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Kushi (2023 film)

2026-05-29T06:45:18Z

ToniaMirams219: further rework section also and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Indian film by Shiva Nirvana}}
{{About||the 2000 Tamil film of the same name|Kushi (2000 film)|the 2001 Telugu film of the same name|Kushi (2001 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kushi (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shiva Nirvana]]
| writer = Shiva Nirvana
| producer = {{Ubl|Naveen Yerneni|Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Vijay Devarakonda]]|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]}}
| cinematography = [[Murali G.]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|9|1}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title='Kushi' run time revealed: Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha Ruth Prabhu's film clocks in at 3 hours and 8 minutes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kushi-run-time-revealed-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhus-film-clocks-in-at-2-hours-and-53-minutes/articleshow/102970277.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823094407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kushi-run-time-revealed-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhus-film-clocks-in-at-2-hours-and-45-minutes/articleshow/102970277.cms |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|70 crore|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushi on OTT: A tentative release date of the Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha starrer is here |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kushi-on-ott-a-tentative-release-date-of-the-vijay-deveakona-samantha-starrer-is-here/a11ab80a34656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001220206/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kushi-on-ott-a-tentative-release-date-of-the-vijay-deveakona-samantha-starrer-is-here/a11ab80a34656 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|71.95 crore}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Netflix Pays THIS Amount To Acquire Digital Rights Of Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha Ruth Prabhu's Kushi: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/netflix-pays-this-amount-to-acquire-digital-rights-of-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhus-kushi-report-8593071.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928103351/https://www.news18.com/movies/netflix-pays-this-amount-to-acquire-digital-rights-of-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhus-kushi-report-8593071.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kushi''''' ({{Translation|Happiness}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language family [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Shiva Nirvana]] and produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]]. The film stars [[Vijay Deverakonda]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral: Samantha Ruth Prabhu And Vijay Deverakonda Set The Stage On Fire At Kushi Musical Night |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/viral-samantha-ruth-prabhu-and-vijay-deverakonda-set-the-stage-on-fire-at-kushi-musical-night-4301854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817020111/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/viral-samantha-ruth-prabhu-and-vijay-deverakonda-set-the-stage-on-fire-at-kushi-musical-night-4301854 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

The film was announced in April 2022, and was tentatively titled as ''VD10,'' as it is Devarakonda's tenth lead role; the official title ''Kushi'' was announced in May. [[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2022 in [[Kashmir]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in July 2023. The music is composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], while the cinematography and editing are handled by [[Murali G.]] and [[Prawin Pudi]], respectively.

''Kushi'' released on 1 September 2023 and opened to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Vijay Deverakonda And Samantha Ruth Prabhu Starrer Kushi Gets Mixed Reactions. |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kushi-twitter-review-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-gets-mixed-reactions-1626845 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183304/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kushi-twitter-review-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-gets-mixed-reactions-1626845 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was an average grosser.<ref name="bomb">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2023 |title=Kushi on OTT: ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేసిన 'ఖుషి' మూవీ.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎక్కడంటే? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/vijay-devarakondas-kushi-movie-now-streaming-on-netflix-ott-platform-113033 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124645/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/vijay-devarakondas-kushi-movie-now-streaming-on-netflix-ott-platform-113033 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushi OTT release date locked: When and where to watch the Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha Ruth Prabhu starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kushi-ott-release-date-locked-when-and-where-to-watch-the-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer/d2aad4b8fa233 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Viplav is an employee in [[BSNL]] and the son of Lenin Sathyam. Vexed with being in the same city since his birth, he takes a transfer to [[Kashmir]] so that he can enjoy the peace and nature. After arriving in Kashmir, he notices that the reality is quite different from his expectations as there is a war going on between both sides of the [[line of control]] and a curfew being placed every other day, stopping his access to stores and restaurants. He meets up with his colleague Pitobash, with whom he also shares a room.

Unable to bear living in the present conditions of Kashmir, Viplav urges his superior Zoya to transfer him again to [[Hyderabad]]. That is when he chances upon "Aara" Begum and immediately falls in love with her. She is there with her friend to visit the [[Mamal Temple|Mamaleshwar Temple]] so that her grandmother's knee pain can be healed. When followed by Viplav, her friend gives him a false story that they are from Pakistan and are there to find Aara's younger brother Feroz who was lost in the ensuing conflicts between the two nations. Being honest and helpful in nature, Viplav helps Aara go to the temple and finds Feroz in the process, saving the siblings from a group who try to attack them. Aara eventually falls in love with Viplav as well, but she decides to go back to Pakistan without confessing her love. Viplav catches up to her at the railway station, where he discovers her true identity, Chadarangam Aaradhya. Both confess their love for each other, and they also learn that their fathers are bitter rivals.

Viplav's father Sathyam is an atheist, and Aaradhya's father, Srinivasa Rao, is a spiritual personality in [[Kakinada]], coming from an orthodox and conservative Brahmin household; both of them had a verbal sparring when they were asked to be chief guests for a live television debate. They try to get their parents to meet each other in the [[Hyderabad Metro]]. Sathyam is receptive to Viplav's wish to marry Aradhya; however, Srinivasa Rao is skeptical, as the pair's horoscopes do not really match and foresee hardships if they marry. Hence, Viplav and Aaradhya marry against their parents' wishes even though Srinivasa Rao predicts that they will not be able to live happily and will not have children until both Viplav and Sathyam do a [[Homa (ritual)|homam]], together. The pair moves into an apartment, and their married life slowly starts to come together. Both become good friends with Zoya and her husband Thomas. One year later, Aaradhya becomes pregnant. When she and Viplav visit the hospital, they are both informed that she has suffered a miscarriage.

Soon, they start facing problems in their marriage, with insecurity, jealousy, and behavioral problems cropping up. One day, Zoya and Thomas invite them to their daughter's birthday, where they learn that she is no more as she was a premature baby and was unable to survive for long. Zoya explains to the two that during her difficult times, Thomas has always been with her, and advises the two to be with each other during their difficult times as well. The following morning, Aaradhya decides to go back to her father's house in Kakinada as a few days ago, Viplav told her to leave him in a fit of rage. Viplav becomes disheartened and understands that he cannot live without Aaradhya. He goes to her house but is denied to meet her. He decides to do the homam that Srinivasa Rao recommended him to do and goes back to his father's house, requesting them to join him. His father, though sympathetic to his situation, turns him down as it goes against his views.

On the day of the homam, Sathyam suddenly enters the temple and says that he is ready to do any homam with Viplav as he has realized that he loves Aaradhya dearly and cannot see him becoming sad, with his views being secondary to his son's well-being. When the homam is about to be finished, it starts raining hard, and it is forced to come to a halt. Despite that, Sathyam tells Srinivasa Rao that he will not leave the temple until he finishes the homam with Viplav, whatever happens. Srinivasa Rao replies that it is not necessary anymore, as he has realized that in order to prove their points, both of them have forgotten their humanity as fathers, saying that even if it would not have rained, he would have personally stopped the homam. He says that he is happy that Viplav truly loves Aaradhya, and that is enough for him. Viplav and Aaradhya reconcile with the blessings of their parents.

In the [[post-credits scene]], it is shown that both of them have been blessed with a baby daughter, choosing to name her as "Kushi".

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]] as Viplav, Aradhya's husband
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Aradhya "Aara" Rao / Aara Begum, Viplav's wife (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Chadarangam Srinivasa Rao, Aradhya's father
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Lenin Satyam, Viplav's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] in a cameo appearance as a [[Swami]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Pitobash, Viplav's co-worker
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as RK, Viplav's friend
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Shanmukh, Aradhya's brother-in-law
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Rajalakshmi, Viplav's mother
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Aradhya's grandmother
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Zoya, Viplav’s manager and Thomas’s Wife
* [[Jayaram]] as Thomas, Zoya's Husband
* [[Sharanya Pradeep]] as Deepu, Aradhya's friend
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Chatur, Aradhya's boss
* Kanchi
* Jeevan Kumar Naidu
* Geetha Bhaskar
* Manik Reddy
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] in a cameo appearance as Himalayan Baba
* Siddharth Gollapudi as Soldier}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In December 2019, it was announced that [[Shiva Nirvana]] would direct [[Vijay Deverakonda]] with [[Dil Raju]] producing it under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Vijay Deverakonda's next with Shiva Nirvana announced – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakondas-next-with-shiva-nirvana-announced/articleshow/72864735.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518153216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakondas-next-with-shiva-nirvana-announced/articleshow/72864735.cms |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-19 |title=Vijay Deverakonda to team up with Shiva Nirvana for his next |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-deverakonda-team-shiva-nirvana-his-next-114396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517000425/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-deverakonda-team-shiva-nirvana-his-next-114396 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was then formally launched in April 2022, under the tentative title #''VD10'' with [[Mythri Movie Makers]] producing the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janga |first=Sravani |date=2022-04-21 |title='VD11'.. లాంచింగ్ కు సామ్ మిస్సింగ్ ఎందుకంటే? |url=https://telugustop.com/vd11-sam-missing-for-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113348/https://telugustop.com/vd11-sam-missing-for-launch/ |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=TeluguStop.com |language=te}}</ref> In May 2022, the film's title was officially revealed to be ''Kushi''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha Ruth Prabhu's VD 11 Is Now Titled 'Khushi'; Poster To Be Unveiled on May 9 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhus-vd-11-is-now-titled-khushi-films-poster-to-be-unveiled-on-may-9-5119621.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516174457/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhus-vd-11-is-now-titled-khushi-films-poster-to-be-unveiled-on-may-9-5119621.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spotted: Vijay Deverakonda jets off to Kashmir to shoot with Samantha Ruth Prabhu for Shiva Nirvana's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-vijay-deverakonda-jets-off-to-kashmir-to-shoot-with-samantha-ruth-prabhu-for-shiva-nirvanas-next/articleshow/91031444.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518153216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-vijay-deverakonda-jets-off-to-kashmir-to-shoot-with-samantha-ruth-prabhu-for-shiva-nirvanas-next/articleshow/91031444.cms |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> with the first schedule in [[Kashmir]], which concluded in May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Samriddhi |date=May 23, 2022 |title=Samantha and Vijay Deverakonda wrap up Kushi first schedule in Jammu & Kashmir. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samantha-and-vijay-deverakonda-wrap-up-kushi-first-schedule-in-jammu-kashmir-see-pics-1952965-2022-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524150938/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samantha-and-vijay-deverakonda-wrap-up-kushi-first-schedule-in-jammu-kashmir-see-pics-1952965-2022-05-23 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The shooting of the film took place in several places in Kashmir valley — Anantnag, [[Pampore railway station]] in Pulwama, [[Mamaleshwar Temple]] in [[Pahalgam]] and Dal Lake in Srinagar. It was also shot in [[Kakinada]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushi Jeevi Review |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/kushi.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> In May 2023, the title song of the film was filmed in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha shoot for Kushi in Turkey. See pics, videos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-shoot-for-kushi-in-turkey-see-pics-videos-2386693-2023-05-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124646/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-shoot-for-kushi-in-turkey-see-pics-videos-2386693-2023-05-31 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2023 |title=From 'Kushi' shoot in Turkey to 'Citadel' shoot in Serbia, Samantha Ruth Prabhu hops for back-to-back shoots |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-kushi-shoot-in-turkey-to-citadel-shoot-in-serbia-samantha-ruth-prabhu-hops-for-back-to-back-shoots/articleshow/100871929.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-kushi-shoot-in-turkey-to-citadel-shoot-in-serbia-samantha-ruth-prabhu-hops-for-back-to-back-shoots/articleshow/100871929.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Further|Kushi (soundtrack)}}
The music and background score was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] in his Telugu debut. The first single "Na Roja Nuvve" was released on 9 May 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Na Roja Nuvve from Kushi out: Vijay Deverakonda calls Samantha his queen in this romantic number |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/na-roja-nuvve-from-kushi-out-vijay-deverakonda-calls-samantha-his-queen-in-this-romantic-number-8599522/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709062856/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/na-roja-nuvve-from-kushi-out-vijay-deverakonda-calls-samantha-his-queen-in-this-romantic-number-8599522/ |archive-date=2023-07-09 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-05-09 |title=Na Roja Nuvve song from Kushi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/May/09/na-roja-nuvve-song-from-kushi-out-43194.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516071321/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/May/09/na-roja-nuvve-song-from-kushi-out-43194.html |archive-date=2023-05-16 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> followed by the second single "Aradhya" on 12 July<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=Vijay Deverakonda On New Kushi Song Aradhya: "When I Get Married This Is How..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-on-aradhya-song-this-is-how-i-would-like-to-see-my-married-life-4203273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720134029/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-on-aradhya-song-this-is-how-i-would-like-to-see-my-married-life-4203273 |archive-date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> and the third single "Kushi Title Song" on 28 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-28 |title='Kushi' title track out. Vijay-Samantha's new song is a melodic delight |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kushi-title-track-released-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-2413212-2023-07-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811151119/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kushi-title-track-released-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-2413212-2023-07-28 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The album was released on 15 August, at a promotional musical concert held in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Kushi Musical Concert: Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Vijay Deverakonda's Electrifying Presence Makes It A Night To Remember |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kushi-musical-concert-samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-deverakonda-electrifying-presence-makes-it-a-night-to-remember-article-102747167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815205553/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kushi-musical-concert-samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-deverakonda-electrifying-presence-makes-it-a-night-to-remember-article-102747167 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Vijay Deverakonda set the stage on fire with their romantic dance at Kushi musical concert |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-deverakonda-set-the-stage-on-fire-with-their-romantic-dance-at-kushi-musical-concert-101692164803083.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908185022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-deverakonda-set-the-stage-on-fire-with-their-romantic-dance-at-kushi-musical-concert-101692164803083.html |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Kushi'' was theatrically released on 1 September 2023. It was released in Telugu along with dubbed versions in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] languages. The film was initially scheduled to release in December 2022 but was pushed to February 2023 following production delays. The film was then again pushed to 1 September 2023.

Worldwide theatrical rights were sold for {{INRConvert|52.5|c|lk=r}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Vijay Devarakonda - Kushi: విజయ్ దేవరకొండ 'ఖుషీ' ఫస్ట్ వీక్ వసూళ్లు.. బ్రేక్ ఈవెన్‌కు ఎంత దూరంలో ఉందంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/vijay-deverakonda-samantha-kushi-movie-1st-week-box-office-collections-ta-2105180-page-5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908193233/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/vijay-deverakonda-samantha-kushi-movie-1st-week-box-office-collections-ta-2105180-page-5.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

===Home media===
Post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|30|c|lk=r}}.<ref name=":2" /> It was premiered on [[Netflix]] from 1 October 2023.<ref name=":2" />

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
''Kushi'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Vijay Deverakonda And Samantha Ruth Prabhu Starrer Kushi Gets Mixed Reactions |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kushi-twitter-review-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-gets-mixed-reactions-1626845 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183304/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kushi-twitter-review-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-gets-mixed-reactions-1626845 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Hans India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Vijay Deverakonda is charming as usual in his role of Viplav. Samantha Ruth Prabhu, on the other hand is very beautiful in this film in both her looks in Kashmir and after their marriage.Vijay as a husband is so realistic that the couple seemingly looked very real. So, this has been one of their films with very good pairing and chemistry."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title='Kushi' movie review: A soothing rom-com |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/kushi-movie-review-a-soothing-rom-com-79660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904082634/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/kushi-movie-review-a-soothing-rom-com-79660 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Kushi explores the tale of a couple who get what they want, only to realise, they might not be equipped for it."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kushi Movie Review: A light-hearted tale of love and triumph |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kushi/movie-review/103272997.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901125232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kushi/movie-review/103272997.cms |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Raghu Bandi of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "The writing from this stage is mostly unilateral and from the male point of view. The fights between the couple feel staged and insignificant."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title=Kushi movie review: Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha Ruth Prabhu shine in an otherwise middling affair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kushi-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-shine-in-an-otherwise-middling-affair-8919168/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902034918/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kushi-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-shine-in-an-otherwise-middling-affair-8919168/ |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha’s middling rom-com is confusing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title='Kushi' Review: Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha's middling rom-com is confusing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kushi-review-vijay-deverakonda-samanthas-middling-rom-com-is-confusing-2429558-2023-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901130116/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kushi-review-vijay-deverakonda-samanthas-middling-rom-com-is-confusing-2429558-2023-09-01 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 and wrote "''Kushi'' is a missed chance. In a country where extremists seek life in the name of love jihad, it could have really fostered love and acceptance. It could have been heart melting and mesmerizing. Instead, we have something forgettable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Vijay Deverakonda & Samantha Ruth Prabhu's Kushi movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kushi-movie-review-when-love-and-acceptance-is-convoluted-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-13065402.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922000437/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kushi-movie-review-when-love-and-acceptance-is-convoluted-vijay-deverakonda-samantha-ruth-prabhu-13065402.html |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 and wrote "this film about an ideological clash offers little to reflect on—and this story about dreamy-love-leading-to-marital-distress creates little emotional resonance. The strongest I felt was deep anguish… when quality non-vegetarian food—beef biryani, fish curry…—kept getting discarded at different points in the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title=Kushi Movie Review: Unlikeable characters populate this ineffective romance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/sep/01/kushi-movie-review-unlikeable-characters-populate-this-ineffective-romance-47216.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019020000/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/sep/01/kushi-movie-review-unlikeable-characters-populate-this-ineffective-romance-47216.html |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Asra Mavad of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film 1.5 out of 5 and wrote "''Kushi'' is nothing out of the ordinary. In fact, it makes you wish it had fully leveraged its potential, instead of trying hard to be a pleasant romantic watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mavad |first=Asra |title=Vijay Devarakonda delivers another dud |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kushi-fails-to-surprise-2670016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019020000/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kushi-fails-to-surprise-2670016 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote " The charming leads are placed in a romance drama peppered with comedy and good music and the narrative packs in plenty of references to films of Mani Ratnam, and even Vijay and Samantha."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-09-01 |title='Kushi' movie review: Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha Ruth Prabhu channel their charm in director Shiva Nirvana's feel-good film that refrains from exploring its conflict point beyond the surface level |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kushi-telugu-movie-review-vijay-deverakonda-samanthas-film-directed-by-shiva-nirvana-is-a-feel-good-entertainer/article67259157.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902105129/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kushi-telugu-movie-review-vijay-deverakonda-samanthas-film-directed-by-shiva-nirvana-is-a-feel-good-entertainer/article67259157.ece |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Kushi'' had an opening of {{INR}}16 crore on first day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2023 |title=Kushi box office collection day 4: Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Vijay Deverakonda film falls to ₹4 crore on 1st Monday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/kushi-box-office-collection-day-4-samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-deverakonda-film-101693878297312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921012726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/kushi-box-office-collection-day-4-samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-deverakonda-film-101693878297312.html |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> After a week (7 days) of its release, ''Kushi'' has collected a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|71.95|c}}, with a distributors' share of {{INRConvert|38.3|c}}.<ref name=":1" /> In the overseas, Kushi earned $1 million in the US within just two days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2023 |title='Kushi' box office collection Day 2: Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha Ruth Prabhu starrer conquers the US box office, garnering $1 million in style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kushi-box-office-collection-day-2-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-conquers-the-us-box-office-garnering-1-million-in-style/articleshow/103322575.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kushi-box-office-collection-day-2-vijay-deverakonda-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-conquers-the-us-box-office-garnering-1-million-in-style/articleshow/103322575.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was a [[box-office bomb]], with a loss of over {{INRConvert|12|c}}.<ref name="bomb" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15380630}}

[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shiva Nirvana]]
[[Category:Films about interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Films with atheism-related themes]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Jammu Kashmir Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Kakinada]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kakinada]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Harangajao

2026-05-05T14:56:15Z

ToniaMirams219: put up stub

{{Short description|Town in Dima Hasao District, Assam, India}}
'''Harangajao''' is a town located in the [[Dima Hasao district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]], approximately 35 to 46 kilometers from the district headquarters, [[Haflong]].<ref name="tourism">{{cite web |title=Harangajao Tourist Info |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/assam/harangajao.html |website=TourMyIndia.com}}</ref>

It serves as the headquarters of the Harangajao Integrated Territorial Development (ITD) Block, one of the key administrative blocks within the district.<ref name="districtprofile">{{cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/about-us/district-profile |website=Government of Assam}}</ref><ref name="assamgovpdf">{{cite web |title=Development Blocks in Assam |url=https://diragri.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/diragri_medhassu_in_oid_4/menu/about_us/District%20wise%20Development%20Blocks%20%20&%20sub-div%20in%20Assam_0.pdf |website=Assam Government}}</ref><ref name="dpr">{{cite web |title=Harangajao ITD Block Project Report |url=https://www.slnaiwmpassam.gov.in/assets/DPR/DPR%20Dima%20Hasao.pdf |website=Assam Government}}</ref>

Harangajao is known for its scenery and is surrounded by lush hills and forests. The [[Jatinga River]] flows nearby.<ref name="tourism" />

The town is a notable contributor to the agricultural economy of Assam, particularly as a major producer of pineapples.<ref name="nedfi">{{cite web |title=Dima Hasao District Data |url=https://databank.nedfi.com/assam-districts/dima-hasao-district |website=NER DATABANK - NEDFi}}</ref>

Harangajao is accessible by road from Haflong, and transportation is typically provided by private vehicles and auto-rickshaws.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/about-us/district-profile Official District Website of Dima Hasao]

{{coord|25|06|59|N|92|51|25|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dima Hasao district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Auto rickshaw

2026-05-05T04:32:41Z

ToniaMirams219: slightly expand information per standard format also and improved wording

{{Short description|Motorized version of a rickshaw}}{{Redirect|Tuk tuk|the film|Tuk Tuk (film){{!}}''Tuk Tuk'' (film)}}[[File:Bajaj auto-rickshaw in Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|A typical auto rickshaw in Sri Lanka]]

An '''auto rickshaw''' is a motorized version of the [[pulled rickshaw]] or [[cycle rickshaw]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/auto-rickshaw|title=Auto rickshaw|work=[[Merriam Webster]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Often called a '''tuk tuk''', it is usually a three-wheeled vehicle, powered by an engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/autorickshaw|title=Auto rickshaw|work=[[Collins dictionary]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> They use a variety of fuels, with the most common being [[petrol]], [[compressed natural gas]], [[liquefied petroleum gas]], and [[electricity]]. They are known by various other names and across various different countries.

The auto rickshaw is a common form of transport around the world (especially in South Asian countries like Bangladesh, India and Pakistan) both as a [[vehicle for hire]] and private use. They are especially common in countries with [[tropical climate|tropical]] or subtropical climate since they are usually not fully enclosed, and in many [[developing countries]] because they are relatively inexpensive to own and operate.

There are different auto rickshaw designs. The most common type used for passenger transport is characterized by a sheet-metal body resting on three wheels with a canvas roof and drop-down side curtains. The driver is seated in a small cabin at the front and operates [[motorcycle handlebar|handlebar]] controls with a space for carrying up to three passengers in the back.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auto rickshaw |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/autorickshaw |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionary]]}}</ref> The cargo versions might have an open space at the rear. A simpler version might have an expanded sidecar mounted on a three wheeled motorcycle.

{{As of|2023}}, India is the largest market for electric auto rickshaws, bypassing China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-report/india-is-worlds-largest-electric-3w-market-for-second-year-in-a-row-126488|title=India beats China again to be world's largest electric 3W market|work=Autocar Professional|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, [[Bajaj Auto]] of India is the world's largest auto rickshaw manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmv360.com/articles/best-auto-rickshaw-manufacturers-india|title=Best Auto Rickshaw Manufacturers in India|work=Cmv360|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Origin ==
[[File:Lambretta FD (2017-06-25 Sp).jpg|thumb|A 1952 Lambretta FD sold as open top model]]
[[File:1957 Daihatsu Midget 01.jpg|thumb|[[Daihatsu Midget]] Model DKA]]
[[File:1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2.jpg|thumb|1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2]]
[[File:RAR soldier helps push-start a Lambretta at Nui Dat.jpg|thumb|RAR soldier helps push-start a Lambretta at Nui Dat]]
In the 1930s Japan, which was the most industrialized country in Asia at the time, encouraged the development of motorized vehicles including less expensive three-wheeled vehicles based on motorcycles. The [[Mazda-Go]], a 3-wheel open "truck" released in 1931,<ref name=MZhist>{{cite web |url=https://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/stories/greatcar/mazda-go/ |title=Great Cars of Mazda: Mazda-Go 3-wheeled Trucks (1931〜) |publisher=Mazda Motor Corporation |archive-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124028/https://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/stories/greatcar/mazda-go/}}</ref> is often considered the first of what became auto rickshaws. Later that decade the Japanese [[Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (Japan)|Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan]] distributed about 20,000 used three-wheelers to Southeast Asia as part of efforts to expand its influence in the region.<ref>[http://www.takaharabooks.com/item/0000810000000037.asp ミゼット物語木村信之著高原書店](Nobuyuki Kimura "Story of Midget", Published on 10 November 1998)</ref><ref>Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. public relations section</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2007-11-19 |script-title=ja:NPOみらいネットワーク寄附講座、ホテル観光学科の学生に日タイ関係をピーアール日本での就職機会に関心 |url=http://www.bangkokshuho.com/archive/2007/weekly/07archives/keizai1297.htm#11 |newspaper=Bangkok Shuho |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430140101/http://www.bangkokshuho.com/archive/2007/weekly/07archives/keizai1297.htm#11 |archive-date=2009-04-30}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230803040455/https://site.thaiembassy.jp/ /index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=321:2009-11-30-05-34-59&catid=54:2009-09-09-07-52-31&Itemid=232 Royal Thai Embassy Tokyo, Japan] 日本生まれのタイのトゥクトゥク (Tuk-Tuk of Thailand was born in Japan.)</ref> They became popular in some areas, especially Thailand, which developed local manufacturing and design after the Japanese government abolished the three-wheeler license in Japan in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.desiam.com/blogs/post/Tuk-Tuk |title=Tuk-Tuk, Thailand's most notorious mode of transport - deSIAM |website=www.desiam.com |access-date=2020-03-26 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223106/https://www.desiam.com/blogs/post/Tuk-Tuk |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Production in Southeast Asia started from the [[knock-down kit|knockdown]] production of the [[Daihatsu Midget]], which was introduced in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://route0030.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-147.html |title=【ダイハツミゼット DKA / DSA型】幌付3輪スクーター型トラック旧式商用車図鑑 |website=route0030.blog.fc2.com}}</ref> An exception is the indigenously modified Philippine tricycle, which originates from the [[Rikuo Motorcycle|Rikuo]] [[Type 97 motorcycle]] with a sidecar, introduced to the islands in 1941 by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] during World War II.<ref name="brits"/>

In Asia, [[Corradino D'Ascanio]], aircraft designer at [[Piaggio]] and inventor of the [[Piaggio Vespa|Vespa]], came up with the idea of building a light three-wheeled commercial vehicle to power Italy's post-war [[economic reconstruction]]. The [[Piaggio Ape]] followed suit in 1947. [[Innocenti]], another leading Scooter manufacturer, also came up with their [[Lambretta]] line of three wheelers in a cargo version, later adopted as a passenger version by its Indian colloborator [[Automobile Products of India]].

== Regional variations ==

=== Africa and the Middle East ===
==== Algeria ====
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}

==== Egypt ====
Locally named the "tuktuk", the rickshaw is used as a means of transportation in most parts of Egypt. It is generally rare to find in some affluent and newer parts of cities such as [[New Cairo]] and [[Heliopolis, Cairo|Heliopolis]]; and on highways due to police control and enforcement.

==== Gaza ====
Together with the [[Economy of Gaza#Recreation industry|recent boom of recreational facilities in Gaza]] for the local residents, donkey carts have all but been displaced by tuk-tuks in 2010. Due to the ban by [[Egypt]] and Israel on the import of most motorised vehicles, the tuk-tuks have had to be smuggled in parts through the [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels|tunnel network]] connecting Gaza with [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=314523 | title=Tuk Tuks replace mules on Gaza streets | access-date=2011-03-22 | date=12 September 2010 | publisher=Maan News Agency}}</ref>

====Iraq====
Due to extreme congestion in [[Baghdad]] and other Iraqi cities combined with the insensible cost of vehicles in relation to frequent violence, rickshaws have been imported from India in large numbers to provide taxi service and other purposes, in stark contrast to previous attitudes of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|pre-U.S. 2003 invasion]] eras with rickshaws being disdained and sedans being held in high regard as a status symbol. Rickshaws have been noted for being instrumental in political protest revolts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/mundane-autos-in-india-hero-tuk-tuks-in-iraq-779539.html |title=Mundane autos in India, hero tuk-tuks in Iraq |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/global-pulse/how-indian-manufactured-auto-rickshaws-became-a-symbol-of-iraqi-protests/326463/ |title=How Indian manufactured auto-rickshaws became a symbol of Iraqi protests |work=[[ThePrint]] |last=Shukla |first=Srijan |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/in-congested-baghdad-iraqis-turn-to-3-wheel-tuk-tuks-/1286855 |title=In congested Baghdad, Iraqis turn to 3-wheel 'tuk-tuks' |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |last=Alhas |first=Ali Murat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-tuk-tuk-drivers-became-unlikely-heroes-iraq-s-popular-n1082021 |title=How tuk-tuk drivers became the unlikely heroes of Iraq's popular revolt |work=[[NBC News]] |last=Vitalone |first=Vivi |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/01/why-humble-tuk-tuk-has-become-symbol-iraqs-uprising/ |title=The humble three-wheeled tuk-tuk has become the symbol of Iraq's uprising |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 November 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |last1=Salim |first1=Mustafa |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam}}</ref>

====Kenya====

[[File:Lisa Anne, nr Mzizima Road, Mombasa, 2025 (01).jpg|thumb|Tuk tuk in Mombasa, Kenya]]
Locally named 'Tuktuk', the rickshaw is used as a means of transportation in some parts of Kenya.

==== Madagascar ====
In Madagascar, man-powered rickshaws are a common form of transportation in a number of cities, especially [[Antsirabe]]. They are known as "posy" from ''pousse-pousse'', meaning ''push-push''. Cycle rickshaws took off since 2006 in a number of flat cities like [[Toamasina]] and replaced the major part of the posy, and are now threatened by the auto rickshaws, introduced in 2009. Provincial capitals like Toamasina, [[Mahajanga]], [[Toliara]], and [[Antsiranana]] are taking to them rapidly.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} They are known as "bajaji" in the north and "tuk-tuk" or "tik-tik" in the east, and are now licensed to operate as taxis.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} They are not yet allowed an operating licence in the congested, and more polluted national capital, [[Antananarivo]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}<ref>{{cite book | title=Madagascar, Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World{{Snd}} Group 15 | publisher=Marshall Cavendish |author1=Jay Heale |author2=Zawiah Abdul Latif | year=2008 | pages=75–76 | isbn=978-0761430360 | edition=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNax15GoPIkC&q=pousse-pousse&pg=PT59 | title=Madagascar Travel Guide | publisher=Lonely Planet | access-date=2013-04-13 | year=2012 | edition=7 | isbn=978-1743213018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2014-05-30 |title='Bajaj' à Mahajanga : Entre 70 et 100 clients par jour |url=http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2014/05/30/bajaj-mahajanga-70-100-clients-jour/ |work=Midi Madagasikara |language=fr}}</ref>

==== Morocco ====
In Morocco, there are Auto-rickshaws in Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakesh.

==== Nigeria ====
[[File:Congestion in uyo.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of autorickshaw congestion from a pedestrian bridge in Uyo, Southeast Nigeria]]

The auto rickshaw is used to provide transportation in cities all over Nigeria. Popularity and use varies across the country. In [[Lagos]], for example, the "keke" ([[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] for bicycle) is regulated and transportation around the state's highways is prohibited while in [[Kano (city)|Kano]] it's popularly known as "Adaidaita Sahu".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/11/16/lagos-bans-okada-keke-520-roads-areas-full-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Lagos bans okada, keke from 520 roads, areas [Full list] |first=Wale |last=Odunsi|date=16 November 2017 |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==== South Africa ====
[[File:Tuk-Tuk in Hermanus, South Africa (2014).jpg|thumb|Tuk-Tuk in [[Hermanus]], South Africa (2014)]]

Tuk-tuks, introduced in [[Durban]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zululandtourism.co.za/Durban.html |title=Durban offers beaches and cultural diversity |publisher=Zululand Tourism |access-date=22 September 2015 |quote=Tuk Tuks: Mororised, covered tricycles which carry up to six passengers. Ideal for short 'hops' between the beachfront and city centre. |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522232700/http://zululandtourism.co.za/Durban.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the late 1980s, have enjoyed growing popularity in recent years, particularly in [[Gauteng]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-01-18-cheap-cheap-tuk-tuk-taxis-take-off |title=Cheap-cheap tuk-tuk taxis take over Jozi |last1=Steyn |first1=Lisa |date=18 January 2013 |access-date=22 September 2015 |quote=Tuk-tuks, also known as auto rickshaws, are becoming an increasingly common sight on South Africa's roads because people are trying to travel short distances at lower costs than driving and at less risk than walking.}}</ref> In [[Cape Town]] they are used to deliver groceries and, more recently, transport tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideguide.co.za/tuk-tuks-cape-town/ |title=Tuk-tuks are coming to Cape Town |last=Ryan |first=Tamlyn |date=September 2016 |publisher=Inside Guide |access-date=2017-03-18 |archive-date=2017-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814155835/http://insideguide.co.za/tuk-tuks-cape-town/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/01/25/Buddibox-grocery-delivery-programme-set-to-create-10000-young-entrepreneurs-in-Gauteng1 |title=Buddibox grocery delivery programme set to create 10,000 young entrepreneurs in Gauteng |last=Govender |first=Suthentira |date=2017-01-25 |work=TimesLIVE}}</ref>
{{clear}}
[[File:Seen at Hamad Elnil.jpg|thumb|upright|Rickshaw in [[Omdurman]], Sudan]]

==== Sudan ====
Rickshaws, known as "Raksha" in Sudan, are the most common means of transportation, followed by the bus, in the capital [[Khartoum]].

==== Tanzania ====
Locally known as "bajaji", they are a common mode of transportation in [[Dar es Salaam]], and many other cities and villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201203070675.html |title=Tanzania: Bajaji, Dar es Salaam's Indispensable Taxi |last=Kalagho |first=Kenan |date=13 February 2012 |website=AllAfrica |access-date=22 September 2015 |quote=Until the year 2010 Dar es Salaam had no room for the Indian Bajaji and or a tricycle to be used as a means of transporting passengers. Today it is a common feature around Dar es Salaam.}}</ref>

==== Tunisia ====
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}

====Uganda====
A local delivery company called as Sokowatch in 2020 began a pilot project using electric tuk-tuks, to cut pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/12/04/gayam-motor-works-sokowatch-launch-east-africas-first-commercial-electric-tuk-tuks/ |title=Gayam Motor Works & Sokowatch Launch East Africa's First Commercial Electric Tuk-Tuks |first=Remeredzai Joseph |last=Kuhudzai |date=4 December 2020 |website=CleanTechnica}}</ref>

==== Zimbabwe ====
[[File:Hende front.jpg|thumb|left| Hende Moto electric 3-wheeler, Zimbabwe]]

Hende Moto EV & Taxi company was founded in 2019 by Devine Mafa, an American-Zimbabwean businessman. Hende Moto taxis were first introduced in Zimbabwe as the first vehicle manufactured by Zimbabwean three-wheeler manufacturing company Hende Moto Pvt Ltd. The first Hende Moto Taxi was introduced in [[Kwekwe]] in August 2019, and thereafter in Victoria Falls City and then Harare in 2019. Hende Moto is also the manufacturer of the first Zimbabwean-made electric passenger three-wheeled vehicle. It operates on a [[lithium-ion battery]] that has a range of 70 miles on a 6-hour charge.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

=== South Asia ===
====Afghanistan====
[[File:Tuk-Tuk - Herat, Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|A tuk-tuk in [[Herat]], Afghanistan]]

Auto rickshaws are very common in the eastern Afghan city of [[Jalalabad]], where they are popularly decorated in art and colors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/in-taliban-country-inside-the-city-of-jalalabad-1.1674001|title=In Taliban country: inside the city of Jalalabad|first=John D.|last=McHugh|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> They are also popular in the northern city of [[Kunduz]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/05/23/auto-rickshaws-clogging-kunduz-arteries|title=Auto-rickshaws clogging Kunduz arteries|website=www.pajhwok.com|date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ====
{{See also|Rickshaw art in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Cngs dhaka.jpg|thumb|"CNGs" in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]

Auto rickshaws (locally called "baby taxis", "Bangla [[Tesla, Inc.|Teslas]]" for electric ones<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |title="Bangla Teslas" give Musk a run for his money |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/07/24/bangla-teslas-give-musk-a-run-for-his-money |access-date=2025-07-27 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> or "CNGs" for those running on [[compressed natural gas]]) are one of the more popular modes of transport in Bangladesh mainly due to their size and speed. They are best suited to narrow, crowded streets, and are thus the principal means of covering longer distances within urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lane|first1=Jo|title=Asia's love affair with the rickshaw|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/132251/asias-love-affair-with-the-rickshaw/|website=asiancorrespondent.com|access-date=2015-07-30|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713152500/http://asiancorrespondent.com/132251/asias-love-affair-with-the-rickshaw/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two-stroke engines had been identified as one of the leading sources of [[air pollution]] in [[Dhaka]]. Thus, since January 2003, traditional auto rickshaws were banned from the capital; only the new natural gas-powered models (CNG) were permitted to operate within the city limits. All CNGs are painted green to signify that the vehicles are [[eco-friendly]] and that each one has a meter built-in.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2594725.stm |title=Police purge for Dhaka rickshaws |work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 December 2002 |access-date=2011-03-22}}</ref>

As of 2025, auto rickshaws in Bangladesh are predominantly electric. There were around 4 million unregistered electric auto rickshaws circulating in Bangladesh by 2025, up from 200,000 in 2016. They constitute "perhaps the world’s biggest informal [[Electric vehicle|EV]] fleet."<ref name="auto1"/>
{{clear}}

==== India ====
[[File:Vishram Vada 5.JPG|thumb|Auto rickshaws in [[Pune]], India]]
[[File:API 175 Lambretta Auto (1).JPG|thumb|API 175 Lambretta Auto sold from 50's till the late 90's]]
Most cities offer auto rickshaw services, although [[cycle rickshaw]]s and hand-[[pulled rickshaw]]s are also available but rarely in certain remote areas, as all other cities began using auto rickshaws.
<ref name="FrommersIndia-2010">{{cite book |title=Frommer's India |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |author1=Pippa de Bruyn |author2=Keith Bain |author3=David Allardice |author4=Shonar Joshi |year=2010 |isbn=978-0470645802 |edition=Fourth}}</ref>{{Rp|15,57,156}} Many state governments have launched an initiative of women-friendly rickshaw service called the [[Pink Rickshaw]]s driven by women.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.odishapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/27.06.2015%20Pink%20Auto%20Rickshaw%20Project.pdf |title=Pink Auto Rickshaw Project |date=17 July 2019 |website=odishapolice.gov.in}}</ref> The drivers are known as the "Rickshaw-wallah", ''auto-[[wallah]]'', ''tuktuk-wallah'' or ''auto-kaaran'' in places like Tamil Nadu/Kerala . Auto-rickshaws are also known as tempos in some parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Animesh |title=LMC drafts by-laws for tempos, e-rickshaws in Lucknow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lmc-drafts-by-laws-for-tempos-e-rickshaws-in-lucknow-101729189329020.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

Auto rickshaws are used in cities and towns for short distances; they are less suited to long distances because they are slow and the carriages are open to air pollution.<ref name="FrommersIndia-2010" />{{Rp|57,58,110}} Auto rickshaws (often called "autos") provide cheap and efficient transportation. Modern auto rickshaws run on electricity as the government pushes for e-mobility through its FAME-II scheme, [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) and [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquified petroleum gas]] (LPG) due to [[Indian government|government]] regulations and are environmentally friendly compared to full-sized cars.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}{{refn|Typical [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around {{convert|35|km/L}} of [[gasoline|petrol]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}|group="nb"}}

To augment the speedy movement of traffic, auto rickshaws are not allowed in the southern part of the [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Frommer's India |url=https://archive.org/details/frommersindiafro00bruy_530 |url-access=limited |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |author1=Pippa de Bruyn |author2=Keith Bain |author3=David Allardice |author4=Shonar Joshi |date=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frommersindiafro00bruy_530/page/n121 110] |isbn=978-0470645802 |edition=Fourth}}</ref>

India is the location of the annual [[Rickshaw Run]].

There are two types of auto rickshaws in India. In older versions the engines were below the driver's seat, while in newer versions engines are in the rear. They normally run on petrol, CNG, or [[Diesel fuel|diesel]]. The [[seating capacity]] of a normal rickshaw is four, including the driver's seat. Six-seater rickshaws exist in different parts of the country, but the model was officially banned in the city of [[Pune]] on 10 January 2003 by the [[Regional Transport Office|Regional Transport Authority]] (RTA).<ref>{{cite news |title=Six seater rickshaws banned in city |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Six-seater-rickshaws-banned-in-city/articleshow/202027.cms? |newspaper=Times of India |date=25 September 2003 |access-date=2014-01-11}}</ref>

Apart from this, modern electric auto rickshaws, which operate on electric motors and offer high torque and loading capacity with better speed, are also gaining popularity in India. Many auto drivers have switched to electric three-wheelers due to the high prices of CNG and diesel, making traditional auto rickshaws much more expensive compared to their electric counterparts. The government is also taking steps to convert existing CNG and diesel rickshaws to electric models.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Patna: Transport department to ban all diesel-run buses, auto-rickshaws from April 1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/patna/story/transport-department-to-ban-all-diesel-run-buses-auto-rickshaws-from-april-1-1931009-2022-03-29 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

CNG autos in many cities (e.g. Delhi, Agra) are distinguishable from the earlier petrol-powered autos by a green and yellow livery, as opposed to the earlier black and yellow appearance. In other cities (such as Mumbai) the only distinguishing feature is the 'CNG' print found on the back or side of the auto. Some local governments are considering [[four-stroke engine]]s instead of two-stroke versions.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Notable auto rickshaw manufacturers in India include [[Bajaj Auto]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Piaggio Ape]], [[Atul Auto]], [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]], [[TVS Motors]] and [[Force Motors]].

In Delhi there also used to be a variant powered by a [[Harley-Davidson]] engine called the ''phat-phati'', because of the sound it made. The story goes that shortly after the [[Independence of India]], a stock of Harley-Davidson motorbikes that had been used by British troops during [[World War II]] were found to be left behind in a military storage house in Delhi. Drivers purchased these bikes, added on a gear box (probably from a [[Willys MB|Willys jeep]]), welded on a passenger compartment that was good for four to six passengers, and put the unconventional vehicles onto the roads. A 1998 ruling of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] against the use of polluting vehicles finally signed the death warrant of Delhi's phat-phatis.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Remembering-Delhis-phat-phatis/articleshow/652374319.cms|title=Remembering Delhi's phat-phatis {{pipe}} India News |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://olddelhiheritage.in/modes-of-transport-through-the-ages-in-shahjahanabad/|title=Transportation through the ages in Shahjahanabad|website=olddelhiheritage.in|date=18 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614191659/http://olddelhiheritage.in/modes-of-transport-through-the-ages-in-shahjahanabad/ |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}}, India has about 2.4 million battery-powered, three-wheeled rickshaws on its roads. Some 11,000 new ones hit the streets each month, creating a US$3.1 billion market. Manufacturers include Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Engineering]]. A prerequisite for the adoption to electric vehicles is the availability of charging stations; as of early 2024, India had 12,146 public EV charging stations operational across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12,146 public EV charging stations operational across the country |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2003003 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:Autorickshaw on Raj Path New Delhi.JPG|CNG green auto rickshaw in New Delhi
File:BangaloreRickshaw.jpg|A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in [[Bangalore]]
File:Piaggio Ape is king all over Kerala (28455330172).jpg|A Piaggio Ape auto rickshaw in [[Kerala]]
File:TVS tuktuk in Chennai.jpg|A TVS auto rickshaw in [[Chennai]]
File:SUN Mobility Swap Point.png|An electric rickshaw at a [[battery swapping]] point
File:Three wheeler cargotruck often used in India.jpg|Three wheeler cargo auto-rickshaw used in India
File:India auto-rickshaw tuk tuk adapted for logistics July 2007.jpg|Indian auto-rickshaw adapted with [[trailer (vehicle)|trailer]]
File:Erisha E Mobility Electric Autorickshaws.jpg|Erisha electric passenger and cargo Auto rickshaws in India
</gallery>

Generally, rickshaw fares are controlled by the government,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/story/12553/maharashtra-govt-refuses-to-increase-autorickshaw-taxi-fares.html |title=Maharashtra Govt refuses to increase autorickshaw, taxi fares |work=newKerala.com |agency=UNI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518132558/http://www.newkerala.com/news/story/12553/maharashtra-govt-refuses-to-increase-autorickshaw-taxi-fares.html#.Vb29wfnjI78 |archive-date=2013-05-18}}</ref> however auto (and taxi) driver unions frequently go on strike demanding fare hikes. They have also gone on strike multiple times in Delhi to protest against the government and [[Delhi High Court|High Court]]'s 2012 order to install [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] systems, and even though GPS installation in public transport was made mandatory in 2015, as of 2017 compliance remains very low.<ref>{{cite news |title=Autos, taxis in Delhi to go on strike today demanding fare hike |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/autos-taxis-in-delhi-to-go-on-strike-118760-2012-10-14 |newspaper=India Today |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi High Court Directs City Auto-Rickshaws To Install GPS |url=http://www.medianama.com/2012/09/223-delhi-high-court-directs-city-auto-rickshaws-to-install-gps/ |newspaper=Medianama |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GPS installation in public transport becomes mandatory |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/GPS-installation-in-public-transport-becomes-mandatory/articleshow/47506948.cms |newspaper=Times of India |date=2 June 2015 |access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>

The 200 cc variant of the [[Bajaj Auto]] auto rickshaw was used in the 2022 [[Rickshaw Run]] to set the record for the world's highest auto rickshaw, over the [[Umling La]] Pass, at {{convert|5798|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/auto-rickshaws-set-highest-altitude-drive-record-at-19024-feet-on-umling-la-pass-6257215.html |title=Auto Rickshaws Set Highest Altitude Drive Record at 19,024 Feet on Umling La Pass |date=22 October 2022 |website=news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/lifestyle/travel/auto-rickshaws-drive-on-umling-la-pass-the-highest-motorable-road-to-set-world-record-at-19024-feet/ar-AA13qxBT |title=Auto rickshaws drive on Umling La Pass, the highest motorable road, to set world record at 19,024 feet |website=[[MSN]] |date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

==== Nepal ====
Auto rickshaws were a popular mode of transport in Nepal during the 1980s and 1990s, until the government banned the movement of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/406035.stm |title=Nepal Government decides to ban 3 wheeler auto rickshaws from Nepal's road |publisher=BBC |date=28 July 1999 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref> The earliest auto rickshaws running in Kathmandu were manufactured by Bajaj Auto.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Nepal has been a popular destination for the [[Rickshaw Run]]. The 2009 Fall Run took place in [[Goa]], India and ended in [[Pokhara]], Nepal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/rickshaw-run-2-000km-of-adventure-from-india-to-nepal-1.542923/ |title=Rickshaw Run on 3 Wheelers from Goa, India to Pokhara, Nepal |publisher=The National |date=29 August 2009 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns<ref name="ABC News Promote Peace">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=18436950 |title=Eye-Catching Rickshaws Promote Peace in Pakistan |work=ABC News |author=Sebastian Abbot, Associated Press |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref> and are mainly used for travelling short distances within cities. One of the major manufacturers of auto rickshaws is [[Piaggio]]. The government is taking measures to convert all gasoline powered auto rickshaws to cleaner CNG rickshaws by 2015. In relation to that, [[Environment Canada]] is implementing pilot projects in [[Lahore]], [[Karachi]], and [[Quetta]] with engine technology developed in [[Mississauga]], Ontario, Canada that uses CNG instead of gasoline in two-stroke engines, in an effort to combat [[environmental pollution]] and noise levels.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} However, as CNG rickshaws became less popular, more expensive and inefficient, the government started promoting [[Electric rickshaw|electric rickshaws]] instead by issuing easy loans through commercial banks in all the major cities of Pakistan.

In many cities in Pakistan, there are also motorcycle rickshaws, usually called "chand gari" (moon car) or "chingchi", after the Chinese company [[Jinan Qingqi|Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd]] who first introduced these to the market.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

There are many rickshaw manufacturers in Pakistan. Lahore is the hub of CNG auto rickshaw manufacturing. Manufacturers include: New Asia automobile Pvt, Ltd; AECO Export Company; STAHLCO Motors; Global Sources; Parhiyar Automobiles; Global Ledsys Technologies; Siwa Industries; Prime Punjab Automobiles; Murshid Farm Industries; Sazgar Automobiles; NTN Enterprises; and Imperial Engineering Company.
<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:Chingchee in Pakistan.JPG|Chingchee in Pakistan
File:RickshawPak.jpg|Auto rickshaw, [[Karachi]]
File:More Karachi Main.jpg|Auto rickshaw, [[Karachi]]
File:Auto-rickshaw on Canal Bank Road Lahore 2009-06.jpg|Auto rickshaw, [[Lahore]]
</gallery>

==== Sri Lanka ====
[[File:Tuk-Tuk Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Trishaw in [[Polonnaruwa]], Sri Lanka]]

Auto rickshaws, commonly known as three-wheelers, tuk-tuks ({{langx|si|ටුක් ටුක්, {{IPA|si|ṭuk ṭuk|pron}}}}), autos, or trishaws can be found on all roads in [[Sri Lanka]] transporting people or freight. Sri Lankan three-wheelers are of the style of the light Phnom Penh-type. Most of the three-wheelers in Sri Lanka are a slightly modified Indian [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]] model, imported from India. Although there are a few models which are manufactured locally, imports from other countries in the region including other brands of three-wheelers, such as the [[Piaggio Ape]], are increasing. Three-wheelers were introduced to Sri Lanka for the first time around 1979 by [[Richard Pieris & Company]]. {{As of|2018|alt=As of mid-2018,}} a new gasoline powered tuk-tuk typically costs around {{US$|4,300}}, while a newly introduced Chinese electric model cost around {{US$|5,900}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/can-he-convince-sri-lankan-tuk-tuk-owners-to-go-green/88863|title=Can He Convince Sri Lankan Tuk-Tuk Owners to Go Green?|last=Ranasinghe|first=A.K.|date=3 September 2018|work=OZY|access-date=3 September 2018|quote=Tuk-tuks play a vital role in urban Sri Lanka's passenger transport system, providing what traffic experts call "last mile" service. Police and government workers rely on them too to navigate congested streets. In rural Sri Lanka, they are everything from taxi to ambulance.|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903193552/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/can-he-convince-sri-lankan-tuk-tuk-owners-to-go-green/88863|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2008, the Sri Lankan government has banned the import of all 2-stroke gasoline engines due to environmental concerns.<ref name=":0" /> Models imported to the island are now four-stroke engines.

Most three-wheelers are available as hired vehicles, with some being used for hauling goods, as advertising vehicles, or for private company usage. Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island, with its agent being David Pieries Motor Co, Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiacar.net/news/n49068.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627084927/http://www.indiacar.net/news/n49068.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-27 |title=Bajaj ready with 4-stroke autos for SL |publisher=Indiacar.net |access-date=2010-04-03 }}</ref> A few three-wheelers in Sri Lanka have [[Taximeter|distance meters]], with it becoming more and more common in the [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte|capital city]]. However, the vast majority of fares are negotiated between the passenger and driver. There are 1.2 million trishaws in Sri Lanka and most are on financial loans. The selling of bakery items from tuk-tuks announcing their presence with mobile phone ringtones played over loudspeakers is known as ''[[choon paan]]'' in Sri Lanka.

=== Southeast Asia ===
<gallery class="center" heights="120" mode="packed">
File:PalmyraPalm & Tuktuk@Thakhek2010.jpg|Tuktuks and [[Borassus|palmyra palms]] on the Mekong bank in Thakhek, Laos
File:Tuk-tuk taxi sidecar in Laos.jpg|Tuk-tuk taxi sidecar in Laos
File:Phnom Pen - Tuk Tuk (1).JPG|Tuk-tuk, [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia
</gallery>

==== Cambodia ====
In [[Cambodia]], a passenger-carrying three-wheeled vehicle is known as {{lang|km|រ៉ឺម៉ក}} {{Transliteration|km|rœmâk}} from the French ''remorque''. It is a widely used form of transportation in the capital city of [[Phnom Penh]] and for visitors touring the [[Angkor]] temples in [[Siem Reap]]. Some have four wheels and is composed of a motorcycle (which leans) and trailer (which does not). Cambodian cities have a much lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities, and tuk-tuks are still the most common form of urban transport. There are more than 6,000 tuk-tuks in Phnom Penh, according to the Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association (IDEA), a union that represents tuk-tuk drivers among other members.<ref name="WILKINS">{{Cite news|url = https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/new-futuristic-tuk-tuks-arrive-on-the-streets-of-phnom-penh-52616/|title = New Futuristic Tuk-Tuks Arrive on the Streets of Phnom Penh|last = Wilkins|first = Emily|date = 19 February 2014|work = The Cambodia Daily|access-date = 30 January 2015|archive-date = 30 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150130162440/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/new-futuristic-tuk-tuks-arrive-on-the-streets-of-phnom-penh-52616/|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{Clear}}

<gallery class="center" heights="120px" mode="packed">
File:2016 Phnom Penh, Kambodżański tuk-tuk (02).jpg|
File:Tuk tuks at Kratie - panoramio.jpg|
File:Tuk Tuk Gắn Xe Máy.jpg|
File:Cambodian transport 03 Tuk-tuk.jpg|
File:Tuk-tuk in Phnom Penh.jpg|
</gallery>

==== Indonesia ====
In [[Indonesia]], auto rickshaws are popular in many areas such as in [[Jakarta]], [[Java]], [[Medan]], [[Gorontalo]], some parts of [[Sulawesi]], and other places in the country. Auto rickshaws are known as ''Bentor'' in regions such as Java, Medan and Gorontalo while in Jakarta, they are known as ''Bajay.'' The term ''Bajay'' or ''Bajaj'' stems from their manufacturer, Bajaj Auto, which came from India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damarjati |first=Danu |title=Laju Bajaj Roda Tiga, dari Hindustan hingga Menjadi Ikon Jakarta |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3546643/laju-bajaj-roda-tiga-dari-hindustan-hingga-menjadi-ikon-jakarta |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref>They are available in blue (for the ones which use [[compressed natural gas]]) and orange (for normal gasoline fuel).<ref name="Republika">{{cite news |title=Bajaj Oranye Menunggu Giliran Dimusnahkan |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/urbana/16/01/07/o0kug62-bajaj-oranye-menunggu-giliran-dimusnahkan |access-date=26 May 2018 |work=Republika Online |date=7 January 2016 |language=id}}</ref> The blue ones are imported from India with the brand of [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]] and [[TVS Motor|TVS]] and the orange ones are the old design from 1977. The orange ones uses two-stroke engines as their prime mover, while the blue ones use four stroke engines.
The orange ''bajaj'' has been banned since 2017 due to emission regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damarjati |first=Danu |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3547071/dishub-dki-bulan-ini-bajaj-merah-harus-segera-jadi-biru |title=Dishub DKI: Bulan Ini, Bajaj Merah Harus Segera Jadi Biru |date=4 July 2017 |access-date=28 December 2022 |language=Indonesian |trans-title=Jakarta DOT: Red Bajajs must turn Blue this month}}</ref><ref name="Republika"/> The ''Bajaj'' is one of the most popular modes of transportation in the city. Outside of Jakarta, the ''bentor''-style auto rickshaw is ubiquitous, with the passenger cabin mounted as a sidecar (like in Medan) or in-front (like the ones in some parts of Sulawesi) to a motorcycle.
<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:Bentor 120919-28792 tbg.JPG|Bentor in North Sumatra
File:Bentor.JPG|Bentor in [[Tana Toraja]], South Sulawesi
File:Bajaj Jakarta Panning.jpg|4-stroke Bajaj in [[Jakarta]]
File:Jakarta bajaj.jpg|Former 2-stroke orange Bajaj in Jakarta (discontinued in 2015)
</gallery>

==== Philippines ====
{{Main|Motorized tricycle (Philippines)}}

{{See also|Cycle rickshaw#Philippines}}

In the [[Philippines]], a similar mode of [[transportation in the Philippines|public transport]] is the "[[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|tricycle]]" ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''traysikel''; [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]: ''traysikol'').<ref name="PItrykes">{{cite web |url=http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/transport3.htm | title=Motorcycles and tricycles | access-date=2009-03-14 | publisher=Utrecht Faculty of Education | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307210244/http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/transport3.htm | archive-date=7 March 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlike auto rickshaws, however, it has a [[sidecar|motorcycle with a sidecar]] configuration and a different origin. The exact date of its appearance in the Philippines is unknown, but it started appearing after World War 2, roughly at the same time as the appearance of the [[jeepney]]. It is most likely derived from the [[Rikuo Motorcycle|Rikuo]] [[Type 97 motorcycle|Type 97]] military motorcycle used by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in the Philippines starting at 1941. The motorcycle was essentially a licensed copy of a [[Harley-Davidson]] with a sidecar.<ref name="brits">{{cite web |title=The History of the Philippines Tricycle |url=https://tuktukph.top/the-history-of-the-philippines-tricycle/ |website=Tuk Tuk 3 Wheelers |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> However, there is also another hypothesis which places the origin of the tricycle to the similarly built "[[trisikad]]", a human-powered [[cycle rickshaw]] built in the same configuration as the tricycle. However, the provenance of the trisikad is also unknown. Prior to the tricycles and trisikad, the most common means of mass public transport in the Philippines is a carriage pulled by horses or [[carabao]]s known as the [[kalesa]] (''calesa'' or ''carromata'' in [[Philippine Spanish]]).<ref name="ffe">{{cite web |date=29 December 2016|title=Filipino Icon: Tricycle and Pedicab |url=http://ffemagazine.com/filipino-icon-tricycle-pedicab/ |website=FFE Magazine |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> The [[pulled rickshaw]] never gained acceptance in the Philippines. Americans tried to introduce it in the early 20th century, but it was strongly opposed by local Filipinos who viewed it as an undignified mode of transport that turned humans into "beasts".<ref name="Pante">{{cite journal |last1=Pante |first1=Michael D. |title=Rickshaws and Filipinos: Transnational Meanings of Technology and Labor in American-Occupied Manila |journal=International Review of Social History |date=14 August 2014 |volume=59 |issue=S22 |pages=133–159 |doi=10.1017/S0020859014000315 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The design and configuration of [[tricycles]] vary widely from place to place, but tends towards rough standardization within each municipality. The usual design is a passenger or cargo [[sidecar]] fitted to a motorbike, usually on the right of the motorbike. It is rare to find one with a left sidecar. A larger variant of the tricycle with the motorcycle in the center enclosed by a passenger cab with two side benches is known as a "motorela". It is found on the islands of [[Mindanao]], [[Camiguin]], and [[Bohol]].<ref name="sg">{{cite web |title=Tricycle, Motorela & Habal-Habal |url=https://www.silent-gardens.com/tricycle.php |website=Silent Gardens |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> Another notable variant is the tricycles of the [[Batanes Islands]] which have cabs made from wood and roofed with thatched [[cogon grass]].<ref name="Corsino">{{cite web |last1=Corsino |first1=Nikka |title=A day on Sabtang Island in Batanes |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/travel/332326/a-day-on-sabtang-island-in-batanes/story/ |website=GMA News Online |access-date=25 March 2020|date=24 October 2013}}</ref> In [[Pagadian City]], tricycles are also uniquely built with the passenger cab slanting upwards, due to the city's streets that run along steep hills.<ref name="pagadian">{{cite news |title=WATCH: What makes Pagadian tricycles unique |url=https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/159226-inclined-tricycles-pagadian-city |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=Rappler |date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

Tricycles can carry three passengers or more in the sidecar, one or two [[pillion]] passengers behind the driver, and even a few on the roof of the sidecar. Tricycles are one of the main contributors to air pollution in the Philippines,<ref name=cleanair>{{cite web|url=http://cleanairasia.org/node8236/|title=Tricycles in the Philippines|publisher=cleanairasia.org|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610083809/http://cleanairasia.org/node8236/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cnnphil>{{cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/03/16/tricycles-as-iconic-as-jeepneys.html|title=Tricycles: As iconic as jeepneys and just as problematic|last=Taruc|first=Paolo|date=25 March 2015|publisher=[[CNN Philippines]]|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232940/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/03/16/tricycles-as-iconic-as-jeepneys.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> which account for 45% of all [[volatile organic compound]] emissions<ref name=gulfnews>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/philippines-tricycles-and-motorcycles-responsible-for-45-per-cent-of-harmful-emissions-1.1624254|title=Philippines: Tricycles and motorcycles responsible for 45 per cent of harmful emissions|last=Felongco|first=Gilbert P.|date=22 November 2015|publisher=[[Gulf News]]|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> since majority of them employ two-stroke engines. However, some local governments are working towards phasing out two-stroke tricycles for ones with cleaner four-stroke engines.<ref name=cleanair/><ref name=cleanairmanda>{{cite web|url=http://cleanairasia.org/node757/|title=Mandaluyong City 2-Stroke Replacement Project|publisher=cleanairasia.org|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001051802/https://cleanairasia.org/node757/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tuk-Tuks have now been accepted as Three-Wheeled Vehicles by the [[Land Transportation Office (Philippines)]] as distinct from tricycles and are now seen in Philippine streets. On 1 January 2026, It is issued that e-trikes are prohibited on major roads of Manila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabato |first=Luisa |date=January 1, 2026 |title=E-trikes banned on major Metro Manila roads starting Jan. 2 |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2161932/lto-on-e-trike |access-date=2026-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> Electric versions are seen in the city where it is called an e-trike,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bemac-philippines.com/en/updates/news-from-the-web/66-e-r-a-p-manila-electric-tricycle-project-second-batch-of-beneficiaries-ready|title=E.R.A.P. Manila electric tricycle project{{Snd}} Second batch of beneficiaries ready|website=www.bemac-philippines.com}}</ref> while called as a ''Bukyo'' notably on Batangas and Cavite''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2019 |title=Introducing the Bajaj RE: The Only Three-Wheeler You Will Ever Need |url=https://centaurmarketing.co/media-room/introducing-the-bajaj-re-the-only-three-wheeler-you-will-ever-need-2/#:~:text=The%20Bajaj%20RE%20has%20become,passengers%20in%20a%20single%20trip. |website=[[www.centaurmarketing.co]]}}</ref> Combustion engine tuktuks are locally distributed by [[TVS Motors]] and [[Bajaj Auto]] through dealerships<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tuktukph.top/tvs-king-deluxe-three-wheeler-vs-tricycle-part-i/|title=TVS King Deluxe Three Wheeler Vs Tricycle|date=20 October 2019|website=Tuk Tuk 3-Wheelers}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:Tricycle-Philippines-Dumaguete.JPG|Motorized tricycle, [[Dumaguete]]
File:Kalibo trike.JPG|7-passenger tricycle with large sidecar, province of [[Aklan province|Aklan]]
File:Banaue Philippines Local-Taxi-01.jpg|Tricycle stand, Banaue Municipal Town
</gallery>

==== Thailand ====
The auto rickshaw, called tuk tuk ({{langx|th|ตุ๊ก ๆ}}, {{IPA|th|túk túk|pron}}) in Thailand, is a widely used form of urban transport in [[Bangkok]] and other Thai cities. The name is [[onomatopoeic]], mimicking the sound of a small (often two-cycle) engine. It is particularly popular where [[traffic congestion]] is a major problem, such as in Bangkok and [[Nakhon Ratchasima]]. In Bangkok in the 1960s, these were called ''samlo'' (สามล้อ, {{lit|three-wheeler}}), and they are still popularly called that today.

Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk-tuks which are a more open variation on the Indian auto rickshaw. About 20,000 tuk-tuks were registered as taxis in Thailand in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wattanasukchai|first1=Sirinya|title=With our tuk tuks, let's copy the Dutch |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1191193/with-our-tuk-tuks-lets-copy-the-dutch|access-date=2 February 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=2 February 2017}}</ref> Bangkok alone is reported to have 9,000 tuk-tuks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand government says Bangkok has too many 'tuk-tuks'|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/04/thailand-government-says-bangkok-has-too-many-tuk-tuks/|access-date=2016-04-15|work=Asian Correspondent|date=2016-04-15|archive-date=2016-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426023304/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/04/thailand-government-says-bangkok-has-too-many-tuk-tuks/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tuk tuk hua kob (ตุ๊ก ๆ หัวกบ, {{IPA|th|túk túk hua̯ kop̚|pron}}, {{lit|frog-headed tuk tuk}}) is a unique tuk tuk with a cab looking like a frog's head. Only [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya District|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya]] and [[Mueang Trang District|Trang]] have vehicles like this.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://go.ayutthaya.go.th/en/publicize/scoops/frog-headed-tuk-tuk-symbol-of-aytthaya/|title=Frog-headed Tuk Tuk, Symbol of Aytthaya|access-date=2019-05-30|work=Go Ayutthaya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/336676/trang-tuk-tuk-risk-disappearing|work=Bangkok Post|date=2013-02-19|access-date=2019-05-30|first=Methee|last= Muangkaew|title=Tuk-tuk 'endangered species' in Trang}}</ref>

in 2018, [[MuvMi]], an electric tuk-tuk [[Ridesharing company|ride hailing]] service launched in Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=MuvMi |url=https://www.thailandmagazine.com/muvmi/?lang=en |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=ThailandMagazine.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:TH Tuk Tuk 1.jpg|Tuk-tuk in Bangkok
File:Traffic police tuk tuk Chiang Mai.jpg|Police tuk-tuk, [[Chiang Mai]]
File:E-Tuktuk in Chiang Mai at Tha Phae Gate IMG 20230124 101128 - kopie.jpg|[[Electric vehicle|Electric]] tuk-tuk in [[Chiang Mai]]
File:Udon-style tuk-tuk.jpg|Thai northeast ([[Isan]])-style half tuk-tuk/half [[songthaew]], Udon Thani (it known as "''skylab''")
File:Taxi-tuk tuk- ayutthaya - panoramio.jpg|Tuk-tuk hua kob, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
File:MuvMi Purple TukTuk.jpg|alt=|[[Electric vehicle|Electric]] [[MuvMi]] tuk-tuk in [[Bangkok]]
File:Model Auto Rickshaw.jpg|Model Tuk-tuk at Hua Hin
</gallery>

===East Asia===
==== China ====
[[File:Auto-rickshaw in Haikou - 02.jpg|thumb|Auto rickshaw Haikou]]

Various types of auto rickshaw are used around China, where they are called sān lún chē (三轮车) and sometimes sān bèng zǐ (三蹦子), meaning three wheeler or tricycle. They may be used to transport cargo or passengers in the more rural areas. However, in many urban areas the auto rickshaws for passengers are often operated illegally as they are considered unsafe and an eyesore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zh.cnr.cn/xwzx/zhxw/200911/t20091103_505572023.html |title=明珠路上规模浩大的等客车队危险逆行载客 |date=3 November 2009 |work=珠江晚报 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404124105/http://zh.cnr.cn/xwzx/zhxw/200911/t20091103_505572023.html |archive-date=2015-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://tianjin.auto.sohu.com/20130722/n382251477.shtml |title=[天津]面对"三蹦子" 请您大声说"不" |work=auto sohu |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2015-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118190415/http://tianjin.auto.sohu.com/20130722/n382251477.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are permitted in some towns and cities, however. The Southeast Asian word tuk tuk is transliterated as dū dū chē (嘟嘟车, or beep beep car) in Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zh.globalvoicesonline.org/hant/2012/03/25/12861/ |title=東南亞的三輪車 |date=25 March 2012 |work=Global Voices}}</ref>{{Clear}}

=== Europe ===

==== France ====
A number of tuk-tuks (250 in 2013 according to the Paris Prefecture) are used as an alternative tourist transport system in Paris, some of them being pedal-operated with electric motor assist. They are not yet fully licensed to operate and await customers on the streets. Vélotaxis were common during the Occupation years in Paris due to fuel restrictions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2013/08/20/1692502-a-paris-les-tuk-tuks-fleurissent-tout-comme-les-pv.html |title=A Paris, les tuk-tuks fleurissent... tout comme les PV |date=2013-08-20 |newspaper=La Dépêche |language=fr |location=Toulouse |agency=AFP}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
[[File:Piaggio Ape C.jpg|thumb|An Ape C (1956–1967)]]

Auto rickshaws have been commonly used in Italy since the late 1940s, providing a low-cost means of transportation in the post–World War II years when the country was short of economic resources. The [[Piaggio Ape]] (Tukxi), designed by [[Vespa]] creator [[Corradino D'Ascanio]] and first manufactured in 1948 by the Italian company [[Piaggio]], though primarily designed for carrying freight has also been widely used as an auto rickshaw. It is still extremely popular throughout the country, being particularly useful in the narrow streets found in the center of many little towns in central and southern Italy. Though it no longer has a key role in transportation, Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi in some areas such as the islands of [[Ischia]] and [[Stromboli]] (on Stromboli no cars are allowed). It has recently been re-launched as a trendy-ecological means of transportation, or, relying on the role the Ape played in the history of Italian design, as a promotional tool.

====Portugal====
[[File:Tuk Tuk in Albufeira Portugal.jpg|thumb|Tuk Tuk Taxi in Albufeira Portugal]]

Tuk Tuks are used in the main touristic cities and regions of the country, specially in [[Lisbon]] and the sunny region of [[Algarve]], as a novel form of transport for visitors during the tourist season.

====Spain====

Tuk Tuks have become a popular mode of transport in Spain’s main tourist destinations, particularly in [[Barcelona]] and the coastal areas of [[Valencia]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://walktuk.com/en/what-to-visit-in-valencia-tour-in-tuk-tuk/ |title=What to visit in Valencia: Tour in Tuk Tuk |date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> as well as [[Mallorca]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://walktuk.com/en/what-to-visit-in-palma-de-mallorca-tuk-tuk-tour/ |title=What to visit in Palma de Mallorca: tuk tuk tour |date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> and [[Málaga]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://walktuk.com/malaga |title=DISCOVER MÁLAGA ABOARD OUR ELECTRIC TUK TUKS |date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
In 2006 a British travel writer{{Snd}} [[Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent]]{{Snd}} and her friend Jo Huxster travelled {{convert|12,561|mi|km}} with an auto rickshaw from [[Bangkok]] to [[Brighton]]. With this 98 days'
trip they set a [[Guinness World Record]] for the longest journey ever with an auto rickshaw.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
In October 2022, [[Gwent Police|Gwent]] police spent £40,000 on four tuk tuk vehicles in order to help fight crime.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/story/gwent-police-spend-40-000-on-crime-fighting-tuk-tuks-12731513 |title=Gwent Police spend £40,000 on crime-fighting tuk-tuks |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>

==== Montenegro ====
Tuk Tuk Montenegro has implemented tours with [[Electric rickshaw|electric tuk-tuks]] in [[Kotor]], [[Montenegro]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=A little bit about us |url=https://tuktukmontenegro.com/about/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Tuk Tuk Montenegro |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Central and North America ===
[[File:ES Mototaxi 06 2011 1973.JPG|thumb|[[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]] mototaxis in El Salvador]]

==== El Salvador ====
The ''mototaxi'' or ''moto'' is the El Salvadoran version of the auto rickshaw. These are most commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycle attached to a two-wheeled passenger area in back. Commercially produced models, such as the Indian [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]] brand, are also employed.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

==== Guatemala ====
In Guatemala tuk-tuks operate, both as taxis and private vehicles, in [[Guatemala City]], around the island town of [[Flores]], [[Petén (department)|Peten]], in the mountain city of [[Antigua Guatemala]], and in many small towns in the mountains. From 2005 to present the tuk-tuks have been prevalent in [[Lago de Atitlán]] towns such as [[Panajachel]] and [[Santiago Atitlán]]. While tuk-tuks continue to serve as a prevalent form of transportation in Antigua and Lake Atitlan their use throughout the country as a whole has declined.

==== United States ====
In the 1950s and 1960s, the [[United States Post Office Department|United States Post Office]] (replaced in 1971 by the [[United States Postal Service]]) used the [[Westcoaster Mailster|WestCoaster Mailster]], a close relative of the tuk-tuk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2c3a_mailsters.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825043821/http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2c3a_mailsters.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2009|title=National Postal Museum|date=25 August 2009 }}</ref> Similar vehicles remain in limited use for parking enforcement, mall security, and other niche applications. After a short time on the market (Mid-2000s to 2008) in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/15/tuk-tuk-usa-gets-dot-and-epa-approval/|title=Tuk Tuk USA gets DOT and EPA approval|website=Autoblog|date=15 April 2009 }}</ref> the vehicles failed to gain popularity in the United States, and as a result, are no longer available. The Manufacturer [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]] cited the manual transmissions aboard the three-wheelers as the reason for poor sales. As a result of modifications that made the machines [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] and [[Department of Transportation (U.S.)|DOT]] compliant, the vehicles that were sold are still street-legal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2008/05/02/bajaj-3-wheeler-is-now-off-the-u-s-market/|title=Bajaj 3-Wheeler is now off the U.S. market|website=Autoblog|date=2 May 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:Cushman Mailster, 1955.jpg|thumb|center|Westcoaster Mailster]]

Auto rickshaws are rarely seen in the United States, However there are companies that operate them as taxis, affordable transportation services, or rentals, usually in urban areas like Tuk Tuk Chicago in [[Chicago]], Capital Tuk-Tuk in [[Sacramento]], eTuk Ride Denver in [[Denver]], the Boston rickshaw company in [[Boston]] and several more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuktuk-chicago.com/|title=Tuk Tuk Chicago – Do You Tuk Tuk?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://capitaltuktuk.com/|title=Eco-Friendly Tour - Capital Tuk Tuk | Sacramento, CA|website=Capital Tuk Tuk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://etukride.com/|title=eTuk Locations - Electric Tuk Tuk City Tours & Brewery Crawls - eTuk Ride|website=eTuk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bostonrickshaw.com/about-us/ | title=About Us | date=4 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ragstorickshaws.com/|title=Rickshaw Rental Service for Events|website=Rags to Rickshaws}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texas-tuktuks.com/|title=Texas Tuk tuks|first=Texas Tuk|last=tuks|website=Texas Tuk tuks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gotukn.com/|title=Things to do in Jacksonville | Jacksonville Tours & Transportation|website=Go Tuk'n}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvatuktuk.com/|title=Home - RVATukTuk The fun, unique way to experience Richmond Book your adventure.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bostonrickshaw.com/|title=Boston Rickshaw Company|website=Boston Rickshaw Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelagewest.com/Travel/USA-Canada/Been-There-Do-This-eTuk-Ride-Portland-in-Oregon|title=Been There, Do This: eTuk Ride Portland in Oregon|first=Emma |last=Weissmann|date=November 13, 2019|website=TravelAge West}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cyclepub.com/|title=Home|website=Cycle Pub}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lucky-tuk-tuk.com/|title=Lucky Tuk Tuk Private Tours – Private Small Group Sightseeing Tours in San Francisco}}</ref>

The [[New York Police Department]] (NYPD) operates auto rickshaws that they call “three-wheel patrol scooters”. The patrol scooters are used for parking and traffic enforcement on city streets and to patrol places that most cars can't – like the narrow paths in [[Central Park]]. The NYPD patrol scooters started being replaced in 2016 with [[Smart Fortwo]]s. The NYPD believes that the Smart Fourtwos are safer, more comfortable, and more affordable, than the three-wheel patrol scooters due to the Smart Fourtwos coming with features that the patrol scooters lack like air conditioning, and airbags, while also costing about $6,000 less. The Smart Fortwos can also be driven on highways if needed. The Smart Fortwos are also said to be more “approachable” and “friendlier looking” which helps with [[public relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nypd-smart-cars-cruisers-approachable-attention/|title=NYPD's "kissable and huggable" Smart cars receive flood of attention|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

==== Cuba ====
In Cuba, the autorickshaws are small and look like a coconut, hence the name [[Cocotaxi]]. [[File:Cocotaxis.jpg|thumb|Cocotaxis in Havana, Cuba]]

==== Mexico ====
Some auto rickshaws have been and are still used in Mexico, Such as in [[Mexico City|Rickshaws in Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shoreexcursionsgroup.com/tour/ensenada-tuk-tuk-beach-and-bar/mxentukbch#:~:text=Experience+Ensenada's+must-see+sights,Price:+$105.00|title=Ensenada Tuk Tuk, Beach and Bar | Ensenada Shore Excursion | Mexican Riviera Cruise Tours|website=Shore Excursions Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=gpsKevin Adventure Rides - Tuk Tuk Oaxaca |url=https://www.gpskevinadventurerides.com/upcoming-rides/tuk-tuk-oaxaca |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.gpskevinadventurerides.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilden |first=Nick |date=2024-05-06 |title=Everything I Learned on Mexico's New Highway Connecting Oaxaca City to the Coast |url=https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/mexico-new-highway-oaxaca-city-puerto-escondido |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Thrillist |language=en}}</ref>

=== South America ===
==== Peru ====
In Peru, a version of this vehicle is called a motocar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peru-motor.com/motocar/ |title=Motocar |website=Perú Motor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003154015/http://www.peru-motor.com/motocar |archive-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> or mototaxi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/mototaxis-in-peru-1619752 |title=A Traveler's Guide to Mototaxis in Peru |author=Tony Dunnell |date=28 July 2017 |publisher=tripsavvy |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

==== Bolivia ====
Auto Rickshaws are seen in Bolivia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-man-s-seven-year-tuk-tuk-journey-from-argentina-to-alaska-20230407-p5cyx9.html?js-chunk-not-found-refresh=true|title=Australian man's seven-year tuk-tuk journey from Argentina to Alaska|first=Amber|last=Schultz|date=April 15, 2023|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/trouble-strikes-ryan-magee-aussieespanol-on-his-tuk-tuk-travels/news-story/de5faae1816a5b51c9f7626624a7e4f1?amp&nk=11387282b59daa33d2f6f4a6926d7d47-1740345984</ref>

==== Brazil ====
[[Uber]] allows auto rickshaws to be used by drivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/miscellaneous/uber-launches-tuk-tuk-in-brazil/|title=Uber Launches "Tuk-tuk" in Brazil|first=Lachlan|last=Williams|date=January 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3wheeledcheese.wordpress.com/2012/06/21/the-tuk-tuk-is-here-to-stay-in-sao-paulo/|title=THE TUK TUK IS HERE TO STAY IN BRAZIL|date=June 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bajaj-auto-confirms-production-unit-in-brazil-expands-global-production-to-100-countries-8946418.html|title=Bajaj Auto Confirms Production Unit In Brazil; Expands Global Production To 100 Countries|website=News18}}</ref>

==== Colombia ====
Tuk tuks or moto-taxis are used in some towns and cities in Colombia such as [[Jardín]], [[Guatapé]], or [[San Rafael, Antioquia|San Rafael]] in [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]].
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcarrocolombiano.com/transporte/colombia-10-de-las-personas-que-se-movilizan-lo-hacen-en-tuk-tuks/|title=En Colombia, 10% de las personas que se movilizan lo hacen en "Tuk Tuks"|first=Jessica Paola Vera|last=García|date=August 28, 2023|website=El Carro Colombiano}}</ref>

=== Australia and Oceania ===

==== Australia ====
[[Ikea]] did a trial run using Electric Auto Rickshaws in [[Sydney|Sydney, Australia]] to deliver packages to customers from May to August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Amalyah |date=2023-05-16 |title=Electric tuk tuks to make deliveries for Ikea customers in Sydney |url=https://thedriven.io/2023/05/17/electric-tuk-tuks-to-make-deliveries-for-ikea-customers-in-sydney/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Driven |language=en-AU}}</ref>

A company called Just Tuk'n Around using both pedal powered rickshaws and electric auto rickshaws carries tourists around in Airlie Beach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuk Tuk Tours |url=https://www.justtuknaround.com.au/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Just Tuk'n Around |language=en}}</ref>

==== New Zealand ====
Mount Cook Alpine Salmon uses Auto rickshaws on its farms to move equipment and people around.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Tuk-tuk trial on Canterbury salmon farm |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-districts/tuk-tuk-trial-canterbury-salmon-farm |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

A company using auto rickshaws called Tuk Tuk Taxi operates in [[Wānaka]] in the South Island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wanaka taxi Services by Tuk Tuk Taxi {{!}} Call now-0800885800 |url=https://tuktuktaxi.co.nz/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A company using auto rickshaws called Tuk Tuk NZ used to operate in Wellington.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-17 |title=Tuk tuk start up hits red tape speed bump |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/small-business/tuk-tuk-start-up-hits-red-tape-speed-bump/M6YOGNDVAVNANST5CUI3WYHCBY/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineer penalised for signing off on Auckland tuk-tuk safety despite having never viewed them |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2020/01/14/engineer-penalised-for-signing-off-on-auckland-tuk-tuk-safety-despite-having-never-viewed-them/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[1News]] |language=en}}</ref>

A company using auto rickshaws called Kiwi Tuk Tuk used to operate in Auckland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiwi Tuk Tuk Limited {{!}} GetYourGuide Supplier |url=https://www.getyourguide.com/kiwi-tuk-tuk-limited-s230548/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[GetYourGuide]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== Fuel efficiency and pollution ==
In July 1998, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered the government of Delhi to implement [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] ([[Autogas]]) [[fuel]] for all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city. Delhi's air quality has improved with the switch to CNG. Initially, auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNG refueling, but the situation improved following an increase in the number of CNG stations. Gradually, many state governments passed similar laws, thus shifting to CNG or LPG vehicles in most large cities to improve air quality and reduce pollution. Certain local governments are pushing for [[four-stroke engine]]s instead of two-stroke ones. Typical [[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]] for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around {{convert|35|km/L}} of petrol. Pakistan has passed a similar law prohibiting auto rickshaws in certain areas. CNG auto rickshaws have started to appear in huge numbers in many Pakistani cities.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

In January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two-stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution. In the Philippines<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engr.colostate.edu/news/print/index.cfm?id=402 | title=Envirofit's Tricycle Retrofit Program Funded | access-date=2011-03-22 | date=19 May 2006 | publisher=Colorado State University | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929002935/http://www.engr.colostate.edu/news/print/index.cfm?id=402 | archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> there are projects to convert carbureted two-stroke engines to direct-injected via [[Envirofit International#Two-stroke engine direct injection retrofit|Envirofit]] technology. Research has shown LPG or CNG gas direct-injection can be retrofitted to existing engines, in similar fashion to the Envirofit system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skyshorz.com/university/publications/Gitano_SAESETC2007_LPG2T.pdf |title=Microsoft Word{{Snd}} SETC_LPG2T.doc |access-date=2010-04-03}}</ref> In [[Vigan City]] majority of tricycles-for-hire as of 2008 are powered by motorcycles with four-stroke engines, as tricycles with two-stroke motorcycles are prevented from receiving operating permits. Direct injection is standard equipment on new machines in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=2007-12-09 |title=Bajaj rolls out low-emission fuel-efficient autorickshaw |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/article1676981.ece |newspaper=Business Line |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=2010-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/05/bajaj_begins_pr.html |title=Bajaj Begins Production of 2-Stroke Direct-Injection Auto Rickshaw |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2007-05-18 |access-date=2010-04-03}}</ref>

In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the [[International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies]] initiated a two-year public-private partnership of local and international stakeholders aiming at operating a fleet of 15 hydrogen-fueled three-wheeled vehicles in New Delhi's [[Pragati Maidan]] complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unido-ichet.org/index.php?lang=en&option=com_content&Itemid=&view=article&id=363%3Aa-fleet-of-hydrogen-rickshaws-to-circulate-in-new-delhi-by-2010 |title=A fleet of hydrogen rickshaws to circulate in New Delhi by 2010 |access-date=2011-03-22 |publisher=International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144846/http://www.unido-ichet.org/index.php?lang=en&option=com_content&Itemid=&view=article&id=363%3Aa-fleet-of-hydrogen-rickshaws-to-circulate-in-new-delhi-by-2010 |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> As of January 2011, the project was nearing completion.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

[[Hydrogen internal combustion engine|Hydrogen internal combustion]] (HICV) use in three-wheelers has only recently begun to be looked into, mainly by developing countries, to decrease local pollution at an affordable cost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/818298/file/818329|title=Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines, see page 7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fischer-tropsch.org/DOE/DOE_reports/42060/42060-FNL.pdf|title=Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3-Wheel Transportation in India}}</ref> At some point, [[Bajaj Auto]] made a HICV auto rickshaw together with the company "[[Energy Conversion Devices]]".<ref name="thecityfix.com">{{cite web |url=https://thecityfix.com/blog/india-showcases-hydrogen-fuel-auto-rickshaws/ |title=India Showcases Hydrogen Fuel Auto-Rickshaws {{pipe}} |date=21 February 2012}}</ref> They made a report on it called "Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3-Wheel Transportation in India" and it stated that the performance was comparable with CNG autos. In 2012, Mahindra & Mahindra showcased their first HICV auto rickshaw, called the Mahindra HyAlfa.<ref name="thecityfix.com"/> The development of the hydrogen-powered rickshaw happened with support from the [[International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies]].

== World records ==
On 16 September 2022, at 11:04 a.m. (Indian Standard Time), a Canadian team (Greg Harris and Priya Singh) and a Swiss team (Michele Daryanani and Nevena Lazarevic) set the world record for the highest altitude at which an auto rickshaw has ever been driven. The world record was officially recognized and certified by Guinness World Records on October 10, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/746257-highest-altitude-achieved-in-an-auto-rickshaw | title=Highest altitude achieved in an auto rickshaw }}</ref> The two teams set the record by driving to the summit of [[Umling La]] Pass at an altitude of {{convert|5798|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2022/10/25/india-Richshaw-Run-world-record-altitude/7301666713774/|title=Look: Auto rickshaws take world's highest road to set world record - UPI.com|website=UPI}}</ref>

The two teams were participating in the [[Rickshaw Run]] (Himalayan Edition), an event promoted by The Adventurists, where teams drive auto rickshaws from the [[Thar Desert|Thar desert]] town of [[Jaisalmer]] in Rajasthan to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] town of [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]]. Rickshaw Run teams are given the start and finish lines, but are otherwise unsupported and left to their own navigational choices in completing the approximately 2,300 km journey.

The road at Umling La Pass was constructed by India's Border Roads Organization and completed in 2017. Guinness World Records certified the road as the highest motorable road in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/62927-highest-road|title=Highest altitude road|website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Electric rickshaw]]
* [[Fuel gas-powered scooter]]
* [[Formic acid vehicle]]: a type of hydrogen-based vehicle
* [[Jeepney]]
* [[Rickshaw (disambiguation)]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Auto-rickshaws}}
* [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.01/posts.html?pg=5 The India 1000]{{Snd}} an article in [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] about auto rickshaw racing

{{Public transport}}

[[Category:Rickshaws]]
[[Category:Public transport in India]]
[[Category:Public transport in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Public transport in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Public transport in Thailand]]
[[Category:Public transportation in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Road transport in Egypt]]
[[Category:Road transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Three-wheeled motor vehicles| ]]
[[Category:Vehicles for hire]]

List of official residences of India

2026-04-26T08:05:10Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Short description|none}}
Below is a list of [[official residence]]s of India.

==Union==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Residence
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Official
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Location
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Image
|-
|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
|rowspan="4"|[[President of India]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Residence of the [[President of India]]
|[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan 1.jpg|frameless|250px|Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India]]
|-
|[[Rashtrapati Niketan]]
|[[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|Presidential retreat<ref name="TIE">{{cite web |title=Dehradun: After 18 years, Rashtrapati Ashiana comes to life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dehradun-after-18-years-rashtrapati-ashiana-comes-to-life-3053627/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=17 December 2022 |language=en |date=28 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rashtrapati Nilayam]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|Presidential retreat<ref name="Presidential Retreats">{{cite web |title=Presidential Retreats - The President of India |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>
|[[File:Rashtrapati Nilayam.jpg|frameless|250px|Rashtrapati Nilayam, the official retreat residence of the President of India in Secunderabad, Telangana]]
|-
|[[Rashtrapati Niwas, Mashobra|Rashtrapati Niwas]]
|[[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Presidential retreat<ref name="Presidential Retreats"/>
|[[File:Rashtrapati Niwas Main Building.jpg|frameless|250px|Rashtrapati Niwas, the President's retreat in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Vice President's Enclave]]
|[[Vice President of India]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Residence of the [[Vice President of India]]
|
|-
|[[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]]
|[[Prime Minister of India]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Residence of the [[Prime Minister of India]]
|[[File:Prime Minister of Bharat, Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi welcomes VP JD Vance and his family to 7, LKM.jpg|frameless|250px|7, Lok Kalyan Marg – Official residence of the Prime Minister of India]]
|-
|[[Hyderabad House]]
|[[State guest house]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Guest House of [[Republic of India]]<ref name="ITDC">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad House |url=https://itdc.co.in/hyderabad-house/ |website=India Tourism Development Corporation - The Ashok Group of Hotels |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>
|[[File:Hyderabad house in delhi india.jpg|frameless|250px|Hyderabad House – A state guest house used for banquets and diplomatic meetings in New Delhi]]
|}

==States==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Residence
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Official
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Location
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Notes
! scope="col" | Image
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Amaravati]]
|[[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[https://rajbhavan.ap.gov.in/ Official Website]
|[[File:Governor Bhavanam.jpg|frameless|250px|Governor Bhavanam – Official residence of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Itanagar]]
|[[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[http://arunachalgovernor.nic.in/html/rajbhawan.htm Official Website]
|[[File:Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu with the staff of Rajbhavan in Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|frameless|250px|Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu with staff at Lok Bhavan, Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Guwahati]]
|[[Governor of Assam]]
|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|[https://gad.assam.gov.in/schemes/detail/rajbhawan Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Patna]]
|[[Governor of Bihar]]
|[[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
|[http://governor.bih.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[1, Aney Marg]]
|[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]
|[[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Raipur]]
|[[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|[https://cgstate.gov.in/en/web/rajbhavan/rajbhavan1 Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Panaji]]
|[[Governor of Goa]]
|[[Panaji]], [[Goa]]
|[http://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Gandhinagar]]
|[[Governor of Gujarat]]
|[[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]]
|[http://rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Haryana]]
|[[Governor of Haryana]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[http://www.haryanarajbhavan.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Shimla]]
|[[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[https://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Oakover]]
|[[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Ranchi]]
|[[Governor of Jharkhand]]
|[[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
|[http://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Bengaluru]]
|[[Governor of Karnataka]]
|[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|[https://rajbhavan.karnataka.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Anugraha]]
|[[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
|[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Governor of Kerala]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
|[http://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Cliff House, Thiruvananthapuram|Cliff House]]
|[[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Bhopal]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[http://governor.mp.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Pachmarhi]]
|[[Panchmarhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[http://governor.mp.gov.in/Pachmarhi.aspx Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Mumbai]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|rowspan="4"|[http://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Pune]]
|[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar]]
|[[Mahabaleshwar]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Varsha Bungalow]]
|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Imphal]]
|[[Governor of Manipur]]
|[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|[https://rajbhavanmanipur.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Shillong]]
|[[Governor of Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|[http://meggovernor.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Aizawl]]
|[[Governor of Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|[https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Kohima]]
|[[Governor of Nagaland]]
|[[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
|[https://rajbhavan.nagaland.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Governor of Odisha]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|[http://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/ Official Website]
|[[File:Raj_Bhavan_Puri.jpg|frameless|250px|Governor Bhavan – Official residence of the Governor of Odisha]]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Puri]]
|[[Puri]], [[Odisha]]
|[http://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/rajbhavanpuri.asp Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Punjab]]
|[[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[http://punjabrajbhavan.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Jaipur]]
|[[Governor of Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[http://www.rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en.html Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Gangtok]]
|[[Governor of Sikkim]]
|[[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
|[http://www.rajbhavansikkim.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Chennai]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[http://www.tnrajbhavan.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Ooty]]
|[[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[https://tnrajbhavan.gov.in/udhagamandalam/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Hyderabad]]
|[[Governor of Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|[http://governor.tsap.nic.in/RB-History.html Official Website]
|-
|[[Praja Bhavan]]
|[[Chief Minister of Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Telangana]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Agartala]]
|[[Governor of Tripura]]
|[[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]
|[https://rajbhavan.tripura.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Jan Bhavan, Lucknow]]
|[[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[http://upgovernor.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[5, Kalidas Marg]]
|[[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Residence of the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Dehradun]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
|[[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|[http://www.governoruk.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Nainital]]
|[[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|[http://www.governoruk.gov.in/pages/show/76-rajbhawan-nainital Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Kolkata]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Governor of West Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[http://rajbhavankolkata.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Darjeeling]]
|[[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]
|[http://rajbhavankolkata.nic.in/html/darjeelingbkgd.html Official Website]
|-
|}

==Union territories==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Residence
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Official
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Location
! scope="col" | Website
! scope="col" | Image
|-
|[[Lok Niwas, Port Blair]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[[Port Blair]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[http://db.and.nic.in/nicobars/DistInfo/LG.php Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Jammu]]
|rowspan="2"|[[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[http://www.jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Bhavan, Srinagar]]
|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[http://www.jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Niwas, Leh]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh|Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh]]
|[[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]
|[https://ladakh.nic.in/whoswho/radha-krishna-mathur/ Official Website]
|-
|[[Lok Niwas, Delhi]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_lg/New/LG/Home/ Official Website]
|[[File:Rajniwas_Delhi.jpg|frameless|right|250px|Raj Niwas, Delhi — the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.]]
|-
|[[Lok Niwas, Pondicherry]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|[https://rajnivas.py.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Raj Bhavan|Lok Bhavan]]
* [[Raj Niwas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Official residences in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of government buildings|India]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|Residences]]

Garima Sanjay

2026-04-20T03:52:18Z

ToniaMirams219: created redirect page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Garima Sanjay
| image = Author Garima Sanjay 2015 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sanjay in 2015
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Author
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| spouse = Sanjay Kumar
| children = Shatrrundam Srivastav
| relatives =
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| website =
}}
'''Garima Sanjay''' (born on 15 January, in Allahabad) is an author of novels and short stories, as well as a scriptwriter and documentary film producer.

==Early life and education==
Born in Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh), Sanjay did her schooling from St. Anthony's Convent Girls' Intermediate College. She did her graduation from Allahabad University in Economics and Post Graduation in Ancient History and Culture.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Career==
Sanjay has been working in the Indian media industry for over two decades. Presently, she is serving the digital museum and experience industry, where she contributes by making strategies as well as, conducting research, curation, and writing narratives on literary, historical, and cultural subjects. Her field of expertise spans from Bharatiya philosophy and spirituality to technology and general awareness. She has written numerous books on various topics.

Sanjay has made various documentary and short films for both government agencies and for private companies. She is a curator and content developer for museums too. Among many museums in her credit, she has also worked for the Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya, New Delhi, which was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi on 14 April 2022. She also conceptualised and curated a digital exhibition on the occasion of the 17th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas on the theme of "Contribution of Diaspora in the Indian Freedom Struggle". The exhibition was inaugurated by the Hon. Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi. EAM Shri S. Jai Shankar, Minister of Culture, Smt. Meenakshi Lekhi, and the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan, were also present on the occasion.

Currently working in the field of historical and cultural research, she is an expert in museum curation and strategising engaging experiences. As a storyteller, she creates experiences that are interesting and engaging, as well as informative and enlightening. An MA in Ancient History and Culture, after completing her Post Graduation in mass media studies from [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication|Indian Institute Of Mass Communication]], she joined the media industry. Her professional career in the field of writing started more than twenty years back in New Delhi.

Sanjay is currently doing research, curation and preparing narratives for various museums and other informative experience centres of the [[Government of India]]. A few in the list include: The Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya, NMML, New Delhi and "Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav - Contribution of Diaspora in Indian Freedom Struggle" for the 17th Pravaasi Bharatiya Divas, held in Indore, Madhya Pradesh (Ref: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1889739 Her most notable literary works are Hindi novels 'Smritiyan' (2013), 'Aatank Ke Saaye Mein' (2015) and 'Khatte Mithe Se Rishte' (2019).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117868 | title=VICE PRESIDENT RELEASES THE BOOK 'AATANK KE SAAYE MEN' BY GARIMA SANJAY | work=pib.nic.in | accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/vice-president-released-a-book-titled-smritiyan-authored-by-garima-sanjay-1373715870-1 | title=Vice President Released a Book titled Smritiyan authored by Garima Sanjay | work=jagranjosh.com | accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.88.150/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=117868 | title=Aatank Ke Saaye Men | work=Press Information Bureau Govt of India | accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934713346 | title=Atank Ke Saaye Mein | publisher=Naī Dillī : Pratibhā Pratishṭhāna | author=Garima Sanjay | year=2015 | isbn=9789383111664| oclc=934713346 }}</ref> She has been regularly contributing on social and environmental issues in various magazines, newspapers and news-portals.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

Sanjay’s short stories have been published in magazines like Jagran Sakhi, Sahitya Amrit, Laghukatha.com, Dharohar, Yuva Pravartak etc. & features in Dainik Jagaran, Punjab Kesari, Rashtriya Sahara, SirfNews.com etc.{{cn|date=August 2023}} She's contributed in providing Hindi content for four new museums sanctioned by the Government of India. Three museums for the Ministry of Culture "Yaaden Jalliyan" and "Shraddhanjali" established at Red Fort, Delhi and "Icons of Nationalism" at National Library, Kolkata and one for the Ministry of Textiles. The museums at Red Fort were inaugurated by PM Sri Narendra Modi on the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, on 23 January 2019.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

In documentary film making her highly appreciated works are "GLOF" (Glacial Lake Outburst Flood) for UNDP, "Madan Lal Dhingra" for Films Division of India and "Bhartiya Police- Saahas Yeh Bhi" for BPR&D under the guidance of Dr Kiran Bedi.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Literary works ==

=== Novels ===

#Smritiyaan (2013)
# Atank Ke Saaye Mein (2015)
# Khatte Meethe Se Rishtey (2019)
# Khwahishen Apni-APni (2020)

=== Short stories ===
# Jharokhe (2025), is a collection of short stories
=== General books ===

# Start up India- Shuru Karein Apna Karobar (2016)
# Constitution of India (A textbook on Indian Polity)
# Acupressure (Hindi & English)
# Aroma Therapy
# "1001 Tips for Good Health"
# Miniature book series on 12- Zodiac signs
# Family Homeopathy Handbook

=== Translations ===

# PM Narendra Modi : The Game Changer
# 'My Father Sarat Chandra Bose' by Sisir Chandra Bose
# '"Reflections of a Surgeon" by Dr. V. N. Srikhande
# CSAT book, Computer text books and other text books for Tata McGraw Hills
# Hindi content for various educational software for Multivarsity, Pune
# Science and Social Sciences text books for NCERT
# 'India Educator' a house journal of Discovery Channel
# ‘EXPORT MANAGEMENT’, a text book of IIFT, by Prof.B. Bhattacharya
# Various books on Alternative Therapies, viz. Juice & Fruit therapies, Reiki, Aroma Therapy, an encyclopedia of Acupressure, etc.

== References ==
{{reflist}}5. Researched and Curated "Contribution of Diaspora in Indian Freedom Struggle" for the 17th Pravaasi Bharatiya Divas, held in Indore, Madhya Pradesh (Ref: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1889739

6. https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-17th-pravasi-bharatiya-divas-convention-in-indore-madhya-pradesh/?comment=disable {{Authority control}}
7. https://www.garimasanjay.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjay, Garima}}
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]

Guler chieftaincy

2026-04-19T14:16:36Z

ToniaMirams219: post

{{Short description|Hill state in present-day Himachal Pradesh, India (1247–1813)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Guler State
| common_name = Guler
| nation =
| status_text = [[Monarchy|Kingdom]]
| capital = Haripur Guler
| era =
| year_start = 1247
| date_start =
| event_start = Foundation of the state
| year_end = 1813
| date_end =
| event_end = Annexation by the [[Sikh Empire]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Kangra State
| s1 = Sikh Empire
| flag_p1 = Flag of Kangra state.png
| flag_s1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Guler from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg
| image_map_caption = Detail of the territory of Guler from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852
| stat_area1 = 65
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| today = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| footnotes =
| leader1 = Hari Chander
| title_leader = [[Mian (title)|Mian]]/[[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = 1247–1267(first)
| leader2 = Bhup Singh
| year_leader2 = 1790–1813(last)
}}

'''Guler''' was a minor chieftaincy<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raza Khan |first1=Ahsan |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=9780896843769 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shAdAAAAMAAJ&q=guler}}</ref> in the Lower [[Himalayas]]. Its capital was the town of [[Haripur Guler]], in modern-day [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune Web Desk |date=28 June 2024 |title=Monumental neglect: Haripur-Guler's world-class heritage breathing its last |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/monumental-neglect-haripur-gulers-world-class-heritage-breathing-its-last-634767 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> The kingdom was founded in 1415 by [[Raja]] Hari Chand, a scion of the ancient royal family of [[Kangra State|Kangra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |title=Painting In The Kangra Valley |date=2020 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-89136-65-4 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The etymology of the word Guler can be traced to the word Gwalior, meaning the abode of cowherds. One of the foremost schools of [[Pahari painting|Pahari miniatures]] is named after this small principality.<ref name=":0" />

Guler State is famous as the birthplace of [[Kangra painting]] when in the first half of the 18th century, a family of [[Kashmir]]i painters trained in the [[Mughal painting]] style sought shelter at the court of Raja Dalip Singh ({{reign}} 1695–1741) of Guler. The rise of [[Haripur Guler#Guler Paintings|Guler Paintings]] or Guler style started what is known as the early phase of Kangra art.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hillpost.in/2005/03/guler-style/93/ |title=Hill Post - Guler Style |date=23 March 2005 |access-date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130630/http://hillpost.in/2005/03/guler-style/93/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Miniature painting of Raj Singh of Guler, also known as Raja Gopal, standing on a terrace whilst holding a flower.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Raja Gopal (Guler)|Raj Singh of Guler]]]]

===Early history===
According to legends, the Guler State was founded at an uncertain date between 1405 and 1450 by Raja Hari Chand.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR5p2ZLQU8AC |title=Coronation of Shiva: Rediscovering Masrur Temple |date=2009 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1478-0 |location=New Delhi |page=83 |language=en}}</ref> Hari Chand fell into a dry well while hunting.<ref name=":1" /> Since no one could find him, the Hari Chand was presumed dead and his brother was then named the Raja of [[Kangra State]].<ref name=":1" /> When Hari Chand was eventually brought back alive from the well, instead of fighting for his rights to the throne, he founded the town of Haripur on the valley below the fort by the [[Banganga River (Himachal Pradesh)|Banganga River]].<ref>Mark Brentnall ''The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire Himachal Pradesh,'' vol. I: Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|8173871639}}, {{ISBN|9788173871634}}, p. 304</ref>

===Sikh Empire and British Raj===
In 1813, Guler state was annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]] under [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]]. Bhup Singh (1765 - 1826) was the last ruling king. He was given a [[Jagir]] in Nandpur by [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1826. The Jagir was recognized by the [[British Raj|British government]] in 1853. In 1877, his son Shamsher Singh died without male heirs and the state lapsed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=206–207 |language=en}}</ref>

==Rulers==
A list of rulers of the Guler state who formerly bore the title [[Mian (title)|Mian]] and later '[[Raja]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html |title=Princely states of India |access-date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520133316/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rajas ===

* 1247–1267: Hari Chander
* 1271–1292: Gun Chand
* 1293–1310: Udhan Chander
* 1310–1333: Swaran Chand
* 1333–1347: Gyan Chander
* 1348–1367: Narender Chander
* 1367–1389: Udhen Chander
* 1389–1414: Rattan Chander
* 1415–1433: Garud Chander
* 1433–1438: Gambhir Chand
* 1448–1464: Abhay Chander
* 1464–1471: Uttam Chander
* 1481–1503: Prithvi Chander
* 1503–1526: Karan Chander
* 1526–1550: Ram Chand (Fifteenth ruler)
* 1550–?: Jagdish Chand
* 1568–?: Rup Chand
* ...
* 1635–1661: Man Singh
* 1661–1675: Vikram Singh
* 1685–1695: [[Raja Gopal (Guler)|Raja Gopal Singh]] (also known as 'Raja Raj Singh')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7380-204-1 |edition=3rd |volume=2: E-L |pages=103}}</ref>
*1695–1741: Dalip Singh (born 1688 – died 1741)
*1695–1705: Bilas Devi (f) - Regent
*1730–1741: Govardhan Singh - Regent (born 1713 – died 1773)
*1773–1790: Prakash Singh (born 1748 – died 1820)
*1790–1813: Bhup Singh (born 1765 – died 1826)
*2000–Present: Abhishek Guleria (Continue the journey, maintaining the Legacy)

== Guler paintings ==
The Mughals had a considerable impact on the socio-cultural and political sphere of the hilly areas. The Mughal influence provided an important impetus to the development of the Guler School, as the rulers started to take an active interest in promoting and patronizing art as the Mughals did.<ref name=":0" /> According to recent research works, the tradition of painting was already present in the second half of the 17th Century in the Pahari areas of [[Basohli (town)|Basohli]], [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], and [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur.]] This period saw monochrome drawings and the prevalence of warm primary colours used by the painters. These paintings however lacked the fine, intricate details seen in [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniatures]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chandramani |title=Centres of Pahari painting |date=1982 |publisher=Abhinav Publ |isbn=978-0-391-02412-0 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
[[File:Painting of Mian Gopal Singh playing chess with Pandit Dinamani Raina. Ascribed to Pandit Seu of Guler. Dated ca.1720–1725.jpg|thumb|Painting of Mian Gopal Singh of Guler (left) playing chess with Pandit Dinamani Raina (right). Ascribed to Pandit Seu of Guler. Dated ca.1720–1725.]]
In ''Dilparanjani'', one of the verses mentions the name of Rajguru Dinamani Raina, one of the painters of Guler, along with Chaturbhuj Purohit, one of the royal preceptors famous for his knowledge of mythological texts. Contemporary portraits of both these figures are known and have been catalogued.<ref name=":0" /> The Kashmiri painters, who earlier enjoyed prestigious positions under the Mughals, were dispossessed after the ascendancy of [[Aurangzeb]] and were forced to migrate in search of patronage from the Rajput rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Painted visions: the Goenka collection of Indian paintings |date=1999 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi |isbn=978-81-87507-00-0 |editor-last=Goswamy |editor-first=Brijinder N. |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Lalit Kalā Akadami}}</ref> Accordingly, a family of Kashmiri painters, Hasnu and his sons Seu, Billu (Billand) and Raghu, settled at Guler towards the last phase of the 17th Century and introduced a new style of painting that was characterised by a high degree of naturalism in addition to the Mughal conventions which these painters brought with them.<ref name=":0" /> This family having set up a workshop at Guler, began working in the court. An inscription in Guler ''bahi'' at Haridwar mentions this lineage as ''<nowiki/>'vamsa h ka'<nowiki/>'', and even later Pandit Seu's son [[Nainsukh]] had identified Hasnu as his grandfather in a detailed ''bahi''-entry written by him, at [[Haridwar]] in 1763.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goswamy |first1=Brijinder Nath |title=Nainsukh of Guler: a great Indian painter from a small hill state |last2=Kuprecht |first2=Andrea |last3=Tyebji |first3=Salima |date=2011 |publisher=Niyogi books |isbn=978-81-89738-76-1 |edition=Reprint |location=New Delhi}}</ref> ''Bahis'' are records maintained by priests at Hindu worship sites of the pilgrims visiting these places for ceremonies, etc. While [[Manaku of Guler|Manaku]] is said to have noted the earliest inscription of this painter-family at a bahi in Haridwar, where in 1736, he along with his cousins wrote the entry in the Takri script identifying the group as ''<nowiki/>'vasi Guler ke'''. Manaku was Seu's eldest son.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=Brijinder Nath |title=Manaku of Guler: the life and work of another great Indian painter from a small hill state |date=2017 |publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers, jointly published with Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-85285-82-0 |series=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Later, while Manaku worked at Guler, Nainsukh migrated to [[Jasrota]] court, and in his oeuvre that flourished under the patronage of Raja Balwant Singh, the Guler paintings reached their state of maturity and creative finessee.<ref>[http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html Hindu Hill Kingdoms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330034200/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html|date=30 March 2010}} ''[[V&A Museum]]''</ref>

The portraits of the Guler school show close proximity with those of the Mughal school, suggesting that Seu, and his songs Nainsukh and Manaku, had borrowed extensively from the traditions of Mughal miniatures. Apart from portraits, the rulers, particularly Raja Govardhan Chand, under whose patronage Manaku worked, commissioned paintings on a variety of subjects such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and the [[Gita Govinda]].<ref name=":0" /> Youthful female faces, well-rounded, and definite in shape - as seen in the painting ''Lady Smoking a Huqqa at the Terrace'', became a prototype for the depiction of female figures in the Bhagavata Purana, and Gita Govinda series. Developed by the two brothers Manaku and Nainsakh, these features exhibited a fine perfection of the Guler school and were also adopted by the later-generation painters.<ref name=":0" /> These next-generation painters transformed the style, and more subtle pictorial landscapes, and stylized bodily features, especially the depictions of female bodies, colour choices, etc, underwent considerable changes. For Khandalavala, the roundish female faces of the first half of the 18th Century were typical of what he called the Bhagvata face.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahari Miniature Painting |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/pahari-miniature-painting |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224115/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/pahari-miniature-painting |url-status=live }}</ref> Manaku-Nainsukh's slender female forms clad in ''[[ghagra choli]]'', are replaced by fuller forms wearing [[Peshwaj|peshwaz]] by the later artists. While the Guler paintings depicting [[Barahmasa|Baramasa]] and ''Bihari Satasi'', composed in oval formats, capture the subtle sentiments of love and human emotions. However, by the end of the 19th Century, the splendour of the Guler school had declined as artists began to produce cheap copies, and laborious processes of making colours and pigments were discarded as chemical paints became available in the market. The artists next started to paint under Sikh chieftains, as the [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]] paintings reveal. This was facilitated by the consolidation of Sikh power at the same time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==See also==
*[[List of Rajput dynasties]]
*[[Kangra painting]]
*[[Pahari painting]]
*[[Bashohli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th–19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148-152, for more information about Guler Painting)

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Guler style}}

{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}
{{coord|32.0|N|76.16|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]

Tashiding Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:00:59Z

ToniaMirams219: starting post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tashiding
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>

| electors = 6,365
| mla = Dawa Narbu Takarpa
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Tashiding Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Dawgyal Pentso Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Ugen Pritso Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=2 | Thutop Bhutia
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dawa Narbu Takarpa
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tashiding<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Narbu Takarpa |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,509 |percentage=65.32% |change={{increase}}10.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dadul Kazi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,778 |percentage=33.10% |change={{increase}}30.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pulling Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,731 |percentage=32.22% |change= {{increase}}20.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,372 |percentage=84.40% |change= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,365 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}10.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tashiding<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thutop Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,740 |percentage=54.72% |change={{increase}}21.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dadul Kazi |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,148 |percentage=42.90% |change={{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lovzang Sonam Wangyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=119 |percentage=2.38% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=592 |percentage=11.82% |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,007 |percentage=84.74% |change= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,014 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}18.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tashiding<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thutop Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,644 |percentage=36.04% |change={{decrease}}53.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Wangyal Kazi |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,512 |percentage=33.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawgyal P. Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=621 |percentage=13.61% |change={{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Pencho Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=511 |percentage=11.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lha Tshering Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=5.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=132 |percentage=2.89% |change= {{decrease}}76.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,562 |percentage=82.04% |change= {{increase}}13.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,658 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}53.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tashiding<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Pritso Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,249 |percentage=89.06% |change={{increase}}23.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chewang Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=347 |percentage=9.51% |change={{decrease}}17.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Wongdi Bhutia |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=52 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,902 |percentage=79.55% |change= {{increase}}40.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,648 |percentage=69.73% |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,435 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tashiding<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Pritso Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,586 |percentage=65.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawgyal Pintso Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=643 |percentage=26.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Yongda |party=Independent politician |votes=119 |percentage=4.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungching Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=943 |percentage=39.21% |change= {{increase}}24.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,405 |percentage=64.60% |change= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,879 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}18.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tashiding<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawgyal Pentso Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=729 |percentage=47.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Wangyal Lassopa |party=Janata Party |votes=502 |percentage=32.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lago Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=131 |percentage=8.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Dorjee Sherpa |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=107 |percentage=6.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruth Karthok Lepchani |party=Independent politician |votes=68 |percentage=4.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yongda Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=10 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=227 |percentage=14.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,547 |percentage=63.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,716 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Dharmagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:31Z

ToniaMirams219: entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Dharmagarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharmagarh
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 79
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,61,881{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Dharmagarh''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kalahandi district]], [[Odisha]]. After 2008 Delimitation, [[Koksara Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

This constituency includes Dharmgarh block, Kalampur block, Koksara block, and 2 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Bandigaon and Ranamal) of Jaipatana block.<ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp96.htm|title= 96 - Dharamgarh (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=

{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|41.84}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.75}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|32.76}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|35.83}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.25}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.44}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|31.64}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|54.66}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.45}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|51.80}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.57}}
}}
Since its formation in 1957, 16 elections were held till date. It was a 2-member constituency in 1957.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dharmgarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Dharmgarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/dharmgarh-constituency-result-18079 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Mousadhi Bag]]<ref name=election2019/>
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014/>
|rowspan=2|Puspendra Singh Deo
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|Bira Sipka
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009/>
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Bharat Bhusan Bemal
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jugaram Behera
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2|Gajanan Nayak
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Dayanidhi Naik
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan=2|Lochan Dhangada Majhi
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Mukunda Naik
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Janardan Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Birakeshari Deo
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Puspendra Singh Deo by a margin of 18,927 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi]]
|votes = 87,890
|percentage = 41.84
|change = {{up}}15.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Puspendra Singh Deo
|votes = 68,963
|percentage =32.83
|change = {{down}}1.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rasmirekha Rout
|votes = 41,269
|percentage = 19.65
|change ={{down}}2.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tirtharaj Durga
|votes =2,167
|percentage = 1.03
|change ={{up}}0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,105
|percentage = 1.00
|change ={{down}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,927
|percentage = 9.01
|change = {{up}}0.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,10,054
|percentage = 80.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Mousadhi Bag]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Anant Pratap Deo by a margin of 16,098 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmagarh<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mousadhi Bag]]
|votes = 68,291
|percentage = 34.75
|change = {{increase}}1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anant Pratap Deo
|votes = 52,193
|percentage = 26.56
|change = {{increase}}2.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Digambar Duria
|votes = 42,593
|percentage = 21.67
|change = {{increase}}3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,210
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,098
|percentage = 8.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,96,538
|percentage = 78.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Puspendra Singh Deo defeated [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Rabindra Pattjoshi by a margin of 16,158 votes.<ref name="election2014" />

{{Election box begin |title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmagarh<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Puspendra Singh Deo
|votes = 59,931
|percentage = 32.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rabindra Pattjoshi
|votes = 43,773
|percentage = 23.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tushar Ranjan Pattjoshi
|votes = 33,569
|percentage = 18.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,669
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,158
|percentage = 8.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,82,992
|percentage = 78.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Puspendra Singh Deo defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Rahasbihari Behera by a margin of 22,906 votes.<ref name="election2009" />
{{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Dharmagarh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Puspendra Singh Deo
|votes = 56,470
|percentage = 35.83
|change = {{down}}12.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rahasbihari Behera
|votes = 33,564
|percentage = 21.30
|change = {{down}}14.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Janardan Panda
|votes = 31,573
|percentage = {{up}}20.03
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,906
|percentage = 14.53{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,57,621
|percentage = 71.66
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = 7.14{{efn|2004 voter turnout was 64.52%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Kalahandi district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.87|82.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]

Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Hasanpur politician)

2026-04-11T20:35:50Z

ToniaMirams219: new new entry needs work

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Prasad Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Social Work]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1990
| predecessor = [[Gajendra Prasad Himanshu]]
| successor = Gajendra Prasad Himanshu
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Rajendra Prasad Yadav''' was an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]] constituency of [[Bihar]] from 1985 to 1990. He was a Minister of State in the Bihar Government. He died in the year 2018 and was cremated with full state honours.<ref>{{cite web |title=AC: Hasanpur 1985 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/2/8329/58 |website=India Votes |accessdate=18 September 2020}}</ref> He had a daughter (eldest) followed by three sons. His eldest son, Shri [[Chhatrapati Yadav]] who is an active politician and is an MLA from the Khagaria constituency of Bihar (2020 Bihar State Elections).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rajendra Prasad}}
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Evacuations during the 2026 Iran war

2026-04-06T09:13:11Z

ToniaMirams219: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Campaignbox 2026 Iran war}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
During the [[2026 Iran war]], a series of evacuations took place across Iran and the broader [[Middle East]], involving civilians, foreign nationals, military personnel, and diplomatic staff. These evacuations were prompted by joint United States and Israeli airstrikes on Iran beginning 28 February 2026, which led to retaliatory Iranian missile and drone attacks on U.S. bases and allied nations in the region. The conflict disrupted air travel, closed airspace in multiple countries, and created widespread security risks, stranding hundreds of thousands and necessitating government-organized repatriations.

