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Nationality Rooms

2026-05-28T19:25:06Z

TomOcampo9313: Bio!

{{Short description|Group of classrooms in the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Nationality Rooms
| nrhp_type = indcp
| nocat = yes
| image = Cathedral of Learning inside left.jpg
| caption = Rooms ring the three-story Gothic hall, named the Commons Room, in the Cathedral of Learning
| locmapin = Pennsylvania
| location = 4200 Fifth Ave, [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] 15260, USA
| coordinates = {{coord|40|26|39|N|79|57|11|W|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| built = Cathedral of Learning 1926 Nationality Rooms 1938–present
| architect = various
| architecture = various, 18th century or earlier
| added = November 3, 1975<ref name=nris />
| refnum = 75001608<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>
| partof = Cathedral of Learning as part of the [[Schenley Farms Historic District]]
| partof_refnum = 83002213
| designated_nrhp_type = Cathedral of Learning: July 22, 1983<ref name="nris" />
| designated_other1_name = City of Pittsburgh Historic Structure
| designated_other1_date = Cathedral of Learning: February 22, 1977<ref name="CPHD list">{{cite web |url=http://www.phlf.org/historic-plaque-program/local-historic-designations/ |title=Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation: Local Historic Designations |date=2002-05-01 |access-date=2008-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721004051/http://www.phlf.org/historic-plaque-program/local-historic-designations/ |archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>
| designated_other1_abbr = CPHS
| designated_other1_link = List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations
| designated_other1_color = black
| designated_other1_textcolor = gold
| designated_other2 = PHLF
| designated_other2_date = 1972: Cathedral of Learning interiors<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.phlf.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/Historic-Plaques-2010b.pdf |title=Historic Landmark Plaques 1968-2009 |page=5 |year=2010 |publisher=Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation |location=Pittsburgh, PA |access-date=2010-06-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721004355/http://www.phlf.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/Historic-Plaques-2010b.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>
}}
[[File:TopofCathedralofLearning.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Pittsburgh]]'s 42-story [[Cathedral of Learning]] is home to the Nationality Rooms.]]

The '''Nationality Rooms''' are a group of 31 classrooms in the [[University of Pittsburgh|University of Pittsburgh's]] [[Cathedral of Learning]] depicting and donated by the national and ethnic groups that helped build the city of [[Pittsburgh]]. The rooms are designated as a [[Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation]] historical landmark and are located on the 1st and 3rd floors of the Cathedral of Learning, itself a national historic landmark,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/pa/Allegheny/state.html |title=National Registry of Historical Places |publisher=Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217130245/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/pa/Allegheny/state.html |archive-date=2013-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smugmug.com/community/Pennsylvania/keyword/plaque#144967147_JfRVJ |title=PHLF |publisher=Smugmug.com |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302145302/http://www.smugmug.com/community/Pennsylvania/keyword/plaque#144967147_JfRVJ |archive-date=2014-03-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> on the [[University of Pittsburgh]]'s main campus in the [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] neighborhood of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], United States. Although of museum caliber, 29 of the 31 rooms are used as daily classrooms by University of Pittsburgh faculty and students, while the other two (the Early American and Syrian-Lebanon) are display rooms viewed through glass doors, utilized primarily for special events, and can only be explored via special guided tour. The Nationality Rooms also serve in a vigorous program of intercultural involvement and exchange in which the original organizing committees for the rooms remain as participants and which includes a program of annual student scholarship to facilitate study abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/natrooms/|title=University Center for International Studies: Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Programs|publisher=Ucis.pitt.edu|access-date=2013-11-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120232952/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/natrooms/|archive-date=2014-11-20}}</ref> In addition, the Nationality Rooms inspire lectures, seminars, concerts exhibitions, and social events which focus on the various heritages and traditions of the nations represented. The national, traditional, and religious holidays of the nations represented are celebrated on campus and the rooms are appropriately decorated to reflect these occasions. The Nationality Rooms are available daily for public tours as long as the particular room is not being used for a class or other university function.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalityrooms.pitt.edu/tours |title=Nationality Rooms: Tours |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2012-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415190559/http://www.nationalityrooms.pitt.edu/tours |archive-date=2012-04-15}}</ref>

==History==
The Nationality Room Program was founded by [[Ruth Crawford Mitchell]] at the request of Pitt [[John Gabbert Bowman|Chancellor John Bowman]] in 1926, in order to involve the community in constructing the [[Cathedral of Learning]] and to provide the spiritual and symbolic foundation of the Cathedral that would make the inside of the building as inspiring and impressive as the outside. Under Mitchell's direction, invitations were extended to national communities in the Pittsburgh area to sponsor a room that was representative of their heritage. Each group formed a Room Committee responsible for fundraising, designing, and acquisition. The university provided the room and upkeep in perpetuity once completed, while all other materials, labor, and design were provided by the individual committees. These were sometimes partly provided for by foreign governments which, "...responded with generous support, often providing architects, artists, materials, and monetary gifts to assure authenticity and superb quality in their classrooms."<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/about_nr.html |title=The Nationality Rooms: about nationality rooms |publisher=Pitt.edu |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028112138/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/about_nr.html |archive-date=2012-10-28 }}</ref> Each room is carefully designed and executed down to the switch plates, door handles, hinges, and wastebaskets. The work is often performed and designed by native artists and craftsmen and involves imported artifacts and materials. Mitchell remained Director of the Nationality Rooms program until 1956, having overseen the creation of the first 19 rooms on the first floor of the cathedral. A successor to Mitchell wasn't named until 1965 when E. Maxine Bruhns took over the program, overseeing the completion of twelve additional rooms on the third floor. Bruhns retired on Jan. 1, 2020, after 54 years in the position, and died in July 2020.<ref name="ref-trib-bruhns">{{cite news |last=DiVittorio |first=Michael |date=2020-07-18 |title=Maxine Bruhns, longtime Pitt Nationality Rooms director and 'citizen of the world,' dies |url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/longtime-university-of-pittsburgh-director-and-citizen-of-the-world-has-died/ |work=Trib Total Media |location=[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] |access-date=2020-07-23 |archive-date=2020-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174637/https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/longtime-university-of-pittsburgh-director-and-citizen-of-the-world-has-died/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ref-pittnews-bruhns">{{cite news |last=O'Donnell |first=Mary Rose |date=2020-07-18 |title=E. Maxine Bruhns, the former director of Pitt's Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Programs, passed away Friday at 96 |url=https://pittnews.com/article/158933/news/e-maxine-bruhns-former-nationality-rooms-director-dies-at-96/ |work=The Pitt News |location=[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] |access-date=2020-07-23 |archive-date=2020-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723174639/https://pittnews.com/article/158933/news/e-maxine-bruhns-former-nationality-rooms-director-dies-at-96/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Information Kiosk - Nationality Rooms (14043297423).jpg|thumb|left|The Nationality Rooms Information, tours, and gift shop center just off the Commons Room]]
A typical room on the 1st floor built between 1938 and 1957 took between three and ten years to complete, and would have cost the equivalent of ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|300000|2006|r=0}}}} today, which was no small undertaking, especially considering that the fundraising and construction of the initial rooms took place during the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]]. More recent rooms have cost in the range of US$750,000 and up, and took up to ten years to complete.<ref name=plannedrooms>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/art-architecture/2015/06/17/Other-Nationality-Rooms-in-the-works/stories/201506170002|title=Other Nationality Rooms in the works|first=Caelin|last=Miltko|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=June 17, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620025447/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/art-architecture/2015/06/17/Other-Nationality-Rooms-in-the-works/stories/201506170002|archive-date=June 20, 2015}}</ref> Upon completion of their rooms, the committees turn to a program of intercultural exchange and fundraising for nationality rooms scholarships which enable University of Pittsburgh students and faculty to study abroad. The room committees also sponsor cultural and fundraising events, lectures, concerts, exhibits, social events, and workshops on ethnic studies that may utilize the rooms. The committee may use its room for non-political meetings, lectures, or other functions if no classes are scheduled. Distinguished international visitors are received by the committees, and special projects are undertaken including the purchase of books for the [[Hillman Library|University libraries]], publication of volumes on topics from comparative literature to ethnic recipes, and the fostering of courses in the mother languages. National, traditional, and religious holidays are celebrated on campus, and committees decorate their rooms or mount displays to commemorate special occasions.

The first four rooms to be dedicated were the [[Scottish Classroom|Scottish]], [[Russian Classroom|Russian]], [[German Classroom|German]], and [[Swedish Classroom|Swedish]] Rooms in 1938."<ref>{{cite book|last=Alberts|first=Robert C. |title=Pitt: the Story of the University of Pittsburgh, 1787–1987|year=1986 |publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press |location= Pittsburgh, PA|isbn=0-8229-1150-7|page=135}}</ref> The newest rooms are the [[Turkish Nationality Room|Turkish]] and [[Swiss Classroom|Swiss]] rooms, both dedicated in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_784662.html |title=Turkish nationality room to debut at cathedral |first=Rick |last=Willis |newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2012-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000053/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_784662.html |archive-date=2012-03-06 }}</ref><ref name="Swissdedicationset">{{cite news |url=http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20851 |title=Swiss Nationality Room to be dedicated |newspaper=University Times |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |volume=44 |number=16 |date=2012-04-19 |access-date=2012-04-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610223220/http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20851 |archive-date=2015-06-10 }}</ref> the [[Korean Classroom|Korean]] room dedicated in 2015,<ref name=KoreanPittNews>{{cite news|url=http://pittnews.com/65536/news/pitt-opens-korean-heritage-room/|first=Elli|last=Warsh|title=Pitt opens Korean heritage room|newspaper=The Pitt News|date=November 15, 2015|access-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117150823/http://pittnews.com/65536/news/pitt-opens-korean-heritage-room/|archive-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref> and the Philippine Room dedicated in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/pitt-adds-philippine-nationality-room-to-collection/|title=Pitt adds Philippine Nationality Room to collection|first=Joanne Klimovich|last=Harrop|newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|date=June 5, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2019|archive-date=July 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714125510/https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/pitt-adds-philippine-nationality-room-to-collection/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Original plans also proposed, in addition to the Nationality Rooms on the first floor, the creation of "[[Pennsylvania]]" classrooms on the second floor to be dedicated to the pioneering groups within the state along with third floor "Pittsburgh" classrooms dedicated to showcasing the history of the [[Western Pennsylvania]] or different eras of American history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu:80/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;q1=Classrooms;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a429842m;didno=00a429842m;view=image;seq=0032;node=00a429842m%3A14 |title=Nationality Rooms in the Cathedral of Learning |pages=30, 1933 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2008-08-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819190641/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;q1=Classrooms;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a429842m;didno=00a429842m;view=image;seq=0032;node=00a429842m:14 |archive-date=2012-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A5;view=image;seq=0047 |title=Classrooms in the Cathedral of Learning |pages=19, 1944? |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033716/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A5;view=image;seq=0047 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although the plans for the series of rooms were drawn up, only one room was installed, the [[Nationality Rooms#Early American|Early American]] Classroom, which is now counted among the other Nationality Rooms. The plans for the other Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania rooms were never executed, and the Nationality Room program grew to occupy all of the first and much of the third floor.

[[File:English Room - Pitt - IMG 0501.jpg|thumb|right|The English Classroom, the largest of the 31 Nationality Rooms, contains several artifacts from the original second [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]]]
Upon completion of a room, a dedication ceremony is held with a formal presentation of a ceremonial key to the university's Chancellor to symbolize the bestowal and acceptance of the gift, and a commitment by the university to maintain the room in perpetuity. The nationality room committee officers then become members of the Nationality Council which provides scholarships for summer study abroad for Pitt students, along with other non-political cultural or educational events within the Nationality Program's scope. Today,{{as of?|date=July 2024}} the cathedral is home to 31 Nationality Rooms (29 working classrooms and two display rooms: the [[Nationality Rooms#Early American|Early American]] Room and the [[Syria-Lebanon Room|Syrian-Lebanon]] Room), on the first and third floors. Each nationality room celebrates a different culture that influenced Pittsburgh's growth, depicting an era prior to 1787, the university's founding and the signing of the [[United States Constitution]]. Only one room does not follow this convention, with the [[Nationality Rooms#French|French]] Classroom depicting the [[First French Empire]] of the early 19th century. There are two additional rooms in the process of being approved and funded.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Set in the Cathedral of Learning's cornerstone in 1937 is a gift from the Nationality Room Committee chairpersons to the university: a copper plate engraved with these thoughts:

:''Faith and peace are in their hearts. Good will has brought them together. Like the [[Magi]] of ancestral traditions and the shepherds of candid simplicity, they offer their gifts of what is precious, genuine and their own, to truth that shines forever and enlightens all people.''<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Since 1944, tours of the nationality rooms have been given to visitors by a Pitt student organization, [[Quo Vadis]] (Latin: ''Where do you go?''), that guides over 40,000 tourists a year. With reservations, specially themed tours based on creature symbolism, images of royalty, and folktales are also given. An estimated 100,000 visitors, including self-guided and walk-in tourists, visit the Nationality Rooms each year.

==Principles==
[[File:Indianroom2.jpg|thumb|The Indian Classroom, opened in 2000, is one of the newer Nationality Rooms that continue to be installed on the third floor]]
The following principles, in order to assure commonality of purpose, authenticity, and non-political cultural emphasis, governed the creation of nationality rooms from the programs inception in 1926 until the completion of the Irish Classroom in 1957.
* A Nationality Room must illustrate one of the outstanding architectural or design traditions of a nation that is recognized as such by the [[United States Department of State]].
* The design of a given historical period must be cultural and aesthetic, not political. The period depicted should be prior to 1787, the year the university was founded.
* To avoid political implications in the room, no political symbol is permitted in the decorations, nor a portrait or likeness of any living person.
* The only place a political symbol may be used is in the corridor stone above the room's entrance.
* No donor recognition may appear in the rooms. Donor recognition to the rooms is recorded in a Donor Book.
* Most architects and designers of the rooms have been born and educated abroad. This has been instrumental in ensuring authenticity of design.

In the 1970s, policy revisions were implemented which retaining most of the earlier principles, utilized a broader definition of nation to include a body of people associated with a particular territory and possessing a distinctive cultural and social way of life. This allowed the creation of the Armenian and Ukrainian rooms prior to their establishment as independent nations following the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], as well as allowing for the installation of the African Heritage Room.

The room must also be a functional teaching classroom with enough student tablet-armed seats, professor's lectern or table, adequate sight lines and lighting, modern audiovisual technology, and other necessities of a classroom. New rooms also have narrated tour equipment. Materials are to remain authentic and durable that are executed through architectural form and not mere surface embellishment and are to provide eternal qualities that have the potential to "teach" about the cultures with appropriate non-political symbols and artifacts.

==Classrooms==

===African Heritage===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning African Heritage Classroom (16828336231).jpg|left|thumb|The African Heritage Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = African Heritage Classroom
| image = African Heritage- Door Craving (14052069943).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 330
| dedicated = December 17, 1989
| concept = Dr. Laurence Glasco
| architect = William J. Bates, A.I.A.
| style = 18th century Asante Temple
}}
The African Heritage Classroom was designed to reflect an 18th-century [[Ashanti people|Asante]] temple courtyard in [[Ghana]] which would provide the setting for ceremonial events, learning, and worship. The classroom represents the entire continent of Africa with [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]-style door carvings by Nigerian sculptor Lamidi O. Fakeye depicting ancient kingdoms of Africa including [[Egypt]], [[Nubia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Benin]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]]/[[Angola]], [[Kuba Kingdom|Kuba]], [[Mali]], and [[Zimbabwe]]. Plaster forms in the [[frieze]] represent the arts, music, science, languages, and literature of Africa. A [[display case]] housing artifacts from various African nations and the chalkboard area reflect [[Patos, Brazil|patos]] around the courtyard. Below the chalkboard doors depicting the [[Igbo people|Igbo]] lozenge and star motif are [[Sankofa]] birds which symbolize the need to learn from the past in order to prepare for the future. The oxblood steps, two levels of student benches, and [[wainscot]] with relief decorations suggest the polished clay of an Asante temple. Openwork screens are present on the windows as they are used in Asante structures to filter the sun's rays while allowing air flow. Six chieftain stools provide informal seating near a hand-carved professor's lectern.
{{Clear}}

===Armenian===
[[File:ArmenianRoom.jpg|left|thumb|The Armenian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| image = Cathedral of Learning Armenian Classroom (16207069844).jpg
| image_size = 125px
| name = Armenian Classroom
| location = Room 319
| dedicated = August 28, 1988
| architect = Torkom Khrimian
| style = 10th–12th century Monastic
}}
The [[Armenia]]n Classroom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/armenian.html |title=Armenian Nationality Room |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |date=1998-04-01 |access-date=2007-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303165756/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/armenian.html |archive-date=2008-03-03}}</ref> was inspired by the 10th- to 12th-century [[Sanahin Monastery]]. The design consists of intersecting arches and a domed ceiling built to lessen damage from frequent earthquakes in that country. The room's arches, built of Indiana limestone, make this the heaviest of the Nationality Rooms, weighing 22 tons, and required the second floor beneath the room to be reinforced in order to support its weight. The cornerstone is a [[basalt]] stone from the grounds of Sanahin. In the mortar behind it are the thumbprints of five of the oldest Armenian [[diaspora]] living in the Pittsburgh area, as well as the handprint of an infant of Armenian descent, symbolizing the continuity of the Armenian presence in western Pennsylvania.
{{Clear}}

===Austrian===
[[File:AustrianRoom.jpg|left|thumb|The Austrian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Austrian Classroom
| image = AustrianNationalityRoomChandelier.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 314
| dedicated = June 9, 1996
| architect = Franz Gerhardt Schnögass, Vienna
| architect2 = Gunther J. Kaier, A.I.A. Pittsburgh
| style = 17th–18th century Baroque
}}
The Austrian Nationality Room represents the 18th-century era of the Austrian Empire during its age of enlightenment under Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] and her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] and incorporates [[Baroque]] elements of the [[Schloss Esterházy#The Haydnsaal|Haydnsaal]] in [[Schloss Esterházy]] at [[Eisenstadt]] where [[Joseph Haydn]] served as [[Kapellmeister]] from 1766 to 1778. Ceiling paintings depict scenes from Roman mythology similar to those in the Haydnsaal. The room features Lobmeyer crystal chandeliers, gilded white lacquer seminar furniture patterned after that in the formal dining hall of [[Vienna|Vienna's]] [[Hofburg]], royal red-tapestried walls, gold-leafed [[pilasters]], and a parquet floor inlaid in a starburst design. Exhibits in the display cases in the room trace the development of the multinational [[Austrian Empire]] and the birthplaces of representative Austrian composers born within its borders between the years 1000 and 1918.
{{Clear}}

===Chinese===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Chinese Classroom (16641893030).jpg|left|thumb|The Chinese Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| image = Cathedral of Learning Chinese Classroom (16621962787).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| name = Chinese Classroom
| location = Room 136
| dedicated = October 6, 1939
| designer = Teng Kwei, Beijing
| architect = Henry Killiam Murphy
| style = 18th-century Chinese Empire
}}
The Chinese Classroom is inspired by the design of a palace hall in [[Beijing|Beijing's]] [[Forbidden City]] and is dedicated to the memory of [[Confucius]] and his democratic ideal of classless education. The teacher and students sit at the same level around a moon-shaped teakwood table. The professor's chair is carved with the admonition to "Teach by inspiring gradually and steadily". A slate portrait of Confucius is present that is patterned after one in the [[Temple of Confucius, Qufu|Confucian temple]] at his birthplace of [[Qufu]] in [[Shandong]] [[Province (China)|Province]]. Above the red lacquered door, Chinese characters are carved into the stone lintel that proclaim that "Humility of mind goes with loftiness of character." Stone lions flank the entrance before carvings of the plum blossom, the national flower of China. The ceiling contains a coiling golden five-clawed imperial dragon surrounded by clouds denoting nature's energy and freedom. Painted squares portray dragons guarding the pearl of wisdom and the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] with the motan flower, a symbol of cultural wealth. The opened blackboard doors reveal painted renditions of the babao, or [[Eight Treasures]], popular in [[Chinese art]]. On the base below is a carved version of the [[Bagua (concept)|Bagua]] which consists of eight trigrams surrounding the circular [[Yin and Yang]]. Windows consist of frosted glass with stylized [[came]]s.
{{Clear}}

===Czechoslovak===
[[File:The Czechoslovak Room (14000344906).jpg|left|thumb|The Czechoslovak Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Czechoslovak Classroom
| image = Czechoslovak Room - Pitt - IMG 0516.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 113
| dedicated = March 7, 1939
| architect = Dr. Bohumil Sláma, Prague
| style = Folk Motif
}}
The [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] Classroom combines elements of a [[Slovaks|Slovak]] farmhouse, country church, and the [[Charles University in Prague]] while detailing men who contributed to Czechoslovak culture. The motto of the classroom, and of the former [[Czechoslovak government in exile]], is proclaimed by the inscription of "Pravda Vítězí" which translates to "[[Truth Prevails]]" and surrounds a bronze relief portrait of the first President and founder of Czechoslovakia [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]. In a wrought-iron case near the window bay, a letter penned by the hand of Masaryk to students at the University of Pittsburgh recalls [[John Amos Comenius|John Amos Comenius']] belief that "education is the workshop of humanity". All woodwork, except the furniture, is made of [[larch]] wood which grows to great heights in the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. The ceiling, with flat boards overlapping each other between heavy beams, is painted by [[Prague]] artists [[Karel Svolinský]] and Marie Svolinská and depicts botanically accurate flowers and plants of Czechoslovakia and reflects a typical Slovak farmer's home and the style of country churches. A "tree of life" design on the rear wall surrounds the text of the proclamation by King of [[Bohemia]] and Emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] that marked the founding of the University of Prague in 1348. The plaster reveals of the bay window area is decorated by murals of miraculous trees bearing flowers and fruits and harboring animals, birds, and insects reflecting "peasant writings" and executed by the artists in freehand. Ceiling panels portray eight famous persons in [[Czechs|Czech]] and Slovak history from the 9th through 19th centuries including [[Cyril and Methodius]] who created the [[Cyrillic script]], [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Waclaw]] who was the "[[Good King Wenceslaus]]" of the [[Christmas Carol]], [[Jan Hus]] who was a champion of [[Czech people|Czech]] religious freedom, [[John Amos Comenius]] who is considered the father of modern education, [[Ján Kollár]] a Slovak poet who called for [[Slavic people|Slavic]] unity, [[Ľudovít Štúr]] who developed the Slovak literary language, and Bishop Stefan Moyzes who pioneered popular education in [[Slovakia]]. [[Intarsia]] done by V. Kopka of [[Moravia]] are found on the entrance door panels and the professor's desk and lectern which depicts university academic disciplines. Embroidery, lace, Bohemian crystal, and historical documents are displayed in the wall cabinet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A5;view=image;seq=0047 |title=The Czechoslovak Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning |year=1940 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2008-08-11 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033716/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A5;view=image;seq=0047 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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===Early American===
[[File:Early American Room - Pitt - IMG 0582.jpg|left|thumb|The Early American Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Early American Room
| image = EarlyAmerNatRoomFireplacePitt2008.JPG
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 328
| presented = 1938
| architect = Theodore H. Bowman, A.I.A. Pittsburgh
| style = 17th century New England Colonial
}}
The [[Colonial history of the United States|Early American]] Room is one of two display rooms not used as a functional classroom, although it is opened for guided tours. The room was commissioned by longtime University Pittsburgh trustee [[George Hubbard Clapp]], a descendant nine generations removed from Roger Clapp, an English captain who sailed into the [[New England]] port of [[Hull, Massachusetts|Hull]] on May 30, 1630. The kitchen-living room of the early colonists was chosen to portray the sturdy simplicity of life in America during the 1650s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu:80/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittyearbooks;cc=pittyearbooks;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=engineering%20building;rgn=full%20text;idno=1955e49702;didno=1955e49702;node=1955e49702%3A9;view=image;seq=54;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |title=The Owl, 1955, pg. 39, Documenting Pitt, University of Pittsburgh Digital Archive |publisher=Digital.library.pitt.edu:80 |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819190739/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittyearbooks;cc=pittyearbooks;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=engineering%20building;rgn=full%20text;idno=1955e49702;didno=1955e49702;node=1955e49702:9;view=image;seq=54;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |archive-date=2012-08-19 }}</ref> The room's focus is a nine-foot fireplace constructed from 200-year-old handmade bricks with "fixings" of a log hook, heavy iron kettles, a spider, gridiron, longhandled waffle iron, bread shovel, skewers, ladles, and forks. A small recess in the brick wall served to bake bread. A tapered pole swings out from the end of the fireplace to be used for drying laundry or to hang a quilt to keep the cold draft from those gathered near the fire. Massive hand-hewn pine beams used in the seven-foot-high ceiling and the fireplace were collected after a careful search in [[Massachusetts]]. [[Eastern White Pine|White pine]] is used for the heavy seminar table, benches, and chairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=16;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset;|title=Classrooms in the Cathedral of Learning|pages=12|year=c. 1944|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|access-date=2008-08-11|archive-date=2022-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033711/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=16;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset;|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Wrought-iron]] [[candelabra]] are hinged with clasps to hold lighting tapers. Other light fixtures are of specially designed pierced tin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/american.html | title=The Early American Room | publisher=University of Pittsburgh | date=April 1998 | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906111354/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/american.html | archive-date=2009-09-06 }}</ref> The colonial-style windows were designed by glass artist [[Charles Connick]].<ref name="Connickwindows">{{Cite news | url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/focus/s_599003.html | title=Pittsburgh stained-glass artist's work beautifies region | first=Sandra Fischione | last=Donovan | newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review | date=2008-11-23 | access-date=2009-11-12 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913080101/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/focus/s_599003.html | archive-date=2012-09-13 }}</ref> Decorative items include a collection of 17th- and 18th-century American coins, a working spinning wheel, and a hand-stitched sampler. The small closet between the blackboard and fireplace contains a secret panel and once the concealed latch is discovered, its release causes the wall to swing open, revealing a hidden staircase to the upper loft, which has been furnished as a 19th-century bedroom. Included in the bedroom is a four-poster rope bed and small cradle, both of which belonged to pianist and composer [[Ethelbert Nevin]]. The bedroom also includes several personal items, including an 1878 wedding quilt, which belonged to Waitman Worthington McDaniel and his wife Martha Jane Poe, the grandmother of Nationality Director Maxine Bruhns.<ref name="haunted">{{Cite news | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09304/1009748-53.stm | title=Does Pitt's Cathedral of Learning host a ghost? | first=Gretchen | last=McKay | date=2009-10-31 | newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | location=Pittsburgh, PA | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104042301/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09304/1009748-53.stm | archive-date=2009-11-04 }}</ref> The room is associated with various stories of unexplained incidents that have resulted in claims that the room is haunted.<ref name="haunted" /><ref>{{Cite news| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525115225/http://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/media/pcc051031/haunted_heritage_2005OCT31.html|archive-date=May 25, 2012|url = http://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/media/pcc051031/haunted_heritage_2005OCT31.html |first=Bruce | last=Steele| newspaper= Pitt Chronicle| title =The Haunted Heritage of Pitt's Eerie…er, Early American Nationality Room | publisher=University of Pittsburgh | location=Pittsburgh, PA | date = October 31, 2005 | access-date = July 8, 2013 }}</ref>
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===English===
[[File:EnglishNationalityRoom2.jpg|left|thumb|The English Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = English Classroom
| image = EnglishRoomWindows.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 144
| dedicated = November 21, 1952
| architect = Albert A. Klimcheck
| style = 16th century Tudor-Gothic
}}

