 2009, the [[Government of India|government]] issued a commemorative postage stamp with his image on it.<ref name="Postage Stamp" />

==Personal life==
Jhadav was married to Indira Devi and the couple had a son and six daughters.<ref name="Pudhari Editor Jhadhav is Bereaved">{{cite web | url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNPUN11166 | title=Pudhari Editor Jhadhav is Bereaved | publisher=DNA Syndication | date=28 January 2009 | access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> He died on 20 May 1987 at the age of 79.<ref name="Pudhari Editor Jhadhav is Bereaved" /> His son, [[Pratapsinh Jadhav]], is the incumbent head of [[Pudhari]] and is a recipient of [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Padmshree Dr. pratapsinh jadhav">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lODZEWDzFFY | title=Padmshree Dr. pratapsinh jadhav | publisher=YouTube | date=2015 | access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Satyashodhak Samaj]]
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[Kalaram Temple]]
* [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]]
* [[Pudhari]]
* [[Jyotirao Phule]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadav, Ganpatrao}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Journalists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satyashodhak Samaj]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Shyamal Chakraborty (Tripura politician)

2025-03-17T19:10:11Z

TonjaGerow46: Made New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Shyamal Chakraborty''' (born 1956)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sonamura Assembly constituency]] in [[Sipahijala district]]. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shyamal Chakraborty in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/shyamal-chakraborty-sonamura-candidate-s23a022c001/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, he was appointed as the deputy leader of the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIPURAINFO : The first news, views & information website of TRIPURA. |url=https://tripurainfo.com/news.aspx?intnid=20018&title=Shyamal-Chakraborty-deputy-leader-of-the-opposition-Nirmal-Biswas-whip-appointed |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=tripurainfo.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chakraborty is from [[Sonamura]], Sipahijala district, Tripura. He is the son of late Upendra Chakraborty. He passed Class 12 in 1973.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shyamal Chakraborty(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- SONAMURA(SEPAHIJALA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6807 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chakraborty won from Sonamura Assembly constituency representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. He polled 20,039 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Debabrata Bhattacharjee of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 2,415 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Subal Bhowmik of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 18,043 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bhowmik by a margin of 1,526 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He retained the seat for the [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] for the CPI (M), defeating Bhowmik again, who contested on BJP ticket this time.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he polled 19,275 votes and won by a margin of 3,432 votes. He won for a third consecutive time in the 2023 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Sonamura Constituency & Candidates contesting the 2023 Assembly Elections |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/ne-election-2023/tripura-ne-election-2023/constituencies-tripura-ne-election-2023/sonamura-constituency-candidates-contesting-the-2023-assembly-elections/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Election Results 2023: Constituency-wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tripura-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-2341581-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Elections Result 2023 Winners List Live: Check The Full List Of Winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-winners-live-updates-tripura-results-complete-winners-name-list-bjp-cpim-ipft-congress-1585552 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Shyamal}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Sipahijala district]]

Sunday Times of India

2024-09-30T13:36:47Z

TonjaGerow46: Made A Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''''The Sunday Times''''' is the weekly edition of ''[[The Times of India]]'' which is owned by [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER – 5 OWNERSHIP OF PUBLICATIONS |url=http://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2020_21/pin2020_21_eng/Chapter%205.pdf |website=Registrar of Newspapers for India}}</ref> It is the largest circulated periodical newspaper<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press in India |url=http://rni.nic.in/all_page/press_india.aspx |website=Registrar of Newspapers for India}}</ref> and one of the highest circulated weekly newspapers in [[India]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated Dailies, Weeklies & Magazines amongst Member Publications (across languages) of 2019 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulation}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications (across languages) of 2016 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulations}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Top Circulations of 2012 and 2013 |url=http://auditbureau.org/Top_Circulations.pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulations}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications (across languages) of 2018 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ2018%20Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulations}}</ref> It was the highest circulated weekly newspaper in 2012 and 2013.<ref name=":0" />

== Circulation by year ==

* '''2012''' - 1,071,963<ref name=":0" />
* '''2013''' - 1,041,047<ref name=":0" />
* '''2016''' - 1,124,568<ref name=":1" />
* '''2017''' - 1,124,568<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications (across languages) of 2017 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ2017%20Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulation}}</ref>
* '''2018''' - 1,053,164<ref name=":2" />
* '''2019''' - 1,006,056<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us ''The Times of India'']
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us ePaper]
*[https://www.kippee.com/post Free Classifieds]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday Times (India)}}
[[Category:The Times of India]]
[[Category:Sunday newspapers]]
[[Category:Publications with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

List of villages in Sonpur tehsil

2024-09-17T15:50:39Z

TonjaGerow46: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[List of villages in Sonpur block]]

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