== Background ==
The 2026 Iran war started on 28 February 2026, with coordinated U.S. and Israeli strikes targeting Iranian nuclear facilities, military leadership, and infrastructure, including the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]]. Iran retaliated with ballistic missiles and drones aimed at Israel, U.S. military installations in the Persian Gulf, and civilian sites in allied states, causing widespread disruption.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/5/iran-war-what-is-happening-on-day-six-of-us-israel-attacks|title=Iran war: What is happening on day six of US-Israel attacks?|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 March 2026|access-date=5 March 2026|archive-date=6 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306050453/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/5/iran-war-what-is-happening-on-day-six-of-us-israel-attacks|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to the strikes, the [[The Pentagon|U.S. Pentagon]] had quietly evacuated several bases in the Middle East, citing their proximity to Iranian short-range missiles as untenable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://atlasinstitute.org/the-2026-iran-war-shows-the-urgent-need-for-u-s-enhanced-missile-defense-upgrades|title=The 2026 Iran War Shows the Urgent Need for U.S. Enhanced Missile Defense Upgrades|publisher=Atlas Institute for International Affairs|date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Foreign embassies issued travel advisories as early as 23 February, urging citizens to depart Iran amid rising tensions.<ref name="ETV Bharat">{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/airstrikes-trigger-panic-among-indian-students-in-iran-associations-demand-evacuation-enn26030305710|title=Airstrikes Trigger Panic Among Indian Students In Iran, Associations Demand Evacuation|publisher=ETV Bharat|date=3 March 2026}}</ref>

== Evacuations within Iran ==
Collateral damage from strikes prompted localized evacuations in Iran. In [[Bushehr]], infants from a damaged hospital's neonatal unit were transferred by ambulance to safer facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/3/3/babies-evacuated-from-iranian-hospital-damaged-in-us-israeli-strikes|title=Babies evacuated from Iranian hospital damaged in US-Israeli strikes|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=3 March 2026}}</ref> Tehran's Gandhi Hospital was cleared after nearby explosions, with the [[World Health Organization]] verifying the move and investigating hits on three other medical centers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-hospital-evacuated-after-explosions-nearby-who-says-2026-03-02|title=Tehran hospital evacuated after explosions nearby, WHO says|publisher=Reuters|date=2 March 2026}}</ref>

On March 2, 2026, the Israeli military issued evacuation warnings for residents in Tehran's [[Evin]] district, particularly areas near the headquarters of Iran's state broadcaster, [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|IRIB]], ahead of planned strikes on what it described as regime military infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603024903 |title=Israel issues evacuation warning for areas near Iran state broadcaster HQ |publisher=[[Iran International]] |date=March 2, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-it-has-begun-new-wave-strikes-tehran-2026-03-02 |title=Israeli military says it has begun a new wave of strikes on Tehran |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=March 2, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day, similar orders were extended to several other parts of the city, including the [[Tehran Industrial Area]] and [[Payam International Airport]], as part of preparations for imminent operations against Iranian targets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1977935 |title=Israeli military issues evacuation orders for Tehran |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aurora-israel.co.il/en/IDF-evacuate-industrial-zone-Tehran |title=IDF orders evacuation of industrial zone in Tehran |publisher=Aurora Israel |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref> These directives were part of a pattern of warnings issued by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) to Iranian civilians near military and government sites.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roic.ai/news/israeli-military-issues-evacuation-warning-for-tehran-area-signaling-imminent-strikes-in-escalating-conflict-03-03-2026 |title=Israeli Military Issues Evacuation Warning for Tehran Area, Signaling Imminent Strikes |publisher=ROIC.ai |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/5364198-israeli-idf-urges-evacuation-tehran |title=Israel warns residents of Tehran to evacuate |publisher=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=June 23, 2025 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/idf-issues-evacuation-warning-iranians-121145727.html |title=IDF issues evacuation warning to Iranians near military facilities |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=February 28, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Evacuations of foreign nationals ==
[[File:Philippine evacuation flight during the 2026 Iran war.jpg|thumb|[[Overseas Filipino Worker|Filipino migrant workers]] from the Middle East on a repatriation flight to the Philippines following the Iran war]]
Numerous countries organized repatriations for citizens stranded by airspace closures and strikes. The [[U.S. State Department]] urged immediate departure from 14 countries, including Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the UAE, and Yemen, citing severe safety risks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpd8ygee9e3o|title=US citizens in the Middle East face 'mayhem' trying to get home|publisher=BBC|date=4 March 2026|access-date=5 March 2026|archive-date=4 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304095500/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpd8ygee9e3o|url-status=live}}</ref> It facilitated charter flights from the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan, contacting nearly 3,000 Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/3/3/travellers-stranded-airlines-under-pressure-as-iran-war-escalates|title=Travellers stranded, airlines under pressure as Iran war escalates|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=3 March 2026|access-date=5 March 2026|archive-date=3 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303221934/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/3/3/travellers-stranded-airlines-under-pressure-as-iran-war-escalates|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UK, Spain, Italy, and Germany chartered flights, with Germany estimating 30,000 citizens stranded and Italy reporting 58,000 stuck in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/no-easy-way-out-tens-thousands-looking-leave-gulf-amid-iran-conflict-2026-03-03|title=No easy way out for tens of thousands looking to leave Gulf amid Iran conflict|publisher=Reuters|date=3 March 2026}}</ref> France noted 400,000 nationals in the Middle East requiring potential assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/03/world/iran-war-israel-lebanon-trump|title=Israel Begins 'Broad Wave of Strikes' on Iran's Infrastructure|work=The New York Times|date=3 March 2026}}</ref> Over 200 people from 16 countries exited Iran via [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-war-middle-east-travel-stranded-dba77afeee3d0b3d1b8a7956e1b2bc89|title=Repatriation flights ramp up as nations race to bring citizens home from Middle East|publisher=AP News|date=5 March 2026}}</ref>

In Asia, Indian student associations demanded relocation for about 1,200 [[MBBS]] students in Iran, particularly after strikes near [[Urmia University]] dormitories.<ref name="ETV Bharat"/> Japan prepared Self-Defense Forces for expat extractions. [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] received around 1,500 evacuees via land borders, including 300 Iranians in Armenia and diverse nationals like Chinese and Russians in Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oc-media.org/armenia-and-azerbaijan-receive-around-1-500-evacuees-from-iran|title=Armenia and Azerbaijan receive around 1,500 evacuees from Iran|publisher=OC Media|date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Over 300 fled Iran through Azerbaijan alone, representing 19 nationalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/about-500-russians-be-evacuated-iran-via-azerbaijan-says-russian-embassy-2026-03-01|title=Over 300 people have fled Iran via Azerbaijan, source close to government says|publisher=Reuters|date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

Other countries have evacuated own nationals. [[Lesotho]] coordinated the rescue of one of its citizens from Kuwait while Andorra remained in contact with more than 30 Andorran citizens stranded in the UAE and Qatar to secure their safe return.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sekoboto |first1=Moroke |title=Govt rescues Basotho caught in Middle East war |url=https://lestimes.com/?p=89910 |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=Lesotho Times |date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Una trentena de viatgers d'Andorra estan atrapats a l'Orient Mitjà |url=https://cadenaser.com/andorra/2026/03/03/una-trentena-de-viatgers-dandorra-estan-atrapats-a-lorient-mitja-radio-ser-principat-d-andorra/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=Cadena Ser |date=3 March 2026 |language=ca |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305030257/https://cadenaser.com/andorra/2026/03/03/una-trentena-de-viatgers-dandorra-estan-atrapats-a-lorient-mitja-radio-ser-principat-d-andorra/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pakistan]] evacuated over 650 of its nationals from Iran in the initial days of the conflict, with many crossing into Azerbaijan via the Astara land border as an alternative route amid disruptions at other crossings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2634964/%7B%7B |title=Islamabad evacuates 650 nationals from Iran amid escalating conflict |publisher=[[Arab News]] |date=March 2, 2026 |access-date=March 13, 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Military and diplomatic evacuations ==
The U.S. ordered non-emergency personnel and families to leave diplomatic posts in the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq, and Jordan, closing several missions amid threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-orders-non-emergency-staff-leave-bahrain-iraq-jordan-2026-03-03|title=US orders some diplomatic staff to leave Middle East as Iran conflict escalates|publisher=Reuters|date=3 March 2026}}</ref> The U.S. Embassy in Jordan was temporarily evacuated due to an unspecified security threat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/world/us-israel-iran-attack-maps/maps-show-wide-ranging-attacks-in-the-opening-days-of-the-conflict|title=Iran War Maps: Tracking The Mideast Conflict|work=The New York Times|date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Qatar evacuated residents near its U.S. Embassy in Doha as a precaution.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/>
By early April, hundreds of [[US military]] personnel had been repatriated from bases in Bahrain and other countries in the region after Iranian missile and drone attacks, prompting urgent community efforts to support the evacuees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/04/03/nx-s1-5770491/evacuation-bahrain-norfolk-troops|title=Evacuation of U.S. troops from Mideast base sends community groups scrambling to help|work=NPR|date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The evacuations strained global travel, with over 20,000 flights canceled and major hubs like [[Dubai]] paralyzed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/04/travel/iran-middle-east-stranded-travelers-flight-cancellations.html|title=Travelers Stranded by U.S.-Israel Conflict With Iran Face Endless Flight Cancellations|work=The New York Times|date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Stranded individuals faced mayhem, improvising overland routes to open airports in Saudi Arabia or Oman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20260303-how-the-iran-war-is-affecting-global-travel|title=How the Iran war is affecting global travel|publisher=BBC|date=3 March 2026}}</ref> The war's spread to Lebanon prompted Israeli-ordered evacuations in over 80 southern villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/world/us-israel-iran-attack-maps/maps-show-wide-ranging-attacks-in-the-opening-days-of-the-conflict|title=Iran War Maps: Tracking The Mideast Conflict|work=The New York Times|date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2026 Iran war]]
* [[Reactions to the 2026 Iran war]]
* [[2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{2026 Iran war}}

[[Category:Reactions to the 2026 Iran war]]
[[Category:Evacuations]]

Khap

2026-04-02T06:34:13Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{short description|System of social administration}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
[[File:Chaudhary Mahendra Singh Tikait.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Former Baliyan Khap Chaudhary-[[Mahendra Singh Tikait]] (in Centre)]]

A '''Khap''' is a traditional community organization representing a [[clan]] or group of [[villages]]. They are mainly associated with Indian communities such as the [[Jat]]s,<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/what-are-khap-panchayats/story-aAx17V9V2eDeD4hMA4wb4N.html Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khap Panchayats in India – GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/khap-panchayats-in-india/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref> Modern khaps are mainly found in the states of [[Haryana]] and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], and are especially common in these Jat-dominated villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khap Panchayat |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/khap-panchayat-law-essays.php |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.lawteacher.net |language=en}}</ref> Khaps also exist in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

A '''Khap Panchayat''' is an assembly of Khap elders, while a '''Sarv Khap''' is an assembly of many Khap Panchayats.<ref name="Manveer2014">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryanas-biggest-khap-panchayat-scripts-history-allows-inter-caste-marriages/articleshow/34016585.cms |title=Haryana's biggest khap panchayat scripts history, allows inter-caste marriages |first=Manveer |last=Saini |date=21 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/51/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_systemii.pdf |title=The Jats of Northern India Their Traditional Political System – II |first=M. C. |last=Pradhan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=18 December 1965}}</ref> These bodies are not part of the [[Government of India|formal government system]] and hold no official authority. However, they often exert significant social influence and handle affairs within the community they represent.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Ravinder |url=https://www.academia.edu/671328 |title=Khap panchayats, sex ratio and female agency | Ravinder Kaur |publisher=Academia.edu |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=31 March 2013}}</ref>

Notable khaps include the Baliyan Khap, led by the famous farmer's rights activist [[Mahendra Singh Tikait]] until 2011,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/muzaffarnagar-riots-a-jat-family-protected-70-muslims-in-fugna-village-211011-2013-09-13 |title=Muzaffarnagar riots: A Jat family protected 70 Muslims in Fugna village |work=India Today |date=14 September 2013}}</ref> the [[Dahiya Khap]] in [[Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Haryanas-Dahiya-khapa-body-representing-people-of-different-community-in-Sonipat-district-is-organising-a-meeting-to-mark-centenary-celebrations-in-Sisana-village-on-Monday-/articleshow/7645578.cms |title=Haryana's Dahiya khap, a body representing people of Jat community in Sonipat district, is organising a meeting to mark centenary celebrations in Sisana village on Monday | newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 June 2021|first=Deepender|last=Deswal|date=7 March 2011}}</ref> and the Gathwala Khap who were [[zamindar]]s since Mughal era and took title of [[Malik (clan)|Malik]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEmAAAAAMAAJ&q=Later+on+they+were+called+as+Jakhar+Jats |title=Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics |date=2005 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. |page=110 |language=en |quote=Jats in this area form an endogamous caste group. They are the largest group in northwest India, having various clans and more than 500 gotras. The main gotras are Maliks (also called Gatwallas)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=2 |editor1-first=Tapan |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor2-first=Irfan |editor2-last=Habib |editor3-first=Dharma |editor3-last=Kumar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-52122-802-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ |pages=37, 70}}</ref>
[[File:A Jat Khap Panchayat meeting in Haryana.jpg|thumb|A Jat Khap Panchayat meeting in a village.]]

== History ==

The Khaps evolved as tribal and village administrations. One of the terms used to denote the [[republic]] was the ''Khap''. Others were ''Pal'', ''[[Janapada]]'', and [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]].

Khaps have been dated back to the 14th or 15th century, as part of the social structure of the Hindu people, who lived in the region that is now north eastern Rajasthan, eastern Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":3">Thakur, Ratika; Sinha, A. K.; Pathak, R.K. (2015). "[https://www.mukpublications.com/resources/vol15-1-2.pdf Khap Panchayats in Transition with Contemporary Times: An Anthropological Evaluation.]" ''Panjab University''.</ref>

There are historical documentational evidences that reveal the organization of [[Meerut division]]'s khaps into the sarvkhap panchayat as far back as the 13th century. Haryana Sarwakhap Panchayat was established in 664 A.D.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://jatnayak.com/haryana-sarvakhap-panchayat |title=हरियाणा सर्वखाप पंचायत |date=16 March 2019 |website=Jat Nayak |language=hi|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> There is also a native belief that claims that [[Harsha|King Harshavardhan]] systematized the sarv–khap panchayat in the 7th century at Prayag (modern [[Prayagraj]]) during his quinquennial assemblage.<ref>{{cite journal |first=M. C. |last=Pradhan |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=11 December 1965 |title=The Jats of Northern India: Their Traditional Political System |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/50/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_system.pdf |access-date=1 August 2020 |quote=The sarv–khap Panchayat, according to local belief, was organized in 7th century by emperor Harsha in his lust [sic] quinquennial assembly at Prayag (modern Allahabad.). But from the written historical records it is evident that the various khaps of Meerut Division were organized into the sarvkhap Panchayat as early as 13th century. |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719044105/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/50/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_system.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

These Khaps enabled clans to organize and expand their influence. The Baliyan Khap established its headquarters in Sisuali village in the 12th century, from where the clan launched campaigns of "territorial expansion, conquest and colonization" until the first decades of the 16th century. By the late 16th century, various clan members ruled the 84 villages of [[Pargana]] Sisuali.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=88-89}} During the reign of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], certain Khaps (including the Baliyan Khap) would be granted internal autonomy in exchange for their support of the new revenue system.

<blockquote>"...Akbar made several concessions to the local clans of the upper Doab region... The [Khap] councils were to carry on as before without interference. Imposts that the Jats had resisted for centuries were to be waived. In return, however, the clan councils accepted the new revenue system... They asked for local agency in collection, but did not quarrel with its implementation. In this region at least, imperiwal policy relied both upon force and conciliation."{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=90}}</blockquote>

During British colonial rule, influential Khap members were chosen as officials for their local areas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajay |date=28 January 2012 |title=Khap Panchayats: A Socio-Historical Overview |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=59–64 |jstor=41419766 }}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Khap consisted of a unit of 84 villages. The individual villages were governed by an elected council, known as the ''panchayat''. A unit of seven villages was called a ''Thamba'' and 12 Thambas formed the Khap unit of 84 villages, though Khaps of 12 and 24 villages existed. Their elected leaders would determine which units would be represented at the Khap level.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} The ''Sarv Khap'' (or All Khap) Panchayat (Council) represented all the Khaps. The individual Khaps would elect leaders who would send delegates to represent their Khaps at the Sarv Khap. It was a political organisation, composed of all the clans, communities, and castes in the region.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

[[File:A Khap Panchayat's Meeting in West UP.jpg|thumb|A Khap Panchayat holding a meeting in West UP]]

Members of khap panchayats are all male, though they often make decisions affecting women. In Haryana, women are not allowed to be present at a panchayat and are represented by their male relatives.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/006996670403800102 | doi=10.1177/006996670403800102 | title=Caste panchayats and the policing of marriage in Haryana: Enforcing kinship and territorial exogamy | year=2004 | last1=Chowdhry | first1=Prem | journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology | volume=38 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–42 | s2cid=144104737 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Members of Sarva Jaateeya Venain Khap, one of the largest khap panchayats in Haryana, have instead said there are no female khap members because they feel uncomfortable attending, not because they are not allowed.<ref>"[https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/in-rural-haryana-women-blamed-for-rape-where-men-make-the-rules/ In rural Haryana women blamed for rape where men make the rules.]" ''The New York Times''. 12 October 2012.</ref>

== Decisions on social issues ==

The Khap Panchayats frequently make pronouncements on social issues, such as abortion, alcohol abuse, dowry, and to promote education,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Khap-Panchayats-Root-for-Educated-Leaders/2015/08/16/article2976237.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821012715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Khap-Panchayats-Root-for-Educated-Leaders/2015/08/16/article2976237.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2015 |title=Khap Panchayats Root for Educated Leaders |first=Harpreet |last=Bajwa |newspaper=New Indian Express |date=16 August 2015}}</ref> specially among girls.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryana-khaps-launch-campaign-for-girls-education/articleshow/36459145.cms |title=Haryana khaps launch campaign for girls' education |first=Sukhbir |last=Siwach |date=13 June 2014}}</ref> In October 2012, one Khap Panchayat leader in Haryana suggested that the age of marriage should be dropped from 18 to 16.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121008/jsp/nation/story_16065635.jsp#.V9djldFVK1E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918161328/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121008/jsp/nation/story_16065635.jsp#.V9djldFVK1E |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2016 |title=Khap duo: Marry at 16 to check rape |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

Khaps have attracted attention in recent times for their decisions on marriage.<ref name=":4" /> Khaps have opposed marriages between members of different castes, of certain gotras from which intermarriage is prohibited, and of the same village.<ref name=":2" /> In July 2000, a panchayat nullified the marriage of Ashish and Darshana, two years after they had married and produced a son, on the basis that they were from two [[gotra]]s (clans) prohibited to marry, and should have a brother-sister relationship.<ref name=":5" /> Punishments handed down by khap panchayats in marriage cases include fines, social ostracism, public humiliation, and expulsion from the village.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Yadav, Bhupendra (26 December 2009). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663933 Khap Panchayats: Stealing freedom?]" ''Economic and Political Weekly''.</ref>

Khap Panchayats are a "useful instrument" of society and carry out social reforms and "one or two mistakes don't make them wrong as a whole," said Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar in an interview.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khap Panchayats 'A Useful Instrument Of Society': Haryana Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khap-panchayats-a-useful-instrument-of-society-haryana-chief-minister-1271987 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Naresh Tikait, head of Baliyan Khap, criticized [[love marriage]]s, saying "Marriage is a union of two consenting families and not just two individuals. So all stakeholders should have a say in that. If parents take all the pains to educate their girls then they also have right over their marriages too."<ref>5. Rai, Sandeep (23 November 2019). "[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/love-marriages-not-acceptable-we-wont-allow-them-khap-leader/articleshow/72190461.cms Love marriages not acceptable, we won't allow them: Balyan khap leader]". ''Times of India.''</ref>
[[File:Chaudhary Surendra Solanki with Delhi CM.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Palam 360 Khap [[Chaudhary]] with Delhi CM]]
The Satrol Khap in Haryana, which allowed inter-caste marriage in 2014,<ref name="Manveer2014"/> soon reverted its decision as no couple in that Khap is going against previous laws and hence further boycotting inter-caste marriages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 yrs on, Satrol khap's progressive move on matrimonial ties opposed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/3-yrs-on-satrol-khap-s-progressive-move-on-matrimonial-ties-opposed-463675/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sunaina |date=2016-12-23 |title=Despite reformist Haryana khap allowing inter-caste marriages, no couples have broken the taboo |url=http://scroll.in/article/824010/at-reformist-haryana-khap-no-one-is-willing-to-break-the-inter-caste-marriage-taboo-yet |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The Khap also State that the marriage should not be within the same [[gotra]], village, or neighbouring villages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://img.zeenews.com/hindi/news/india/700-yr-old-khap-ban-on-inter-caste-marriages-off/207500 |title=खाप पंचायत का ऐतिहासिक फैसला, अंतर्जातीय शादी को दी हरी झंडी |publisher=Zee News |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062053/http://img.zeenews.com/hindi/news/india/700-yr-old-khap-ban-on-inter-caste-marriages-off/207500 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A 2015 Sarv Khap meeting launched a "Save Daughters, Educate Daughter" movement.<ref>[http://dainiktribuneonline.com/2015/05/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D/ बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ मुद्दे पर सर्वखाप महापंचायत, May – 17 – 2015 ]</ref>

Several Haryana Khap panchayats organized public meeting to make a call for a strong law against gun violence and vulgar music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-27 |title=Hry khap panchayats call for stronger laws against gun culture, 'vulgar' music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hry-khap-panchayats-call-for-stronger-laws-against-gun-culture-vulgar-music/articleshow/119608422.cms |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Khap Panchayats, played a significant role in strengthening the farmers' protests, particularly during the 2020-2021 agitation against the controversial farm laws. They provided support, organized rallies, and even formed committees to coordinate with other farmer organizations and instruct that at least one individual from each house should join the protests. Khaps acted as representative bodies for [[Jats|Jat]] community, advocating for the farmers' demands, particularly the legal guarantee of Minimum Support Price (MSP).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-03 |title=South Haryana khaps set to join farmers' stir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/south-haryana-khaps-set-to-join-farmers-stir/articleshow/79538050.cms |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-30 |title=One person from each house to reach Delhi: Haryana khap leaders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/one-person-from-each-house-to-reach-delhi-haryana-khap-leaders-101611956451909.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608165359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/one-person-from-each-house-to-reach-delhi-haryana-khap-leaders-101611956451909.html |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2025, A Khap Panchayat was conducted in [[Rohtak]] to address different social issues and to conduct several drives in nearby cities and villages to prohibit same [[Gotra|Gotra Marriage]] and to avoid consumption of [[Alcoholic beverage|Alcohol]] and [[Drug]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=रोहतक में खापों की पंचायत में ऐलान: एक गांव-गोत्र में नहीं होंगे विवाह, प्रधान बोले- लिव-इन- रिलेशनशिप और नशाखोरी को करेंगे जड़ से खत्म - Rohtak News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/news/rohtak-khap-panchayat-live-in-relationship-drug-addiction-hardeep-ahlawat-haryana-135134885.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601184424/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/news/rohtak-khap-panchayat-live-in-relationship-drug-addiction-hardeep-ahlawat-haryana-135134885.html |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

The decisions of the patriarchal Khap Panchayats have often been associated with the practice of honour killing.<ref>{{cite book |title=Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence |first1=Desmond |last1=Ellis |first2=Noreen |last2=Stuckless |first3=Carrie |last3=Smith |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-31752-213-3 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swrwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77}}</ref> In 2007, a khap panchayat ordered the killing of Manoj and Babli, who married within the same gotra, in spite of their brother-sister relationship. The two were killed by members of Babli's family.

Death Sentence in Honour killing: In ''State Of Haryana v. Ganga Raj''<ref>State Of Haryana v. Ganga Raj, Times Of India, 26 March 2010, p. 8</ref>- Delivered on 23 March 2010 in the Manoj Babli Honor Killing case, the sessions Judge Vani Gopal Sharma of [[Karnal district]] in Haryana has awarded [[Capital punishment in India|capital punishment]] under Section 302 IPC ([[Indian Penal Code]]) 1860 to five family members of Babli including her brother Suresh, Uncles Rejender, Baru Ram and cousins Satish and Gurdev for killing the couple on 15 June 2007, considering it the "rarest of rare" case and life sentence to the meeting leader Ganga Raj under Section 302 IPC read with section 120B, IPC for hatching the conspiracy to kill the couple.<ref>[[Manoj–Babli honour killing case]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}}<ref>Singh, Gajinder (31 March 2010). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208071052/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100331/jsp/nation/story_12285441.jsp Death for honour killings]". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2010.</ref>

== Criticism ==
In recent times, the Khap system has attracted criticism from groups, citing the stark prejudice that such groups allegedly hold against others. The [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] (AIDWA) has reported cases where the Khaps are alleged to have initiated threats of murder and violence to couples who marry outside of the circle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217002304200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016084854/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217002304200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 October 2007 |title=Caste terror |author=T.K. Rajalakshmi |work=frontline |volume=21 |issue=25 |date=17 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms |title=Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts |date=9 September 2007 |author=Rohit Mullick & Neelam Raaj |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] has declared Khap Panchayats to be illegal because they often decree or encourage honour killings or other institutionalised atrocities against boys and girls of different castes and religions who wish to get married or have married.<ref name="Venkatesan">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1710337.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=J. |last=Venkatesan |title=Stamp out khap panchayats: court |date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

{{blockquote|This is wholly illegal and has to be ruthlessly stamped out. There is nothing honourable in honour killing or other atrocities and, in fact, it is nothing but barbaric and shameful murder. Other atrocities in respect of the personal lives of people committed by brutal, feudal-minded persons deserve harsh punishment. Only this way can we stamp out such acts of barbarism and feudal mentality. Moreover, these acts take the law into their own hands, and amount to kangaroo courts, which are wholly illegal.<ref name="Venkatesan" />}}

In a 2012 report to the Supreme Court, Raju Ramachandran, a Senior Advocate appointed by the Court to assist it in [[public interest litigation]] actions against Khap Panchayats, called for the arrest of "self-styled" decision makers and for proactive action by the police to protect the fundamental rights of the people. He also asked for the recommendations to be converted into directions applicable to all [[states and union territories of India]] until a law is enacted by the [[Parliament of India|federal parliament]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Rein-in-khaps-prevent-honour-killings-SC-panel/Article1-890134.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717120027/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Rein-in-khaps-prevent-honour-killings-SC-panel/Article1-890134.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Rein in khaps, prevent honour killings: SC panel |date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

== Power and influence ==
Despite the criticisms against this institution, it remains popular in some parts of India because, in its benign form, it resolves disputes and achieves social order with less time and resources, compared to the court system which is lengthier and expensive.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, taking a case to court may result in community ire.<ref name=":5" />

Sometimes, the Indian government avoids a direct confrontation with the panchayat especially in rural areas.<ref name=":1" /> In some cases in Haryana, the police and locally elected leaders have supported the decisions of the khap panchayat.<ref name=":5" />

Former Delhi [[Chief Minister]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] in an interview told that, there is no need to ban or intervene in Khap System because they are having their own cultural purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No need to ban khap panchayats: CM Kejriwal |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-no-need-to-ban-khap-panchayats-cm-kejriwal/20140131.htm |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

[[Om Prakash Chautala]], the former [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], said in 2004 that "whatever the panchayat decides is right."<ref name=":5" />

[[Om Prakash Dhankar]], member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), said that khap panchayats "are a deciding factor in the electoral success of a candidate."<ref>"[https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nW03eT80k8lmHDfAUGh33J/Panchayats-under-the-shadow-of-the-khaps.html Panchayats under the shadow of the khaps]." ''Livemint''. 1 May 2013.</ref>
[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] paid tributes to former Palam 360 Khap chief Chaudhary Ramkaran Solanki on his fourth death anniversary and lauded the "[[Cancer]] Free Delhi Rural" campaign that was launched in his memory."I pay my tribute to respected Chaudhary Ramkaran Solanki ji on his fourth death anniversary. On this occasion, I was happy to know about the Cancer Free Delhi Rural programme organised by Chaudhary Surendra Solanki ji in his memory in [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]], Delhi. The work done by Chaudhary Ramkaran Solanki ji for the society and this effort to carry forward his ideals and values is commendable," a letter written by Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-12 |title=PM Modi lauds campaign on cancer in rural Delhi in memory of former khap chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/May/12/pm-modi-lauds-campaign-on-cancer-in-rural-delhi-in-memory-of-former-khap-chief |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Unofficial caste ==
There are sources that describe the Khap as an unofficial caste system where the panchayat dominates all other members of the group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=India Diversity |last1=David |first1=Hilda |last2=Jarman |first2=Francis |publisher=Om Books International |year=2017 |isbn=9789386316974 |pages=1959}}</ref> Like the function of traditional caste and family systems, this Indian traditional institution engages in dispute resolution and the regulation of members' behaviour.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India |last1=Kannabiran |first1=Kalpana |last2=Singh |first2=Ranbir |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9780761936657 |location=Los Angeles, CA |pages=331}}</ref> The group uses violence to maintain a rigid structure that controls members particularly, women and youths. The panchayats aggressively push tradition and outlook in which caste divisions are desirable while violence towards different castes is normal and acceptable.<ref name=":0" /> An important Khap ethos involves the commitment – for the good of the community – to work with one's body, heart and soul under the leadership of its leaders, who are believed to have high moral superiority.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume IX: Culture and Society |last=Visvanathan |first=Susan |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2013 |isbn=9788132113904 |location=Los Angeles, CA |pages=170}}</ref> For this reason, these leaders are afforded the right to demand a member's life.

== See also ==
*[[Jirga]], similar assembly in Pakistan and Afghanistan
*[[Mahendra Singh Tikait]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire - Part 1 Volume 5 |date=1993 |isbn=9780521566032 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mughal_Empire/HHyVh29gy4QC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=khap%20autonomy%20akbar}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |chapter=Khap Panchayats in Haryana: Sites of Legal Pluralism |first=K. S. |last=Sangwan |title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India |editor1-first=Kalpana |editor1-last=Kannabiran |editor2-first=Ranbir |editor2-last=Singh |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-76193-665-7 |pages=331–354 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaMGo6zqzNYC&pg=PA331}}

[[Category:Community organizing]]
[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Culture of Haryana]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Identity politics in India]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]
[[Category:Patriarchy]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]

Baahubali (franchise)

2026-03-28T06:29:52Z

ToniaMirams219: general update structure to improve readability further and added references

{{short description|Indian media franchise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| image = Baahubali logo.png
| caption = Franchise logo
| creator = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| origin = ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015)
| films = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|The Beginning]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|The Conclusion]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Baahubali: The Epic|The Epic]]'' (2025)
* ''The Eternal War – Part 1'' (2027)
}}
| soundtracks = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|The Beginning]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (soundtrack)|The Conclusion]]'' (2017)
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* "[[Dhivara (song)|Dhivara]]"
* "[[Manohari (song)|Manohari]]"
* "[[Saahore Baahubali]]"
* "[[Hamsa Naava]]"
* "[[Oka Praanam]]"
}}
| novels = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Chaturanga (2020 novel)|Chaturanga]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Queen of Mahishmathi]]'' (2020)
}}
| comics = ''Baahubali: Battle of the Bold'' (2017)
| otherdata1 = ''[[Baahubali: Music from the Motion Picture]]''
| otherlabel1 = Background score
| years = 2015{{ndash}}present
| italic_title = "no"
| animated_series = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends|The Lost Legends]]'' (2017{{ndash}}2020)
* ''[[Baahubali: Crown of Blood|Crown of Blood]]'' (2024)
}}
| video_games = ''Baahubali: The Game'' (2017)
| owner = [[Arka Media Works]]
| otherlabel2 = Budget
| otherlabel3 = Box office
| otherdata2 = {{INR|420}} crore (2 films)
| otherdata3 = {{INR|2,410.6}}{{endash}}{{INR|2460.6}} crore (2 films)
| website = {{Official website|https://baahubali.com/|Baahubali}}
}}
'''''Baahubali''''' (styled in official material as '''''bāhubaLi'''''{{efn|''Bāhubali'' is the [[IAST]] and [[ISO 15919]] transliteration of the Telugu name. The transliteration of the Tamil name according to the same systems is ''Pākupali''.}}{{efn|{{translation|'The One with Strong Arms'}}}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[media franchise]] created by [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and owned by [[Arka Media Works]]. The Telugu language franchise started off with a two-part film series directed by Rajamouli.{{Efn|<ref name="tollymovie2">{{cite news |date=3 May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: South Indian epic film sees fans troll Bollywood |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504205126/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |archive-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2017 |title=Hyderabad: The city behind India's most successful film franchise, Baahubali |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/hyderabad-baahubali-the-conclusion-tollywood-shobu-yarlagadda-a7729191.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226073305/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/hyderabad-baahubali-the-conclusion-tollywood-shobu-yarlagadda-a7729191.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kamineni |first1=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOrkDwAAQBAJ&dq=baahubali+telugu+cinema&pg=PT61 |title=Indian Movie Entrepreneurship: Not just song and dance |last2=Rentschler |first2=Ruth |date=2020-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-68612-2 |language=en |quote=With the success of Baahubali, it is clear that the Telugu movie industry has well and truly evolved, cutting the umbilical cord from Madras and becoming the leading commercial powerhouse for South Indian cinema. |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407093038/https://books.google.com/books?id=qOrkDwAAQBAJ&dq=baahubali+telugu+cinema&pg=PT61 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203217/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali follows Telugu cinema's long tradition of mythological films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-follows-telugu-cinemas-long-tradition-of-mythological-films-3432532.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226073305/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-follows-telugu-cinemas-long-tradition-of-mythological-films-3432532.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2022-11-29 |title='Baahubali' Star Rana Daggubati On Telugu Films Going Global, Pan-Indian Cinema & Working On First Netflix Series 'Rana Naidu' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/baahubali-rana-daggubati-telugu-cinema-netflix-series-1235183530/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226073304/https://deadline.com/2022/11/baahubali-rana-daggubati-telugu-cinema-netflix-series-1235183530/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Baahubali to RRR, How Telugu Cinema Became a Force to Reckon With |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-to-rrr-how-telugu-cinema-became-a-force-to-reckon-with-4970245.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226073305/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-to-rrr-how-telugu-cinema-became-a-force-to-reckon-with-4970245.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=Industry}} The franchise is widely regarded as the most important and influential films in the [[Cinema of India|history of Indian cinema]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017184956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2021 |title=6 years for Baahubali-The Beginning: 5 reasons why audience and critics loved the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-for-baahubali-the-beginning-5-reasons-why-audience-and-critics-loved-the-film/photostory/84269012.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202032218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-for-baahubali-the-beginning-5-reasons-why-audience-and-critics-loved-the-film/photostory/84269012.cms |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The duology made a lasting impact and started a new film movement, [[pan-Indian film]]. The films in the franchise were jointly produced on a budget of {{INR}}430 crore ($65 million).<ref name="budget">{{cite web |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/storm-bahubali-ss-rajamouli/articleshow/47949968.cms? |title='There's a storm brewing inside me' |work=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172852/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/storm-bahubali-ss-rajamouli/articleshow/47949968.cms |archive-date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> The first part ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' was released on 10 July 2015. The second part ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', released on 28 April 2017; which became the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing films in India]] of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-movie-review-1150 |title=Baahubali Movie Review |work=NDTVMovies.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717063532/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-movie-review-1150 |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-bahubali-12-day-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-flick-inching-towards-rs-400-640064 |title='Baahubali' (Bahubali) 12-Day Box Office Collection: SS Rajamouli's Flick Inching Towards Rs. 400 Crore |last=IBTimes |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=22 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902012014/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-bahubali-12-day-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-flick-inching-towards-rs-400-640064 |archive-date=2 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bahubali-inspired-from-hollywood-22533.html |title=Bahubali: Is Rs 250 Crore Budget Film Inspired From Hollywood'IndiaTV News Mobile Site |author=indiatvnews |date=10 July 2015 |work=India TV News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811061309/http://m.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bahubali-inspired-from-hollywood-22533.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 }}</ref> The franchise became a commercial success, grossing over {{INR}}2,400 crore worldwide. Both of the films received widespread critical acclaim in India and also worldwide. The duology of the franchise is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest grossing franchises|third highest-grossing film franchise]] in India.

The films were followed by two animated series, a graphic novel, and a trilogy of novels in English. The first novel in the franchise titled ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]'' was released on 7 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/mar/25/the-rise-of-sivagami-dynastic-tale-1585088.html |date=25 March 2017 |title=The Rise of Sivagami: Dynastic Tale |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514180925/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/mar/25/the-rise-of-sivagami-dynastic-tale-1585088.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The animated series ''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends]]'' premiered on 19 April 2017 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Colors TV]] on 10 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colorstv.com/in/shows/bahubali-the-lost-legends-3807.html |title=Aapkacolors – Colors TV US Website: Aapkacolors, Colors TV Shows, Photos, News, Promo videos |last=Colors |website=aapkacolors.com/ |access-date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304081043/http://www.colorstv.com/in/shows/bahubali-the-lost-legends-3807.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:SS_Rajamouli.jpg|thumb|Director and screenplay writer [[S S Rajamouli]]]]

In February 2011, [[S. S. Rajamouli]] announced that his next film would star [[Telugu people|Telugu]] actor [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhas-rajamouli-film-announced-news-telugu-lcuk8vighjfsi.html |title=Prabhas-Rajamouli film announced |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924192657/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhas-rajamouli-film-announced-news-telugu-lcuk8vighjfsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> In January 2013, he announced that the working title was ''Baahubali'', though it would later be finalised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajamouli-Prabhas' film is titled Bahubali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Rajamouli-Prabhas-film-is-titled-Bahubali/articleshow/18004923.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-13/news-interviews/36310727_1_rajamouli-prabhas-ra-one-and-endhiran |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2013 |date=13 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> [[P. M. Satheesh]] stated that much effort was taken to keep the recording free of anachronistic sounds of modern machinery.<ref name="satheesh">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-demands-silence-on-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/40128406.cms |title=Rajamouli demands silence on the sets of Baahubali |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815073635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-demands-silence-on-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/40128406.cms |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> Prabhas, Rana and Anushka practiced [[Swordsmanship|sword fighting]], while Prabhas and Rana learned [[Equestrianism|horse riding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/90578.html |title=Prabhas, rana, anushka practicing sword fighting |work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=23 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205021317/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/90578.html |archive-date=5 February 2013 }}</ref> It was later decided to make it a two part film which would release by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-to-come-in-two-parts-news-telugu-nkjmT3jjdij.html |title=Baahubali to come in two parts |website=[[Sify]] |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303102436/http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-to-come-in-two-parts-news-telugu-nkjmT3jjdij.html |archive-date=3 March 2014 }}</ref> On why the film was split into two parts, Rajamouli said, "The story, about two warring brothers for a kingdom, is so big that one film is not enough. We tried but we were losing some of the emotional quotient hence the second release after a gap of 10 months."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Baahubali-A-Staggering-Epic-That-Promises-to-Create-History-With-Its-Sheer-Scale/2015/07/08/article2907780.ece |title=Baahubali: A Staggering Epic That Promises to Create History With Its Sheer Scale |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020214/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Baahubali-A-Staggering-Epic-That-Promises-to-Create-History-With-Its-Sheer-Scale/2015/07/08/article2907780.ece |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> Tamil lyricist [[Madhan Karky]] was selected to write the dialogues for the Tamil version.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-kollywood/article/madhan-has-his-hands-full |title=Madhan has his hands full |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133501/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-kollywood/article/madhan-has-his-hands-full |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/word-weavers/article6198203.ece |title=Word Weavers |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129181746/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/word-weavers/article6198203.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> He said that his dialogues would be along the lines of yesteryear epic [[List of historical drama films|historical movies]] like ''[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]]'' (1954) and ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958) and that they would be in chaste [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Mahaabalis-dialogues-will-be-like-those-in-Manohara-Madhan-Karky/articleshow/40858934.cms |title=Mahaabali's dialogues will be like those in Manohara: Madhan Karky |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829022716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Mahaabalis-dialogues-will-be-like-those-in-Manohara-Madhan-Karky/articleshow/40858934.cms |archive-date=29 August 2014 }}</ref> The film's action sequences were choreographed by [[Peter Hein]] who stated that efforts were being made to keep the visuals as a period film. For a particular action sequence, Peter Hein had to handle around 2000 stuntmen and elephants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-tollywood/article/baahubali-my-toughest-project-peter-hein |title=Baahubali, my toughest project: Peter Hein |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610095125/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-tollywood/article/baahubali-my-toughest-project-peter-hein |archive-date=10 June 2014 }}</ref> [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] was selected to handle the film's cinematography.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-clicks-a-selfie-with-his-father/articleshow/36608829.cms? |title=Rajamouli clicks a selfie with his father |work=The Times of India |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025210405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamouli-clicks-a-selfie-with-his-father/articleshow/36608829.cms |archive-date=25 October 2015 }}</ref> Director [[S.S.Rajamouli]] said that he was inspired from epic [[Mahabharata]] in making ''Baahubali''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/baahubali-inspired-by-mahabharata-reveals-ss-rajamouli-767983 |title=Baahubali, India's Most Expensive Film, Inspired by the Mahabharata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712060629/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/baahubali-inspired-by-mahabharata-reveals-ss-rajamouli-767983 |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/for-baahubali-i-turned-to-mahabharata-for-inspiration-ss-rajamouli/article1-1353923.aspx |title=For Baahubali, I turned to Mahabharata for inspiration: SS Rajamouli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715193126/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/for-baahubali-i-turned-to-mahabharata-for-inspiration-ss-rajamouli/article1-1353923.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref> The story of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' and ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' is set in [[Mahishmati]] kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-is-set-in-Mahishmathi-kingdom/articleshow/46849092.cms |title=Baahubali is set in Mahishmathi kingdom |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413094209/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-is-set-in-Mahishmathi-kingdom/articleshow/46849092.cms |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref>

[[Sodhe]] Matha sent legal notices to the film's producers in early January 2014 about the film's title ''Baahubali'' which is the name of a revered [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant in Jainism]], [[Bahubali]], as they were afraid that the film would portray his story in a violent manner.<ref name="BHB CVY BM">{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Jain-mutt-sends-legal-notice-to-Baahubali/articleshow/28523431.cms |title=Jain mutt sends legal notice to Baahubali |author=Shyam Prasad, Bangalore Mirror Bureau |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=7 January 2014 |access-date=29 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212020811/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Jain-mutt-sends-legal-notice-to-Baahubali/articleshow/28523431.cms |archive-date=12 February 2014 }}</ref> Days later, Sobhu Yarlagadda defended the story of the film saying "The film has nothing to do with [[Gomatheswara]] or the [[Jain]] religion. The story is completely fictional written by Vijayendra Prasad and will remain so. 'Baahubali' refers to the amount of power the protagonist possesses." He also clarified that they haven't received the legal notice yet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102102.html |title=Producer Explains 'Bahubali' Title Controversy |website=IndiaGlitz |date=9 January 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029022945/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102102.html |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref> In June 2015, Rajamouli remarked on the setting and backdrop of the film this way:<blockquote>"The movie is set in a completely fictitious world and period, and I decided that I would design my own weapons and costumes whichever way I liked. People will buy into the film depending on how I present it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=3 June 2015 |title=SS Rajamouli conquered Telugu cinema a decade ago. Is Bollywood next? |url=https://scroll.in/article/731818/ss-rajamouli-conquered-telugu-cinema-a-decade-ago-is-bollywood-next |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914153715/https://scroll.in/article/731818/ss-rajamouli-conquered-telugu-cinema-a-decade-ago-is-bollywood-next |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>The story is however similar in the manner that its about two brothers fighting for rights of a kingdom where the more powerful [[Bahubali]] lets go of the kingdom for his less powerful brother [[Bharata Chakravartin]].

The creators were accused of copying the format and the idea of the "making video" from ''The Amazing Videohivers'', a 123 seconds video clip, created by an Australian firm, which specializes in providing video templates for internet marketing. The video, which uses [[Adobe After Effects]] CS5 having a customizable template, depicts how film makers can use the video template to market their products. Regarding the issue, Shobhu Yarlagadda clarified "We have commercially purchased the template used in that video. We have licensed it legally. Anyone can license that template and it is not copying. We felt that the template is ideal for our video and hence we paid for it."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Plagiarism-charges-bolt-Bahubali/articleshow/25186974.cms |title='Plagiarism' charges bolt Bahubali |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728042607/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Plagiarism-charges-bolt-Bahubali/articleshow/25186974.cms |archive-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref> ''Baahubali'''s first poster was released in early May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-beginning-director-rajamouli-releases-first-poster-631040 |title='Baahubali – The Beginning': Director Rajamouli Releases First Poster |date=1 May 2015 |work=International Business Times |access-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713124742/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-beginning-director-rajamouli-releases-first-poster-631040 |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}</ref> The poster, which showed an infant being lifted from a waterbody by a woman's hand, was criticised for its lack of originality; ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted its similarities to the poster of the 1998 American film ''[[Simon Birch]]'', commenting, "The ''Baahubali'' poster shows a woman's hand raising an infant from a river; the Hollywood film's poster shows an infant being raised by two hands from water. The image seems to be the same with one difference, the ''Baahubali'' poster's baby is seen in typical Indian attire."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150503/entertainment-tollywood/article/baahubali-poster-not-original |title=Baahubali poster is not an original? |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721010734/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150503/entertainment-tollywood/article/baahubali-poster-not-original |archive-date=21 July 2015 }}</ref>

[[P. M. Satheesh]] was the sound designer of the film. Regarding his experience with the film, he said "''Baahubali'' is one of the very few films in South where a lot of importance is being given to sound recording. We dropped the idea of shooting with sync sound since the dialogue delivery has to be modified accordingly. The sound design team embeds various types of microphones throughout the set to record the ambient sound, which will lend a natural feel to the film. It's necessary, because some of these sounds aren't available in the market. It's quite a challenge for everyone".<ref name="satheesh" /> [[Sabu Cyril]] was the production designer of the film. In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', he said "Every hour is a challenge on the sets of ''Baahubali''. Period films are a huge responsibility as there is no room for mistakes. Everything was created from scrap : chairs, thrones, palaces, swords, armor and costumes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Every-hour-is-a-challenge-on-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/45049758.cms |title=Every hour is a challenge on the sets of Baahubali |work=The Times of India |date=5 November 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109230015/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Every-hour-is-a-challenge-on-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/45049758.cms |archive-date=9 November 2014 }}</ref> Foley Artiste Philipe Van Leer started working with the film's crew from 5 November 2014 till 14 November 2014 at Dame Blanche complex in Belgium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Foley-Artiste-From-Belgium-Joins-Baahubali-Team/2014/11/05/article2507765.ece |title=Foley Artiste From Belgium Joins Baahubali Team |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 November 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214103545/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Foley-Artiste-From-Belgium-Joins-Baahubali-Team/2014/11/05/article2507765.ece |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref> Rana stated that the film is about a war between two cousin brothers – Baahubali played by Prabhas and Bhallaladeva played by Rana – for the kingdom of [[Mahishmati]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/period-films-are-heroic/article6631250.ece |title=Period films are heroic |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220125204/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/period-films-are-heroic/article6631250.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Prabhas]] was cast as main lead of the film. [[Anushka Shetty]] was cast as the heroine of the film as Rajamouli was impressed by her performances in ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2009) and ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-the-realm-of-love/article5359045.ece |title=In the realm of love |work=The Hindu |date=17 November 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225213134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-the-realm-of-love/article5359045.ece |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/baahubali-has-intense-screenplay-anushka-shetty-165558.html|title=Baahubali Has Intense Screenplay: Anushka Shetty|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|last=Veena|date=25 November 2014|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612001403/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/baahubali-has-intense-screenplay-anushka-shetty-165558.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She starred in Rajamouli's ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'', and coincidentally became the first heroine Rajamouli repeated in his films and thus made her schedules full for 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/A-busy-summer-for-Anushka/articleshow/19259286.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225205025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/news-interviews/38144682_1_anushka-shetty-singam-2-baahubali |url-status=live |archive-date=25 December 2013 |title=A busy summer for Anushka |date=30 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] actor [[Rana Daggubati]] was recruited as the [[Bhallaladeva|antagonist of the film]] and coincidentally he was also a part of Rudhramadevi.<ref name="Rana Villain">{{cite web |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/16093/ranas-groundwork-for-baahubali.aspx |title=Rana's groundwork for 'Baahubali' |publisher=raagalahari.com |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023150947/http://raagalahari.com/news/16093/ranas-groundwork-for-baahubali.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] actor Sathyaraj, who played Prabhas's father in ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'', signed the film.<ref name="BHB SRJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sathyaraj-joins-baahubalis-cast-hm.html |title=Sathyaraj joins Baahubali's cast |publisher=123telugu.com |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427101136/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sathyaraj-joins-baahubalis-cast-hm.html |archive-date=27 April 2013 }}</ref>

[[Kannada]] actor [[Sudeep]] was picked for a small but important role in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/sudeep-doing-small-role-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-107807.html |title=I am doing a small role in Rajamouli's Bahubali: Sudeep |author=Shekhar |work=Oneindia Entertainment |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421033225/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/sudeep-doing-small-role-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-107807.html |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref> He shot for four days in July 2013 for the film and had to fight with [[Sathyaraj]] in a stunt sequence choreographed by [[Peter Hein]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-shoots-for-baahubali-news-kannada-nhkjSRibjif.html |title=Sudeep shoots for 'Baahubali' |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303072345/http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-shoots-for-baahubali-news-kannada-nhkjSRibjif.html |archive-date=3 March 2014 }}</ref> In April 2013, [[Adivi Sesh]] was cast for a crucial role in the film as Rajamouli was impressed by his work in the ''[[Panjaa]]'' (2011).<ref name="ADV Seshu BHB TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Adivi-Sesh-in-Rajamoulis-Bahubali/articleshow/19414351.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410005816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/news-interviews/38326672_1_prasad-devineni-rajamouli-adivi-sesh |url-status=live |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=Adivi Sesh in Rajamouli's Bahubali |date=6 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]  |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> Actress [[Ramya Krishna]] was chosen to play the crucial role in the film as ''Rajamatha'' in August 2013.<ref name="BBI RK Chosen as a RM">{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ramya-krishna-as-rajamatha-in-bahubali.html |title=Ramya Krishna as Rajamatha in Baahubali |work=123telugu.com |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817202119/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ramya-krishna-as-rajamatha-in-bahubali.html |archive-date=17 August 2013 }}</ref> Actor Nassar was selected to play a supporting role.<ref name="BBI RK Chosen as a RM" /> On 11 December 2013, a press release stated that Charandeep is selected for one of the negative characters in the film.<ref>{{cite web |date= 11 December 2013|title=Charan Deep in Baahubali |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2013-december/17976/charandeep-in-baahubali |access-date= |publisher=ragalahari.com |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221705/https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2013-december/17976/charandeep-in-baahubali |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 December 2013 a press release stated that [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] will be second heroine of the film which marks her first collaboration with Rajamouli and second collaboration with Prabhas.<ref name="Tamannaah Bhatia S H BHB EOI">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/tamanna-star-baahubali-1st-look-released-birthday-gift-127786.html |title=Tamanna To Star With Prabhas in Baahubali: First Look Released As Birthday Gift |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221002703/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/tamanna-star-baahubali-1st-look-released-birthday-gift-127786.html |archive-date=21 December 2013 }}</ref> Meka Ramakrishna was picked for the head of kuntala guerilla rebels.

=== Characters and looks ===
{{Main|List of Baahubali characters}}

Rana Daggubati was said to be playing the role of Prabhas' brother and he too underwent a lot of physical transformation for the role he was assigned to play in the film.<ref name="Rana Villain" /> He also underwent training in Martial arts under the supervision of a Vietnamese trainer, Tuan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/16411/ranas-focus-on-martial-arts.aspx |title=Rana's focus on Martial Arts |publisher=raagalahari.com |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811185902/http://www.raagalahari.com/news/16411/ranas-focus-on-martial-arts.aspx |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref> Sathyaraj has a [[tonsure]]d look for his role in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ss-rajamouli-signs-sathyaraj-news-tamil-nezr1abdhij.html |title=SS Rajamouli signs Sathyaraj |work=Sify.com |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428003117/http://www.sify.com/movies/ss-rajamouli-signs-sathyaraj-news-tamil-nezr1abdhij.html |archive-date=28 April 2013 }}</ref> Sudeep said that he would play the role of a weapons trader Aslam Khan in this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/sudeep-weapon-trader-baahubali-114613.html |title=Sudeep plays the role of weapon trader in Baahubali |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225215143/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/sudeep-weapon-trader-baahubali-114613.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> At the end of October 2013, Rana appeared at a fashion show with a beefed up body which, according to him, was a part of his look in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131029/entertainment-tollywood/article/rana-daggubati-all-beefed-baahubali |title=Rana Daggubati is all beefed up for 'Baahubali' |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062547/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131029/entertainment-tollywood/article/rana-daggubati-all-beefed-baahubali |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> In mid-May 2014, reports emerged that Anushka would play a pregnant woman for a few sequences in the second part of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/anushka-will-be-shown-pregnant-baahubali |title=Anushka will be shown as pregnant in baahubali |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523060335/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/anushka-will-be-shown-pregnant-baahubali |archive-date=23 May 2014 }}</ref> Both Prabhas and Rana maintained long hair for both films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-this-is-the-first-thing-prabhas-did-after-finishing-baahubali-schedule-4602324/|title=Baahubali 2: This is the first thing Prabhas did after finishing Baahubali schedule|work=Indian Express|date=6 April 2017|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118021401/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-this-is-the-first-thing-prabhas-did-after-finishing-baahubali-schedule-4602324/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rana-daggubati-on-a-warrior-mode/article7057707.ece|title=On a warrior mode|author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo|work=The Hindu|date=3 April 2015|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224160953/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rana-daggubati-on-a-warrior-mode/article7057707.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the same time, Prabhas posted in his Facebook page that he underwent a minor shoulder surgery and would join the film's sets in a span of a month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-prabhas-clears-mystery-over-secret-surgery |title=Actor Prabhas clears the mystery over secret surgery |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719205811/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-prabhas-clears-mystery-over-secret-surgery |archive-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref> On 1 June 2014, Prabhas and Rana's trainer Lakshman Reddy, said that Prabhas started his training 8 months before the commencement of shooting and after two years, both of them weighed nearly 100 kilos each. He also added that Prabhas has two attires with a heavy, bulky body for Baahubali's role and a lean physique for the second role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140601/entertainment-tollywood/article/prabhas-and-rana-hit-century-weighing-scale |title=Prabhas and Rana hit century on weighing scale |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605055129/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140601/entertainment-tollywood/article/prabhas-and-rana-hit-century-weighing-scale |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> For his look, Prabhas met [[WWE]] superstars like [[The Undertaker]] in February 2014 and interacted with them about their daily regimen and workouts.<ref name="Prabhas USA" />

Prabhas had equipment costing {{INR}} 15 million({{INR}} 15 million) shipped to his home, where he built a personal gym. His breakfast included 40 half boiled egg whites blended and added with protein powder.<ref name="Prabhas USA">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/The-secret-behind-Prabhas-look-in-Baahubali/articleshow/30735215.cms |title=The secret behind Prabhas' look in Baahubali |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302181103/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/The-secret-behind-Prabhas-look-in-Baahubali/articleshow/30735215.cms |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref> In mid-June 2014, regarding her role in the film, Tamannaah said that she would be playing the role of a warrior princess named Avanthika and her appearance in the film is completely different when compared to her past films.<ref name="Tamannaah Bhatia S H BHB TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-to-romance-Prabhas-in-Baahubali/articleshow/27679761.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223110356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news-interviews/45416728_1_tamannaah-baahubali-prabhas |url-status=live |archive-date=23 December 2013 |title=Tamannaah to romance Prabhas in Baahubali |date=20 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/straddling-three-worlds/article6136685.ece |title=Straddling three worlds |work=The Hindu |date=21 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704162350/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/straddling-three-worlds/article6136685.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014 }}</ref> Before joining the film's shoot, Tamannaah did costume trials for the film which she confirmed in her micro-blogging page stating "I am very excited to get on to the set of ''Baahubali''. I did some dress trials today and my look in this movie will be totally new. I have never been seen in such sort of a look till now. It will be a new role for me."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Tamannaah-to-join-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/37076825.cms |title=Tamannaah to join the sets of Baahubali |work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Tamannaah-to-join-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/37076825.cms |archive-date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> Rajamouli called Tamannaah and her characterization as a "value addition" to the movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/all-praise-for-tamannaah/article6171513.ece |title=All praise for Tamannaah |work=The Hindu |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129183407/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/all-praise-for-tamannaah/article6171513.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> She stated that she plays Avanthika, and had a special training and diet regime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-shed-6-kilos-for-Baahubali/articleshow/45594099.cms |title=Tamannaah shed 6 kilos for Baahubali |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516022359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-shed-6-kilos-for-Baahubali/articleshow/45594099.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 }}</ref> The film introduced a new language called [[Kilikili (fictitious language)|Kilikili]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-movie-introduces-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |title=Baahubali does a Lord of the Rings! The film introduces a new language called Kilikili |work=Firstpost |date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715223440/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-movie-introduces-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Orvakal Rock Formations.jpg|thumb|right|[[Orvakal Rock Garden, Kurnool|Orvakal Rock Gardens]] in [[Kurnool]] where [[principal photography]] began.]]
The shooting of the film started at [[Orvakal Rock Garden, Kurnool|Rock Gardens]] in Kurnool from 6 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/baahubali-shooting-starts-tomorrow-telugu-news-95230 |title='Baahubali' shooting starts tomorrow |website=IndiaGlitz |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806080020/http://www.indiaglitz.com/baahubali-shooting-starts-tomorrow-telugu-news-95230 |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> At the end of August 2013, the film's shoot continued at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad where key scenes on the lead cast were shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Prabhas-shooting-at-RFC-for-Bahubali/articleshow/22138267.cms |title=Prabhas shooting at RFC for Bahubali |work=The Times of India |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705121018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Prabhas-shooting-at-RFC-for-Bahubali/articleshow/22138267.cms |archive-date=5 July 2015 }}</ref> The second schedule of the film ended on 29 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bahubali-second-schedule-finished-telugu-news-96962 |title='Bahubali' Second Schedule Finished |website=IndiaGlitz |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806084532/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bahubali-second-schedule-finished-telugu-news-96962 |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> A new schedule started at Hyderabad on 17 October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Prabhas-Bahubali-begins-new-schedule/articleshow/24280144.cms |title=Prabhas' Bahubali begins new schedule |work=The Times of India |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705105441/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Prabhas-Bahubali-begins-new-schedule/articleshow/24280144.cms |archive-date=5 July 2015 }}</ref> At the end of October 2013, the maize field specifically cultivated at Ramoji Film City for filming of few crucial sequences was destroyed by rains just a week before the start of the planned shoot there. The film's shoot again continued in Kurnool in November 2013 but the schedule ended abruptly due to incessant rains. Despite taking required measures, the film's crew could not control the people and around 30 thousand people reached the spot. After they were pacified by Prabhas and Rana, Rajamouli stood on the center stage and asked all of them to scream ''Jai Baahubali'' in sync. The entire incident was captured by the sound department so that it can be used in the film's final cut to create the right ambient sound in some crucial scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/baahubali-captures-publics-attention-in-kurnool-telugu-news-99509 |title='Baahubali' captures public's attention in Kurnool |website=IndiaGlitz |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806081523/http://www.indiaglitz.com/baahubali-captures-publics-attention-in-kurnool-telugu-news-99509 |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> After that, the film's unit traveled to Kerala for their next schedule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bahubali-next-schedule-in-Kerala/articleshow/25332468.cms |title=Bahubali next schedule in Kerala |work=The Times of India |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706214339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bahubali-next-schedule-in-Kerala/articleshow/25332468.cms |archive-date=6 July 2015 }}</ref> The Kerala schedule started on 14 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kerala-schedule-of-Baahubali-begins/articleshow/25812024.cms |title=Kerala schedule of Baahubali begins |work=The Times of India |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kerala-schedule-of-Baahubali-begins/articleshow/25812024.cms |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Athirappalli Waterfalls, Thrissur, Kerala.jpg|thumb|left|[[Athirappilly Falls]] in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]] where a few crucial sequences were shot as a part of the schedule.]]
Towards the end of November 2013, shooting was disrupted by incessant rains and since a portion of shoot was outdoor, the shoot was temporarily stalled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rain-disrupts-baahubalis-shoot-in-kerala.html |title=Rain disrupts Baahubali's shoot in Kerala |publisher=123telugu.com |date=27 November 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729231632/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rain-disrupts-baahubalis-shoot-in-kerala.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-11-29/Rains-wreak-havoc-with-Baahubali-again-78228 |title=Rains wreak havoc with Baahubali again |publisher=The Hans India |date=29 November 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122151/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-11-29/Rains-wreak-havoc-with-Baahubali-again-78228 |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref> The shoot at Kerala completed on 4 December 2013 and include [[Athirappilly Falls]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/ss-rajamouli-wrapup-kerala-schedule-baahubali-126468.html |title=SS Rajamouli Wraps Up Kerala Schedule of Baahubali |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213015051/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/ss-rajamouli-wrapup-kerala-schedule-baahubali-126468.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref> A set was erected in Ramoji film city to shoot war sequences involving around 2000 junior artists and almost all the principal cast from 23 December 2013 for which groundwork began in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-war-sequence-shoot-begins.html |title=Baahubali war sequence shoot begins |publisher=123telugu.com |date=23 December 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729203028/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-war-sequence-shoot-begins.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubali-war-sequence-under-shoot/articleshow/27854109.cms |title=Baahubali war sequence under shoot |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225082403/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubali-war-sequence-under-shoot/articleshow/27854109.cms |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> There were reports that the farmers at Anajpur village close to Ramoji Film City tried to disrupt the film's shooting citing that they did not have the required permissions to shoot there which were denied by Rajamouli.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rajamouli-denies-rumours-about-baahubali.html |title=Rajamouli denies rumors about Baahubali |publisher=123telugu.com |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101018/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rajamouli-denies-rumours-about-baahubali.html |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> The film's unit took a two-day break on the eve of New Year and the shoot of the sequence resumed from 3 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-team-to-take-a-short-break.html |title=Baahubali's team to take a short break |publisher=123telugu.com |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102121553/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-team-to-take-a-short-break.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Baahubali-war-scene-shoot-resumes--4-447825.html |title=Baahubali war scene shoot resumes |publisher=way2movies.com |date=3 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815173457/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Baahubali-war-scene-shoot-resumes--4-447825.html |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> In mid-January 2014, a massive set was constructed there at Ramoji Film City resembling the city center of the kingdom in which the story unfolds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-team-to-construct-a-massive-set-in-rfc.html |title=Baahubali's team to construct a massive set in RFC |publisher=123telugu.com |date=11 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729204533/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-team-to-construct-a-massive-set-in-rfc.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> The film's unit took a break on account of [[Makar Sankranti]] and the shoot of war sequences resumed from 16 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-team-is-back-in-action.html |title=Baahubali's team is back in action |publisher=123telugu.com |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729224619/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-team-is-back-in-action.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> On 18 January 2014, the film completed 100 working days of the film's shoot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/baahubali-100workingdays.html |title=Baahubali completes 100 working days |publisher=idlebrain.com |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123193439/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/baahubali-100workingdays.html |archive-date=23 January 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Ramoji Film City.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ramoji Film City]] where the film's major parts including a huge war sequence were shot in specially erected sets.]]
From 28 March 2014, key scenes of the film were shot at night-time at Ramoji Film City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-shooting-in-the-night/articleshow/32891856.cms |title=Baahubali shooting in the night |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705142650/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-shooting-in-the-night/articleshow/32891856.cms |archive-date=5 July 2015 }}</ref> On 5 April 2014, Rajamouli informed that the war schedule came to an end.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Rajamouli-wraps-up-Baahubali-war-schedule/articleshow/33320901.cms |title=Rajamouli wraps up Baahubali war schedule |work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409152416/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Rajamouli-wraps-up-Baahubali-war-schedule/articleshow/33320901.cms |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}</ref> The film's next schedule started on 20 April 2014 after a brief break.<ref name="Baahubali next after war">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-next-schedule-starts-tomorrow/articleshow/33964091.cms |title=Baahubali's next schedule starts tomorrow |work=The Times of India |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703055054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-next-schedule-starts-tomorrow/articleshow/33964091.cms |archive-date=3 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-new-schedule-set-to-begin-tomorrow.html |title=Baahubali's new schedule set to begin tomorrow |publisher=123telugu.com |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729213049/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubalis-new-schedule-set-to-begin-tomorrow.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> The film's unit took a small break at the end of May 2014 after shooting some scenes on Rana Daggubati and Anushka at Ramoji Film City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-team-takes-a-break.html |title=Baahubali team takes a break |publisher=123telugu.com |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601052824/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-team-takes-a-break.html |archive-date=1 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-team-takes-a-break/articleshow/35631305.cms |title=Baahubali's team takes a break |work=The Times of India |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-team-takes-a-break/articleshow/35631305.cms |archive-date=31 May 2014 }}</ref> Later Rana took a break from ''Baahubali''<nowiki/>'s shooting for a couple of months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rana-takes-a-short-break-from-work.html |title=Rana takes a short break from work |publisher=123telugu.com |date=6 May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512073747/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rana-takes-a-short-break-from-work.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> At the end of May 2014, it was reported that Tamannaah would join the sets in June 2014 and would participate till December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-kollywood/article/tamannah-bhatia-return-soon |title=Tamannah Bhatia to return soon |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527232311/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-kollywood/article/tamannah-bhatia-return-soon |archive-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> Sudeep returned to the film's sets on 7 June 2014 and participated in the shoot along with Sathyaraj at [[Golconda Fort]] to start a fresh schedule which ended on 10 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Sudeep-shoots-for-his-Telugu-Tamil-bilingual/articleshow/36192827.cms |title=Sudeep shoots for his Telugu-Tamil bilingual |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018145120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Sudeep-shoots-for-his-Telugu-Tamil-bilingual/articleshow/36192827.cms |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-team-wraps-up-shoot-in-Golconda/articleshow/36345189.cms |title=Baahubali's team wraps up shoot in Golconda |work=The Times of India |date=10 June 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613180857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-team-wraps-up-shoot-in-Golconda/articleshow/36345189.cms |archive-date=13 June 2014 }}</ref> Rajamouli started re-shoot of some scenes which were originally scheduled for last year whose shoot were disrupted by heavy rains.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/entertainment-tollywood/article/rajamouli-resumes-shoot-bahubali |title=Rajamouli resumes shoot for Bahubali |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716193617/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/entertainment-tollywood/article/rajamouli-resumes-shoot-bahubali |archive-date=16 July 2014 }}</ref> Tamannaah joined the film's sets in Hyderabad on 23 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Team-Baahubali-welcomes-Tamannah/articleshow/37244153.cms |title=Team Baahubali welcomes Tamannah |work=The Times of India |date=26 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715061104/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Team-Baahubali-welcomes-Tamannah/articleshow/37244153.cms |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> At the end of June 2014, the filming continued at [[Annapurna Studios]] in Hyderabad. Prabhas, Tamannaah, Anushka and Rana participated in the shooting and important scenes were shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-shooting-starts-in-annapurna-studios.html |title=Baahubali shooting starts in Annapurna Studios |publisher=123telugu.com |date=25 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729210039/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-shooting-starts-in-annapurna-studios.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> That schedule ended after four days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-annapurna-schedule-complete.html |title=Baahubali Annapurna schedule complete |publisher=123telugu.com |date=27 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715104407/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/baahubali-annapurna-schedule-complete.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> At the same time, it was reported that the film's unit would travel to [[Bulgaria]] to shoot the sequences in maize fields which were supposed to be shot in the field destroyed due to rains at Hyderabad in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/why-baahubali-flying-bulgaria |title=Why Baahubali is flying to Bulgaria |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713072928/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/why-baahubali-flying-bulgaria |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref>
[[File:Mahabaleshwar Hills, Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mahabaleshwar]] where the film was shot in extreme climatic conditions including fog, rain and cold weather.]]
A romantic song featuring Prabhas and Tamannaah was shot in a specially erected set in Ramoji Film City in the third week of July 2014 which was choreographed by K. Sivasankar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Prabhas-Tamannaah-shoot-for-a-song/articleshow/38527399.cms |title=Prabhas-Tamannaah shoot for a song |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721200311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Prabhas-Tamannaah-shoot-for-a-song/articleshow/38527399.cms |archive-date=21 July 2014 }}</ref> The song was shot using ropes and trusses which are generally used in the action scenes and the film's director of photography K. K. Senthil Kumar stated that the song is shot with an innovative concept with rich visuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rajamouli-to-use-ropes-and-trusses-for-a-song-shoot/articleshow/38598888.cms |title=Rajamouli to use ropes and trusses for a song shoot |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018150646/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rajamouli-to-use-ropes-and-trusses-for-a-song-shoot/articleshow/38598888.cms |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref> After its completion, an action sequence was shot at Ramoji Film City under the supervision of Peter Hein.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bahubali-in-action-mode.html |title=Bahubali in action mode |publisher=123telugu.com |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724033218/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bahubali-in-action-mode.html |archive-date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> On 10 August 2014 the film was declared as the first Telugu film to have been shot for 200 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-sets-200-day-record/articleshow/40013266.cms |title=Baahubali sets 200-day record |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813023354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-sets-200-day-record/articleshow/40013266.cms |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140811/entertainment-tollywood/article/another-record-baahubali |title=Another record by baahubali |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115847/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140811/entertainment-tollywood/article/another-record-baahubali |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref> A fresh schedule started at [[Mahabaleshwar]] on 26 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Baahubali-to-be-shot-in-Mahabaleswar/articleshow/40776417.cms |title=Rajamouli's Baahubali to be shot in Mahabaleswar |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826080633/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Baahubali-to-be-shot-in-Mahabaleswar/articleshow/40776417.cms |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref> The cast and crew had to brave bad weather, including rain, fog and cold weather to complete the scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-find-a-new-friend-on-Baahubali-sets/articleshow/41713394.cms |title=Tamannaah find a new friend on Baahubali sets |work=The Times of India |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908211712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Tamannaah-find-a-new-friend-on-Baahubali-sets/articleshow/41713394.cms |archive-date=8 September 2014 }}</ref> After nearly two weeks, the team wrapped up the schedule and the next schedule began at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad from 12 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubalis-team-returns-from-Mahabaleshwar/articleshow/42115470.cms |title=Baahubali's team returns from Mahabaleshwar |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910021543/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubalis-team-returns-from-Mahabaleshwar/articleshow/42115470.cms |archive-date=10 September 2014 }}</ref> Sabu Cyril designed a 100 feet statue which was erected by Peter Hein in late September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/A-special-100ft-statue-for-Prabhass-Baahubali/articleshow/43544625.cms |title=A special 100ft statue for Prabhas's Baahubali |work=The Times of India |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220125205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/A-special-100ft-statue-for-Prabhass-Baahubali/articleshow/43544625.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming continued at Hyderabad though the rest of the films shoots were halted because of the ongoing strike by Telugu Film Federation Employees as they employed the staff not belonging to the Federation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Prabhas-Rana-shoot-for-Baahubali-despite-strike/articleshow/44837876.cms |title=Prabhas, Rana shoot for Baahubali despite strike |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019055436/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Prabhas-Rana-shoot-for-Baahubali-despite-strike/articleshow/44837876.cms |archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref>

A few action sequences were shot at Ramoji Film City till 30 November on Prabhas and Rana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Prabhas-And-Rana-Fighting-It-Out-telugu-news-119304 |title=Prabhas and Rana fighting it out |website=IndiaGlitz |date=22 November 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125061520/http://www.indiaglitz.com/prabhas-and-rana-fighting-it-out-telugu-news-119304 |archive-date=25 November 2014 }}</ref> During the film's shoot for a particular sequence, Tamannaah stood under an artificial tree designed by Sabu Cyril as a part of the set to which she was tied to make sure that she did not fly away because of the strong winds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141124/entertainment-tollywood/article/tamannaah-tied-sets |title=Tamannaah tied up on sets |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 November 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208223805/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141124/entertainment-tollywood/article/tamannaah-tied-sets |archive-date=8 December 2014 }}</ref> In early December 2014, the film's unit shifted to Bulgaria for a 25-day schedule. It was reported to shift to Bulgaria from Hyderabad because of the ongoing Telugu Film Federation Employees' strike though the makers refuted those reports adding that the schedule was planned long ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Strikes-fail-to-stop-Tollywood-bigges/articleshow/45386818.cms |title=Strikes fail to stop Tollywood bigges |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010022821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Strikes-fail-to-stop-Tollywood-bigges/articleshow/45386818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After three weeks of shoot, the film's unit returned to Hyderabad on 23 December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Its-a-wrap-for-Baahubalis-Bulgaria-schedule/articleshow/45616239.cms |title=It's a wrap for Baahubali's Bulgaria schedule |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226082049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Its-a-wrap-for-Baahubalis-Bulgaria-schedule/articleshow/45616239.cms |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> The film's shoot later continued at Ramoji Film City and from 22 December 2014, thousand horses brought from Rajasthan were planned to be used for shooting.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Thousand-Horses-For-baahubali-Shoot-telugu-news-121257 |title=Thousand horses for 'Baahubali' shoot |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220182359/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Thousand-Horses-For-baahubali-Shoot-telugu-news-121257 |archive-date=20 December 2014 }}</ref> A special song "Manohari" was filmed in March 2015 featuring [[Nora Fatehi]], Scarlett Mellish Wilson, Madhu Sneha along with [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/nora-fatehi-to-do-an-item-song-in-baahubali/article1-1331120.aspx |title=Nora Fatehi to do an item song in Baahubali |work=hindustantimes.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712070025/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/nora-fatehi-to-do-an-item-song-in-baahubali/article1-1331120.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}</ref>

A completely new language, called Kiliki<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/lyricist-madhan-karky-creates-a-new-language-kiliki-for-baahubali.html |title=A NEW LANGUAGE FOR BAAHUBALI! |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707125135/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/lyricist-madhan-karky-creates-a-new-language-kiliki-for-baahubali.html |archive-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref> was created by the lyricist [[Madhan Karky]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-movie-introduces-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |title=Baahubali does a Lord of the Rings! The film introduces a new language called Kilikili |date=14 July 2015 |access-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715223440/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-movie-introduces-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref> which is spoken by the Kalakeya tribe.