The English Classroom is designed in the [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]]-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style after the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] that was rebuilt by [[Sir Charles Barry]] following the fire of 1834. The English Classroom is the largest of the Nationality Rooms and incorporates several original items given as gifts from the [[British Government]] from the damaged House of Commons, whose Chamber was completely destroyed, following its bombing by the Luftwaffe in 1941, including the stone fireplace, [[hearth]] tiles, [[linenfold]] [[oak]] paneling, entrance doorframe, [[Lintel (architecture)|lintel]], and [[corbels]]. The fireplace is from the Commons' "Aye Lobby", so named because members walk through it to vote "yes" to a bill, and is marked with the initials V.R. for [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria Regina]]. The [[cast-iron]] [[Fireplace fireback|fireback]] and andirons commemorate the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588 and an inscription above the fireplace is from [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Richard II (play)|King Richard II]]'' and uses lettering adapted from the letter tiles originally designed for medieval paving by the Monks of [[Chertsey Abbey]] in [[Surrey]]. The inscription reads: "Set in the silver sea.....this blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England." Above the doorway hangs a royal [[coat of arms]] made in 1688 during the reign of [[James II of England|King James II]]. The linenfold paneling itself arrived at the university still having a blackened coat from the bombing.<ref name="Mike Wereschagin">{{cite web | url = http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/rss/s_457452.html | author = Mike Wereschagin | title = Celebration of Nations | work = [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] | date = 2006-06-10 | access-date = 2007-07-09 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Under the ceiling trusses are four carved [[limestone]] corbels from the House of Commons that are carved with a [[Tudor rose]]. Two corbels remain uncarved to emphasize the original carved corbels. The window frames, set in limestone, are characteristic of the Tudor period, and contain old imported glass, seeded and tinted, and encased in small, diamond-shaped leaded frames. [[Stained-glass]] window medallions depict the coats of arms of English towns and cities, literary and political figures, scholars of the Universities of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], and the Houses of [[House of Lords|Lords]] and Commons. Portraits of University of Pittsburgh alumnus and former ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]], [[Andrew W. Mellon|Andrew Mellon]], and the former [[Earl of Chatham]], [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], after whom the city was named, flank the stained glass windows in the rear bay. A brick from [[10 Downing Street]] serves as the room's [[cornerstone]]. The [[white oak]] floor is fitted together with wooden peg [[dowels]]. Tudor-Gothic oak benches resemble the old House of Commons benches and are similarly arranged. Two English oak tables with melon-shaped legs stand before the bay. Two House of Commons Library chairs upholstered in green leather and bearing the official gold crest featuring the [[portcullis]] and crown were a gift of [[Alfred Bossom, Baron Bossom|Lord Alfred Bossom]] and were rebuilt using wood from actual chairs in the bombed House of Commons.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/england/engl.html | title = English Nationality Room | work = University of Pittsburgh Website | access-date = 2007-07-09 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118101925/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/england/engl.html | archive-date = 2008-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/bethanyjbrady/1849970166/ | title = flickr: Cathedral of Learning 300 | date = July 2005 | access-date = 2008-08-10 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160723000454/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bethanyjbrady/1849970166/ | archive-date = 2016-07-23 }}</ref>
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===French===
[[File:Frenchroom.jpg|left|thumb|The French Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = French Classroom
| image = French Room - Pitt - IMG 0506.jpg
| image_size = 125px
| location = Room 149
| dedicated = January 23, 1943
| architect = [[Jacques Carlu]], Paris
| style = Late 18th-century French Empire
}}
The French Classroom was designed by [[Jacques Carlu]], Director of the [[Fontainebleau Schools|School of Architecture]] in [[Fontainebleau]], in the [[First French Empire|French Empire Period]] that reflects a French style inspired by the glories of the ancient and classical past that were rediscovered during the [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic]] campaigns in Greece, Italy, and [[Egypt]]. This places the timeframe of inspiration for the classroom in the late 18th century and early 19th century, just after the founding of the University of Pittsburgh in 1787, therefore making it the only classroom which represents an era postdating the founding of the university, although many room elements are influenced by the [[Palace of Versailles]] which clearly predates it. The color scheme of the room is blue-gray, royal blue, and gold, which were suggested by French-American architect [[Paul Philippe Cret]] and are typical colors used at the height of the French Empire. The walls of the room are lined with wood paneling in classical proportions, and slender wall [[pilasters]] are capped with delicately carved ad gilded crowns. Carved ornaments of the Egyptian [[griffin]] and classical rosettes accentuate panel divisions. A wall cabinet containing art objects, books, and medallions balances the entrance door and maintains the room's symmetry. Crystal and metal chandeliers, which are simplified versions of those found in Palace of Versailles' [[Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles)|Hall of Mirrors]], hang from a grey plaster ceiling. A parquet floor pattern also reflects many rooms in the Palace of Versailles. A [[mahogany]] professor's chair and table are of the [[Directoire|Directoire period]] design include bronze ornaments imported from France that are replicas of originals of Empire furniture in the [[Louvre]]. The mahogany student tablet armchairs are upholstered in royal blue. On the rear wall, a 16th-century Choufleur [[tapestry]] depicts an allegorical woodland scene including, among other animals, a [[unicorn]] which often served as a central figure in tapestries and legends from the [[Middle Ages]]. Gold [[damask]] draperies with a wreath and [[lyre]] motif add to the sense of French opulence and frame the windows which look out on the university's [[Heinz Memorial Chapel]], itself an example of French [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic architecture]] inspired by the [[Sainte-Chapelle]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=English%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=0063;node=00a872842m%3A6 |author=Ruth Crawford Mitchell |title=The French Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=1944 |access-date=2008-08-10 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033711/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=English%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=0063;node=00a872842m%3A6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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===German===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning German Classroom (16828257751).jpg|left|thumb|The German Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = German Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning German Classroom (16828259231).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 119
| dedicated = July 8, 1938
| architect = Frank A. Linder, Germany/U.S.
| style = 16th-century German Renaissance
}}
The German Classroom was designed by German-born architect Frank A. Linder to reflect the 16th century [[German Renaissance]] as exemplified in the Alte Aula (Great Hall) of the [[University of Heidelberg]]. The woodwork of the room was done by German-born [[Philadelphia]] decorator Gustav Ketterer and includes [[walnut]] paneling framing the blackboards, columns carved with [[Arabesque (European art)|arabesque]]s flanking the two entrance doorways, and support broken-arch [[pediments]] surmounted by carved polychromed crests of the two oldest German universities: Heidelberg (1386) and [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig]] (1409). The doors are mounted with ornate [[wrought-iron]] hinges and locks, and their upper panels are decorated with [[intarsia]] depicting the central square of [[Nürnberg]] on the front door and the fountain of [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber|Rothenburg]] on the rear door. Carved in the [[architrave]] above the paneling are the names of famous philosophers, poets, musicians, artists, and scientists. The intarsia doors of the four corner cabinets feature tales from German folklore including [[Percival|Parsifal]] who searched for the [[Holy Grail]], [[Sigurd|Siegfried]] who was the hero of the [[Nibelungenlied]], the maiden wooed in [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe's]] poem ''[[Heidenröslein]]'', and [[Lorelei]] who was the golden-haired [[Rhine]] maiden whose song lured sailors to destruction. Painted on the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] above the front blackboard are words from [[Friedrich Schiller]]'s ''Das Ideal und das Leben'', "Stern endeavor, which no arduous task can shake, to the hidden fount of true attains." The rear wall has a quotation from [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]'s ''Was wir bringen'' which reads: "Great mastery results from wise restraint, and law alone points the way to liberty." Furniture includes the professor's leather upholstered chair stands on a small platform behind a burled walnut table and student tablet armchairs are walnut with scroll backs. Wrought-iron chandeliers are the work of German craftsman. The display case contains gifts of artworks and books from Germany's Ministry of Education. The [[stained-glass]] windows were designed by master stained glass artist [[Charles Connick]], however they were not completed until 1953 by Connick protege Frances Van Arsdale Skinner.<ref name="Connickwindows" /> The windows depict characters in the [[Grimm Brothers|Grimm Brothers']] fairy tales such as [[Little Red Riding Hood]], [[Snow White|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]], [[Hansel and Gretel]], and [[Cinderella]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=English%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A7;view=image;seq=0079 |title=The German Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning |year=1941 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2008-08-10 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033711/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=English%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A7;view=image;seq=0079 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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===Greek===
[[File:Greekroomcolum.jpg|left|thumb|The Greek Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Greek Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Greek Classroom (16621945317).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 137
| dedicated = November 7, 1941
| architect = [[John Travlos]], Athens
| style = 5th Century B.C. Classical
}}
The classical architecture of the Greek Classroom<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/greece/gree.html | title = Greek Nationality Room | work = University of Pittsburgh Website | access-date = 2007-07-10 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060919035811/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/greece/gree.html | archive-date = 2006-09-19 }}</ref> represents 5th-century BCE. [[Athens]], the [[Golden Age of Pericles]] and includes marble columns and a coffered ceiling. Colored details from the [[Acropolis|Acropolis']] [[Propylaea]] and Erectheum appear on white marble. The floor is paved with rectangular slabs of Dionessos Pentelic marble with dark vein.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/documents/Spring2009newsletterJuly_compressed.pdf | title=Greek Room | date=Spring 2009 | editor-last=Bruhns | editor-first=E. Maxine | journal=Nationality Rooms Newsletter | location=Pittsburgh, PA | publisher=Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Programs | page=2 | volume=86 | access-date=2009-10-06 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606092938/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/documents/Spring2009newsletterJuly_compressed.pdf | archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref> Gray Kokinara marble is used for the [[Dado (architecture)|dado]]. The room's columns and pilasters, as well as the coffered ceiling, bear painted decorations identical to those used on ancient Greek structures. The artwork was done by Athenian artist Demetrios Kokotsis who used the traditional [[encaustic painting]] method, employing earth colors and beeswax applied freehand which was then overlaid with 24-carat gold leaf rubbed on by polishing bones which required two men more than seven months to complete. White oak furniture, patterned after designs on Greek vases, is decorated with gold-leaf carvings and sunburst inlays of ebony. Student chair backs carry the names of Greek islands and towns. The professor's and guests' chairs bear the names of [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], and [[Socrates]]. A line from [[Homer|Homer's]] [[Iliad]] exhorts students to strive for nobility and excellence. The deep red wall color is repeated in the drapery valance with its Greek key design. Archives in the alcove cabinet record visits by the Queen of Greece, and by ecclesiastic and diplomatic officials. In 1940, one of two marble [[pilasters]] for the room that was being constructed in Greece from the [[Penteli|Mt Pentele]] stone quarry used to build the [[Parthenon]], cracked shortly before shipping to the United States. With an invading [[World War II]] army massing on its borders, the column could not be replaced. Greek architect John Travlos ordered a matching crack etched into the undamaged column in order to preserve the symmetry. The marble was transported on the last ship to sail to America prior to the invasion and occupation of Greece. In November 1941, Travlos crouched under a blanket in his apartment closet listening to banned [[BBC]] radio broadcasts. Suddenly, Greek ecclesiastical music spouted from the radio, and Travlos heard the people of Pittsburgh dedicate his memorial to Greece.<ref name="Mike Wereschagin"/>
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===Hungarian===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Hungarian Classroom (16803459006).jpg|left|thumb|The Hungarian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Hungarian Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Hungarian Classroom (16622020097).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 121
| dedicated = September 29, 1939
| architect = [[Dénes Györgyi]], Budapest
| style = Folk Motif
}}
[[Dénes Györgyi]], a professor at the Industrial Art School in [[Budapest]], won the Hungarian Classroom design competition sponsored by Hungary's Ministry of Education in 1930 which features [[Hungarian people|Magyar]] folk art combined with deep wood carvings and historic stained glass windows. The walls of the room are [[oak]] veneer stained a soft tobacco brown. The wood in the panels was carefully selected and matched, so that the natural grains form interesting decorative patterns. The ceiling is 70 wooden cazettas suspended in a wooden frame and has a predominant hue of "[[paprika]] red", a color inspired by the peppers which are hung to dry over white fences in Hungary. The cazettas are decorated with folk motifs (birds, hearts, and [[tulips]]) in turquoise, green, and white were painted by Antal Diossy in Budapest. Joining the ceiling and walls is an inscription frieze with the first two stanzas of ''[[Himnusz]]'', the Hungarian National Anthem by [[Ferenc Kölcsey]]. Above the blackboard is the coat of arms of the University of Buda which was founded in 1388. At the top is the crown of [[Stephen I of Hungary|St. Stephen]], the patron saint of Hungary and its first Christian king. The student seats are made of oak and are unadorned except for stylized carved tulip ornaments on the back. A bench along the rear wall and guest chairs are upholstered in blue. Along the corridor wall, panels carved with floral, plant, and bird designs invoke a "tulip chest" which are the traditional hope chests of Hungarian village brides that are decorated with tulips. In the display case lined with soft blue velvet is an exhibit of Hungarian porcelain, lace, embroidery, and costumed dolls. Stained and painted glass windows depict the legend of Hungary's founding as well as important events in the nation's history and culture. The rear window depicts [[King Nimrod]] and his sons, [[Hunor and Magor]], who pursued a white stag from the east to the fertile [[Danube]] plain. Descendants of Hunor became the [[Huns]] and those of Magor became the Magyars. The bay windows commemorate historic figures and events of the [[Middle Ages]], [[Renaissance]], and 17th and 19th centuries. The oak entrance doors bears deep carvings of tulips, [[pomegranate]] leaves, daisies, and wheat. The door's center panel states the date of the room's completion in 1938. The carvings were made by American wood carvers of Hungarian birth from [[plaster]] models that were made in Budapest to ensure Magyar authenticity.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Hungarian Classroom In the Cathedral of Learning University of Pittsburgh
| last = Mitchell
| first = Ruth Crawford
| year = 1942
| url = http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs&cc=pittmiscpubs&xc=1&idno=00a872842m&g=documentingpitt&xg=1&q1=hungarian&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=113
| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press
| access-date = 2008-08-07
| archive-date = 2022-05-18
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033711/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs&cc=pittmiscpubs&xc=1&idno=00a872842m&g=documentingpitt&xg=1&q1=hungarian&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=113
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
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===Indian===
[[File:Indianroom.jpg|left|thumb|The Indian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Indian Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Indian Classroom (16209481123).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 327
| dedicated = January 9, 2000
| architect = Deepak Wadhwani, A.I.A.
| style = 4th–9th-century Indian Renaissance
}}
The Indian Classroom is modeled on a typical 4th–9th century AD courtyard from [[Nalanda mahavihara]], an Indian [[Buddhist]] monastic complex which is often characterized as an early university. At its peak, Nalanda's five temples and 11 monasteries covered {{convert|32|acre|m2}} and attracted thousands of students from across Asia. The room depicts a classroom courtyard at Nalanda. The pale rose bricks, specially fabricated to reflect the hue and texture of the original, form the walls, floor, pilasters, and niches. Six stone columns decorated with rosettes, swags, and fruit echo those found at Nalanda. The rear sculpture wall, a scaled down version of one at Nalanda's [[Stupa]] #3, bears images of six [[Bodhisattvas]]. Flanking display cases hold replicas of ancient bronze sculptures found at the site. A watercolor [[triptych]] depicts male and female students at Nalanda as scholar-monk Silabhadra says farewell to 7th-century Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]]. Gurus taught classes in the courtyards, which were surrounded by residential cells. The [[cherry]] wood chalkboard doors and flanking cabinets bear carved seals of Nalanda University with recumbent deer above a [[Sanskrit]] inscription. Cast steel grilles in front of the windows, hand wrought into forms which reflect decorative elements of the columns, filter the light and soften the view of the 20th-century outside world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shanksranjani.com/room.htm |title=The Indian Classroom |access-date=2008-08-10 |website=shanksranjani.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716050657/http://shanksranjani.com/room.htm |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref> Renaissance 3 Architects received the Master Builders Association Craftsmanship Award for its construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.r3a.com/#awards/5|title=Home|website=Renaissance 3 Architects, P.C.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221183502/http://www.r3a.com/#awards/5|archive-date=2008-02-21}}</ref>
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===Irish===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Irish Classroom (16803440656).jpg|left|thumb|The Irish Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Irish Classroom
| image = Irish IMG 0559.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 127
| dedicated = May 18, 1957
| architect = Harold G. Leask, Dublin
| style = 500–1200 A.D. Irish Romanesque
}}
The Irish Classroom is the smallest of the Nationality Rooms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/ireland/irel.html |title=Irish Nationality Room |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2007-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714194940/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/ireland/irel.html |archive-date=2007-07-14 }}</ref> The [[limestone]] room is designed in Irish Romanesque style, which flourished from the 6th to the 12th centuries and is similar in type, size, and materials to oratories first built on the west coast of Ireland. Adapted from [[Killeshin]] Chapel in [[County Carlow]], the triangular doorway gable is carved with human and animal masks against a background of zig-zag and beaded designs. The blackboard frame's pendental arches are carved with foliage, images of wolfhounds, and stylized cat masks. On the opposite wall a sculptured stone chest, under a monumental recessed arch, is patterned after a bishop's tomb in [[Rock of Cashel|Cormac's chapel]]. Its ornate sculpture depicts the "Great Beast", a greyhound-like animal wreathed in [[interlace (visual arts)|interlaced ornaments]]. On the chest rests a replica of the Gospels from the [[Book of Kells]]. The wrought-iron case bears bird and beast designs drawn from the Book of Kells. Stained-glass windows, created in 1956/7 by the Harry Clarke Studios in Dublin, portray famous teachers at three of Ireland's oldest centers of learning; [[Finnian of Clonard|St. Finnian]] at [[Clonard, County Meath|Clonard]], [[Columba|St. Columkille]] at [[Derry]], and [[Mo Chutu of Lismore|St. Carthach]] at [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hayden |editor1-first=James J. |date=1957 |title=The Irish Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;type=simple;q1=nationality%20rooms;sort=datea;rgn=subject;view=image;seq=12;idno=31735051653701;didno=31735051653701;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |location=Pittsburgh |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |page=10 |access-date=2014-05-25 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033711/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;type=simple;q1=nationality%20rooms;sort=datea;rgn=subject;view=image;seq=12;idno=31735051653701;didno=31735051653701;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |url-status=live }}</ref> Illuminations in the Book of Kells inspired the chair design, except for the wolfhound heads. The oak-beamed ceiling is characteristic of Irish oratories. The cornerstone, from the [[Clonmacnoise|Abbey of Clonmacnoise]], is carved with the [[Irish language|Irish Gaelic]] motto, "For the Glory of God and the Honour of Ireland." The cornerstone conceals a container of earth from [[Northern Ireland]] ([[County Armagh]]) and the [[Republic of Ireland]] ([[County Meath]]).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/documents/Spring2009newsletterJuly_compressed.pdf |title=Greek Room |date=Spring 2009 |editor-last=Bruhns |editor-first=E. Maxine |journal=Nationality Rooms Newsletter |location=Pittsburgh, PA |publisher=Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Programs |page=7 |volume=86 |access-date=2009-10-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606092938/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/documents/Spring2009newsletterJuly_compressed.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref> The room was designed by Harold G. Leask, the former Inspector of National Monuments with [[Office of Public Works|The Office of Public Works]] (The O.P.W.) in Ireland.

[[David L. Lawrence|Gov. David L. Lawrence]], [[Art Rooney|Art Rooney Sr.]], founding owner of the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], and James W. Knox, a member of the Pittsburgh Irish community, were on the room's organizing committee. After the assassination of President [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] ordered a Marine guard to deliver the Oval Office Presidential and American flags to [[Evelyn Lincoln]], private secretary to the president. In her will, Lincoln bequeathed the flags to the University of Pittsburgh for the Irish Room in honor of Knox. The John F. Kennedy scholarship for study in Ireland and a James W. Knox endowment for graduate study abroad were created from the proceeds generated from their auction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_184459.html |author=Marjorie Wertz |title=Nationality Room offers glimpse at Irish history |work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date=2004-03-14 |access-date=2007-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717094251/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_184459.html |archive-date=2010-07-17 }}</ref>
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===Israel Heritage===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Israel Heritage Room (16622097737).jpg|left|thumb|The Israel Heritage Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| image = IsraelRoomFloormosaic.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| name = Israel Heritage Classroom
| location = Room 337
| dedicated = November 1, 1987
| concept = Alexander Kaufman
| architect = Martin Chetlin, A.I.A.
| style = 1st century Israel Stone Structure
}}
The [[Israel]] Heritage Classroom reflects the simplicity of a 1st-century [[Galilee|Galilean]] stone dwelling or house of assembly, this room's benches are patterned after those in the 2nd–3rd-century [[synagogue]] of [[Capernaum]]. The [[Ten Commandments]], carved in [[Hebrew]], grace the [[oak]] entrance door. Grapes, [[pomegranates]], and [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]] on the stone [[frieze]], copied from Capernaum, represent crops grown in the Galilee. On the window wall, an inscription discovered in the 6th-century [[Rehob]] synagogue cites the [[Talmudic law]]s governing the growing of crops each seventh year. A scroll fragment in the rear case replicates the [[Dead Sea Scrolls|Dead Sea Isaiah Scroll]] segment which contains the prophecy "They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks..." Ancient wine jars flank the scroll. The professor's table, based on one found in Jerusalem's 1st-century burnt house, stands before a copy of the only existing stone [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] which served as a functional [[candelabrum]]. The quotation on the chair reads: "I learned much from my teachers, more from my colleagues, and most of all from my pupils." Three segments from the 6th-century [[Dura Europos]] murals grace the chalkboard doors, [[Ezra|Ezra the Scribe]], reads the law; [[Moses]] brings forth water for the 12 tribes; and the sons of [[Aaron]] consecrate the Temple. Oak benches bear the names of the 12 tribes of Israel. The floor mosaic replicates one in the 6th century Galilean synagogue of [[Beit Alfa|Beth Alpha]].
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===Italian===
[[File:Italianroom2.jpg|left|thumb|The Italian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Italian Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Italian Classroom (16829340825).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 116
| dedicated = May 14, 1949
| architect = Ezio Cerpi, Florence
| style = 15th-century Italian Renaissance
}}
The Italian Classroom reflects the serenity of a 15th-century [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] monastery, with its traditional devotion to religion, art, music, and education. The rear choir stall bench and shuttered windows introduce the monastic theme. The blackboard doors recall an ''armadio'', a cabinet behind an altar used to hold priestly vestments. The turquoise ''soffitto a cassettoni'' ([[coffered ceiling]]), embellished with carved, gold-leafed rosettes, was inspired by one originally in the San Domenico Convent at [[Pesaro]]. In the [[architrave]], names of famous Italians are inlaid in olive wood. The lettering resembles that used in the inscription on the [[Arch of Titus]] in Rome. Bay benches are cushioned in red velvet. The red tile floor is set in a herring-bone pattern similar to that of [[Florence|Florence's]] [[Palazzo Vecchio]]. An original Florentine fireplace, made of sandstone from the quarries of [[Fiesole]], bears the carved [[Latin]] inscription, "O Lord, do not forsake me." On either side stand [[X-chair|Savonarola chairs]]. Monastery bench designs, adapted for student use, are carved with names and founding dates of Italian universities. The oldest is the [[University of Bologna]], established in 1088. From the front of the room, a bronze bust of [[Dante Alighieri]] faces Giovanni Romagnoli's mural of [[Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia]], the first woman in the world to achieve a university degree when she was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree in 1678 by the [[University of Padua]].
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===Japanese===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Japanese Classroom (16803553836).jpg|left|thumb|The Japanese Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Japanese Classroom
| image = JapaneseroomCase.jpg
| image_size = 125px
| location = Room 317
| dedicated = July 25, 1999
| designer = Hirokazu Nagase, Kyoto
| architect = Norman Harai, A.I.A.
| style = Minka
}}
The Japanese Nationality Room celebrates traditional Japanese carpentry and woodcraft, evoking the mid-18th century [[minka]] which were houses of the non-ruling classes of Japan. This room is representative of minka that might be the residence of an important village leader in a farm village on the outskirts of [[Kyoto]] and the design represents the core rooms of the house: a plank-floored ima or household sitting room and the adjacent doma, an area with a compacted earthen floor used as an entry-way, for cooking and as a work space. The doma was also a space for household life, where farm, business and craft activities could be carried out under a roof. In the past it also provided a place for drying grain during rainy weather. A central feature of the room is the massive, rough-hewn beam, the ushibari of Japanese [[pine]], supported by posts at the boundary of the ima and doma elements of the room. The main beam in this room had been carefully preserved by the carpenters in Japan for many years until a project could be found to appropriately utilize its unique curvature. To accommodate the weight concentrated on the primary post, the daikokubashira, the layout of the room has been designed so that this main post sits directly above the building's existing superstructure. The major posts are made of [[zelkova]], ([[keyaki]]), a hardwood with a distinctive grain pattern. The other beams are made of American pine. The posts and beams are connected without nails, using traditional joinery techniques. The ceiling is of [[bamboo]] with joined beams which would have allowed for the circulation of warm air from fireplaces below. The walls mimics the typical mud plaster walls through the use of textured wallpaper and wooden [[wainscoting]] for greater durability. The bay window is a structure not in keeping with traditional Japanese design and has been masked with panels that suggest shôji, sliding doors of lattice frames, covered with translucent paper. The ima is suggested with a plank wood floor covering the largest portion of the room. The floor toward the front of the room is made of a simulated earthen material to represent a portion of the doma where it meets the ima's wooden floor. Although the traditional design would call for the wooden floor to be much higher than the dirt floor, this feature has been eliminated in the classroom for practicality. Located on the rear wall, is the [[tokonoma]], a raised alcove for the display of treasured objects, flower arrangements, and seasonal decorations. The tokonoma has been built in shoin-style, with shôji along its exterior side. The corner post, tokobashira, is made of [[ebony]] and the floor of the tokonoma is [[tatami]]. The display cases at the rear of the room and along the interior wall contain artifacts in keeping with the period and include a [[chagama]] and [[furo]], an iron kettle with metal charcoal hearth/brazier combination, used in the "tea ceremony". While typical minka would have no chairs at all, in keeping with its function as a classroom, the classroom has wooden chairs designed and crafted specifically for students and are consistent in design with the rest of the room. Sliding wooden panels cover the blackboard at the front of the room. The interior surface of the entry door has been modified with a wooden treatment that suggests the sliding door that was the typical entrance to a house of this period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/japan.html |title=Marie Mazzocco, The Japanese Nationality Room, 1999-05-26 |publisher=Pitt.edu |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209004337/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/japan.html |archive-date=2012-02-09 }}</ref>
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===Korean===
[[File:KoreanNationalityRoomPitt1.jpg|left|thumb|The Korean Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Korean Classroom
| image = KoreanRoomCeilingDetailPitt.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 304
| dedicated = November 15, 2015
| architect = Minah Lee, Seoul
| style = [[Korean architecture#Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) architecture|Joseon Dynasty]]
}}

The Korean Nationality Room is based on the 14th century Myeong-nyundang (Hall of Enlightenment), the main building at the [[Sungkyunkwan]] in [[Seoul]] which served as Korea's royal academy during the [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]] dynasties from 918 to 1897.<ref name=KoreaTrib>{{cite news|url=http://triblive.com/news/allegheny/9367569-74/korean-nationality-rooms#axzz3rQ4nXjIe|title=Centuries-old building inspires latest Pitt Nationality Room|author-first=Jason|author-last=Cato|newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|date=November 14, 2015|access-date=November 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://triblive.com/news/allegheny/9367569-74/korean-nationality-rooms#axzz3rQ4nXjIe|archive-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> The room mimics the three connected rooms of the Myeong-nyundan with twin oak columns forming a symbolic boundary and a central room featuring a lofted ceiling that contains two hand-carved phoenixes facing a symbolic pearl of wisdom, a design inspired by the royal palace of the Joseon Dynasty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=37402|title=Korean Heritage Room to be dedicated|newspaper=University Times|date=November 12, 2015|access-date=November 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014337/http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=37402|archive-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref>

The room was primarily built off-site in Korea, disassembled, and shipped to Pittsburgh, where it was reassembled in the Cathedral of Learning by Korean carpenters who kept with traditional Korean building practices of not using nails or screws in construction.<ref name=KoreaTrib/> The room features hand cut and hand engraved Douglas fir and red pine logs from South Korea that include swirling engraved designs based on traditional Korean architecture.<ref name=Koreanconstruct>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/art-architecture/2015/06/17/Carpenters-from-Seoul-constructing-a-Korean-Nationality-Room-at-Pitt/|title=Carpenters from Seoul constructed the Korean Nationality Room at Pitt|first=Caelin|last=Miltko|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=June 17, 2015|access-date=November 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118031845/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/art-architecture/2015/06/17/Carpenters-from-Seoul-constructing-a-Korean-Nationality-Room-at-Pitt|archive-date=November 18, 2015}}</ref> Windows are covered with a specially produced paper product made of [[mulberry tree]] fiber.<ref name=KoreaTrib/> A symbolic back door leading to a windowed bay that faces [[Heinz Chapel]] alludes to a door in the Myeong-nyudang which leads to the Sungkyunkwan's courtyard.<ref name=KoreanPittNews/> The south wall displays three documents that explain the letters and principles of the [[Hangul]], or Korean alphabet, which was created by the court of [[Sejong the Great]] in 1443.<ref name=KoreanNRNewsletter>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.nationalityrooms.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Spring%202016%20%28Newsletter%29%20FINAL_0.pdf | title=The Korean Heritage Room | date=Spring 2016 | editor-last=Bruhns | editor-first=E. Maxine | journal=Nationality Rooms Newsletter | location=Pittsburgh, PA | publisher=Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Programs | page=2 | volume=99 | access-date=April 23, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611171615/http://www.nationalityrooms.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Spring%202016%20%28Newsletter%29%20FINAL_0.pdf | archive-date=June 11, 2016 }}</ref> A display niche to the right of the classrooms blackboards contains a book illustrating [[Crown Prince Hyomyeong]]'s matriculation to Sungkyunkwan in 1817, while another niche displays the [[Four Treasures of the Study]]: brush, ink, paper and ink-stone.<ref name=KoreanNRNewsletter/> Furnishings include freestanding, hard-oak desks by Korean designer Ji-hoon Ha that accommodate two to three students and are specifically designed for laptops.<ref name=Koreanconstruct/> The room also contains an 85-inch, 3-D LED screen and central speaker system and is the first nationality room to be constructed with such technology.<ref name=KoreaTrib/>

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===Lithuanian===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Lithuanian Classroom (16828187172).jpg|left|thumb|The Lithuanian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Lithuanian Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Lithuanian Classroom (16828225871).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 129
| dedicated = October 4, 1940
| architect = Antanas Gudaitis, Kaunas
| style = Folk Motif
}}
The [[Lithuania]]n Classroom is dominated by a fresco depicting [[Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis|Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis']] famous painting ''The Two Kings'', which portrays the reverence Lithuanians have for their villages. This mural sets the tone for a room that pays tribute to the symbolism and love of nature and home reflected in Lithuanian folk art. The door's wooden planks are laid in a diamond pattern similar to those of many farm structures. At the center of the door is a carved rosette, symbol of fire. Above the entrance, a stylized sun between two horses' heads represents light and sound believed to ward off evil spirits. The [[white oak]] molding of intersecting [[scallops]] resembles decorations found on farm granaries or kleitis. Names of famous Lithuanians are carved on the frieze above the blackboard. The wall fabric is linen woven in a design called "The Path of the Birds". Its frame is of white oak and rare [[bog oak]] that acquires its deep hue while submerged in a marshy bog for decades. Lithuanian farmers would thus preserve prime trees in order to make furniture pieces that were treasured as heirlooms. The professor's desk is modeled after a household table and the lectern incorporates details of a spinning wheel spindle. Student chairs are carved with a design found on household utensils. The radiator enclosure is perforated with a design of wild [[rue]] leaves, a [[Lithuanian national emblem]]. Traditionally, a bride is crowned with a wreath of rue, symbol of chastity. Windows of handpressed glass bear leaded medallions in the form of sun ornaments often found on roadside shrines.
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===Norwegian===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Norwegian Classroom (16209442103).jpg|left|thumb|The Norwegian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Norwegian Classroom
| image = Norwegian Room- Doors to blackboard (14023910254).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 151
| dedicated = May 15, 1948
| architect = Georg Eliassen, Oslo
| style = Folk Motif
}}
The Norwegian Classroom was designed in [[Oslo]] in an 18th-century peasant style using Norwegian building techniques, painted decoration, and craftsmanship by architect Georg Eliassen just prior to the outbreak of [[World War II]]. Plans for the room were sent on the last ship to leave [[Pechengsky District|Petsamo]] for the United States where they were completed by University Architect Albert A. Klimcheck. Walls of the main space are paneled with vertical overlapping [[spruce]] boards hand-rubbed with wax. The walls in the front of the room are painted a soft blue and decorated with floral designs reminiscent of the 18th century [[rosemaling]] technique.

Because living and bedrooms were often merged into one room during this era, two of the panels swing open as if they would reveal traditional built-in-beds, but instead conceal the blackboard. The room features high-sloped ceilings reflective of those in [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] peasant homes that keep snow from accumulating during the severe winters. Spruce boards are laid in a herringbone pattern slanting upward to a plane of flat boards decorated by two hand-carved, painted rosettes with a symbol for the [[midnight sun]]. Wooden chandeliers bearing a painted design incorporating "1945", the year the room was opened, hang from the flat surfaces. The professor's section of the room has a low raftered ceiling.

The transition between the two parts of the room is indicated by a corner kleberstone fireplace in which [[birch]] logs were burned standing on end to assure that smoke would rise up the chimney. Windows are of handmade opalescent glass tinted pale yellow. Since a bay window is not a [[Scandinavian Peninsula|Scandinavian]] tradition, the area is plastered, paved with [[slate]], and treated as a traditional alcove. The student tablet armchairs are low-backed and the professor's chair is of a typical [[Viking]] design with carved heads of beasts and an intertwining dragon motif that traditionally serves as a symbol that protects against evil.

The room features a century-old [[grandfather clock]] with an engraved dial and a case that is painted to match the wall decorations of the smaller room. Above the rear wall bench and flanked by corner [[display cabinet]]s decorated with rosemaling, hangs a framed copy of a 1695 Norwegian woolen [[tapestry]] depicting the [[Biblical]] parable of the five wise and five foolish virgins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bethanyjbrady/1849173165/sizes/l/ |title=Norwegian Room: Cathedral of Learning 345, 2005-07 |publisher=Flickr.com |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904054553/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bethanyjbrady/1849173165/sizes/l/ |archive-date=2015-09-04 }}</ref>
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===Philippine===
[[File:PhillipineRoomBack.jpg|left|thumb|The Philippine Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Philippine Classroom
| image = PhillipineRoomdetail.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 313
| dedicated = June 9, 2019
| architect =Warren Bulseco, U.S., and Melinda Minerva “Popi” Laudico, Philippines
| style =
}}
The Philippine Nationality Room<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thefaap.org/pnr/index.html |title=Welcome to FAAP: Filipino American Association of Pittsburgh, Inc |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093346/http://thefaap.org/pnr/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> began construction on May 3, 2018, overcoming a prior hold on the project since 2011.<ref name=plannedrooms/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thefaap.org/pnr/index.html | title=Filipino American Association of Pittsburgh, Inc. | access-date=2011-04-17 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093346/http://thefaap.org/pnr/index.html | archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> The design of the Philippine room is based on a traditional [[Architecture of the Philippines#Bahay na bato|bahay na bato]].<ref name=plannedrooms/> Meaning "house of stone", bahay na bato is a long-lasting type of home that became popular in the [[Philippines]] during the years of [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish rule]] (mid-1500s to 1898). The room is particularly based on the interiors of the [[Quema House]] in the city of [[Vigan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/the-cathedral-of-learning-is-getting-a-new-nationality-room/|title=The Cathedral of Learning is Getting a New Nationality Room|first=Janine|last=Faust|journal=Pittsburgh Magazine|date=June 8, 2018|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923023234/https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/the-cathedral-of-learning-is-getting-a-new-nationality-room/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Philippine Nationality Room was designed by Pittsburgh architect Warren Bulseco and Philippine architect Melinda Minerva “Popi” Laudico. Professor [[Fernando Zialcita]], a noted authority on Philippine ancestral houses from Ateneo de Manila University, served as adviser to the project. Filipino-American artist Eliseo Art Silva created paintings for the room.

The room features [[Capiz shell window|lattice-patterned windows]] using [[Windowpane oyster|capiz shells]], a popular alternative to glass in the Philippines. The chairs are backed with solihiya, [[rattan]] woven into a sunburst pattern. An etched silver Murano mirror from Europe and a bronze chandelier from the United States highlight the role of imported design in Filipino culture.

Other artifacts showcase pre-Colonial cultures. The [[Agusan image|Golden Tara]] is a Hindu sculpture viewed by the [[Lumad|Manobo]] tribe as a protective nature spirit. The [[Manunggul Jar]], excavated from a Neolithic burial site in Palawan, depicts human figures traveling in a boat to the afterlife. The room's ceremonial key, designed by Christopher Purpura, incorporates mythological figures from the [[Maranao people|Meranao]] people of Mindanao—the serpent Naga and the bird Sarimanok.
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===Polish===
[[File:Polishroom.jpg|left|thumb|The Polish Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Polish Classroom
| image = PolishNatnRoomatPitt JagiellonianGlobe.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 126
| dedicated = February 16, 1940
| architect = [[Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz]], Kraków
| style = 16th-century Polish Renaissance
}}
The Polish Classroom was inspired by rooms in [[Kraków]]'s [[Wawel Castle]], for centuries the residence of kings. The Polish astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], and the science that his theories revolutionized, are also a major theme of the room. A replica of the famous [[Jan Matejko]] portrait of Copernicus shows him as a young man pursuing his study of the universe from a workshop on the roof of his uncle's house in Allenstein ([[Olsztyn]]). In the bay stands an enlarged replica of the 16th-century [[Jagiellonian globe]], one of the oldest existing globes to depict North America as a separate continent. The original globe was only eight inches high and was designed to operate as a clock and calendar. It took a [[metalsmith]] in Kraków five years to complete the large globe in this room.

Artists from Kraków also came to Pittsburgh to paint the ceiling of {{convert|18|ft|m|adj=on}} beams with informal geometric [[Renaissance]] decorations. The room is illuminated by a bronze chandelier bearing a stylized [[Polish eagle]]. The [[walnut]] seminar table was copied from one in a state dining room at Wawel Castle. The windows combine hexagonal handmade [[roundels]], similar to those in Wawel Castle, with stained-glass coats of arms representing Polish institutions of higher education. The cornerstone is a fragment of Gothic cornice preserved from the [[Collegium Maius]] (1369), the ancient [[Jagiellonian Library]]. Poland's music is represented by the original manuscript of [[Ignace Paderewski]]'s only opera, ''[[Manru]]'', which is displayed in the archive cabinet.
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===Romanian===
[[File:Nationality Rooms 2 (14400601666).jpg|left|thumb|The Romanian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Romanian Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Romanian Classroom (16828175112).jpg
| image_size = 125px
| location = Room 130
| dedicated = May 16, 1943
| architect = N. Ghica-Budeşti, Bucharest
| style = 17th century Byzantine
}}
The [[Romania]]n Classroom was designed in [[Bucharest]] by Nicolae Ghica-Budeşti. The carved door frame is characteristic of stone thresholds of Romanian monasteries and is made is of American [[limestone]] selected due to its similarity to Romanian limestone used in the [[National Museum of Art of Romania|royal palace]] at Bucharest. The entrance door of the Romanian Classroom is ornately carved [[oak]] reminiscent of [[Byzantine churches (buildings)|Byzantine churches]] in Romania. The words of [[Vasile Alecsandri]], one of the greatest Romanian poets of the 19th century, are carved overhead in the stone door frame from his ''Ode to the Year 1855'': "The Romanian is like the mighty rock which amidst the waves of the stormy and majestic sea forever remains unmoved." The floor is laid in square blocks of pink [[marble]] imported from quarries at Ruşchiţa. The black boards are set in arched oak panels, carved in a manner of icon screens in [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Greek Catholic]] Romanian churches. These are separated by carved-twisted rope which suggests the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] origin of many of Romania's artistic traditions. Ancient original icons from Romania depicting the [[Virgin and Child]], [[Christ]], the [[Dormition of the Virgin]], and [[Saint Mark]] are embedded in the upper section of each panel.

White arca paint mixed with color gives the smooth plastered walls a bluish pink tint. A Byzantine-style [[mosaic]] embedded in the rear wall, a gift of the Romanian government, was executed by Bucharest ceramicist Nora Steriade in gold, turquoise, bronze, ruby red, and black pieces of glass, and was originally part of the Romanian Pavilion at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://documenting.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735062128982/viewer#page/50/mode/1up|title=photo caption (mosaic)|journal=Pitt|date=Summer 1942|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|number=12|page=48|access-date=March 18, 2018|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033711/http://documenting.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735062128982/viewer#page/50/mode/1up|url-status=live}}</ref> The lettering for the inscription and for the entrance text is the work of Alexander Seceni. The mosaic depicts [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]], Prince of [[Wallachia]], who refused to recant the [[Christian faith]] even at the cost of his own life and the lives of the male members of his family. The six windows have rounded [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] heads reflecting tradition brought from Rome when they conquered the original [[Dacia]]n settlers in 106 AD.

Two small window casements are deeply recessed and have marble window ledges. The four large center windows, form an alcove shut off from the main part of the room by an iron grilled gates wrought in Romania and hung in an arch. These gates swing back in folded sections against the plastered wall. A slab of polished marble tops the wrought-iron [[radiator]] grille. Yellow silk draperies frame the windows and ancient icons befitting the season and holidays are exhibited in the alcove which is reminiscent of an icon shrine in an Orthodox Church. The student chairs are of dark oak hand-carved by Romanian peasant artisans using simple [[Pocket knife|pocketknives]] and each [[Splat (furniture)|splat]] bears a different design. The professor's reading desk was adapted from an Eastern Orthodox Church [[lectern]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://documenting.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3AROCR01.UA |title=The Romanian Classrooms in the Cathedral of Learning |year=1944 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2008-08-11 |archive-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203225541/https://documenting.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:ROCR01.UA |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Russian===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Russian Classroom (16622055297).jpg|left|thumb|The Russian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Russian Classroom
| image = RussianNationalityRoomPitt.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 153
| dedicated = July 8, 1938
| designer = [[Andrey Avinoff]], [[Tultchin]]
| style = Byzantine and Folk Motifs
}}
The Russian Classroom contains folk ornamentation with traditional motifs from [[Byzantium]], the spiritual center of Russia. The seminar table is made of oak slabs matched in contrasting grain and held together by ornamental keys. The cut-out apron is characteristic of massive tables in the [[Vologda]] district. The back of each student's chair has a cruciform circle pattern surmounted by triangles carved with symbols of regional or stylistic significance including the [[reindeer]] which symbolizes the [[tundra]] and the [[sturgeon]] that represents the [[Volga River]]. The professor's chair has a back of spirals surmounted by two [[Peafowl|peacocks]] worshipping the tree of life. The podium is ecclesiastic in character and suggests the analoi used in Orthodox churches to support heavy Bibles. The blackboard is patterned after a [[triptych]], or three-leafed frame which holds icons.

The doors of the blackboard are a grille of wooden spirals backed by red velvet. Above them is a carved panel with Sirin and Alcanost, the twin birds of Russian folklore that depict joy and sorrow as indistinguishable. A [[Dado (architecture)|dado]] or low [[wainscot]] of simple horizontal oaken boards surrounds the room and incorporates the blackboard, the corner cupboard, and kiot which is a [[Slavic (language)|Slavic]] term for a wall frame treated as a piece of furniture. Within the kiot hangs a vishivka ([[appliqué]] and [[embroidery]]) banner of [[Saint George]], patron saint of Moscow since the 15th century. The banner was made with pieces of 16th and 17th century fabric from [[Venice]] and Paris and is an example of needlework once popular with the Russian aristocracy. The words "Valorous youth victorious over forces of evil and darkness" are carved in both Russian and English below the banner. A copy of the Avinoff family icon in the room depicts the miraculous saving of the city of Kitej from a [[Tatars|Tartar]] invasion in the 14th century. The ceiling is cornered with designs resembling those used to form traditional Easter cakes and which symbolize the four seasons, with a [[bud]] for Spring, a [[sunflower]] for summer, [[grapes]] for Autumn, and a [[pine cone]] for Winter. A [[wrought iron]] chandelier was created by Russian-born Hyman Blum.

Following a visit from [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2009, a display cabinet with carved ornamentation matching the rooms original carvings was installed to house three gifts presented by the then [[Russian president]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wilsonandmccracken.com/cabinetry/u-pittsburgh-russian-nationality-room/|title=U. Pittsburgh Russian Nationality Room|publisher=Wilson & McCracken|date=July 6, 2011|access-date=May 11, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030845/http://wilsonandmccracken.com/cabinetry/u-pittsburgh-russian-nationality-room/|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
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===Scottish===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Scottish Classroom (16206896444).jpg|left|thumb|The Scottish Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Scottish Classroom
| image = Scottish Room - Pitt - IMG 0491.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 139
| dedicated = July 8, 1938
| architect = Reginald Fairlie, Edinburgh
| style = 17th century
}}
The Scottish Classroom was designed by [[Reginald Fairlie]] of [[Edinburgh]] in the period style of the early 17th century. The woodwork is carefully selected and treated English [[Pollarding|pollard]] oak. The names of distinguished Scots are carved in the ribbon bands of the panels and include [[David Livingstone]] who was an African missionary and explorer, [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] who authored ''[[Treasure Island]]'', and [[Alexander Fleming]] who discovered [[penicillin]]. The inscriptions above the doors and the rear cabinet are from "[[The Brus]]" by the 14th-century Scottish poet [[John Barbour (poet)|John Barbour]]. The room's oak doors were copied from the entrance of [[Rowallan Castle]] in [[Ayrshire]]. A 16th-century Scottish proverb above the blackboard was taken from the [[Cowgate]] in Edinburgh and is known as "the Scottish Golden Rule" which reads: "Gif Ye did as Ye sould Ye might haif as Ye would." The [[plaster]] frieze was adapted from the plaster frieze at [[Elcho Castle]] in [[Perthshire]] and incorporates symbols of 14 [[Scottish clans]] which had members on the room committee, such as the buckle of the [[Clan Leslie|Leslie Clan]]. The [[thistle]], Scotland's national flower, is rendered on the cornerstone as a tree-of-life. The [[overmantel]] of the Scottish [[sandstone]] fireplace that is flanked by carved kists, or log storage chests, is dominated by a portrait of poet [[Robert Burns]] that is copied from an original by [[Alexander Nasmyth]] which hangs in the [[National Portrait Gallery of Scotland]]. Above the portrait is the cross of [[St. Andrew]], Scotland's patron saint. The bronze statuettes on the mantel near an arrangement of dried [[Calluna|heather]] are miniature replicas of heroic statues at the gateway to [[Edinburgh Castle]] and represent the 13th-century patriot [[Sir William Wallace]] and the 14th century freedom fighter, [[Robert the Bruce]], both of whom were popularized in the movie ''[[Braveheart]]''.

Medallions in the bay windows represent the coats of arms of the four ancient Scottish universities: [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[University of St. Andrew's|St. Andrew's]], [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], and [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]. The medallions in the front and rear windows are of [[Elgin Cathedral|Elgin]] and [[Melrose Abbey]]s which were 13th and 16th century seats of learning. The draperies are of [[Crewel embroidery|crewel-embroidered]] linen. The rooms lighting fixtures were inspired by an iron [[coronet]] in Edinburgh's John Knox Museum that was retrieved from the battlefield of [[Battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]] at which Scotland won its independence from England in 1314. Student's seats resemble a chair that belonged to [[John Knox]]. An old Scottish church furnished the pattern for the reading stand. The rear cabinet, based on an [[aumbry]] or weapon closet, contain artifacts such as [[pewter]] and [[Porcelain|china]] used at Soutar's Inn in Ayrshire that was frequented by Robert Burns. The panels in the doors, mantel, and in-the-wall cabinets were carved in Edinburgh by Thomas Good and then shipped to Pittsburgh. The cabinetwork was done in the shops of Gustav Ketterer of [[Philadelphia]]. [[Wrought iron]]work was done by [[Samuel Yellin]]. Cut into stone above the doorways are the thistle and the [[Royal Arms of Scotland|Lion Rampant]], the Scottish emblem incorporated into [[British coat of arms|Britain's royal arms]]. The chairman of the original Scottish Classroom Committee was [[Jock Sutherland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=209;node=00a872842m%3A15;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |title=The Scottish Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning |year=1940 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2008-08-08 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033702/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=209;node=00a872842m%3A15;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A3;view=image;seq=9;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |title=Classrooms in the Cathedral of Learning |pages=5 |year=c. 1944 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2008-08-08 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033702/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A3;view=image;seq=9;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Swedish===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Swedish Classroom (16206929554).jpg|thumb|left|Swedish Nationality Room.]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Swedish Classroom
| image = Swedish Room- Wall of Art (14027728544).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 135
| dedicated = July 8, 1938
| architect = Linton R. Wilson
| adviser = [[Carl Milles]], Stockholm
| style = Folk Motif
}}
The Swedish Classroom reflects a peasant cottage and contains murals painted by [[Olle Nordmark]]. The special glory of the room is the rear wall paintings. The inspiration for the four framed paintings came from painted panels done by the 18th-century painter from [[Hälsingland]], [[Gustav Reuter]]. Linton Wilson found the panels at the [[Nordic Museum]].<ref name="pres_swedishroom">{{cite web |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;view=toc;idno=31735051654220 |title=University of Pittsburgh presentation ceremonies for the Scottish, German, Swedish and Russian Rooms |location=Pittsburgh, Pa. |year=1938 |pages=13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813045331/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;view=toc;idno=31735051654220 |archive-date=2011-08-13 }}</ref>

The hooded brick fireplace derives from an original in the [[Bollnäs]] Cottage in [[Skansen]], the famous outdoor museum in [[Stockholm]]. The brilliant white walls and fireplace are constructed of 200-year-old handmade bricks. The fire tools were handwrought by Ola Nilsson, a Swedish blacksmith. He reconstructed tools used in his childhood home in Sweden.<ref name="swedishroom">{{cite web |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;idno=31735051654212;view=toc;frm=frameset |title=The Swedish Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh |location=Pittsburgh, Pa |year=1940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200631/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;idno=31735051654212;view=toc;frm=frameset |archive-date=2015-06-10 }}</ref>

A subtle sense of humor associated with the [[Swedish people]] is revealed in the room's paintings. A wall fresco secco depicts the [[Three Wise Men]] dressed as [[cavaliers]] riding to [[Bethlehem]], in two directions. In their midst is Sweden's patron saint, [[Catherine of Vadstena|St. Catherine]]. The sloped ceiling bears decorations in which the central figure is the [[Archangel Gabriel]], seen as a droll trumpeter with two left feet. Nearby are renditions of Justice and Knowledge surrounded by groupings of flowers. Justice uses her blindfold to hold scales that appear balanced but have an off-center fulcrum. Knowledge seems puzzled as she contemplates writing on her slate with a quill pen.

Furniture and woodwork are the work of Erik Jansson of Philadelphia.<ref name="pres_swedishroom"/> The classroom's oak furniture is stained a muted gray-blue tone, similar to that found in old Swedish homes. Floral designs, in colors that complement the amber tone of fir wall benches, brighten the door and archive cabinet. The red brick floor is set in a [[herringbone pattern|herringbone]] pattern.
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===Swiss===
[[File:CL-Pitt 171.jpg|thumb|left|Swiss Nationality Room]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Swiss Classroom
| image = CL-Pitt 178.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 321
| dedicated = April 22, 2012
| designer = Justin Rüssli, [[Lucerne]]
| architect = Stephen Altherr
| style = [[Late Middle Ages|Late Medieval]] Style circa 1500
}}
The [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Classroom is modeled after a 15th-century room from [[Fraumünster|Fraumunster Abbey]] displayed in the [[Swiss National Museum]] in [[Zurich]], Switzerland.<ref name="swisroom1">{{cite book | url=http://assets.swisspittsburgh.org/natroom/SwissDedicationBook.pdf | title=The Swiss Nationality Room | first1=Fred | last1=Carlson | first2=Heinz | last2=Kunz | first3=Dominique | last3=Schinabeck | publisher=Swiss Nationality Room Committee and Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Program | date=2012-04-07 | access-date=2012-04-23 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The room is paneled in pine wood and features four [[white oak]] [[trestle table]]s and four display cases that represent the four languages of Switzerland: French, German, Italian, and [[Romansh language|Romansch]]. 26 country-style chairs contain painted carvings of the symbols of Switzerland's cantons that form the [[Swiss Confederation]] which united in 1291. The furniture and woodwork were crafted by Richard Sink of French Creek, WV.<ref name = "swisroom1"/>

A centerpiece of the room is a reproduction of a [[cocklestove]] that is modeled on a H.H. Graaf family oven on display in [[Wülflingen Castle|Schloss Wülflingen Castle]], [[Winterthur]]. The cocklestove's ornate tiles contain several painted Swiss motifs that including various animals, plants, [[edelweiss]], the heraldic emblem of the Graaf family, and a depiction of the Swiss legend of [[William Tell]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://triblive.com/x/blairsvilledispatch/s_791151.html#axzz2KAZ0iPkV|title=Local historian helps bring Pitt Swiss Room to fruition|first=Jeff|last=Himler|newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|date=April 13, 2012|access-date=February 7, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110334/http://triblive.com/x/blairsvilledispatch/s_791151.html#axzz2KAZ0iPkV|archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref> Windows are leaded and feature three stained-glass shields of the original Swiss cantons as well as the [[Swiss Cross]].

The Swiss Cross is also displayed stone over the door, within the window of the door, and on the lectern which is modeled on a 17th-century schoolmaster's desk. A carved and painted frieze depicts Swiss flora and fauna and an antique map depicts Switzerland by its ancient Latin name of "Helvetia". Portraits on the back wall, done in the style of [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], depict [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]]. Wood beamed ceiling contains LED lights that are hidden behind rosettes.<ref name="Swissdedicationset"/>
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===Syria-Lebanon===
[[File:Syria-Lebanon Room - Pitt - IMG 0515.jpg|left|thumb|The Syria-Lebanon Room]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Syria-Lebanon Room
| image = SyrianLebanonRoomCeiling.JPG
| image_size = 125px
| location = Room 160
| dedicated = June 28, 1941
| architect = unrecorded
| style = 18th century [[Damascus]]
}}
Originally a library built in 1782 in a wealthy Damascan merchant's home, the [[Syria]]-[[Lebanon]] Room was moved intact to its location in the Cathedral of Learning following a six-year effort to fund and install the room by the Syrian and Lebanese communities in Pittsburgh. Because of the fragility and pricelessness of the furnishing, it has been closed for class use and is one of two display rooms. The [[Tilia|linden]]-paneled walls and ceilings are decorated with "[[gesso]] painting," a mixture of chalk and glue applied by brush in intricate relief, then painted and overlaid with silver and gold leaf. The room features a (now improperly oriented) [[mihrab]] with a stalactite vault traditionally housing the [[Koran]] and [[prayer rug]]. Set in the walls are book cabinets and display shelves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory&-lay=a&-format=d.html&storyid=1676&-Find |title=University Times |access-date=2007-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720050412/http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory&-lay=a&-format=d.html&storyid=1676&-Find |archive-date=2007-07-20}}</ref> The room is illuminated by an old mosque lamp of perforated copper with handblown glass wells that originally held oil, water, and wicks. The sofas, from the Arabic word "suffah", are covered in satin and rest on a dark red and white marble foundation. The marble floor slopes down at the entrance where visitors would remove their shoes before entering. In 1997, a glass-paneled French-style door to the room was added to allow the room to be visible from passers-by. The doors were patterned after a grille design found on the windows of the 18th century Ibn Room in the Islamic section of the [[Metropolitan Museum]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/documents/fall07newsletter.pdf |title=Nationality Room Newsletter, Fall 2007, pg. 11 |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008032514/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/documents/fall07newsletter.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-08}}</ref>
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===Turkish===
[[File:TurkishRoomatPitt.jpg|left|thumb|The Turkish Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Turkish Classroom
| image = CL-Pitt 117.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 339
| dedicated = March 4, 2012
| designer = [[Omer Akin]]
| architect = [[Omer Akin]] and John Cleary
| style = Baş Odası circa 1400AD
}}
The [[Turkey|Turkish]] Nationality Room was based on a baş odası, or main room, of a typical Turkish house or hayat with an outer gallery and a side [[iwan]]. The iwan is intended to be used as an entrance area similar to the royal pavilion, annexed to the [[Yeni Mosque (Istanbul)|Yeni Mosque]] in the [[Eminönü]] district of [[Istanbul]], which was built in 1663 for the use of [[Mehmed IV|Sultan Mehmet IV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/oa04/TNR/design.html | title=Design | publisher=Turkish Nationality Room | access-date=2012-01-05 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208050744/http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/oa04/TNR/design.html | archive-date=2012-02-08 }}</ref> In the iwan of the Turkish Nationality Room, four ceramic panels, painted on clay tiles in [[Ankara]], represent various cultures and points in Turkish history.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=17517 | title=Construction begins on 2 nationality rooms | first=Peter | last=Hart | newspaper=University Times | publisher=University of Pittsburgh | location=Pittsburgh, PA | date=2011-09-01 | access-date=2012-01-05 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225060041/http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=17517 | archive-date=2014-02-25 }}</ref> The largest ceramic is a portrait of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the founder and first president of the [[Republic of Turkey]], who is depicted instructing the nation on the [[Turkish alphabet]] adopted in 1928. Other panels depict [[Uyghurs|Uighur]] princesses, who represent the importance of women in circa 9th-century Turkish culture, a reproduction of "Two merchants in conversation" by {{ill|Mehmed Siyah Kalem|tr|vertical-align=sup}} which signifies the appearance of realism in Turkish drawing around the 14th century; and a depiction of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] at the circumcision ceremony of [[Şehzade Beyazıt]] and Şehzade Cihangir which represents the apex of [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] power and culture in the 16th century. The main room attempts to convey the theme of democracy with its seating distributed around the perimeter of the room which suggests that all occupants are equals. Hardwood seats mimic [[divan]]-style seating found in a typical baş odası with back panels that function as writing tablets which when retracted form a "parted curtain" motif, a common shape used for household wall niches. The room's ceiling, modeled after the Emirhocazade Ahmet Bey summer house in [[Safranbolu]], is a combination of traditional çitakâri and kündekâri carpentry art that creates intricate geometric patterns using small pieces of wood attached without metal fasteners or glue. Clear glass windows along one wall frame a painted mural depicting a panoramic view of Istanbul which is feature similar to that seen in the mirrored room of the [[Topkapi Palace]]. The stained glass windows depict a tulip shape which served as a symbol of the Ottomans in the 18th century. Display cases contain historic examples of [[Turkish calligraphy]], ceramics, jewelry, miniatures and textiles as well as an [[evil eye]]. The entrance symbol above the exterior door depicts the current [[flag of Turkey]], adopted in 1936.
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===Ukrainian===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Ukrainian Classroom (16828268452).jpg|left|thumb|The Ukrainian Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Ukrainian Classroom
| image = The Ukrainian Room (14028869471).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 341
| dedicated = June 17, 1990
| designer = Lubomyr E. Kalynych
| architect = Walter R. Boykowycz, A.I.A.
| style = 17th–18th century Ukrainian Baroque
}}
The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] Classroom is designed in [[Baroque]] style with richly carved wood, colorful ceramics, and intricate metalwork in this adaptation of a nobleman's reception room. The entrance has an archaic trapezoidal form with carved motifs of water (chevron), wheat, and sunflowers. The [[lintel]] inscription commemorates Ukraine's millennium of [[Christianity]] (988–1988). The stove tiles depict festival practices and daily life. A pokutia, or place of honor, is defined by the benches and the traditional icons of [[St. Nicholas]], the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mother of God]], [[Christ]] the Teacher, and [[St. George]].

The chalkboard doors bearing the Tree of Life are surmounted by three [[Cyrillic]] alphabets used in Ukraine in the 11th, 17th, and 19th centuries. On the right wall, a copper bas-relief depicts the development of Ukrainian culture over the millennia. It portrays cultural centers, historical figures, rituals, monuments, and the evolution of Ukrainian ornament. The massive crossbeam's elaborate carvings include a protective solar symbol and a quotation from Ukraine's bard [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814–1861): "Learn, my brothers! Think and read ... Learn foreign thoughts, but do not shun your own country!" Beyond the wood posts, reminiscent of a gallery, the display case houses traditional Ukrainian art and crafts.
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===Welsh===
[[File:WelshNationalityRoom.jpg|left|thumb|The Welsh Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Welsh Classroom
| image = WelshroomClock.jpg
| image_size = 125px
| location = Room 342
| dedicated = June 1, 2008
| architect = Martin Powell, Katherine Horstman, Richard Freeman, Yaso Snyder
| style = 18th century [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Non-Conformist]] chapel
}}
The Welsh Classroom, was perhaps the longest in coming, as reservations for a Welsh room were originally requested in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A5;view=image;seq=0047 |title=Nationality Rooms in the Cathedral of Learning |pages=28 |year=1933 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2008-08-11 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033716/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Scottish%20room;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;node=00a872842m%3A5;view=image;seq=0047 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The existing room, installed on the third floor of the Cathedral of Learning, is patterned after the Pen-rhiw Chapel at [[St Fagans National History Museum]] near [[Cardiff]] and represents a traditional 18th-century Welsh chapel, which often became the center of village social life.<ref>{{cite web
|title = The Welsh Room
|publisher = University of Pittsburgh
|url = http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/WelshRoom.html
|access-date = 2008-08-07
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080921113123/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/countries/WelshRoom.html
|archive-date = 2008-09-21
}}</ref> By that time, the English ruled the country and imposed law requiring English as the official language of the courts and churches. In order to worship and hold church services in their native [[Welsh language]], and spurred on by the non-conformist movement started by the [[Protestant Reformation]], the Welsh people met in secret locations such as barns or homes, as suggested by the simple white walled chapel modeled in this Nationality Room. The minister would live at one end as depicted by the display case with dishes and pottery that would be found in a Welsh kitchen and the long oak case clock seated on a [[Welsh slate]] foundation opposite the main blue door. The clock, considered one of the most important furnishings in a Welsh home, has, instead of numbers, a painted square face that spells out "Richard Thomas" suggesting that he was both the maker and owner of the clock. The bay window serves as the focus of the Welsh chapel worship, including a blue raised pulpit with a view of the entire congregation and two Deacon's benches from which to monitor the actions of the minister and congregation.

At the other end of the room is a table bearing a lectern, as such worship places would often become a school room for both children and adults during week days. Above the chalk board is the [[Lord's Prayer]], written in Welsh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://stdavidssociety.homestead.com/files/newsletter_Oct_2009.pdf | title=St. David's Newsletter | date=September 2009 | access-date=2009-10-06 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215215/http://stdavidssociety.homestead.com/files/newsletter_Oct_2009.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-12 }}</ref> Pew benches of [[pine]] face the lectern. Along the wall, larger and more comfortable blue-painted pew boxes with wooden floors, often also serving as barn cattle stalls, would have served wealthier families who would sometimes bring straw, blankets, hot bricks, or dogs to keep them warm. To reflect the simplicity of such meeting places, the ceiling beams are made of [[Populus|poplar]] and flooring suggests a typical chapel dirt floor. The carved stone dragon over the doorway, the long-time [[National symbols of Wales|Welsh national symbol]], represents the legendary victory of the [[Welsh Dragon|Red Dragon]] over the White Dragon of numerous tales of [[medieval Welsh literature]] and represents the triumph of Good over Evil.<ref>{{cite web
|title = St. David's Society of Pittsburgh
|date = 2008-08-06
|url = http://stdavidssociety.homestead.com/
|access-date = 2008-08-06
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009093132/http://www.stdavidssociety.homestead.com/
|archive-date = 2007-10-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = Narration for Visitors to the Welsh Nationality Room
|publisher = St. David's Society of Pittsburgh
|date = 2008-08-06
|url = http://stdavidssociety.homestead.com/Welsh_narration.pdf
|access-date = 2008-08-06
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215248/http://stdavidssociety.homestead.com/Welsh_narration.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-07-12
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|last = Pitz
|first = Marylynne
|title = Welcome to Wales: Pitt nationality classroom reflects country's ties to Pennsylvania
|newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
|date = 2008-05-28
|url = http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08149/885236-37.stm
|access-date = 2008-08-06
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080920163324/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08149/885236-37.stm
|archive-date = 2008-09-20
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Yugoslav===
[[File:Cathedral of Learning Yugoslav Classroom (16829379065).jpg|left|thumb|The Yugoslav Classroom]]
{{Infobox room
| name = Yugoslav Classroom
| image = Cathedral of Learning Yugoslav Classroom (16829235815).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| location = Room 142
| dedicated = March 31, 1939
| architect = {{ill|Vojta Braniš|hr|vertical-align=sup}}, Zagreb
| style = Folk Motif
}}
The [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] Classroom was designed by Professor {{ill|Vojta Braniš|hr|vertical-align=sup}}, a sculptor and director of the Industrial Art School in [[Zagreb]]. The walls are paneled in [[Slavonia]]n oak and hand-carved with geometric figures and the old Slavonic heart design which is combined with a running geometric border, a favorite with [[South Slavs]]. This type of work, known as "notch-carving", was traditionally done with a penknife as pastime of peasants. On the corridor wall is a specially designed coat of arms featuring a double-headed eagle symbolizing the religious influences of Eastern [[Byzantine Empire|Empire of Byzantium]] and Western [[Roman Empire|Empire of Rome]] along with the founding dates of the universities in [[University of Belgrade|Belgrade]], [[University of Ljubljana|Ljubljana]], and [[University of Zagreb|Zagreb]]. The ceiling is carved with intricate [[Croats|Croatian]], [[Slovenes|Slovenian]], and [[Serbs|Serbian]] folk motifs and the wooden chandeliers are similar to those in the [[Beli dvor|White Palace]] in Belgrade. The professor's chair and guests chairs were carved by students at the International Art School in Zagreb, and each spindle of the chairs bears a different notched design. At the window, a bronze sculpture by Vojta Braniš, "Post-War Motherhood", depicts a barefoot mother nursing her child whom she has protected during the long months of war. In the display cabinet is a lace portrayal of the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] of Brežje by Slovenes Leopoldina Pelhan and her student Mila Božičkova which took six months to complete and was inspired by the story of a lace Madonna created by the villagers of [[Sveta Gora]] in order to replace a priceless painting during [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19841129&id=YOsdAAAAIBAJ&pg=4908,9389725&hl=en |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Press]] |date=November 29, 1984 |title=Heirlooms decorate Pitt Nationality Rooms for December tours |page=C6 |access-date=May 21, 2016 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114050332/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19841129&id=YOsdAAAAIBAJ&pg=4908,9389725&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceiling squares contain one of the three alternating ceiling ornaments suggesting flowers, stars, the sun, and other radiating geometric patterns, which are organized into a matrix of 9 by 7 squares.