== Feature films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; width:100%;"
! style="width:14%" | Film
! India release date
! Director
! Screenwriter
! Story writer(s)
! Producer(s)
! {{nowrap|{{Abbr|Refs.|References}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|The Beginning]]''
| style="text-align:left" | 10 July 2015
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| rowspan="3" |[[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bãhubali: The Beginning |date=2015-07-09 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2631186/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |publisher=Arka Mediaworks}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|The Conclusion]]''
| style="text-align:left" | 28 April 2017
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bãhubali 2: The Conclusion |date=2017-04-28 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4849438/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |publisher=Arka Mediaworks}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Baahubali: The Epic|The Epic]]''
| style="text-align:left" | 31 October 2025
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali: The Epic |date=2025-10-31 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt37893389/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |publisher=Arka Media Works}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Eternal War – Part 1''
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2027}}
| Ishan Shukla
| [[Scott Mosier]]
| Ishan Shukla and [[Sowmya Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali: The Eternal War - Part 1 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt38807583/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |publisher=Alcyde Studios, Aniventure, Arka Mediaworks International}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Eternal War – Part 2''
| style="text-align:left" | {{Start date|2028}}
| colspan="4" |{{TableTBA}}
|
|}

=== Box office ===
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="99%" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Film
! Release date
! Budget
! Box office
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning#Box office|Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| 10 July 2015
| {{INR|180 crore}} (US${{To USD|1800|IND|year=2015}} million)
| ₹650.12 crore (US${{To USD|6500|IND|year=2015}} million)<ref name="baahubali">{{cite news |last1=Hooli |first1=Shekhar |date=1 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 3-day worldwide box-office collection: SS Rajamouli's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bahubali-2-baahubali-2-3-days-worldwide-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-1-weekend-724964 |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115014903/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bahubali-2-baahubali-2-3-days-worldwide-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-1-weekend-724964 |archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="augfirst">{{cite web |date=10 August 2017 |title=Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-baahubali-rights-snapped-up-by-netflix-for-rs-25-5-crore-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-theatres-3914757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212034544/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-baahubali-rights-snapped-up-by-netflix-for-rs-25-5-crore-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-theatres-3914757.html |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=What does the success of Baahubali mean for Indian cinema? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/what-does-the-success-of-baahubali-mean-for-indian-cinema-4655133/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211114637/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/what-does-the-success-of-baahubali-mean-for-indian-cinema-4655133/ |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion#Box office|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| 28 April 2017
| {{INR|250 crore}} (US${{To USD|2500|IND|year=2017}} million)
| ₹1,810.60 crore (US${{#expr:217.58+57.85}}{{nbsp}}million){{efn|''Baahubali 2'' worldwide gross: {{INR|{{#expr:1416.9+379.69}} crore}}(US${{#expr:217.58+57.85}}{{nbsp}}million)
* [[India]] – {{INR|1416.9 crore}}<ref name="BB2">{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-2-bahubali-2-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-film-mints-rs-1706-50-cr-140-days-742747 |title=Baahubali 2 (Bahubali 2) box office collection: SS Rajamouli's film mints Rs 1,706.50 cr in 140 days |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=20 September 2017 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011833/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-2-bahubali-2-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-film-mints-rs-1706-50-cr-140-days-742747 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> (US${{To USD|14169|IND|year=2017}} million)
* Overseas – {{INR|{{#expr:80.78+8.73+0.58+289.6}} crore}} (US${{#expr:11.951+1.34+0.089+44.47}} million)
** [[List of highest-grossing films in China|China]] – {{US$|11,951,545}}<ref name="BB2Mojo" /> ({{INR|80.78 crore}})<ref name="exchange17">{{cite web |url=http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates.php?A=1&C1=USD&C2=INR&YA=1&DD1=04&MM1=05&YYYY1=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&DD2=04&MM2=06&YYYY2=2018&btnOK=Go! |title=Historical exchange rates from 1953 with graph and charts |last=Laurent PELE |website=fxtop.com |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718203048/http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates.php?A=1&C1=USD&C2=INR&YA=1&DD1=04&MM1=05&YYYY1=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&DD2=04&MM2=06&YYYY2=2018&btnOK=Go! |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Japan – {{JPY|150 million}}<ref>{{cite news |title=アニメ版も発売...インド映画「バーフバリ」、なぜヒットした?買い付け担当者に聞く |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2018/05/30/baahubali-twin_a_23446544/ |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=31 May 2018 |language=ja-JP |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601103932/https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2018/05/30/baahubali-twin_a_23446544/ |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{ndash}} {{US$|{{To USD|150|JPN}} million}} ({{INR|{{#expr:1340000*100000000/{{To USD|100000000|IND}}/10000000 round 2}} crore}})
** [[Russia]] – US<ref name="BB2Mojo">{{cite web |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017) – International Box Office Results |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=baahubali2.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228100841/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=baahubali2.htm |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ({{INR}} 58{{nbsp}}[[lakh]])<ref name="exchange17" />
** Other territories – {{INR|289.6 crore}}<ref name="BB2" />(US${{To USD|2896|IND|year=2017}} million)
}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
|31 October 2025
| {{Indian rupee}}10 crore (US$1.1 million)
| {{Indian rupee}}51.35 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Baahubali: The Epic Box Office Collection {{!}} All Language {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Worldwide - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/Baahubali_The_Epic_2025_Box_Office_Collection_Day_Wise_Worldwide |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
! {{Indian rupee}}440 crore (US$50 million)
! {{Indian rupee}}2512.07 crore (US$283 million)
|}

===Critical reception===
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning#Critical response|Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|91% (7.1/10 average rating) (22 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali: The Beginning {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/baahubali_the_beginning |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion#Reception|''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'']]
|88% (7.6/10 average rating) (26 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/baahubali_2_the_conclusion |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}
Both of the films received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-the-beginning | title=Baahubali: The Beginning | website=[[Metacritic]] | access-date=9 September 2022 | archive-date=9 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909181408/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-the-beginning | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Baahubali: The Beginning'', {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=91|count=22|average=7.1|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=July 16, 2022}} Lisa Tsering based on ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "The story has been told many times before – a child is born destined for greatness and as a man vanquishes the forces of evil – but in the confident hands of accomplished South Indian director S.S. Rajamouli the tale gets potent new life in ''Baahubali: The Beginning''."<ref>{{cite web|title='Bahubali': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/baahubali-film-review-808168 |access-date=1 August 2015 |first=Lisa |last=Tsering |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804141923/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/baahubali-film-review-808168 |archive-date= 4 August 2015 }}</ref> Allan Hunter, writing for ''[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]'' noted that "The broad brushstrokes storytelling and the director's over-fondness for slow-motion sequences are among the film's failings but this is still a rousing film, easily accessible epic. There's rarely a dull moment in ''Baahubali: The Beginning'', part one of a gung-ho, crowd-pleasing Telugu-language epic that has been shattering box-office records throughout India."<ref>{{cite web|title='Baahubali: The Beginning': Review |url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/baahubali-the-beginning-review/5090691.article |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731024535/http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/baahubali-the-beginning-review/5090691.article |archive-date=31 July 2015 }}</ref> Mike McCahill of ''[[The Guardian]]'' rated the film four stars out of five, praising the film, "Rajamouli defers on the latter for now, but his skilful choreography of these elements shucks off any cynicism one might carry into Screen 1: wide-eyed and wondrous, his film could be a blockbuster reboot, or the first blockbuster ever made, a reinvigoration of archetypes that is always entertaining, and often thrilling, to behold."<ref>{{cite news|title=Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/12/baahubali-the-beginning-review-fantastic-bang-for-your-buck-in-most-expensive-indian-movie-ever-made |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 August 2015 |first=Mike |last=McCahill |date=12 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814113625/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/12/baahubali-the-beginning-review-fantastic-bang-for-your-buck-in-most-expensive-indian-movie-ever-made |archive-date=14 August 2015 }}</ref>

''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|88|7.6|26|ref=yes|access-date=26 July 2024}}
It was further featured in [[Rotten Tomatoes]]' list of Best Off the Radar Films of 2017, in which Tim Ryan writes, ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' plays like a shotgun wedding between ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'' and ''Kung Fu Hustle'', seasoned with bits of [[Shakespeare]], [[Kurosawa]], and Buster Keaton," opining, "it's a blockbuster that's both gigantic and lighter than air".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Movies Off the Radar 2017 |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/best-movies-off-the-radar-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102212411/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/best-movies-off-the-radar-2017/ |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> Simon Abrams of [[RogerEbert.com]] gave the film a 4/4 rating and writes the film "is everything I want but rarely get from superhero and big-budget fantasy movie" adding "the fight scenes... are so creative that they make even the most frequently abused creative shortcuts seem novel, everything from computer-generated imagery (CGI) to speed-ramping... You care what happens to the cast as they, aided by wires, hurl volleys of arrows at disposable minions and CGI animals".<ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Movie Review (2017) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505153916/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |work=Roger Ebert}}</ref>

Mike McCahill of [[The Guardian]] gave a 4/5 rating and called it "a jaw-dropping blockbuster that combines nimble action with genuine heart". He also stated, "This production's triumph is the room it's granted Rajamouli to head into the fields and dream up endlessly expressive ways to frame bodies in motion. Of the many sequences here primed to cut through jadedness, perhaps the most wondrous is that which finds Baahu guiding Deva mid-battle to shoot three arrows simultaneously – a set piece that speaks both to a love of action, and love in action. The budget's big, the muscle considerable, but they're nothing compared with ''Baahubali''{{'}}s heart".<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion review – joyous action epic soars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/apr/28/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-review-anushka-shetty-subba-raju |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504033149/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/apr/28/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-review-anushka-shetty-subba-raju |archive-date=4 May 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> J Hurtado of ''[[Screen Anarchy]]'' writes, "It's a bit daunting because it does begin in media res immediately following the complex actions of the first film, but astute viewers will put together the pieces soon enough".<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2017 |title=Review: SS Rajamouli's BAAHUBALI 2: THE CONCLUSION Shows A Director on the Verge of International Stardom |url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/04/review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211051850/http://screenanarchy.com/2017/04/review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion.html |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref>

== Television series ==

=== Animated series ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:110%;" |
! Title !! Creator(s) !! Original release
|-
! scope="row" | [[Baahubali: The Lost Legends|''The Lost Legends'']]
| Graphic India and Arka Media Works
| 19 April 2017 – 10 April 2020
|-
! scope="row" | [[Baahubali: Crown of Blood|''Crown of Blood'']]
| [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| 17 May 2024
|}

== Print media ==

[[S. S. Rajamouli]] approached Indian novelist [[Anand Neelakantan]] to write a prequel trilogy of novels for the Baahubali film franchise.

* ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]'' – Released on 31 March 2017, this novel serves as the first part of the ''Baahubali – Before the Beginning'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=Baahubali prequel novel 'The Rise of Sivagami' explores SS Rajamouli's epic universe |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-prequel-novel-the-rise-of-sivagami-explores-ss-rajamoulis-epic-universe-3364104.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402105631/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-prequel-novel-the-rise-of-sivagami-explores-ss-rajamoulis-epic-universe-3364104.html |archive-date=2 April 2017 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>
* ''[[Chaturanga (2020 novel)|Chaturanga]]'' – The second part of the trilogy, released on 6 August 2020.<ref>{{cite book |last=Neelakantan |first=Anand |title=Chaturanga: Before the Beginning - Book 2 |publisher=Westland |date=6 August 2020 |isbn=978-9389152449 |location=India |language=English |id={{ASIN|9389152445|country=in}}}}</ref>
* ''Queen of Mahishmathi'' – The third and final part, released on 28 December 2020.
* ''Baahubali: Battle of the Bold'' – A [[graphic novel]] published by Graphic India in August 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baahubali – Battle of the bold |url=http://www.baahubali.com/graphic-novel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000018/http://www.baahubali.com/graphic-novel/ |archive-date=29 April 2017 |website=baahubali.com}}</ref>
* In July 2018, ''Baahubali'' was adapted into a Japanese [[manga]] by Akira Fukaya, known for titles such as ''Hakobiya Ken'', ''Mitsurin Shounen'' and ''[[Tetsuo: The Bullet Man]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2018 |title=Baahubali adapted into manga in Japan by Akira Fukaya, announces director SS Rajamouli |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-will-be-adapted-into-manga-in-japan-by-akira-fukaya-announces-director-ss-rajamouli-4653271.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712153715/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-will-be-adapted-into-manga-in-japan-by-akira-fukaya-announces-director-ss-rajamouli-4653271.html |archive-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

==Music==
{{See also|Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (soundtrack)}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali: Music from the Motion Picture
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded = 2015–2018
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

'''''Baahubali''''' (One Man with Strong Arms) is the [[soundtrack]] of ten volumes composed by [[M. M. Keeravaani|M. M. Keeravani]], for the two-part ''Baahubali'' film series. The film score album consists of 10 volumes, varying from five to eight tracks with a duration of nearly twenty minutes, as a combination of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', which were released in January–March 2018, in [[YouTube]] and all other streaming platforms. The film score was appreciated by both audience and critics alike, contributing to the success of both films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubalis-next-schedule-starts-tomorrow/articleshow/33964091.cms|title=Baahubali's next schedule starts tomorrow|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115155025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubalis-next-schedule-starts-tomorrow/articleshow/33964091.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-reunion-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty-and-rana-daggubati-hang-out-in-london-1610988-2019-10-19|title=Baahubali reunion: Rajamouli, Prabhas, Anushka Shetty and Rana Daggubati hang out in London|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23|agency=Ist|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208172354/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-reunion-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty-and-rana-daggubati-hang-out-in-london-1610988-2019-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seaindia.in/sea-online-journal/baahubali-2-audio-review/|title=Baahubali 2 – Audio Review|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220246/https://seaindia.in/sea-online-journal/baahubali-2-audio-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Volume 1'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-1)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 January 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Mahendra Baahubali Must Live
| length1 = 2:55
| title2 = The Mask and the Soldier
| length2 = 2:07
| title3 = Tattoo
| length3 = 1:35
| title4 = Bhalla and Bison
| length4 = 1:11
| title5 = Volcanic Words
| length5 = 2:35
| title6 = Man and Woman
| length6 = 3:20
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali OST, Vol. 1 - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/baahubali-ost-vol-1-ep/1331951648|language=en-ca|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023210651/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/baahubali-ost-vol-1-ep/1331951648|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}'''Volume 2'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-2)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 January 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Mahishmathi... Brace Yourself
| length1 = 2:27
| title2 = Undying Glory
| length2 = 2:54
| title3 = Rage 1
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Rage 2
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = The King and His Sword
| length5 = 3:59
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali OST, Vol. 2 - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-2-ep/1331952600|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023134955/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-2-ep/1331952600|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Volume 3'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-3)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 January 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Baahubali - The Story
| length1 = 2:02
| title2 = Sivagami
| length2 = 0:38
| title3 = True Colors
| length3 = 1:58
| title4 = Kaalakeyas
| length4 = 1:01
| title5 = Old Tools New Plan
| length5 = 2:05
| title6 = WKKB
| length6 = 4:29
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali OST, Vol. 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-3-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1334681184|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023131348/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-3-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1334681184|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra1 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| extra6 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Aditya Iyengar
| extra_column = Additional Vocal(s)
}}

'''Volume 4'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-4)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 January 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Agni Prasatham
| length1 = 0:58
| title2 = The Saviour
| length2 = 1:14
| title3 = Poison
| length3 = 1:18
| title4 = Sniffer Dog
| length4 = 1:05
| title5 = The Tour
| length5 = 1:34
| title6 = Compensation
| length6 = 0:40
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali Ost, Vol. 4 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/cz/album/baahubali-ost-vol-4-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1337692807|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023210653/https://music.apple.com/cz/album/baahubali-ost-vol-4-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1337692807|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Volume 5'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-5)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 February 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Devasena
| length1 = 1:33
| title2 = Kunthala
| length2 = 1:22
| title3 = Lust
| length3 = 0:50
| title4 = Killer
| length4 = 0:35
| title5 = Wrong Path
| length5 = 0:58
| title6 = Word Against Sword
| length6 = 1:37
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali Ost, Vol. 5 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-5-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1341686267|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023131944/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-5-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1341686267|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Volume 6'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-6)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 February 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Love at First Sight
| length1 = 1:52
| title2 = Master Plan
| length2 = 1:58
| title3 = He is the Man
| length3 = 1:32
| title4 = Revealed Identity
| length4 = 1:14
| title5 = Royal Love
| length5 = 1:01
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali Ost, Vol. 6 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-6-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1343782276|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023133453/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-6-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1343782276|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Volume 7'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-7)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 February 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Enter Mahishmathi
| length1 = 1:22
| title2 = The Court
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Greatest Honour
| length3 = 0:24
| title4 = My Wish is Your Priority
| length4 = 1:28
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali Ost, Vol. 7 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-7-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1347841489|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023210649/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baahubali-ost-vol-7-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1347841489|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Volume 8'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-8)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 February 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Please Leave Me
| length1 = 2:18
| title2 = Trap
| length2 = 2:04
| title3 = Stoned Heart
| length3 = 1:02
| title4 = Confession
| length4 = 1:37
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali Vol. 8 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by M.M. Keeravani|url=https://music.apple.com/cz/album/baahubali-vol-8-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1354319928|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023140512/https://music.apple.com/cz/album/baahubali-vol-8-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1354319928|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Additional Vocal(s)
| extra2 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Kaala Bhairava]]
}}

'''Volume 9'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-9)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 February 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Lullaby of Death
| length1 = 2:20
| title2 = Can You Ever Forgive Me?
| length2 = 0:28
| title3 = Birth of an Avenger
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali OST, Vol. 9 - Single by M.M. Keeravani on iTunes|url=https://music.apple.com/bs/album/baahubali-ost-vol-9-single/1352994022|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023140509/https://music.apple.com/bs/album/baahubali-ost-vol-9-single/1352994022|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Additional Vocal(s)
| extra1 = [[Ramya Behara]]
}}

'''Volume 10'''{{Infobox album
| name = Baahubali OST (Vol-10)
| type = Film score
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 March 2018
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Message From Forgotten Past
| length1 = 2:12
| title2 = Hatha Praveera
| length2 = 0:38
| title3 = We Can't Afford to Lose
| length3 = 0:47
| title4 = Think like Baahubali
| length4 = 1:23
| title5 = Sa Ho!
| length5 = 0:57
| title6 = Constitutional Advice
| length6 = 1:04
| title7 = War and Passion
| length7 = 1:04
| title8 = My Faith, My Mentor!
| length8 = 6:31
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation|title=Baahubali Ost, Vol. 10 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by M.M. Keeravani on iTunes|url=https://music.apple.com/bs/album/baahubali-ost-vol-10-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1356515526|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023134953/https://music.apple.com/bs/album/baahubali-ost-vol-10-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1356515526|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Video games ==
A mobile game titled ''Baahubali: The Game'' was released on 15 August 2017 by Moonfrog Labs, coinciding with India's Independence Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baahubali: The Game (Official) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/baahubali-the-game-official/id1213305979?ls=1&mt=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220125204/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/baahubali-the-game-official/id1213305979?ls=1&mt=8 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=15 August 2017 |work=Google Play Store}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baahubali: The Game |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bahubali.game |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701132256/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bahubali.game |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=29 October 2017 |work=Apple.com}}</ref>

== Cancelled projects ==
{{Main|Baahubali: Before the Beginning}}

A live-action prequel series titled ''Baahubali: Before the Beginning'' was commissioned by [[Netflix]] and was expected to be co-produced by S. S. Rajamouli. However, despite an investment of ₹150 crore, the project was eventually shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2022 |title=Netflix spends Rs 150 crore on Baahubali prequel, later shelves it. Fans are shocked |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/netflix-spends-rs-150-crore-on-baahubali-prequel-later-shelves-it-fans-are-shocked-1904098-2022-01-25 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531044017/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/netflix-spends-rs-150-crore-on-baahubali-prequel-later-shelves-it-fans-are-shocked-1904098-2022-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
{{Main|List of Baahubali characters}}

<blockquote class="toccolours" style="font-size:90%; text-align:justify; width:90%; margin:auto; padding:4px;">
{{center|'''List indicators'''}}
* Appeared characters in one or more films.
* Dark grey = character absent or unannounced.
* {{note label|young|Y|}} Younger version
* {{note label|old|O|}} Older version
* {{note label|uncredited|U|}} Uncredited role
* {{note label|cameo|C|}} Cameo role
* {{note label|voice|V|}} Voice-only role
* {{note label|photograph|P|}} Stills/photographs
* {{note label|archive|A|}} Archival footage
</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! rowspan="2" width="20%" | Character
! colspan="3" | Live-action films
|-
! align="center" width="20%" | ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015)
! align="center" width="20%" | ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)
! align="center" width="20%" | ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'' (2025)
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Amarendra Baahubali|Amarendra Bahubali]]
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | [[Prabhas]]
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Mahendra Baahubali|Sivudu/ Mahendra Baahubali]]
|-
! Maharaja Veerendra Vikramadevan{{ref|photograph|P}}
|Prabhas
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Prabhas
|-
! [[Bhallaladeva]]
| colspan="3" |[[Rana Daggubati]]
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Shivagami|Sivagami]]
| colspan="3" | [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Devasena|Devasena]]
| colspan="3" | [[Anushka Shetty]]
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Avantika|Avantika / Chandi]]
| colspan="3" |[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Kattappa|Kattappa]]
| colspan="3" | [[Sathyaraj]]
|-
! [[List of Baahubali characters#Bijjaladeva|Bijjaladeva]]
| colspan="3" | [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|-
! Sanga
| colspan="3" | [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|-
! Jaya Varma
| colspan="3" | Meka Ramakrishna
|-
! Sethupathi
| colspan="3" | Rakesh Varre
|-
! Bhadra
| [[Adivi Sesh]]
| Adivi Sesh{{ref|uncredited|U}}{{ref|archive|A}}
|[[Adivi Sesh]]
|-
! Kumara Varma
| [[Subbaraju]]{{ref|uncredited|U}}{{ref|archive|A}}
| colspan="2" | Subbaraju
|-
! Swamiji
| [[Tanikella Bharani]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Tanikella Bharani]]
|-
! Aslam Khan
| [[Sudeep]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Sakethudu
| Teja Kakumanu
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Teja Kakumanu
|-
! Marthanda
| Bharani
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Bharani
|-
! Inkoshi
| [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
|-
! The Prime Minister of Kunthala kingdom
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Prudhvi Raj]]
|}

=== Crew ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015)
! ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)
! ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'' (2025)
|-
! Director
| colspan="3" | [[S.S. Rajamouli]]
|-
! Producer(s)
| colspan="3" | [[Shobu Yarlagadda]] [[Prasad Devineni]]
|-
! Presenter(s)
| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] '''(Telugu)''' [[Studio Green|K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] '''(Tamil)''' [[Karan Johar]] '''(Hindi)'''
| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] '''(Telugu)''' K. Rajarajan '''(Tamil)''' [[Karan Johar]] '''(Hindi)'''
|
|-
! Line Producer
| colspan="3" | M. M. Srivalli
|-
! Dialogue Writer(s)
| colspan="3" | C.H. Vijay Kumar & Ajay Kumar '''(Telugu)''' [[Madhan Karky]] '''(Tamil)''' Mankombu Gopalakrishnan '''(Malayalam)''' [[Manoj Muntashir]] '''(Hindi)'''
|-
! Music director(s)
| colspan="3" | [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
! Cinematography
| colspan="3" | [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
|-
! Editor(s)
| colspan="3" | [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] '''Avid Editor:''' Thammiraju '''International Version Editor:''' [[Vincent Tabaillon]]
|-
! Production Designer
| colspan="3" | [[Sabu Cyril]]
|-
! Visual Effects Supervisor(s)
| [[V. Srinivas Mohan]]
| [[Makuta VFX|R. C. Kamalakannan]]
|[[V. Srinivas Mohan]] [[Makuta VFX|R. C. Kamalakannan]]
|-
! Stunt Director(s)
| [[Peter Hein]] '''Additional Stunt:''' Solomon Raju Lee Whittaker Kaloian Vodenicharov
| King Solomon Lee Whittaker Kaecha Kampakdee [[Peter Hein]] '''(Uncredited)'''
|[[Peter Hein]] King Solomon Lee Whittaker Kaecha Kampakdee
|-
! Costume Designer(s)
| colspan="3" | [[Rama Rajamouli]] [[Prashanti Tipirneni]]
|-
! Sound Designer(s)
| colspan="3" | [[P. M. Satheesh]] Manoj M. Goswami
|-
! Distributor(s)
| [[Arka Media Works]] '''(Telugu)''' [[Studio Green]] '''(Tamil)''' UV Creations '''(Tamil)''' [[Sri Thenandal Films]] '''(Tamil)''' [[Dharma Productions]] '''(Hindi)''' [[AA Films]] '''(Hindi)''' [[Global United Media]] '''(Malayalam)'''
| [[Arka Media Works]] '''(Telugu)''' K Productions '''(Tamil)''' [[Dharma Productions]] '''(Hindi)''' [[AA Films]] '''(Hindi)''' [[Global United Media]] '''(Malayalam)'''
|[[Asian Cinemas]] '''(Telugu)''' [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]] '''(Telugu and Kannada)''' [[AA Films]] '''(Hindi)''' [[Studio Green]] '''(Tamil)''' [[Global United Media]] '''(Malayalam)'''
|-
! Production Company
| colspan="3" | [[Arka Media Works]]
|-
! CBFC Rating
| colspan="3" | U/A
|}

== Timeline ==
Various released products below are arranged in a chronological order i.e. the order in which the various stories take place one after another in time.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! #
! Title
!Media Format
! Year of release
|-
| 1
| ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Novel]]
| 2017
|-
|2
| ''[[Chaturanga (2020 novel)|Chaturanga]]''
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|-
|3
| ''[[Queen of Mahishmathi]]''
|-
|4
|''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends|The Lost Legends]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Animated series]]
|2017–2020
|-
|5
|''[[Baahubali: Crown of Blood|Crown of Blood]]''
|2024
|-
|6
|''Baahubali: Battle of the Bold<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of the Bold |url=http://baahubali.com/graphic-novel/story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710202423/http://baahubali.com/graphic-novel/story.html |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>''
|[[Graphic novel]]
|2017
|-
| 7
| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|The Beginning]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Live action|Live-action]] [[feature film]]
| 2015
|-
|8
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|The Conclusion]]''
| 2017
|-
|9
|''[[Baahubali: The Epic|The Epic]]''
| 2025
|-
|10
|''The Eternal War – Part 1''
| rowspan="2" |[[Animated film]]
|2027
|-
|11
|''The Eternal War – Part 2''
|{{TableTBA}}
|}

==Legacy and impact==
{{Main|Pan Indian film}}

''Baahubali franchise'' is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential films in [[Indian Cinema]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="The Times of India"/> It made a lasting impact on Indian cinema. The success of ''Baahubali '' cleared the way for more grand-scale preparations and has set modern measures for narrating, visual impacts, cinematic aspiration, humongous [[budget]], high-end [[action film|action sequences]], a massive [[canvas]] and [[film franchise]] phenomenon in Indian movies.<ref>https://vocal.media/critique/the-epic-saga-of-bahubali-a-tale-of-valor-and-legacy</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=1 April 2022 |title=Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626102823/https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title="The original Pan India filmmaker" |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523195352/https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Inside the mind of SS Rajamouli: Decoding how the RRR director lends scale to his storytelling |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144603/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film inspired directors like [[Prashant Neel]] and [[Ayan Mukerji]] for making big budget action films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajamouli is an inspiration for all of us: Prashanth Neel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/apr/13/rajamouli-isan-inspiration-for-all-of-us-prashanth-neel-2441303.html |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=13 April 2022 |quote=With his films, he brought immense recognition to [[Cinema of South India|South cinema]] and he is a big source of inspiration to all of us. |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190801/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/apr/13/rajamouli-isan-inspiration-for-all-of-us-prashanth-neel-2441303.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nivedita |date=8 September 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli, James Cameron Were Ayan Mukerji's Ideals For Making Brahmastra |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ss-rajamouli-james-cameron-were-ayan-mukerjis-ideals-for-making-brahmastra/e12d657115717 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012181742/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ss-rajamouli-james-cameron-were-ayan-mukerjis-ideals-for-making-brahmastra/e12d657115717 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The duology of ''Baahubali franchise'' started a new film movement, [[pan-Indian film]], that is, rather than remaking the same film in various languages, they are dubbing the same film in various languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-11 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Telugu cinema has excelled in marketing Pan-Indian films. It primarily employed two strategies – promoting the film outside their home territory and collaborating with other regional stars for more visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=7 January 2022 |title=The 'pan-Indian' strategy of Telugu cinema |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110140529/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |archive-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|baahubali.com}}

{{Baahubali}}

[[Category:Baahubali (franchise)| ]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Media franchises introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]

Stenaelurillus

2026-03-27T11:16:50Z

ToniaMirams219: general correct section per sources further and improved wording

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Stenaelurillus modestus 345000019.jpg
| image_caption = female ''S. modestus''
| image2 = Stenaelurillus guttiger 311183693 561724170.jpg
| image2_caption = male ''S. guttiger''
| taxon = Stenaelurillus
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1886<ref name=wsc />
| type_species = ''[[Stenaelurillus nigricaudus|S. nigricaudus]]''
| type_species_authority = Simon, 1886
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 59, [[#Species|see text]]
| synonyms = *''Mashonarus'' [[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]] & Cumming, 2002<ref name=Logu2018 />
*''Microheros'' Wesołowska & Cumming, 1999<ref name=Logu2018 />
*''Philotheroides'' [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1934<ref name=Prós1984 />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=wsc />
}}

'''''Stenaelurillus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Salticidae|jumping spiders]] that was first described by [[Eugène Simon|Eugène Louis Simon]] in 1886.<ref name=Simo1886 /> Most species live in [[Africa]], with some species found in [[Asia]], including [[China]].<ref name="murphy2000" /> All species have two white longitudinal stripes on the [[carapace]], and both sexes show strong bristles around the [[Spider vision|eyes]].<ref name="szuts2005" />

The name is a combination of the Greek ''sten-'' "narrow" and the salticid genus ''[[Aelurillus]]''.

==Species==
{{as of|2025|10}}, this genus includes 59 species:<ref name="wsc" />
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Stenaelurillus abramovi]]'' [[:species:Dmitri V. Logunov|Logunov]], 2008 – [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus albopunctatus]]'' [[Ludovico di Caporiacco|Caporiacco]], 1949 – [[Kenya]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus albus]]'' Sebastian, Sankaran, Malamel & Joseph, 2015 – [[India]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus arambagensis]]'' (B. Biswas & K. Biswas, 1992) – [[Pakistan]], India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus bandama]]'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – [[Ivory Coast]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus belihuloya]]'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – [[Sri Lanka]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus brandbergensis]]'' ([[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]], 2006) – [[Namibia]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus darwini]]'' Wesołowska & [[:species:Anthony Russell-Smith|Russell-Smith]], 2000 – [[Tanzania]], Kenya
* ''[[Stenaelurillus feral]]'' Tripathi, Kuni & Kadam, 2024 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus furcatus]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – Namibia
* ''[[Stenaelurillus fuscatus]]'' Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 – Kenya, Tanzania
* ''[[Stenaelurillus fuscus]]'' Cao & Li, 2016 – [[China]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus gabrieli]]'' Prajapati, Murthappa, Sankaran & Sebastian, 2016 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus glaber]]'' Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 – Ivory Coast, [[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]], [[Uganda]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus guttatus]]'' (Wesołowska & [[:species:Meg S. Cumming|Cumming]], 2002) – Namibia, [[Zambia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus guttiger]]'' ([[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1901) – Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, [[South Africa]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus hirsutus]]'' [[Roger de Lessert|Lessert]], 1927 – [[Senegal]], Ghana, [[DR Congo]], Central Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya
* ''[[Stenaelurillus ignobilis]]'' Wesołowska & Cumming, 2011 – Zimbabwe
* ''[[Stenaelurillus ilesai]]'' Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2020 – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Stenaelurillus indicus]]'' Logunov, 2020 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus iubatus]]'' Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 – Ghana, Nigeria
* ''[[Stenaelurillus jocquei]]'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – [[Cameroon]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae]]'' Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni, 2024 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus kavango]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – Namibia
* ''[[Stenaelurillus kronestedti]]'' Próchniewicz & Heçiak, 1994 – Tanzania
* ''[[Stenaelurillus latibulbis]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]], Zambia
* ''[[Stenaelurillus lesserti]]'' Reimoser, 1934 – India, Sri Lanka
* ''[[Stenaelurillus leucogrammus]]'' Simon, 1902 – Zimbabwe, Mozambique
* ''[[Stenaelurillus mardanicus]]'' Ali & Maddison, 2018 – Pakistan
* ''[[Stenaelurillus marusiki]]'' Logunov, 2001 – [[Iran]], India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus megamalai]]'' Sudhin, Sen & Caleb, 2023 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus metallicus]]'' Caleb & Mathai, 2016 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus minutus]]'' Song & Chai, 1991 – China (Hainan)
* ''[[Stenaelurillus mirabilis]]'' Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 – Tanzania, Kenya
* ''[[Stenaelurillus modestus]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – South Africa
* ''[[Stenaelurillus naldurg]]'' Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi, 2024 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus neyyar]]'' Sudhin, Sen & Caleb, 2023 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus nigricaudus]]'' Simon, 1886 – [[Algeria]], [[Gambia]], Senegal, [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]] (type species)
* ''[[Stenaelurillus pecten]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – Botswana, Zambia
* ''[[Stenaelurillus pilosus]]'' Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 – Nigeria
* ''[[Stenaelurillus pseudoguttatus]]'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – Namibia
* ''[[Stenaelurillus sarojinae]]'' Caleb & Mathai, 2014 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus senegalensis]]'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – Senegal
* ''[[Stenaelurillus shwetamukhi]]'' Marathe, Sanap, & Maddison, 2022 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus siyamae]]'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – [[Sudan]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus solapur]]'' Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam, 2024 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus specularis]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – [[Malawi]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus strandi]]'' Caporiacco, 1939 – [[Ethiopia]]
* ''[[Stenaelurillus striolatus]]'' Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 – Nigeria
* ''[[Stenaelurillus sudanicus]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – Sudan
* ''[[Stenaelurillus tamravarni]]'' Marathe & Maddison, 2022 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus termitophagus]]'' (Wesołowska & Cumming, 1999) – Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa
* ''[[Stenaelurillus tettu]]'' Logunov, 2020 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus triguttatus]]'' Simon, 1886 – [[Nepal]], China
* ''[[Stenaelurillus uniguttatus]]'' Lessert, 1925 – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
* ''[[Stenaelurillus vyaghri]]'' Sanap, Joglekar, & Caleb, 2022 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus wa]]'' Wawer & Wesołowska, 2025 – Ghana
* ''[[Stenaelurillus wandae]]'' Logunov, 2020 – India
* ''[[Stenaelurillus zambiensis]]'' Wesołowska, 2014 – Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
{{Div col end}}

===Nomina dubia===
* ''[[Stenaelurillus giovae]]'' Caporiacco, 1936
* ''[[Stenaelurillus setosus]]'' ([[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1895)

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2979 | title=Gen. ''Stenaelurillus'' Simon, 1886 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-17}}</ref>
<ref name="murphy2000">{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Frances |title=An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia |last2=Murphy |first2=John |publisher=Malaysian Nature Society |year=2000 |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>
<ref name="szuts2005">{{cite journal |last1=Szűts |first1=T. |last2=Scharff |first2=N. |year=2005 |title=Redescriptions of little known jumping spider genera (Araneae: Salticidae) from West Africa |url=http://zoo.zoo.nhmus.hu/publication/actazool/51/4/szuts_scharff.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Acta Zoologica Hungarica |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=357–378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720081312/http://zoo.zoo.nhmus.hu/publication/actazool/51/4/szuts_scharff.pdf |archive-date=2006-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Logu2018">{{cite journal| last1=Logunov| first1=D. V.| last2=Azarkina| first2=G. N.| year=2018| title=Redefinition and partial revision of the genus ''Stenaelurillus'' Simon, 1886 (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae)| journal=European Journal of Taxonomy| issue=430| page=4}}</ref>
<ref name="Prós1984">{{cite journal| last=Prószyński| first=J.| year=1984| title=Atlas rysunków diagnostycznych mniej znanych Salticidae (Araneae)| journal=Wyższa Szkola Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna, Siedlcach| volume=2| page=138}}</ref>
<ref name="Simo1886">{{cite journal| last=Simon| first=E.| year=1886| title=Etudes arachnologiques. 18e Mémoire. XXVI. Matériaux pour servir à la faune des Arachnides du Sénégal. (Suivi d'une appendice intitulé: Descriptions de plusieurs espèces africaines nouvelles)| journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France| pages=345–396| volume=5| issue=6| author-link=Eugène Simon}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{inaturalist taxon}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q117674}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Salticidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Africa]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon]]

{{Salticoida-stub}}

Chandapur, Raebareli

2026-03-26T15:57:03Z

ToniaMirams219: new

{{other uses|Chandapur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Chandāpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Maharajganj block map (Rae Bareli).png
| map_caption = Map showing Chandapur (#989) in Maharajganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.369243|N|81.331595|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.482
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2342
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandapur''' is a village in [[Maharajganj, Raebareli|Maharajganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=108–24 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> Located {{convert|4|mile}} east of Maharajganj,<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=160 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> the block headquarters, it historically was the seat of the [[Kanhpuria]] rajas of Chandapur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> In 2011, Chandapur had a population of 2,342, in 425 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has two primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has a bazar known as Sheodarshanganj, which holds markets twice per week.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The village also hosts the Anna Purna Devi fair on [[Phalguna]] Badi 13, which is associated with [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=166–7, xxii-xxiii of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> Vendors bring sweets, toys and everyday items to sell at the fair.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== History ==
Chandapur was founded by Drigbijai Singh, the Kanhpuria raja of [[Simrauta]], and it was the seat of the rajas of Chandapur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The old fort was originally built in an area surrounded by jungle, much of which remained at the turn of the 20th century.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The 1901 census recorded Chandapur as having a population of 1,177, with [[Ahir]]s being the predominant group.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Chandapur as comprising nine hamlets, with a total population of 787 (433 male and 354 female) in 193 households and 185 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961" /> The area of the village was given as {{convert|908|acres}} and it had a post office and a medical practitioner at that time.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Chandapur as having a population of 1,356 in 280 households and having an area of {{convert|382.43|hectare}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=54–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004204119/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Karhade Brahmin

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ToniaMirams219: put up data

{{Short description|Brahmin sub-caste from Maharashtra, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Karhade Brahmins
| total =
| popplace = Primary populations in [[Maharashtra]]
| langs = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Konkani (Karhadi dialect)
}}

'''Karhaḍe Brahmins''' (also spelled as '''Karada Brahmins''' or '''Karad Brahmins''') are a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] sub-caste mainly from the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], but are also distributed in the states of [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=Maureen L. P.|title=Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra: A Review and Current Appraisal|journal=The Economic Weekly|date=25 September 1954|page=1065|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/39/caste_and_political_leadership_in_maharashtraa_review_and_current_appraisal.pdf|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828174930/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/39/caste_and_political_leadership_in_maharashtraa_review_and_current_appraisal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Based on Veda and Vedanta ==
Karhade Brahmins are essentially Rigvedi Brahmins who follow the Ashwalayana Sutra and belong to [[Shakala Shakha]]. Karhade Brahmins are divided into two groups based on the [[Vedanta]] they follow, the first of which follows the [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara]] and the second of which follows the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]]. Hence, Karhade Brahmins have both Smarthas and [[Madhvas]] (also known as ''Bhagvats'' or [[Vaishnavas]]) among them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Our Fellow Pilgrims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IXYAAAAMAAJ|page=65|author=Gregory Naik|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Prakash|year=2000|quote=The Karhada Brahmins: The Brahmins lived in southern parts of modern Maharashtra, between Konkan and Desh, in a province, then called Karathak, comprising Satara, Sangli, and Kolhapur, with Karad as capital. Hence the name of Karhada Brahmins. Among them too there are Smartas and Madhvas or Bhagwats (Vaishnavites).|isbn=9788187886105}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA113|page=113|publisher=Asian Educational Services|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|year=1989|isbn=9788120604889|quote=The Karhades are all Rigvedis of the Shakala Shaka, who respect the sutra, or aphorism, of Ashwalayana. They belong to both the Smartha, and the Vaishnava sects, and in religious and spiritual matters follow the guidance of Sri Shankaracharya, and Madhwacharya, respectively.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZotAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in Indian Cultural History Volume 3|author=Parshuram Krishna Gode|year=1960|page=24|quote=The Karhadas are both स्मार्त and वैष्णव. The वैष्णव group is of माध्वमत.}}</ref> Like their Deshastha counterparts, traditionally the karhade allowed cross-cousin marriages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/4-5-6/what_is_casteiv_castesociety_and_vedantic_thought.pdf |title=Karve, I., 1958. What is caste. Economic Weekly, 10(4), p.153 |access-date=3 October 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121073501/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/4-5-6/what_is_casteiv_castesociety_and_vedantic_thought.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Brahmanic Ritual Traditions in the Crucible of Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VIqAAAAYAAJ|page=140|author=Baidyanath Saraswati|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=1977|isbn=9780896844780|quote=In Maharashtra, the Brahmans generally practise cross-cousin marriage in which a man marries his matulikanya. Among the Saraswata, the Karhada and the Desastha Rigvedi Brahmans of this region it is indeed the preferred type of marriage, but the Chitpavan follow the North Indian custom.}}</ref>

;Sub-division and other claims
There are three divisions of Karhade Brahmins - Karhade (from [[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]]), [[Padye]]<ref name="Larios2017">{{cite book|author=Borayin Larios|title=Embodying the Vedas: Traditional Vedic Schools of Contemporary Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5|date=10 April 2017|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-051732-3|page=91}}</ref> and [[Bhatt Prabhu]] (from [[Konkan]]). "Padhye" was a further division of "Padye" - and were Khots or farmers. There are three sub-castes in Karhade Brahmans 1. Karhade 2. Padye and 3. Bhatt Prabhu. Padyes were found mostly in Ambuj province of Konkan . According to author Pran Nath Chopra, The Karhade Brahmins who were appointed as the priests came to be called as "''Upadhyayas''" which in due course became ''Padhye''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religions and Communities of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ|page=56|author=Pran Nath Chopra|publisher=East-West Publications|year=1982|quote=These Karhade were appointed priests and came to be called Upadhyayas which in due course became Upadhye.|isbn=978-0856920813}}</ref> [[Polly O'Hanlon|Rosalind O’Hanlon]] mentions Padhye as a separate individual caste and denies it being a subcaste of Karhade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |date=2010 |title=Letters Home: Banaras pandits and the Maratha regions in early modern India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27764655 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=206 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X09990229 |jstor=27764655 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Origin==

=== Origin and history ===
[[Skanda Purana]] (Sahyadri Khanda) as well as [[Brahmanda Purana]] are very harsh towards Karhade Brahmins.<ref>"A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara" By Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri Published by Institute Menezes Braganza, 1999, Original from the University of Michigan, Pages:50.</ref> According to ''Sahyadri Khanda'', Karhades are fallen Brahmins from the polluted land of Karashtra, and made offerings to the wicked goddess Matrika. The text derives their name from the word Karashtra ("evil land"), as well as the words "donkey-bones" (khara-ashti), stating that they originated when some semen spilled on a heap of donkey bones.{{sfn|Rosalind O'Hanlon|2013|pp=105-106}}

==== Scholarly interpretation ====

According to Rosalind O'Hanlon, the core of the text was likely written "before or around the end of the first millennium": it contains stories about Brahmin village settlements that have fallen from virtue. The remaining text appears to have been written later, as it describes the [[Pancha Gauda]] and [[Pancha Dravida]] classification of Brahmins, which became popular during the 13th-14th centuries.{{sfn|Rosalind O'Hanlon|2013|p=103}}

German academic [[Alexander Henn]], citing Stephan Hillyer Levitt and João Manuel Pacheco de Figueiredo, describes the ''Sahyadri-khanda'' as an apparently recently organised. Based on Levitt's work, he states that the earliest of these texts dates to the 5th century, and the latest to the 13th century.{{sfn|Henn|2014|p=87}} Madhav Deshpande believes that the motivation in writing this negative account in Sahyadri Khanda is suspect because it is a "pro-saraswat" text and the Brahmins of Maharashtra, i.e. [[Deshastha]], [[Chitpavan]] and Karhade were unanimous in the rejection of the Brahmin claim of the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]]. Deshpande considers it a "virulent anti-Karhāḍe tirade". Lewitt suggests that the transmission of the text was recently in Saraswat hands for some time.{{efn|Although the quote uses the word 'saraswat', the context of the paper shows that he refers to Gaud Saraswat only and the source referred by the source for the cases is ''The History and Social Organization of the Gauḍa Sārasvata Brāhmanas of the West Coast of India''(1970) by Wagle}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Deshpande, M.M.| year=2010|title= Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification| journal=Studia Orientalia: 108|pages=30–54|quote=The Deśasthas, Citpāvans and Karhāḍes were united in their rejection of the brahminhood for the Sārasvatas, and Wagle himself provides evidence of this animosity. See Wagle 1970b: 318–319 for court cases filed by different brahmins against the Sārasvatas in 1788 ad, 1850 ad and 1864 ad. Also see Bambardekar 1939 and Conlon 1977: 39ff}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Levitt S. H.| year = 2017|title =Reflections on the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa's Uttarārdha|journal= Studia Orientalia Electronica | volume = 5|pages= 151–161| doi = 10.23993/store.65156|doi-access = free}}</ref>

The Karhade Brahmins take their name from the town of [[Karad]] in [[Satara district]], the sacred junction of the [[Koyna River|Koyna]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]]. They migrated to the region between [[Malvan]] and [[Sangameshwar]] near the [[Konkan coast]] and made it their homeland. The Karhade section, though it takes its name from [[Karad]], a place in the [[Deccan]] region, is found chiefly in the [[Konkan coast]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bio-anthropological Research in India: Proceedings of the Seminar in Physical Anthropology and Allied Disciplines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOsDAAAAMAAJ|author=Hirendra K. Rakshit|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India|year=1975|page=68}}</ref> Author Sandhya Gokhale says, "Karhade Brahmins are generally thought to be a branch of the [[Deshastha|Deshastha Rigvedis]] who immigrated from their home in [[Satara district]] to the southern part of [[Ratnagiri]] on the [[Konkan Coast]], where they were principally settled".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chitpavans: Social Ascendancy of a Creative Minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ|page=28|author=Sandhya Gokhale|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2008|isbn = 9788182901322|quote=Karhade Brahmans are generally thought to be a branch of the Deshastha Rigvedis who immigrated from their home in Satara district to the southern part of Ratnagiri on the Konkan Coast, where they were principally settled.}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Most Karhade Brahmins live in Maharashtra though a significant population exist in [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], and cities outside Maharashtra such as [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=John|title=The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule|journal=The Historical Journal|date=1971|volume=14|issue=2|pages=241–262|jstor=2637955}}</ref> and [[Indore]],<ref name="Jones1974">{{cite book|author=Rodney W. Jones|title=Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System|url=https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone_v3u0|url-access=registration|year=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02545-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone_v3u0/page/53 53]}}</ref> [[Gwalior]] and [[Jabalpur]] in present-day state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Ancestors of these people moved to these places during 18th century during the [[Maratha Empire]] period. A southern branch of the Karhade settled around the Udupi - Mangalore - Kasargod region of the Malabar coast and they are called the "Karadas” and share their traditions with Kerala Brahmins and the Brahmins of [[South Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=1583|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref>

== Culture ==

===Language===
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the mother tongue of most of the Karhade Brahmins in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/3890/mitragotri_v_r_1992.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara|author=Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza|year=1999|page=54}}</ref>

===Diet===
Karhade Brahmins generally follow a [[vegetarian]] diet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[Moropant|Moropant Ramachandra Paradkar]] (1729–1794), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poet who was the last among those classified by Marathi literary scholars as ''pandit'' (पंडित) poets.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C|page=115|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|isbn = 9788120604889|quote=The Karhada Brahmans are remarkable for their neat and cleanly habits and hospitable conduct. They are a very intelligent class and have risen to high offices under the present Government. The poet Moropant and the notoriously brave Rani Laxmibai of Zansi belonged to this caste.}}</ref>
*[[Balshastri Jambhekar]] (1810–1846), journalist and founder of ''Darpan'', the first newspaper in the [[Marathi language]].<ref>Tucker, R., 1976. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348.</ref>
*[[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Ballal Kher]] (Govind Pant Bundela) (1710 - 1760), general and trustee of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] 's territories in Bundelkhand.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=John|title=The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule|journal=The Historical Journal|date=1971|volume=14|issue=2|pages=241–262|jstor=2637955}}</ref>
*[[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]], Visaji Krushna Chinchalkar, popularly known as Visaji Pant Biniwale, was one of the leading generals of [[Peshwas]] in [[Northern India]] during 1759 to 1772. Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]] mainly sought his assistance in his attempt to restore [[Maratha Empire]] in the North after the defeat in the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century:An Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ|author=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale|year=1988|page=122|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-562137-2 |quote=Visaji Krishna Biniwale (a Karhada Brahman) rose to eminence as a military commander under Balaji Bajirao.}}</ref>
*[[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi]] (1828–1858), one of the leaders of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite book| title= Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment| author= Joyce Lebra|quote=Myth and history intertwine closely in the life if the Rani of Jhansi, known in childhood as Manu...She was born in the holy city of Varanasi to a Karhada brahmin, Moropant Tambe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC&pg=PA2|page=2| isbn= 9789812308092| year= 2008| publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}</ref>
*The [[Newalkar]]s - military leaders under the [[Peshwa]] and later rulers of [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]].{{Sfn|Chapman|1986|p=13}}
*[[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]] (1865–1959), historian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karve|first1=D.D.|title=The New Brahmans: Five Maharashtrian Families|date=1963|publisher=Univ of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|page=[https://archive.org/details/newbrahmansfivem00karv/page/5 5]|url=https://archive.org/details/newbrahmansfivem00karv|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*[[Bhaskar Ramchandra Tambe]] (1874–1941), Marathi-language poet.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=9780313287787|pages=219, 221, 227|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/}}</ref>
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant]] (10 September 1887 – 7 March 1961), Indian freedom fighter, one of the architects of modern India and first [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]. Recipient of [[Bharat Ratna]]. His ancestors migrated from the coastal Konkan region centuries ago to [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region in present-day [[Uttarakhand]] state.<ref>{{cite book|title=B.G. Kher, the Gentleman Premier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EtAAAAAMAAJ|author=M. V. Kamath|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1989|page=5|quote=Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant was a Karhade Brahmin whose ancestors went north from Karhatak.}}</ref>
*[[B. G. Kher]] (1888–1957), first Chief Minister of [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Patterson |first=Maureen L. P. |year=1968 |chapter=Chitpavan Brahmin Family Histories: Sources for a Study of Social Structure and Social Change in Maharashtra |title=Structure and Change in Indian society |page=533 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWQ-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT532 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781351487801 |editor1-first=Milton |editor1-last=Singer |editor2-first=Bernard S. |editor2-last=Cohn}}</ref>
*[[Laxmanrao Kirloskar]] (1869 – 1956) was an Indian businessman. He is the founder of the [[Kirloskar Group]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbBEHHI-90C|title = India's Industrialists|isbn = 9780894104749|last1 = Herdeck|first1 = Margaret|last2 = Piramal|first2 = Gita|year = 1985| publisher=Three Continents Press }}</ref>
*[[Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar]] (1903–1991), [[Kirloskar Group]] son of noted industrialist [[Laxmanrao Kirloskar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Industrialists, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbBEHHI-90C|page=145|author1=Margaret Herdeck|author2=Gita Piramal|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=1985|isbn=978-0894104152}}</ref>
*[[M. S. Golwalkar]] (1906–1973), [[Sarsanghachalak]] of the Hindu nationalist [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Jyotirmaya|title=Terrifying vision : M.S. Golwalkar, the RSS, and India|date=2007|publisher=Penguin, Viking|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0670999507 |page=x |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLMmp6pcJ4C&pg=PR9}}</ref>
*[[Jitendra Abhisheki]] (1929–1997) was an Indian vocalist, composer and scholar of Indian classical, semi-classical, and devotional music for in a [[Padye]] Karhade Brahmin family. While he distinguished himself in Hindustani music, he is also credited for the revival of the Marathi musical theatre in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jitendra Abhisheki - ECLP 2367 - (Condition 85-90%) |url=https://ngh.co.in/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=16758 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=ngh.co.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Deshastha Brahmin]]
*[[Chitpawan Brahmin]]
*[[Marathi people]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Alexander | last = Henn |title=Hindu-Catholic Encounters in Goa |year=2014 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01300-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFZ_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Rosalind O'Hanlon |title=Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social communication in Early Modern India |year=2013 |journal=Past and Present |issue=219 |publisher=Oxford University Press / The Past and Present Society |jstor=24543602 |pages=87–126 }}
*{{Citation|title=The Rani of Jhansi: A Study in Female Heroism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oMeAAAAMAAJ|first=Joyce Lebra|last=Chapman|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1986|isbn = 9780824809843}}
{{refend}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Indian Coinage Act, 1906

2026-03-25T19:25:57Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Short description|Act of Imperial Legislative Council of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Indian Coinage Act, 1906
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 200
| legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Coinage and the Mint.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1906-3.pdf Act No. 3 of 1906]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 2 March 1906
| date_commenced =
| repeals = {{ubli|Indian Coinage Act 1870|Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act, 1899|}}
| amended_by = {{clist|Repealing and Amending Act, 1914|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1918|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1919|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1920|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1924|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1940|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1947|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act 1955|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1964|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1968|Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act 1975|Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1985}}
| repealed_by = Coinage Act, 2011
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Indian Coinage Act, 1906''', is a law that authorises the India Government Mints to strike all legal [[coinage of India|coinage in India]].<ref name="MOSPI">{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Statistical Year Book India 2017| publisher = Government of India - Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation| chapter = 40. Exchange, Coinage, and Currency | chapter-url = https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/Ch_40_SYB2017.pdf | series = | volume = | edition = | date = 2017| location = | pages = | language = | url = https://www.mospi.gov.in/statistical-year-book-india/2017/| doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}</ref> Newly minted coins are placed into circulation by the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name="MOSPI"/> At the time the Act was enacted during the [[British Raj]], the Act mandated standards for the [[Silver standards|fineness]] of silver coins,<ref>{{cite web | title = British India Coinage | work = Reserve Bank of India | access-date = 1 February 2024 | url = https://www.rbi.org.in/CommonPerson/english/currency/scripts/britishindia.aspx}}</ref> but subsequent amendments lowered the silver content required for the coins.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Pridmore | first = F. | title = Notes on Colonial Coins | journal = British Numismatic Journal | volume = 37 | page = 167 | year = 1968 | url = https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1968_BNJ_37_19.pdf| access-date = 1 February 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://finmin.nic.in/law/indiancoinageact1906.pdf The Indian Coinage Act 1906]
* [https://dea.gov.in/files/acts_documents/indiancoinageact1906.pdf THE INDIAN COINAGE ACT, 1906]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Coinage Act 1906}}
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]

HMIS Bihar

2026-03-25T04:19:28Z

ToniaMirams219: put up new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval-1928}}
|name=''Bihar''
|ordered=14 October 1940
|awarded=
|builder=[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
|laid_down=7 June 1941
|launched=7 July 1942
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=27 February 1944
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1949
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1949
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|673|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|860|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|189|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2400|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]]
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single QF 12-pounder (7.62 cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or
*1 × quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]
}}
}}
'''HMIS ''Bihar'' (J247)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}} built for the [[Royal Navy]]. It transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Bihar'' displaced {{convert|673|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|860|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|189|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] (VTE), each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2400|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The VTE-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a QF 12-pounder (7.62 cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or a quadruple mount for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, their minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Bihar'' was ordered in 1940 and built at [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. She was commissioned into the RIN in 1944. ''Bihar'' was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1944-45.<ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

On 15 July 1944, the British merchant ship ''Tanda'' was torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-181}} in the [[Arabian Sea]] at position {{coord|13|22|N|74|09|E|display=inline}} northwest of [[Mangalore]]. HMIS ''Bihar'' with {{HMS|Monkshood|K207|6}} rescued 197 surviving crew of the ''Tanda''. She was scrapped in 1949.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar (J247)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

Aatadista

2026-03-24T10:03:39Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aatadista
| image = Aatista.JPG
| caption =
| director = A. S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary
| producer = C. Kalyan S. Vijayanand
| writer = A. S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary
| starring = [[Nithiin]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Nagababu]] [[Raghuvaran]] [[Jayalalita]] [[Naramalli Sivaprasad|Sivaprasad]]
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cinematography = Jawahar Reddy
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|03|20|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aatadista''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[romantic action]] [[comedy film]], starring [[Nithiin]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Nagababu]] and others. Written and directed by A. S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary, it was produced by C. Kalyan and S. Vijayanand, and scored by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aatadista Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aatadista/telugu/aatadista-movie-reviews-24-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326150058/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aatadista/telugu/aatadista-movie-reviews-24-2.html |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=Fully Hyderabad}}</ref>

The film was released on 20 March 2008 to mixed reviews. The film was later dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] as ''Daring Gundaraaj'' in 2013, in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Tumi Amar Mon Bojhona'' in 2010.

==Plot==
Jagan, alias Chinna is industrialist Lion Rajendra's jobless son. He falls in love with Sunanda. Meanwhile, he suggests that his father and his rival Raghunath get into a partnership to double up their efficiency. Without his knowledge, his marriage is fixed to Raghunath's daughter, who obviously turns out to be Sunanda, but the families are not on great terms even after they fix the match. Raghunath is dealing in tobacco businesses that is actually owned by Bonala Shankar, a brusque and notorious MLA. Rajendra doesn't want to deal in that area, but Bonala threatens the board of directors too. Now Jagan has to deal with this corrupt politicians and plays a game with him that shakes him from his very roots - spreads a rumor that he hit Shankar.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Nithin]] as Jagan "Chinna"
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Sunanda
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Raghunath
*[[Nagababu]] as Lion Rajendra
*[[Jayasudha]] as Jagan's mother
*[[Jayalalita]] as Raghunath's wife
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Narsing, Bonala Shankar's henchman
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Jagan's elder brother
*[[Chalapathi Rao]]
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]
*[[Naramalli Sivaprasad|Sivaprasad]] as Bonala Shankar
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Bonala Shankar's son
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Mama
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Bonala Shankar's brother-in-law
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Party Leader
*[[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as C. I.
*[[Allari Subhashini]] as Bonala Shankar's wife
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Lion Rajendra's PA
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as item number
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aatadista
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 February 2008
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Takkari]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = Kasipatnam Chudara Babu
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Style Style
| extra1 = Suraj Jagan
| lyrics1 = Ashok Tej Suddala
| length1 = 5:04
| title2 = Pappeede Chummade
| extra2 = Devan, [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Vachindiro Silaka
| extra3 = Simha, [[Suchitra]], Fareedh
| lyrics3 = Ravi Kumar Bhaskarabhatla
| length3 = 5:09
| title4 = Mila Mila
| extra4 = Ravi Verma, Kousalya
| lyrics4 = Ravi Kumar Bhaskarabhatla
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Regipoye
| extra5 = Chakri, [[Suchitra]]
| lyrics5 = Sahithi
| length5 = 4:55
| title6 = Sorry Sorry
| extra6 = Fareedh
| lyrics6 = Chirravuri Vijay Kumar
| length6 = 4:28
}}

== Reception ==
''The Hindu'' opined that "The script meanders and strangely it's a villain's show all the way!".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2008 |title=Villain saves the film! - ANDHRA PRADESH - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Villain-saves-the-film/article15189016.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129201047/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Villain-saves-the-film/article15189016.ece |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2008 |title=Aatadista Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2008/aatadista-review-220308.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221093114/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2008/aatadista-review-220308.html |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=Film Beat}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1601793}}

[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Dhadpeth

2026-03-21T19:51:54Z

ToniaMirams219: new

{{short description|Village in Jammu an Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhadpeth
| native_name = ڈھدپیتھ
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Jammu
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
|government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Panchayat of Dadpeth
| area_total_km2 = 3.50
| population_total = 1300
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
}}

'''Dhadpeth''' (also '''Dadpeth''') is a village in the [[Mughal Maidan]] tehsil of [[Kishtwar district]], in the Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="f602">{{cite web | title=Niabat Dadpeth | website=Government Department | url=https://jkrevenue.nic.in/pthlqakishtwar.html | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dadpeth lies at an elevation of 1638 meters above sea level and is surrounded by hills, contributing to its hilly topography. The region has a temperate climate with cold winters, and its main source of water for irrigation comes from natural springs and rainwater. The village's coordinates are 33.22356°N latitude and 75.56432°E longitude.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Dadpeth in Mughal Maidan |url=https://jkpanchayat.jk.gov.in/panchayatdataview.php?panchayat=Dadpeth&block=Mughal%20Maidan |website=Jammu and Kashmir Panchayat |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The village has a population of approximately 1300 people, with 800 males and 500 females. The literacy rate is noted at 345 individuals.<ref name="official"/>

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Dadpeth. Major crops include maize, wheat, kidney beans, and specialty crops such as walnuts and rajma (kidney beans).<ref name="official"/><ref name="w920">{{cite news | title=Farmers Implement Lift Irrigation System in JK's Kishtwar | website=[[Kashmir Life]] | date=2 July 2024 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/farmers-implement-lift-irrigation-system-in-jks-kishtwar-359231/ | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
Dadpeth has road connectivity, though it is 20 km from the nearest district headquarters in Kishtwar. The village has access to schools and anganwadi centers, though it lacks health and veterinary facilities. The nearest police station is located within the village.<ref name="official"/><ref>{{cite news |title=House gutted in village Tagood |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/house-gutted-in-village-tagood/ |date=26 November 2022|work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Panchayat and Administration ==
The village falls under the Dadpeth Panchayat, part of the Rural Development Department and Panchayat Raj.<ref name="official"/>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Kishtwar district]]

Chhattisgarh Lokayog

2026-03-21T16:48:14Z

ToniaMirams219: stub

{{Short description|Parliamentary Ombudsman for the state of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Chhattisgarh Lokayog
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 2002
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Lok Ayog Office, Near Kalibadi Chowk, Raipur Pin 492001.
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Hon’ble Justice TP Sharma[.<ref name="chattis Lok7">{{cite web |title=cg.nic.in/lokayogmis/index.php |url=https://cg.nic.in/lokayogmis/index.php |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204173548/http://cg.nic.in/lokayogmis/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| chief1position = Lokayukta
| parentagency =
| website =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
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| stationtype =
| stations =
}}
'''Chhattisgarh Lokayog''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Chhattisgarh Lok Ayog Act, 2002 and approved by the [[president of India]]. The [[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta's Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India]] had become law from 16 January 2014 and required each Indian state to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The 2013 law required that a bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists him in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta if the position falls vacant prematurely.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> or leader of largest opposition party in State Legislature, Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Chhattisgarh Lokayog Act-2002 was passed in the Chhattisgarh Assembly and was effective from year 2002.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref6" /><ref name="Chhatt Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Chattisgarh govt introduces Lok Ayog system |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/chattisgarh-govt-introduces-lok-ayog-system_45739.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |publisher=Zee News |date=17 June 2002 |language=en}}</ref> As per the Act, the Lokayog will form an authority or authorities who shall investigate the complaints of misconduct by public servants after receipt of complaint by it. The Act makes provision for completion of enquiry within 3 months on a case of corruption referred to the Government by Lokayog.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref6" /> The Act has been passed to create the position as two member institution with Lokayukt Chief being from Judicial background and Lok Ayukt being from bureaucracy. Chhattisgarh LokAyog had introduced a system of penalties against persons filing wrong complaints for cases covered under Chhattisgarh Lok Ayog Act, 2002 after giving them an opportunity of hearing to prove the facts of case. Penalty amount have to be deposited in the Lok Ayog office, Raipur.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Complainants to be penalised for lodging false plaint |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/complainants-to-be-penalised-for-lodging-false-plaint-114071000699_1.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 July 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, on a complaint referred by Chhattisgarh Lokayukta, Chhattisgarh Government in 2013 had set up Enquiry Committees to probe corruption allegations against its employees.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh govt sets up enquiry committee for corruption cases |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-govt-sets-up-enquiry-committee-for-corruption-cases-31980.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |publisher=indiatvnews.com |date=29 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayuka (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Chhattisgarh Lokayog Act-2002}}

== Powers ==

Chhattisgarh Lokayog has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lokayog slaps notice on Jogi, Chief Secy for canal contract |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/lokayog-slaps-notice-on-jogi-chief-secy-for-canal-contract/lite/ |access-date=17 September 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 January 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chhatt Lok Ref1" /> The institution has powers to investigate and prosecute any government official or public servants who are covered by the act and abuses his authority for his self interest or causes hurt to anyone or any action done intentionally or following corrupt practices negatively impacting the state or individual.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Appointment and tenure ==

Lokayog of Chhattisgarh is Justice TP Sharma<ref name="chattis Lok Ref9">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Chief Lokayukt TP Sharma Presented Annual Report to Governor {{!}} Chhattisgarh News |url=https://world360news.com/en/chhattisgarh-chief-lokayukt-tp-sharma-presented-annual-report-governor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512022335/https://world360news.com/en/chhattisgarh-chief-lokayukt-tp-sharma-presented-annual-report-governor |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |publisher=world360news.com}}</ref> who will succeed Justice Shambhu Nath Srivastava,<ref name="chattis Lok Ref8">{{cite news |title=Justice Shambhu Nath new chief Lokayukta {{!}} Raipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/justice-shambhu-nath-new-chief-lokayukta/articleshow/21968802.cms |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref> a former retired judge [[Allahabad High Court]] and will head a two member team with a term of five years or reaching of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

Chhattisgarh Lok Ayog Chairperson will be appointed by Governor<ref name="chattis Lok Ref6" /> along with other members who are recommended by a committee headed by Chief Minister and other members being Speaker of Assembly and Opposition Leader in Assembly, or elected leader of the largest opposition party in the Assembly.

== Notable cases ==

Chhattisgarh Lokayog after receiving a complaint from the son of a senior BJP leader in a case relating to contract allocation of a major irrigation canal to a private firm based in Hyderabad, had issued notices to state Chief Minister [[Ajit Jogi]] and Chief Secretary Arun Kumar along with four Government officials from the state.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref2" />

In year 2016, Chhattisgarh Lokayog had complaints registered against 20 IAS officers and 2 IFS officers as declared by state Chief Minister in state legislature in response to a question from state Congress Chief.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: complaints against 23 IAS, 6 IFS with ACB, EOW, Lok Ayog |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/22/chhattisgarh-complaints-against-23-ias-6-ifs-with-acb-eow-lok-ayog-1541211.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2020, Chhattisgarh Lokayog had a pending case against suspended General Manager Sanjay Singh from Chhattisgarh Tourism Board (CTB) on complaints relating to corruption.<ref name="chattis Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=CTB GM suspended on corruption charges |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/ctb-gm-suspended-on-corruption-charges.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=13 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013]]
*[[Goa Lokayukta]]
*[[Karnataka Lokayukta]]
*[[Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta]]
*[[Gujarat Lokayukta]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://cg.nic.in/lokayogmis/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019162258/http://cg.nic.in/lokayogmis/ |date=2017-10-19 }}


[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]

Sidhbari

2026-03-17T11:03:49Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sidhbari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = Sidhbari banner 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Overview of Sidhbari and Fatehpur in the Kangra Valley
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.1793901|N|76.3779831|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kangri language|Pahari]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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[[File:A winter morning in Rakkar, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|A view of the Dhauladhars from Rakkar, Upper Sidhbari]]
[[File:Dhauladhar layers.JPG|thumb|Another view of the Dhauladhars from Rakkar, Upper Sidhbari]]

'''Sidhbari''' is a suburb of [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] town, situated in the foothills of [[Dhauladhar]] mountains, in [[Kangra district]] of the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The ''[[Samadhi]]'' (final resting place) of [[Chinmayananda Saraswati|Sri Chinmayananda]] is located here.

==Overview==
Sidhbari derives its name from a sage, Baba Sidh. Locals believe that the ''dhuni'' (burning piece of wood) here has been burning for centuries and has never been extinguished even once. Hence the ''vibhuti'' (ash) is said to have the sacred blessings of the Sidh Baba.

Since 2000, Sidhbari has also been associated as the temporary residence of the Karmapa ([[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]]). The place is called Gyuto Monastery and is believed to be a teaching place for tantra vidya.

Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha is also situated here.

==Places of interest==

The small town of Sidhbari is bustling with activity due to several local attractions.

*Very near to the village is Chinmaya Ashram or Sandeepany [[Himalayas]]. In this Ashram is the Samadhi (resting place) of Pujya Gurudev [[Swami Chinmayananda]], founder of [[Chinmaya Mission]].
*In the village of Sidhbari, near [[Dharamshala]] in Himachal Pradesh, lies what is commonly regarded as the meditation spot of Kapila. The sage who lived there is locally regarded as Sidh Baba due to his mystic powers, and hence the name of the village Sidhbari.
*Sidhbari is also the temporary residence of the Tibetan buddhist leader 17th [[Karmapa]]([[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]]), at [http://www.gyuto.org/ Gyuto Monastery].<ref>[http://www.kagyuoffice.org/karmapa.currentactivities.2003.html Activities of the Karmapa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511192649/http://www.kagyuoffice.org/karmapa.currentactivities.2003.html |date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> Sidhbari is about six kilometers from [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], and about 15 kilometers from [[McLeod Ganj]], where the [[Tenzin Gyatso|14th Dalai Lama]] lives.
*One attraction for tourists in Sidhbari is the Naam Art Gallery, exhibiting paintings by European artists Elsbeth Buschmann and Alfred W. Hallett.
*Another attraction is the earthen architectural works of [[Didi Contractor]], including several homes made of adobe and bamboo.
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]: The winter session of assembly meetings happen here in Sidhbari.
*The hamlets of Rakkar and Sokni Da Kot in Upper Sidhbari is inhabited by the [[Gaddis|Gaddi]] community and offers visitors authentic homestay options in traditional mud houses.
*The Manuni Nallah flows through Sidhbari and is revered as a [[holy stream]] with various temples along the riverbank. The Aganjar Mahadev Temple at Khaniyara is the most famous and is located at Khaniyara, 2 km from Sidhbari.
* Nishtha – Rural Health, Education and Environment Center.

==See also==

* [[McLeod Ganj]]
* [[Dharamshala]]
* [[Dharamkot, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamkot]]
* [[Dhanotu, Kangra district|Dhanotu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chinmayamissiondelhi.org Chinmaya Mission Delhi ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617230011/http://www.chinmayamissiondelhi.org/ |date=17 June 2020 }}

{{Kangra district}}
{{Sister bar|auto=yes}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kangra district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dharamshala]]

Shri Raghunath Mandir

2026-03-17T06:07:37Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Short description|Hindu Temple dedicated to Lord Rama in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}'''Shri Raghunath Mandir''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Kullu]] town in [[Kullu district]] of Northern Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Rama|Lord Rama]]. It is believed to be one of the most sacred temples in all over the world dedicated to Lord Rama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-01-21 |title=हिमाचल का एक ऐसा मंदिर, खुद श्री राम भगवान ने बनाई जिसकी मूर्तियां |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-himachal-raghunath-temple-kullu-ram-temple-hpn24012102475 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shri Raghunath Mandir|native_name='''श्री रघुनाथ मँदिर'''|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Rama]]|location=Sultanpur, [[Kullu]]|district=[[Kullu district|Kullu]]|state=[[Himachal Pradesh]]|country={{flag|India}}|map_caption=Location in Himachal Pradesh|coordinates={{coord|31.960993|77.113832|display=inline,title}}|established=1660 CE|image=Raghunath Mandir in Kullu 03.jpg|caption=Shri Raghunath Mandir main entrance|elevation_m=1232.22|elevation_ft=4042.71|founded_by=Jagat Singh|festival=[[Dussehra]]|governing_body=Royal Family of Kullu (current Charibardar is [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]])|architecture_style=Pahari and Pyramidal architecture|map_type=India Himachal Pradesh#India}}

== History ==
The temple was established in 1660 during the reign of the king ''Jagat Singh (1637-1672)'' of Kullu. The reason behind it was the sins that led ''Jagat Singh'' to get many problems.

During the reign of ''Jagat Singh'', who was the ruler of Kullu at that time, there was a person named ''Durgadutt'' in the village Tippri, who was very famous because of his proficiency in astrology and palmistry. The two of the officials of the king used to feel spite from him. One day they both made a plan to teach ''Durgadutt'' a lesson. They made a false allegation on him, that he has some ''Suche Moti ([[Pearl|natural pearls]])'' in his home without the permission of the king. They told this to the king, and as per their allegations the king ordered to investigate into the matter and then he moved to [[Manikaran]] for the pilgrimage. As the king returned, he went directly to Durgadutt's home. ''Durgadutt'' told those officials that he will produce the pearls to the king when he will arrive. When the king arrived himself, ''Durgadutt'' already burnt himself alive with his wife and son, he came out of his home screaming and while he was burning, he threw a piece of his burning body part and said to the king, that you wanted the pearls, so here they are. The king got very upset about the incident and felt deep guilt, soon he began to see worms in his food and water as blood. After a while he got [[leprosy]]. He got very sorrowed and worried about his condition. So he got advised by his ''Rajguru'' to meet ''[[Krishnadas Payahari|Sidhhguru Krishnadas Payahari]]''. ''Sidhhguru'' told him that he has committed the sin of ''[[Brahmahatya]]'' and advised him that bringing the idols of ''[[Rama|Shri Rama]] (Shri Raghunath),'' ''[[Sita|Mata Seeta]]'' and [[Hanuman|Hanuman Ji]] from [[Ayodhya|Ayodhya's]] ''Tretanath Mandir'' during the time of ''[[Ashvamedha|Ashwamedh Yajna]]'' will absolve him from his sins and it would be divine to his kingdom. ''Jagat Singh'' listened to his advice but he was thinking that who would take the idols from Ayodhya and who would let them take away the idols from there, so the ''Guru'' gave this task to his disciple ''Damodar Das''. ''Das'' went to Ayodhya as per the instructions given by his ''Guru'' and reside there for an year in ''Tretanath Mandir'' and served the priests of the temple and one day he took away the idols, as he was coming way back to Kullu, the Pandits of Ayodhya caught him in [[Haridwar]] by following him and forced him to give back the idols. They took the idols but when they tried to pick up the idols, they couldn't and when ''Damodar Das'' picked them up he could do it easily. They told him to go with them to Ayodhya with the idols kept with him but as he began to walk towards Ayodhya, he couldn't see and when he was coming to the way back he could see everything. When the Pandits of Ayodhya saw it, they acknowledged that it is the decision of ''Lord Rama'' himself to go to Kullu and enthroned there. So eventually they let ''Damodar Das'' go freely back to Kullu. After the idols successfully brought to the Kullu, king ''Jagat Singh'' worshipped the idols and drank the ''Charnamrit (holy nector)'' from the idols feet after washing them. Gradually king's leprosy and illnesses got cured.

''District Devi Devta Kardaar Sangh's'' former Chairperson ''Detram Thakur'' said that after this, the king ''Jagat Singh'' entrust all his kingdom to ''Shri Raghunath'' and became his chief ''Charibardar''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अयोध्या से कुल्लू का 370 साल पुराना रिश्ता, भूमि पूजन को लेकर लोगों में भारी उत्साह |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/ayodhya-ram-mandir-bhumi-pujan-and-raghunath-temple-kullu-history |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-01-21 |title=हिमाचल का एक ऐसा मंदिर, खुद श्री राम भगवान ने बनाई जिसकी मूर्तियां |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-himachal-raghunath-temple-kullu-ram-temple-hpn24012102475 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Belief ==
The ''main idol (mul vigraha)'' is made up of ''[[Ashtadhatu]]'', weighs around five hundred grams and about three inches long is installed in the temple is of Shri Rama in the royal form unlike that of [[Balak Ram (idol)|Balak Ram]] in the [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]]. Shri Raghunath is believed to be the primary deity of the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]]. Nearly five hundred deities are worshipped in the Kullu valley and all the deities are believed to acknowledge Shri Raghunath as the chief deity of Kullu. The idols of Shri Raghunath, [[Sita|Goddess Seeta]] and [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]] (also made up of ''Ashtadhatu'') installed in the temple is believed to safeguard the entire Kullu valley from any sort of evil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunath Temple in Kullu, About Lord Raghunathji Temple Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/guide/raghunathji-temple-kullu |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250316004651/https://www.kulluonline.in/guide/raghunathji-temple-kullu |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=KulluOnline.in |language=en}}</ref> Currently, former [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of Kullu, [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]] is the ''Charibardar'' of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensure simplicity during Kullu Dasehra festivities: chief caretaker Maheshwar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/ensure-simplicity-during-kullu-dasehra-festivities-chief-caretaker-maheshwar/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kullu Dussehra ===
{{Main|Kullu Dussehra}}
[[File:Kullu Dushera.jpg|thumb|Kullu Dussehra in 2014]]
''Kullu Dussehra'' also known as the ''International Mega Dussehra Festival'' is the main festival that is celebrated in the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]]. The festival is celebrated in the royal manner and with pure faith. The festival attracts more than half a million people each year globally. Kullu Dussehra has the largest public gathering not only in the [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]] but in whole of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]]. The festival is totally different of its kind as in the festival more than three hundred deities of the valley and of the surrounding areas of the region gather to pay their respect to Shri Raghunath'','' who is believed to be the primary deity of Kullu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=Kullu Dussehra 2025: Guide to the International Festival (Oct 2) |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/brand-studio/kullu-dussehra-2025-a-travelers-guide-to-the-international-festival |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] with the then [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]] [[Jai Ram Thakur]] and [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor]] [[Rajendra Arlekar]] came in the festival and paid their respect to Raghunathji and other deities of the region and sought their blessings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Delighted to attend Kullu Dussehra celebrations: PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/delighted-to-attend-kullu-dussehra-celebrations-pm-modi-101665008960131.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Raghunath Mandir in Kullu 02.jpg|thumb|Main premises of the temple]]
The temple doesn't follow the traditional Western Pahari Himalayan [[Kath kuni architecture|Kath Kuni architecture]], which is the primary architectural design of the [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]] (as the temple lies in the region) which is shaped by local climate, materials and royal patronage, instead it has the blend of Pahari and Pyramidal styled architecture. As it is the mixed architectural styled, so as in the Kath Kuni (Pahari) architectural style, the temple is made up of stone and woods, the temple also has stones used in the temple which are the local river stones which probably belong to the [[Beas River|Beas river]], used in the foundation and lower walls of the temple. [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar Cedar]] wood is extensively used in the temple especially in the beams, doors, pillars and roof framework. Wood is carved in geometric and Vaishnav motifs. The temple has [[Garbhagriha]] (sanctum sanctorum) where the idols of Shri Raghunath is enthroned and [[Mandapa]] (assembly hall) where the daily worships and rituals are performed. The temple is built on a slightly raised platform. The temple is not built as a grandeur but as a simple place of worship. Some areas of the temple are restricted for royal family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunath Temple: A Sacred Landmark in Kullu |url=https://www.himachalonline.com/kullu/raghunath-temple |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Himachal Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunath Temple in Kullu, About Lord Raghunathji Temple Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/guide/raghunathji-temple-kullu |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250316004651/https://www.kulluonline.in/guide/raghunathji-temple-kullu |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=KulluOnline.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Himalayas from Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Kullu valley in 2008]]
Shri Raghunath Mandir is situated in Sultanpur locality in Kullu town. The temple is situated at a small elevated hillock overlooking the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]]. The temple is located near the [[Beas River]] which flows through Kullu valley from east to west. Beas river plays an important role in the cultural and religious geography of the area. The area around the temple is surrounded by [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], [[Pine]] and [[Fir]] trees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=HP General |date=2016-11-06 |title=Brief History of District Kullu |url=https://hpgeneralstudies.com/history-district-kullu/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Himachal Pradesh General Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The temple priests and the state security personnel deployed at the temple on the morning of 8th December 2014, discovered that the idols of Shri Raghunath, along with the idols of [[Hanuman|''Lord Hanuman'']], [[Ganesha|''Lord Ganesha'']], [[Narasimha|''Narsangh'']] and [[Shaligram|''Saligram'']] with about 10 kgs of silver and 1 kg of gold ornaments, valued at Rs. 32 Lakhs, were stolen from the temple. The thieves got inside the temple through the roof from the rear and took away the idols, thieves also used rope to reach to the rooftop. A stray dog was also found dead at the rear of the temple. The police suspected that the thieves must have gagged that barking dog to death. Surveillance cameras placed at the site did capture the images of three persons but it was difficult to identify the thieves from the bleak footage. As soon as the news of the theft spread, the local residents gathered outside the temple and also recited ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' to seek divine intervention for catching the thieves. The then Additional Director General of the [[Himachal Pradesh Police]] Sanjay Kundu with police officers Surinder Verma, Abhishek Dhullar, and Kushal Sharma recorded and checked over one-thousand phone numbers that were active in the night during the theft took place and also interrogated over five-hundred people and were able to breakthrough the case. The ground investigations clued that the suspects were [[Nepali people|Nepalis]], especially when their phone numbers got inactive after the theft took place. The police then was able to get track of one Nepalese suspect, the circuit camera near the temple also captured that person that he was visiting the temple time and again. As some calls received on the phone of prime suspect were from Nepal, the Himachal Police sought assistance of central agencies to track him to his village. Then Himachal Police asked [[Nepal Police]] to detain him. After his interrogation the Himachal Police got to know that where he had hidden the idols. Before this incident in the same year, in January 2014, theft of 43 kg silver that valued around Rs. 23 Lakhs was also happened in the temple. The modus operandi in both the cases were same.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=17th century idol stolen from Kullu temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/17th-century-idol-stolen-from-kullu-temple/story-egMlKg4B5wAxDgn2Xv4QXM.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhaik |first=Ravinder |date=2015-01-23 |title=Kullu temple robbery – Himachal police recover Lord Raghunath’s idols |url=https://hillpost.in/2015/01/kullu-temple-robbery-himachal-police-recover-lord-raghunaths-idols/102231/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Himachal Police on 23 January 2015 recovered the stolen idols. The idol of Shri Raghunath was found at Bajaura on the outskirts of Kullu along the [[National Highway 3 (India)|Mandi-Kullu National Highway]]. The idol was hidden under a pile of rocks. The other three idols were found near Vipasha Market in Kullu. The oracles made by other deities of the valley through their [[Shamanism|''Gurs (Shamans)'']] during the investigation, that the much revered idols have never left the Kullu valley and would soon be recovered, and as said eventually when the investigation cracked, the idols were in the valley only, in the outskirts of the town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=HP police recover idols stolen from Kullu temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/hp-police-recover-idols-stolen-from-kullu-temple/story-m4M84Q4B8vFGQc9k7loSDI.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhaik |first=Ravinder |date=2015-01-23 |title=Kullu temple robbery – Himachal police recover Lord Raghunath’s idols |url=https://hillpost.in/2015/01/kullu-temple-robbery-himachal-police-recover-lord-raghunaths-idols/102231/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kullu district]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:Kullu district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kullu]]

Rouse Avenue Court

2026-03-17T02:52:04Z

ToniaMirams219: new the post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Rouse Avenue Court
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| groundbreaking_date=
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 2019
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| building_type = District courts
| status = Complete
| location_town = located near ITO ,[[New Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6320|77.2344|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map =
| architectural_style=
| roof =
| top_floor =
| antenna_spire =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| architect =
| references =
}}'''Rouse Avenue Court''' also known as '''Rouse Avenue Court Complex''' in [[New Delhi]] is a significant judicial hub, established around 2019, known for handling '''high-profile cases''', especially those involving [[corruption]], [[Financial crime |economic offenses]], and matters related to lawmakers (MPs/MLAs), with special courts for [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2021-12-08 |title=Territorial Jurisdiction Of CBI Special Court Situated At Delhi's Rouse Avenue Court Complex, Challenged |url=https://www.livelaw.in/law-firms/law-firm-articles-/territorial-jurisdiction-cbi-rouse-avenue-court-complex-187206 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/list-judges-rouse-avenue|title= List of Judges Rouse Avenue|publisher=Delhi District Courts|accessdate= 2 May 2021}}</ref>

It functions as part of Delhi's district courts, serving Central Delhi and featuring specialized benches for significant criminal and anti-corruption matters, providing a centralized location for complex legal proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.cdcba.co.in/about-us#:~:text=The%20Rouse%20Avenue%20Court%20Complex,cases%20involving%20MPs%20and%20MLAs. |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.cdcba.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2025-12-16 |title=National Herald Case: Court rejects ED’s plea against Rahul, Sonia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-herald-case-rahul-sonia-gandhi-ed-chargesheet-december-16-2025/article70401699.ece |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of District Courts in Delhi |url=http://www.delhidistrictcourts.nic.in/History.htm |publisher=Delhi District Courts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi District Courts - About Us |url=https://delhicourts.nic.in/aboutus |publisher=Delhi District Courts |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=Singh |first=Talwant |year=2003 |title=Annual Report for the Year 2003: District Courts of Delhi |url=https://session.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/session/generic_multiple_files/2003.pdf |work=District Courts Judicial Committee |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher= |docket= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Courts in Delhi]]
*[[Subordinate courts of Delhi High Court]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Courthouses in India]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Doravarisatram mandal

2026-03-09T13:03:10Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Doravarisatram mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sullurupeta]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| coordinates = {{Coord|13|48|33|N|79|57|5|E}}
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| area_total_km2 = 268.91
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| population_total = 35971
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 0
| population_rural = 35971
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Doravarisatram mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Sullurupeta revenue division]].

== History ==
Doravarisatram mandal used to be a part of [[Nellore district]] under [[Gudur revenue division]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |pages=25,56–57,408 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> On 25 June 2013, it was made part of the newly-formed [[Naidupeta revenue division]]. On 4 April 2022, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] reorganized the districts in the state and the madal was made part of the Tirupati district under Sullurupeta revenue division, both newly-formed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-17 |title=Heavy rain brings normal life to halt in Nellore district |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151117/nation-current-affairs/article/heavy-rain-brings-normal-life-halt-nellore-district |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
Doravarisatram mandal has [[brackish water]] ecosystem. Every year, terrestrial and aquatic birds migrate to [[Pulicat Lake]] area for a temporary stay. The ecosystem covers an area of {{Convert|600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} including parts of the mandal along with [[Chittamur mandal|Chittamur]], [[Sullurpeta mandal|Sullurpeta]], [[Tada mandal|Tada]] and [[Vakadu mandal|Vakadu]] mandals. The terrestrial birds include [[painted storks]], [[large egrets]], [[little egrets]], [[grey pelicans]], [[grey herons]]; water birds include [[northern pintails]], [[black-winged stilts]], [[northern shovelers]], [[common teal]], [[seagulls]], [[terns]], [[sandpipers]], and [[common coots]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. Murali |date=27 December 2019 |title=Winged visitors flock to Pulicat, with birdwatchers in tow |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/winged-visitors-flock-to-pulicat-with-birdwatchers-in-tow/article30414057.ece |access-date=9 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Chillakur mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|95.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|3.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.67}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.15}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />|float=right}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Doravarisatram mandal had a total population of 35,971 with 18,120 male population and 17,851 female population with a density of {{Pop density|35971|268.91|km2|prec=0}}, all living in rural areas. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 14,520 and 4,191 of the population respectively.<ref name=":1" /> It had a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 985. It had a literacy rate of 62.43% with 70.08% among males and 54.69% among females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics S.P.S. Nellore district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=20,22,38-40 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The mandal is administrated as part of Sullurupeta revenue division. As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], It comprises the following 45 villages:<ref name=":1" />
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Village
|-
|Adapamudi
|-
|Akkarapaka
|-
|Anegottam
|-
|Anepudi
|-
|Ayyapalem
|-
|Buduru
|-
|Buradamadugu
|-
|Chandanamudi
|-
|Damaraya Khandrika*
|-
|K. D. Khandrika*
|-
|Kalluru
|-
|Kalluru Khandrika
|-
|Karatamudi
|-
|Karikadu
|-
|Kattuvapalle
|-
|Kothapalle
|-
|Lingampadu
|-
|Mallayapalem
|-
|Maneri
|-
|Mavillapadu
|-
|Meezuru
|-
|Melupaka
|-
|Minamanamudi
|-
|Modugulapalem
|-
|Muchalagunta
|-
|Mylangam
|-
|Nelaballi
|-
|Nelapattu
|-
|Nellorepalle
|-
|P. Khandrika
|-
|Poolathota
|-
|Singanalathuru
|-
|Sridhanamalli
|-
|Suragunta Tagelu*
|-
|Surapu Agraharam
|-
|Tallampadu
|-
|Thaneyali
|-
|Thogaramudi
|-
|Utchuru
|-
|Vedurupattu
|-
|Velukadu
|-
|Vengamambapuram*
|-
|Venumbaka
|-
|Vetagiripalem
|-
|Yekollu
|}

* Note: Damaraya Khandrika, K. D. Khandrika, Suragunta Tagelu and Vengamambapuram are uninhabited<ref name=":1" />

== Politics ==
Chillakur mandal is a part of [[Sullurpeta (Assembly constituency)|Sullurpeta Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, Chillakur mandal had 23,414 eligible voters with 11,491 male voters and 11,923 female voters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Totapuri: Chapter 1

2026-03-06T05:07:46Z

ToniaMirams219: starting new pg

{{Short description|Kannada language film directed by Vijay Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Vijaya Prasad]]
| producer = K. A. Suresh
| writer = Vijaya Prasad
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]] [[Aditi Prabhudeva]] [[Suman Ranganathan]] [[H. G. Dattatreya]] [[Veena Sundar]] Hema Datta
| cinematography = Niranjan Prabhu
| music = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| studio = Monyplex Studios<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=ಚಿತ್ರಮಂದಿರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕ 'ತೋತಾಪುರಿ' ತಿಂದು ಫ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್ ಫುಲ್ ಖುಷ್..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/totapuri-movie-review-navarasanayaka-jaggesh-aditi-prabhudev-95761 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2022|09|30|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaggesh-Vijaya Prasad's Totapuri gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/sep/07/jaggesh-vijaya-prasads-totapuri-gets-a-release-date-34477.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] | date=7 September 2022 | author=Cinema Express}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Totapuri: Chapter 1''''' ({{Translation|Parrot face: Chapter 1}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada-language]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Vijaya Prasad]] and produced by K A Suresh. The film stars [[Jaggesh]], [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]], [[Suman Ranganathan]], and [[Aditi Prabhudeva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thothapuri Chapter 1 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/totapuri/movieshow/74606015.cms |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=Totapuri Film Review: ಎಂಥಹ ಕಲ್ಲು ಮನಸನ್ನೂ ನಗಿಸುತ್ತೆ ಈ ಸಿನಿಮಾ! ತೋತಾಪುರಿ ಹೆಂಗಿದೆ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/jaggesh-comedy-film-totapuri-film-review-story-rvj-dvp-853815.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi |title=Totapuri Review: ಕಥೆ ಬಾಗ್ಲು ತೆಗಿ ಮೇರಿ ಜಾನ್‌! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/kannada-totapuri-film-review-jaggesh-aditi-prabhudeva-vcs-rj25qy |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title="We plan on releasing the part 1 of 'Totapuri' before 'Petromax'," informs director Vijaya Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/we-plan-on-releasing-the-part-1-of-totapuri-before-petromax-informs-director-vijaya-prasad/articleshow/83700542.cms |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Times of India }}</ref>

== Premise ==
Eeregowda is a [[farmer]] and [[tailor]] who is a specialist in [[Totapuri]] design clothes. He meets Shakeela Banu, a [[cashier]], and the duo fall for each other. After much thought, the two reluctantly decide to inform the elders about their relationship despite being scared of issues based on their religion, caste, and faith.

== Cast ==

* [[Jaggesh]] as Eeregowda, a farmer and tailor <ref name=":0" />
* [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]] as Narayana Pillai
* [[Suman Ranganathan]] as Victoria
* [[Aditi Prabhudeva]] as Shakeela Banu
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Imaam Saheb
* [[Veena Sundar]] as Rangamma
* Hema Dutta as Nanjamma

==Release==
''Totapuri: Chapter 1'' was released on 30 September 2022.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
''Thotapuri: Chapter 1'' received mixed reviews from critics.

Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Jaggesh’s films come with a ton of double entenders; Vijayaprasad, too, is known for his double-meaning comedy layered with philosophical undertones. And when they come together, one can only expect oodles of fun and Thothapuri Chapter 1 has a plenty of it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/thothapuri-chapter-1/movie-review/94556729.cms|title=Thothapuri Chapter 1 Movie Review: Jaggesh and Aditi tickle your funny bones|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A Sharaadha of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vijayaprasad has his own set of fans who like his way of writing or telling a story. But it is also time for the director to get out of his comfort zone, and bring in newness, without giving up on his signature style."<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/oct/03/totapuri-movie-reviewcritical-issues-designed-with-lighter-shades-35228.html|title=Totapuri Chapter 1 Movie Review: Critical issues designed with lighter shades|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

Swaroop Kodur of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Thothapuri Chapter 1 is an endearing film at first glance but the persisting play on words, especially as double-entendres, is a major letdown as far as the overall experience is concerned. Sure, some of the jokes do land well and there's also an emotional core in the midst but Vijayaprasad's tried-and-tested filmmaking approach has perhaps gone stale now."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thothapuri-chapter-1-review-part-1-of-the-double-meaning-saga-is-a-snooze-fest/a97444bb1b471|title=Thothapuri Chapter 1 review: Part 1 of the 'double meaning' saga is a snooze fest|website=OTTplay}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
''[[Totapuri: Chapter 2]]'', the film's sequel was also directed by Prasad and released in 2023 with Jaggesh reprising his role from the first chapter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y. Maheswara |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=6 July 2023 |title=Another chapter |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/another-chapter/articleshow/101523584.cms |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Bangalore Mirror }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11306952}}

[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijaya Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{2020s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}

Second Generation (film)

2026-03-04T03:43:25Z

ToniaMirams219: starting new entry

{{Other uses|Second generation (disambiguation){{!}}Second generation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Second Generation (film).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = US DVD poster
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = [[Neil Biswas]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Jon Sen]]
| starring = [[Parminder Nagra]] [[Christopher Simpson (actor)|Christopher Simpson]] [[Danny Dyer]]
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Nitin Sawhney]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English Bengali
| num_episodes = 2
| producer = Catherine Wearing
| editor = Dave King
| cinematography = [[Sean Bobbitt]]
| runtime = 136 minutes
| company = The Oxford Film Company
| budget = £2.5 million
| network = [[Channel 4]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2003|09|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2003|09|15|df=y}}
}}

'''''Second Generation''''' is a 2003 [[United Kingdom|British]] two-part [[television]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama]] directed by [[Jon Sen]], written by [[Neil Biswas]], and stars [[Parminder Nagra]], [[Christopher Simpson (actor)|Christopher Simpson]] and [[Danny Dyer]].

Inspired by the [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] [[tragedy]] ''[[King Lear]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]], the drama revolves around two childhood sweet-hearts who find the passion is still there when their paths cross. It was broadcast by [[Channel 4]] over two consecutive days on 14 September 2003 and 15 September 2003.

==Plot==
===Part One===
Estranged from her family for nine years, feisty, independent Heere ([[Parminder Nagra]]) is living with her white, music journalist fiancé, Jack ([[Danny Dyer]]). When her father, Sharma ([[Om Puri]]), falls into a coma, her older sisters, Pria ([[Rita Wolf]]) and Rina ([[Amita Dhiri]]), get back in touch.

Meanwhile, Sam is recruiting Uzi (Sonnell Dadral) for his underground record label, Monsoon. Sharma's friend and employee, Khan ([[Anupam Kher]]), (who is also Sam's father) intends on stopping the conniving Pria from selling Sharma's food factory, even though Mohan ([[Roshan Seth]]) warns Khan not to get involved and thinks it is justice for Sharma swindling them out of their share of the business. Jack and Heere go to Club 23 nightclub, where Heere meets Sam after years apart. They go back to his flat and embrace, but she regrets the encounter and leaves. Sharma wakes up on the day his daughters were set to turn off his life support machine. Sam continues his attempts to pursue Heere.

Heere attends Sharma's [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] with Jack where she is disowned by Sharma. Heere turns up with a friend at a meeting Sam is having with Jack. After Sam tells his elder brother, Firoz ([[Nitin Ganatra]]), that he has met Heere, and Firoz passes this along to Rina, Pria then tells Heere that there is a rumour that Heere and Sam are having a sexual relationship. Heere confronts Sam and they end up having sexual intercourse.

Sharma returns to work and sacks Khan after Khan reveals that Pria planned to sell the factory. Sam tells Khan (to Khan's dismay), that he wants to marry Heere. Firoz sides with the Sharmas and resents Khan for selling the factory. Khan then finds out Firoz and Rina are having an affair. After Heere rejects Sam, Sam ignores Khan's phone call and message and starts a sexual relationship with his colleague, Amba ([[Shelley Conn]]). The next morning Sam finds Khan after he has hanged himself.

===Part Two===
Sam and Firoz attend Khan's [[Salat al-Janazah|janazah]] (funeral prayer). During Khan's wake, Heere's attempts to console Sam fall on deaf ears. A drunk Mohan tells Sharma the truth about Khan and Sharma's daughters. Sharma realises the truth and gives his employees paid leave until the problems are sorted out.

Sam goes to work to find that Jez (Jay Simpson) and Paul ([[William Beck (actor)|William Beck]]), from the non-independent label Zenon, are pitching a deal for Uzi to his business partner, Parv (Chris Ryman). Sam fears that they want to buy out Uzi, and turn Monsoon from a community-based label into a commercial product. This distresses Sam because he thinks artistic development is more important than money.

Meanwhile, Pria, Rina, and Firoz have Sharma sectioned with the help of Rina's GP husband, Arun (Shiv Grewal). Heere visits Sharma, who mistakes her for her mother, Sonali. Jack refuses Heere's request for Sharma to move in with them. Sam reluctantly signs a takeover deal for Monsoon to join Zenon. At the celebration boat party, Heere rejects Uzi's advances; and Jack suspects Sam and Heere are having sex, leading to a fight with Sam. Meanwhile, Rina plans on leaving Arun for Firoz.

Heere brings Sharma to her house, where he breaks down. Out of guilt, Firoz breaks up with Rina. Pria reveals to Heere that she found their mother after she committed suicide and resents their father for abandoning their mother. Heere's application to be Sharma's carer fails and she reconciles with her sisters.

Pria sells the factory and Firoz is made the managing director. Heere ends her relationship with Jack, goes to Club 23, tells Sam how she feels about him and that she is leaving for India, and with Mohan's help smuggles Sharma out of the care home onto a flight to India. Sam apologises to Amba, gives Parv sole ownership of Monsoon and leaves the nightclub.

Sam meets Heere and Sharma in Calcutta. Sam and Heere rekindle their romantic relationship.

==Cast==
* [[Parminder Nagra]] as Heere Sharma/Sonali Sharma
* [[Christopher Simpson (actor)|Christopher Simpson]] as Sam Khan
* [[Danny Dyer]] as Jack Woodford
* [[Om Puri]] as Sharma
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Khan
* [[Rita Wolf]] as Pria Sharma
* [[Amita Dhiri]] as Rina Chatterjee
*Radhika Aggarwal as DJ Sita
* [[Nitin Ganatra]] as Firoz Khan
* [[Shelley Conn]] as Amba
*Chris Ryman as Parv
* [[Roshan Seth]] as Mohan
*Shiv Grewal as Arun Chatterjee
*Sonnell Dadral as Uzi

==Overview==
Set in east London and Calcutta, ''Second Generation'' tells the story tangled relationships of two Indian Bengali families, who emigrated to Britain in the 1970s. The families have a deep-rooted, shared history, one factory-owning Hindu suburbanites, the other put-upon Muslims from Whitechapel.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last=Sandhu|first=Sukhdev|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3602568/Its-Asian-life-but-not-as-we-know-it.html|title=It's Asian life, but not as we know it|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=13 September 2003|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> When Heere meets Sam, the passion is still there - and with it comes trouble. In flight from the past, in turmoil about the future. Sam and Heere need to work out what they want - and where they belong.<ref name="redhotcurry"/>

==Production==
The two-part £2.5 million drama<ref name="telegraph"/> was a cornerstone of Channel 4's efforts to emphasise that it is conscious of and in tune with ethnic minorities in the UK.<ref name="asiansinmedia">{{cite news |url=http://www.asiansinmedia.org/news/article.php/radio/133|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528184534/http://www.asiansinmedia.org/news/article.php/radio/133|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 May 2012|title=Channel 4's Second Generation a boost for British Asian talent|publisher=Asians In Media|date=26 August 2003|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>

It was the first drama to be produced by Oxford Film and Television.<ref name="redhotcurry">{{cite news |url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/archive/entertainment/tv/second_generation.htm|title='Second Generation' - A New Channel 4 Drama|publisher=Redhotcurry.com|date=27 August 2003|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> It was written, directed, and almost exclusively acted by Asians.<ref name="telegraph"/> [[Nitin Sawhney]] composed the soundtrack,<ref name="asiansinmedia"/> for which he was nominated for the [[Ivor Novello Awards]] for Film and TV Composition.<ref name="contactmusic">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/home.nsf/webpages/ivornovelloawards2004x26x04x04|title=The Ivor Novello Awards - All the nominations for 2003|magazine=[[Contactmusic.com]]|date=27 May 2004|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="musicweek">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/warnerchappell-tops-ivors-nominations-list/033149|title=Warner/Chappell tops Ivors nominations list|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=26 April 2004|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>

==Release==
''Second Generation'' was broadcast on [[Channel 4]] over two consecutive nights on 14 September 2003 and 15 September 2003.<ref name="telegraph"/>

On 26 July 2006, the DVD of the drama was released in the United States.<ref name="ew">{{cite magazine |last=Burr|first=Ty|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1085668,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125011905/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1085668,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2008|title=Second Generation|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=22 July 2005|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Gareth McLean]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the drama as a "sweeping and rather splendid story of love, ambition, betrayal, secrets and lies... religion. And race. And big issues of identity, belonging... so it was enormously enjoyable."<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news |last=McLean|first=Gareth|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/sep/15/broadcasting.tvandradio1|title=It's all relative|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 September 2003|access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

Sukhdev Sandhu of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' called the drama "an epic saga that takes in madness, suicide and the agonies and ecstasies of migration."<ref name="telegraph"/> [[Kathryn Flett]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' said it was "rapturous to look at thanks to the most handsome collection of actors in living memory and some evanescent photography, it was elegantly acted... brilliantly written... one of the year's most memorable dramas."<ref name="guardian2">{{cite news |last=Flett|first=Kathryn|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2003/sep/21/features.review157|title=When the holiday snaps|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=21 September 2003|access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

''[[Marie Claire]]'' thought the drama was "the sort of ambitious, edgy drama Channel 4 was made for... Romantic original and exciting." ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' thought it was "glamorous and romantic... it had all the authentic energy and passion of a contemporary ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]'' or ''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]''." ''[[The Times]]'' said "there is a complex dramatic energy behind ''Second Generation'' and, above all, it rings true." ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' said it "was not only an engrossing, beautifully produced drama but also an accurate reflection of the lives and concerns of British Asians today."<ref name="oftv">{{cite web |url=http://www.oftv.co.uk/programmes/second-generation|title=Second Generation|publisher=Oxford Film and Television|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> Ross Peter of ''[[Sunday Herald]]'' described it as "''King Lear'' meets ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' in clubland."<ref name="pqarchiver">{{cite news |last=Ross|first=Peter|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/406149391.html?dids=406149391:406149391&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+14%2C+2003&author=Peter+Ross&pub=Sunday+Herald&desc=The+East+Within%3F%3B+New+Channel+4+drama+Second+Generation+is+set+to+help+break+the+stereotypical+view+of+Asian-Britons.+But%2C+asks+Peter+Ross%2C+is+this+due+to+their+acceptance+into+mainstream+culture%2C+or+because+ethnicity+is+the+flavour+of+the+month+on+TV%3F&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131142907/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/406149391.html?dids=406149391:406149391&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+14,+2003&author=Peter+Ross&pub=Sunday+Herald&desc=The+East+Within%3F;+New+Channel+4+drama+Second+Generation+is+set+to+help+break+the+stereotypical+view+of+Asian-Britons.+But,+asks+Peter+Ross,+is+this+due+to+their+acceptance+into+mainstream+culture,+or+because+ethnicity+is+the+flavour+of+the+month+on+TV%3F&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2013|title=The East Within?; New Channel 4 drama Second Generation is set to help break the stereotypical view of Asian-Britons. But, asks Peter Ross, is this due to their acceptance into mainstream culture, or because ethnicity is the flavour of the month on TV?|newspaper=[[Sunday Herald]]|date=14 September 2003|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>

''Redhotcurry.com'' called the drama an "explosive story about love, family and identity."<ref name="redhotcurry"/> ''[[Radio Times]]'' described it as "vibrant, vivid drama full of love and betrayal."<ref name="oftv"/> ''[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]'' hailed it "truly remarkable".

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2003
| [[Ivor Novello Awards]]
| Film and TV Composition
| [[Nitin Sawhney]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2004
| [[Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy|Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards]]
| Best Television Actress
| [[Parminder Nagra]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0380693|title=Second Generation}}
*{{Rotten-tomatoes|id=second_generation|title=Second Generation}}
*{{Channel4.com|id=programmes/second-generation|title=Second Generation}}
*[http://www.oftv.co.uk/programmes/second-generation Oxford Film and Television]

{{King Lear}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Second Generation (Film)}}
[[Category:2003 television films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]
[[Category:British romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Channel 4 television films]]
[[Category:Films based on King Lear]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nitin Sawhney]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2003 English-language films]]
[[Category:2003 British films]]
[[Category:British drama television films]]
[[Category:2003 multilingual films]]
[[Category:British multilingual films]]
[[Category:Television shows based on King Lear]]
[[Category:English-language romantic drama films]]

Ethir Kaatru

2026-03-03T04:59:45Z

ToniaMirams219: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ethir Kaatru.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Muktha S. Sundar]]
| screenplay = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| story = [[Subha (writers)|Subha]]
| producer = Muktha Srinivasan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]}}
| cinematography = Mukta S. Sundar
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Muktha Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|12|07}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ethir Kaatru''''' ({{Translation|Headwind}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]], directed by [[Muktha S. Sundar]] and produced by [[Muktha Srinivasan]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]. It was released on 7 December 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=எதிர் காற்று / Ethir Kaatru (1990) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/ethir-kaatru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070131/https://screen4screen.com/movies/ethir-kaatru |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref> The film is based on the Malayalam film ''[[Artham]]'', which is in turn based on the Tamil novel ''Ethir Kaatru'', written by [[Subha (writers)|Subha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Alfred |date=28 July 2021 |title=32 Years of Artham: Sathyan Anthikkad classics you must not miss |url=https://www.ottplay.com/listicle/32-years-of-artham-sathyan-anthikkad-classics-you-must-not-miss/650fc3c128184ssics-you-must-not-miss%2F650fc3c128184+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230831104551/https://www.ottplay.com/listicle/32-years-of-artham-sathyan-anthikkad-classics-you-must-not-miss/650fc3c128184 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Ram Narendran, a rich orphan youth, decides to end his life. Waiting on the railway track, he sees another man there who tries to jump on the railway track and Ram Narendran saves him. This person is Jana, he lives with his parents and his little sister Geetha. Jana was a jobless youth and he got a job as a manager in a [[chit fund]] company with the help of Madhavan, a family friend, and paid a big amount to join the company. Later, the company ripped off his clients; Madhavan cheated him. The clients threatened the innocent Jana and they put pressure on him to pay them back. Angered, Jana killed Madhavan, so he decides to commit suicide.

Ram Narendran decides to surrender instead of him and goes to the jail voluntarily. Jana has a guilty conscience and he appoints S. Chandrasekaran, a lawyer, to bail Narendran out of jail. However, Ram Narendran would rather sacrifice his life without goals than Jana's life. Later, Jana meets Devaraj, the chit fund company's head, and his partners: Maasi, a politician's cousin, and a police officer's son. Jana challenges Devaraj to punish them. The next day, Jana's dead body is found on a railway track.

Chandrasekaran publishes Ram Narendran's book and it turns out to be a huge success. Anita, a journalist, tries to meet him. Anita and S. Chandrasekaran bail Ram Narendran out of jail. Ram Narendran cannot accept that Jana committed suicide, so Anita and Ram Narendran start to investigate Jana's mysterious death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Ram Narendran
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Journalist Anita
*[[Anand Babu]] as Jana (Janardan)
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Advocate S. Chandrasekaran
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Geetha, Jana's sister
*[[Anandaraj]] as Devaraj, Owner of Chit Fund Company
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Maasi, Brother in law of a minister
*Crazy Venkatesh as son of DSP and an acquaintance of Maasi and Devaraj
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as the landlady of S. Chandrasekaran
*[[Ra. Sankaran]] as Jana's father
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Jana's mother
*Vathiyar Raman as Francis
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Minister Azhagesan
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Sundaramoorthy, Anita's editor
*[[Kavithalayaa Krishnan]] as Kamala Kannan (KK)
*[[LIC Narasimhan]]
*[[K. Natraj]] as Anita's Newspaper company owner
* Writer [[S. Ramakrishnan]] in one scene.}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethir Kaatru (1990) |url=https://mio.to/album/Ethir+Kaatru+%281990%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105103022/https://mio.to/album/Ethir+Kaatru+%281990%29 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethir Kaatru |url=https://avdigital.in/products/ethir-kaatru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616143840/https://avdigital.in/products/ethir-kaatru |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Ingu Irukkum" || [[Uma Ramanan]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:56
|-
| "Koondai Vittu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:43
|-
| "Nee Ulla Poranthu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 4:48
|-
| "Raja Illa" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[Uma Ramanan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:57
|-
| "Saamiyaaraa Ponavanukku" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 4:25
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 thriller films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha S. Sundar]]
[[Category:Films produced by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Arab culture

2026-02-23T16:42:21Z

ToniaMirams219: fixes

{{Short description|Culture of the Arab people}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Moorish women making Arab carpets, Algiers, Algeria-LCCN2001697844.jpg|thumb|250px|Making Arab carpets in [[Algiers]], 1899]]
{{Arab culture}}
'''Arab culture''' is the culture of the [[Arabs]], from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to the [[Arabian Sea]] in the east, in a region of the [[Middle East and North Africa]] known as the [[Arab world]]. The various religions the Arabs have adopted throughout [[History of the Arabs|their history]] and the various empires and kingdoms that have ruled and took lead of the civilization have contributed to the [[ethnogenesis]] and formation of modern Arab culture. [[Arabic|Language]], [[Arabic literature|literature]], [[Arab cuisine|gastronomy]], [[Arab art|art]], [[Arab architecture|architecture]], [[Arabic music|music]], [[spirituality]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[mysticism]] are all part of the cultural heritage of the Arabs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beauty in Arabic culture|last=Doris|first=Behrens-Abouseif|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1558761995|oclc=40043536}}</ref>

The countries of the Arab world, from [[Morocco]] to [[Iraq]], share a common culture, traditions, language and history that give the region a distinct identity and distinguish it from other parts of the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rabasa |first=Angel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1cyn36g3E4C&pg=PA31 |title=The Muslim World After 9/11 |last2=Waxman |first2=Matthew |last3=Larson |first3=Eric V. |last4=Marcum |first4=Cheryl Y. |date=2004-11-17 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-3755-8 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> The Arab world is sometimes divided into separate regions depending on different cultures, dialects and traditions, such as the [[Arabian Peninsula]] ([[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Yemen]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]]), [[Egypt]], the [[Levant]] ([[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]]), the [[Maghreb]] ([[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], Morocco and [[Mauritania]]), [[Mesopotamia]] (Iraq), and [[Sudan]].

==Literature==
{{main|Arabic literature}}
[[Arabic literature]] is the writing produced, both [[prose]] and [[poetry]], by speakers of the [[Arabic language]]. The Arabic word used for literature is ''[[Adab (literature)|adab]]'' which is derived from a word meaning "to invite someone for a meal" and implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 6th century, with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The [[Qur'an]], from the 7th century, had the greatest and longest-lasting effect on Arabic culture and literature.

[[File:Antarah ibn Shaddad & Abla.jpg|thumb|[[Antarah ibn Shaddad|Antara and Abla]]]]

===Mu'allaqat===
{{Main| Muallaqat}}
The [[Mu'allaqat]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: المعلقات, {{IPA|ar|al-muʕallaqaːt|}}) is the name given to a series of seven Arabic poems or [[qasida]] that originated before the time of Islam. Each poem in the set has a different author, and is considered to be their best work. Mu'allaqat means "The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems," and comes from the poems being hung on the wall in the Kaaba at Mecca.

The seven authors, who span a period of around 100 years, are [[Imru' al-Qais]], [[Tarafa]], [[Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma|Zuhayr]], [[Labīd]], [['Antara Ibn Shaddad]], [['Amr ibn Kulthum]], and [[Harith ibn Hilliza]]. All of the Mu’allaqats contain stories from the authors’ lives and tribe politics. This is because poetry was used in pre-Islamic time to advertise the strength of a tribe's king, wealth and people.

The ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' ({{langx|ar|أَلْف لَيْلَة وَلَيْلَة}} ''ʾAlf layla wa-layla''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=Arabian Nights|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=3rd|quote=Arabian Nights, the work known in Arabic as ''Alf layla wa-layla''|author=Marzolph, Ulrich|editor=Kate Fleet |editor2=Gudrun Krämer |editor3=Denis Matringe |editor4=John Nawas |editor5=Everett Rowson|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021}}</ref>), is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade, a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Šahryār), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands.