Above the paneled walls, six portraits depict prominent Yugoslavs. On the front wall are portraits of [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] (1787–1864) who compiled the Serbian dictionary and collected, edited, and published Serbian national ballads and folk songs; and Croatian statesman [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer|Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer]] (1815–1905) who was known for his efforts to achieve understanding between the [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Greek Orthodox]] churches, founder of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (now the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]). On the corridor wall are likenesses of [[Jurij Vega|Baron George von Vega]] (1754–1802), a Slovenian officer in the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] army and mathematician recognized for various works including a book of logarithm tables; and [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš|Petar Petrović Njegoš]] (1813–1851), the last prince-bishop of [[Montenegro]], who was celebrated for his poetry. Represented on the rear wall are [[Roger Joseph Boscovich|Rugjer Bošković]] (1711–1787), a Ragusan scientist distinguished for his achievements in the fields of mathematics, optics, and astronomy; and [[France Prešeren]] (1800–1849) who is considered the greatest Slovenian classical poet.

The Yugoslav Classroom's executive committee was first organized in 1926 under the chairmanship of Anton Gazdić, the president of the [[Croatian Fraternal Union]]. After his death in September 1933 the new chairman was Steve Babić, the previous vice-chairman, and the new vice-chairwoman became Catherine Rušković McAleer. Famous Croatian sculptor [[Ivan Meštrović]] was a great supporter of the Classroom and gave two of his works to the university, one a bust of [[Mihajlo Pupin]] and the other a self-portrait.<ref>Lynch Starrett, Agnes (ed.) ''Nationality Rooms of the University of Pittsburgh'' (containing: seventeen water colors and forty-six crayon drawings by Andrey Avinoff, two etchings by Louis Orr and text by John G. Bowman, Ruth Crawford Mitchell and Andrey Avinoff), University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1947.</ref> The Classroom was designed to portray the culture and traditions of the [[Yugoslavs]], who were considered as inhabitants of the various ''Yugoslavian regions'': [[Croats|Croatians]], [[Dalmatia]]ns, [[Slavonia]]ns, [[Slovenes|Slovenians]], [[Serbs|Serbians]], [[Bosnia]]ns and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;q1=classrooms;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=256;node=00a872842m%3A18;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; | title=The Yugoslav Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning University of Pittsburgh | first=Ruth Crawford | last=Mitchell | page=4 | year=1942 | publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press | access-date=2009-11-04 | archive-date=2022-05-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033207/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;q1=classrooms;rgn=full%20text;idno=00a872842m;didno=00a872842m;view=image;seq=256;node=00a872842m%3A18;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset; | url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Proposed rooms===
The university has two additional Nationality Room Committees which are in various stages of fund raising and room design.<ref name=plannedrooms/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/rooms_in_planning.html |title=The Nationality Rooms - rooms in planning |publisher=Pitt.edu |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528115101/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/rooms_in_planning.html |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pointparknewsservice.com/2012/11/30/nationality-rooms-open-house-is-ready-for-the-holidays/ | title=Nationality Rooms Open House is ready for the holidays | first=Pamela | last=Diana | date=2012-12-03 | publisher=Point Park News Service | access-date=2012-12-03 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145414/http://www.pointparknewsservice.com/2012/11/30/nationality-rooms-open-house-is-ready-for-the-holidays/ | archive-date=2014-04-13 }}</ref>

Proposed rooms include the following:
* Finnish<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pittsburghfinns.org/FinnishCommittee.html|title=The Finnish Nationality Room|website=www.pittsburghfinns.org|access-date=2008-02-18|archive-date=2011-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206125546/http://www.pittsburghfinns.org/FinnishCommittee.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Iranian<ref>{{URL|http://iraniannationalityroom.com}}{{dead link|date=January 2023}}</ref>
* Thai<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05132/503312-53.stm | title=U. of Pittsburgh Thai room planned | newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | location=Pittsburgh, PA | date=2005-05-12 | access-date=2010-04-09 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522102944/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05132/503312-53.stm | archive-date=2011-05-22 }}</ref>

Prior projects for Danish,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danishamericancs.com/dacs/a16.html|title=Danish American Cultural Society - Donations|website=www.danishamericancs.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224550/http://www.danishamericancs.com/dacs/a16.html|archive-date=2015-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/m/FMPro?-db=ma.fp5&-format=d.html&-recid=35115&-find= | title=Danish Royal Building Inspector to Discuss Plan for New Nationality Room at Pitt | publisher=University of Pittsburgh | date=2001-05-03 | access-date=2010-04-09 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227134630/http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/m/FMPro?-db=ma.fp5&-format=d.html&-recid=35115&-find= | archive-date=2012-02-27 }}</ref> Latin American, Moroccan, and Caribbean<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritageroom.org/|title=The Latin American and Caribbean Heritage Room|website=www.heritageroom.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511202827/http://www.heritageroom.org/|archive-date=May 11, 2015}}</ref> rooms have been discontinued.<ref name=plannedrooms/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:AustrianNationalityRoomPitt.jpg|Austrian Room
File:Chinese nationality room in the Cathedral of Learning 02.jpg|Chinese Room
File:Czechoslovak Room - Pitt - IMG 0518.jpg|Czechoslovak Room
File:EarlyAmericanBedroomPitt.JPG|Hidden upstairs bedroom of the Early American Room
File:Germanroom2.jpg|German Room
File:Hungarian Room - Pitt - IMG 0547.jpg|Hungarian Room
File:Italian Room - Pitt - IMG 0526.jpg|Italian Room
File:ScottishRoom.jpg|Scottish Room
File:CL-Pitt 172.jpg|Swiss Room
File:CL-Pitt 118.jpg|Turkish Classroom
File:Yugoslav Room - Pitt - IMG 0495.jpg|Yugoslav Room
File:Dmitry Medvedev in the United States 25 September 2009-3.jpg|[[Russian president]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] meets with students in the Russian Room on September 24, 2009.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| author=Bruhns, E. Maxine | title=The Nationality Rooms Fourth Edition | location=Pittsburgh | publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] | year=2000 | isbn=0-9634096-0-3}}
* {{Cite book| author=Alberts, Robert C. | title=Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787-1987 | location=Pittsburgh | publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] | year=1987 | isbn=0-8229-1150-7}}
* Bruhns, E. Maxine, [http://www.heritageroom.org/roomdesigns/LA&C%20Heritage%20Room%20Design%20Guidelines.pdf Heritage Room Design Guidelines, July 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120191454/http://www.heritageroom.org/roomdesigns/LA%26C%20Heritage%20Room%20Design%20Guidelines.pdf |date=2008-11-20 }}
* Brown, Mark. ''The Cathedral of Learning: Concept, Design, Construction'', University of Pittsburgh Nationality Rooms Program
* Bowman, John G. ''Unofficial Notes''
* Nationality Rooms Guide Training Material
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/about_nr.html University of Pittsburgh website: About the Nationality Rooms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028112138/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/about_nr.html |date=2012-10-28 }}
* {{Cite book| author=Starrett, Agnes Lynch | title=The Darlington Memorial Library | location=Pittsburgh | publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] | year=1938 }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.nationalityrooms.pitt.edu/ Nationality Rooms web site]
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/ Nationality Rooms Virtual Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121233629/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/ |date=2008-01-21 }}
* [http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/natrooms/ Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Program Scholarships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120232952/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/natrooms/ |date=2014-11-20 }}

===Video===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjOdkFw0BX4 Cathedral of Learning feature on John Ratzenberger's Made in America]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.wqed.org/ondemand/onq.php?cat=6&id=587 |title=WQED OnQ: E. Maxine Bruhns & The Nationality Rooms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105215713/http://www.wqed.org/ondemand/onq.php?cat=6&id=587 |archive-date=2009-11-05 }}

===Gigpans===
* [http://www.3d-360.com/76855 African Heritage Nationality Room]{{dead link|date=December 2022}}
* [http://www.gigapan.org/viewGigapan.php?id=2120 Austrian Nationality Room]
* [http://www.3d-360.com/76848 English Nationality Room]{{dead link|date=December 2022}}
* [http://www.3d-360.com/76851 Welsh Nationality Room]{{dead link|date=December 2022}}

===Room committees===
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/africa/afri.html African Heritage Classroom & Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921113113/http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/africa/afri.html |date=2008-09-21 }}
* [http://www.aacs-pit.org/aacs_room.html Austrian American Cultural Society of Pittsburgh: Austrian Nationality Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724170427/http://www.aacs-pit.org/aacs_room.html |date=2008-07-24 }}
* [http://www.danishamericancs.com/ Danish American Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628080302/http://danishamericancs.com/ |date=2013-06-28 }}
* [http://www.pittsburghfinns.org/ The Finlandia Foundation, Pittsburgh Chapter]
* [http://koreanheritageroom.org/ Korean Heritage Room Committee]
* [http://www.heritageroom.org/ Latin American & Caribbean Heritage Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511202827/http://www.heritageroom.org/ |date=2015-05-11 }}
* [http://thefaap.org/pnr/ Filipino American Association of Pittsburgh: Philippine Nationality Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820194336/http://thefaap.org/pnr/ |date=2008-08-20 }}
* [http://www.swisspittsburgh.org/ Swiss-American Society of Pittsburgh]
* [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/oa04/TNR/index.html Turkish Nationality Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030603/http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/oa04/TNR/index.html |date=2008-12-05 }}
* [http://stdavidssociety.homestead.com/ St. David's Society of Pittsburgh (Welsh Nationality Room Committee)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009093132/http://www.stdavidssociety.homestead.com/ |date=2007-10-09 }}

{{University of Pittsburgh}}
{{Pittsburgh}}
{{Museums in Pennsylvania}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Individual rooms]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:University and college buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Museums in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks]]
[[Category:University museums in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Ethnic museums in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Pennsylvania]]

Tabassum Mansoor

2026-05-07T18:18:18Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{Short description|Indian educationist in Libya}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tabassum Mansoor
| image = Tabassum.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = Educator
| known_for = Indian Entrepreneur
| notable_works =
}}

'''Tabassum Mansoor''' was born in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=Tabassum Mansoor, the Gorakhpur-born school principal who negotiated with militants to free Indians in Libya - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tabassum-mansoor-gorakhpur-born-school-principal-who-negotiated-with-militants-to-free-indians-in-libya/article61718672.ece |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122185628/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tabassum-mansoor-gorakhpur-born-school-principal-who-negotiated-with-militants-to-free-indians-in-libya/article61718672.ece |archive-date=2022-11-22 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=How Gorakhpur's Tabassum helped free 7 Indians in Libya {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/how-gorakhpurs-tabassum-helped-free-7-indians-in-libya/articleshow/78670799.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123212426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/how-gorakhpurs-tabassum-helped-free-7-indians-in-libya/articleshow/78670799.cms |archive-date=2022-11-23 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-23 |title=tabassum mansoor: How Gorakhpur's Tabassum Mansoor helped free 7 Indians in Libya - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-gorakhpurs-tabassum-mansoor-helped-free-7-indians-in-libya/articleshow/78675549.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723193318/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-gorakhpurs-tabassum-mansoor-helped-free-7-indians-in-libya/articleshow/78675549.cms |archive-date=2021-07-23 |last1=Bano |first1=Arjumand }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=How Gorakhpur-born school principal helped in securing release of 7 Indians abducted in Libya {{!}} India News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/how-gorakhpur-born-school-principal-helped-in-securing-release-of-7-indians-abducted-in-libya/666947 |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122185630/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/how-gorakhpur-born-school-principal-helped-in-securing-release-of-7-indians-abducted-in-libya/666947 |archive-date=2022-11-22 }}</ref> and obtained a Bachelors of Education (B. Ed) from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोरखपुर की बेटी ने लीबिया में 7 भारतीयों को कराया अपहरणकर्ताओं से मुक्त |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/gorakhpur/gorakhpur-daughter-frees-7-indians-in-libya-from-kidnappers/up20201016175336395 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=16 October 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> Tabassum has been working for over 30 years in the field of primary education <ref>{{Cite web |title=गोरखपुर में जन्मीं ये स्कूल प्रिंसिपल कौन हैं, जिनकी मदद से लीबिया में रिहा हुए 7 अगवा भारतीय |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/india/gorakhpur-born-school-principal-with-the-help-of-which-7-abducted-indians-released-in-libya-584283.html |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=oneindia.com}}</ref> and social welfare in [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=The principal who won freedom for Indian hostages {{!}} Mpositive.in |url=https://www.mpositive.in/2020/10/15/the-principal-who-won-freedom-for-indian-hostages/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122185629/https://www.mpositive.in/2020/10/15/the-principal-who-won-freedom-for-indian-hostages/ |archive-date=2022-11-22 }}</ref> She is the Managing Director and Principal of Indian International School, Benghazi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-18 |title=मिलिए उस भारतीय महिला से, जिसने लीबिया युद्ध में किडनैप हुए 7 भारतीयों को रिहा करवाया |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/india-news/meet-tabassum-who-helped-realising-7-kidnaped-indians-in-libya-525495.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=IndiaTimes |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-03 |title=نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء الدكتور عبد السلام البدري يُشارك في احتفالية المدرسة الهندية العالمية (llS) بذكرى الـ 71 لتأسيس الجمهورية الهندية |url=http://www.lananews.com/ar/?p=204079 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=وكالة الانباء الليبية ( وال ) LANA NEWS |language=ar}}</ref>

In 2011, amid the civil war against [[Colonel Gaddafi]], Tabassum Mansoor was given a critical responsibility by the Indian Embassy in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] of evacuating 3,000 Indians stranded in Benghazi and other parts of eastern Libya.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 6, 2011|title=3,000 Indians who escaped Libya have one woman to thank |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/3000-indians-who-escaped-libya-have-one-woman-to-thank/articleshow/16107484.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=September 2, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The mission was called ''[[Operation Safe Homecoming]]''. This operation was challenging because the situation in Libya was volatile, and in many regions communication services were disrupted.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 7, 2011 |title=India intensifies rescue operation, 3000 evacuated from Libya in a day |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/india-intensifies-rescue-operation-3000-evacuated-from-libya-in-a-day/articleshow/16107733.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=September 2, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The communication infrastructure, especially in the rebel-controlled areas had collapsed, rendering phone and internet services unavailable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 6, 2011 |title=3,000 Indians who escaped Libya have one woman to thank |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/3000-indians-who-escaped-libya-have-one-woman-to-thank/articleshow/16107484.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=यूपी के गोरखपुर में जन्मीं वो स्कूल प्रिंसिपल, जिन्होंने लीबिया में अगवा हुए 7 भारतीयों की कराई सुरक्षित रिहाई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/up-news-gorakhpur-born-teacher-who-helped-benghazi-evacuation-now-gets-7-hostages-freed/articleshow/78672505.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Tabassum mobilized her school buses all across the city and successfully managed to assemble Indians from different parts of Libya in her school and coordinated their safe transfer from [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]] to [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]] via MV Scotia Prince Ship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Writer |first1=John RichardsonStaff |title=Scotia Prince ferry heading to Libya |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2011/02/25/scotia-prince-heading-to-libya/ |work=Press Herald |date=25 February 2011}}</ref> They were then flown home by a special [[Air India]] flight from [[Alexandria|Alexandria.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=3 Navy ships to set sail for Libya to evacuate Indians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-navy-ships-to-set-sail-for-libya-to-evacuate-indians/articleshow/7566655.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2011}}</ref>

In 2020,<ref name="jagran.com">{{Cite web |title=भारत की तबस्सुम का लीबिया हुआ कायल, गोरखपुर गदगद |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-indias-tabassum-appreciated-in-libya-20887077.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> she played an instrumental role in saving seven Indian nationals<ref name=":2" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Kidnapped in September, 7 Indian hostages in Libya freed - India News News |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/kidnapped-in-september-7-indian-hostages-in-libya-freed-334580 |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205124419/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/kidnapped-in-september-7-indian-hostages-in-libya-freed-334580 |archive-date=2022-12-05 }}</ref><ref name="amarujala.com">{{Cite web |title=लीबिया में फंसे दस के आने का रास्ता साफ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kushinagar/leebiya-mein-phanse-das-ke-aane-ka-raasta-saaph-kushinagar-news-gkp419187448 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> who were abducted by Libyan militants, and managed their release through back-channel diplomacy. Despite closed borders amid the ongoing crisis in Libya, all seven Indians were sent back on a special [[United Nations|UN]] flight.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="amarujala.com"/>

== Early life ==

Tabassum completed her education in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and then graduated from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] with a Bachelor of Education <ref name="jagran.com"/> She moved to [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]] in 1980 and set up the first Indian International School (IIS) there.

== Career ==

Tabassum has lived in [[Benghazi]] for over 30 years and has been actively promoting Indian culture and education in Libya.<ref name="jagran.com"/> She is known for promoting better understanding of Indian culture and education in Libya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="amarujala.com"/> She introduced the CBSE curriculum in Libya in 2002, and since then she has been the managing director and principal of the Indian International School, Benghazi. Tabassum was appointed as an honorary member of the Advisory Committee to restructure Primary Education and improve Teacher Training in Libya.

Tabassum also serves as the Representative of the Embassy of India, Tripoli and Tunis for the Eastern Region of Libya. Since the Libyan turmoil, she managed the welfare, evacuation and repatriation of over 3,000 Indians in 2011, 289 in 2014 and taking care of over 2,000 Indians during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="jagran.com"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="amarujala.com"/>

In 2020, she successfully negotiated the high-profile kidnapping case of 7 Indians in Libya, and facilitated the provision of food, medicines, and shelter. In 2021, she was instrumental in the repatriation of 27 Indian workers through local and international resources via IOM (UN). <ref name=":0"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="amarujala.com"/>

== Awards ==

In 2017, Tabassum was awarded the Uttar Pradesh Apravasi Bharatiya Ratan Puruskar for her efforts in primary education and social work in Libya.<ref name="jagran.com"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="amarujala.com"/> This is an accolade given to honour an ‘exceptional and meritorious contribution’ by a non-resident Indian of Uttar Pradesh origin.

* Apravasi Bhartiya Ratna Samman by Govt. of U.P.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Uttar Pradesh Pravasi Bhartiya Ratna Puraskar {{!}} Official Website of NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India {{!}} UPNRI |url=https://nri.up.gov.in/article/en/up-pravasi-bhartiya-ratna-puraskar-2020 |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003201550/https://nri.up.gov.in/article/en/up-pravasi-bhartiya-ratna-puraskar-2020 |archive-date=2022-10-03 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* Outstanding Women in Social Work by Ficci-Flo.
* Principal of the Year Award by Ministry of Education (Recognition for her long-standing commitment to education amid difficult circumstances came from the Libyan authorities when she was inducted as a member of the National Education Council of Libya).<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mansoor, Tabassum}}
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Janaki Ammal

2026-05-07T16:21:49Z

TomOcampo9313: starting a post

{{Short description|Indian botanist (1897–1984)}}
{{About|the Indian botanist|the wife of Srinivasa Ramanujan|Janakiammal|the politician|K. P. Janaki Ammal}}
{{Given name hatnote|Janaki Ammal|Edavalath Kakkat|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = [[Her Excellency]] E. K. Janaki Ammal
| caption = c. 1938
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|11|4}}
| birth_place = [[Tellicherry]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1984|2|7}} (aged 86)
| death_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu
| field = [[Botany]], [[Cell biology|Cytology]]
| awards = [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970-1979)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 1977|Padma Shri 1977]]
| spouse =
| work_institution = [[Madras University]], [[John Innes Centre]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]]
| thesis_title = Chromosome Studies in Nicandra physaloides
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes =
| signature = Janaki_Ammal's_signature.png
| footnotes =
| image = E K Janaki Ammal.jpg
}}

'''Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal''' (formally known as '''Janaki Ammal''') (4 November 1897 – 7 February 1984) was an Indian botanist who worked on plant breeding, [[cytogenetics]] and [[phytogeography]]. Her most notable work involved studies on [[sugarcane]] and the [[eggplant]] (brinjal). She also worked on the cytogenetics of a range of plants and co-authored the ''Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants'' (1945) with [[C. D. Darlington|C.D. Darlington]]. She took an interest in ethnobotany and plants of medicinal and economic value from the rain forests of [[Kerala]], India. Her remarkable research, which led to better cross-breeds of a sweeter variety therefore contributed to India’s sugarcane independence. Ammal is sometimes referred to as the 'woman who sweetened India's sugar cane'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janaki Ammal, trailblazer in botany |url=https://www.mpg.de/19967547/janaki-ammal |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref> She was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1977.

==Biography==

=== Early life and family ===
Janaki Ammal was born in [[Thalassery]], [[Kerala]] on 4 November 1897.<ref name=":2" /> Her father was [[Diwan Bahadur]] [[E.K Krishnan|Edavalath Kakkat Krishnan]], Dy. Collector of Malabar district.<ref name=":3" /> Her mother, Devi Kuruvayi daughter of Kunhi Kurumbi Kuruvai. She had several siblings, including the civil servant [[E.K Govindan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Damodaran|first1=Vinita|year=2013|title=Gender, Race and Science in Twentieth-Century India: E. K. Janaki Ammal and the History of Science|journal=History of Science|volume=51|issue=3|pages=283–307|doi=10.1177/007327531305100302|bibcode=2013HisSc..51..283D|s2cid=142770928}}</ref>

Although her sisters all entered arranged marriages, Janaki chose a life of scholarship and study over matrimony, an uncommon move for a woman.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/pioneering-female-botanist-who-sweetened-nation-and-saved-valley-180972765/ |publisher=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |first=Leila |last=McNeill |date=31 July 2019 |title=The Pioneering Female Botanist Who Sweetened a Nation and Saved a Valley |accessdate=8 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Education and career ===
Ammal did her primary schooling at Sacred Heart Convent in Thalassery followed by a bachelor's degree which she obtained from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]], Madras.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=McNeill |first2=Leila |title=The Pioneering Female Botanist Who Sweetened a Nation and Saved a Valley |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/pioneering-female-botanist-who-sweetened-nation-and-saved-valley-180972765/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> She obtained an honours degree in botany from Presidency College in Madras (present-day Chennai)<ref name=":1" /> and then moved to the [[University of Michigan]] in 1924, earning a master's degree in botany in 1926 through the Barbour Scholarship.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Savithri Preetha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoCUEAAAQBAJ&q=janaki+ammal |title=Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist: E. K. Janaki Ammal, A Life 1897–1984 |date=2022-11-23 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64972-7 |language=en}}</ref> She returned to India to work as a professor in Women's Christian College in Madras for a few years, then returned to the University of Michigan as an Oriental Barbour Fellow and obtained a PhD in 1931. Her thesis was titled "Chromosome Studies in Nicandra Physaloides". The university also awarded her an honorary LLD in 1956.

On her return, she became Professor of Botany at the Maharaja's College of Science in Trivandrum (present-day [[University College, Trivandrum|University College,Trivandrum]])<ref name=":2" /> and served as an Assistant Professor for two years between 1932 and 1934. Ammal then joined the [[John Innes Centre|John Innes Institute]] in Merton, London, where she worked with [[C. D. Darlington]], who would become a long-term collaborator.<ref name=":1" /> She then worked at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in Coimbatore and worked with [[Charles Alfred Barber|C.A. Barber]]. Her work involved the production of hybrids including several intergeneric crosses including the variety SG 63–32.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|year=1985|title=In Memoriam: Dr E.K. Janaki Ammal (1897-1984)|url=http://www.nelumbo-bsi.org/index.php/nlmbo/article/viewFile/74814/58227|journal=Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India|volume=27|issue=1–4|pages=265–268|author=Nayar, M.P.}}</ref>

In 1939 she attended the 7th International Congress of Genetics, Edinburgh and was forced to stay on due to World War II. She then spent the next six years at the [[John Innes Centre]] as an assistant cytologist to C.D. Darlington. Together they published a ''Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants'' in 1945. She was invited to work as a cytologist at the Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley from 1945 to 1951. During this period she studied Magnolias, their cytology and conducted experiment on their hybridization. The Indian government invited her to reorganize the Botanical Survey of India, and she was appointed as the first director of the Central Botanical Laboratory at [[Allahabad]]. From 1962, she served as an officer on special duty at Regional Research Laboratory in [[Jammu]].<ref name=":0" /> She also worked briefly at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] at [[Trombay]] and then settled down in Madras in November 1970, working as an Emeritus Scientist at the ''Centre for Advanced Study (CAS)'' in Botany, [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edavaleth Kakkat Janaki Ammal - An Introduction|url=https://www.iiim.res.in/herbarium/edavaleth-kakkat-janaki-ammal.htm|access-date=2020-08-21|website=www.iiim.res.in}}</ref> She lived and worked in the centre's Field Laboratory at [[Maduravoyal]] until her death in February 1984.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muthiah|first=S.|date=2015-10-10|title=Madras miscellany: The Chinese in the Nilgiris|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/madras-miscellany-the-chinese-in-the-nilgiris-and-queen-marys-distinguished-alumni/article7747270.ece|access-date=2020-08-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Research ===
[[File:Statue of E. K. Janaki Ammal.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of E. K. Janaki Ammal, Birla Industrial & Technological Museum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.]]
As an expert in cytogenetics, Janaki Ammal joined the Sugarcane Breeding Station at Coimbatore to work on sugarcane biology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Mohite |first1=Mrs Neeta Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7t8EAAAQBAJ |title=Indian Daughters of Science: Stories of 21 Indian Women Scientists and their Lives, Struggles & Achievements |last2=Kaur |first2=Dr Harkirat |date=2022-07-21 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |language=en}}</ref> At that time, the sweetest sugarcane in the world was the [[Saccharum officinarum|''Saccharum officianarum'']] variety from Papua New Guinea and India imported it from Southeast Asia. In a bid to improve India's indigenous sugarcane varieties, the Sugarcane Breeding Station had been set up at Coimbatore in the early 1920s. By manipulating polyploid cells through cross-breeding of hybrids in the laboratory, Janaki Ammal was able to create a high yielding strain of the sugarcane that would thrive in Indian conditions.<ref name=":1" /> Her research also helped analyse the geographical distribution of sugarcane across India, and to establish that the [[Saccharum spontaneum|''Saccharum'' s''pontaneum'']] variety of sugarcane had originated in India. However, her status as a single woman from a caste considered backward created irreconcilable problems for Dr. Janki Ammal among her male peers at Coimbatore.<ref name="Mateen&Ethirajan2024">{{cite web |last1=Mateen |first1=Zoya |last2=Ethirajan |first2=Anbarasan |title=EK Janaki Ammal: The 'nomad' flower scientist India forgot |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-63445015 |website=BBC News |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> Impressed by her work, the Royal Horticulture Society<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/|title=RHS - Inspiring everyone to grow / RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=11 July 2023}}</ref> invited Janaki Ammal to work as an assistant cytologist at their laboratory at the Wisley Garden in Surrey, England. In 1946, Janaki Ammal became the RHS's first female scientist. Specimens pressed by her are still present at the Wisley Herbarium and her sample of ''[[Rhododendron degronianum|Rhododendron yakushimanum]]'' ‘Koichiro Wada’ has become the nomenclatural standard (similar to a type specimen for a species). During her time here, she looked further into the effects of colchicine on various woody plants, including [[Magnolia]]. Ammal was highly respected along with her work and also had people sent to her from different countries to study under her. Constance Margaret Eardley, Australian botanist, was one of the individuals who studied under Ammal for a year. Ammal also spoke for the RHS at international conferences. She travelled to Nepal on a plant collection expedition during 1948-1949 and returned to Wisley with specimens (Fragaria, Iris, Rhododendron, Rosa and Rubus).<ref name="rhs.org.uk">{{cite web | url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/education-learning/libraries-at-rhs/articles/janaki-ammal | title=The female botanist who sweetened a nation }}</ref>

During the years she spent in England, Ammal did chromosome studies of a wide range of garden plants. Her studies on chromosome numbers and [[ploidy]] in many cases threw light on the evolution of species and varieties. ''The Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants'' which she wrote jointly with C. D. Darlington in 1945 was a compilation that incorporated much of her own work on many species. At the Society, one of the plants she worked on was the magnolia. To this day, in the society's campus at Wisley there are magnolia shrubs she planted and among them is a variety with small white flowers named after her: ''[[Magnolia kobus]]'' 'Janaki Ammal'.<ref name=":1" />

Janaki Ammal also worked on the genera ''[[Solanum]]'', ''[[Datura]]'', ''[[Mentha]]'', ''[[Cymbopogon]],'' and ''[[Dioscorea]]'' besides medicinal and other plants. She attributed the higher rate of plant [[Speciation (genetic algorithm)|speciation]] in the cold and humid northeast [[Himalaya]]s as compared to the cold and dry northwest Himalayas to [[polyploidy]].<ref>Janaki Ammal .E.K. The effect of the Himalayan uplift on the genetic composition of the flora of Asia. 1960. Indian botan. Soc., 39: 327-334</ref> Also, according to her, the confluence of Chinese and Malayan elements in the flora of northeast India led to natural hybridisation between these and the native flora in this region, contributing further to plant diversification.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Following her retirement, Ammal continued to publish the original findings of her research focusing special attention on medicinal plants and [[ethnobotany]]. In the Madras University Field Laboratory where she lived and worked she developed a garden of medicinal plants.

As a geneticist working for the Royal Horticultural Society's Garden Wisley in the early 1950s, Janaki Ammal was investigating the effects of [[colchicine]] on a number of woody plants, including Magnolia, where a stock solution in water is made up and applied to the growing tip of young seedlings once the [[cotyledons]] (seed leaves) have fully expanded. Doubling of chromosomes occurs, giving the cells twice the usual number. The resulting plants have heavier textured leaves; their flowers are variable, often with thicker tepals, helping them last longer. As ''[[Magnolia kobus]]'' seeds were available in quantity, a number of seedlings were treated by Dr Janaki Ammal and ultimately planted on Battleston Hill at Wisley.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-14 |title=EK Janaki Ammal: The 'nomad' flower scientist India forgot |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63445015 |access-date=2022-11-14}}</ref>

She also advocated greatly for the preservation of native plants and due to her efforts, Silent Valley Forests was saved from a hydroelectric project. The forest was declared a national park on 15 November 1984 but unfortunately Ammal was not around to see this triumph as she died 9 months earlier (at age 87). This national park is filled with rare varieties of orchids. It had been threatened by flooding and due to Ammal’s efforts, this park is now a popular and flourishing area visited by many tourists.

==Awards and honours==
Dr. Janaki Ammal is mentioned among Indian Americans of the Century in an India Currents magazine article published on 1 January 2000, by S.Gopikrishna & Vandana Kumar: "In an age when most women didn't make it past high school, would it be possible for an Indian woman to obtain a PhD at one of America's finest public universities and also make seminal contributions to her field?!" Kerala-born Janaki was arguably the first woman to obtain a PhD in botany in the U.S. (1931) and remains one of the few Asian women to be conferred a DSc (honoris causa) by her alma mater, the University of Michigan. During her time at Ann Arbor she lived in the [[Martha Cook Building]], an all-female residence hall and worked with [[Harley Harris Bartlett]], a professor at the Department of Botany.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

She was elected Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1935, and of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1957. The University of Michigan conferred an honorary LL.D. on her in 1956 in recognition of her contributions to botany and cytogenetics said: "Blest with the ability to make painstaking and accurate observations, she and her patient endeavours stand as a model for serious and dedicated scientific workers." The Government of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] on her in 1977.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=23 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> The Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Government of India instituted the National Award of Taxonomy in her name in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edavaleth Kakkat Janaki Ammal - An Introduction |url=https://iiim.res.in/herbarium/edavaleth-kakkat-janaki-ammal.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=iiim.res.in}}</ref><ref>[https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/janaki_ammal.pdf Indian Academy of sciences]: '''In''' '''2000''', '''the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Government of India instituted the National Award of Taxonomy in her name in 2000'''.</ref>

She produced many hybrid brinjal varieties (the Indian name for eggplant).<ref>The Michigan Alumnus, Volume 42, Page 532, UM libraries 1935</ref><ref>E.K. Janaki Ammal. A polyploid eggplant, Solanum melongena L. Papers of Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 15:81.</ref><ref>E. K. Janaki Ammal. Polyploidy in Solanum Melongena Linn. CYTOLOGIA. Vol. 5 (1933-1934) No. 4 P 453-459</ref>

Two awards were instituted in her name in 1999: EK Janaki Ammal National Award on Plant Taxonomy and EK Janaki Ammal National Award on Animal Taxonomy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/730186/remembering-dr-janaki-ammal-pioneering-botanist-cytogeneticist-and-passionate-gandhian|title=Remembering Dr Janaki Ammal, pioneering botanist, cytogeneticist and passionate Gandhian|last=Doctor|first=Geeta|website=Scroll.in|date=23 June 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> A herbarium with over 25000 plant species in [[Jammutawi]] has been named after Janaki Ammal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/long-ignored-renowned-botanist-janaki-ammal-finally-recognised-biography-102823|title=Long ignored, renowned botanist Janaki Ammal finally recognised in biography|website=Newsminute|date=June 2019 |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> The [[John Innes Centre]] offers a scholarship to PhD students from developing countries in her name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jic.ac.uk/training-careers/postgraduat-opportunities/janaki-ammal-scholarships/|title=Janaki Ammal Scholarships|website=John Innes Centre|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>

To honour her work in plant breeding, the Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, U.K.named a variety of Magnolia she created as ''Magnolia Kobus'' 'Janaki Ammal'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/140625/magnolia-kobus-janaki-ammal/details|title=Magnolia kobus 'Janaki Ammal' {{pipe}} Trees/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M.K. |first=Nidheesh |date=2019-08-06 |title=Janaki Ammal, the pioneering female botanist who 'sweetened a nation' |language=en-IN |work=The Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/janaki-ammal-the-pioneering-female-botanist-who-sweetened-a-nation-1564945346360.html/ |access-date=2020-09-28 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322120510/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/janaki-ammal-the-pioneering-female-botanist-who-sweetened-a-nation-1564945346360.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2018, to celebrate her remarkable career and contribution to plant science, two rose breeders, Girija and Viru Viraraghavan bred a new rose variety which they named '''E.K. Janaki Ammal'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |date=2019-06-08 |title=A glorious yellow bloom in honour of botanist E.K. Janaki Ammal |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/a-glorious-yellow-bloom-in-honour-of-botanist-e-k-janaki-ammal/article27699225.ece |access-date=2020-02-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The name ''Janakia arayalpathra'' is also after her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Chandrasekaran |date=1978-01-06 |title=Janakia arayalpathra, A new genus and species of Periplocaceae from Kerala, South India |language=en-IN |work=Pascal and Francis Bibliographic Databases |url=https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=PASCAL7910448590 |access-date=2020-09-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Her achievements led the John Innes Institute to offer postgraduate scholarships in her name to students from developing countries. India also offers other scholarships in her name.<ref name="rhs.org.uk"/>

''[[Sonerila janakiana]]'', a species of plant in the family ''[[Melastomataceae]]'', is named after her.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=M. |last2=Sunil |first2=C. |last3=M |first3=Sivadasan |last4=mk |first4=Nandakumar |last5=Vannaratta |first5=Naveen Kumar |last6=Alfarhan |first6=A. |last7=Khalaf |first7=Sameh |date=2017-04-01 |title=Sonerila janakiana sp. nov., a stoloniferous species of Melastomataceae from India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316497132 |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=417–422 |doi=10.1111/njb.01297}}</ref>

''[[Dravidogecko janakiae]]'', a species of geckos found in India is also named after her.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |date=2019-10-22 |title=Six new lizard species found in Western Ghats |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/six-new-lizard-species-found-in-western-ghats/article29765942.ece |access-date=2021-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[E.K Govindan]]
* [[E.K Krishnan]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
* S Kedharnath, Edavaleth Kakkat Janaki Ammal (1897–1984), ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy'', 13, pp. 90–101, with portrait (1988).
* P Maheshwari and R N Kapil, ''Fifty Years of Science in India. Progress of Botany'', [[Indian Science Congress Association]], Calcutta, pp. 110, 118 (1963).
* Damodaran, Vinita (2017). "Janaki Ammal, C. D. Darlington and J. B. S. Haldane: Scientific Encounters at the End of Empire", Journal of Genetics, 96 (5), 827–836. {{doi|10.1007/s12041-017-0844-1}}
* James, Nirmala (2019). "Janaki Ammal, Aadhya Indian SasyaSasthranja", (Biography of Janaki Ammal), Bhasha Institute (State Institute of Languages), Department of Culture, Government of Kerala, SIL 4606, {{ISBN|978-81-200-4606-1}}. Editor: N. S. Arunkumar.
*Savithri Preetha Nair (2023) [https://www.routledge.com/Chromosome-Woman-Nomad-Scientist-E-K-Janaki-Ammal-A-Life-1897-1984/Nair/p/book/9781032211688 ''Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist E. K. Janaki Ammal, A Life 1897–1984.''] Routledge, 650 pp.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* http://envfor.nic.in/content/e-k-janaki-ammal-national-award-taxonomy
* http://scroll.in/article/730186/remembering-dr-janaki-ammal-pioneering-botanist-cytogeneticist-and-passionate-gandhian
* http://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/09/janaki-ammal-award-to-osmania-and-punjabi-university-scientists-1160406282.html
* http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan252007/260.pdf
* http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/wahidulrehman-2252516-life-work-janaki-ammal-powerpoint-presentation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823145346/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/wahidulrehman-2252516-life-work-janaki-ammal-powerpoint-presentation/ |date=23 August 2021 }}
* https://www.jic.ac.uk/training-careers/postgraduate-opportunities/janaki-ammal-scholarships/
{{Authority control}}
{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammal, E. K. Janaki}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian women botanists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Women geneticists]]
[[Category:Phytogeographers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sugar technologists]]

Mahanadhi (TV series)

2026-05-07T12:09:04Z

TomOcampo9313: Done - done

{{Short description|2023 Indian Tamil TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Mahanadhi - Sagodharigalin Kadhai
| image = Mahanathi.jpeg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Tamil television drama|Drama]]
| executive_producer = John, Anthony
| writer = Priya Thambi
| director = Praveen Bennett
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Lakshmi Priya
* Swaminathan Anantharaman
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 845 
| producer =
| company = Global Villagers
| opentheme = Sonthamulla Vaazhkai Sorgathukku Mela
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|1|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Mahanadhi – Sagotharigalin Kadhai''''' ({{translation|''The Great River – The Story of Sisters''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series that premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 23 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-mahanathi-set-to-be-launched-soon/articleshow/96985338.cms|title=New TV serial 'Mahanathi' set to be launched soon|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 January 2023|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115190819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-mahanathi-set-to-be-launched-soon/articleshow/96985338.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/mahanathi-serial-vijay-cast/|title=Mahanathi Serial Vijay TV Launching Soon|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=8 January 2023|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115190819/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/mahanathi-serial-vijay-cast/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is produced by Praveen Bennett under the banner of Global Villagers. It is also available on the digital platform [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Star Vijay to launch fiction shows 'Siragadikka Aasai' and 'Mahanathi' on 23rd January |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-fiction-shows-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-on-23rd-january/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150437/https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-fiction-shows-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-on-23rd-january/ |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=www.medianews4u.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Vijay TV Serials Latest Serial 'Siragadikka Aasai' |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-tv-serials-latest-serial/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164610/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-tv-serials-latest-serial/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=www.indiantvinfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

The series was launched along with ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|title=STAR VIJAY launches Siragadikka Aasai and Mahanathi new serials from Monday 23 Jan 2023|website=chennaivision.com|date=21 January 2023|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121132855/https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-fiction-shows-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-on-23rd-january/|title=Star Vijay to launch fiction shows 'Siragadikka Aasai' and 'Mahanathi' on 23rd January|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=20 January 2023|language=en|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150437/https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-fiction-shows-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-on-23rd-january/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story begins with the happy lives of four sisters— Ganga, Kaveri, Yamuna, and Narmadha —and their parents, Santhanam and Saradha with their paternal grandmother, Annakili. Their world is shattered when their father, Santhanam died of heart attack upon finding out that his best friend and close confidant, Pasupathy, had cheated him of his wealth and property. Following his death, the family is continued to be betrayed by Pasupathy, till the second daughter, Kaveri, finds out the conspiracy and they almost lost their ancestral property. Amidst this tragedy, a complex web of love emerges: Nivin, Pasupathy's nephew and Kaveri are deeply in love, while Kumaran, Santhanam's nephew, a tailor harbours a silent, steadfast love for the eldest sister, Ganga. However it was not reciprocated by Ganga. Due to unforeseen circumstances, Nivin ends up getting engaged to Pasupathy's daughter, Ragini and broke Kaveri's heart. At the same time, Ganga agreed to marry Kumaran. However, due to family pressures and financial ruin, the sisters are forced to navigate a world that is suddenly hostile.

After much struggle, Kaveri successfully managed to claim a small portion of money that was swindled from her father by Pasupathy. The entire family including the four sisters, their mother, Kumaran and Annakili Patti, relocate to Chennai for urgent medical treatment of the youngest Nadhi sister. The struggle for survival in Chennai leads Kaveri to a life-altering decision. To save her family from financial collapse and secure medical treatment for Narmadha, Kaveri enters into a contract marriage with Vijay, a wealthy but jaded man. This sacrifice comes at a heavy cost, one year of her life in exchange for money.

In the meantime, Nivin, her ex called off the wedding and came to Chennai. He soon found out that Kaveri had married and moved on. Devastated upon hearing the news, he eventually decided to distance himself but Vijay, filled with guilt for the contract marriage, let him in on the secret and request for him to wait for Kaveri (a decision he later regretted as he fell in love with his wife).

The story proceeds to show on how each sister navigate their life and overcome hurdles and tragedies.

Kaveri's story is of her life with Vijay, which started them out as pseudo-enemies who hated each other to eventually end up falling in love.

While Ganga's story is of her life with Kumaran and their tailoring business.

Yamuna navigates her studies but eventually end up falling in love with Nivin, who in hopes of trying to win back Kaveri attempted to help Yamuna. But he ended up in a forced marriage with Yamuna when she became obsessed with him.

The rest of the story is about how the Nadhi sisters overcome everyday life hurdles involving ex lovers, fake families and threats from the ever sinister Pasupathy.

Meanwhile, both Ganga and Kaveri became pregnant at the same time. Tragedy strikes again when a massive accident occurs; Kaveri suffers severe memory loss and is separated from Vijay and her new born baby. Believing Kaveri to be dead, a devastated Vijay moved from Chennai to Kanchipuram, named his newborn daughter Kaveri Jr. in honor of his wife, while the rest of the Kaveri's family is forced out of the house by Vijay’s scheming relatives.

Ganga and Kumaran have returned to Kodaikanal, where Kumaran runs a successful tailoring business, and they raise their daughter, Yazhini. In Chennai, Nivin and Yamuna have started their life after years, with Yamuna serving as an IAS Collector.

The heart of the current drama lies in the fact that Kaveri is alive but living under the care of her mother Saradha, still suffering from amnesia and unaware of her past while Vijay is living with their daughter unaware that his wife is alive.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Lakshmi Priya as Kaveri: Vijay's estranged wife, Kaveri Jr. aka Ammu’s estranged mother, the second daughter of Mahanadhi family.
* Swaminathan Anantharaman as Vijay: Kaveri's estranged husband, Kaveri Jr. aka Ammu’s father, a young CEO, the second son-in-law of Mahanadhi family
* Baby Harshita as Kaveri Jr. a.k.a Ammu: Kaveri and Vijay's daughter

===Recurring===
* Prathiba (2023) / Divya Ganesh (Nov.2023–2024) /Dharani Hephzibah (Aug.2024–present) as Ganga: Kumaran's wife, Yazhini’s mother and the eldest daughter of Mahanadhi family
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Saradha, Santhanam's wife, Mother of Mahanadhi Sisters.
* K.Kamrudin as Kumaran: Ganga's husband, Yazhini 's father, the eldest son in law of mahanadhi family, Santhanam's nephew (2023 - Oct 2025)
* Rudran Praveen as Nivin: Yamuna's husband and Pasupathy's nephew, Kaveri's ex-lover, Ragini's ex-fiancée, third son in law of Mahanadhi family
* Aadhirai Soundarajan (2023–2025) / Swetha Kumar (Jul.2025–present) as Yamuna: the third oldest sister of Mahanadhi family and Nivin's wife, Raghav's ex-lover
* Kaavya (2023-2025) / Abhinaya (May 2026-Present) after 5 years leap. as Narmadha: the youngest sister of Mahanadhi family
* Baby Safa as Yazhini: Ganga and Kumaran's daughter
* Pankajam as Annakkili Paatti - Santhanam and Shanthi's mother, Saradha's Mother-in-law, Grandmother of Mahanadi Sisters, Kumaran's Ammachi
* Manikandan Raj as Somasundaram "Somu" - Kalyani's husband, Radha's father, Vijay, Ajay and Kavya's grandfather.
* Kallu as Kalyani Somasundaram: Somasundaram's wife, Radha's mother, Vijay, Ajay and Kavya's grandmother. (dead)
* Bharathi Mohan as Anbarasu - Vijay's Uncle, Radha's husband. Ajay and Kavya's father. Raagini's father-in-law
* Padmini Chandrasekhar as Radha - Vijay's aunt. Ajay and Kavya's mother. Raagini's mother-in-law.
* Ramesh as Pasupathy - Santhanama's betrayal friend Father of Ragini and Raghav.
*Shathiga as Ragini - Pasupathy's daughter, Ajay's wife
* Sanjay Mohan (2023-2024) / Karthikeyan (2025–present) as Raghav - Raagini's brother, Pasupathy's son, Yamuna's ex-lover

===Other===
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Santhanam, Sarada's husband, father of Mahanadi sisters (2023) (Dead)
* [[Kanmani Manoharan]] (2024) / Vaishali Thaniga (Nov.2024–2025) as Vennila - Vijay's ex-lover
* KB Bala Balasubramaniam as Nambirajan, Vennila's uncle (2025)
* Kavitha Solairaja as Pankajam, house owner's wife
* Vaishu Jayachandhiran as Kavya - Anbarasu and Radha's daughter, Vijay's cousin sister, Ajay's sister. (2024)
* Vishwa Mithran as Salim, Kumaran's friend. (2023)
* Shruti Shanmuga Priya as Vijay's mother (2025) (Dead)
* Milla as fashion show judge (2024)
* [[Senthi Kumari|Senthi Kumari]] as Muthu Malar, a lady who fakely introduced her as Santhanam’s wife (2025-2026)
* Aravindh as Krishna, Muthu Malar's son (2025-2026)
* Abinaya as Sindhu, Muthu Malar's daughter (2025-2026)
* Baskar Natarajan as Ajay - Anbarasu's and Radha son, Vijay's cousin brother, Kavya's brother, Ragini's Husband (2023-2025)
* Sumi Santhosh as Jaya, Nivin's mother, Pasupathi sister (2023-2025)
* Santhi as Santhi, Kumaran’s Mother (2023-2025)
* Mahalakshmi S as Mary, Kumaran’s sister (2023-2025)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The shooting of the serial commenced in December 2022. The first promo was released on 7 January 2023.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Promo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ahctM_eOB0|title=தந்தையை இழந்தது இவர்களின் விதி.. கரை சேருமா இந்த நதி..! {{!}} Lakshmi Priya {{!}} Star Vijay|access-date=2023-01-15|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115190819/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ahctM_eOB0|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was also promoted in the [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]] house on 16 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/gp-muthu-cried-mahanathi-serial-promo-in-bigg-boss-house.html|title=பிக்பாஸில் லாஞ்ச் ஆன புதிய சீரியல் ப்ரோமோ.. கண்ணீர்விட்டு அழுத ஜிபி முத்து.!|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=17 January 2023|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121132854/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/gp-muthu-cried-mahanathi-serial-promo-in-bigg-boss-house.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
Lakshmi Priya cast as the main female lead as Kaveri. Prathiba and Aadhirai were cast in parallel leads as Ganga and Yamuna. On 23 November 2023, Prathiba opted out from the show due to her upcoming movie offers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-prathibha-announces-her-exit-from-the-tv-show-mahanadi/articleshow/105437335.cms|title=Actress Prathibha announces her exit from the TV show 'Mahanadi'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-23|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123132353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-prathibha-announces-her-exit-from-the-tv-show-mahanadi/articleshow/105437335.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and was replaced by Divya Ganesh,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-divya-ganesan-joins-the-cast-of-mahanadi/articleshow/105440007.cms|title=Actress Divya Ganesan joins the cast of 'Mahanadi'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-23|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123122427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-divya-ganesan-joins-the-cast-of-mahanadi/articleshow/105440007.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However she left the series in August 2024 to gets hospitalized due to Dengue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mahanathi-actress-divya-ganesh-gets-hospitalized-due-to-dengue/articleshow/112314327.cms|title=Mahanathi actress Divya Ganesh gets hospitalized due to Dengue|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 August 2024}}</ref> She was replaced by newcomer actress Dharani Hephzibah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anchor-dharani-hephzibah-joins-the-cast-of-mahanadhi/articleshow/112374112.cms|title=Anchor Dharani Hephzibah joins the cast of Mahanadhi|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2024}}</ref> In late June 2025, Aadhirai left the series due to participation in Bigg Boss Season 9 Tamil Edison,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-aadhirai-soundarajan-quits-tamil-daily-soap-mahanadhi/articleshow/122177782.cms|title=Actress Aadhirai Soundarajan quits Tamil daily soap 'Mahanadhi'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 July 2025}}</ref> so she was replaced by newcomer actress Swetha Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-swethakumar-joins-the-cast-of-idhayam/articleshow/122221298.cms|title=Actress Swethakumar joins the cast of 'Mahanadhi'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2025}}</ref> New comer actors Kamuruddin and Rudran Praveen portrayed parallel male leads as Kumaran and Nivin respectively, but in October 2025, Kamuruddin quit the series to participate in Bigg Boss Season 9. [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] and [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] were also selected for supporting roles.<ref name="INDIANTALENTS">{{cite web|url=https://indiantalents.in/mahanathi-serial-star-vijay-tv-cast-start-date-telecast-time-real-name/|title=Mahanathi TV Serial Cast Names|website=indiantalents.in|date=9 January 2023|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115190821/https://indiantalents.in/mahanathi-serial-star-vijay-tv-cast-start-date-telecast-time-real-name/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/jan/09/vijay-tv-new-serial-mahanathi-saravanan-sujatha-vijayakumar-lead-role-3981214.html|title=முழு நேர தொடருக்கு வந்த விஜய் பட அம்மா.|website=www.dinamani.com|date=9 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-15|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115190819/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/jan/09/vijay-tv-new-serial-mahanathi-saravanan-sujatha-vijayakumar-lead-role-3981214.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 September 2023, Swaminathan Anantharaman was introduced as the male lead, Vijay, for a new storyline with Kaveri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-swaminathan-joins-the-cast-of-mahanathi/articleshow/103857497.cms|title=Television actor Swaminathan joins the cast of 'Mahanathi'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-23|archive-date=2023-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927133627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-swaminathan-joins-the-cast-of-mahanathi/articleshow/103857497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid 2024, [[Kanmani Manoharan]] was cast as the pivotal role as Vennila (Vijay's ex-lover).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharan-joins-the-cast-of-tv-show-mahanathi/articleshow/111655559.cms|title=Kanmani Manoharan joins the cast of TV show 'Mahanathi'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 July 2024}}</ref> But later in November 2024, she was to quit the series because of her pregnancy so Vaishali Thaniga was then replaced her as Vennila. But in July 2025, she also left the series due to her pregnancy so her character Vennila was ended with a positive note.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/serial-actress-vaishali-thaniga-who-acting-in-mahanadhi-serial-as-vennila-announced-her-pregnancy-with-her-husband-sathya-dev-article-151591374|title=கர்ப்பம் குறித்து சந்தோஷமாக அறிவித்த விஜய் டிவி சீரியல் நடிகை... இனி சீரியலில் தொடர்வாரா? |date=8 May 2025 }}</ref>

In early 2025 Kavitha Solairaja was cast to play an extended special appearance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-kavitha-solairaja-joins-the-cast-of-mahanadhi/articleshow/118328482.cms| title=Actress Kavitha Solairaja joins the cast of Mahanadhi| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=17 February 2025}}</ref>

== Crossovers ==
Following a promo released on 2 February, it was teased that there would be a crossover between Mahanadhi and [[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|''Aaha Kalyanam'']].<ref>{{Citation |title=Mahanadhi {{!}} 2nd February 2024 - Promo | date=2 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjdHv2oxnNo |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en}}</ref> This was then confirmed with a promo released by [[Star Vijay]], with both families staying at the same resort to compete for 5 lakhs.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mahanadhi & Aaha Kalyanam {{!}} Mahasangamam {{!}} 5th to 9th February 2024 - Promo | date=3 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1S3pHmP3M0 |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Title !! First aired !! Channel !! Last aired !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ''Mahanadhi'' மஹாநதி ||23 January 2023 || [[Star Vijay]] || rowspan="3"| Ongoing || Original ||
|-
| [[Kannada]] || ''Vasudeva Kutumba'' ವಸುದೇವ ಕುಟುಂಬ || 15 September 2025 || [[Star Suvarna]] || rowspan="3" | Remake ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-actor-avinash-after-long-time-acted-in-vasudeva-kutumba-serial-rvj-yda-2121422.html |title=ಕನ್ನಡದ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ನಟ ಅವಿನಾಶ್ ವಾಪಸ್ಸು; ವಾಸುದೇವ ಕುಟುಂಬ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಮೂಲಕ… |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn |date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || ''Ee Puzhayum Kadannu'' ഈ പുഴയും കടന്ന് || 2 February 2026 || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/television/siragadikka-aasai-gomathi-priya-play-female-lead-in-mahanadhi-malayalam-remake-v3451bp |title=‘சிறகடிக்க ஆசை’ கோமதிப்பிரியா மகாநதி மலையாள ரீமேக்கில் ஹீரோயினாக |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta |date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mahanadhi/1260129361 ''Mahanadhi''] at [[JioHotstar]]

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television series about sisters]]

Vishnuvardhan (actor)

2026-05-07T01:31:51Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up A Entry W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian Kannada actor (1950–2009)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnuvardhan
| birth_name = Sampath Kumar
| image = Vishnuvardhan 1.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1950|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|12|30|1950|09|18}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lehren.com/news/regional/kannada/vishnuvardhan%E2%80%99s-son-law-recreating-%E2%80%98shasa-simha%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98raja-simha%E2%80%99-20170127 |title=Vishnuvardhan's son-in-law recreating 'Sahasa Simha' in 'Raja Simha' |publisher=lehren.com |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524101337/https://www.lehren.com/news/regional/kannada/vishnuvardhan%E2%80%99s-son-law-recreating-%E2%80%98shasa-simha%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98raja-simha%E2%80%99-20170127 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor, singer
| years_active = 1972–2009
| works = [[Vishnuvardhan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi Rao]]|1975}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] (son-in-law)
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Honorary Doctorate]] – (2005) Bangalore University
* Indira Prathishtan National Award
* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Rajyotsava Award]] – 1990
* [[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Special Award – South]]
* [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] – 2002}}
| other_names =
}}

'''Sampath Kumar''' (18 September 1950 – 30 December 2009), known by his [[stage name]] '''Vishnuvardhan''', was an Indian actor who worked predominantly in [[Kannada cinema]] besides also having sporadically appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] language films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysorehub.com/20120507762/mysore/vishnuvardhan-indian-film-actor-from-mysore.html |title=Vishnuvardhan – Indian Film Actor from Mysore |publisher=Mysorehub.com |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214251/http://www.mysorehub.com/20120507762/mysore/vishnuvardhan-indian-film-actor-from-mysore.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan has a prolific career spanning over four decades, during which he has acted in [[Vishnuvardhan filmography|more than 220 films]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Vishnuvardhan-comes-alive-as-a-comic-character/articleshow/27909206.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228011924/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-26/news-interviews/45592135_1_vishnuvardhan-son-in-law-anirudh-characters |url-status=live |archive-date=28 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Vishnuvardhan comes alive as a comic character}}</ref> A popular cultural icon of Karnataka, and holds the status of a [[matinée idol]] among the [[Kannada people|Kannada diaspora]]. He is popularly called as Sahasa Simha, Dada and The Angry Young Man of Kannada Cinema''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2018 |title=10 Interesting Facts about Vishnuvardhan – DADA of Kannada Cinema |url=https://metrosaga.com/facts-about-vishnuvardhan/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=MetroSaga |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905061704/https://metrosaga.com/facts-about-vishnuvardhan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web |date=31 December 2009 |title='Angry young man' of Sandalwood bids adieu |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/44112/angry-young-man-sandalwood-bids.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan's contributions to [[Kannada cinema]] have been praised by his contemporaries in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsaajtak.in/cinema-world/bollywood-actors/vishnuvardhan |title=Vishnuvardhan News | Bollywood Actors on Newsaajtak | Newsaajtak | News Aajtak |publisher=Newsaajtak.in |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310202533/http://www.newsaajtak.in/cinema-world/bollywood-actors/vishnuvardhan |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Vishnuvardhan-comes-alive-as-a-comic-character/articleshow/27909206.cms sandalwood: Vishnuvardhan comes alive as a comic character]. M.timesofindia.com (26 December 2013). Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] honoured him with the highest civilian awards of Karnataka State, the [[Karnataka Ratna]] Award in 2025, [[Rajyothsava Prashasthi]] in 1990 and the [[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2007 for his contributions to Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2013 |title=Dr. Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Sneha Loka |url=http://snehaloka.org/category/dr-vishnuvardhan/ |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017073106/http://snehaloka.org/category/dr-vishnuvardhan/ |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/vishnuvardhan-saroja-devi-karnataka-ratna-award-posthumously-10244410/|title=Vishnuvardhan, Saroja Devi to be conferred with Karnataka Ratna award posthumously|work=Indian Express|date=11 September 2025}}</ref> He was called The Phoenix of Indian Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnuvardhan birth anniversary: Here are some rare stills of 'The Phoenix of Indian Cinema' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/sep/18/vishnuvardhan-birth-anniversary-here-are-some-rare-stills-of-the-phoenix-of-indian-cinema-102531.html |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=18 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2013 |title=Late actor Vishnuvardhan is now a comic character |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/late-actor-vishnuvardhan-is-now-a-comic-character/articleshow/27791773.cms |access-date=31 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2008, a poll conducted by [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]] listed Vishnuvardhan as the most popular star in the Kannada film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2008/vishnuvardhan-most-popular-star-240608.html |title=Dr.Vishnu the most popular star |publisher=Filmibeat |date=24 June 2008 |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>

Vishnuvardhan made his acting and on-screen debut at age 21 in [[B. V. Karanth]] and [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]'' in 1971. In 1972, he attained stardom after starring in [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' . By the late-1970s, he established himself as a bankable leading actor after starring several successful films throughout the 70's; the crime drama ''[[Sahasa Simha]]'' released in 1982 catapulted him into superstardom in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Citation |title=ಈ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿರುವುದು ಇಬ್ಬರೇ ನಟಿಯರು..!! ಸಾಹಸಸಿಂಹ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ 40 ವರ್ಷಗಳು.. {{!}} Cinema Swarasyagalu Part 121 | date=14 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbB4MVcx8W4|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> He predominantly works in Kannada films, but he has also appeared in some of [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. Some of his best known non-Kannada films include the Tamil mythological ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' (1985) and the Malayalam crime thriller ''[[Kauravar]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Memorable Performances of Non Malayalam Actors – Memorable Performances of Non Malayali Actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/memorable-performances-of-non-malayali-actors/memorable-performances-of-non-malayalam-actors/photostory/51826590.cms |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He was also the story writer of the 1997 film ''[[Ganesha I Love You]]'' directed by [[Phani Ramachandra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/11/stories/2007051150380100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016143413/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/11/stories/2007051150380100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2008 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=An actor by accident |date=11 May 2007}}</ref>

Vishnuvardhan has won seven [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] – six [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] and one [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]], three [[Cinema Express Awards]] for Best Actor and eight [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]—seven [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and one [[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]]. He has won the second most number of [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] awards at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], behind [[Dr. Rajkumar]]. As an acknowledgment of his service to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], the state government named its annual lifetime achievement award to long-serving film personalities after Vishnuvardhan, renaming it as the Karnataka State [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Angry young man' of Sandalwood bids adieu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/44112/angry-young-man-sandalwood-bids.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Dr-Vishnuvardhan-Road-is-the-longest-road-to-have-anactors-name/articleshow/29662570.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Dr Vishnuvardhan Road is the longest road to have an actor's name? – The Times of India}}</ref> A road stretching 14.5 kilometres (9.0 miles) from Banashankari Temple to [[Kengeri]] in [[Bangalore]] was named after him. It is the longest road in India to be named after an actor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Vishnuvardhan Road is the longest road to have an actor's name? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dr-vishnuvardhan-road-is-the-longest-road-to-have-an-actors-name/articleshow/29662570.cms |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=The Times of India|last1=Talukdar |first1=Taniya }}</ref><ref name="bangaloremirror.com">{{cite web |title=14-km long road to be named after Vishnu |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/14-km-long-road-to-be-named-after-Vishnu/articleshow/27865175.cms |access-date=1 April 2015 |work=Bangaloremirror}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vishnuvardhan was born in [[Mysore]] to H. L. Narayana Rao and Kamakshamma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive biography of #Vishnuvardhan and on his life. |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/vishnuvardhan/biography.html |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref> His father was an artist and music composer who was known for his collection of musical instruments and was also a screenwriter who had written dialogues for the 1961 Kannada movie ''[[Nagarjuna (film)|Nagarjuna]]'' as well as story, screenplay, dialogues and lyrics for the 1962 Kannada movie ''[[Vidhivilasa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=g_Nxn4vNgAE&feature|title = ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಭೇಟಿಯಾದಾಗೆಲ್ಲಾ ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು "ಗುರುಗಳೇ" ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೇಕೆ..? | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 105| date=25 January 2022 |via = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> He had six siblings. His sister Rama was a [[Kathak]] dancer at the Mysore Palace, and brother Ravi was a [[child actor]] who appeared in the 1955 Tamil – [[Kannada]] bilingual film ''[[Mudhal Thethi|Modala Thedi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=History 31 – 1955 : The Year Of Star Debuts |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3795-history-31-1955-the-year-of-star-debuts.html |publisher=chitraloka.com |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309022016/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3795-history-31-1955-the-year-of-star-debuts.html |archive-date=9 March 2017 |date=29 August 2013}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan was educated first in Mysore's Gopalswamy School and then at [[Bangalore]]'s Kannada Model High School. He attended high school and obtained a degree from National College, [[Basavanagudi]], Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teluguboxoffice.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=216___%20&Itemid=30 |title=Suhasini to direct Kannada movie |publisher=Teluguboxoffice.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=SHARADHA SRINIDHI, TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Suhasini-not-directing-with-Ash/articleshow/6143463.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/news-interviews/28289724_1_kannada-film-suhasini-mani-ratnam-iruvar |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Suhasini not directing with Ash! |date=9 July 2010}}</ref>

Vishnuvardhan married actress [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] on 27 February 1975 in [[Bangalore]]. They have two adopted daughters, Keerthi and Chandana.<ref name="The accidental star">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2009 |title=The accidental star |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-accidental-star/articleshow/21958509.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Actor [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] is married to Keerthi Vishnuvardhan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=5&ID=6532 |title=Vishunuvardhan's life in pics |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325072636/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=5&ID=6532 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
{{Main|Vishnuvardhan filmography}}
=== Early career and debut (1971–1980) ===
Vishnuvardhan started his career with the National Award-winning movie ''[[Vamshavruksha]]'' (1971) directed by [[Girish Karnad]] based on the novel by [[S. L. Bhyrappa]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Frontline|access-date=3 November 2023|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30179035.ece|title=Born winner|date=29 January 2010}}</ref> His first lead role was in ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'', directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]] and based on a trilogy by [[T. R. Subba Rao]].<ref name="TH">{{Cite news |last=Venkatasubba Rao |first=K. N. |date=18 October 2008 |title=Naagarahaavu 1972 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/naagarahaavu-1972/article1427007.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213147/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/naagarahaavu-1972/article1427007.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> He won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] for this film. Next, he appeared along with [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' (1972). It got a stupendous reception at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/50-years-of-gandhada-gudi-a-cult-classic-kannada-movie/|title =50 years of ‘Gandhada Gudi’, a cult classic Kannada hit}}</ref> In 1974, he appeared in ''[[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]''which is considered an important milestone in the history of Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/from-bhootayyana-maga-ayyu-to-sampathige-savaal-7-kannada-movies-which-are-known-for-its-amazing-storyline/740967|title = From Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu to Sampathige Savaal: 7 Kannada movies which are known for its amazing storyline}}</ref> He appeared in many Kannada movies of which three were with [[Rajinikanth]] who was then a budding star – ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]'' (1977), ''[[Galate Samsara]]'' (1977) and ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' (1978). He acted in the hit romantic drama ''[[Hombisilu]]'' (1978) and his role of a doctor fetched him his second [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]. During the 70s, Vishnuvardhan formed a successful pair with not only his actress wife Bharathi, but also the two top actresses of the decade – [[Aarathi]] and [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]. He was in Tamil films like ''[[Alaigal (film)|Alaigal]]'' (1973) and ''[[Mazhalai Pattalam]]'' (1980).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-sivakumar-turned-makeup-man-for-actress-ambika-for-the-climax-of-a-film/articleshow/77371176.cms|title = Vishnuvardhan: Remembering Kannada star's life and work}}</ref>

=== Superstardom (1981–1999) ===
[[File:Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda Kannada film screenshot.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Vishnuvardhan with [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] in 1997 Kannada film ''[[Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda]]'']]

He made his debut in Malayalam cinema in 1981 with ''[[Adima Changala]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/fr/title/tt0315746/|title = Adima Changala}}</ref>

In 1982, the Joe Simon directed ''[[Sahasa Simha]]'' became a blockbuster and bestowed the title of Sahasa Simha on him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-lions-back/article5667969.ece|title = The Lion’s back}}</ref>

In 1984, ''[[Bandhana]]'', where he appeared with [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] had him play a doctor again but as a dejected lover. The film was not only a blockbuster but also fetched him his third [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] and became another turning point in his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/12/karnataka-to-honour-late-superstar-vishnuvardhan-with-states-highest-civilian-award|title = Karnataka to honour late superstar Vishnuvardhan with State’s highest civilian award}}</ref>

A number of his films in the 1980s like ''[[Onde Guri]]'', ''[[Khaidi (1984 film)|Khaidi]]'', ''[[Nee Bareda Kadambari]]'', ''[[Jeevana Chakra]]'', ''[[Malaya Marutha]]'', ''[[Suprabhatha]]'', ''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]'' and ''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]'' were successful at the box-office.