During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from Persia, China, India, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and ninth-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.
[[File:تمثال المتنبي.jpg|thumb|A statue of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]]-era Arab poet [[Al-Mutanabbi]]]]
An example of modern poetry in classical Arabic style with themes of [[Pan-Arabism]] is the work of [[Aziz Pasha Abaza]]. He came from [[Abaza family]] which produced notable Arabic literary figures including Ismail Pasha Abaza, [[Fekry Pasha Abaza]], novelist [[Tharwat Abaza]], and Desouky Bek Abaza, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مكتبة البوابة: أهم 10 كتب للأديب المصري ثروت أباظة {{!}} البوابة |url=https://article.albawaba.net/ar/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85-10-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9-1462416 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=article.albawaba.net |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=سمير |first=رانيا |date=2024-01-03 |title=عائلة أباظة: تاريخ طويل وأثر عميق في مصر |url=https://sqawoa.com/archives/47555 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=صوت القبائل العربية والعائلات المصرية |language=ar}}</ref>

==Music==
{{main|Arabic music}}
[[File:Arabischer Maler um 730 002.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fresco]] from [[Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbî]], [[Syria]], [[Ummayad]] [[caliphs]] Palace, built in the early 7th century]]
[[Arabic music]] is the [[music]] of [[Arabs|Arab people]], especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The world of Arab music has long been dominated by [[Cairo]], a cultural center, though musical innovation and regional styles abound from [[Tunisia]] to [[Saudi Arabia]]. [[Beirut]] has, in recent years, also become a major center of Arabic music. [[Classical Arab music]] is extremely popular across the population, especially a small number of superstars known throughout the Arab world. Regional styles of [[popular music]] include Iraqi el Maqaam, [[Algeria]]n ''[[raï]]'', [[Kuwait]]i ''[[sawt (music)|sawt]]'' and [[Egypt]]ian ''[[el gil]]''.

"The common style that developed is usually called 'Islamic' or 'Arab', though in fact it transcends religious, ethnic, geographical, and linguistic boundaries" and it is suggested that it be called the [[Near East]] (from Morocco to Afghanistan) style.<ref>[[Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)|van der Merwe, Peter]] 1989, p. 9</ref>

[[Habib Hassan Touma]] lists "five components" which "characterize the music of the Arabs:<ref>Touma 1996, p.xix-xx</ref>
# The [[Arab tone system]] (a [[musical tuning]] system) with specific interval structures, invented by [[al-Farabi]] in the 10th century (p. 170).
# Rhythmic-temporal structures that produce a rich variety of [[rhythm]]ic patterns, ''[[Rhythm in Arabian music|awzan]]'', used to accompany the metered vocal and instrumental genres and give them form.
# [[Musical instrument]]s that are found throughout the Arabian world and that represent a standardized [[tone system]], are played with standardized performance techniques, and exhibit similar details in construction and design.
# Specific social contexts for the making of music, whereby [[Music genre|musical genres]] can be classified as urban (music of the city inhabitants), rural (music of the country inhabitants), or [[Bedouin]] (music of the desert inhabitants).
# A musical mentality that is responsible for the aesthetic homogeneity of the tonal-spatial and rhythmic-temporal structures in Arabian music, whether [[musical composition|composed]] or [[improvise]]d, [[instrumental]] or [[vocal]], [[secular]] or [[sacred]]. The Arab's musical mentality is defined by:
## The maqām phenomenon.
## The predominance of vocal music.
## The predilection for small instrumental ensembles.
## The mosaiclike stringing together of musical form elements, that is, the arrangement in a sequence of small and smallest melodic elements, and their repetition, combination, and permutation within the framework of the tonal-spatial model.
## The absence of polyphony, polyrhythm, and motivic development. Arabian music is, however, very familiar with the ostinato, as well as with a more instinctive heterophonic way of making music.
## The alternation between a free rhythmic-temporal and fixed tonal-spatial organization on the one hand and a fixed rhythmic-temporal and free tonal-spatial structure on the other. This alternation... results in exciting contrasts."

Much Arab music is characterized by an emphasis on [[melody]] and [[rhythm]] rather than [[harmony]]. Thus much Arabic music is [[homophony|homophonic]] in nature. Some genres of Arab music are [[polyphonic]]—as the instrument [[Kanun (instrument)|Kanoun]] is based upon the idea of playing two-note [[chord (music)|chords]]—but quintessentially, Arabic music is melodic.

It would be incorrect though to call it [[Musical mode|modal]], for the Arabic system is more complex than that of the [[Greece|Greek]] modes. The basis of the Arabic music is the [[Arabic maqam|maqam]] (pl. maqamat), which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same. The maqam has a "[[tonality|tonal]]" note on which the piece must end (unless modulation occurs).

[[File:Qānūn - MET 89.4.330.jpg|thumb|left|The [[qanun (instrument)|qanun]] is widely used in Arabic music]]

The maqam consists of at least two jins, or scale segments. "Jins" in Arabic comes from the ancient Greek word "genus," meaning type. In practice, a jins (pl. ajnas) is either a [[trichord]], a [[tetrachord]], or a [[pentachord]]. The trichord is three notes, the tetrachord four, and the pentachord five. The maqam usually covers only one [[octave]] (two jins), but sometimes it covers more than one octave. Like the [[Minor scale|melodic minor]] scale and Indian ragas, some maqamat have different ajnas, and thus notes, while descending or ascending. Because of the continuous innovation of jins and because most music scholars don't agree on the existing number anyway, it's hard to give an accurate number of the jins. Nonetheless, in practice most musicians would agree on the 8 most frequently used ajnas: Rast, Bayat, Sikah, Hijaz, Saba, Kurd, Nahawand, and Ajam — and a few of the most commonly used variants of those: Nakriz, Athar Kurd, Sikah Beladi, Saba Zamzama. Mukhalif is a rare jins used exclusively in Iraq, and it does not occur in combination with other ajnas.

The main difference between the western [[chromatic scale]] and the Arabic scales is the existence of many in-between notes, which are sometimes referred to as [[quarter tone]]s for the sake of practicality. However, while in some treatments of theory the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones should exist, according to Yūsuf Shawqī (1969) in practice there are many fewer tones.<ref>Touma 1996, p. 170</ref>

In fact, the situation is much more complicated than that. In 1932, at International Convention on Arabic music held in Cairo, Egypt (attended by such Western luminaries as [[Béla Bartók]] and [[Henry George Farmer]]), experiments were done which determined conclusively that the notes in actual use differ substantially from an even-tempered 24-tone scale, and furthermore that the intonation of many of those notes differ slightly from region to region (Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq). The commission's recommendation is as follows: "The tempered scale and the natural scale should be rejected. In Egypt, the Egyptian scale is to be kept with the values, which were measured with all possible precision. The Turkish, Syrian, and Iraqi scales should remain what they are...".<ref>translated in Maalouf 2002, p. 220</ref> Both in modern practice, and based on the evidence from recorded music over the course of the last century, there are several differently tuned "E"s in between the E-flat and E-natural of the Western Chromatic scale, depending on the maqam or jins in use, and depending on the region.

Musicians and teachers refer to these in-between notes as "quarter-tones" ("half-flat" or "half-sharp") for ease of nomenclature, but perform and teach the exact values of intonation in each jins or maqam by ear. It should also be added, in reference to Touma's comment above, that these "quarter-tones" are not used everywhere in the maqamat: in practice, Arabic music does not modulate to 12 different tonic areas like the [[Well-Tempered Klavier]], and so the most commonly used "quarter tones" are on E (between E-flat and E-natural), A, B, D, F (between F-natural and F-sharp) and C.

The prototypical Arab ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the [[Takht (music)|takht]], which includes, (or included at different time periods) instruments such as the [['oud]], [[qanun (instrument)|qanún]], [[Rebab|rabab]], nay, [[violin]] (which was introduced in the 1840s or 50s), [[riq]] and [[goblet drum|dumbek]]. In Iraq, the traditional ensemble, known as the chalghi, includes only two melodic instruments—the jowza (similar to the rabab but with four strings) and [[Santoor (Persian instrument)|santur]]—with [[riq]] and [[dumbek]].

==Dance==
{{Main|Arab dance|}}
{{See also|Belly dance|Middle Eastern dance}}
''Arab folk dances'' also referred to as ''Oriental dance'', ''[[Middle-Eastern dance]] and'' ''Eastern dance'', refers to the traditional folk dances of the [[Arabs]] in [[Arab world]] ([[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media|last=Hammond|first=Andrew|date=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-9774160547|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=148667773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&q=arab+dance&pg=PA11|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|date=2016-08-08|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442257498|language=en}}</ref> The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with the [[belly dance]]. However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Traditional Arabic Dance|url=https://ourpastimes.com/the-traditional-arabic-dance-12347223.html|website=Our Pastimes|language=en}}</ref> and many of them have a long history.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-LzWEYkzt8C|title=Dancing Arabs|last=Kashua|first=Sayed|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|isbn=9781555846619|language=en}}</ref> These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178843|title=The Art of Music: The dance|last=Mason|first=Daniel Gregory|date=1916|publisher=National Society of Music|language=en}}</ref> Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and performative music and dance as long-standing traditions in [[Arab history]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-1fOcxHJ8oC&pg=PA179|title=The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema|last=Khouri|first=Malek|date=2010|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774163548|language=en}}</ref> Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the [[belly dance]] and the [[Dabke]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world|last=Buonaventura|first=Wendy|date=2010|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1566567916|edition=Updated and rev.|location=Northampton, Mass.|oclc=320803968}}</ref>

''Belly dance,'' also referred to as ''Eastern dance'' ({{langx|ar|رقص شرقي|Raqs sharqi|}}), is an Arab expressive dance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442257498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Justine J. |last=Reel|title=Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention|date=2013|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1440800580|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/eatingdisorderse0000unse}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buonaventura|first1=Wendy|title=Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world|date=2010|publisher=Saqi|location=London|isbn=978-0863566288|edition=[Newly updated ed.]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media|date=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt|isbn=978-9774160547|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> which emphasizes complex movements of the torso.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deagon|first=Andrea|title=Andrea Deagon's Raqs Sharqi|url=http://people.uncw.edu/deagona/raqs/origins.htm}}</ref> Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a [[circle|circular]] way.

== Media ==
[[File:Arabiya Reporter.jpg|thumb|right|An anchor on [[Al-Arabiya]] Television, in Jerusalem]]

Prior to the Islamic Era, [[poetry]] was regarded as the main means of communication on the [[Arabian Peninsula]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} It related the achievements of tribes and defeats of enemies and also served as a tool for [[propaganda]]. After the arrival of Islam, [[Imams]] (preachers) played a role in disseminating information and relating news from the authorities to the people. The suq or marketplace gossip and interpersonal relationships played an important role in the spreading of news, and this form of communication among [[Arabs]] continues today. Before the introduction of the [[printing press]] Muslims obtained most of their news from the imams at the [[mosque]], friends or in the marketplace. [[Colonial powers]] and [[Christian Missionaries]] in [[Lebanon]] were responsible for the introduction of the printing press. It was not until the 19th century that the first newspapers began to appear, mainly in Egypt and Lebanon, which had the most newspapers per capita.

During [[France|French]] rule in [[Egypt]] in the time of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] the first newspaper was published, in French. There is debate over when the first Arabic language newspaper was published; according to Arab scholar Abu Bakr, it was ''Al Tanbeeh'' (1800), published in Egypt, or it was ''Junral Al Iraq'' (1816), published in [[Iraq]], according to other researchers. In the mid-19th century the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish Empire]] dominated the first newspapers.

The first newspapers were limited to official content and included accounts of relations with other countries and civil trials. In the following decades Arab media blossomed due to [[journalist]]s mainly from Syria and Lebanon, who were intellectuals and published their newspapers without the intention of making a profit. Because of the restrictions by most governments, these intellectuals were forced to flee their respective countries but had gained a following and because of their popularity in this field of work other intellectuals began to take interest in the field.
The first émigré Arab newspaper, ''Mar’at al Ahwal'', was published in Turkey in 1855 by Rizqallah Hassoun Al Halabi. It was criticized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and shut down after only one year. Intellectuals in the [[Arab world]] soon realized the power of the press. Some countries' newspapers were government-run and had political agendas in mind. Independent newspapers began to spring up which expressed opinions and were a place for the public to out their views on the state. Illiteracy rates in the Arab world played a role in the formation of media, and due to the low reader rates newspapers were forced to get political parties to subsidize their publications, giving them input to editorial policy.

Freedoms that have branched through the introduction of the Internet in [[Middle East]] are creating a stir politically, culturally, and socially. There is an increasing divide between the generations. The Arab world is in conflict internally. The internet has brought economic prosperity and development, but [[blog]]gers have been incarcerated all around in the Middle East for their opinions and views on their regimes, the same consequence which was once given to those who publicly expressed themselves without anonymity. But the power of the internet has provided also a public shield for these bloggers since they have the ability to engage public sympathy on such a large scale. This is creating a dilemma that shakes the foundation of Arab culture, government, religious interpretation, economic prosperity, and personal integrity.

Each country or region in the Arab world has varying colloquial dialects which are used for everyday speech, yet its presence in the media world is discouraged. Prior to the establishment of [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (MSA), during the 19th century, the language of the media was stylized and resembled literary language of the time, proving to be ineffective in relaying information. Currently MSA is used by Arab media, including newspapers, books and some television stations, in addition to all formal writing. Vernaculars are however present in certain forms of media including satires, dramas, music videos and other local programs.

=== Media values ===
[[File:Amr_Elleithy.png|alt=This is a photo of Amr el-Leithy|thumb|210x210px|[[Amr el-Leithy]], television and radio presenter]]
Journalism ethics is a system of values that determines what constitutes "good" and "bad" journalism.<ref name="Power and Weakness">{{cite book|title=Arab Media: Power and Weakness|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|pages=147–64|editor=Kai Hafez}}</ref> A system of media values consists of and is constructed by journalists' and other actors' decisions about issues like what is "newsworthy," how to frame the news, and whether to observe topical "red lines."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bruce Itule|title=News Writing and Reporting for Today's Media|year=2007|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|author2=Douglas Anderson}}</ref> Such a system of values varies over space and time, and is embedded within the existing social, political, and economic structures in a society. William Rugh states, "There is an intimate, organic relationship between media institutions and society in the way that those institutions are organized and controlled. Neither the institution nor the society in which it functions can be understood properly without reference to the other. This is certainly true in the Arab world."<ref>{{cite book|author=William Rugh|title=Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/arabmassmedianew00rugh|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|isbn=9780275982126}}</ref> Media values in the Arab world therefore vary between and within countries. In the words of Lawrence Pintak and Jeremy Ginges (2008), “The Arab media are not a monolith.”<ref name="Mission">{{cite journal|last=Pintak|first=Lawrence|author2=Jeremy Ginges|title=The Mission of Arab Journalism: Creating Change in a Time of Turmoil|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics
|year=2008|volume=13|issue=3|page=219|doi=10.1177/1940161208317142|s2cid=145067689|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Journalists in the Arab world hold many of the same values with their news generation as do journalists in the [[Western world]]. Journalists in the Arab world often aspire to Western norms of objectivity, impartiality, and balance. Kuldip Roy Rampal's study of journalist training programs in North Africa leads him to the conclusion that, "the most compelling dilemma faced by professional journalists, increasingly graduates of journalism degree programs, in the four Maghreb states is how to reconcile their preference for press freedom and objectivity with constraints imposed by political and legal factors that point to a pro-government journalism."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rampal|first=Kuldip Roy|title=Professionals in Search of Professionalism: Journalists' Dilemma in Four Maghreb States|journal=International Communication Gazette|date=1996|volume=58|issue=1|pages=25–43|doi=10.1177/001654929605800102|s2cid=220900576}}</ref> Iyotika Ramaprasad and Naila Nabil Hamdy state, “A new trend toward objectivity and impartiality as a value in Arab journalism seems to be emerging, and the values of Arab and Western journalism in this field have started to converge.”<ref name="Function">{{cite journal|last=Ramaprasad|first=Jyotika|author2=Naila Nabil Hamdy|title=Functions of Egyptian Journalists: Perceived Importance and Actual Importance|journal=International Communication Gazette|date=2006|volume=68|issue=2|pages=167–85|doi=10.1177/1748048506062233|s2cid=144729341}}</ref> Further, many journalists in the Arab world express their desires for the media to become a fourth estate akin to the media in the West. In a survey of 601 journalists in the Arab world, 40% of them viewed investigation of the government as part of their job.<ref name=Mission />

Important differences between journalists in the Arab world and their Western counterparts are also apparent. Some journalists in the Arab world see no conflict between objectivity and support for political causes.<ref name="Inside Arab Newsroom">{{cite journal|last=Pintak
|first=Lawrence|author2=Jeremy Ginges|title=Inside the Arab Newsroom|journal=Journalism Studies|date=2009|volume=10|issue=2
|page=173|doi=10.1080/14616700802337800|s2cid=96478415}}</ref> Ramprasad and Hamdy's sample of 112 Egyptian journalists gave the highest importance to supporting [[Pan-Arabism|Arabism]] and Arab values, which included injunctions such as “defend Islamic societies, traditions and values” and “support the cause of the Palestinians.” Sustaining democracy through “examining government policies and decisions critically,” ranked a close second.<ref name=Function />

Other journalists reject the notion of media ethics altogether because they see it as a mechanism of control. Kai Hafez states, “Many governments in the Arab world have tried to hijack the issue of media ethics and have used it as yet another controlling device, with the result that many Arab journalists, while they love to speak about the challenges of their profession, hate performing under the label of media ethics.”<ref name="Power and Weakness" />

Historically, news in the Arab world was used to inform, guide, and publicize the actions of political practitioners rather than being just a consumer product. The power of news as political tool was discovered in the early 19th century, with the purchase of shares from Le Temps a French newspaper by Ismail the grandson of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]. Doing so allowed Ismail to publicize his policies.<ref name=Ayalon>{{cite book|last=Ayalon|first=Ami|title=The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History|date=1995|publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York}}</ref> Arab Media coming to modernity flourished and with it its responsibilities to the political figures that have governed its role. [[Ami Ayalon]] argues in his history of the press in the Arab Middle East that, “Private journalism began as an enterprise with very modest objectives, seeking not to defy authority but rather to serve it, to collaborate and coexist cordially with it. The demand for freedom of expression, as well as for individual political freedom, a true challenge to the existing order, came only later, and hesitantly at that, and was met by a public response that can best be described as faint."<ref name=Ayalon />

<blockquote>
Media researchers stress that the moral and social responsibility of newspeople dictates that they should not agitate public opinion, but rather should keep the status quo. It is also important to preserve national unity by not stirring up ethnic or religious conflict.<ref name="Mellor, Noha 2005">Mellor, Noha. The Making of Arab News. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Print.</ref>
</blockquote>

The values of media in the Arab world have started to change with the emergence of “new media." Examples of new media include news websites, blogs, and satellite television stations like [[Al Arabiya]]. The founding of the Qatari [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] network in 1996 especially affected media values. Some scholars believe that the network has blurred the line between private- and state- run news. Mohamed Zayani and Sofiane Sabraoui state, “Al Jazeera is owned by the government, but has an independent editorial policy; it is publicly funded, but independent minded.”<ref name="Culture of Al Jazeera">{{cite book|last=Zayani|first=Mohamed|title=The Culture of Al Jazeera: Inside an Arab Media Giant|date=2007|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, NC|author2=Sofiane Sahroui}}</ref> The Al Jazeera media network espouses a clear mission and strategy, and was one of the first news organizations in the Arab world to release a code of ethics.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/aboutus/2006/11/2008525185733692771.html Code of Ethics] Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera Media Network, 7 November 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</ref> Despite its government ties, it seeks to “give no priority to commercial or political over professional consideration” and to “cooperate with Arab and international journalistic unions and associations to defend freedom of the press.” With a motto of “the view and the other view,” it purports to “present the diverse points of view and opinions without bias and partiality.” It has sought to fuse these ostensibly Western media norms with a wider “Arab orientation,” evocative of the social responsibility discussed by scholars such as Noha Mellor above.

Some more recent assessments of Al Jazeera have [[Al Jazeera controversies and criticism|criticized]] it for a lack of credibility in the wake of the Arab Spring. Criticism has come from within the Arab Middle East, including from state governments.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dunham
|first=Jillian|title=Syrian TV Station Accuses Al Jazeera of Fabricating Uprising|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/syrian-tv-station-accuses-al-jazeera-of-fabricating-uprising/|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 March 2014|date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Independent commentators have criticized its neutrality vis-a-vis the [[Syrian Civil War]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Media values are not the only variable that affects news output in Arab society. Hafez states, “The interaction of political, economic, and social environments with individual and collective professional ethics is the driving force behind journalism.”<ref name="Power and Weakness" /> In most Arab countries, newspapers cannot be published without a government-issued license. Most Arab countries also have press laws, which impose boundaries on what can and cannot be said in print.

Censorship plays a significant role in journalism in the Arab world. Censorship comes in a variety of forms: [[Self-censorship]], Government [[Censorship]] (governments struggle to control through technological advances in ex. the internet), [[Ideology]]/Religious Censorship, and Tribal/Family/Alliances Censorship. Because [[Journalism]] in the Arab world comes with a range of dangers – journalists throughout the Arab world can be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed in their line of work – self-censorship is extremely important for many Arab journalists. A study conducted by the Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) in Jordan, for example, found that the majority of Jordanian journalists exercise self-censorship.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hazaimeh |first=Hani |title=Majority of Jordanian Journalists Exercise Self-censorship – Survey |url=http://jordantimes.com/majority-of-jordanian-journalists-exercise-self-censorship----survey |publisher=The Jordan Times |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708083856/http://jordantimes.com/majority-of-jordanian-journalists-exercise-self-censorship----survey |archive-date=8 July 2014 }}</ref> [[Committee to Protect Journalists|CPJ]] found that 34 journalists were killed in the region in 2012, 72 were imprisoned on December 1, 2012, and 126 were in exile from 2007 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on the Press: Journalism on the Front Lines in 2012|date=14 February 2013|url=http://cpj.org/2013/02/attacks-on-the-press-in-2012-mideast.php|publisher=Committee for the Protection of Journalists|access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>

A related point is that media owners and patrons have effects on the values of their outlets. Newspapers in the Arab world can be divided into three categories: government owned, [[partisan (military)|partisan]] owned, and independently owned. Newspaper, radio, and television patronization in the Arab world has heretofore been primarily a function of governments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rugh|first=William|title=Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/arabmassmedianew00rugh|url-access=registration
|year=2004|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|page=[https://archive.org/details/arabmassmedianew00rugh/page/9 9]|isbn=9780275982126}}</ref> "Now, newspaper ownership has been consolidated in the hands of powerful chains and groups. Yet, [[profit (economics)|profit]] is not the driving force behind the launching of newspapers; [[publishers]] may establish a newspaper to ensure a platform for their political opinions, although it is claimed that this doesn't necessarily influence the news content".<ref>Pintak, Lawrence. "Arab Media: Not Quite Utopia"</ref> In the Arab world, as far as content is concerned, news is politics. Arab states are intimately involved in the economic well-being of many Arab news organizations so they apply pressure in several ways, most notably through ownership or advertising.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Justin D.|url=http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/102479/Investigative-Journalism-in-the-Arab-World.aspx |title=)nvestigative Journalism in the Arab World|publisher=Nieman Reports|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

Some analysts hold that cultural and societal pressures determine journalists' news output in the Arab world. For example, to the extent that family reputation and personal reputation are fundamental principles in Arabian civilization, exposes of corruption, examples of weak moral fiber in governors and policy makers, and [[investigative journalism]] may have massive consequences. In fact, some journalists and media trainers in the Arab world nevertheless actively promote the centrality of investigative journalism to the media's larger [[Watchdog journalism|watchdog]] function. In Jordan, for example, where the degree of government and security service interference in the media is high, non-governmental organizations such as the Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) and Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ) train journalists to undertake investigative journalism projects.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pies|first=Judith|title=Arab Media: Power and Weakness|year=2008|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|pages=165–81|chapter=Agents of Change? Journalism Ethics in Lebanese and Jordanian Journalism Education|editor=Kai Hafez}}</ref>

[[File:Jordan Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists sign.JPG|thumb|The Jordanian Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) posted this sign in protest of the country's 2012 Press and Publications law. It reads, "The right to obtain information is a right for all people".]]

Some Saudi journalists stress the importance of enhancing Islam through the media. The developmental role of media was acknowledged by an overwhelming majority of Saudi journalists, while giving the readers what they want was not regarded as a priority.<ref>Tash, Abdulkader. A Profile of Professional Journalists Working in the Saudi Arabian Daily Press. Diss. Southern Illinois University, 1983. Print.</ref> However, journalism codes, as an important source for the study of media values, complicate this notion. Kai Hafez states, “The possible hypothesis that Islamic countries might not be interested in ‘truth’ and would rather propagate ‘Islam’ as the single truth cannot be verified completely because even a code that limits journalists’ freedom of expression to Islamic objectives and values, the Saudi Arabian code, demands that journalists present real facts.”<ref name="Power and Weakness" /> In addition, [[Media of Saudi Arabia|Saudi journalists]] operate in an environment in which anti-religious talk is likely to be met with censorship.

Patterns of consumption also affect media values. People in the Arab world rely on newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet to differing degrees and to meet a variety of ends. For Rugh, the proportion of radio and television receivers to Arab populations relative to UNESCO minimum standards suggests that radio and television are the most widely consumed media. He estimates that television reaches well over 100 million people in the region, and this number has likely grown since 2004. By contrast, he supposes that Arab newspapers are designed more for elite-consumption on the basis of their low circulation. He states, "Only five Arab countries have daily newspapers which distribute over 60,000 copies and some have dailies only in the under-10,000 range. Only Egypt has dailies which distribute more than a half million copies."<ref>{{cite book|last=Rugh|first=William|title=Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/arabmassmedianew00rugh|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabmassmedianew00rugh/page/4 4–5]|isbn=9780275982126}}</ref> Estimating newspaper readership is complicated, however, by the fact that single newspapers can change hands many times in a day. Finally, the internet continues to be a fairly common denominator in Arab societies. A report by the Dubai School of Government and Bayt.com estimates that there are more than 125 million Internet users in the region, and that more than 53 million of them actively use social media. They caution, however, that while "the internet has wide-ranging benefits, these benefits do not reach large segments of societies in the Arab region. The digital divide remains a significant barrier for many people. In many parts of the Arab world levels of educational attainment, economic activity, standards of living and internet costs still determine a person's access to life-changing technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Arab World Online: Trends in Internet Usage in the Arab Region|url=http://img.b8cdn.com/images/uploads/article_docs/dsg-gip_bayt_report_final_16822_EN.pdf|publisher=The Dubai School of Government with Bayt.com|access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Further, according to Leo Gher and Hussein Amin, the Internet and other modern telecommunication services may serve to counter the effects of private and public ownership and patronage of the press. They state, "Modern international telecommunications services now assist in the free flow of information, and neither inter-Arab conflicts nor differences among groups will affect the direct exchange of services provided by global cyberspace networks."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gher|first=Leo A.|author2=Hussein Y. Amin|title=New and Old Media Access and Ownership in the Arab World|journal=International Communication Gazette|date=1999|volume=61|series=1|pages=59–88|doi=10.1177/0016549299061001004|s2cid=144676746}}</ref>

=== Magazines ===
[[File:الهلال (مجلة(.png|thumb|186x186px|cover of [[Al-Hilal (magazine)|''Al-Hilal'' (magazine)]] among the oldest magazines dealing with arts in the [[Arab world]].<ref name="BA">{{cite web |title=Al Hilal Archive |url=http://www.bibalex.org/isis/frontend/projects/ProjectDetails.aspx?th=XXcd39qSOgW6ylM1XyXekw==&id=WtvSpsDmHCbIv1p3Z7BfJQ== |access-date=29 September 2013 |work=International School of Information Science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Clare Davies |title=Archive Map: Egypt |url=http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091343/http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=5 October 2014 |publisher=Speak Memory}}</ref>]]
In most Arabian countries, [[magazines]] cannot be published without a government-issued license. Magazines in the Arabian world, like many of the magazines in the Western world, are geared towards women. However, the number of magazines in the Arab world is significantly smaller than that of the Western world. The Arab world is not as advertisement driven as the Western world. Advertisers fuel the funding for most Western magazines to exist. Thus, a lesser emphasis on [[advertisement]] in the Arabian world plays into the low number of magazines.

=== Radio ===
There are 40 private radio stations throughout [[the Middle East]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152107/http://newarabia.net/arabic_radio_stations.php list of private radio stations in the Arab world]</ref>

Arab radio broadcasting began in the 1920s, but only a few Arab countries had their own broadcasting stations before [[World War II]]. After 1945, most Arab states began to create their own radio broadcasting systems, although it was not until 1970, when [[Oman]] opened its radio transmissions, that every one of them had its own radio station.

Among Arab countries, [[Egypt]] has been a leader in radio broadcasting from the beginning. Broadcasting began in Egypt in the 1920s with private commercial radio. In 1947, however, the Egyptian government declared radio a government monopoly and began investing in its expansion.

By the 1970s, Egyptian radio had fourteen different broadcast services with a total air time of 1,200 hours per week. Egypt is ranked third in the world among radio broadcasters. The programs were all government controlled, and much of the motivation for the government's investment in radio was due to the aspirations of President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] to be the recognized leader of the Arab world.

Egypt's "Voice of the Arabs" station, which targeted other Arab countries with a constant stream of news and political features and commentaries, became the most widely heard station in the region. Only after the [[June 1967 war]], when it was revealed that this station had misinformed the public about what was happening, did it lose some credibility; nevertheless it retained a large listenership.

On the [[Arabian Peninsula]], radio was slower to develop. In [[Saudi Arabia]], radio broadcasts started in the [[Jidda]]-[[Mecca]] area in 1948, but they did not start in the central or eastern provinces until the 1960s. Neighboring [[Bahrain]] had radio by 1955, but [[Qatar]], [[Abu Dhabi]], and [[Oman]] did not start indigenous radio broadcasting until nearly a quarter century later.

===Television===
Almost all television channels in the Arab world were [[government]]-owned and strictly controlled prior to the 1990s. In the 1990s the spread of satellite television began changing television in Arab countries. Often noted as a pioneer, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] represents a shift towards a more professional approach to news and current affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-bab.com/media/television.htm |title=Arab media: television |publisher=Al-bab.com |access-date=2011-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505045604/http://www.al-bab.com/media/television.htm |archive-date=2011-05-05 }}</ref> Financed by the [[Qatar]] government and established in 1996, Al Jazeera was the first Arabic channel to deliver extensive live news coverage, going so far as to send reporters to "unthinkable" places like Israel. Breaking the mold in more ways than one, Al Jazeera's discussion programs raised subjects that had long been prohibited. However, in 2008, [[Egypt]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] called for a meeting to approve a charter to regulate [[satellite]] [[broadcasting]]. The [[Arab League]] Satellite Broadcasting Charter (2008) lays out principles for regulating satellite broadcasting in the Arab world.<ref>Arab Media & Society (March, 2008):[http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20080314081327_AMS_Charter_English.pdf Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter (Unofficial Translation)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021045806/http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20080314081327_AMS_Charter_English.pdf |date=2012-10-21}} Retrieved 6 February 2013</ref><ref>''Arab Media & Society'' (March, 2008): [http://www.arabmediasociety.com/UserFiles/AMS%20Charter%20Arabic.pdf Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter (in Arabic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021045853/http://www.arabmediasociety.com/UserFiles/AMS%20Charter%20Arabic.pdf |date=2012-10-21}} Retrieved 6 February 2013</ref>

Other satellite channels:
* [[Al Arabiya]]: established in 2003; based in Dubai; offshoot of MBC
* [[Alhurra]] ("The Free One"): established in 2004 by the United States; counter-perceives biases in Arab news media
* Al Manar: owned by Hezbollah; Lebanese-based; highly controversial

"Across the [[Middle East]], new [[television stations]], [[radio stations]] and [[websites]] are sprouting like incongruous electronic mushrooms in what was once a media desert. Meanwhile, [[newspapers]] are aggressively probing the red lines that have long contained them".<ref name="Pintak, Lawrence 2007">Pintak, Lawrence. "Reporting a Revolution: the Changing Arab Media Landscape." ''Arab Media & Society'' (February, 2007)</ref> [[Technology]] is playing a significant role in the changing Arab media. Pintak furthers, "Now, there are 263 free-to-air (FTA) satellite television stations in the region, according to Arab Advisors Group. That's double the figure as of just two years ago".<ref name="Pintak, Lawrence 2007" /> [[Freedom of speech]] and money have little to do with why [[satellite television]] is sprouting up everywhere. Instead, "A desire for political influence is probably the biggest factor driving channel growth. But ego is a close second".<ref name="Pintak, Lawrence 2007" /> The influence of the West is very apparent in Arab media, especially in television. [[Arab soap operas]] and the emerging popularity of [[reality TV]] are evidence of this notion.

"In the wake of controversy triggered by ''Super Star'' and ''Star Academy'', some observers have hailed reality television as a harbinger of democracy in the Arab world."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kraidy |first=Marwan |url=http://www.arabmediasociety.com/topics/index.php?t_article=85 |title=Arab Media & Society |publisher=Arabmediasociety.com |access-date=2011-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405121157/http://www.arabmediasociety.com/topics/index.php?t_article=85 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Star Academy]]'' in [[Lebanon]] is strikingly similar to ''[[American Idol]]'' mixed with ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]''. ''Star Academy'' began in 2003 in the Arab world. "Reality television entered Arab public discourse in the last five years at a time of significant turmoil in the region: escalating violence in [[Iraq]], contested elections in Egypt, the struggle for women's political rights in [[Kuwait]], [[political assassination]]s in [[Lebanon]], and the protracted [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. This geo-political crisis environment that currently frames Arab politics and Arab–Western relations is the backdrop to the controversy surrounding the social and political impact of Arab reality television, which assumes religious, cultural or moral manifestations."<ref>Kraidy, Marwan M. Reality Television and Politics in the Arab World: Preliminary Observations. Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 15 (Fall/ Winter, 2006)</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{main|Arab cinema}}
[[File:Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg|thumb|272x272px|[[Faten Hamama]] (1931–2015), Egyptian film star<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion |url=https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/dalia-assam/lifestyle-culture/egypt-issues-stamps-to-commemorate-arab-screen-legend |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=eng-archive.aawsat.com |language=UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saeed |first=Saeed |date=2015-01-18 |title=Arab film icon Faten Hamama dies aged 83 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/arab-film-icon-faten-hamama-dies-aged-83-1.114774 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>]]
Most Arab countries did not produce films before independence, except for [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houissa |first=Ali |title=LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film |url=https://guides.library.cornell.edu/MidEastCinema/Egypt |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=guides.library.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref> In [[Sudan]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]], production is even now confined to short films or television. [[Bahrain]] witnessed the production of its first and only full-length feature film in 1989. In [[Jordan]], national production has barely exceeded half a dozen feature films. [[Iraq]] has produced approximately 100 films and [[Syria]] some 150. [[Lebanon]], owing to an increased production during the 1950s and 1960s, has made some 180 feature films. Only [[Cinema of Egypt|Egypt]] has far exceeded these countries, with a production of more than 2,500 feature films (all meant for cinema, not television).<ref name="ReferenceB">Shafik, Viola. Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity.</ref> As with most aspects of Arab media, censorship plays a large art of creating and distributing films. "In most Arab countries, film projects must first pass a state committee, which grants or denies permission to shoot. Once this permission is obtained, another official license, a so-called visa, is necessary in order to exploit the film commercially. This is normally approved by a committee of the Ministry of Information or a special censorship authority".<ref name="ReferenceB" /> The most significant taboo topics under state supervision are consistent with those of other forms of media: [[religion]], [[sex]], and [[politics]].

===Internet===
The [[Internet]] in the Arab world is powerful source of expression and information as it is in other places in the world. While some believe that it is the harbinger of freedom in media to the [[Middle East]], others think that it is a new medium for [[censorship]]. Both are true. The Internet has created a new arena for discussion and the dissemination of information for the Arab world just as it has in the rest of the world. The youth in particular are accessing and utilizing the tools. People are encouraged and enabled to join in political discussion and critique in a manner that was not previously possible. Those same people are also discouraged and blocked from those debates as the differing regimes try to restrict access based on religious and state objections to certain material.

This was posted on a website operated by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]:<blockquote>
The internet in the Arab world has a snowball effect; now that the snowball is rolling, it can no longer be stopped. Getting bigger and stronger, it is bound to crush down all obstacles. In addition, to the stress caused by the Arab bloggers, a new forum was opened for Arab activists; Facebook. Arab activists have been using Facebook in the utmost creative way to support the democracy movement in the region, a region that has one of the highest rates of repression in the world. Unlike other regions where oppressive countries (like China, Iran and Burma) represent the exception, oppression can be found everywhere in the Arab world. The number of Arab internet users interested in political affairs does not exceed a few thousands, mainly represented by internet activists and bloggers, out of 58 million internet users in the Arab world. As few as they are, they have succeeded in shedding some light on the corruption and repression of the Arab governments and dictatorships.<ref>[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/print.php?id=22470 How the Internet has snowballed in the Arab world] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929043556/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/print.php?id=22470 |date=29 September 2011 }}.</ref>
</blockquote>

Public Internet use began in the US in the 1980s. Internet access began in the early 1990s in the Arab world, with [[Tunisia]] being first in 1991 according to Dr. Deborah L. Wheeler. The years of the Internet's introduction in the various Arab countries are reported differently. Wheeler reports that [[Kuwait]] joined in 1992, and in 1993, [[Iraq]] and the [[UAE]] came online. In 1994 [[Jordan]] joined the Internet, and [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Syria]] followed in the late 1990s. Financial considerations and the lack of widespread availability of services are factors in the slower growth in the Arab world, but taking into consideration the popularity of [[internet cafe]]s, the numbers [[online]] are much larger than the subscription numbers would reveal.<ref>Hofheinz, Albrecht. "The Internet in the Arab World: Playground for Political Liberalization." (n.d.): 96</ref>

The people most commonly utilizing the Internet in the Arab world are youths. The [[café]] users in particular tend to be under 30, single and have a variety of levels of [[education]] and language proficiency. Despite reports that use of the internet was curtailed by lack of [[English language|English]] skills, Dr. Wheeler found that people were able to search with [[Arabic]]. Searching for jobs, the unemployed frequently fill cafes in [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]]. They are [[men]] and [[women]] equally. Most of them chat and they have email. In a survey conducted by Dr. Deborah Wheeler, she found them to almost all to have been taught to use the Internet by a friend or family member. They all felt their lives to have been significantly changed by the use of the Internet. The use of the Internet in the Arab world is very political in the nature of the posts and of the sites read and visited. The Internet has brought a medium to Arabs that allows for a [[free will|freedom]] of expression not allowed or accepted before. For those who can get online, there are blogs to read and write and access to worldwide outlets of information once unobtainable. With this access, regimes have attempted to curtail what people are able to read, but the Internet is a medium not as easily manipulated as telling a [[newspaper]] what it can or cannot [[publish]]. The Internet can be reached via [[proxy server]], mirror, and other means. Those who are thwarted with one method will find 12 more methods around the blocked site. As [[journalists]] suffer and are imprisoned in traditional media, the Internet is no different with [[bloggers]] regularly being imprisoned for expressing their views for the world to read. The difference is that there is a worldwide audience witnessing this crackdown and watching as [[laws]] are created and recreated to attempt to control the vastness of the Internet.<ref>Rinnawi, Khalil. "The Internet and the Arab world as a virtual public shpere." (n.d.): 23.</ref>

[[Jihadists]] are using the Internet to reach a greater audience. Just as a simple citizen can now have a worldwide voice, so can a movement. Groups are using the Internet to share video, photos, programs and any kind of information imaginable. Standard media may not report what the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] would say on their site. However, for the interested, the Internet is a tool that is utilized with great skill by those who wish to be heard. A file uploaded to 100 sites and placed in multiple forums will reach millions instantly. Information on the Internet can be thwarted, slowed, even redirected, but it cannot be stopped if someone wants it out there on the Internet.

The efforts by the various regimes to control the information are all falling apart gradually. Those fighting crime online have devised methods of tracking and catching criminals. Unfortunately those same tools are being used to arrest bloggers and those who would just wish to be heard. The Internet is a vast and seemingly endless source of information. Arabs are using it more than perhaps the world is aware and it is changing the media.

==Society==
[[File:Cairo Cafe.JPG|thumb|right|A café in [[Cairo]]]]
Social loyalty is of great importance in Arab culture. Family is one of the most important aspects of the Arab society. While self-reliance, individuality, and responsibility are taught by Arabic parents to their children, family loyalty is the greatest lesson taught in Arab families. "Unlike the extreme [[individualism]] we see in North America (every person for him or herself, [[individual rights]], families living on their own away from relatives, and so on), Arab society emphasizes the [[Collectivism|importance of the group.]] Arab culture teaches that the needs of the group are more important than the needs of one person."<ref>J. Esherick, Women in the Arab World (Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2006), 68</ref> In the Bedouin tribes of Saudi Arabia, "intense feelings of loyalty and dependence are fostered and preserved"<ref>M. J. Gannon, Understanding Global Culture: Metaphorical Journeys Through 28 Nations, 3rd Edition, (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), 70</ref> by the family.<ref>L. A. Samovar, et al., Communication Between Cultures, 7th Ed., (Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010), 70</ref> Margaret Nydell, in her book ''Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times'', writes "family loyalty and obligations take precedence over loyalty to friends or demands of a job."<ref name="M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs 2006">M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times, 4th Ed., (Boston: Intercultural Press, 2006), 71</ref> She goes on to state that "members of a family are expected to support each other in disputes with outsiders. Regardless of personal antipathy among relatives, they must defend each other's honor, counter criticism, and display group cohesion..."<ref name="M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs 2006"/> Of all members of the family, however, the most revered member is the mother.

Family honor is one of the most important characteristics in the Arab family. According to Margaret Nydell, social exchanges between men and women happen very seldom outside of the work place.<ref name="M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs 2006"/> Men and women refrain from being alone together. They have to be very careful in social situations because those interactions can be interpreted negatively and cause gossip, which can tarnish the reputation of women. Women are able to socialize freely with other women and male family members, but have to have family members present to socialize with men that are not part of the family.<ref name="M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs 2006"/> These conservative practices are put into place to protect the reputation of women. Bad behavior not only affects women but her family's honor. Practices differ between countries and families. Saudi Arabia has stricter practices when it comes to men and women and will even require marriage documents if a woman and man are seen together alone.<ref name="M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs 2006"/>

In regard to Arab values, are one of the characteristics of Arabs is generosity and they usually show it by being courteous with each other. Some of the most important values for Arabs are honor and loyalty. Margaret Nydell, in her book ''Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times''<ref name="M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs 2006"/> says that Arabs can be defined as, humanitarian, loyal and polite. Tarek Mahfouz explains in the book ''Arab Culture''<ref name="ReferenceA">Mahfouz, Tarek. Arab Culture, Vol. 1: An In-depth Look at Arab Culture Through Cartoons and Popular Art (English and Arabic Edition). Ed. Thane Floreth. 2011 ed. Vol. 1. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.</ref> that it is common for Arabs in dinner situations to insist on guests to eat the last piece of the meal or to fight over who will pay the bill at a restaurant for generosity.

==Sports==

===Pan Arab Games===
{{Main|Pan Arab Games}}
[[File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg|alt=Crowd in Cairo Stadium|thumb|Crowd in [[Cairo International Stadium|Cairo Stadium]]]]
The Pan Arab Games are a regional multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab world. The first Games were held in 1953 in Alexandria, Egypt. Intended to be held every four years since, political turmoil as well as financial difficulties has made the event an unstable one. Women were first allowed to compete in 1985. By the [[2007 Pan Arab Games|11th Pan Arab Games]], the number of countries participating reached all 22 members of the [[Arab League]], with roughly over 8,000 Arab athletes participating, it was considered the largest in the Games' history, with the [[2011 Pan Arab Games|Doha Games]] in 2011 expected to exceed that number.

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Arab cuisine}}
[[File:Petra metzes.jpg|thumb|200px|A selection of Jordanian [[Meze|mezze]], appetizers or small dishes, in [[Petra]], [[Jordan]].]]
Originally, the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on a diet of [[date palm|dates]], wheat, barley, rice and meat, with little variety, with a heavy emphasis on yoghurt products, such as [[leben (food)|leben]] (لبن) (yoghurt without butterfat). Arabian cuisine today is the result of a combination of richly diverse cuisines, spanning the Arab world and incorporating [[Levantine cuisine|Levantine]], Egyptian, and others. It has also been influenced to a degree by the cuisines of India, Turkey, Berber, and others. In an average Arab household in [[Eastern Arabia]], a visitor might expect a dinner consisting of a very large platter, shared commonly, with a vast mountain of rice, incorporating lamb or chicken, or both, as separate dishes, with various stewed vegetables, heavily spiced, sometimes with a tomato sauce. Most likely, there would be several other items on the side, less hearty. [[Tea]] would certainly accompany the meal, as it is almost constantly consumed. [[Coffee]] would be included as well.

===Tea culture===
{{further|Arabic tea}}
Tea is a very important drink in the Arab world, it is usually served with breakfast, after lunch, and with dinner. For Arabs tea is a hospitality drink that is served to guests. It is also common for Arabs to drink tea with dates.

== Dress ==
===Men===
Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing robes to blue jeans, T-shirts and business suits. The robes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun. At times, Arabs mix the traditional garb with western clothes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/army/arabculture.pdf|title=Arab cultural awareness: 58 factsheets|publisher=US Army. Intelligence Unit|date=January 2006|location=Leawenport, KY}}</ref>

Thawb:
In the [[Arabian Peninsula]] men usually wear their national dress that is called "[[thawb]]" or "thobe" but can be also called "Dishdasha" in Kuwait or "Kandoura" (UAE). Thawbs differ slightly from state to state within the Gulf, but the basic ones are white. This is the traditional attire that Arabs wear in formal occasions.

Headdress:
The male headdress is known as a [[keffiyeh]]. In the [[Arabian Peninsula]] it is known as a ''guthra''. It is usually worn with a black cord called an "[[Agal (accessory)|agal]]", which keeps it on the wearer's head.

* The Qatari ''guthra ''is heavily starched and it is known for its "cobra" shape.
* The Saudi ''guthra ''is a square shaped cotton fabric. The traditional is white but the white and red (shemagh) is also very common in Saudi Arabia.
* The Emirati ''guthra ''is usually white and can be used as a wrapped turban or traditionally with the black agal.

Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from. However, this is not always the case. While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.
* Checkered headdresses relate to type and government and participation in the [[Hajj]], or a pilgrimage to Mecca.
* Red and white checkered headdress – Generally of Jordanian origin. Wearer has made Hajj and comes from a country with a Monarch.
* Black and white checkered headdress – The pattern is historically of Palestinian origin.
* Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.

===Women===
Adherence to traditional dress varies across Arab societies. [[Saudi Arabia]] is more traditional, while [[Egypt]] is less so. Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover ([[abaya]], [[jilbāb]], or [[chador]]) and veil ([[hijab]]). Women are only required to wear ''[[abaya]]s'' in Saudi Arabia, although that restriction has been eased since 2015. The veil is not as prevalent in most countries outside the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula.]]

=== History ===
[[File:Arabische vrouw Arrabi uxor (titel op object) Omnium fere gentium nostrae aetatis habitus, nunquam ante hac aediti (serietitel), RP-P-2015-54-42.jpg|thumb|Illustration of an Arab woman ([[Venice]], 16th century)]]
The historical evolution, changes, and Arabic names of modes of dress over 1400 years in the Middle East, North Africa, and medieval [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] is described in the book ''Arab'' ''Dress: A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Stillman |first=Yedida Kalfon |title=Arab Dress: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times, Revised Second Edition |date= |publisher=Brill |edition=2nd |place=Leiden, Boston |year=2003 |isbn=9004113738 |url=https://ia601303.us.archive.org/29/items/ArabDress.FromTheDawnO |archive-url=https://ia601303.us.archive.org/29/items/ArabDress.FromTheDawnOfIslamToModernTimesByYedidaKalfonStillman/Arab%20Dress.%20From%20the%20Dawn%20of%20Islam%20to%20Modern%20Times%20by%20Yedida%20Kalfon%20Stillman.pdf? |archive-date=2025-10-12 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Society}}
* [[Arab world]]
* [[Arab Capital of Culture]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Arab culture}}
*{{cite book|last=Mahfouz |first= Tarek |title=Arab Culture, Vol. 1: An In-depth Look at Arab Culture Through Cartoons and Popular Art |editor-first= Thane |editor-last=Floreth |date=2011|edition= English and Arabic }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arab Culture}}
[[Category:Arab culture| ]]
[[Category:Arabic-language culture]]
[[Category:Folklore by country]]
[[Category:Folklore by region]]

Battle of Rohilla

2026-02-13T13:28:34Z

ToniaMirams219: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Military Campaign}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Rohilla
| partof = [[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1621
| place = Northeast of [[Amritsar]] at Rohilla (later named [[Sri Hargobindpur|Hargobindpur]])
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Sikh victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Akal Sena]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] Jattu{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Abdul Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Karam Chand{{KIA}}<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708/page/n175/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs:The Sikhs Gurus (1469-1708) |publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal 1994 |page=164}}</ref> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Ratan Chand{{KIA}}<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708/page/n175/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs:The Sikhs Gurus (1469-1708) |publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal 1994 |page=164}}</ref>
| units1 = Unknown
| units2 = 4,000<ref name=":0" />
| units3 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}

{{Campaignbox Early Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''Battle of Rohilla''', also known as the '''Battle of Hargobindpur''', was a 1621 campaign by the [[Mughal Empire]] against the growing influence of the [[Sikhs]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony.|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbMFCZyAcnQC|accessdate=31 July 2010|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|page=860}}</ref>

After the execution of [[Guru Arjan Dev]], [[Guru Hargobind]] fully militarized the [[Sikhs]] into a proper militia mostly based on an irregular cavalry style of warfare.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708/page/n175/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs:The Sikhs Gurus (1469-1708) |publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal 1994 |page=164}}</ref> In 1621, Hargobind envisaged a plan to develop a town, [[Sri Hargobindpur]], that was founded by his father. A dispute over the possession of land and plans to erect a building ensued between the Guru and a [[Khatri]] Chaudhary named Bhagwan Das. Accordingly, Bhagwan Das attacked the Guru's camp and was subsequently killed in the fight. Das' son, Rattan Chand, and Karam Chand, the son of [[Chandu Shah]] (an antipathetic figure in Sikh tradition), forged an alliance and incited the [[Faujdar]] of [[Jalandhar]], Abdul Khan, to send an expedition against Guru Hargobind. The Sikhs fought and defeated the contingent of 4,000 Mughal troops sent by Abdul Khan, near the [[Beas River]]. The Sikh General Jattu as well as Abdul Khan and his sons were killed in the fighting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Fauja |url=https://archive.org/details/guru-tegh-bahadur-martyr-and-teacher |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and teacher |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi university, PATIALA |year=1975 |page=10}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Rohilla]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Rohilla]]
[[Category:1621 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1621|Rohilla]]
[[Category:1620s in the Mughal Empire]]

{{India-battle-stub}}
{{Mughal-stub}}
{{sikhism-stub}}

The Government Savings Bank (1833)

2026-02-01T00:56:44Z

ToniaMirams219: starting new data

{{Short description|Bank established in India in 1833}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Government Savings Bank (1833)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Public sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| foundation = {{Start date |1833|04|01|df=yes}} as The Government Savings Bank (1833)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1843|03|31}}
| fate = Liquidated
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = [[Bengal Presidency]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Banking, Trade Finance

| homepage =
}}

'''The Government Savings Bank (1833)''' was an Indian bank founded in 1833 in [[Company rule in India|British India]] and operated until it was liquidated in 1843. The bank was the [[List of oldest banks in India|fifteenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |website=rbi.org.in}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding ===
The bank was founded in 1833 in [[Kolkata]]. Two more branches were opened at Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1833 and 1834 with maximum deposit limit of Rs 500 at 4 per cent interest.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/posb-now-country---s-oldest--largest-savings-bank.html|title=POSB now country's oldest, largest savings bank}}</ref><ref name="cultural.maharashtra.gov.in">{{cite web |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/banking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729034954/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/banking.html|title=Greater Bombay District - Banking Trade and Commerce |access-date=July 29, 2013 |archive-date=July 29, 2013|publisher=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer}}</ref>

The bank played a major role in the early economic history of [[East Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|title=Banking in Bangladesh | Independent|website=m.theindependentbd.com}}</ref>

=== Management ===

The bank had its branches in each of the three [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Presidencies of British India]]: Bombay, Madras and Bengal (Calcutta). These branches were later merged into a single entity.<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/><ref name="cultural.maharashtra.gov.in"/>

=== Final Years ===

The bank was finally closed and liquidated in 1843.<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/><ref name="cultural.maharashtra.gov.in"/>

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|fifteenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/>

The bank was the spiritual predecessor of the [[India Post Payments Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/posb-now-country---s-oldest--largest-savings-bank.html|title = POSB now country's oldest, largest savings bank}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]
*[[List of oldest banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/ Banking in India]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India|Government Savings Bank]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1833]]

Chitrakoot Airport

2026-01-31T17:07:53Z

ToniaMirams219: creating

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Chitrakoot Airport
| nativename = चित्रकूट एयरपोर्ट
| native name-a =
| native name =
| image =
| image-width = 250
| image2 =
| image2-width = 250
| caption =
| IATA = CWK
| ICAO = VECT
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label = '''CWK'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| type = Public
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP govt signs MoU with AAI to operate 5 airports |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/up-govt-signs-mou-with-aai-to-operate-5-airports20220701221519/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
| city-served = [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot]]
| location = Dewanga, [[Chitrakoot district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2024|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| elevation-f = 1050
| elevation-m =
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.167694|N|80.935800|E|type:airport}}
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 06/24
| r1-length-f = 4,593
| r1-length-m = 1,400
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number =
| r2-length-f = 8,202
| r2-length-m = 2,500
| r2-surface = Under construction
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes = Source: http://cadup.gov.in/
}}

'''Chitrakoot Airport''' {{airport codes|CWK|VECT}} is an operational [[domestic airport]] which serves the city of [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located at Dewangna in [[Chitrakoot district]], {{cvt|12|km}} from the city center. The existing airstrip with a runway is currently owned by the Civil Aviation Department of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://cadup.gov.in/devofairport.htm |title=Development of Airport in UP |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022072608/http://www.cadup.gov.in/devofairport.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In January 2019, the State Government decided to expand the airstrip and construct an airport terminal by acquiring additional land from the forest department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Adityanath govt plans airport terminal in Chitrakoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yogi-adityanath-govt-plans-airport-terminal-in-chitrakoot/articleshow/67733376.cms |access-date=6 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shasanadesh.up.nic.in/GO/ViewGOPDF_list_user.aspx?id1=MTE1IzYjMSMyMDE4 |title=Untitled Page |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003126/http://shasanadesh.up.nic.in/GO/ViewGOPDF_list_user.aspx?id1=MTE1IzYjMSMyMDE4 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The airport has a pre-fabricated passenger terminal covering 525 square meters and can accommodate 20 arriving and 20 departing passengers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chitrakoot Tabletop Airport: चित्रकूट में यूपी का पहला टेबलटॉप एयरपोर्ट तैयार, जानें क्या है खासियत |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/india/states/news-chitrakoot-tabletop-airport-ready-inaugurate-1475-meter-long-and-23-meter-wide-runway-ready-4043189 |work=Zee News |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2 February 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Action Plan |url=http://cadup.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/apChitrakoot.pdf |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=Civil Aviation Department}}</ref><ref name="auto" />
In October 2020, Gurugram-based Aviation Connectivity and Infrastructure Developers Pvt Ltd won the rights to operate flights from the airport to [[Kanpur]], [[Prayagraj]] and [[Varanasi]], under the government's [[UDAN]] Regional Connectivity Scheme.<ref>{{cite news |title=UDAN 4.0: Air Taxi, Flybig new entrants; SpiceJet wins routes in Lakshadweep |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/udan-40-air-taxi-flybig-new-entrants-spicejet-wins-routes-in-lakshadweep-7108071.htm |access-date=6 October 2020 |newspaper=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=5 October 2020}}</ref> Currently, the airport is not operational, and the terminal is being handled only for private operations. To make it a full-fledged commercial airport, it is undergoing expansion, which includes a new 2,500-metre runway, suitable for handling [[Airbus A320 Family|Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]] type aircraft, an apron, and a new passenger terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=New airport announced in UP, Lucknow, Prayagraj Airports to get new terminals |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/new-airport-announced-in-up-lucknow-prayagraj-airports-to-get-new-terminals/ar-AA171mBa |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Zee News |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Statistics==
{{Bar chart
| title = Monthly Passengers
| label_type = Month
| data_type = Passengers
| bar_width = 20
| width_units = em
| data_max = 300
| label1 = July 2024<ref>https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Jul2k24Annex3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| data1 = 115
| label2 = August 2024<ref>https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Aug2k24Annex3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| data2 = 173
| label3 = September 2024<ref>https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k24Annex3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| data3 = 215
| label4 = October 2024<ref>https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Oct2k24Annex3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| data4 = 219
| label5 = November 2024<ref>https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Nov2k24Annex3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| data5 = 76
| label6 = December 2024<ref>https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Dec2k24Annex3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| data6 = 12
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chitrakoot district]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Ambareesh

2026-01-23T18:07:31Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{short description|Indian Kannada actor, politician}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{for-multi|the legendary king|Ambarisha|the 2014 Indian film|Ambareesha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ambareesh
| image = Ambarish.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Malavalli Huchche Gowda Amarnath
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1952|5|29}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|11|24|1952|5|29}}
| birth_place = [[Doddarasinakere]], [[Malavalli]] taluk, [[Mandya district]], [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]), India
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office1 = [[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Minister of Housing]], [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term1 = 28 May 2013 – 17 September 2016
| predecessor1 = [[V. Somanna]]
| successor1 = [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1953)|M. Krishnappa]]
| office2 = [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]
| term2 = 24 October 2006 – 22 May 2009
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]] [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
| office3 = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term3 = 3 March 1998 — 17 May 2009
| predecessor3 = [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishna]]
| successor3 = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]
| constituency3 = [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1994–1996, 1999–2018)}}
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]] {{small|(1996–1999)}}
| profession = {{hlist|Actor|politician}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sumalatha]]|1991}}
| children = [[Abhishek Ambareesh|Abhishek]] (son)
}}

'''Malavalli Huchchegowda Amarnath''' (29 May 1952 – 24 November 2018),<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-actor-former-union-minister-ambareesh-dies-in-bengaluru-hospital/articleshow/66789564.cms | title=Kannada actor, former Union minister Ambareesh dies in Bengaluru hospital | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 November 2018 | access-date=25 November 2018 | archive-date=27 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127213938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-actor-former-union-minister-ambareesh-dies-in-bengaluru-hospital/articleshow/66789564.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> known by his [[Stage name|screen name]] '''Ambareesh''', was an Indian actor, [[celebrity|media personality]], politician from the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Alongside [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], he is counted in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]'s "triumvirate" as its most celebrated actor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=Ambareesh was Kannada industry's troubleshooter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ambareesh-was-kannada-industrys-troubleshooter/article25592304.ece |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress loses 2 stalwarts in Ambareesh and CK Jaffer Sharief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-loses-2-stalwarts-in-ambareesh-and-ck-jaffer-sharief/articleshow/66804623.cms |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129101616/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-loses-2-stalwarts-in-ambareesh-and-ck-jaffer-sharief/articleshow/66804623.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

With his debut in [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972), Ambareesh's acting career commenced with a brief phase of portraying antagonistic and supporting characters. After establishing himself as a lead actor portraying rebellious characters on screen in several commercially successful films, he earned the moniker '''Rebel Star''', similar to [[Krishnam Raju]] in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174720/when-rebel-star-rewinds-past.html|title=When 'Rebel Star' rewinds past days in Mysore|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=20 September 2014|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014074757/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174720/when-rebel-star-rewinds-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also earned the nickname ''Mandyada Gandu'' ({{translation}} Man of [[Mandya]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mandyada-gandu-gets-rousing-welcome/article5907186.ece|title='Mandyada Gandu' gets rousing welcome|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 April 2013|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=15 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615041630/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mandyada-gandu-gets-rousing-welcome/article5907186.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and continues to hold a [[matinee idol]] status in the popular culture of Karnataka.