He appeared in Tamil films with [[Vijayakanth]] in ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]'' (1985) with [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' (1985) and the next year in the multi-starrer ''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]'' (1986) co-starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as well.

[[File:Ravi Srivatsaa with Vishnuvardhan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Naganna]] (left), Vishnuvardhan (center), [[Ravi Srivatsa]] (right)]]
In 1990, ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' – the National award-winning film ([[38th National Film Awards]]) directed by [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]] (who had earlier given him the blockbuster ''[[Bandhana]]'') got him rave reviews but was an average grosser at the box office, while ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile|Mathe Haadithu Kogile]]'' where he costarred with [[Anant Nag]] for the first time became a super hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/muthina-haara-a-patriotic-tale-of-a-soldier-his-family-their-pride-and-pain-2728222-2025-05-24|title = Muthina Haara: A patriotic tale of Kodava soldier, his family, pride and pain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/untold-story-of-kannada-superstars-ananth-nag-and-vishnuvardhan-7327945.html|title =Untold Story Of Kannada Superstars Ananth Nag And Vishnuvardhan}}</ref> In 1991, he appeared in a double role in ''[[Lion Jagapathi Rao]]'' for which he received yet his fourth [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]. In 1992 he appeared in the National award-winning film [[Harakeya Kuri]] directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]]<ref name="Dr. Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Sneha Loka">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2013 |title=Dr. Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Sneha Loka |url=http://snehaloka.org/category/dr-vishnuvardhan/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017073106/http://snehaloka.org/category/dr-vishnuvardhan/ |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> He once again forayed into Hindi cinema appearing in the Hindi-Kannada bilingual ''[[Vishnu Vijaya]]'' (titled ''Ashaant'' in Hindi) and ''[[Zaalim]]'' along with then rising star [[Akshay Kumar]]. The drama film ''[[Halunda Tavaru]]'' which was released in 1994 was a blockbuster. Other significant movies in the late 1990s include ''[[Laali]]'' (1997), ''[[Habba]]'' (1999), ''[[Surya Vamsha]]'' (1999), during this time, while he acted with almost all the notable actresses of the South industry, he formed the most successful pair with [[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]], [[Bhavya]], [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], [[Rupini]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]].

In [[S. Narayan]]'s ''[[Veerappa Nayaka]]'' (1999), he played the titular role and appeared as a principled and patriotic village leader. Critic Y. Maheshwara Reddy of ''[[the New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "This film may remain as one of the best films of Vishnuvardhan's career. With his mature acting, the film's story has been handled with the right touch. He never indulges in overacting."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Y. Maheshwara|date=3 January 1999 |title=Mature acting, right touch |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1159B87A23BB865165256941001E4B73?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1159B87A23BB865165256941001E4B73?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan's performance earned him the Karnataka State Award for Best Actor. However, he rejected the award following a phone call by a member on the award panel, who suggested having "...recommended my name for the best actor's award."<ref name="dh2001">{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=First take |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may20/ent3.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=1 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122042145/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may20/ent3.htm |archive-date=22 November 2001 |date=20 May 2001}}</ref>

[[File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 55.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Toyota]] car owned by the actor, displayed in Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore (2025)]]

=== Last years of success (2000–2010) ===

In 2000, his other big hit that year was ''[[Soorappa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/soorappa-2000|title = Soorappa}}</ref>''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' was a huge box office success and became the all-time highest grossing Kannada movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangarada-manushya-to-yajaman-five-kannada-movies-which-had-a-successful-run-in-theaters-for-over-a-year/articleshow/72223530.cms|title = ‘Bangarada Manushya’ to ‘Yajaman’: FIVE Kannada movies which had a successful run in theaters for over a year}}</ref> Over the next few years Vishnuvardhan continued to give more successful films like ''[[Diggajaru]]'' (2001), ''[[Kotigobba]]'' (2001), ''[[Jamindaru]]'' (2002), ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' (2002), ''[[Kadamba (2004 film)|Kadamba]]'' (2004) and most importantly ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004) which turned out to be the last film of [[Soundarya]] who costarred with him. In 2007, ''[[Ee Bandhana]]'' costarring [[Jaya Prada]] directed by actress [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]], and ''[[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]'' directed by [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]] co-starring [[Sudeepa]], got him a lot of acclaim for portraying him in age appropriate roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sseb/20071221.htm
|title =Ee Bandhana is worth watching}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ssmath/20070824.htm
|title =Don't miss Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige}}</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Neenello Naanalle]]'' with his son-in-law [[Aniruddha Jatkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnafilms.com/7-regional-language-films-which-were-remade/|title = 7 Regional Language films which were remade or dubbed in multiple languages}}</ref> In 2009 ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' was his last movie to release before his death. ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010) & ''[[School Master (2010 film)|School Master]]'' (2010) which was released posthumously became a huge blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-enduring-legacy-of-vishnuvardhan-3725743|title = The enduring legacy of Vishnuvardhan}}</ref> In his 37-year career, he played a variety of roles in more than 200 films.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=Vishnuvardhan helped me to get stardom: Rajinikanth |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishnuvardhan-helped-me-to-get-stardom-rajinikanth/article76796.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies List |url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/totlist.htm |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=vishnuvardhan.com |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130024318/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/totlist.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Television career==
He appeared on television for the first time in the 1980s. [[Shankar Nag]] directed ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'' and introduced Vishnuvardhan as the main character Venkat Rao, in an episode called ''Rupees Forty-five a Month''. Here, his co-star was [[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri Nag]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jan/20/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-suhasini.htm |title=Suhasini on her last movie with the late Kannada actor |work=Rediff.com |date=20 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videogirmit.com/about-drvishnu-vardan/thoughts-from-sumalatha-video_599fbff1d.html |title=About Vishnu Vardhan – Thoughts from Sumalatha |work=Videogirmit |access-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022211520/http://www.videogirmit.com/about-drvishnu-vardan/thoughts-from-sumalatha-video_599fbff1d.html |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Ambareeshs-top-five-films/photostory/30990619.cms |title=Ambareesh's top five films |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
[[File:Abhiman studio (2024) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial of Dr. Vishnuvardhan, Abhiman studio (July 2024)]]
Vishnuvardhan started an organisation called Sneha Loka to promote harmony and to help during calamities like floods.<ref name=":phil"/> He conducted a ''padayatra'' to collect funds for the flood-affected people in the northern part of the state. Vishnuvardhan and his wife Bharathi had adopted the Melukote town in Mandya district where he had borewells dug in the water-starved temple town. Many of his other charitable donations were revealed only when the beneficiaries came forward and spoke about it.<ref name=":phil">{{cite web |title=Dr Vishnu was more than a movie icon |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vishnu-was-more-than-movie-icon/20091230.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=30 December 2009}}</ref> In January 2005, Vishnuvardhan, cricketer [[Syed Kirmani]] and Shivram participated in a Cancer Awareness Walkathon organised by Bangalore Institute of Oncology (BIO) to commemorate its 15 years of public service in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Many turn up for 'Cancer walkathon' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011014100300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825090522/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011014100300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2014 |date=10 January 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 August 2005}}</ref>

==Frequent collaboration==
;[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
SPB started singing for Vishnuvardhan in the 1972 film ''[[Naagarahaavu]]''.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Sandesh |title=Remembering Sahasasimha Vishnuvardhan on His Birthday |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/remembering-sahasasimha-vishnuvardhan-on-his-birthday-120089.html#slide332932 |publisher=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=7 April 2014 |date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Balasubrahmanyam as music director, composed all the songs for Vishnuvardhan's ''Sowbhagyalakshmi''. Balasubrahmanyam has sung all the five songs in his last Kannada film ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' and was awarded the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer Filmfare Award]] for the song ''Gharane Ghara Gharane''. He dedicated his award to Vishnuvardhan.
After Vishnuvardhan's death, Balasubrahmanyam paid tribute to him in musical nights.

;[[H. R. Bhargava]]
Vishnuvardhan's pairing with director [[H.R. Bhargava]] is considered one of the best pairings of Kannada film industry. His first film with [[H.R. Bhargava]] was Asaadhya Aliya which was successful. He has a total of 23 films with [[H.R. Bhargava]]. To name a few are [[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]], ''[[Jeevana Chakra]]'', ''[[Karunamayi]]'', [[Jana Nayaka]], ''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]'', ''[[Karna]]'', ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile]]'', ''[[Onde Guri]]'', ''[[Krishna Nee Begane Baaro]]'', ''[[Shiva Shankar]]'', ''[[Bangarada Kalasa]]''.
;[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
Vishnuvardan's pair with actress [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] was one of the most lovable pairs in Karnataka.

;[[Ramesh Bhat]]
Bhat has acted in more than 75 films with Vishnuvardhan.

==As singer==
He started singing in movies occasionally and later went on to sing devotional songs for albums. The first song he sang was in the movie ''Nagarahole'' and he has recorded some duet songs with the notable legendary singers [[S. Janaki]], [[Bangalore Latha]], [[Vani Jairam]] and [[P. Susheela]]. The first devotional album sung by him was on ''Lord Ayappa'' and the title of the album was ''Jyothiroopa Ayappa''. His other albums were "Thayi Bhanashankari" (on goddess Banashankari) and ''Vishwapremi Ayappa''. He also sang devotional songs on [[Dharmastala]]'s Lord Manjunathaswamy, Malemadeshwara and Ranachandi Chamundi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/201109172011091719245753948523770/%E2%80%98Vishnu-still-tells-me-what-to-do%E2%80%99.html |title=Vishnu still tells me what to do |work=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107173447/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/201109172011091719245753948523770/%E2%80%98Vishnu-still-tells-me-what-to-do%E2%80%99.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13705151&cid=2404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183625/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13705151&cid=2404 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/totlist.htm |title=Movies List |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130024318/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/totlist.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47321.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601063905/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47321.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2009 |title=Suhasini to direct Kannada film! – Telugu Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=30 May 2009}}</ref>

Some of his renderings are:
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Song
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Movie
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Co-singer
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Lyrics
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Music
|-
|"Ee Notake Mai Maatake"
|[[Nagarahole]]
|[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|[[Satyam (composer)|Sathyam]]
|-
|"Madilalli Maguvaagi Naanu"
|[[Kiladi Kittu]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|Mohan Kumar
|-
|"Shashiya Kandu Moda Helithu"
|''[[Siritanakke Savaal]]''
|
|[[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|-
|"Aasegala Thottilidu"
|''[[Hanthakana Sanchu]]''
|[[Vani Jairam]], [[Kasthuri Shankar]]
|[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
|"Naguvude Swarga"
|''[[Naga Kala Bhairava]]''
|[[S. Janaki]]
|rowspan=3|Chi. Udayashankar
|[[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
|"Hegiddaroo Neene Chenna"
|''[[Sahasa Simha]]''
|Renuka
|Sathyam
|-
|"Thutthu Anna Thinnoke"
|''[[Jimmy Gallu]]''
|
|Vijaya Bhaskar
|-
|"Hennu Kannina Sanchalli"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kallu Veene Nudiyithu]]''
|rowspan=3|[[Vani Jairam]]
|[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|rowspan="2"|M. Ranga Rao
|-
|"Olavina Jodi"
|[[Vijaya Narasimha]]
|-
|"Eke Eke Karanava Heluveya"
|''Matthe Vasantha''
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|
|-
|"Beda Annoru Unte"
|''[[Sididedda Sahodara]]''
|[[S. Janaki]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|Sathyam
|-
|"Vayyari Nee Heege"
|''[[Gandugali Rama]]''
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|Sathyam
|-
|"Savi Mathanu Aadeya"
|''[[Chinnadantha Maga]]''
|[[S. Janaki]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|Sathyam
|-
|"Kannalli Nee Bandu"
|''[[Simha Gharjane]]''
|[[S. Janaki]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|Sathyam
|-
|"Cheluvina Chenniga"
|''[[Rudranaga]]''
|[[Bangalore Latha]]
|[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|M. Ranga Rao
|-
|"Mutthe Maniye"
|''[[Khaidi (1984 film)|Khaidi]]''
|[[S. Janaki]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]
|-
|"Anuraga Geetheyalli"
|rowspan=2|''[[Benki Birugali (1984 film)|Benki Birugali]]''
|rowspan=2|Solo
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|rowspan="2"|M. Ranga Rao
|-
|"Nammoora Beedhiyalli"
|[[Doddarangegowda]]
|-
|"Kandadda Kandaange"
|''[[Huli Hejje]]''
|
|[[Doddarangegowda]]
|Vijaya Bhaskar
|-
|"Kande Nanna Olavina Hudugiya"
|''[[Maha Purusha]]''
|
|[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|Sathyam
|-
|"Anuragaveno Aanandaveno"
|[[Nammoora Raja]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|Shyamasundar Kulkarni
|[[Rajan Nagendra]]
|-
|"Kila Kila Nagutha Baaro"
|''[[Shivashankar]]''
|[[Manjula Gururaj]], [[Chandrika Gururaj]]
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|Rajan Nagendra
|-
|"Megha Maleyali"
|''Hosa Love Story''
|
|Rajkishore
|
|-
|"Kannadave Nammamma"
|''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]''
|
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|-
|"Onde Ondu Question"
|[[Surya Vamsha]]
|Baby Rithisha
|[[Doddarangegowda]]
|[[V. Manohar]]
|-
|"Abhimanigale Nanna Prana"
|''[[Vishnu Sena]]''
|
|[[K. Kalyan]]
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|}

==Death==
On 30 December 2009, Vishnuvardhan died of a [[heart attack]] at King's Court Hotel in [[Mysore]]. He was survived by his wife, Bharathi, and their two daughters, Keerthi and Chandana. He was cremated with full state honours at Abhiman studio in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/30/vishnuvardhan-to-be-cremated-today.htm |title=Dr Vishnuvardhan to be cremated with state honours |work=Rediff.com |date=30 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.megamedianews.in/30.12.09DrVishnuvardhantobecrematedwithstatehonours.htm |title=Dr Vishnuvardhan to be cremated with state honours |publisher=Megamedianews.in |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225240/http://www.megamedianews.in/30.12.09DrVishnuvardhantobecrematedwithstatehonours.htm |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legacy, awards and honours==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Vishnuvardhan}}
[[File:Vishnuvardhan 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|A 2013 stamp of India depicting Vishnuvardhan]]

=== [[Filmfare Award South]] ===
'''[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Kannada|Filmfare Best Actor - Kannada]] – 4 times'''
*''[[Suprabhatha]]'' (1988)<ref>https://archive.org/details/filmfare-best-actor-and-films-south</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5ZZAAAAMAAJ&q=Vishnuvardhan | title=Vidura | date=1989 }}</ref>
*''[[Halunda Tavaru|Haalunda Tavaru]]'' (1994)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/42nd-annual-filmfare-kannada-winners | title=42nd Annual Filmfare Kannada Winners | date=7 August 2024 }}</ref>
*''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vishnuvardhan-sudharani-win-filmfare-awards/articleshow/35261957.cms|title=Vishnuvardhan, Sudharani win Filmfare awards|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2001 }}</ref>
*''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html | title=Filmfare awards for South India - Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam & Kannada - Telugu Cinema }}</ref>

'''[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Jury Award]] – 2 times'''
*''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1973)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/21st-annual-filmfare-awards-south-winners | title=21st Annual Filmfare Awards South Winners | date=6 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LccQAQAAMAAJ&q=Vishnu+vardhan | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | year=1976 }}</ref>
*''[[Bandhana]]'' (1984)<ref name="laas">{{cite web |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46891&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=The Winner: 50th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2002 – Filmfare – Indiatimes |website=filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828123037/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46891&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] – 2002<ref name="laas" />

[[Cinema Express Awards]]:
* Cinema Express Award for the Best Actor – [[Suprabhatha]] (1988)
* Cinema Express Award for the Best Actor – [[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]] (1993)
* Cinema Express Award for the Best Actor – [[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]] (2000)

'''Other awards'''
* Kaladevi Award (Chennai)<ref name="Dr. Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Sneha Loka" />
* Indira Prathishtan National Award<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2013 |title=Dr. Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Sneha Loka |url=http://snehaloka.org/category/dr-vishnuvardhan/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017073106/http://snehaloka.org/category/dr-vishnuvardhan/ |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Ananth V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&dq=indira+pratishthan+award+for+art&pg=PA253 |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics |date=September 2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3465-0}}</ref>
* Tarangini Barkley<ref name="web.archive.org" />

=== [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] ===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Year
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Award
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Film
! style="background:#efe4b0;"|Role
|-
|1972-73
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Naagarahaavu]]''
|Ramachari
|-
|1977-78
|Best Actor
|''[[Hombisilu]]''
|Dr.Nataraj
|-
|1984-85
|Best Actor
|''[[Bandhana]]''
|Dr.Harish
|-
|1990-91
|Best Actor
|''[[Lion Jagapathi Rao]]''
|Jagapathi Rao, Kumar (Dual roles)
|-
|1997-98
|Best Actor
|''[[Laali]]''
|Krishna
|-
|1998-99
|Best Actor
|''[[Veerappa Nayaka]]''
|Veerappa Nayaka
|-
|2007-08
|[[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| columnspan="2"|For his Lifetime Contribution

|-
|2009-10
|Best Actor
|''[[Aaptha Rakshaka]]''
|Dr.Vijay
|-
|}

[[File:Dr._Vishnuvardhan.jpg|thumb|200px|Vishnuvardhan]]
[[File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 26.jpg|thumb|right|The actor's statue in Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore (2025)]]

* Vishnuvardhan received Karnataka [[Rajyothsava Prashasthi]] in 1990.
* He bagged Kerala Cultural & Art Award<ref name="Dr. Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Sneha Loka"/>
* As an acknowledgment to his service to Indian cinema, the state government named its annual lifetime achievement award to long-serving film personalities after Vishnuvardhan, renaming it as the Karnataka State [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka govt moots film city named after Rajkumar, Vishnuvardhan |work=Indian Television Dot Com |date=31 December 2009 |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k9/aac837.php |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
* He has appeared on postage stamps issued by the Government of India posthumously.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://realtime.rediff.com/news/dr-vishnuvardhan |title=dr vishnuvardhan – Latest news on dr vishnuvardhan – dr vishnuvardhan photos – Rediff Realtime News Search |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/A-stamp-for-Dr-Vishnuvardhan/articleshow/20005098.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727000336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/news-interviews/39202895_1_kannada-thomson-financial-first-call-matinee-idol |url-status=live |archive-date=27 July 2013 |title=A stamp for Dr Vishnuvardhan |date=12 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>
* Vishnuvardhan was given the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] in 2002 for his contribution to the Kannada film industry.
* The State Government has named roads and parks in the capital city [[Bangalore]] after him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latlong.in/directions/hyderabad/Vidya_Peetha_Circle-1710000010/Dr_Vishnuvardhan_Road-1500009545 |title=Driving directions from Vidya Peetha Circle to Dr Vishnuvardhan Road, hyderabad |publisher=Latlong.in |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> A park in Jayanagar, Bengaluru has also been named as Dr. Vishnuvardhan Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121218/entertainment-sandalwood/article/road-and-park-be-named-after-drvishnuvardhan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219052339/http://deccanchronicle.com/121218/entertainment-sandalwood/article/road-and-park-be-named-after-drvishnuvardhan |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2012 |title=Road and park to be named after Dr.Vishnuvardhan |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>
* The government of Karnataka decided to build a film city in the name of Dr. Vishnuvardhan. It will be similar to the model of Ramoji Film City in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Shekhar H. |last=Hooli |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2010/govt-build-vishnu-film-city-020110.html |title=Karnataka Govt to build Dr Vishnuvardhan film city |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=2 January 2010 |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>
* The Karnataka Assembly showed respect to the star by praying for a minute for his soul to rest in peace. After that, the election of the Speaker was held under chaotic circumstances as the Opposition parties wanted the elections to be postponed due to this shocking and unexpected incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/fans-mourn-vishnuvardhan-s-death/120876 |title=Fans mourn Vishnuvardhan's death |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/karnataka-mourns-vishnuvardhan-s-death/561732 Karnataka mourns Vishnuvardhan's death]. Indian Express (31 December 2009). Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref>
* There are statues erected in his honour, especially in [[Bangalore]]. A {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} statue in Gowri Palya on 1 March 2012, Laggere on 4 March 2012, Kengeri on 9 October 2011, KP Agrahara in Vijayanagar on 11 March 2012 and in other places of Bengaluru and Karnataka were unveiled.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rajendra |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/03-dr-vishnuvardhan-statue-gowri-palya-aid0052.html |title=ಲಾಠಿ ಚಾರ್ಚ್ ನಡುವೆ ಡಾ.ವಿಷ್ಣು ಪುತ್ಥಳಿ ಅನಾವರಣ- 03 dr vishnuvardhan statue gowri palya |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=3 March 2012 |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-statue-unveiled-dwarakish-070411-aid0062.html |title=Dr. Vishnuvardhan's statue unveiled by Dwarakish |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>
* Vishnuvardhan was cremated at the Abhimaan Studios, in the outskirts of [[Bangalore]] on 30 December 2009 with full state honours. Almost all the leading politicians and actors were present there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vishnuvardhan-to-be-cremated-today/20091230.htm |title=Dr Vishnuvardhan to be cremated with state honours |work=Rediff.com |date=30 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/53147.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105221726/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/53147.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2010 |title='Apthamithra' Dr Vishnu cremated! – Kannada Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=31 December 2009}}</ref>
* A 14.3 km-long stretch of road between the Banashankari Temple and Kengeri in [[Bangalore]] has been named after the superstar. It is the longest road in Asia to be named after a celebrity.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="bangaloremirror.com"/>
* Vishnuvardhan's fans, for whom he is a demi-god, have built a temple for him naming it Dr. Vishnuvardhan Mandir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=691160534270622&set=pb.198717606848253.-2207520000.1405057396.&type=3&theater |title=Dr.Vishnuvardhan(Sahasasimha)'s Photos – Dr.Vishnuvardhan(Sahasasimha) – Facebook |via=[[Facebook]] |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
* He was called The Phoenix of Indian Cinema.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">[http://www.moviemint.com/a-final-tribute-to-the-phoenix-of-indian-cinema-nagarahavu/ A final tribute to the Phoenix of Indian Cinema: ‘Nagarahavu’ – Movie Mint]. Moviemint.com (31 May 2016). Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://our-karnataka.blogspot.in/2010/02/dr-vishnuvardhan.html?m=1 OUR KARNATAKA: Dr. Vishnuvardhan]. Our-karnataka.blogspot.in (25 February 2012). Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref>
* [[Karnataka Ratna]] in 2025 by Karnataka State Government.

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore (2025)
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 46.jpg
|File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 09.jpg
|File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 40.jpg
|File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 42.jpg
|File:Dr. Vishnuvardhan Memorial, Mysore, Karnataka (2025) 75.jpg
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vishnuvardhan (actor)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.vishnuvardhan.com}}
* {{IMDb name|0889542|Vishnuvardhan}}

{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActor}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnuvardhan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Singers from Mysore]]

Solas Marine-class fast interceptor boats

2026-05-06T14:02:18Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{Short description|Indian navy patrol craft}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{italic title|string=Solas Marine}}
{{Infobox ship 
|infobox_caption=Solas Marine fast interceptor boat
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Solas Marine fast interceptor craft T-403.jpg
| image_caption = Solas Marine interceptor craft T-403 underway
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| builders = Solas Marine Lanka (Pvt) Ltd
| operators = *[[Indian Navy]]
*[[Mozambique Defence Armed Forces#Navy|Mozambique Navy]]
| class_before =
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range = 2013–present
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 80
| total_ships_completed = 80
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = *76 (Indian Navy)
*4 (Mozambique Navy)
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type =
| displacement =
| length = *{{convert|16.33|m|abbr=on}} LOA
*{{convert|13.3|m|abbr=on}} LWL
| beam = {{convert|3.8|m|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|0.8|m|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| power = 2 × {{convert|873|hp|abbr=on}} engines
| propulsion = Water Jets & Surface Drive
| speed = {{convert|45|kn}}
| range = {{convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
| complement = 4
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''Solas Marine fast interceptor boats''' (FIC) are vessels being built for the [[Indian Navy]] by a shipyard located along the [[Hamilton Canal]] at [[Wattala]], near [[Colombo]], owned by Solas Marine Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Solas Marine Lanka (Pvt) Ltd is part of [[Dubai]]-based Solas Marine Services Group.<ref name=dn>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy to Acquire 80 Interceptor Boats from Sri Lanka |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/237/indian-navy-to-acquire-80-interceptor-boats-from-sri-lanka.html |website=Defence Now |accessdate=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404161359/http://www.defencenow.com/news/237/indian-navy-to-acquire-80-interceptor-boats-from-sri-lanka.html |archivedate=4 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name=dfi>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka firm wins Indian Navy boats order |url=http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/subcontinent-central-asia/23173-sri-lanka-firm-wins-indian-navy-boat-order.html |website=Defence Forum India |accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=lbo>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka firm wins Indian Navy boat order |url=http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=876690561 |website=Lanka Business Online |accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Southern Naval Command to induct fast interceptor crafts for coastal patrolling |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/southern-naval-command-to-induct-fast-interceptor-crafts-for-coastal-patrolling/article4361655.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

==Development history==
The [[India]]n ministry of defence (MOD) on 22 May 2009 sent out request for proposal (RfP) to 43 shipyards in India and other countries for 80 FICs. After the bids were submitted by the contenders, they were evaluated by the technical evaluation committee (TEC). Thereafter [[Sri Lanka]]n shipyard Solas Marine was shortlisted for supply of the 80 boats. A deal worth {{INRConvert|3|b|0}} for the same was signed in the last week of September 2011. As per the agreement, the 80 boats were to be supplied in batches of 15 and the induction of first batch was to take place within 36 months from the signing of the contract.<ref name=dn /><ref name=dfi /><ref name=lbo />

==Description==
The Solas Marine interceptor boats are {{convert|16|m|adj=on}} long boats with beam of {{convert|3.8|m}} and have draught of {{convert|0.8|m}}. They have deep–vee chine hull form with sharp water entry to ensure a soft ride in adverse sea states. The Vacuum infusion process have been used to build hull, which ensure significant strength gains, intrinsic to the technology. The vessels have excellent sea-keeping and dynamic stability capability at high speed in sea state 3 and is sea worthy up to sea state 4. The craft's model has been tested at Wolfson, UK. The upper deck canopy of each vessel is bullet proof and has air conditioned crew area to meet all crew comfort and safety measures. They are water-jet propelled with top speed of {{convert|45|kn}} and have endurance of {{convert|200|nmi}} at {{convert|12|kn}}. They are also fitted with night vision devices, communication equipment, automatic identification system (AIS) and radar, besides carrying a [[Long Range Acoustic Device]] (LRAD), a sonic weapon used for scaring pirates away. The vessels carry a crew of 4 and can carry a variety of armament from Heavy Machine Guns to Grenade Launchers. They are intended for intercepting suspicious boats for inspection and verification.<ref name=hin /><ref>{{cite web|title=Coastal Defence – Four Fast Interceptor Crafts Join Southern Naval Command, Kochi|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/coastal-defence-fast-interceptor-craft-joins-indian-navy|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=21 April 2014}}</ref>

==Deployment==
Out of 80 boats, 31 are based in [[Western Naval Command]], 16 in [[Southern Naval Command]], 33 in [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref name=hin /> They are in services with navy's [[Sagar Prahari Bal]] for guarding naval assets and strategic installations from seaborne threats, harbour defence (primarily, protection of vessels inside the harbour area), and patrolling the seafront with state marine police forces.<ref name=hin /> Additional units have been placed at [[Andrott|Androth]] in the [[Lakshadweep Islands]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Navy deploys interceptor craft in Lakshadweep |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Navy-deploys-interceptor-craft-in-Lakshadweep/article16685967.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250517153707/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Navy-deploys-interceptor-craft-in-Lakshadweep/article16685967.ece |archive-date=2025-05-17 |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, two Solas Marine-class boats were transferred from Indian Navy to [[Mozambique Defence Armed Forces#Navy|Mozambique Navy]] on board {{Ship|INS|Kesari|L15}}. Mozambique Navy personnel were given training to operate the new interceptor boats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=India hands over two additional interceptor boats to Mozambique |url=https://www.military.africa/2022/01/india-hands-over-two-additional-interceptor-boats-to-mozambique/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> On 8 November 2024, {{Ship|INS|Gharial|L23}} transferred another 2 fast interceptor crafts of the class to the [[Mozambique Defence Armed Forces#Navy|Mozambique Navy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Indian Navy gifts two Fast Interceptor Crafts to Mozambique |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-mozambique-fast-interceptor-crafts-maritime-threat-indian-ocean-region-2631002-2024-11-10 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=HANDING OVER TWO INTERCEPTORS TO MOZAMBIQUE AT NACALA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2072061 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref>

In January 2026, it was announced that [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] and Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment (WESEE) of the Indian Navy has developed the Advanced Autonomous Navigation & Control Software (A2NCS) [[software suite]] for [[Unmanned surface vessel|unmanned surface vessels]] (USVs). The software had been integrated onto an in-service [[Solas Marine fast interceptor boat|fast interceptor boat]] and has already been deployed for [[Mine countermeasures vessel|mine countermeasure roles]] and [[Military exercise|combat exercises]]. The software-equipped boat can operate in three different modes: remote-controlled role, autonomous [[waypoint]] navigation mode and fully autonomous mode. The software is a network of integrated [[radar]], [[Automatic identification system|AIS]], [[Electro-optical sensor|EO]]/[[Infrared search and track|IR]], [[Inertial navigation system|INS]], [[GPS]] as well as electronic navigation charts for [[situational awareness]]. The software has also received IRClass certification from the [[Indian Register of Shipping]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-18 |title=Indian Navy and BEL develop indigenous software enabling surface vessel operations without crew |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-and-bel-develop-indigenous-software-enabling-surface-vessel-operations-without-crew/articleshow/126641735.cms |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Delivery==
The FICs were to be delivered in batches, with each batch consisting of 04 FICs. As of January 2013, the first batch of FICs were undergoing trials in [[Sri Lanka]]. The delivery of the initial batch of FICs was scheduled for December 2012 and the following batch in April 2013. This was delayed at the manufacturer's end, pushing the delivery schedule by a few months.<ref name=hin /> As of March 2013 first bath of four craft were delivered to southern command which were inducted by it on 20 March 2013 and Southern Naval Command was also scheduled to receive 12 more of these craft in the coming months. The FIC's were to be deployed in Ezhimala and in the islands of Kavaratti, Minicoy, and Androth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/indian-navy-southern-command-inducts-four-fast-crafts-for-sagar-prahari-bal#axzz2O6oKeBdq |title=Indian Navy Southern command inducts four fast crafts for Sagar Prahari Bal |website=Frontier India |date=20 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diabgroup.com/en-GB/Cases/Marine/Four-Fast-Interception-Crafts-to-Patrol-the-Indian-Coastline |title=Four Fast Interception Crafts to Patrol the Indian Coastline |website=Diab Group |accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref>

As of 2017, all 20 batches have been delivered by the Shipyard with the last batch's delivery on 28 March 2017 against original schedule of 02 April 2017.