After entering politics in 1994, Ambareesh became a three-time member of the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] representing [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]], first from [[Janata Dal]] and the latter two times from the [[Indian National Congress]], a member of which he remained till his death. During the third term, he briefly served as the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting]], between October 2006 and February 2007, as part of the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]]. Between 2013 and 2016, he was a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] and served as the Minister of Housing during the time as part of the [[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Siddaramaiah cabinet]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka cabinet reshuffle: Ambareesh resigns as MLA after being dropped as Housing Minister |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-karnataka-cabinet-reshuffle-ambareesh-resigns-as-mla-after-being-dropped-as-housing-minister-2225796 |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=20 June 2016 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022422/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-karnataka-cabinet-reshuffle-ambareesh-resigns-as-mla-after-being-dropped-as-housing-minister-2225796 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Besides winning many [[Karnataka State Film Awards|State Film Awards]] and [[Filmfare Awards South]] during his acting career, Ambareesh was honoured with the honorary doctorate by the [[Karnatak University]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ambareesh-gets-a-doctorate-degree/articleshow/18541770.cms|title=Ambareesh gets a doctorate degree|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 February 2013|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325161051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ambareesh-gets-a-doctorate-degree/articleshow/18541770.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also a recipient of [[NTR National Award]], [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] and [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]], all awarded recognizing lifetime achievements and contribution to cinema. Having suffered from a breathing problem in 2014, Ambareesh died four years later.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-actor-former-union-minister-ambareesh-dies-in-bengaluru-hospital/articleshow/66789564.cms|title=Kannada actor, former Union minister Ambareesh dies in Bengaluru hospital|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-24|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127213938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-actor-former-union-minister-ambareesh-dies-in-bengaluru-hospital/articleshow/66789564.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ambareesh was born on 29 May 1952 in [[Doddarasinakere]] village of [[Mandya district]] in the erstwhile [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]). He was named "Malavalli Huchchegowda Amarnath", and was the sixth of seven children to Hucchegowda and Padmamma. His granduncle was the violinist, [[Piteel Chowdiah]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramakrishna |first1=S. R. |title=Bad boy, hero, and Kannada filmdom's rough-hewn icon |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/bad-boy-hero-and-kannada-704834.html |website=Deccan Herald|access-date=25 November 2018 |language=en |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125020015/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/bad-boy-hero-and-kannada-704834.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ambareesh completed his schooling in [[Mandya]] before moving to [[Mysore]] for higher studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174720/when-rebel-star-rewinds-past.html|title=When 'Rebel Star' rewinds past days in Mysore|date=20 September 2014|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014074757/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174720/when-rebel-star-rewinds-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

=== As actor ===
Ambareesh appeared as a child artist in the 1955 movie ''[[Shivasharane Nambekka]]'' alongside [[Rajendra Singh Babu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |date=17 August 2021 |title=Rajendra Singh Babu: I gave Kannada many firsts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606092422/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> While the eminent [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film]] director [[Puttanna Kanagal]] was in search of a new face to play a brief antagonist role for his upcoming film, one of Ambareesh's close friends, Sangram Singh, suggested his name for the screen test much against his wishes. At his screen test, he was asked to walk in a certain fashion, utter a dialogue and toss a [[cigarette]] in his mouth. Impressed, Kanagal cast him in his 1972 film ''[[Naagarahaavu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title= Rebel with a cause |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rebel-with-a-cause/article6506820.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 16 October 2014 |access-date= 21 October 2014 |archive-date= 29 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129094943/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rebel-with-a-cause/article6506820.ece |url-status= live }}</ref> The film also saw the debut of [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], another actor who would go on to become one of Kannada cinema's most popular actors.

Ambareesh appeared in about 208 films, including other films of Kanagal such as ''[[Paduvaaralli Pandavaru]]'', ''[[Shubhamangala]]'', ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]'' and ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]'' (1981). {{As of|2010}}, Ambareesh had acted in most films as lead in Kannada films, surpassing [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s record of 206 films as a lead actor and [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s record of 230 films (including Kannada, Hindi, Tamil and Malayalam films) as a lead actor. The record has not been broken yet. He also was a supporting actor many times at the beginning of their careers.

Ambareesh played the angry young man of the 1980s, and several films were tailor-made accordingly. The earliest of them was the political satire ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]'' (1981), directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] and remade into Hindi and Tamil. This controversial film was the first in India to depict politicians and government officials as corrupt and villainous. ''[[Chakravyuha (1983 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' and ''[[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)|New Delhi]]'' were made on the same lines, the first remade into Hindi as ''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]'', starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and the second a remake of the [[Malayalam]] hit [[New Delhi (1987 film)|of the same name]]. His other notable films include ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]'', ''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]'', ''[[Rani Maharani]]'', ''[[Olavina Udugore]]'', ''[[Hrudaya Haadithu]]'', ''[[Hongkongnalli Agent Amar]]'', ''[[Mannina Doni]]'' and ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]''. His performance in ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]'', ''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]'' and [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]'s Malayalam film ''[[Gaanam]]'' (1982) received critical acclaim. Thampi cast Ambareesh after being impressed with his performance in ''Ranganayaki''. Despite turning out to be a commercial failure, the film went on to win the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=P. K. Ajith |title=Ambareesh lives on in memories of Malayalis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ambareesh-lives-on-in-memories-of-malayalis/article25592530.ece |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Ambareesh also showed great performance in Mamateya Madilu, Hrudaya Haadithu, Elu Sutinaa Kote and Mouna Raga. He also acted with legend [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. He is well known as Mandyada Gandu, Kaliyuga Karna (for his generosity), and Rebel Star. He was awarded the State award for best actor for Antha and best supporting role for Masanada Hoovu, NTR Award by Andhra Pradesh Government, Film Fare best actor award for ''[[Olavina Udugore]]'' and Film Fare Award (lifetime achievement award). He was the first Kannada actor to inaugurate the world-famous ''[[Mysore Dasara]]'' festival organized by the government of Karnataka. He also won the Karnataka Government's [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]] in 2011.

=== As politician ===
Ambareesh joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) ahead of the [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]] in 1994. He campaigned for the party in the election after having been "too late to be given a ticket". However, he was met with a lukewarm reception from the public having been "greeted with slippers and rotten vegetables at a couple of public meetings." He quit the party two years later after being denied a ticket to contest the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rediff Election Interview/ Ambareesh |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/30amb.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=5 November 2018 |date=30 August 1999 |archive-date=6 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106131706/http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/30amb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ambareesh subsequently joined the [[Janata Dal]] and contested the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]] from [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]. He won the seat upon polling 431,439 votes against 250,916 for the INC candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=The winners! |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/03win.htm |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=Rediff.com |date=3 March 1998 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202812/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/03win.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1999, Ambareesh rejoined the INC and contested in five elections since.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Bharath |title=Ambareesh was 'rebel star' in politics, too |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/ambareesh-was-rebel-star-704828.html |website=Deccan Herald|access-date=26 November 2018 |language=en |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180954/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/ambareesh-was-rebel-star-704828.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as minister of state for Information and Broadcasting in the [[14th Lok Sabha]], but resigned over his dissatisfaction with the Cauvery Dispute Tribunal award, though the resignation was not formally accepted. He was defeated in the May 2009 General Elections. He helped in elections for H.D. Kumaraswamy (in Kanakapura parliament election in the 1990s), S.M. Krishna (1999) and K.R. Pete Krishna.

During the course of his public life, he held the following positions:
* Member, 12th [[Lok Sabha]]: 1998–1999
* Member, 13th Lok Sabha: 1999–2004
* Member, 14th Lok Sabha: 2004–2009
* [[Minister of State]], in the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], from 24 October 2006 to 2008.
* Resigned as the Minister of state in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, protesting against the injustice done to [[Karnataka]] by [[Kaveri]] dispute tribunal in 2008.
* Deputy president of KPCC in the year 2012
* Ex-Minister in Karnataka Government in the ministry of Housing (Vasathi)
* Resigned MP position during Cauvery River issue without fighting member of parliament.

== Personal life ==
[[File:The Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting Shri M. H. Ambareesh and his wife Smt. Sumalatha calls on the Union Minister for Information & Broadcasting and Parliamentary Affairs, Shri Priyaranjan Dasmunsi.jpg|thumb|Ambareesh (''centre'') with the former union minister [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]] (''left'') and his wife Sumalatha (''right'').]]
Ambareesh developed a friendship with actress [[Sumalatha]] after they first met at the sets of the Kannada film ''[[Aahuti (1985 film)|Aahuti]]'' in 1984. They grew closer during 1987 when they worked together again with ''[[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)|New Delhi]]''. After he proposed [[marriage]] to her two years later,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Javalil |first1=Mayur |title=Ambareesh-Sumalatha Love Story: Here's How Their Friendship Turned into Love! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2018/ambareesh-sumalatha-love-story-here-s-how-their-friendship-turned-into-love-279759.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126145244/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2018/ambareesh-sumalatha-love-story-here-s-how-their-friendship-turned-into-love-279759.html |archive-date=26 November 2018 |language=en |date=25 November 2018}}</ref> they married on 8 December 1991.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rebel star Ambareesh dies of cardiac arrest in Bengaluru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/24/rebel-star-ambareesh-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-bengaluru-1902790.html |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126133811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/24/rebel-star-ambareesh-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-bengaluru-1902790.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their only child, [[Abhishek Ambareesh|Abhishek]], is an actor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=Ambarish's son Abhishek Gowda to foray into Sandalwood with Amar |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ambarishs-son-abhishek-gowda-foray-into-sandalwood-amar-770424 |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=International Business Times, India Edition |date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126181054/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ambarishs-son-abhishek-gowda-foray-into-sandalwood-amar-770424 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ambareesh was noted for his friendship, mostly with his contemporaries of the 1980s and across [[Cinema of South India|film industries of South India]]. They included [[Rajinikanth]], [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Venkatesh Daggubati]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Jayaram]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Ramesh Aravind]] among others. Calling themselves the "Class of the '80s", Ambareesh hosted their third reunion in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohanlal to host 'Class of 80s' bash next year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-to-host-Class-of-80s-bash-next-year/articleshow/17004811.cms |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-to-host-Class-of-80s-bash-next-year/articleshow/17004811.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha |title=Class of 80 mourns their dearly departed friend, Ambareesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/class-of-80-mourns-their-dearly-departed-friend-ambareesh/articleshow/66792467.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2018 |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208052156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/class-of-80-mourns-their-dearly-departed-friend-ambareesh/articleshow/66792467.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also maintained a close relationship with [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] ever since they made their debuts together in films with ''Naagarahaavu'' in 1972, till the latter's death in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Ravi |title=Born winner |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2702/stories/20100129270211000.htm |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontine]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |access-date=26 November 2018 |date=16-29 January 2010 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192535/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2702/stories/20100129270211000.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best friends in Kannada film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/best-friends-in-kannada-film-industry/Dr-Vishnuvardhan-and-Ambareesh/photostory/65300445.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208052152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/best-friends-in-kannada-film-industry/Dr-Vishnuvardhan-and-Ambareesh/photostory/65300445.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death and reactions==
Ambareesh developed breathing problems in 2014 and was hospitalized frequently. In March that year, he was taken to Singapore's [[Mount Elizabeth Hospital]] for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ambareesh returns home after treatment in Singapore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ambareesh-returns-home-after-treatment-in-singapore-114041100799_1.html |access-date=25 November 2018 |work=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India |date=11 April 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162357/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ambareesh-returns-home-after-treatment-in-singapore-114041100799_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 November 2018, he was taken to a private hospital in Bangalore after he suffered from a [[cardiac arrest]] at his residence. Efforts to revive him failed and was pronounced dead at 10:15 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor politician Ambareesh passes away |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2018/11/25/mds1-ka-ambareesh.html |access-date=25 November 2018 |work=The Week |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125002154/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2018/11/25/mds1-ka-ambareesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his death, Ambareesh's remains were taken to [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] where political leaders, members of the film industry and fans were allowed to pay homage the following day. It attracted a total of around 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 1 lakh mourners gather to pay tribute to Ambareesh; last rites today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/nov/26/over-1-lakh-mourners-gather-to-pay-tribute-to-ambareesh-last-rites-today-1903360.html |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092736/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/nov/26/over-1-lakh-mourners-gather-to-pay-tribute-to-ambareesh-last-rites-today-1903360.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The remains were airlifted to Sir M. Visvesvaraya Stadium in Mandya at 5 p.m. (IST) that day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fans in Bengaluru & Mandya bid final farewell to Ambareesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fans-in-bengaluru-mandya-bid-final-farewell-to-ambareesh/articleshow/66802441.cms |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fans-in-bengaluru-mandya-bid-final-farewell-to-ambareesh/articleshow/66802441.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After having briefly kept for public viewing there, they were flown back to Bangalore on 26 November and carried in a cortege on a procession from Sree Kanteerava Stadium to [[Kanteerava Studios]], for a distance of {{convert|13.5|km|mi}}, where his funeral was held.<ref>{{cite news |title=One of the most organised state honours funeral for Ambareesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/one-of-the-most-organised-state-honours-funeral-for-ambareesh/articleshow/66829236.cms |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129101642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/one-of-the-most-organised-state-honours-funeral-for-ambareesh/articleshow/66829236.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ambareesh was cremated with [[State funeral|full state honours]] and also received a 21-gun salute. The final rites were performed by his son, Abhishek, at 5:55 p.m. (IST) that evening. Ambareesh was cremated next to the memorial of his contemporary and friend, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fans throng Rebel Star MH Ambareesh's last rites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fans-throng-rebel-star-mh-ambareeshs-last-rites/articleshow/66821461.cms |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129001201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fans-throng-rebel-star-mh-ambareeshs-last-rites/articleshow/66821461.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ambareesh's death was met with an outpouring of grief from politicians, members of the South Indian film industry and fans from Karnataka. The Government of Karnataka declared a three-day mourning period as a mark of respect.<ref>{{cite news |title=3-day mourning in Karnataka for actor-turned-politician Ambareesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/3-day-mourning-in-karnataka-for-actor-turned-politician-ambareesh/articleshow/66793193.cms |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126101215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/3-day-mourning-in-karnataka-for-actor-turned-politician-ambareesh/articleshow/66793193.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] condoled his death and said, "[Ambareesh was] a strong voice for Karnataka's welfare, at the state and central level".<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi condoles actor Ambareesh's death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/modi-condoles-actor-ambareesh-s-death/article25590433.ece |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114738/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/modi-condoles-actor-ambareesh-s-death/article25590433.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Chief Minister of Karnataka [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] termed that his death ended "an era of love and affection in Kannada film industry" while adding that "[Ambareesh] was a rebel who was loved by all. He has carved a unique place in both politics and films".<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor politician Ambareesh passes away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/actor-politician-ambareesh-passes-away/articleshow/66791339.cms |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126182556/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/actor-politician-ambareesh-passes-away/articleshow/66791339.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Other politicians who expressed grief included former Chief Ministers of Karnataka, [[Siddaramaiah]] and [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]],<ref name="tnm1">{{cite news |title='A rebel loved by all': Condolences pour in from politicians after Ambareesh's death |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rebel-loved-all-condolences-pour-politicians-after-ambareesh-s-death-92161 |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022428/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rebel-loved-all-condolences-pour-politicians-after-ambareesh-s-death-92161 |url-status=live }}</ref> State cabinet ministers, [[R. V. Deshpande]] and [[U. T. Khader]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Ambareesh was pillar of Kannada cinema after Rajkumar: Deshpande |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ambareesh-was-pillar-of-kannada-cinema-after-rajkumar-deshpande/article25592695.ece |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=26 November 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114739/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ambareesh-was-pillar-of-kannada-cinema-after-rajkumar-deshpande/article25592695.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and former colleagues at the INC, [[G. Parameshwara]], [[Dinesh Gundu Rao]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] among others.<ref name="tnm1"/>

Actor Rajinikanth remarked, "My friendship with Ambareesh is of over 40 years and deeply saddened by his death. Everyone will have a few close friends. But Ambareesh, I think, had over 100 close friends. He lived like a king till the day he died and all he earned were people."<ref>{{cite news |title=Person like Ambareesh will never come again, says Rajinikanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/person-like-ambareesh-will-never-come-again-says-rajinikanth/article25590622.ece |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114741/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/person-like-ambareesh-will-never-come-again-says-rajinikanth/article25590622.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mammootty]] recalled Ambareesh as "one of [his] first real friends" while condoling his death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Mammootty writes a fitting tribute to 'boss' Ambareesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-writes-a-fitting-tribute-to-boss-ambareesh/articleshow/66806348.cms |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-writes-a-fitting-tribute-to-boss-ambareesh/articleshow/66806348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Mohanlal termed his death "heartbreaking".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty, Mohanlal among others condole Ambareesh's death |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mammootty-mohanlal-among-others-condole-ambareesh-s-death-1.3339772 |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126122123/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mammootty-mohanlal-among-others-condole-ambareesh-s-death-1.3339772 |archive-date=26 November 2018}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] offered "heartfelt condolences" and called Ambareesh his "friend for 42 years".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamal Haasan condoles Ambareesh's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-condoles-ambareeshs-death/articleshow/66794012.cms |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127052349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-condoles-ambareeshs-death/articleshow/66794012.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Other film personalities who expressed grief included [[Amitabh Bachchan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Film stars pay emotional tributes to Ambareesh |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/25/film-stars-pay-emotional-tributes-to-ambareesh.html |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=OnManorama |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126142926/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/25/film-stars-pay-emotional-tributes-to-ambareesh.html |archive-date=26 November 2018}}</ref> R. Sarathkumar, [[Khushbu Sundar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada actor-politician Ambareesh passes away: Condolences, tributes pour in from celebrities on Twitter |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-politician-ambareesh-passes-away-condolences-tributes-pour-in-from-celebrities-on-twitter-5612121.html |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=Firstpost |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221427/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-politician-ambareesh-passes-away-condolences-tributes-pour-in-from-celebrities-on-twitter-5612121.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajendra Singh Babu]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Sudeep]], [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Yogaraj Bhat]] among others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=From Shivarajkumar to Sudeep, Kannada cinema fraternity mourns the loss of Rebel Star Ambareesh |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/nov/26/from-shivarajkumar-to-sudeep-kannada-cinema-fraternity-mourns-the-loss-of-rebel-star-ambareesh-8935.html |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126144044/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/nov/26/from-shivarajkumar-to-sudeep-kannada-cinema-fraternity-mourns-the-loss-of-rebel-star-ambareesh-8935.html |archive-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Ambareesh filmography}}

==Awards and recognitions==
# Karnataka State Special Award for Best Actor for Antha in 1982.
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] (1985–86) for the film ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]''.
# [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for Best Actor in the film "Olavina Udugore" directed by Rajendra Babu.
# Received [[NTR National Award]] for the year 2005.<ref>Our Bureau: [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/08/31/stories/2007083151572100.htm Ilayaraja, Ambarish, Krishna get NTR award], ''[[Indian Express]]'', 31 August 2007.</ref>
# [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] 2009.
# Andhra Government honoured [[Nandi Awards|Nandhi Award]] 2009.
# Puttanna Kanagal award in 90s but rejected (later went to actor [[T. N. Balakrishna]])
# TV9 Sandalwood Star Awards – 2012, Lifetime Achievement Award
# [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]] [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]] in the year 2011
# [[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]] from the [[Karnatak University|Karnataka University]], [[Dharwad]] in the year 2013<ref>{{cite news |title= Ambareesh gets a doctorate degree |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/news-interviews/37144132_1_doctorate-degree-honorary-doctorate-honorary-degree |date= 17 February 2013 |access-date= 18 May 2013 |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103165055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/news-interviews/37144132_1_doctorate-degree-honorary-doctorate-honorary-degree |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= dead }}</ref>
# [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2012
# [[B. Saroja Devi|Padmabbushan Dr. B. Saroja Devi National Award]]-2019, awarded posthumously.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/multi-lingual-actress-jayanti-wins-b-saroja-devi-national-award/states/news/834469.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114755/http://www.uniindia.com/multi-lingual-actress-jayanti-wins-b-saroja-devi-national-award/states/news/834469.html |archive-date=11 October 2020 |title=Multi-lingual actress Jayanti wins B Saroja Devi National Award}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0024259}}
*[http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=17&lastls=14 Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ambareesh.html Ambareesh on Filmibeat.com]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambareesh}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

Abu al-Qasim

2026-01-22T17:49:42Z

ToniaMirams219: fix details after review

{{Infobox given name
| name = Abul-Qasim {{Script|Arabic|أبو القاسم}}
| image = File:محمد رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم.svg
| caption = Calligraphic representation of [[Muhammad]]'s name, the most famous bearer of [[Kunya (Arabic)|Kunya]] Abu [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|al-Qasim]].
| pronunciation= Abu al-Qāsim Abu el-Ka'sīm
| gender = Male
| meaning = Father of Qasim
| region = [[Arabia]] ([[Middle East]])
| origin = Semitic ([[Arabic]])
| footnotes =
| wikt =
|romanization={{Transliteration|ar|ʾAbū al-Qāsim}}|language=[[Arabic]]}}
'''Abu al-Qasim''' ({{langx|ar|أبو القاسم|translit=ʾAbū al-Qāsim}}) is an {{Transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} meaning "father of al-Qasim". It was an attributive ''kunya'' of [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]], describing him as father to his son [[Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad]]. Since then the name has been used by the following:

==People==
*[[Al-Mustakfi]], also known as ''Abu al-Qasim Abdallah'' was the [[Caliph]] of Baghdad from September 944 to 946.
*[[Al-Muti]], also known as ''Abu al-Qasim al-Fadl'' was the Caliph of Baghdad from 28 January 946 to 5 August 974.
*[[Mahmud of Ghazni|Abu al-Qasim Mahmud]] ibn Sabuktigin (971–1030) commonly known as Mahmud of Ghazni was the second [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] sultan reigning from 998 to 1030 AD, under whom the empire reached at its peak.
*[[Al-Muqtadi]] also known as ''Abu al-Qasim Abdallah'' was the Caliph of Baghdad from 2 April 1075 to 3 February 1094.
*[[Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi]] (died 982), Kalbid emir of Sicily
*[[Abu al-Qasim Kashani]] (died after 1324), Persian historian active in the late [[Ilkhanate]] era
*[[Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai]] (born 1952), Secretary General of Libya's General People's Congress
*[[Amal Abul-Qassem Donqol]] (1940–1983), Egyptian poet
*[[Aboul-Qacem Echebbi]] (1909–1934), Tunisian poet
*[[Abu'l-Qásim Faizi]] (1906–1980), Persian Bahá'í
*[[Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei]] (1899–1992), Twelver Shi'a Islamic grand ayatollah (marja)
*[[Abolqasem Najm]] (1892–1981), Iranian politician, cabinet minister, and diplomat
*[[Abolqasem Lahouti]] (1887–1957), Persian poet
*[[Abol-Ghasem Kashani]] (1882–1962), Iranian Twelver Shi'a Muslim cleric
*[[Abul Kasem (politician, born 1872)|Abul Kasem Burdwani]] (1872–1936), Bengali politician
*[[Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq]] (1873–1962), Prime Minister of Bengal
*[[Abul Kashem Khan]] (1905–1991), Bangladeshi politician and founder of [[A K Khan & Company]]
*[[Abul Kasem (Chittagong politician)|Dr. Captain Abul Kasem Chatgami]] (1911–1999), Bangladeshi politician, teacher and doctor
*[[Kazi Abul Kasem|Kazi Abul Kasem Umedpuri]] (1913–2004), Bangladeshi polymath
*[[Mohammad Abul Quasem]] (1913–1980s), Bangladeshi politician and lawyer
*[[Kazi Abul Kashem|Kazi Abul Kashem Patuakhali]], Bangladeshi politician
*[[Abul Kashem|Mohammad Abul Kashem Chatgami]] (1920–1991), Bangladeshi author and educationist
*[[ABM Abul Kashem|A. B. Mohammad Abul Kashem Master]] (1939–2015), Bangladeshi politician
*[[Abul Kashem Fazlul Haq|Abul Kashem Fazlul Haq Kishoreganji]] (born 1940), Bangladeshi essayist, columnist and activist
*[[Abul Kashem (Tangail politician)|Abul Kashem Alalpuri]] (1941–2024), Bangladeshi politician
*[[Abul Kashem (Dhaka politician)|Abul Kashem Palpari]] (1942–2020), Bangladeshi politician
*[[Khondakar Abul Kashem]] (1944–1971), Bengali educator
*[[Abul Kashem Sandwip]] (1944–1995), Bangladeshi educationist, journalist and organizer
*[[M. Abul Kashem|Dr. Mohammad Abul Kashem]] (born 1953), vice-chancellor of [[Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University]]
*[[Md. Abul Kashem]] (born 1955), vice-chancellor of [[Bangladesh University of Textiles]]
*[[Md. Abul Kasem Sarker]] (born 1956), Bangladeshi politician
*[[A K M Rezaul Mazid|Abul Kasem Mohammad Rezaul Majid]], Bangladeshi major general
*[[AK Mosharraf Hossain Akand|Abul Kasem Mosharraf Hossain Akand]], Bangladeshi politician
*[[M. A. Kasem|Dr. Mohammad Abul Kasem Shariatpuri]], Bangladeshi medical doctor and politician
*[[Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani]] (1734/35–1833), Berber historian, geographer, poet and statesman from Morocco
*[[Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib]] (1130–unknown), Isma'ili Imam
*[[Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi]] (died 1151), leader of the opposition against the Almoravid dynasty in Al-Garb Al-Andalus
*Abu Al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn 'Umar [[Al-Zamakhshari]] (1074 or 1075–1143 or 1144), Muslim scholar
* [[Abu'l-Qasim ibn Hammud ibn al-Hajar]] (fl. 1167–1185), leader of the Sicilian Muslim community, Norman Kingdom of Sicily
*[[Abu'l-Qasim (Seljuq governor of Nicaea)]] (ruled 1084–1092)
*[[Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad]] (ruled 1023–1042), founder and eponym of the Abbadid dynasty in Al-Andalus
*Abu al-Qasim [[Ferdowsi]] (940–1020), Persian poet
*Abu al-Qasim [[al-Zahrawi]] (936–1013), or Abulcasis, Arab surgeon and physician who lived in Al-Andalus
*[[Abu Al-Qasim Al-Ansari]] (1040–1118), Islamic theologian who lived in [[Transoxiana]].
*[[Abolghasem Alidoust]] (born 1961), Iranian legal scholar
*[[Abol-Ghasem Kashani]] (1882–1962), Iranian politician and ayatollah
*[[Abolghasem Khazali]] (1925–2015), Iranian politician and cleric
*[[Abolghasem Mozaffari]] (born 1967), Iranian military person
*[[Abolghasem Orouji]] (born 1989), Iranian futsal player
*[[Abolghasem Sakhdari]] ({{floruit}} 1948), Iranian wrestler
*[[Abolghasem Sarhaddizadeh]] (1945–2020), Iranian politician
*[[Abolghasem Wafi Yazdi]] (born 1935), Iranian Shia cleric
*[[Abu Kasim Adamu]], Nigeria botanist and academics professor
* [[Abul Kasem Khan]] (1905–1991), Bangladeshi lawyer, industrialist and politician
* [[Abu Qasim (militant)]] (died 2015), Pakistani militant

==Places==
*[[Abul Kasim (mountain)]], mountain in Ethiopia
*[[Abulkasym Madrassah]], building in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

{{given name}}

[[Category:Arabic-language masculine given names]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Shree Singaji Thermal Power Project

2026-01-20T13:32:19Z

ToniaMirams219: starting a article

{{Short description|Power station in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Shree Singaji Super Thermal Power Project (Mundi Power Plant)
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location of Shree Singaji Super Thermal Power Project
| coordinates = {{coord|22|6|10|N|76|32|10|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Dongalia, [[Mundi]] [[Khandwa District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Phase 1: February 2014 Phase 2: March 2019
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited]] (MPPGCL)
| operator = Madhya Pradesh Power Generating Company Limited (MPPGCL)
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| th_cooling_source =
| ps_units_operational = 2 X 600 MW 2 X 660 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 2520 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Shree Singaji Super Thermal Power Project''' is a [[coal-fired power plant]] of [[M.P. Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGCL]] located near Dongaliya village near by [[Mundi]] of [[Khandwa District]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. This project is owned by MPPGCL (Madhya Pradesh Power Generating company limited). The water required is taken from [[Indira Sagar]] Reservoir on [[Narmada River]]. Coal linkage is achieved with [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]].<ref>[http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/sstps-khandwa.html Shree Singaji Super Thermal Power Project, Khandwa]. M.P. Power Generating Company, Ltd.</ref>

== Installed capacity ==
The Project was originally envisaged to be constructed in three development phases, but only two of the three phases have been approved for construction.

The first phase consists of 2 units with a generation capacity of 600 [[Megawatt|MW]] each. First unit was commissioned in February 2014 and, {{as of|2014|06|lc=y}}, the second unit is expected to complete in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=52133 |title=Madhya Pradesh: Second unit of Shri Singaji power project to start generation from October, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines |access-date=2014-08-05 |archive-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810043633/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=52133 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The second phase consists of 2 units with generation capacity of 660 MW each. These units would be super critical thermal plants. {{As of|2014|12}}, construction of phase two had not yet started.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/SSTPP-STAGE-II.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-01-26 |archive-date=2014-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822003112/http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/SSTPP-STAGE-II.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| First || 1 || 600 || 2014, February || Running
|-
| First || 2 || 600 || 2014, December || Running
|-
| Second || 3 || 660 || 2018, November || Running
|-
| Second || 4 || 660 || 2019, March || Running

|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khandwa district]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2014]]

Sabarmati Marathon

2026-01-19T17:23:55Z

ToniaMirams219: new basic info added tags

{{Short description|Former marathon in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}{{Infobox athletics race
| bgcolour = lightgrey
| image = Sabarmati_Marathon.png
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Logo for Sabarmati Marathon 2013
| date = January–February
| location = [[Ahmedabad]]
| type = [[Road running|Road]]
| distance = [[Marathon]], [[half marathon]]
| est = 2010
| edition = 5
| homepage = [http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/index.htm sabarmatimarathon.net]
|}}

[[File:Sabarmati marathon 2011-1.JPG|thumb|Participants in 2011]]

'''Sabarmati Marathon''' was an annual marathon foot-race held in [[Ahmedabad]]. It was held in January-February months from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="xp">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/marathon-to-be-an-annual-affair-now/729687/1 |title=Marathon to be an annual affair now |date=27 December 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It attracted a large number of local as well as some foreign participants.<ref name="a">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/8000-register-for-Sabarmati-marathon/articleshow/11214102.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501192858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/ahmedabad/30550792_1_sabarmati-marathon-half-marathon-marathon-route | url-status=live | archive-date=1 May 2013 | title=8,000 register for Sabarmati marathon | date=23 December 2011 | access-date=10 October 2012 | last=News | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | first=TNN }}</ref>

==Marathon ==
Sabarmati Marathon was organized by [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] in association with Amdavad Distance Runners.<ref name=sm>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Marathon Official Website|url=http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/index.htm|work=www.sabarmatimarathon.net|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018003248/http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sabarmati-marathon-2011-today/891851 | title=Sabarmati Marathon 2011 today | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=25 December 2011 | access-date=10 October 2012 }}</ref> It had five categories: full [[marathon]], [[half marathon]], 7 km dream run, 5 km run for visually challenged persons and 5 km wheelchair run.<ref name="smrace">{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Marathon Official Website-Race Categories|url=http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/categories.htm|work=www.sabarmatimarathon.net|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008013842/http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/categories.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History ==
In 2011, more than 8000 persons including 73 foreigners participated in the event.<ref name="a" />

In the 3rd edition held on 6 January 2013, 15,689 runners, including foreign athletes took part. 528 participated in the full marathon, 1934 participated in the half marathon and 13,157 participated in the 7km dream run. 53 participated in 5km run for visually challenged persons while 17 in 5km wheelchair run.<ref name="bs">{{cite news | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/15689-runners-for-sabarmati-marathon_804018.html | title=15,689 runners for Sabarmati Marathon | work=Moneycontrol.com-wire news | date=5 January 2013 | agency=PTI | access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> A [[Cycle sport|Cyclothon]] was also organized on 27 January 2013.

The fourth edition of the marathon was organized on 5 January with the cyclothon being held on 19 January 2014. Around 17000 people participated in the event that year.<ref name=dc>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140105/sports-other-sports/article/kenyans-win-sabarmati-marathon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110321/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140105/sports-other-sports/article/kenyans-win-sabarmati-marathon |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Kenyans win Sabarmati Marathon |publisher=Deccan Chronicles |date=2014-01-05 |access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

The fifth and last edition of the event was held on 15 February 2015 in which around 7000 people participated.<ref name="DeshGujaratv2015">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Reliance Sabarmati Marathon Amdavad 2015 this Sunday | website=DeshGujarat | date=13 February 2015 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/02/13/reliance-sabarmati-marathon-amdavad-2015-this-sunday/ | access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="DeshGujaratn2015">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Reliance Sabarmati Amdavad Marathon held | website=DeshGujarat | date=15 February 2015 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/02/15/reliance-sabarmati-amdavad-marathon-held/ | access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Ahmedabad Marathon|Adani Ahmedabad Marathon]] inaugurated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Ahmedabad Marathon - #Run4OurSoldiers |url=https://www.ahmedabadmarathon.com/About/About-The-Run |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.ahmedabadmarathon.com |language=en}}</ref> which replaced the Sabarmati Marathon.

==Past winners==
'''Key:'''
{{legend2|#A9F5A9|'''Course record'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Edition
!Year
!Men's winner
!Time
!Women's winner
!Time
|-
|1st
|2010<ref name="x">{{cite news | url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=3&contentid=201012272010122702315053665938416 | title=Participants run in middle of traffic! | date=27 December 2010 | access-date=10 October 2012 | last=Mehul Jani | first=Ruturaj Jadav | newspaper=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] | archive-date=3 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303073546/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=3&contentid=201012272010122702315053665938416 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|Tesfaye Girma Bekele|ETH}}
|2:35:00
|{{flagathlete|Biruktayit Eshetu|ETH}}
|bgcolor=#A9F5A9| '''2:35:53'''

|-
|2nd
|2011<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/item/183003-kenyan-rotich-ethiopian-megersa-win-sabarmati-marathon-2011 | title=Kenyan Rotich, Ethiopian Megersa win Sabarmati Marathon 2011 | work=NDTV | date=26 December 2011 | access-date=10 October 2012 | author=Press Trust of India | archive-date=3 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203215800/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/item/183003-kenyan-rotich-ethiopian-megersa-win-sabarmati-marathon-2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

|{{flagathlete|Philemon Rotich|KEN}}
|bgcolor=#A9F5A9| '''2:12:02'''
|{{flagathlete|Gadise Fita Megersa|ETH}}
|2:38:54
|-
|3rd
|2013<ref name=dnac>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sabarmati-marathon-2013-ahmedabad-gives-cold-a-run_1786511 | title=Sabarmati Marathon 2013: Ahmedabad gives cold a run | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=7 January 2013 |access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|Wubishet Girum Zewde|ETH}}
|2:14:26
|{{flagathlete|Jacquline Kiplimo|KEN}}
|2:36:57
|-
|4th
|2014<ref name=dc/>
|{{flagathlete|Shadrack Kipkogey|KEN}}
|2:14:18
|{{flagathlete|Kiplimo Jacquline Nyetipei|KEN}}
|2:45:46
|-
|5th
|2015<ref name="DeshGujaratn2015"/>
|{{flagathlete|Melaku Belachew Bizuneh|ETH}}
|2:13:43
|{{flagathlete|Berhan Aregawi Gebremicha|ETH}}
|2:39:11
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/index.htm Sabarmati Marathon Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018003248/http://www.sabarmatimarathon.net/index.htm |date=18 October 2012 }}

{{Road running competitions in India}}
{{Ahmedabad}}

[[Category:Marathons in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Culture of Ahmedabad]]

Nagpuria people

2025-12-31T11:35:29Z

ToniaMirams219: creating details!

{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group of west Chotanagpur plateau}}
{{distinguish|text = people from [[Nagpur]], a city in [[Maharashtra]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Nagpuria {{nobold|Sadan}}
| image =
| flag =
| caption =
| population = {{Circa|4 million|lk=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sck|title=Sadri|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
| popplace = [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] ([[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]) and [[Assam]]
| langs = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
| religions = '''Predominantly:''' {{hlist|[[Hinduism]] ([[Folk religion#Folk Religion|Folk Hinduism]])}}
'''Minorities:''' {{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]}}
| related = [[Sadan peoples|Sadans]] and other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| footnotes = *The population figures is less than approximate number of speakers of the Nagpuri or Sadri language as many other Dravidian and Austro-asiatic tribal ethnic groups also adopted the language as their first language. The figure may not include ethnic Sadan who speak other languages as their first language.
}}

The '''Nagpuria people''', also '''Nagpuri''' or '''Sadan''', are an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] speaking [[ethnolinguistic group]] who are the native speakers of the [[Nagpuri language]] and natives of the western [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region of Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name="Sadani / Sadri">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7294382|title=Sadani / Sadri|publisher=academia.edu|author=Savita Kiran, John Peterson|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="livehindustan2021"/><ref name="frontierweekly"/><ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/>

==Names==
The native speakers of the Sadani/Nagpuri language are known as ''Sadan''. In the Nagpuri language, ''Sadan'' means settled people or those people who live in houses. In Nagpuri, the house pigeon is called ''Sad perwa'' and the forest pigeon is called ''Ban perwa''. Similarly, Sadan people are the people who live in houses as opposed to living in the forest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> The word ''Sadan'' was used on the estate of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], king of Chotanagpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0120_jharkhand_movement.pdf|title=Jharkhand movement|page=vii|author=Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick|date=2003|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> During the British Period, local Hindus were referred to as Sudh or Sudhan in Chotanagpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f94KE8bi3gC&pg=PA17|title=Personality Of Tribal And Non-Tribal School Children|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|author=Ranjit Prasad Singh|page=17|year=2010|isbn=978-8171414178}}</ref> The concept of Sadan emerged during the reign of Nagvanshis.<ref name="Department of History">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBBDAAAAYAAJ&q=sadan+nagpuri|title=Journal of Historical Research, Volume 43|publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University|page=89|year=2003}}</ref><ref name="research gate 2020"/>

The speakers of the [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Panchpargania]] and [[Kurmali language]]s are also known as Sadan. According to Peter Shanti Naurangi (1956), the word ''Sadan'' probably derives from [[Nishada]], referring to an ethnic group of North India.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri"/> According to [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], the original form of these languages must have developed in different [[Nāga|Nagjati]].<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA17|isbn=978-9390906321|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan 2021|last=Ranjan|first=Manish|date=19 January 2021|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

In literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2020-09-01|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The speakers of the Nagpuri language are locally known as ''Nagpuria'' or ''Nagpuria samaj''.<ref name="livehindustan2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-displeasure-over-giving-two-separate-codes-to-nagpuri-language-4211377.html|title=नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी|website=livehindustan|date=11 July 2021|access-date=10 August 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="frontierweekly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-53/53-32/53-32-Recalling%20Jharkhand%20Movement.html|title=Recalling Jharkhand Movement|publisher=frontierweekly|author=T Vijayendra|date=10 January 2021|access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="prabhatkhabar">{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/vishesh-aalekh/1331105|title=ठेठ नागपुरी गीत-नृत्य के पुरोधा गोविंद शरण लोहरा|website=prabhatkhabar|date=20 September 2019|access-date=2 April 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93enEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP14|title=Statistical Analysis of Folk Songs of Jharkhand|publisher=Sanctum Books|author=Shivani Tiwari, Soubhik Chakraborty|year=2022|page=13|isbn=9788195293162|access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> They are also known as ''Nagpuri'' or ''Napuri samaj''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-nagapuri-poetry-collection-bull-raiser-launch-1788883.html|title=नागपुरी काव्य संग्रह 'बोइल उठलक माटी' का लोकार्पण|publisher=livehindustan|date=7 February 2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-nagpuri-society-central-committee-reconsituted-2020169.html|title=नागपुरी समाज केंद्रीय समिति का पुनर्गठन|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 June 2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyh-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT206|title=Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology|isbn=9780199886708|last1=Barz|first1=Gregory F.|last2=Cooley|first2=Timothy J.|date=9 September 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> The Nagpuri community is a heterogeneous group with an amalgamation of various castes with diverse occupations, origins, history, customs and values who share common language, music tradition, oral and written literature.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/>

== History ==

It is assumed that the Sadan people first brought the Indo-Aryan languages to the Chotanagpur plateau.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics"/> There is not any fixed date of arrival of Sadan in Chota Nagpur. Probably, Sadan arrived in Chota Nagpur sometime after [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] came to South Asia. According to the Anthropologist, Sadans are of Aryan origin and their culture, such as festivals and cuisine, are similar to tribal people due to residing with the tribals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP1ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|title=Jharkhand Digdarshan|page=183|author=Vinay Sinha|isbn=9352032217|website=books.google|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> According to scholars, small numbers of [[Austro-Asiatic language]] speakers adopted Indo-Aryan languages and culture.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK4Zt-OJ5LkC&pg=PA106|title=Media and Tribal Development|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|author=Jagannath Pati|year=2004|pages=105–109|isbn=9788180690686|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Prehistoric era ===
Stone tools and [[microlith]]s were discovered from the Chota Nagpur plateau region, which are from the [[Mesolithic]] period. Flake tools, arrowheads, celts have been found which are from the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic|last=periods|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123023458|access-date=8 September 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> During the 2nd millennium BC, the use of Cooper tools had spread in the Chotanagpur plateau region and these find-complexes known as [[Copper Hoard culture]] associated with [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]].<ref>[[Paul Alan Yule|Paul Yule]], Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation", ''Man and Environment'' 26.2, 2002, 117–120 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/510/.</ref> According to many historians, the Copper hoard people were early Indo-Aryan speakers, who came to South Asia earlier than [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic tribes|Vedic Aryan]] and spread farther to the East.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book | last1 =Mallory | first1 =J. P. | last2 =Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=1997|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781884964985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=copper+hoard+culture&pg=PA126 |page=125|access-date=7 April 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Studia Orientalia Electronica">{{Cite journal|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages|date=2020|url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/98032/56890|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|volume=8|pages=176|doi=10.23993/store.98032|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (1989), Sadan people are the early Aryan people (Early Indo-Aryan language speakers) and differ from other Aryan people as Sadan strictly didn't follow Brahmincal practices.<ref name="Mittal Publications1995"/>

[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE).svg|thumb|[[Copper Hoard Culture|Cooper hoard]] objects have been discovered in Chotanagpur region which are from 2nd millennium BCE during the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE)]]

Various copper hoard artifacts were discovered in Chotanagpur, such as copper ornaments, celts, axes, axe ingots, [[Bowl|vessels]], toys, anklets, bracelets, chains, magical figures of man and woman which are from the transition period from the Neolithic to the [[Chalcolithic period]]. Also, bronze artifacts such as cups, ear rings, anklets and bracelets were discovered. These things were discovered in places such as [[Namkum]], [[Bero, India|Bero]] in [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]. The copper axe ingots were discovered from [[Basia, Gumla|Basia]], [[Kamdara]] now in [[Gumla district]], Hami near [[Mahuadanr]] in [[Palamu district]] (Now [[Latehar district|Latehar]]) in 1915.<ref name="academia.edu2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/34642397|title=Chota Nagpur - An Untold History: A Socio-Historical Analysis|author=Ambrish Gautam|publisher=academia.edu|date=2017|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/16494732|title=THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE OF JHARKHAND|author=Subhashis Das|publisher=academia.edu|date=2013|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/730314|title=The copper hoards of the Indian Subcontinent. Preliminaries for an interpretation|author=Paul A Yule|publisher=Jahrbuch des Römisch|year=1989|pages=206–229|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>
The use of iron tools, pottery spread in the region during 1400 to 800 BCE according to carbon dating of iron slag, sickle and wheel made pottery which was found in Barudih of [[Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=225|isbn=9788131711200|access-date=8 September 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Iron celt was dated to 1200 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJuM4FylchwC&pg=PA268|title=Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War|publisher=Pearson Education India|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta|page=268|year=2007|isbn=978-8131708514}}</ref>

=== Ancient period ===
During the 4th Century BCE, the region was ruled by the [[Nanda Empire]].
In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the [[Maurya Empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE). The ancient sites of [[Saridkel]] in present [[Khunti district]] exhibited burnt brick houses, copper hooks, rods, Kushan copper coins, gold earrings, iron arrow heads, ploughshares etc. This suggests [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] influence in the region.<ref name="academia.edu2013"/> The Brahmi inscription is also found in Saridkel which is from 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893|title=Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study|author=Lalit Aditya|date=October 2018|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Excavation at sites Kunjala exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Kunjala.html|title=Asura Site Kunjala|website=asiranchicircle|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Excavation at Urn burial site of Khuntitola exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics, copper and iron tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Khuntitola.html|title=Asura Site Khuntitola|website=asiranchicircle|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
During the medieval period, [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]] and [[Ramgarh Raj]] ruled in the region. Nagvanshi king [[Gajghat Rai]] built Mahamaya temple in Vikram samvat 965 (908 CE) in Hapamuni village in [[Gumla district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-mahamaya-temple-of-hapamuni-has-become-a-symbol-of-faith-20924867.html|title=आस्था का प्रतीक बना है हापामुनी का महामाया मंदिर|website=jagran|date=21 October 2020|access-date=30 August 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> During the 12th century, Nagvanshi king [[Bhim Karn]] shifted his capital to [[Khukhragarh]] after defeating [[Raksel dynasty|Raksel]] of [[Surguja district|Surguja]] when they invaded the region. Then Bhim Karn captured territory as far as Surguja and Palamu.

The [[Brahmanda Purana]] (c.400 CE - c.1000 CE) mention [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] as Naga king of ''Sankha dwip''. It gives descriptions of five ''dwips'' i.e. land. It includes the ''Sankha dwip'' where the [[Sankh River|Sankh river]] flows from the hill near the kingdom of the Naga King (Nagvanshi), where precious stones are found.<ref name="academia.edu2017"/>

=== Modern period ===
In 1585, during the reign of the Nagvanshi king [[Madhu Karn Shah|Madhu Karn]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s invaded Khukhragarh, then the Nagvanshi ruler became vassal of Mughals. [[Durjan Shah]] built [[Navratangarh]] after release from Mughal captivity. His successor [[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]] built [[Kapilnath Temple]] in 1643. [[Raghunath Shah]] built several temples during his reign. He is the first known poet of the Nagpuri language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA36|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=36|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|thumb|[[Navratangarh|Navratangarh fort]]]]
The King of [[Barkagarh estate|Barkagarh]], Thakur [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]], built [[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]] in 1691.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/400-stalls-to-offer-rich-fare-at-Rath-Mela/articleshow/48108610.cms|title=400 stalls to offer rich fare at Rath Mela|website=timesofindia|date=17 July 2015|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> Nagvanshis were independent during weak Mughal rule. Maninath Shah (1748-1762) consolidated his authority in Chotanagpur by conquering the neighbouring small kingdoms of [[Bundu, India|Bundu]], [[Silli block|Silli]], Barwe, Rahe, [[Tamar block|Tamar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT215|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|isbn=9781000651522|last1=Ansari|first1=Tahir Hussain|date=20 June 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Buxar]], the [[East India Company]] got rights to collect taxes from Bihar and Bengal territory. Due to conflict with the tribes of Singhbhum and Ramgarh Raj, [[Dripnath Shah]] became tributary to the East India Company. Due to tax impositions by the British East India Company, various rebellions occurred. During the reign of [[Govind Nath Shah]], a rebellion occurred in Nawagarh led by Jagirdar Baidhnath Shah. Later, [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]], two landowners from [[Gumla district|Gumla]], joined the rebellion and fought against the British East India Company in 1812 against tax impositions on farmers. The British hanged them in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Raghubar-honours-Simdega-patriots/articleshow/51869527.cms|title=Raghubar honours Simdega patriots|website=timesofindia|date=18 April 2016|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> Between 1831 and 1833, during the reign of [[Jagannath Shah Deo]], the [[Kol uprising]] occurred due to the disposition of some Mankis in Sonepur Pargana and tribal Munda and Ho insurgents resorted in plundering and burning of houses of Sikh and Thikedars as well as villages of Sadans. This insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.<ref name="Nagpuri Shist Sahitya">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091/2015.322091.Nagpuri-Sisth_djvu.txt|title=Nagpuri Shist Sahitya|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

In 1854, the South West Frontier under the East India Company was renamed as [[Chota Nagpur Division]]. In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]], [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] and [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] led rebels against the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-pays-tribute-thakur-vishwanath-sahdeo-birth-anniversary/111524/|title=cm pays tribute thakur vishwanath sahdeo birth anniversary|website=avenuemail|date=13 August 2017|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010404/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-pays-tribute-thakur-vishwanath-sahdeo-birth-anniversary/111524/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari|website=webindia123|date=8 January 2016|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151037/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] directly ruled the territory ruled by the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> In 1912, Chota Nagpur Division became part of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]]. In 1936, [[Orissa Province]] separated from the Bihar and Orissa Province on a linguistic basis and the remaining area became [[Bihar Province]].

===Post Independence===
In 1947, India became independent from British rule. The Bihar Province became Bihar state. There was a demand by the Christian tribals to create a separate state since the separation of Orissa Province. In the early period of demand, discussion against Dikku (non-tribals) was a common theme of meetings. The discrimination against non-tribals in the name of tribal unity led to distrust between tribals and Sadans. Most writers of movements put too much emphasis on tribal aspects of Jharkhand, which led to the tribal-Sadan divide.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA116|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1998|pages=116–117}}</ref> The [[Jharkhand Party]], led by [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], submitted a memoir to the State reorganization commission in 1955 to form a separate state for tribes in south Bihar, but it got rejected due to lack of the common language in the region, tribes being in the minority, the Hindi was the predominant language of the region and adverse effect on economy of Bihar.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company1998"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368}}</ref> Later, in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state, regional languages and culture were given emphasis. Later, Sadan politicians, lawyers, writers as well as other non-tribals were also involved in creating a separate state, such as [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], [[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], [[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]] . The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of [[Ram Dayal Munda]], B. P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra formed and sent a memoir to form the separate Jharkhand state to the central government in 1989. The Centre government recommended forming Jharkhand Autonomous Council in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212|title=India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|author=Vinay Kumar Srivastava|page=212|year=2020|isbn=978-9353886608}}</ref> In 1988, the BJP also wanted to create the Vanachal state in the region and promised to create a separate state in the election of 1998. Then, after winning the election in the region, it decided to form a new state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html|title=वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम|publisher=jagran|date=17 August 2018|access-date=3 November 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>

In November 2000, the new states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]] separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively.
According to the President of the Sadan organization, ''Mulvasi Sadan Morcha'' Rajendra Prasad, Sadan people have no reservations, so they are marginalized in their own state and the government of Jharkhand has decepted Sadan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/native-sadan-marginalized-in-jharkhand-rajendra-060505-5223471.html|title=झारखंड में मूलवासी-सदान हाशिए पर : राजेंद्र|publisher=bhaskar|date=2019|access-date=11 August 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Communities ==
Various Sadan communities or [[Jāti|Jati]] in Chota Nagpur Plateau speak the Nagpuri language, including the [[Ahir]], [[Bhuiya]], [[Binjhia Tribe|Binjhia]], [[Bhogta]], [[Brahmin]], [[Chik Baraik]], [[Dom (caste)|Dom]], [[Chamar]], [[Ghasi]], [[Jhora]]/[[Kewat]], [[Kurmi]], [[Kumhar]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]]/[[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]], [[Mahli]], [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], [[Rautia]], [[Sunar|Sonar]], [[Teli]] and [[Turi (Caste)|Turi]] among others.<ref name="slideplayer">{{cite web|url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455653/|title=1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow.|website=slideplayer}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref><ref name="CM Babiracki">{{Cite web|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MC/article/download/26077/30298|title=Two Generations in the Fault Lines of India ' s Musical Modernities|author= CM Babiracki|year=2017|page=45|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>

According to scholars, [[Chik Baraik]] are considered the early Indo-Aryan language speaking settlers.<ref name="Contemporary Society">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZOvYPBrxl0C&pg=PA247|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change|isbn=9788170226420|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Georg|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|year=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> The [[Brahmin]]s, who are also considered Sadan, migrated into the region during the reign of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] and were employed as priests.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref name="Mittal Publications"/> According to the Nagvanshavali, [[Sakaldwipiya Brahmin]]s were the priests of Nagvanshi.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA">{{cite book|author=Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr|title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2020|isbn=9789390101160|pages=12}}</ref> According to them, they have been staying in the region for a long time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/1360248|title=रांची : मगबंधु का नवीनतम अंक नागपुरी साहित्य-संस्कृति पर होगा केंद्रित|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=13 December 2019|access-date=6 October 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> According to the scholars, Brahmins migrated into the [[Greater Magadha]] region after the [[Vedic Period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|later Vedic Period]].<ref name="Bronkorst">Bronkorst, J; ''Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India'' (2007), p. 3</ref>

All communities in Chotanagpur are known as Jati, whether caste or tribe.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/> The words, [[caste]] and [[tribe]] were started to use during British rule. The British enlisted Caste and tribe and enacted laws related to tribe and caste, such as the law of inheritance and land transfer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/882736/caste-system-in-india-has-its-roots-in-europe-and-the-link-goes-beyond-than-just-the-word|title=What Europeans contributed to the caste system in India|publisher=scroll|date=27 June 2018|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44004420|title=A Relook at the Term 'Tribe'|publisher=JSTOR|date=20 February 2016|jstor=44004420 |access-date=31 October 2022|last1=Khan |first1=Saqib |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=82–84 }}</ref> While some Sadan communities were listed as caste, some were as tribe. In 1936, many Sadan communities such as Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Lohar, Mahli, Turi were included in the backward tribe list in [[Chota Nagpur Division]] of [[Bihar Province]]. Later, some were delisted from the tribe list while some remained on the Scheduled Tribe list.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378487|title=Reappraising Tribal Movements: II: Legitimisation and Spread|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|author=Nirmal Sengupta|date=14 May 1988|volume=23 |issue=20 |pages=1003–1005 |jstor=4378487 |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> Still, while some Sadan communities are on the list of [[Other Backward Class]] and [[Scheduled Caste]], some caste such as [[Chik Baraik]] (Weaver), [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]] (Blacksmith) and [[Mahli]] (Bamboo workers) are listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref name="Sarah Jewitt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895|access-date=4 April 2022|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

===Lineages===
There are several lineages found among Nagpuri speaking social groups. Marriage occurs between different lineages and is forbidden within the same lineage. Some lineages among some nagpuri speaking social groups such as [[Chik Baraik]], [[Ghasi]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]], [[Rautia]] are Baghel (tiger), Barha (boar), Bira (hawk), Dhan (rice), Hathi (elephant), Induar (eel), Kachhua (turtle), Kansi (Kans grass), Nag (cobra), Sand (bull), Sona (gold).<ref name="Gyan Publishing House"/><ref name="Discovery Publishing House2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=za396I85CPEC&pg=PA61|title=Marriages in Indian Society|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|author=Prakash Chandra Mehta|pages=61–65|year=2005|isbn=978-8171419210}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA3-PA18|title=Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=MANISH RANJAN|page=18|year=2022|isbn=978-9354883002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khemzjElrc0C&pg=PA392|title=Totemism and Exogamy|publisher=Psychology Press|author=James George Frazer|year=2000|page=392|isbn=978-0700713387}}</ref>

The other word used for lineage is ''[[Gotra]]'', which was a word initially used by the Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/features/what-are-gotras-all-about-how-rahul-gandhi-gets-dattatreya-gotra/155940/|title=What are 'gotras' all about & how Rahul Gandhi gets 'Dattatreya gotra'|publisher=theprint|date=28 November 2018|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> It was later adopted by other communities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239834/gotra|title=Gotra – Indian caste system|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] have ''[[Kashyapa|Kashyap]]'' gotra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|title=People of India: India's communities, Volume 6 of People of India, Anthropological Survey of India|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=9788185579092|year=1992}}</ref> Kashyap gotra was adopted by many people during the 1st millennium CE as it was bestowed upon followers of non-vedic tradition and who had forgotten their gotra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powerpolitics.in/Issues/July2019/page63.php|title=Of caste & cultural imposition|publisher=powerpolitics|year=2019|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Nagpuri culture}}
Nagpuri culture includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-committee-constituted-for-the-protection-and-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-and-culture-in-chainpur-6804917.amp.html|title=चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 July 2022|access-date=25 September 2022|language=hindi}}</ref><ref name="Colours of culture"/>

===Language and literature===
{{Main|Nagpuri language|Nagpuri literature}}
Sadan people traditionally speak the Nagpuri language, also known as Sadani or Sadri.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri"/> It is officially known as Nagpuri language in Jharkhand.<ref name="livehindustan2021"/> The Nagpuri language is primarily spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. In addition to Sadan, it is also used as a link language between many tribal groups in the region.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri"/> Nagpuri belongs to the [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref name="research gate 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425|title=JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand|publisher=research gate|date=July 2020|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|year=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref> The evidence of writing in Nagpuri is found from the 17th century.<ref>[[Paul Brass|Brass Paul R.]], ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> The [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king [[Raghunath Shah]] and the King of [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]], [[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], were poets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, [[Ghasi Ram Mahli]] and Das Mahli were prominent poets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=17 September 2019|language=Hindi}}</ref> Some prominent writers of the modern period are [[Praful Kumar Rai]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]], [[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] and [[Shakuntala Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref>

===Festivals===
Some traditional festivals of Sadan are [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Teej]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagua]], Bad Pahari and [[Sarhul]].<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref name="Arihant Publications2019">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA316|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|author=Arihant Experts|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited|page=316|year=2019|isbn=9789324190888}}</ref> Some festivals which were later adopted are [[Navratri]] and [[Chhath]]. The Navratri festival was adopted by [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshis]] in the 18th century. Before that, Nagvanshi were followers of the [[Shaivism]] tradition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-darsbhuji-temple-worship-is-fulfilled-by-wishes-20911693.html|title=पालकोट में 255 वर्षो से हो रहा नवरात्र का आयोजन|publisher=jagran|date=19 October 2020|access-date=11 October 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> Chhath is also not a traditional festival of Sadan but adopted later by some.<ref name="bhaskar2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/news/in-its-tradition-of-jharkhand-there-is-no-festival-like-chhath-here-is-the-festival-of-sun-worship-127928494.html|title=प्राकृतिक शक्ति सूर्य:झारखंड की अपनी परंपरा में छठ जैसा पर्व नहीं है, यहां सूरज की पूजा का त्योहार है सूरजाही|publisher=bhaskar|date=2020|access-date=9 October 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Bharti |date=2021-11-10 |title=झारखंड के रांची में छठ पूजा का खास महत्व, जानिए |url=https://jantaserishta.com/life-style/know-the-special-significance-of-chhath-puja-in-ranchi-jharkhand-1072290 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref>

===Folk music and dance===
Some Nagpuri folk dances are {{transliteration|sck|[[jhumair]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[Mardani Jhumar|mardani jhumar]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|janani jhumar]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[domkach]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|angnai]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|fagua}}, {{transliteration|sck|jadur}}, {{transliteration|sck|matha}}, {{transliteration|sck|natua}} {{transliteration|sck|and [[Paiki dance|paiki]]}} etc.<ref name="Colours of culture">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/colours-of-culture-blossom-at-nagpuri-dance-workshop.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |title=Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop |date=1 June 2017 |first=Arya |last=Sharan |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="democratic world">{{Cite web|url=http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark|title=Out of the Dark|website=democratic world|date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/happy-holi-2021-fag-and-jhumar-dance-are-no-longer-visible-they-are-losing-their-momentum-smj|title=Happy Holi 2021 : अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=29 March 2021|access-date=9 August 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021"/> Paiki is a martial folk dance performed at weddings and functions.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=5 December 2019|language=Hindi}}</ref> The musical instruments used in folk music and dance include [[dhol]], [[Madal|mandar]], [[Bansuri|bansi]], [[Naqareh|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]], [[shehnai]], [[khartal]] and [[Ransingha|Narsinga]].<ref name="democratic world"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-tunes-in-to-nagpuri-folk-songs/articleshow/40883458.cms|title=Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs|website=timesofindia|date=26 August 2014|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer|date=7 November 2018}}</ref>

Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as
Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/vishesh-aalekh/1381799-|title=पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jhollywood/1347380|title=ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=7 November 2019|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>

===Clothes===
Traditional clothes of Sadan are [[Dhoti]], [[Sari]], [[Kurta]] and Chadar. But in modern times, shirts, pants, coats are also used.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/> The traditional ''Lal paad'' clothes have ritual value in marriage ceremonies.<ref name="sahapedia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/laala-paada-jhaarakhanda-kae-caika-badaaika-adaivaasaiyaon-kai-vasatara-kalaa-0#_edn3|title=लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला|website=sahapedia|date=19 June 2019|access-date=20 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.<ref name="Contemporary Society"/>

===Marriage tradition===
Some wedding rituals of the Nagpuri speaking social groups such as [[Chik Baraik]] are madwa, baraat, parghani, sindoordan, bidai etc.<ref name="Global Vision Pub House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IM3l0v0Z6YC&pg=PA157|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set)|isbn=978-8182202382|author=K.C. Das|website=books.google|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Gyan Publishing House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand|isbn=9788178351216|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010}}</ref> There are different songs for different wedding rituals. [[Domkach]] folk dance is performed during the weddings of Sadan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=JHARKHAND KE PARVA-TYOHAR, MELE AUR PARYATAN STHAL|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Sanjay Krishna|page=55|year=2013|isbn=978-9350485286}}</ref> The musical instruments used in nagpuri wedding are [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]] and [[shehnai]].<ref name="prabhat khabar1122">{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/my-mati-jharkhands-traditional-instrument-in-danger-unk|title=My Mati: झारखंड का पारंपरिक बाजा खतरे में|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=25 November 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref>

===Religion===
Sadan observes festivals such as [[Ashadhi Puja|Ashadhi]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Holi|Fagun]] and Bad Pahari.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/> These festivals involve fasting and offering [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|sacrifice]]s. The sun and ancestors are venerated in most festivals. Sacrifice is offered to Gaurea at the Sohrai festival. The head of the family propitates these deities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA50|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER|author=Dr Manish Ranjan|date=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9390906321|pages=50}}</ref><ref name="Gyan Publishing House"/>
At the village festivals such as [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Sarhul]], the rituals are performed by the village priest ''Pahan'' and his assistant ''Pujar''.<ref name="bhaskar"/><ref name="livehindustan">{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/simdega/story-decision-to-organize-nagpuria-program-in-the-meeting-of-the-youth-association-2903864.amp.html|title=नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय|website=livehindustan|access-date=6 April 2022|date=16 December 2019|language=Hindi}}</ref>

According to scholars, the local deities which are not found in Hindu scriptures are deities of [[Folk religion#Folk Hinduism|folk tradition]], which is a non-vedic tradition. It is a [[History of Hinduism#Pre-Vedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)|pre-vedic]] tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the [[Vedas]].<ref name=junemcdaniel6>June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref><ref name="Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|access-date=22 December 2019|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002}}</ref> According to Brahmincal literature, the region of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] was outside the pale of the Vedic religion i.e. people were not following Vedic religion in the Magadha region.<ref name="Bronkorst"/> The influence of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion/Brahmanism]] reached in the Chotanagpur region during the reign of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] and Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited [[Brahmin]] from different parts of the country for priestly duty.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gumla.nic.in/tourist-place/hapamuni/|title=Hapamuni|website=gumla.nic.in|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Some temple constructed by Nagvanshi kings including 17th century [[Kapilnath Temple]] in [[Navratangarh]] and [[Jagannath Temple, Ranchi|Jagannath Temple]] of [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2021/10/2/kapilnath-temple-of-nagar-sisai.php|title=वास्तुशिल्प और स्थापत्य कला का अद्भुत उदाहरण है सिसई का कपिलनाथ मंदिर|publisher=hindusthansamachar|date=2 October 2021|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/history-of-rath-mela-in-ranchi-ani-nath-shahdeo-established-jagannath-temple-in-1691/1302854.html|title=रांची में रथ मेला का इतिहास : एनीनाथ शाहदेव ने 1691 में जगन्नाथपुर मंदिर का कराया था निर्माण|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=4 July 2019|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> But rituals in home and village carried out by head of family and village priest Pahan respectively.<ref name="bhaskar"/><ref name="livehindustan"/>

In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as [[Nāga|Naga]] people as they differ from other Aryan group and didn't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.<ref name="Mittal Publications1995">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA124|title=Issues in Indian Politics|publisher=Mittal Publications|author=Lalan Tiwari|year=1995|page=124|isbn=978-8170996187|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], Journalist and Scholar
*[[Bulu Chik Baraik]], Politician
*[[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]], Litterateur and Scholar
*[[Govind Sharan Lohra]], folk singer
*[[Ghasi Ram Mahli]], Poet
*[[Shakuntala Mishra]], professor and writer
*[[Mahavir Nayak]], folk singer
*[[Mukund Nayak]], folk artist
*[[Nandlal Nayak]], Music composer
*[[Nikki Pradhan]], hockey player
*[[Praful Kumar Rai]], writer and singer
*[[Bakhtar Say]], freedom fighter
*[[Raghunath Shah]], Nagvanshi king and poet
*[[Ani Nath Shahdeo]], King of Barkagarh
*[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], Prince and former M.L.A from Hatia
*[[Jagannath Shah Deo]], Nagvanshi king in 19th century
*[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], Last Nagvanshi king and politician
*[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]], Jurist and Political activist
*[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], Lawyer, writer, poet and political activist
*[[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo]], Nagvanshi king
*[[Vishwanath Shahdeo]], Freedom fighter in 1857 rebellion
*[[Mundal Singh]], freedom fighter
*[[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]], writer

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nagpuria people}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]

Bantwala railway station

2025-12-26T17:32:37Z

ToniaMirams219: created a post!

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2023}}
{{one source|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bantawala railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = File:Bantawala Railway Station, 2025.png
| address = 11-270-2, Kaikunja East Road, B.C Road, Bantwal, Karnataka - 574219
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.8781784|N|75.0318748|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| lines = [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line]]
| platforms = 2
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNTL
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Mysore}}
}}
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| opened = 1979
| closed = 1979(for gauge conversion)
| rebuilt = 2005
| electrified = Electrification in progress
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line|left=Farangipete Halt|right=Kalladka}}
| route_map = {{Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India3#India Karnataka
| map_dot_label = Bantwala railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Bantwala''' or '''Bantawala''' is a major railway station on [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line]]. It is located in BC Road, [[Bantwal]], [[Dakshina Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]] state, India. It consists of two [[Railway platform|platforms]]. This railway station is nearest railway station to National Highway in Dakshina Kannada district. This railway station is located just 500 meters away from NH 75 and three kilometers away from Bantwal city. The station is currently being renovated under the Amrit Bharat Scheme.

== Location ==
Bantwala Railway Station serves [[Bantwal]] city of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district. It belongs to [[Mysore railway division|Mysuru railway division]] part of [[South Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].

== Services ==
There are several trains to [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]],[[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subrahmanya]], [[Karwar]], [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]], [[Vijayapura]], [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur]], [[Bangalore City railway station|Bengaluru]], [[Mysore|Mysuru]], [[Hubli|Hubballi]] which stops at Bantwal railway station.
{| class="wikitable"
!Train number
!Train name
|-
|07377/07378
|Mangaluru Junction–Vijayapura Express Special<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2019 |title=Vijayapura-Mangaluru train likely |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/vijayapura-mangaluru-train-likely/article29846876.ece}}</ref>
|-
|16511/16512
|KSR Bengaluru–Kannur Express (via Kunigal)
|-
|16515/16516
|[[Yesvantpur–Karwar Express]]
|-
|16585/16586
|Mangaluru Central-SMVT Bengaluru Express(via Mysuru)
|-
|16575/16576
|[[Gomteshwara Express]]
|-
|16539/16540
|Yesvantpur-Mangaluru Junction Weekly Express(via Kunigal)
|-
|16595/16596
|[[Panchaganga Express]]
|-
|56642/56643
|[[Mangaluru Central–Kabaka Puttur Passenger]] (unreserved)
|-
|56644/56645
|[[Kabaka Puttur–Mangaluru Central Passenger]] (unreserved)
|-
|56646/56647
|[[Subrahmanya Road–Mangaluru Central Passenger]] (unreserved)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1979]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dakshina Kannada district]]

Chitrakote Falls

2025-12-26T15:48:07Z

ToniaMirams219: small expanded content for consistency also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Waterfall in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{confuse|Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh}}

{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Chitrakote Falls
| photo = Chitrakot_waterfalls.JPG
| photo_caption = Chitrakote Falls
| map = India Chhattisgarh
| location = [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| type = Cataract
| height = {{convert|29|m}}
| number_drops = 3
| average_flow =
| watercourse = [[Indravati River]]
| world_rank =
| coords = {{coord|19.206496|81.699979|format=dms|region:IN_type:river_scale:1000}}
}}

The '''Chitrakote Falls''' (also spelled '''Chitrakote''', '''Chitrakot''', and '''Chitrakoot''') is a natural [[waterfall]] on the [[Indravati River]], located approximately {{convert|38|km}} to the west of [[Jagdalpur]], in [[Bastar district]] in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

The height of the falls is about {{convert|29|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://cgtourism.choice.gov.in/node/117|title = Chitrakote Waterfalls, Bastar|access-date = 25 June 2015|publisher = Chhattisgarh Tourism Board|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626102719/http://cgtourism.choice.gov.in/node/117|archive-date = 26 June 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kale|2014|pp=251–53}} It is the widest waterfall in India, reaching a width of nearly {{convert|300|m|ft}} during the peak [[wet season|monsoon season]].{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=723}} Because of its width and horseshoe shape during the monsoon season, it is often called the "[[Niagara Falls]] of India".<ref name="Books2013">{{cite book|author=Puffin Books|title=The Puffin Book of 1000 Fun Facts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DInAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|date=15 November 2013|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-405-8|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/most-beautiful-waterfalls-india/index.html|access-date=22 October 2023|title=8 of India's most beautiful waterfalls|website=CNN|date=13 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Topography==
[[File:Chitrakote Falls.jpg|thumb|Chitrakote Falls in January 2017]]
The Chitrakote Falls<ref>
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRzaVNd10nw Chitrakoot Waterfalls – The Indian Niagara] </ref> is located on the Indravati River. The river originates in the [[Kalahandi]] district of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]], in the [[Vindhya Range]] of hills, flows westward, and then forms a fall at Chitrakote, after which it finally flows into the [[Godavari River]] at [[Bhadrakali (place)|Bhadrakali]],{{Sfn|Board|p=267}} after traversing {{convert|240|mi}} in the state.{{Sfn|Chatterjee1955|p=306}}<ref name=Patro>{{Cite web|last=Patro|first=Jagdish|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/163040-Chitrakoot-Waterfalls-The-Niagara-Falls-India.aspx|title=Chitrakoot Waterfalls – The Niagara Falls of India|date=14 December 2013|publisher=India Study channel|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612070610/https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/163040-Chitrakoot-Waterfalls-The-Niagara-Falls-India.aspx|archive-date=12 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The free drop of the falls is a sheer height of about {{convert|30|m}}. Because of its horseshoe shape, it is often compared with the world-famous [[Niagara Falls]] in the United States, and is given the sobriquet "the Small Niagara Falls". During the rainy season, from July to October, rainbows are created with sun rays reflecting on mist from the waterfall.{{Sfn|House|2004|p=132}}

A small [[Hindu temple|Hindu shrine]] dedicated to the god [[Shiva]] and several naturally created grottoes named "Parvati caves" (named after Shiva's wife [[Parvati]]) are located on the left bank of the Chitrakote Falls. The river flows sluggishly upstream of the falls due to its meandering nature as it drains through the plains of Jagdalpur. This stretch of the river valley has very little forest cover. Below the falls the river traverses the Bodhghat forested area and the river regime undergoes a drastic change in its flow conditions. Aeration processes and the forest in the downstream area filter the silt in the river.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vācham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX5-AAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=National Centre for Human Settlements and Environment|page=46}}</ref> The weather in the area is generally pleasant except in the summer season when it is hot due to the absence of shade amid lack of vegetation in the area.<ref name=Chitra2003>{{Cite web |url=http://tourism.gov.in/CMSPagePicture/file/marketresearch/statewise20yrsplan/chhattisgarh.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism |title=Final Report on 20 Year Perspective Plan for Development of Sustainable Tourism in Chhattisgarh |pages=12–3 of 5 |access-date=2015-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911093612/http://tourism.gov.in/CMSPagePicture/file/marketresearch/statewise20yrsplan/chhattisgarh.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chitrakote Falls is one of two waterfalls located near the [[Kanger Ghati National Park|Kanger Valley National Park]], the other being [[Teerathgarh Falls]].{{Sfn|Menon|2014|p=103}}

==Geology==
[[File:The_Chitrakote_Falls.jpg|thumb|left|Chitrakote Falls]]
The geological formation of the [[Indravati River]] valley as it rises and flows downstream consists of [[quartzitic]] [[sandstone]] and changes to the [[Archean|Archaean]] [[granite]] and [[gneisses]] near the Chitrakote Falls.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=23}} It is one of the six waterfalls in India classified as [[geomorphosite]]s ([[geoheritage]] sites with [[geomorphological]] interest); this classification is based on research studies of geological features of heritage value existing in different parts of the country. These have been studied and discussed in seminars by geologists, and studies have received the support of international institutions such as the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO), the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS), and the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG).{{Sfn|Kale|2014|pp=251–53}}

==Features==
[[File:Chitrakote waterfall at night.jpg|thumb|Chitrakote waterfall at night]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| footer =
| image1 = Chitrakot9.JPG
| alt1 = Chitrakote Falls with full muddy flow
| caption1 = Muddy flow
| image3 = Chitrakot Falls1.JPG
| caption3 = Another view of Chitrakote Falls during low-flow season
}}
The Chitrakote Falls, which spreads over three braids during the low-flow season, is a single sheet of flow over a free fall of about {{convert|30|m}}, forming a horseshoe-shaped gorge. However, during the monsoon season, when the Indravati River is in flood, the falls cover the entire stretch of the horseshoe from the left to the right bank, a width of about {{convert|300|m}}. Though it is about one-third less in width compared to Niagara Falls, its visual splendour has been described as equally impressive.{{Sfn|Menon|2014|p=104}}<ref name="Books2013"/> Water flow conditions over the falls vary with the seasons. During the flood season or the monsoon season, the flow is filled with silt.<ref name=Patro/>{{Sfn|Terryn|2011|p=}} It is India's widest waterfall.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=723}}

Local boat facilities operating below and under the falls in a misty atmosphere provide views of the falls under an early morning sun in reflected sunlight and in a blue hue. On the banks of the pond below the falls, many small [[Lingam|Shiva Lingas]] (aniconic symbols of the god Shiva) are found in several niches, as are iron [[Trishula|trishuls]] (the trident weapon of Shiva), mostly in a rusted state.<ref name=Indra>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/news/34164608_1_chariot-gonds-bastar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203130310/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/news/34164608_1_chariot-gonds-bastar|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2015|title=Indravati river's mighty Horseshoe falls of Chitrakoot have earned it the title of 'Little Niagara'|date=30 September 2012|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> On the left bank, there is a rock ledge and climbing down this cliff leads to a naturally formed niche which houses stone slabs carved with deities. In addition, there is a small hut made of straw where Shiva images and rusted images of his son, the god [[Ganesha]], are seen.<ref name=Ganesh>{{Cite web|url= http://ganapati.perso.neuf.fr/anglais/achat/achat.html|title= Ganesh au Chattishgarh|publisher= Ganesh, dieu de l'hindouisme|access-date= 2015-02-03|archive-date= 2014-09-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140918172241/http://ganapati.perso.neuf.fr/anglais/achat/achat.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Many local people are involved in fishing in the area.{{Sfn|Chatterjee1955|p=306}}<ref name=Indra/>

The beauty of the falls can be seen throughout the year, particularly during sunset.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=723}} As the fast-flowing water of the river flows over the sharp, near-vertical rock exposure at the widest reach of the river, it generates misty clouds and then hits into a pond formed in a semicircular shape at the bottom of the falls. Adventure sports enthusiasts use boats in the stormy part of this pond. Pilgrims bathe in the calmer part of the lake.{{Sfn|Kaul|2012|p=166}} In the low-flow season, paddle boats are used in pools formed in the upstream part of the falls. In the pool below the falls, swimming and paddle boats are permitted. Local boatmen can paddle their boats under the spray below the falls.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=723}}

Some terrorist activity by [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] (anti-revisionist) has been reported in the area. In 2008, when then-President of India [[Pratibha Patil]] visited Chitrakote Falls, there was a violent attack on a police vehicle which was blown up.{{Sfn|Choudhary|2012|p=27}}
{{wide image|Chitrakot panoramic.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of downstream pond below the Chitrakote Falls}}

==Conservation==
The Ministry of Tourism and Development of the Government of India assessed the potential of this site in 2003 as being of a natural "ambiance" suitable for the development of [[ecotourism]]. Based on this assessment, plans were drawn up to develop facilities such as local restaurants, nature camping sites, a playground for children, and platforms from which to view the falls, and also to improve the road conditions, fix signs along the road from Jagdalpur to the falls, and generally beautify the site. Environmental conditions in the vicinity of the falls are in a largely preserved state but need attention as ecotourism develops.<ref name=Chitra2003/>

As of 2010, some infrastructure facilities had improved. There is a government-run hotel at the top of the falls. A series of steps from the garden of the hotel leads to the falls. "Chitrakote log huts" with basic and modern cabins have also been built at the location. Some of the cabins provide good views of the falls. The falls dried up during the summer, from April to June,{{when|date=May 2020}} because water of the Indravati River has been diverted through Jaura Nallah near the Odisha–Chhattisgarh border by the Odisha government. It also includes indiscriminate construction of check dams near the falls. Social activists and environmentalists are making efforts to restore its charms. At present the falls flows only during the rain.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=723}}

Apart from many large hydroelectric power plants on the Indravati River, a small power plant of 7.5 MW capacity has been planned to utilize the head at the Chitrakote Falls, though no [[irrigation]] is envisaged.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

==See also==
*[[List of waterfalls]]
*[[List of waterfalls in India]]
*[[List of waterfalls in India by height]]
*[[Kanger Ghati National Park]]
*[[Tamda Ghumar]]
*[[Teerathgarh Falls]]
*[[Kotumsar Cave]]
*[[Mendri Ghumar]]
*[[Jagdalpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Board |first=Pratiyogita Darpan Editorial |title=Pratiyogita Darpan Extra Issue Series-2 General Studies Geography (India & World)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo169bRDeqwC&pg=PA267|publisher=Upkar Prakashan}}
*{{cite book|last= Chatterjee |first=Ramananda |title=The Modern Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPrRAAAAMAAJ|year=1955|publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited}}
*{{cite book|last= Choudhary|first=Subharanshu| title=Let's call him Vasu: With the Maoists in Chhattisgarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIWIbN8OAC&pg=PT27|date=1 December 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-737-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Kale|first=Piotr Vishwas S.|title=Landscapes and Landforms of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_MsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-8029-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Kaul|first=Ranjan|title=Through the Forest Darkly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZI_53bqpkYC&pg=PT166|date=12 March 2012|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5009-364-1}}
*{{cite book|last=House|first=Travel|title=Travel House Guide to Incredible India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT_u45_WfCUC&pg=PA132|year=2004|publisher=Travel House|isbn=978-81-241-1063-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Menon |first=Gangadharan |title=Evergreen Leaves: Recollections of My Journeys into Wild India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGXeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT104|date=11 December 2014|publisher=PartridgeIndia|isbn=978-1-4828-4170-1}}
*{{cite book|last= Sharma |first=Arun Kumar |title=Archaeo-anthropology of Chhattīsgaṛh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ihuAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=9788175740969 }}
*{{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Brahm Dev |title=Globalisation, the tribal encounter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPmwAAAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124103357 }}
*{{cite book|last= Singh |first=Sarina |title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA723|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Terryn |first=Waylon Christian |title=Chitrakoot Falls|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jEeTygAACAAJ |date=27 July 2011|publisher=Fer Publishing|isbn=978-613-7-04909-9}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chitrakote Falls}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj4UbbhG1iQ Chitrkote Water Fall, Jagdalpur, Bastar) YouTube]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160920031233/http://apnachhattisgarh.in/chitrakote-falls/ Chitrakoot falls]
*[http://www.thebackpackdiaries.in/chitrakoot-waterfalls-the-indian-niagara/ Chitrakoot Waterfalls - The Indian Niagara]
{{Hydrography of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]

Vattapalli Matom

2025-12-22T20:51:43Z

ToniaMirams219: starting pg

{{No footnotes|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Vattappalli Madam''' is located in [[Suchindram]], [[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Suchindram is one of the famous Shivaite and Vaishnavite temple places of the erstwhile [[Hindu]] kingdom of [[Travancore]]. It is about 7 km from [[Nagercoil]], and about 75 km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. It is one of the oldest houses in Suchindram village and the family is the chief priests of the Suchindram Thanumalayan Temple. The river Pazhayaar flows nearby and the temple pond Theppakulam is in very close proximity to the house.

==See also==
* [[Suchindram]]
* [[Vaikkath Pachu Moothathu]]

==External links==
*[http://www.keralaayurvedics.com/ayurveda-history/kerala-traditional-vaidyas/vaikkath-pachu-moothathu-ayurveda-practitioners-of-kerala.html Vaikkath Pachu Moothathu — Ayurveda Practitioners of Kerala]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002192424/http://www.ktm.kerala.gov.in/artandculture.htm Art and Culture]
*[http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/ke_ga2.htm Kerala History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820010726/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/ke_ga2.htm |date=20 August 2007 }}
*[http://www.todayskerala.com/traditional_medicine.htm Traditional Medicine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201002028/http://todayskerala.com/traditional_medicine.htm |date=1 February 2009 }}
*[http://www.sivadwijasevasamithi.org/sivadwija/ Sivadwijasevasamithi]
*[http://sivadwija.webs.com/ Sivadwija]

==References==
* C.K. Moothathu "Vaikkathu Pachu Moothathu" (1996)[http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm orig:] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080215085741/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm arch:])
* Gundert, Herman (ed.) Keralolpathi (The Origin of Malabar) (Mangalore, 1868)
* Sastri, Mananthala Neelakanta, Adi Keralam (Kozhikode, 1108 ME)
* Sivadwija Kaneshumari 2012(Published) by Sivadwija Seva Samithi, Ernakulam, 2012)
* The Census Report of the Kerala Siva Brahmins (published by Sivadwija Samajam, Ernakulam, 1928)
* Varma, A.R. Rajaraja, Kerala Panineeyam (Trivandrum, 1917)

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vattapalli Matom, Vattapalli Madam, Moothathu, Moosad}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Houses in India]]

Prince Kanwaljit Singh

2025-12-12T07:13:05Z

ToniaMirams219: new the biography with sources

{{Short description|Indian film actor and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prince Kanwaljit Singh
| image = Prince Kanwaljit Singh.png
| imagesize = 240px
| caption = Singh in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|02|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kotkapura]], Faridkot, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*Writer
*Comedian}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| module = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
*Films
*Comedy
*Web series
}}
|notable_work = {{flatlist|
*Panchhi
*Warning
*Zila Sangrur
*Criminal
}}
}}
}}

'''Prince Kanwaljit Singh''' (born 2 March 1980), commonly known as '''Prince K.J Singh''', is an [[Lists of Indian actors|Indian film actor]], dialogue writer and director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title='Gippy Grewal changed my life': Actor, playwright Prince Kanwaljit shares his journey to success |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/gippy-grewal-changed-my-life-actor-playwright-prince-kanwaljit-shares-his-journey-to-success-7743953/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his works in [[Punjabi cinema]]. Prince became well-known after receiving plaudits for his performance in the film series ''Warning''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning Trailer Out: Dheeraj Kumar And Prince Kanwaljit Singh Steal The Show In Gippy Grewal's Action-Drama {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-film-trailer/warning-trailer-out-dheeraj-kumar-and-prince-kanwaljit-singh-steal-the-show-in-gippy-grewal-s-action-drama/618a66270149013378bca94d |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kanwaljit was born on 2 March 1980 in [[Kotkapura]], [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India where he did his schooling from Punjab India.

== Career ==
Prince began his career as an actor and now primarily works in the Punjabi cinema, in 2010 he made his acting debut in Sukhmani. Kanawaljit also played a leading role in films Zila Sangrur,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince Kanwaljit Singh's From Zero To Hero Journey Will Inspire You |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/386357-Prince-Kanwaljit-Singhs-From-Zero-To-Hero-Journey-Will-Inspire-You |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref> [[Shareek]], [[Warning 2]], Panchhi and Warning and in Criminal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Criminal trailer: Prince Kanwaljit, Neeru Bajwa's film packed with action, suspense and thrill |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/criminal-trailer-prince-kanwaljit-neeru-bajwas-film-packed-with-action-suspense-and-thrill |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>

In movies like [[Yaaran Naal Baharan|Yaraan Naal Baharaan 2]] (2012), [[Shareek|Shareek (2015)]], [[Teshan (film)|Teshan (2016)]], and [[Toofan Singh (film)|Toofan Singh (2017)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince Kanwaljit Singh's From Zero To Hero Journey Will Inspire You |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/386357-Prince-Kanwaljit-Singhs-From-Zero-To-Hero-Journey-Will-Inspire-You |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>[[Toofan Singh (film)|)]], he primarily portrayed minor and supporting roles. Jatt Boys Jattan De (2013) was Singh's first feature film as a writer, Leather Life (2015), Teshan (2016), Shadaa (2019), Mitti (2019), Gidarh Singhi (2019), and Ik Sandhu Hunda Si<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batra |first=Gautam |date=29 February 2020 |title=Ik Sandhu Hunda Si Movie Review: Not 'Ek Tha Tiger', But Gippy Grewal Starrer Will Remind You Of 'Hashar' & '3 Idiots' |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/ik-sandhu-hunda-si-movie-review-not-ek-tha-tiger-but-gippy-grewal-starrer-will-remind-you-of-hashar-3-idiots/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> are some of his other films as a writer (2020).

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Note
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
|Sukhmani
|
|
|-
|Ik Kudi Punjab Di
|
|
|-
|Chak Jawana
|Boota
|
|-
|2012
|[[Yaaran Naal Baharan|Yaraan Naal Baharaan 2]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013
|Sadda Haq
|Gopi Singh
|
|-
|Daddy Cool Munde Fool
|
|
|-
|Jatt Boys Putt Jattan De
|Jolly
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|Leather Life
|
|
|-
|[[Shareek]]
|Bant
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2016
|Bathinda Express
|Jagga
|
|-
|[[Vaisakhi List]]
|Head Constable
|
|-
|Kaptaan
|
|
|-
|Once Upon a Time in Amritsar
|Succha Singh
|
|-
|25 Kille
|Bhinda
|
|-
|[[Teshan (film)|Teshan]]
|Chumbak
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|[[Toofan Singh (film)|Toofan Singh]]
|Chandi
|
|-
|[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]
|School Teacher
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
|[[Laung Laachi]]
|
|
|-
|[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]
|
|
|-
|Laatu
|Ginda Grewal
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2019
|Kaake Da Viyah
|Bathal
|
|-
|Shadaa
|Chadta's cousin
|
|-
|Surkhi Bindi
|Rana- Sukha's workmate
|
|-
|[[Daaka]]
|Constable Beant Singh
|
|-
|Gidarh Singhi
|Chhotu
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021
|Panchhi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Kiddaan com |date=4 September 2021 |title=Chaupal OTT: Pitaara TV Launches World's Biggest Multi-Regional OTT Platform |url=https://kiddaan.com/chaupal-ott-pitaara-tv-launches-worlds-biggest-multi-regional-ott-platform/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Panchhi
|Leading role
|-
|Zila Sangrur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Kiddaan com |date=24 October 2021 |title=Zila Sangrur Review: Watch This Web Series To Revive The Criminal Drama Fan Inside You |url=https://kiddaan.com/zila-sangrur-web-series-review/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Pargat
|[[Web series]]
|-
|Warning
|Pamma
|Leading role
|-
|[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|Munda Sardaran Da
|
|
|-
|Maa
|
|
|-
|[[Posti (2022 film)|Posti]]
|
|
|-
|Rabba Rabba Meeh Varsa
|
|
|-
|Criminal<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2022 |title='Criminal' — this is Pollywood's brave attempt in the thriller genre and we are glad it released |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1001829/criminal-this-is-pollywoods-brave-attempt-in-the-thriller-genre-and-we-are-glad-it-released/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Bhura
|Leading role
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|Cheta Singh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheta Singh to be released in theatres on 18 November |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/28/35008/cheta-singh-to-be-released-in-theatres-on-18-november |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818142745/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/28/35008/cheta-singh-to-be-released-in-theatres-on-18-november |url-status=live |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|''[[Sidhus of Southall]]''
|Dead body
|
|-
|[[Chamak (web series)|Chamak]]
|Jagga
|
|-
|
|[[Kali Jotta]]
|Boota
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Warning 2]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning 2: Gippy Grewal Announces The Sequel Of His Recent Film; Shares The Release Date Too {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/warning-2-gippy-grewal-announces-the-sequel-of-his-recent-film-shares-the-release-date-too/619b5028ce405168eff2daec |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Pamma
|Leading role
|-
|''[[Shinda Shinda No Papa]]''
|
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Akaal: The Unconquered]]''
| Dina
|
|-
|}

=== Writer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Note
|-
|2013
|Jatt Boys Putt Jattan De
|Punjabi
|
|-
|2015
|Leather Life
|Punjabi
|
|-
|2016
|Faraar
|Punjabi
|
|-
|2016
|Teshan
|Punjabi
|writer
|-
|2017
|Ik Sandhu Hunda Si
|Punjabi
|dialogue
|-
|2018
|Shikaari
|Punjabi
|
|-
|2021
|Zila Sangrur
|Punjabi
|writer
|-
|2021
|Warning
|Punjabi
|dialogue
|-
|2022
|Rabba Rabba Meeh Varsa
|Punjabi
|
|-
|2024
|Sector 17
|Punjabi
|writer
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm3791454}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanwaljit Singh, Prince}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]

Ministry of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development

2025-11-27T17:13:39Z

ToniaMirams219: creating new entry

{{Short description|Indian government ministry}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Pan̄cāyatī Rāj mariyu Grāmīṇābhivr̥d'dhi Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = PR&RD
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor = [[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]
| inaugural = [[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|https://appanchayats.ap.gov.in/APPRPortal/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development''' or simply '''Rural Development Minister''', is the head of the Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent minister of the rural development department is the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Pawan Kalyan]] from [[Janasena Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
! rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File:Ch. Ayyanna Patrudu.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]''' {{small|Panchayat Raj}} {{small|(born 1957) MLA for [[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]}}
|rowspan=2|8 June 2014
|rowspan=2|1 April 2017
|rowspan=2|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=3 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=3 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|rowspan=3 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|'''[[Kimidi Mrunalini]]''' {{small|Rural Development}} {{small|(born 1958) MLA for [[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Nara Lokesh at public meet (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Nara Lokesh]]''' {{small|(born 1983) MLC}}
|2 April 2017
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's son Nara Lokesh takes oath as Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-takes-oath-as-minister/article17762250.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MLA for [[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|
|'''[[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janasena Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Pawan Kalyan]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MLA for [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Janasena Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Manchama

2025-11-26T07:17:50Z

ToniaMirams219:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manchama
| native_name = Manchoam
| governing_body =
| native_name_lang = Ks
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Beerwah
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = not known.
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| nickname =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex Ratio
| area_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193411
| registration_plate = JK04
| website =
| area_rank =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manchama''' or '''Manchoam''' is a village in tehsil [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]] of the district [[Budgam]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=518|access-date=2021-11-06|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Chewdara]]
*[[Rathsun|Rathsoon]]
*[[Ohangam]]
*[[Meerpora]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Raj Kumar Shukla

2025-10-19T19:21:59Z

ToniaMirams219: corrected layout also

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1875–1929)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Raj Kumar shukla
| image = Raj Kumar Shukla 2000 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Raj kumar Shukla on a 2000 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1875|08|23}}
| birth_place = Murli Bharahwa, [[Champaran]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1929|05|20|1875|08|23}}
| death_place = [[Motihari]], [[Bihar]]
| occupation = Freedom fighter, Farmer
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]],[[Hindi]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| period = 1890s – 1920s
| children = 2 daughters
}}

'''Raj Kumar Shukla''' (23 August 1875 – 20 May 1929) was the person who convinced [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to visit [[Champaran]] which later led to the [[Champaran Satyagraha]]. Shukla at the time paid well to work under Hafiz Din Mohammad and was sent to meet Gandhi.

==Biography ==
During the 31st session of the Congress in Lucknow in 1916, Gandhiji met Raj Kumar Shukla, a representative of farmers from Champaran, who requested him to come and see for himself the miseries of the indigo ryots (tenant farmers) there. Gandhi later wrote in his autobiography “I must confess that I did not then know even the name, much less the geographical position, of Champaran, and I had hardly any notion of indigo plantations.”{{cn|date=May 2025}} Shukla thus met Gandhi to make him aware of the plight of the cultivators in Champaran and persuaded him to go there. He was a known Indigo cultivator of the area as he was a money lender from village Murli Bharahwa near Narkatiyaganj in West Champaran, earning, according to his own statement before the enquiry committee set up by the provincial government, a sum of two thousand rupees a month from interest. <ref>{{cite book |title=Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life |last=Tidrick |first=Kathryn|author-link=Kathryn Tidrick|year=2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-166-3 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp-gZ5OVkuUC&pg=PA117&dq=%22Raj+Kumar+Shukla%22 |accessdate=6 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/District/Bettaih.htm |title=West Chaparan District at a Glance |work=Tirhut Division |accessdate=6 October 2008 }}</ref>

==Honour==
To commemorate his 125th birth anniversary, the [[India Post|Department of Posts]] released a stamp in his honour in 2000.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} On the occasion of 100 years of Champaran Satyagrah Govt. of Bihar established a Statue of Pt. Rajkumar Shukla at Gandhi Sangrhalay (गांधी संग्रहालय) Patna.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} The [[Gandhi Peace Foundation]] in Delhi has showcased a photograph of Raj Kumar Shukla.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

==Books on Raj Kumar Shukla==

On the occasion of 100 years of Champaran Satyagraha, Arvind Mohan wrote a book on him and his other supporters titles ''Champaran : Satyagrah Ke Sahyogi.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} ''The book was released by Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar on 10 April 2017. In September 2017 Mohan wrote another book'', Mr. M.K. Gandhi ki Champaran Diary,'' where Raj Kumar Shukla emerged as main contributor of Mahatma Gandhi's satyagraha''.''{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

==Gandhi in Champaran==
[[File:Raj Kumar Shukla 2018 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Shukla on a 2018 stamp of India]]
Mahatama Gandhi arrived in Champaran with his team of eminent nationalists, [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], [[Brajkishore Prasad]], after which the Champaran Satyagraha began.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Judith Margaret
| last = Brown
| title = Gandhi's Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics 1915–1922
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] Archive
| location = New Delhi
| year = 1972
| isbn = 978-0-521-09873-1
| page = 384
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Raj Kumar Shukla}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Raj Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

1987 Vanniyar reservation agitation

2025-10-18T04:56:03Z

ToniaMirams219: created a details!

{{Short description|Week-long protest in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
The '''1987 Vanniyar reservation protest''' was a week-long protest organized by the Vanniyar Sangham headed by [[S. Ramadoss]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in September 1987 demanding 20 percent [[Reservation in India|reservation]] for [[Vanniyar]]s in education and employment in the state and 2 percent in education and employment in the [[Union government]].<ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web|title=Agitation by backward Vanniyar community rocks Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871015-agitation-by-backward-vanniyar-community-rocks-tamil-nadu-799377-1987-10-15}} India Today (18 திசம்பர், 2013)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vanniyar Sangam revives demand for exclusive quota|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/vanniyar-sangam-revives-demand-for-exclusive-quota/article3392122.ece}} THE HINDU</ref> The agitation turned violent and destructive; the protestors damaged roadways and reportedly cut down lakhs of trees to block roadways, and destroyed public property. The activists of the Vanniyar Sangham attacked [[Dalit]] settlements and burned down more than 1,400 Dalit houses in numerous villages.{{sfn|Collins|2017|p=137}}{{sfn|Collins|2017|p=138}} At least 21 people were shot dead by the [[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu police]] sent to suppress the agitators.<ref name="dinamani">{{Cite web|title=இடஒதுக்கீடு போராட்டத்தில் உயிரிழந்தோருக்கு பாமக அஞ்சலி|url=http://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-villupuram/puducherry/2016/sep/19/இடஒதுக்கீடு-போராட்டத்தில்-உயிரிழந்தோருக்கு-பாமக-அஞ்சலி-2567164.html}} தினமணி (செப்டம்பர் 19, 2016)</ref><ref name="frontline">{{Cite web|title=the Vanniyar agitation in 1987|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/sectarian-poison/article4276583.ece}}</ref>

The incident forced the DMK government led by [[M. Karunanidhi]] to create a Most backward class (MBC) quota for 108 castes, including Vanniyars, which granted them 20 per cent reservation in education and employment in 1989.

== Background and causes ==
The Vanniyars are Tamil Nadu's second-largest community, after the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]].<ref name="epwva">{{Cite journal|last=Vidyasagar|first=R.|date=1988|title=Vanniyars' Agitation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378230|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=23|issue=11|pages=507–511|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> They mostly work as agricultural labourers and are concentrated in the northern Tamil Nadu towns of Cuddalore, [[Vellore]], [[Tiruvallur]], [[Ranipet]], [[Chengalpattu|Chengalpet]], [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]] and [[Kanchipuram|Kancheepuram]] where they make up a sizable vote bank.<ref name="newslaundrylokpria">{{Cite web|last=Vasudevan|first=Lokpria|title=Has AIADMK gambled the Tamil Nadu election on the Vanniyar quota?|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/03/22/has-aiadmk-gambled-the-tamil-nadu-election-on-the-vanniyar-quota|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> The Ambashankar Commission, established in 1982 to investigate the Vanniyar quota claim, assessed their population to be at 13%.<ref name="epwva" />

The Vanniyars had already campaigned for more reservations twice in the previous year. However, the MGR government ignored their plea.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Venkatramani|first=S. H.|title=Agitation by backward Vanniyar community rocks Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871015-agitation-by-backward-vanniyar-community-rocks-tamil-nadu-799377-1987-10-15|url-status=live|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183211/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871015-agitation-by-backward-vanniyar-community-rocks-tamil-nadu-799377-1987-10-15 |archive-date=2018-09-07 }}</ref>

=== Caste identity and Vanniyar sangham ===
Vanniyars have a lengthy history of strong [[caste]] assertion dating back over a century. They were formerly referred to as the "pallis," and opposed to being classified as a [[Low-caste Indians|low caste]] as early as 1833 by attempting to get a decree in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The community requested the census authorities in 1871 to be classified as [[Kshatriya]]. Vanniyars attempted to establish their status and identity by fusing actual history with mythology and claimed to be the AgniKula (fire [[Race (human categorization)|race]]), kshatriyas, and the [[Pallava dynasty]]'s descendants. In 1888, the Chennai Vanniyakula Kshatriya MahaSangam was founded. Many Vanniyars began referring to themselves as vanniyakula kshatriya in an effort to enhance their identity and status.<ref name="epwva" />

The communities caste organizations began taking economic concerns in order to help the group move up the social ladder. The Vanniyars founded their own party, the [[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party|Tamil Nadu Toilers Party]] during the 1952 general elections, which eventually separated to form the [[Commonweal Party|Common Weal Party]]. In 1980, [[S. Ramadoss]] was able to bring together 27 caste organisations to create the Vanniyar Sangham. From the inception, the Vanniyar Sangham lobbied for a greater share of education, jobs, and power.<ref name="epwva" />

The Dalits are seen by Vanniyars as potential competition for employment and other economic opportunities.<ref name="epwva" /> The majority of individuals from both the Vanniyar and Dalit communities are poor laborer who compete for employment opportunities, which frequently resulted in clashes between them.<ref name="epwva" />

=== Reservations ===
S. Ramadoss claimed that among the 213 castes listed as backward in Tamil Nadu, just a few dominating castes have reaped the majority of the advantages of the 50% backward class reservation. According to the [[Tamilnadu Backward Class Commission]]'s report, the representation of the backward and most backward classes in education is extremely low in comparison to their numbers. In 1970, merely 33.33 percent of the total number of pupils who took the SSLC test were from backward or most backward areas. Vanniyars, who made up around 12% of the population in 1970, accounted for 3.28 percent of students who took the SSLC in 1970 and 1.74 percent of students accepted to engineering institutions in July 1970. According to R Vidyasagar, when multiple castes are grouped together in the list of backward castes, existing social and economic imbalances amongst those backward class allow some influencing groups to take away a large share of the benefits, and the Vanniyar's demand for exclusive reservation proportionate to their population must be seen in this context. Minority castes, on the other hand, reject proportional reservation, claiming that it would severely limit their accessibility to reservation advantages, and instead seek rotational reservation.<ref name="epwva" />

== Protests ==
A week of protests was organised by the Vanniyar Sangham from September 17 to September 23, 1987<ref>{{Cite web|title=NDLI Presents: The Vanniyar Sangham and its Role in Tamil Nadu Reservation Policy|url=https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/MDl5cHdNUUlnd0lnZHNoQXlvOG5lS2xuQldveEZjSVR4Y3dCdVl4b3pHVT0|access-date=2021-07-31|website=ndl.iitkgp.ac.in}}</ref> across the state to urge its demand for a separate 20% reservation quota for Vanniyars in state government jobs and educational institutions, as well as a 2% quota in the union government.{{Sfn|Collins|2017|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Vanniyars may repeat 1987 for quota’|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jul/29/vanniyars-may-repeat-1987-for-quota-173748.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The rasta roko (obstruction) agitation halted daily activities in the state's northern regions. Stones and trees were dumped over the roadways in [[Chengalpattu]] and South Arcot which served as effective roadblocks. Trenches were constructed across the highways in several areas.<ref name=":0" /> Vanniyar Sangam protesters reportedly blocked important highways by reportedly felling lakhs of trees, as well as telephone poles and lamp posts. They littered pieces of glass over roads and rolled huge rocks across them, creating holes in important roadways. Furthermore, the protestors blew up [[culvert]]s with crude [[homemade explosive]]s.{{Sfn|Collins|2017|p=136}}

Thousands of cadres of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) who were returning to their home after the inauguration of Anna Arivalayam (a temple of Knowledge dedicated to [[C.N. Annadurai]]) in Madras were stopped and the buses and lorries they travelled were set on fire after doused in kerosene by the agitators. There were also clashes between the two groups. The police eventually offered armed protection to large truck convoys. The DMK function which originally scheduled on September 15, was rescheduled for September 16 because the government did not want it to coincide with MGR's expected return from the [[United States]]. The agitation which was planned for 6 a.m on September 17 at was pushed it back six hours to midnight by pro-[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] agitators with an intent to stir up unrest. The DMK workers on their way home from the inauguration were confronted by the rampaging agitators.<ref name=":0" /> Thousands of travellers were stuck by the side of the road, without enough food or drink.{{Sfn|Collins|2017|p=136}} In neighbouring areas, Vanniyar Sangam activists assaulted people who had been requested by police to clear roadways, resulting in a police shooting that killed 11 protestors during the first day of the agitation.{{Sfn|Collins|2017|p=137}}

State officials issued “shoot on sight” orders, allowing officers to open fire on anybody found destroying public property or assisting the roko. Fleets of public buses were escorted to their destination by armed police convoys. Following the late-night burning of a milk truck in Chennai's Ambattur, security precautions were expanded to vehicles carrying food grains and essential supplies. During the protest, limited road traffic combined with increased security threats resulted in acute shortages of basic commodities within Chennai.{{Sfn|Collins|2017|p=137}}{{Sfn|Collins|2017|p=136}} The traffic in the south of Madras came to a complete stop.<ref name=":0" />

=== Violence against Dalits ===
Violence against Dalits began on the first day when members of the Dalit community joined policemen in cleaning up the debris left by the protests. The activists of the Vanniyar Sangam allegedly warned the Dalits not to obstruct their agitation. When some Dalits refused, numerous Dalit settlements were destroyed. The rioting began with the burning of 100 Dalit homes in Sundaripalayam.{{sfn|Collins|2017|p=137}}<ref name=":0" /> Clashes escalated between both the communities on many villages where local scores were settled.<ref name="epwva" />

Vanniyar Sangham activists targeted Dalit communities who had impeded their agitation by burning Dalit hamlets in the northern districts in the following days, including around 80 houses in Chitharasoor and Mazhavaranoor, more than 75 houses in Nellikuppam, and an uncertain number of houses in Kandarakottai. On September 21, 1987, about 1,000 Vanniyar Sangam activists set fire to Endathur hamlet near [[Uthiramerur|Uttiramenur]]. On September 23, 1987, Vanniyar Sangam agitators went to four villages in Alampakkam, near [[Cuddalore]] and burned approximately 1,200 Dalit homes which displaced an estimated 5,000 Dalit inhabitants.{{sfn|Collins|2017|p=137}}{{sfn|Collins|2017|p=138}}

== Detentions and casualties ==
During the unrest, the police took 20,461 people into custody, including about 2,500 people who were detained as a preventive measure. During the course of the week-long protests, police shooting killed an estimated 23 Vanniyars.{{sfn|Collins|2017|p=138}}

== Aftermath ==
Chief minister, MGR, was in a hospital in the United States at the time of the protests. After returning to India, he met with the community but was unable to reach an agreement. MGR died within a couple of days.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Aprameya|date=2020-12-03|title=In quest for reservation, PMK returns to its aggressive 1987 mode|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/in-quest-for-reservation-pmk-returns-to-its-aggressive-1987-mode/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref>

The incident forced the DMK government led by [[M. Karunanidhi]] to create a Most backward class (MBC) quota with 108 castes, including Vanniyars which granted them 20 per cent reservation in education and employment in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2012-05-07|title=Vanniyar Sangam revives demand for exclusive quota|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vanniyar-sangam-revives-demand-for-exclusive-quota/article3391128.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vanniyar reservation: ‘Temporary’ solution to four-decade campaign|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/feb/27/vanniyar-reservation-temporary-solution-to-four-decade-campaign-2269559.html|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Memorial Day ==
The Pattali Makkal Katchi marked September 17 as ''Veera Vanakka Naal ''every year to honour the members who died in the demonstrations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=பாமக சார்பில் சமூகநீதி வாரம்: ஜி.கே.மணி தகவல்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/577732-pmk-social-justice-week.html|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=அரவிந்த்ராஜ்|first=ரா|title=ராமதாஸ் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு: மக்கள் மருத்துவர் முதல் பா.ம.க நிறுவனர் வரை..! - முழுமையான தொகுப்பு!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/biography-of-pmk-leader-ramadas|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Vikatan/|language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite journal|last=Collins|first=Michael A|date=2017-01-01|title=Recalling Democracy: Electoral Politics, Minority Representation, and Dalit Assertion in Modern India|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10266289|journal=Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations|pages=1–298|via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}} ([https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4022&context=edissertations Available online])

[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1980s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:September 1987 in Asia]]

Golasan

2025-10-12T18:50:59Z

ToniaMirams219: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Golasan
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sanchore]]
| established_title = 
| area_total_ha = 2100.42
| population_total = 3,949
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 343041
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-46
}}

'''Golasan''' is a village in [[Sanchore]] district in [[Rajasthan]], India. Golasan has a total population of 3,949 peoples according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref> Hotigaon 13km away from district headquarter [[Sanchore]]. [https://www.sanchore.co.in/2025/03/golasan-hanuman-ji-mandir-golasan.html Golasan Balaji Temple] is famous for a fair that is held here every year. The south-facing self-manifested Hanuman idol here is uniquely miraculous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-17 |title=चमत्कारी है गोलासन बालाजी का ये मंदिर,दर्शनों के लिए उमड़ता है भक्तों का सैलाब - JALORE NEWS |url=https://www.jalorenews.com/2022/04/Hanuman-Janmotsav-celebrated-with-great-enthusiasm.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Jalore News {{!}} जालोर न्यूज़ {{!}} जालोर समाचार {{!}} Jalore News Today |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=गोलासन बालाजी की मान्यता : जमीन फाड़ प्रकट हुए, ग्वाले ने बताया ग्रामीणों को |work=Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jalore/news/rajasthan-news-the-recognition-of-golasan-balaji-land-torn-up-gwalle-told-the-villagers-083519-4378295.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Sanchore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Sanchore district]]

Francis George (politician)

2025-09-15T07:49:33Z

ToniaMirams219: adjusted information further and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = K. Francis George
| image = Francis George at Arakuzha.JPG
| caption = Francis George at [[Arakuzha]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|05|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present day [[Kerala]]), India
| residence = [[Muvattupuzha]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
| constituency1 = [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
| successor =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|1999|10|06|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|2009|05|16|df=yes}}
| predecessor2 = [[P. C. Chacko]]
| successor2 = [[P. T. Thomas]]
| constituency2 = [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deepika.com/News_Latest.aspx?catcode=latest&newscode=180933|title=ഫ്രാന്‍സിസ് ജോര്‍ജിന്റെ പാര്‍ട്ടി കേരള കോണ്‍ഗ്രസ് -ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് നിലവില്‍ വന്നു |}}</ref> ''(formerly)'' 
[[Kerala Congress (M)]] ''(formerly)''
| spouse = Shiny Francis George
| children = 3
| website = http://www.francisgeorge.in
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=138
}}

{{Given name hatnote|Francis George|Kalambattuparambil|lang=Malayali}}'''Kalambattuparambil Francis George''' is an Indian politician who is a member of the [[Kerala Congress]]. He is presently a member of [[18th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-07 |title=Kottayam election results 2024 live updates: KEC's K Francis George wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kottayam-election-results-2024-kerala-kottayam-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-key-candidates-major-parties/articleshow/110673509.cms |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was a member of the [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] [[Lok Sabha]], representing [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]] constituency of [[Kerala]]. He was formerly a leader of the [[Kerala Congress (M)]] and that of his former party [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]].

== Political career ==
Prior to the 2016 assembly election, he left Kerala Congress (M) and created a new party — Janadhipathya Kerala Congress. The party joined the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) and he contested in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Kerala assembly election]] from Idukki. He lost the election to the sitting MLA [[Roshy Augustine]]. In 2020, he left the Janadhipathya Kerala Congress and rejoined Kerala Congress and is currently part of the [[P. J. Joseph]] faction of the party. In the 2021 elections, he contested as UDF candidate from Idukki. He lost yet again to Roshy Augustine from Kerala Congress (M) in a rematch of sorts with both contestants switching sides from 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-29 |title=Kerala assembly elections 2021: Idukki a litmus test for Kerala Congress factions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/idukki-a-litmus-test-for-kerala-cong-factions/articleshow/81739833.cms |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Francis George has been on Parliamentary Committees on [[External affairs|External Affairs]], [[Defence (military)|Defence]], [[Industrial sector|Industry]], and [[Commerce]]. He was nominated as the UDF candidate for the Parliament Constituency of Kottayam and won the [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam Parliament Constituency]] in the 2024 election to the [[18th Lok Sabha]].

== Personal life ==
Francis graduated from [[Christ University|Christ College]] in Bangalore and has been graduated in law by the Law Academy at [[Trivandrum]]. He was formerly a banker.

He is the son of [[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]], the founder of Kerala Congress. Francis George is married to Shiny Chettisseril. They have three children namely K. F. George, K. F. Jose and K. F. Jacob.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{13th LS members from Kerala}}
{{14th LS members from Kerala}}

==External links==
* [http://www.francisgeorge.in Francis George's Virtual Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217031933/http://francisgeorge.in/ |date=17 February 2017 }}
{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Francis}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala Congress (M) politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Vitasti

2025-09-10T22:16:11Z

ToniaMirams219: starting a stub

{{Short description|Ancient Indian unit of length}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2017}}
A '''vitasti''' ({{langx|sa|वितस्ति}}, ''{{IAST|vitasti}}'') is an ancient [[India|Indian]] unit of length approximating 21 [[centimeter]]s.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

==Etymology==
The [[Sanskrit]] word ''vitasti'', meaning "span", is an ancient Indo-Iranian term. It is derived from the [[Proto-Indo-Iranian]] term ''*witasti-'' and is related to [[Avestan]] ''vītasti'', Kurdish ''bist'' and [[Persian language|Persian]] ''bidast'', all meaning "span".<ref>The Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon by Alexander Lubotsky</ref>

==Measurement==
According to the Vāstuśāstra, a vitasti is equal to 12 [[Aṅgula|aṅgulas]]. It is defined as the long span between the extended thumb and the little finger or as the distance between the wrist and the fingertips.<ref>Sir Monier Monier Williams dictionary</ref>

==Equivalence to other units of length==
8 ''Paramāṇu'' = 1 ''Rathadhūli'' (chariot-dust) 8 ''Rathadhūli'' = 1 ''Vālāgra'' (hair-end) 8 ''Vālāgra'' = 1 ''Likṣā'' (nit) 8 ''Likṣā'' = 1 ''Yūkā'' (louse) 8 ''Yūkā'' = 1 ''Yava'' (barley) 8 ''Yava'' = 1 ''Aṅgula'' (finger) 12 ''Aṅgula'' = 1 ''Vitasti'' (span) 2 ''Vitasti'' = 1 ''Kiṣku'' (cubit){{cn|date=December 2017}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Units of measurement]]

NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant

2025-09-06T08:40:00Z

ToniaMirams219: creating details

{{Short description|Photovoltaic power station in Bhadla, India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.485071|N|71.997756|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = Bhadla, [[Rajasthan]]
| status =
| construction_began = 2021
| commissioned = 2017
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[National Thermal Power Corporation]]
| solar_type = pv
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_site_area =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 260[[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant''' is a [[photovoltaic power station]] in Bhadla, [[Jodhpur district]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Amitabh |date=2017-06-18 |title=Catching the sun at Bhadla solar park |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bhadla-solar-park-rajasthan-catching-the-sun-india-biggest-solar-energy-park-jodhpur-power-plant-hot-winds-sand-storms-4709314/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The 260 MW solar power plant is built by the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] at the [[Bhadla Solar Park]], under the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]'s Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) Scheme Phase II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTPC Commissions 260 MW Bhadla Solar Farm Under Its Self-Owned Projects Program - Mercom India |url=https://mercomindia.com/ntpc-commissions-260-mw-bhadla-solar-farm-self-owned-projects-program |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Mercomindia.com}}</ref>

Phase-by-phase commissioning;

* 45 MW commissioned in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2017 |title=NTPC commissions 45 MW capacity at Rajasthan solar project |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ntpc-commissions-45-mw-capacity-at-rajasthan-solar-project-117030800502_1.html |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
* 130 MW commissioned in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Vikram Solar gets 140-MW unit order from NTPC - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/vikram-solar-gets-140-mw-unit-order-from-ntpc/67358757 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2017 |title=Vikram Solar commissions 130 Mw solar project for NTPC in Rajasthan |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/vikram-solar-commissions-130-mw-solar-project-for-ntpc-in-rajasthan-117040300511_1.html |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
* 55 MW commissioned in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajalakshmi |date=2017-03-27 |title=NTPC commissions 55-MW solar project at Bhadla |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ntpc-commissions-55mw-solar-project-at-bhadla/article9602231.ece |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

{{India-powerstation-stub}}
{{Renewable-power-plant-stub}}

[[Category:Renewable energy power stations in India]]
[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]

Kutch (disambiguation)

2025-07-07T12:00:24Z

ToniaMirams219: put up new article - done

{{wiktionary|Kutch|Cutch|Kachchh}}

'''Kutch''' (also spelled as '''Kachchh''' or '''Cutch''') generally refers to the '''[[Kutch district]]''', a district of Gujarat state in western India. It may also refer to:

==Geography==
===Kutch district===
* [[Kutch (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Indian parliamentary constituency
* [[Gulf of Kutch]], inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India
* [[Rann of Kutch]], salt marsh located on the western tip of Gujarat, India and the Sindh province of Pakistan
** [[Little Rann of Kutch]], salt marsh in Kutch, Gujarat, India, located near the Great Rann of Kutch
** [[Great Rann of Kutch]], seasonal salt marsh located in the Thar Desert in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India and the Sindh province of Pakistan
** [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], wildlife sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch in Kutch, Gujarat, India
** [[Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary]], wildlife sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch in Sindh, Pakistan
* [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], bird sanctuary in Kutch, Gujarat, India

===Former polities in the district===
* [[Kutch State]], a state within the Republic of India from 1947 to 1956
* [[Cutch State]], a relatively large Indian princely state during the British Raj
** [[Kutch kori]], obsolete Indian currency
** [[Cutch Agency]], an agency of British India that looked after the princely state of Cutch

===Other places===
* [[Kutch, Colorado]], U.S.
* [[Kutch Lacuna]], large intermittent lake on Titan

==Others==
* [[Kutch Embroidery|Kutch embroidery]], handicraft and textile art tradition of Kutch, Gujarat, India
* [[Kachchh shawl]], Indian handloom shawl from Kutch
* [[Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh University]] or Kutch University, university in Kutch, India
* [[Kutch Museum]], history and art museum in Kutch, Gujarat, India
* [[Kutch Express]], Indian daily express train
* [[Kutch Express (film)|''Kutch Express'' (film)]], Indian film by Viral Shah
* [[Kutchmitra|''Kutch Mitra'']], Gujarati-language newspaper published from Kutch, India

==See also==
* [[Cutch (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kutchi (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Siddhashrama

2025-06-18T14:20:17Z

ToniaMirams219: starting data

{{Short description|Mystical hermitage located in the Himalayas}}
{{About||the writer|C. P. Siddhashrama|}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Faith primary|date=January 2021}}
{{needs more sources|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Siddhashrama''' ({{IAST|Siddhāśrama}}; [[Devanagari]]:सिद्धाश्रम), popularly called '''Gyangunj''', is considered as a mystical hermitage, which according to a tradition, is located in a secret land deep in the [[Himalayas]], where great [[yogi]]s, [[sadhu]]s, and [[Wise old man|sages]] who are [[siddha]]s live. This place is also revered as the mystical land of [[Shambhala]] by Tibetans. According to another tradition, the Siddhashrama is located in the Tibetan region, nearby Kailash parvat. Though any Sadhu, Sannyasi, Yeti, Monk and Yogi might have known 'Siddhashram' by any name or various cults might have used different worship or Sadhana methods according to their beliefs.The context of this supernatural land has been mentioned in many ancient scriptures along with four Vedas. The Siddhashram is described as a divine place in spiritual journey. Thus it is also believed that while discharging their divine works in this universe the spiritually empowered Yogis remain in constant touch with Siddhashram and they visit it regularly. Siddhashram is considered as the base of spiritual consciousness, heart of divinity and the mortification land of great [[Rishi]]s. Thus, the Siddhashram is assumed as a very scarce divine place. It's believed by Hindus, Buddhists that it is possible to get the divine power to enter this scarce [[Shrine|place]] by doing hard works through Sadhana procedure and following Sadhana path. Siddhashram is considered to be a secret and mystical land deep in the Himalayas, where it is said and is believed by [[Hindus]] that great siddha yogis, sadhus, and sages live. Siddhashram is believed to be the ashram of Ancient saints, sages & Yogis of [[Paramahamsa|high order]]. It is referred to in many Indian epics, the [[Vedas|Veda]], [[Upanishads]] and [[Puranas]] including the [[Rigveda]], one of the oldest scripture of human civilization. Siddhashram is considered to be the society for the enlightened people or [[siddha]]s. The person, who reaches high level in [[Sādhanā|sadhana]] can reach the [[Mysticism|mystical]] siddhashram with the blessings of the [[guru]], who is the regular of this place, as considered by believers. They are able to see it with their third eye. Its believed that this [[ashram]] lies near the [[Lake Manasarovar|Mansarovar lake]] and the [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]]. Siddha [[yogi]]s and [[Sannyasa|sanyasis]] are [[Dhyāna in Hinduism|meditating]] in this place for thousands of years and it is believed that this place can't be seen with naked eye and can only be seen after meditation and other spiritual practices, as believed by many. Swami Vishuddhananda Paramahansa first talked of this place in public. He was taken there in His childhood by some adept and He did his sadhana in Gyanganj Ashram for long long years. Many in Hinduism believe that Maharishi [[Vasishtha|Vashishtha]], [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]], [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]], [[Pulastya]], [[Atri]], Mahayogi Gorakhnath, Srimad Shankaracharya, [[Bhishma|Bheesma]], [[Kripa]]charya can be seen wandering there in physical form and also one can have the privilege of listening to their sermons. Many Siddha yogi, yoginis, Apsara (Angel), saints are believed to be found meditating in this place. Those who allegedly went there say that the beautiful flowers in the garden, trees, birds, siddha-yoga lake, meditating saints and many other things of the place cannot be described in words. The exact location of this legendary kingdom is unknown as it is believed that Gyanganj artfully camouflages (willingly hides itself) itself from humans, as well as mapping technologies. Some also believe that Gyanganj exists in a different plane of reality and thus cannot be detected by satellites.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

==In ancient Indian literature==
Siddhashrama (literally, the hermitage of the siddhas) is referred to in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Purana]]s. In [[Valmiki]]'s Ramayana it is said that [[Viswamitra]] has his hermitage in Siddhashrama and it was the erstwhile hermitage of [[Vishnu]], when he appeared as the [[Vamana]] [[Avatar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Vyas |first=R. T. |title={{IAST|Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Text as Constituted in its Critical Edition}} |publisher=Oriental Institute, Vadodara |year=1992 |location=Vadodara |page=40}}</ref> He takes [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] to Siddhashrama to exterminate the demons who are disturbing his religious sacrifices.<ref>[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga29/bala_29_frame.htm Valmiki Ramayana - Bala Kanda Chapter 29]</ref> In the [[Narada Purana]] (Purva,1.25), Siddhashrama is mentioned as the hermitage of sage [[Ugrasrava Sauti|Suta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/puranas/narada_purana_purva.pdf|title=Shri Naradiya Mahapuranam, Purvabhagam. |publisher=Maharishi University of Management website|accessdate=2009-11-12}}</ref>

==In recent writings==
In the modern era, the knowledge of Siddhashram is first referred by the Pandit [[Gopinath Kaviraj]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaviraj|first=Gopinath|url=https://www.amazon.in/GYANGANJ-bangala-Publiction-Prachi-Publication/dp/B098BPJTS3/ref=sr_1_1?qid=1640172736&refinements=p_27:Gopinath+Kaviraj&s=books&sr=1-1|title=GYANGANJ ( in bangala ) Publication Of Prachi Publication|date=2013-01-01|publisher=publisher|language=Bengali}}</ref> It is also mentioned in the book Autobiography of an Avadhoota by Swami Nadananda.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadananda|first=Avadhoota|url=https://www.amazon.in/Autobiography-Avadhoota-Part-I-Nadananda-ebook/dp/B01LYXGMSI|title=Autobiography of an Avadhoota - Part I|date=2016-10-10|publisher=GuruLight|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avadhoota Nadananda|url=https://mydattatreya.com/avadhoota-nadananda/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=My Dattatreya|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadananda|first=Avadhoota|url=https://www.amazon.in/Autobiography-Avadhoota-Part-II-Nadananda-ebook/dp/B01NAQ6J4R|title=Autobiography of an Avadhoota - Part II|date=2017-01-14|publisher=GuruLight|language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

[[Category:Purana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Fictional populated places]]
[[Category:Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites]]