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.idexuae.ae/page.cfm/Action=Exhib/ExhibID=132 |title=IDEX 2013 – Solas Marine Services Group |publisher=Idexuae.ae }}

==External links==
{{externalimage|topic=Solas Marine fast interceptor boat |float=right|width=200px
|image1=[http://www.diabgroup.com/~/media/Images/Global%20Images/Landscape/Marine/topimage_673x294_FIC%20CCG%20India.jpg?mw=673 T-403 Front side view]
|image2=[http://frontierindia.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Solas-Marine-Lanka-Fast-Interception-Craf-for-Indian-Navy.jpg T-403 Rear side View]
}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121218180508/http://defencesecurityindia.com/dsiNew/focus.php?value=1466 Indian navy to acquire 80 interceptor boats from Sri Lanka]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105918/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1319332.ece Navy to beef up surveillance with new interceptor craft]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130326072145/http://frontierindia.org/forum/f3/pics-solas-marine-lanka-fast-interception-craft-indian-navy-424/ Pics of Solas Marine Lanka Fast Interception Craft for Indian Navy]
*[http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=87774 Boats for Indian navy undergo sea trials off Colombo]

[[Category:Patrol boats of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Patrol boat classes]]
[[Category:Ships built in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Military boats]]
[[Category:Maritime security of India]]

Bardhaman

2026-05-05T05:13:47Z

TomOcampo9313: improved article

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the municipality in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bardhaman 
| other_name = Burdwan
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| space = 1
| total_width = 275
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Burdwan Flyover.png
| image2 = Bijoy Chand Hospital.jpg
| image3 = Meghnad Saha Planetarium Burdwan.jpg
| image4 = Sarbamangala temple.jpg
| image5 = 108 shiv temple.jpg
| image6 = UITBU.jpg}}
| nickname = Royal Heritage City of West Bengal
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| coordinates = {{coord|23|14|N|87|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| subdivision_type4 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman South]] [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman North]]
| established_date = 1865
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Bardhaman Municipality
| leader_title = [[Mayor (India)|Chairman]]
| leader_name = Paresh Chandra Sarkar ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Burdwan Municipality |url=http://www.burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/chairman-in-council.php |website=www.burdwanmunicipality.gov.in |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Burdwan Municipality - Area of Populations|url=http://burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/about.php?subject=Area%20of%20Populations|website=burdwanmunicipality.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 26.30<ref>{{cite web|title=Area of Populations|url=https://burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/about.php?subject=Area%20of%20Populations|website=Burdwan Municipality| publisher=Government of West Bengal|access-date=13 November 2025|quote=As per 2001 census, the population and the area of Burdwan Municipality are 2,85,602 and 26.30 sq. km.}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 157.62
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name='BDA'>{{cite web |title=Burdwan Development Authority |url=https://www.bdaburdwan.org/bda-glance.html |website=www.bdaburdwan.org |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 347,016
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=CensusCities/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 407,000
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name='BDA'/>
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=28 August 2019|page=85|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713101, 713102, 713103, 713104 713141,713149.
| area_code = +91-342
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB-41, WB-42
| website = {{URL|burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}'''Bardhaman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔr|d|ə|ˌ|m|ɑː|n|}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbɔrˌd̪ʱo.man|lang|}}), officially '''Bardhaman Sadar''', is a city and municipality located on the northern bank of the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] river in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. It is the headquarters of [[Purba Bardhaman district]], having become a district capital during the [[British India|period of British rule]]. '''Burdwan''', an alternative name for the city, has remained in use since then.
==Etymology==
The history of Burdwan is known from about 5000 BC (the Mesolithic or Late Stone Age).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Background |url=https://purbabardhaman.nic.in/history/ |website=Purba Bardhaman District, Government of West Bengal, India |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> The origin of this name dates back to the sixth century BCE and is ascribed to Vardhamāna or [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] (599-527 BCE), the 24th [[Tirthankara|Tīrthāṅkara]] of [[Jainism]], who spent some time in Astikagrama, according to the Jain scripture of [[Kalpa Sūtra]]. This place was renamed as ''Vardhamana'' in his honour.

==History==
The city owes its historical importance to being the headquarters of the Maharajas of Burdwan, the premier noblemen of lower Bengal, whose rent-roll was upwards of 300,000. [[Bardhaman Raj]] was founded in 1657 by Sangam Rai, of a Hindu Khatri family of Kotli in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], whose descendants served in turn the [[Mughal Emperor]]s and the [[British government]]. The [[East Indian Railway]] from [[Howrah]] was opened in 1855. The great prosperity of the raj was due to the excellent management of Maharaja Mahtab Chand (died 1879), whose loyalty to the government especially during the "Hul" ([[Santhal rebellion]]) of 1855-56 and the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] was rewarded with the grant of a coat of arms in 1868 and the right to a personal salute of 13 guns in 1877. Maharaja [[Bijaychand Mahtab]] (born 1881), who succeeded his adoptive father in 1888, earned great distinction by the courage with which he risked his life to save that of [[Sir Andrew Fraser]], the lieutenant-governor of Bengal, on the occasion of the attempt to assassinate him made by freedom fighters of Bengal on 7 November 1908.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Burdwan|volume=4|page=811}}</ref>

Mahtab Chand Bahadur and later Bijoy Chand Mahtab struggled their best to make this region culturally, economically and ecologically healthier. The chief educational institution was the Burdwan Raj College, which was entirely supported out of the maharaja's estate. [[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)|Sadhak Kamalakanta]] as composer of devotional songs and Kashiram Das as a poet and translator of the great [[Mahabharata]] were possibly the best products of such an endeavour. Pratap Chandra Roy was the publisher of the first translation in the world to translate [[Mahabharata]] in English (1883–1896).<ref name=tra>{{cite book |title=The Mahabharata Book 1: Adi Parva |author= Kisari Mohan Ganguli tr.|chapter= Translator's Preface|year=1883|page=xii |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01001.htm}}</ref> The society at large also continued to gain the fruits. We find, among others, the great rebel poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and Kala-azar-famed U. N. Brahmachari as the relatively recent illustrious sons of this soil. [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] an Indian revolutionary and independence fighter in the early 1900s was born on 18 November 1910 in a village Oari in Burdwan district. He is best known for having exploded a few bombs, along with [[Bhagat Singh]], in the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi on 8 April 1929. The city became an important centre of North-[[Indian classical music]] as well.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=525| height=350| zoom=13
| coord={{coord|23|14|50|N|87|51|15|E}}| float=left|caption='''Bardhaman''' R: temple, mosque, P: park, F: facility, C: university, college, museum, H: historical site Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|25|N|87|52|3|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Curzon Gate| numbered1=H | mark-title1=[[Curzon Gate, Bardhaman]] (H)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=12| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#AA6666|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|22|N|87|51|12|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Rajbati | mark-title2= Rajbati (H)| numbered2=H| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|14|4|N|87|51|9|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Tombs of Sher Afgan| labela3=and Qutbuddin Koka| numbered3=H| mark-title3= Tombs of Sher Afgan and Qutbuddin Khan Koka (H)|shape-color3=#AA6666
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|15|10|N|87|50|51|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= University of Burdwan| labela4=(Golapbag campus)| numbered4=C| mark-title4= [[University of Burdwan]] (C)|shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|15|1|N|87|50|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Burdwan Science Centre| numbered5=C| mark-title5= Burdwan Science Centre (C)|shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|15|19|N|87|51|1|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Meghnad Saha Planetarium| numbered6=C| mark-title6= Meghnad Saha Planetarium (C)|shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|15|8|N|87|51|1|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Ramnabagan| numbered7=P| mark-title7= Ramnabagan (P)|shape-color7=green
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|16|13|N|87|49|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= 108 Shiva Temple complex| numbered8=R| mark-title8= 108 Shiva Temple complex (R)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|14|15|N|87|51|25|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Sarbamangala Temple| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Sarbamangala Temple (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|53|N|87|50|40|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Bardhamaneswar Shiva Temple| numbered10=R| mark-title10= Bardhamaneswar Shiva Temple (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|14|4|N|87|49|18|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Kankaleswari Temple| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Kankaleswari Temple (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|14|18|N|87|51|4|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Shahi Jumma Masjid| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Shahi Jumma Masjid (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|14|55|N|87|51|12|E}} | label-pos13=bottom|label13= Burdwan Medical College| numbered13=C| mark-title13= [[Burdwan Medical College]] (C)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|30|N|87|50|48|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= University Institute of Technology| numbered14=C| mark-title14= [[University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University]] (C)|shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|14|30|N|87|53|40|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= College of Agriculture| numbered15=C| mark-title15= [[College of Agriculture, Bardhaman]] (C)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|15|7|N|87|52|10|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Bardhaman railway station| numbered16=F| mark-title16= [[Barddhaman Junction railway station]] (F)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|14|54|N|87|52|25|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Bardhaman court| numbered17=F| mark-title17= Bardhaman court (F)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|14|32|N|87|50|40|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Kamalakantar Kalibari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= Kamalakantar Kalibari (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|13|30|N|87|48|50|E}}| label19=Damodar River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=15| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19=none}}

===Location===
The region has an average elevation of 40 metres (131 ft). The city is situated 1100 km from [[New Delhi]] and a little less than 100 km north-west of [[Kolkata]] on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] ([[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]]) and Eastern Railway. The chief rivers are the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and the Banka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Barddhaman.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Barddhaman, India|work=fallingrain.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>

The first epigraphic reference to the name of this place occurs in a sixth-century AD copper plate found in Mallasarul village under Galsi Police Station. Archeological evidences suggest that this region, forming a major part of [[Rarh region|Radh Bengal]], could be traced even back to 4000 BCE.
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Map of purba bardhaman district]]

===Police stations===
Burdwan police station has jurisdiction over Bardhaman municipal area and [[Burdwan I]] and [[Burdwan II]] CD Blocks. The area covered is 192.15 km2. There are out posts at Barabazar, Muradpur, Keshabganj, Nutanganj and Birhata.<ref name=ps1>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=ps2>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

Women police station Burdwan has jurisdiction over Bardhaman municipal area and [[Burdwan I]] and [[Burdwan II]] CD Blocks. The area covered is 192.15 km2.<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21405/Barddhaman/population|title=Barddhaman, India Metro Area Population 1950-2020}}</ref>
| 1951 | 76000
| 1961 | 109000
| 1971 | 144000
| 1981 | 170000
| 1991 | 246000
| 2001 | 287000
| 2011 | 347016
}}

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Bardhaman<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Bardhaman (M)|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|83.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|14.88}}
{{bar percent|Not stated|Blue|1.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#FFFF00|0.19}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.32}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Bardhaman Urban Agglomeration had a population of 347,016, out of which 177,055 were males and 169,961 were females. 25,069 people were between the ages of 0–6 years. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 88.62%.<ref name=CensusCities>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 21 October 2011 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Bardhaman city (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 87.00
|color1 = orchid
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 11.54
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language |Santali]]
|value3 = 0.57
|color3 = red
|label4 = [[ Urdu language| Urdu ]]
|value4 = 0.36
|color4 = green
|label5 = [[ Punjabi language | Punjabi]]
|value5 = 0.18
|color5 = black
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.30
|color6 = white
}}

{{See also|List of cities in West Bengal}}

==Climate==
The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] sub-type for this climate is "[[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]" (tropical savanna climate).
{{Weather box
| location = Bardhaman (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 36.6
| Feb record high C = 38.8
| Mar record high C = 40.4
| Apr record high C = 46.0
| May record high C = 46.5
| Jun record high C = 45.2
| Jul record high C = 39.8
| Aug record high C = 37.2
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 36.0
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 33.0
|year record high C = 46.5
| Jan high C = 25.3
| Feb high C = 29.4
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 36.6
| May high C = 36.6
| Jun high C = 35.4
| Jul high C = 33.0
| Aug high C = 32.8
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 32.2
| Nov high C = 30.3
| Dec high C = 26.9
|year high C = 32.3
| Jan low C = 11.9
| Feb low C = 16.4
| Mar low C = 20.3
| Apr low C = 24.5
| May low C = 25.6
| Jun low C = 26.2
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 25.0
| Oct low C = 23.3
| Nov low C = 17.9
| Dec low C = 13.6
|year low C = 21.7
| Jan record low C = 4.4
| Feb record low C = 5.9
| Mar record low C = 11.7
| Apr record low C = 14.6
| May record low C = 15.4
| Jun record low C = 18.6
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 17.0
| Sep record low C = 16.0
| Oct record low C = 15.4
| Nov record low C = 9.8
| Dec record low C = 4.4
|year record low C = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.3
| Feb rain mm = 21.7
| Mar rain mm = 29.2
| Apr rain mm = 60.2
| May rain mm = 93.3
| Jun rain mm = 216.7
| Jul rain mm = 312.1
| Aug rain mm = 265.7
| Sep rain mm = 221.0
| Oct rain mm = 117.0
| Nov rain mm = 9.8
| Dec rain mm = 6.3
|year rain mm = 1362.4
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 1.7
| Mar rain days = 2.2
| Apr rain days = 3.1
| May rain days = 5.8
| Jun rain days = 10.3
| Jul rain days = 15.1
| Aug rain days = 13.9
| Sep rain days = 11.2
| Oct rain days = 5.8
| Nov rain days = 0.8
| Dec rain days = 0.6
|year rain days = 71.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 59
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 73
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 67
| Dec humidity = 61
|year humidity = 70
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref>}}

==Culture==
Bardhaman has a multi-cultural heritage. The [[deul]]s (temples of [[rekha]] type) found here are reminiscent of Bengali Hindu architecture. The old temples bear signs of ancient [[Hinduism]], mostly belonging to the [[Shakti|Sakta]] and [[Vaishnava]] followers. The Kankaleswari [[Kali]] is also located in the city of Bardhaman. Bardhaman experienced and survived numerous violent conflicts, due to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] and [[Maratha]] invaders. The city of Bardhaman was visited by notables of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] from Raja Todarmal to [[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Karrani]], from [[Sher Afghan Khan]] and Kutub-ud-din to Ajimuswan to the future Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] while he was still a rebel. Bardhaman also has a number of Bengali Christians, and although they are a minority, there are many churches in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tictoinfra.com/blog/other/burdwan-heritage-and-culture-festivals-architecture-traditions-of-bardhaman |title=Burdwan: Heritage and Culture – Festivals, Architecture, Traditions of Bardhaman |website=Ticto Infra |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>

==Foods==
* [[Sitabhog]] and [[Mihidana]] are two famous sweets of Bardhaman, introduced first in honour of the Raj family.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadburydessertscorner.com/articles/a-brief-history-of-sitabhog-and-mihidana-burdwans-sweet-treasured-gems|title=A Brief History of Sitabhog and Mihidana, Burdwan’s Sweet Treasured Gems|website=Cadbury Desserts Corner|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Road===
* The [[Grand Trunk Road]] runs across the city; [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old numbering NH 2) bypasses the city. [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] (SBSTC) and private operators operate buses from Arambag, Asansol, Baharampur, Bankura, [[Bolpur]], Esplanade, [[Kirnahar]], Purulia, Saltlake and Tarakeswar. It takes around 2–2.5 hours. Bardhaman is well connected by bus with numerous places all around. Most of the buses arrive and leave from Alisha Bus Stand and Nababhat Bus Stand. Burdwan also has a facility of bus service known as Town Service which connects different areas within the city.
* Sadarghat Road also connects Bardhaman with Bankura (indirectly) and Hooghly (directly) district.
*There is a flyover reducing traffic in station area starting from Mehedi Bagan. This flyover connects [[Grand Trunk Road|G. T. Road]] and [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]-[[Katwa]] Road.

====Rickshaws====
* Cycle rickshaws and E-Rickshaws (Toto) are available for travel within the city. Very few autos run too.
* Also available mini bus within city and surrounding. Intracity connector by SBSTC under JNNURM project has been provided.
*Rapido's bike and Toto service is also active in the city.

=== Rail ===
* The main Howrah-Delhi rail track passes through Bardhaman, and the city is served by [[Bardhaman railway station]]. The Howrah Rajdhani Express (via Patna) has a scheduled stop at Bardhaman. One can take a [[Howrah–Barddhaman chord line]] local train from Howrah to reach Bardhaman in two hrs. One can also travel along the Sahibganj Loop, which branches off, one station after Bardhaman. The narrow gauge line to Katwa was upgraded to broad gauge in 2013, up to Balgona, which has been extended to Katwa. It is well connected to major cities like [[Kolkata]], [[Ranchi]], [[Patna]], [[Durgapur]], [[Asansol]], [[Siliguri]], [[Dhanbad]].

=== Air ===
The closest domestic airport that serves the city is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]. The airport is located in [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]]. It is roughly {{convert|75|km|mi}} from the Nababhaat City Bus Terminus.

The nearest international airport is [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] at [[Dum Dum]] in Kolkata which is {{convert|97|km|mi}} away.

==Education==

===University===
The [[University of Burdwan]] was formally inaugurated on 15 June 1960 by [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]], its first Vice-chancellor. It was after the abolition of the [[Zamindar]]i system in the fifties that [[Bardhaman Raj#Udaychand Mahtab|Uday Chand Mahtab]], the last representative of the Burdwan Raj, left his entire property in Burdwan to the state government. This, coupled with the initiative of the then [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], facilitated the establishment of this university. Presently, the administrative works are mostly done at the Rajbati (the palace of Barddhamana Maharaja) campus; on the other hand, academic activities centre on the Golapbag campus. With social responsibilities in mind, the university actively patronised the construction of a science centre and the Meghnad Saha Planetarium.

===Colleges===


* [[Burdwan Dental College and Hospital]]
* [[Burdwan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]]
* [[Burdwan Medical College]]
* [[Burdwan Raj College]]
* [[Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College]]
* [[M.B.C. Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Burdwan]]
* [[University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University]]
* [[Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya]]

===Schools===


* [[Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School]] - West Bengal Board
* [[Burdwan Municipal Girls' High School]] - West Bengal Board
* [[Burdwan Municipal High School]] - established in 1883 by [[Debendranath Tagore]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Burdwan|St. Xaviers School]] - CISCE

==Places of interest==
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150">

Image:Sarbamangala temple.jpg|Sarbamangala Temple
Image:108 shiv temple.jpg|108 Shiva Temple
Image:Golapbag.jpg|Hawa Mahal (Golapbag)
File:Burdwan University.jpg|University of Burdwan Golden Jubilee Building
File:Meghnad Saha Planetarium.jpg|Meghnad Saha Planetarium, Golapbag, Bardhaman
File:Burdwan Church 14 06 2012.jpg|Christ Church
Image:Damodar River.jpg|Damodar River
Image:Curzon Gate.jpg|[[Curzon Gate, Bardhaman|Curzon Gate]]
Image:Burdwan Palace.jpg|Inside view of the palace of Burdwan Maharaja
Image:Science centre bardhaman.jpg|Science Centre
File:Maa Kankaleshwari at her temple.jpg|Maa Kankaleshwari at her temple
Image:The Mosque of Pir Bahram Sakka at Bardhaman town at Purba Bardhaman district in West Bengal 09.jpg|[[Mazar (mausoleum)|Mazar]] of [[Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] Baharam Sakka
File:Damodareshwar Shiva Temple, Burdwan.jpg|Damodareshwar Shiva Temple, Damodarpally, Burdwan
File:Burdwan Arcade.jpg|Burdwan Arcade
File:Krishok Setu, Damodar River.jpg|Damodar River
</gallery>

* '''Curzon Gate''' – the [[Curzon Gate, Bardhaman|Curzon Gate]] was built in 1902–1903, for the coronation of [[Bijay Chand Mahtab|Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab]]. The former royal palace is located a kilometre from the gate.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, Series-20, Part-XIIB | work= Motif | publisher = Diretorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 10 March 2017}}</ref> The pomp and grandeur of [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon's]] visit to Bardhaman in 1904 established the name of the gate as Curzon Gate. It is also known as Bijay Toran.<ref name=census2011/><ref name="chattopadhyay">Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol II, pages 565-576, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>
* '''Tombs of Sher Afgan and Qutbuddin Khan Koka''' - [[Nur Jahan|Mehr-un-Nissa]], then wife of [[Sher Afgan Khan|Sher Afgan]], [[jagir]]dar of Bardhaman, was once a resident of Bardhaman. It is said that the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]] had fallen in love with her and was determined to marry her. He tried to get her with the help of his foster-brother and [[subahdar]] of Bengal, Qutbuddin Khan Koka. Sher Afgan died during a fight with Qutbuddin Khan Koka, who also was killed. Both were buried side by side at Bardhaman in 1607 (or 1610 according to some sources), in the same place as Pir Baharam Sikka, a Persian Sufi saint. Mehr-un-Nissa ultimately emerged as the Empress Nur Jahan.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 103-104, Prakash Bhaban</ref><ref name="tourism">{{cite web| url = http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/general_info/tourism.php |title = Purba Bardhaman district| work= Tourism|publisher= District Administration | access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>
* '''Rajbari''' – the palace of the Bardhaman Raj family, was built by Mahatabchand in the 19th century, at a site that is earlier believed to have a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] fort. The Rajbari was built by the Kolkata-based [[Martin Burn|Burn and Company]]. The main hall has many valuable paintings.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/> [[Uday Chand Mahtab]] handed over the Rajbati to the state government. It now houses the administrative offices of the [[University of Burdwan]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.buruniv.ac.in/bunew/Template.php?page=AboutUs&subpage=History | title = The University of Burdwan | work = History of Burdwan University | publisher = BU | access-date = 3 March 2019 | archive-date = 6 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043231/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/bunew/Template.php?page=AboutUs&subpage=History | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* '''Golapbag, Ramna Bagan and Deer Park''' – Golapbag was developed as a botanical and zoological garden in the 19th century. It contained lakes for boating and Hawa Mahal. Several academic sections of the University of Burdwan are located there. Ramna Bagan once had a Brahmo Samaj. It now has a deer park.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/>
* '''Sarbamangala temple''' - the temple of Sarbamangala, the presiding deity of the Bardhaman Raj and believed to have been found on the sand-bed of the [[Damodar River]].<ref name="tourism"/> It is a [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna]] temple with a [[nata mandir]] that has a [[terracotta]] [[Durga]] panel.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/>
* '''Bardhamaneswar Shiva temple''' - the [[Shiva]] temple has a huge idol.<ref name=tourism/> Many believe that the Shiva lingam in the temple was established by [[Chand Sadagar]] of [[Manasamangal]] fame.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/>
* '''Kamalakanta Kalibari''' - it is a [[Kali]] temple associated with the poet-devotee [[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)|Sadhak Kamalakanta]].<ref name="tourism"/>
* '''108 Shiva temple complex''' - the [[Shiva]] temple complex, constructed by Maharani Bishnu Kumari, at Nawabhat, near Bardhaman, has a picturesque setting.<ref name="tourism"/> The temple complex, built in 1788, fell into disrepairs and was thoroughly renovated by the Birla Public Welfare Trust.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/>
* '''Kankaleshwari Mandir''' – the temple at Kanchanagar, has a deity resembling a human skeleton.<ref name="tourism"/> It is a navaratna temple with terracotta carvings. The idol is that of a six feet tall eight armed goddess [[Chamunda]].<ref name="chattopadhyay"/>
* '''Tomb of Khwaja Anwar Berh''' - the tomb of the Mughal warrior, buried at Poddarhat in 1315 Hijri, is a fine example of Mughal architecture.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/><ref name="tourism"/>
* '''Shershahi Kalo Masjid'''- the mosque in the Puratan Chak (Payrakhana Road) area was built during the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref name="chattopadhyay"/>
* '''Shahi Jumma Masjid'''- the mosque with three minarets is a historical structure erected behind the Rajbati by [[Azim-ush-Shan]], grandson of [[Aurangzeb]] and then [[subahdar]] of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/><ref name="tourism"/>
* '''Burdwan Science Centre'''- a high standard science museum near the university campus.<ref name="tourism"/>
* '''Meghnad Saha Planetarium'''- inaugurated in 1994, the main instrument was a gift from the Government of Japan to the University of Burdwan. The second planetarium in the state, built to international standards, it is named after the Indian scientist [[Meghnad Saha]]. Located near Golapbag, it has arrangement for six shows daily with 90 seats in each show. It is closed on Mondays.<ref name="chattopadhyay"/><ref name="tourism"/>
* '''Birhata Kalibari (Boro Maa)''': The temple of 10 feet sculpture of goddess Kali made up of touchstone. The goddess is known locally as Boro Maa. The locality had been named after this temple as Kali Bazar. The temple has two parts bisected by a lane. One part contains Kali Mandir and the other, Durga Mandir.
* '''Christ Church''': [[Christ Church Bardhaman]] is a church in Bardhaman near "Curzon Gate".
* '''Town Hall''' : The Town Hall was built sometime between 1890 and 1894 and was handed to the Municipality of Bardhaman to help them preserve the remnants of Lala Bansogopal Nandey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burdwan Municipality |url=http://burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/ |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> The municipality board restored the hall in 1990 to its present form of 2400 square feet from its earlier form of 704 square feet with a seating capacity of 485 seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Town Hall, Bardhaman |url=https://www.trawel.co.in/city/Bardhaman/town-hall-bardhaman |website=Trawel |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151110/https://www.trawel.co.in/city/Bardhaman/town-hall-bardhaman |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Khokan Das]] - politician and member of [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
* [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] - Indian freedom fighter (from [[Khandaghosh]])
* [[Ankush Hazra]], actor in Bengali language films
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] - actress, model and the winner of Anandalok Nayikar Khonje 2006.
* [[Mokbula Manzoor]] - Bangladeshi author and novelist.
* [[Ankhi Mukherjee]] - Professor of English literature
* [[Sandip Nandy]] - Indian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Bardhaman}}
{{Commons category|Bardhaman}}
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_108.gif ''Burdwan Town'', The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 9, p. 102.]
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/ Official website of Bardhaman District]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190506174040/http://nregsburdwan.com/ Official website of MGNREGS Cell, Bardhaman District]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090415041615/http://bardhamanutsav.net/ Bardhaman Utsav (Annual cultural programme of Bardhaman)]
* [http://www.burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/ Bardhaman Municipality]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090120171314/http://bardhamandarshan.org/ Bardhaman darshan (Official tourism website)]

{{Bardhaman District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bardhaman topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bardhaman| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Purba Bardhaman district]]

List of reptiles and amphibians of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2026-05-05T04:51:00Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{Short description|none}}
This article lists the species of reptiles and amphibians found in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|'''Andaman and Nicobar Islands''']]. Over 100 species of herpetofauna are found in the island, out of which many are [[Endemism|endemic]]. This list uses British English throughout.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rangasamy |first=V. |title=Herpetofauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands |date=2018 |work=Indian Hotspots |pages=37–56 |editor-last=Sivaperuman |editor-first=Chandrakasan |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_3 |access-date=2025-04-15 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_3 |isbn=978-981-10-6982-6 |last2=Sivaperuman |first2=C. |last3=Gokulakrishnan |first3=G. |last4=Parthipan |first4=P. |editor2-last=Venkataraman |editor2-first=Krishnamoorthy|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetofauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/herpetofauna-of-the-andaman-and-nicobar-islands |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Reptiles of India: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka |url=https://www.nhbs.com/a-naturalists-guide-to-the-reptiles-of-india-book |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.nhbs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reptiles of Andaman & Nicobar Islands / RepFocus |url=https://repfocus.dk/GEO/Andaman_Nicobar_Islands.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=repfocus.dk}}</ref>

== Amphibians ==
A total of 20 species of amphibian have been sighted in the islands.

=== Fork-tongued frogs ===
[[File:Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian bullfrog vijayanrajapuram5.jpg|thumb|[[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus|Indus Valley bullfrog]]]]
Family: [[Dicroglossidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Minervarya andamanensis|Andaman frog]]
|''Minervarya andamanensis''
|Yes
|LC
|
|-
|[[Fejervarya moodiei|Mangrove frog]]
|''Fejervarya moodiei''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Minervarya nicobariensis|Nicobar frog]]
|''Minervarya nicobariensis''
|Yes
|EN
|
|-
|[[Limnonectes hascheanus|Hill forest frog]]
|''Limnonectes hascheanus''
|No
|LC
|presence yet to be confirmed
|-
|[[Minervarya charlesdarwini|Charles Darwin's eastern frog]]
|''Minervarya charlesdarwini''
|Yes
|CR
|
|-
|[[Limnonectes doriae|Red stream frog]]
|''Limnonectes doriae''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Indus Valley Bullfrog|Indus Valley bullfrog]]
|''Hoplobatrachus tigerinus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Limnonectes shompenorum|Shompen frog]]
|''Limnonectes shompenorum''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Narrow-mouthed frogs ===
[[File:Ornate narrow-mouthed frog-Microhyla ornata.jpg|thumb|[[Microhyla ornata|Ornate narrow-mouthed frog]]]]
Family: [[Microhylidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Staus
!Comments
|-
|Andaman bullfrog
|''Kaloula ghoshi''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Microhyla chakrapanii|Mayabunder rice frog]]
|''Microhyla chakrapanii''
|Yes
|DD
|
|-
|[[Microhyla ornata|Ornate narrow-mouthed frog]]
|''Microhyla ornata''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Micryletta inornata|Deli little pygmy frog]]
|''Micryletta inornata''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|
|''Microhyla nakkavaram''
|Yes
|NE
|
|}

=== True toads ===
[[File:Asian Common Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1022 (4).jpg|thumb|[[Duttaphrynus melanostictus|Asian common toad]]]]
Family: [[True toad|Bufonidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Duttaphrynus melanostictus|Asian common toad]]
|''Duttaphrynus melanostictus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Blythophryne|Andaman bush toad]]
|''Blythophryne beryet''
|Yes
|NE
|
|}

=== True frogs ===
Family: [[Ranidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Chalcorana chalconota|Schlegel's frog]]
|''Chalcorana chalconota''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Common green frog|Green paddy frog]]
|''Hylarana erythraea''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Hylarana nicobariensis|Nicobarese frog]]
|''Hylarana nicobariensis''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Shrub frogs ===
Family: [[Rhacophoridae]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Nicobarese tree frog|Nicobarese treefrog]]
|''Polypedates insularis''
|Yes
|NT
|
|-
|[[Rohanixalus vittatus|Two-striped bubble-nest frog]]
|''Rohanixalus vittatus''
|No
|LC
|
|}

== Reptiles ==
About 80 species are found in the islands.

=== Crocodiles ===
[[File:Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) (10106331165).jpg|thumb|[[Saltwater crocodile]]]]
Family: [[Crocodile|Crocodylidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Saltwater crocodile]]
|''Crocodylus porosus''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Leatherback sea turtle ===
Family: [[Dermochelyidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Leatherback sea turtle]]
|''Dermochelys coriacea''
|No
|VU
|
|}

=== Typical sea turtles ===
[[File:Loggerhead sea turtle.jpg|thumb|[[Loggerhead sea turtle]]]]
Family: [[Cheloniidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Loggerhead sea turtle]]
|''Caretta caretta''
|No
|VU
|
|-
|[[Green sea turtle]]
|''Chelonia mydas''
|No
|EN
|
|-
|[[Hawksbill sea turtle]]
|''Eretmochelys imbricata''
|No
|CR
|
|-
|[[Olive ridley sea turtle]]
|''Lepidochelys olivacea''
|No
|VU
|
|}

=== River turtles ===
Family: [[Geoemydidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Amboina box turtle]]
|''Cuora amboinensis''
|No
|VU
|
|}

=== Softshell and flapshell turtles ===
Family: [[Trionychidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Indian flapshell turtle]]
|''Lissemys punctata''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== True geckos ===
[[File:Phelsuma andamanensis - Ramesh Shenai Jr. - 464258337.jpeg|thumb|[[Andaman day gecko]]]]
Family: [[Gekkonidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Andaman day gecko]]
|''Phelsuma andamanensis''
|Yes
|LC
|
|-
|[[Gehyra mutilata|Common four-clawed gecko]]
|''Gehyra mutilata''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Andaman giant gecko]]
|''Gekko verreauxi''
|Yes
|VU
|
|-
|[[Smith's green-eyed gecko]]
|''Gekko smithii''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Gekko stoliczkai|Makachua gecko]]
|''Gekko stoliczkai''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Andaman bent-toed gecko]]
|''Cyrtodactylus rubidus''
|No
|VU
|
|-
|[[Cyrtodactylus adleri|Nicobar bent-toed gecko]]
|''Cyrtodactylus adleri''
|Yes
|LC
|
|-
|[[Cyrtodactylus camortensis|Central Nicobar bent-toed gecko]]
|''Cyrtodactylus camortensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Cyrtodactylus nicobaricus|Northern Nicobar bent-toed gecko]]
|''Cyrtodactylus nicobaricus''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Hemiphyllodactylus typus|Indo-pacific slender gecko]]
|''Hemiphyllodactylus typus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Cnemaspis andersonii|Kandy day gecko]]
|''Cnemaspis andersonii''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Cnemaspis nicobaricus|Nicobar rock gecko]]
|''Cnemaspis nicobaricus''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Hemiphyllodactylus typus|Oriental worm gecko]]
|''Hemiphyllodactylus typus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Mourning gecko]]
|''Lepidodactylus lugubris''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Nicobar gliding gecko]]
|''Gekko nicobarensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Common house gecko]]
|''Hemidactylus frenatus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Hemidactylus parvimaculatus|Spotted house gecko]]
|''Hemidactylus parvimaculatus''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Brook's House Gecko|Brook's house gecko]]
|''Hemidactylus brookii''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Indo-Pacific gecko]]
|''Hemidactylus garnotii''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Flat-tailed house gecko]]
|''Hemidactylus platyurus''
|No
|NE
|
|}

=== Agamas ===
[[File:Bay Island Forest Lizard (Coryphophylax subcristatus).jpg|thumb|[[Coryphophylax subcristatus|Short-crested bay island forest lizard]]]]
Family: [[Agamidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Short-crested bay island forest lizard]]
|''Coryphophylax subcristatus''
|Yes
|LC
|
|-
|[[Short-tailed bay island forest lizard]]
|''Coryphophylax brevicauda''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Oriental garden lizard]]
|''Calotes versicolor''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Pseudocalotes andamanensis|Andaman canopy agama]]
|''Pseudocalotes andamanensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Bronchocela danieli|Daniel's forest lizard]]
|''Bronchocela danieli''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Green-crested lizard]]
|''Bronchocela cristatella''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Bronchocela rubrigularis|Camorta canopy agama]]
|''Bronchocela rubrigularis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|}

=== Skinks ===
[[File:Sphenomorphus maculatus, Spotted forest skink.jpg|thumb|[[Sphenomorphus maculatus|Spotted forest skink]]]]
Family: [[Scincidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Nicobar tree skink]]
|''Dasia nicobarensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Olive tree skink]]
|''Dasia olivacea''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Big-eared lipinia]]
|''Lipinia macrotympanum''
|Yes
|VU
|
|-
|[[Christmas Island grass-skink]]
|''Subdoluseps bowringii''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Andaman Islands grass skink]]
|''Eutropis andamanensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Tytler's Mabuya|Tytler's mabuya]]
|''Eutropis tytleri''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Rough Mabuya|Rough mabuya]]
|''Eutropis rudis''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Eutropis rugifera|Rough-scaled sun skink]]
|''Eutropis rugifera''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Common sun skink]]
|''Eutropis multifasciata''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Eutropis dattaroyi|Nicobar sun skink]]
|''Eutropis dattaroyi''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Spotted forest skink]]
|''Sphenomorphus maculatus''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Large-eared ground skink]]
|''Scincella macrotis''
|Yes
|VU
|
|}

=== Worm-lizards ===
Family: [[Dibamidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Dibamus nicobaricum|Nicobar blind skink]]
|''Dibamus nicobaricum''
|Yes
|NE
|
|}

=== Monitor lizards ===
[[File:Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator).jpg|thumb|[[Asian water monitor]]]]
Family: [[Varanidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Asian water monitor]]
|''Varanus salvator''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Blind snakes ===
Family: [[Typhlopidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Brahminy Blind Snake|Brahminy blind snake]]
|''Indotyphlops braminus''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Andaman worm snake]]
|''Gerrhopilus andamanensis''
|Yes
|DD
|
|-
|[[Argyrophis oatesii|Oates' worm snake]]
|''Argyrophis oatesii''
|No
|DD
|
|}

=== File snakes ===
Family: [[Acrochordidae|Achrochordidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Acrochordus granulatus|Little file snake]]
|''Acrochordus granulatus''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Sun snakes ===
Family: [[Xenopeltis|Xenopeltidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Xenopeltis unicolor|Sunbeam snake]]
|''Xenopeltis unicolor''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Pythons ===
Family: [[Pythonidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Reticulated python]]
|''Malayopython reticulatus''
|No
|NE
|
|}

=== Keelbacks ===
[[File:Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Schneider, 1799 Assam by Dr Raju Kasambe DSC 0477 (2).JPG|thumb|[[Checkered keelback]]]]
Family: [[Natricinae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Checkered keelback]]
|''Fowlea piscator''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Thamnophis saurita|Nicobar keelback]]
|''Thamnopis saurita''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Triangle keelback]]
|''Xenochrophis trianguligerus''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Colubrid snakes ===
[[File:Indian Rat Snake - Ptyas mucosus.jpg|thumb|[[Indian rat snake]]]]
Family: [[Colubridae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Andaman cat snake]]
|''Boiga andamanensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Nicobar cat snake]]
|''Boiga wallachi''
|Yes
|DD
|
|-
|[[Paradise flying snake]]
|''Chrysopelea paradisi''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Andaman bronzeback]]
|''Dendrelaphis andamanensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Dendrelaphis humayuni|Nicobar bronzeback]]
|''Dendrelaphis humayuni''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Coelognathus flavolineatus|Black-tailed trinket snake]]
|''Coelognathus'' ''flavolineatus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Gonyosoma oxycephalum|Red-tailed trinket snake]]
|''Gonyosoma oxycephalum''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Lycodon hypsirhinoides|Andaman wolf snake]]
|''Lycodon hypsirhinoides''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Lycodon irwini|Irwin's wolf snake]]
|''Lycodon irwini''
|Yes
|DD
|
|-
|[[Lycodon subcinctus|Malayan wolf snake]]
|''Lycodon subcinctus''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Lycodon tiwarii|Tiwari's wolf snake]]
|''Lycodon tiwarii''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Oligodon woodmasoni|Yellow-striped kukri snake]]
|''Oligodon woodmasoni''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Indian rat snake]]
|''Ptyas mucosa''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Sibynophis bistrigatus|Günther’s many-tooth snake]]
|''Sibynophis bistrigatus''
|No
|DD
|
|-
|[[Gongylosoma nicobariensis|Nicobar stripe-necked snake]]
|''Gongylosoma nicobarensis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|}

=== Mangrove snakes ===
Family: [[Homalopsidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Cantoria violacea|Yellow-banded mangrove snake]]
|''Cantoria violacea''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Dog Faced Water Snake|Dog-faced water snake]]
|''Cerberus rynchops''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Hypsiscopus plumbea|Plumbeous smooth-scaled water snake]]
|''Hypsiscopus plumbea''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Venomous snakes ===
[[File:Ophiophagus hannah, King cobra (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (25458697183).jpg|thumb|[[King cobra]]]]
Family: [[Elapidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Bungarus andamanensis|Andaman krait]]
|''Bungarus andamanensis''
|Yes
|VU
|
|-
|[[Andaman cobra]]
|''Naja sagittifera''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[King cobra]]
|''Ophiophagus hannah''
|No
|VU
|
|-
|[[Yellow-lipped sea krait]]
|''Laticauda colubrina''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Laticauda laticaudata|Brown-lipped sea krait]]
|''Laticauda laticaudata''
|No
|LC
|
|-
|[[Hydrophis cantoris|Cantor's narrow-headed sea krait]]
|''Hydrophis cantoris''
|No
|DD
|
|-
|[[Yellow-bellied sea snake|Black-and-yellow sea snake]]
|''Hydrophis platurus''
|No
|LC
|
|}

=== Vipers ===
[[File:Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped pit viper (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (27493423545).jpg|thumb|[[Trimeresurus albolabris|White-lipped pit viper]]]]
Family: [[Viper|Viperidae]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial
!Endemic
!IUCN Status
!Comments
|-
|[[Trimeresurus andersonii|Andaman pit viper]]
|''Trimeresurus andersonii''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[White-lipped pit viper]]
|''Trimeresurus albolabris''
|No
|NE
|
|-
|[[Cantor's pit viper]]
|''Trimeresurus cantori''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Trimeresurus labialis|Nicobar pit viper]]
|''Trimeresurus labialis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Trimeresurus mutabilis|Central Nicobar bamboo pit viper]]
|''Trimeresurus mutabilis''
|Yes
|NE
|
|-
|[[Trimeresurus davidi|Car Nicobar green pit viper]]
|''Trimeresurus davidi''
|Yes
|NE
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|*Reptiles and amphibians]]
[[Category:Amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India]]
[[Category:Lists of reptiles of Asia|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Lists of amphibians of Asia|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

S. P. Singh Patel

2026-04-24T19:31:38Z

TomOcampo9313: started some bio w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Kanti Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sadarpur, [[Hardoi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh legislative council|Member of Uttar Pradesh legislative council]]
| constituency1 = [[Lucknow Graduates constituency|Lucknow Graduate]]
| term_start1 = 5 May 2002
| term_end1 = 4 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Sangam Lal Gupta]]
}}

'''S. P. Singh Patel''' (born 1 January 1956) is an Indian educationist, social worker and politician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khulasaindia.com/who-is-dr-sp-singh-patel-samajwadi-partys-lok-sabha-candidate-from-pratapgarh/|title=कौन हैं डॉ. एसपी सिंह पटेल? प्रतापगढ़ से समाजवादी पार्टी के लोकसभा प्रत्याशी|date=21 February 2024}}</ref> He is the founder and chairman of the Lucknow Public Schools and Colleges, a chain of educational institutions in north India. He is also a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) and was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from 2002 to 2014, elected twice in 2002 and 2008 from the Lucknow Graduates constituency.<ref name="tl">{{Cite web|url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/up-educationist-sp-singh-patel-sp-candidate-from-pratapgarh|title=UP Educationist SP Singh Patel: SP Candidate From Pratapgarh|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> He is the general secretary of SP's teachers cell.<ref name="amar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/dr-sp-singh-patel-declared-sp-mlc-candidate-from-allahabad-jhansi-section-graduate-seat|title=UP : डॉ. एसपी सिंह पटेल इलाहाबाद-झांसी खंड एमएलसी स्नातक सीट से सपा के प्रत्याशी घोषित|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Patel was born in Sadarpur, [[Hardoi]] on 1 January 1956. He completed B.Com., M.Com. and PhD from the [[Allahabad University]]. He also has a Masters in Economics, an MBA, a B.Ed. and post graduate degree in botany, among other qualifications.<ref name="tl"/><ref name="amar"/>

==Career in education==

Patel established the first Lucknow Public School in 1983. It has since expanded and has schools and colleges in [[Vinamra Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow]], [[A-Block, Rajajipuram, Lucknow]], [[B-Block, Rajajipuram, Lucknow]], [[Sahara States, Jankipuram, Lucknow]], [[Sec-9, Vrindavan Yojna, Lucknow]], [[Sec-E, Amrapali Yojna, Lucknow]], [[Anand Nagar, Lucknow]], [[Garden City, DLF, Lucknow]], [[Aseni Mod, Barabanki]], [[Madhoganj, Hardoi]], [[Naveen Chowk, Sitapur]], [[LRP Chauraha, Lakhimpur]] and [[Sangam Vihar, New Delhi]].<ref name="tl"/><ref name="amar"/> He has also been a lecturer in commerce at the KP Jaiswal Inter College, [[Mutthiganj]]. He has occasionally led various movements for filling vacancies and pending appointment of teachers, and is well known in Uttar Pradesh as an educationist.<ref name="amar"/>

==Political career==
Patel has been a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council for two full terms adding up to 12 years from 2002 to 2014. He was first elected on 5 May 2002 from the Lucknow Graduates constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council and re-elected from the same on 5 May 2008.<ref name="tl"/> He started full time participation in party work from 2015 on. He helped in the campaign of Man Singh and was fielded as a candidate in the MLC elections for teachers constituencies from [[Allahabad]]–[[Jhansi]] in February 2022 but lost by a slim margin to Babu Lal Tiwari of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="amar"/> In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he has been fielded as a candidate from [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh/founder-of-lucknow-public-school-sp-singh-patel-pratapgarh-loksabha-candidate/articleshow/107827941.cms|title=लखनऊ पब्लिक स्कूल के संस्थापक एसपी सिंह पटेल को सपा ने प्रतापगढ़ से बनाया लोकसभा प्रत्याशी|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Patel is married to Kanti Singh, who is also a member of the Samajwadi Party and has also been a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council from the same Lucknow Graduates constituency from 2014 to 2020.<ref name="tl"/>

In 2006, S.P. Singh Patel was charged with the murder of another school owner named C.P. Singh alongwith co-conspirator Shiv Bahadur. Two shooters were hired by Patel and Bahadur.

S.P. Singh Patel was arrested on December 2006. In 2014, was released from jail having served 8 years. Alongwith him, three of his associates were also acquitted due to lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-29 |title=Lucknow Public School manager freed in murder case after 8 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-public-school-manager-freed-in-murder-case-after-8-years/articleshow/39190403.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, S. P. Singh}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]

Pagadala Ramaiah

2026-04-23T20:52:39Z

TomOcampo9313: started basic data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Pagadala Ramaiah''' (1981 – 2018) was an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was an MLA of Indian National Congress from [[Giddalur Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Prakasam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-05 |title=Pagadala Ramaiah of Giddalur Constituency in AP – hello ap |url=https://helloap.com/pagadala-ramaiah-of-giddalur-constituency-in-ap/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Giddalur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/giddalur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramaiah was from Chinnaganipalle village in Racharla mandal of [[Prakasam district]] (now [[Markapuram district]]).<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Ramaiah started his political life as a village sarpanch and was the president of the District Congress Party for 12 years and was also the secretary of the Pradesh Congress Committee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2018-02-20 |title=Giddalur MLA Pagadala Ramaiah passes away |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2018-02-19/Giddalur-MLA-Pagadala-Ramaiah-passes-away/360155 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, he contested on the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket and won from [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]. He polled 50,987 votes and defeated Pidathala Sai Kalpana of the [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam party]] who polled 31,505 votes.<ref>https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/giddalur/27/26564/176</ref><ref name=":0" />

After a brief illness, he died at [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences|Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], Hyderabad on 20 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title=Former Andhra Pradesh Congress MLA Pagadala Ramaiah passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Feb/20/former-andhra-pradesh-congress-mla-pagadala-ramaiah-passes-away-1775923.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaiah, Pagadala}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]

Darshana Singh

2026-04-19T04:24:43Z

TomOcampo9313: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Darshana Singh
| image = Darshana Singh Wiki.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|10 July 1974}}
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term1 = 5 July 2022
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = National Vice-President, [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| term2 = 21 June 2021
| office3 = Member of Consultative Committee for [[Ministry of Railways (India)]]
| office4 = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]] UP State President
| preceded = [[Swati Singh]]
| term4 = 10-02-2018 to 21-06-2021
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| spouse = Rananjay Singh
| children = 1
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Darshana Singh''' (born 10 July 1974) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/11-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-up-including-8-from-bjp-elected-unopposed-122060400093_1.html | title=11 Rajya Sabha candidates in UP, including 8 from BJP elected unopposed | publisher=Business Standard | date=4 June 2022 | accessdate=4 June 2022}}</ref> She is also holding the position of National Vice President of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]. She previously served as State President of BJP UP Mahila Morcha.<ref name="y965">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title=राज्यसभा सांसद दर्शना सिंह का बढ़ा कद; वित्त मंत्रालय की स्थायी समिति की बनी सदस्य | website=ETV Bharat News | date=27 September 2024 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/rajya-sabha-mp-darshana-singhs-stature-increased-member-of-standing-committee-of-finance-ministry-happiness-among-workers-in-home-district-chandauli-uttar-pradesh-news-ups24092703676 | language=hi | access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="i481">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title=Nadda announces new team of BJP Mahila Morcha | website=ETV Bharat News | date=22 June 2021 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/nadda-announces-names-of-office-bearers-of-bjp-mahila-morcha/na20210622105711041 | access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She is gold medalist in her [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[History]] from [[DAV College]], [[Azamgarh]] in 1996. Later, she completed [[P.G. Diploma]] in [[Journalism]] and [[Visual Communication]] from [[Allahabad University]].

== Positions held ==
* 05-July-2022 To Present, Member of the Parliament [[Rajya Sabha]].
* 21-June-2021 To Present, National Vice President of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]].
* 10-Feb-2018 To 21-June-2021, UP President of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]].
* 2016–2018, Secretary of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]], Kashi area, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* 2013–2015, [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] District President, [[BJP Mahila Morcha|Mahila Morcha]] of [[Chandauli]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* 2011–2013, [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] District President, [[BJP Mahila Morcha|Mahila Morcha]] of [[Chandauli]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.darshanasingh.com/ Personal Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Darshana}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

2026-04-14T22:06:36Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up First Article V1

{{Short description|Indian legislative Act}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act further to amend the Waqf Act, 1995.
| territorial_extent = {{flag|Republic of India}}
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|3}}
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|4}}
| assented_by = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
[[President of India]]
| date_assented = 5 April 2025
| date_commenced = 8 April 2025
| code_sections_created = 5 July 2025
| bill = Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
| bill_citation = [https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/THE%20WAQF%20(AMENDMENT)%20BILL,%20202488202441731PM.pdf?source=legislation Bill No. 109 of 2024]
| introduced_by = [[Kiren Rijiju]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) {{br}} ({{small|[[Minister of Minority Affairs]]}})
| date_introduced = {{start date|df=yes|2024|8|8}}
| 1st_reading = {{start date|df=yes|2024|8|9}}
| committee_post1st = 30 January 2025{{efn|1=Final report recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee was submitted to the [[Speaker of Lok Sabha]].}}
| 2nd_reading = {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|2}}
| committee_whole_label =
| committee_whole =
| passed = 3 April 2025
| passed_for = 288
| passed_against = 232
| passed_abstention = 0
| committee_report =
| 1st_reading2 = 3 April 2025
| passed2 = 4 April 2025
| passed2_for = 128
| passed2_against = 95
| passed2_abstention = 0
| amends = [https://minorityaffairs.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/1658314219.pdf Waqf Act, 1995]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waqf Amendment Bill 2024 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/sep/doc2024913394001.pdf |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> was introduced in the Indian [[Lok Sabha]] on 8 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/centre-introduces-waqf-amendment-bill-2024-what-is-the-bill-about-key-features-and-more-440689-2024-08-08|title=Centre introduces Waqf Amendment Bill 2024: What is the bill about, key features and more.|date=8 August 2024|website=Business Today|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809135905/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/centre-introduces-waqf-amendment-bill-2024-what-is-the-bill-about-key-features-and-more-440689-2024-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waqf-amendment-bill-bjp-allies-jdu-tdp-to-support-the-bill/article68500550.ece|title=Waqf Act Amendment Bill: NDA allies JD(U) and TDP support Waqf Bill for transparency, not interference with mosques, in Lok Sabha.|date=8 August 2024|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waqf-bill-referred-to-joint-parliamentary-panel-after-opposition-calls-it-draconian-and-an-attack-on-the-constitution/article68502262.ece|title=Waqf Bill referred to joint parliamentary panel after Opposition calls it 'draconian' and an attack on the Constitution|date=8 August 2024|website=The Hindu|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809142033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waqf-bill-referred-to-joint-parliamentary-panel-after-opposition-calls-it-draconian-and-an-attack-on-the-constitution/article68502262.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It seeks to repeal Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 and amend the Waqf Act, 1995.<ref name="k670">{{cite web | title=Government introduces bill to repeal Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 | website=ANI News | date=2024-08-08 | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/government-introduces-bill-to-repeal-mussalman-wakf-act-192320240808183415/ | access-date=2024-08-09}}</ref> The Act regulates [[Central Waqf Council|waqf property in India]]. The act renames the Act to '''United Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development Act, 1995''' (UWMEED Act 1995).<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kriti |date=2025-04-06 |title=Waqf (Amendment) Bill receives President's assent; Waqf Act, 1995 will now be known as UMEED Act, 1995 |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/04/06/government-issues-waqf-amendment-act-2025-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

The amendment incorporates 25 recommendations from the [[Joint Parliamentary Committee]] (JPC), aims for the [[Human rights in Muslim-majority countries|removal of inequality]], introduction of [[Women in Islam|gender equality]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025: Empowering women, restoring justice |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/columnists/waqf--amendment--bill--2025--empowering-women--restoring-justice.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> by mandating representation of at least two Muslim women on the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards and ensuring [[Islamic inheritance jurisprudence|female inheritance rights]], and promotion of [[Sectarian violence among Muslims|sectarian]] inclusivity<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025: A Comprehensive Overview |work=BSSEI |url=https://blog.bssei.in/en/waqf-amendment-act-2025/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> by requiring representation from various [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sects]] on State Waqf Boards. The act empowers the Central Government to create rules for Waqf registration, auditing, and accounts, ensuring [[Transparency (behavior)|transparency]] and [[accountability]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Law requiring registration of waqf properties there since 1923: Govt to SC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/law-requiring-registration-of-waqf-properties-there-since-1923-govt-to-sc/articleshow/121324543.cms |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An [[appeal]] process is also included, allowing 90 days to challenge decisions made by Waqf [[Tribunals in India|tribunal]]s before the High Court.<ref name="waqfgrab5">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhinandan |date=2025-04-02 |title=India's progressive Waqf bill outpaces Western 'liberal' and Muslim-majority countries |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/tsg-on-weekdays/indias-progressive-waqf-bill-outpaces-western-liberal-and-muslim-majority-countries |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==

===Inception: Muslim period of rule of India and Waqf ===
{{see also|Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islam in India|Waqf}}

The first [[waqf]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] was documented in the 12th century when [[Muhammad Ghori]], after his victory over [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], established [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim period of rule in India]] and a waqf with two villages through a recorded grant. Under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], Waqf properties expanded, with sultans like [[Iltutmish]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] and [[Alauddin Khilji]] establishing and maintaining them. The [[Mughal Empire]] furthered Waqf development, with [[Akbar]] and [[Shah Jahan]] endowing significant properties, including the [[Taj Mahal]]. The system's reach extended into rural areas with Muslim community expansion and conversions. Funding for Waqf was generated through the revenue of endowed properties, and were utilised for [[mosques]] and [[madrasa|madrasas]].<ref name=waqfgrab1/><ref name=waqfgrab2/><ref name=waqfgrab3/> Waqf system gained a more formal modern legal structure during [[British raj|British rule]] in the Indian subcontinent under the still applicable Indian laws when Waqf Boards were formed in 1913. Mussalman Waqf act 1923 was established for the purpose of advising it on matters pertaining to the working of the State Waqf Boards and proper administration of the [[Waqf]]s in the country. Waqf is a permanent donation of movable or immovable properties for religious purposes without any intention of reclaiming it as recognised by [[Muslim Law]]. The grant is known as ''mushrut-ul-khidmat'', while a person making such dedication is known as ''Wakif''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ariff|first=Mohamed|title=The Islamic voluntary sector in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&dq=waqf&pg=PA43|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-3016-07-8|page=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=K.R. |author2=Amita Gupta|title=Concise encyclopaedia of India, (Volume 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o84vxeFIeYUC&dq=wakf+board&pg=PA192|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=81-269-0637-5|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXPLAINED: What is a Waqf board, and what are its governing principles? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/explained-what-is-a-waqf-board-and-what-are-its-governing-principles/504789 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=17 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=Explained: How a waqf is created, and the laws that govern such properties |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-a-waqf-is-created-and-the-laws-that-govern-such-properties-6072476/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2010 |title=Waqf board handles Muslim rulers' property |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/waqf-board-handles-muslim-rulers-property/articleshow/6668877.cms |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===2025 waqf amendment===

Reforms in Waqf regulation and legislations has been a big topic in recent decades in Indian politics and media, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] making promises of doing it several times in their electoral manifestoes. [[Central Waqf Council#Issues|Controversies]], including [[Central Waqf Council#Corruption|corruption]] and [[land grabbing]] such as [[Karnataka Wakf Board Land Scam]],<ref name=waqfgrab1/><ref name=waqfgrab2/><ref name=waqfgrab3/> issues led to the introduction of "The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024" which was passed in 2025 to introduce transparency and accountability in Waqf.<ref name=waqfgrab4/> In 2024, the Government of India had introduced the Waqf Amendment Bill proposing over forty changes to the existing legislation. However, the bill has been heavily criticised and opposed by Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Meryl |last2=Farooquee |first2=Neyaz |date=14 February 2025 |title=Why Muslims in India are opposing changes to a property law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c704d73kjpwo |access-date=20 April 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to amendment in 2025, the Waqf Act 1995 was the last act which was regulating [[Central Waqf Council|waqf properties in India]] prior to its renaming in 2025, and defines [[Waqf]] as an endowment of [[movable property|movable]] or [[immovable property]] for purposes considered pious, religious, or charitable under [[Muslim law]]. Every state is required to constitute a Waqf Board to manage waqf. For amending the waqf laws, a 31-member [[Joint parliamentary committee|JPC]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/waqf-amendment-bill-2024-jpc-lok-sabha-members-muslim-organisations-bjp-congress-2579869-2024-08-09|title=21 Lok Sabha MPs on Waqf bill panel, here's who is on it|date=9 August 2024|website=India Today|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809143125/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/waqf-amendment-bill-2024-jpc-lok-sabha-members-muslim-organisations-bjp-congress-2579869-2024-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref> had been established to review the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024. The committee comprised 21 members from the [[Lok Sabha]] and 10 from the [[Rajya Sabha]]. The formation of the committee was announced by Minister of Minority Affairs [[Kiren Rijiju]] on 9 August 2024. Some rounds of the [[Joint parliamentary committee|JPC]] meetings were boycotted by few members from opposition parties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Shrabana |date=2024-11-07 |title=Opposition members will boycott next JPC meeting: Trinamool Congress MP Kalyan Banerjee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/oppn-members-of-jpc-on-waqf-amendment-bill-to-boycott-next-round-of-meetings/article68840608.ece |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-and-rajya-sabha-members-for-joint-panel-to-examine-the-waqf-amendment-bill/article68505225.ece|title=Waqf (Amendment) Bill: Lok Sabha adopts motion naming 21 members for joint panel on Waqf Bill; will have 10 MPs from Rajya Sabha|date=9 August 2024|website=The Hindu|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809143125/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-and-rajya-sabha-members-for-joint-panel-to-examine-the-waqf-amendment-bill/article68505225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the consultation process on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, several civil society organizations, political representatives, and religious institutions submitted memoranda to the Joint Parliamentary Committee, raising concerns regarding the proposed amendments. Notable submissions were received from the Indian Union Muslim League (Kerala), Dr. Shafiqur Rahman Barq (Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha), Anjuman Waqf Committee (Uttar Pradesh), and the Act Public Welfare Foundation (Serial No. 377, page 863).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Committee Report on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Joint%20Committee%20on%20the%20Waqf%20(Amendment)%20Bill,%202024/18_Joint_Committee_on_the_Waqf_(Amendment)_Bill_2024_1.pdf?source=loksabhadocs |website=Lok Sabha Secretariat |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

==Overview of the 2025 Waqf Act==

===Key features of 2025 Waqf Act===

* '''Renaming of the Waqf Act, 1995''' as the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development Act, 1995.<ref name="UMEED Act PIB">{{cite web |title=The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Explained |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/FaqDetails.aspx?NoteId=154100&ModuleId=4 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="SCC Online Renaming">{{cite web |title=Waqf (Amendment) Bill receives President's assent; Waqf Act, 1995 will now be known as UMEED Act, 1995 |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/04/06/government-issues-waqf-amendment-act-2025-legal-news/ |publisher=SCC Online |date=April 6, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>
* '''Formation of waqf and eligibility''', The Act allows waqf to be formed by (i) declaration, (ii) recognition based on long-term use (waqf by user), or (iii) endowment when the line of succession ends (waqf-alal-aulad).<ref name="PIB Overview">{{cite web |title=The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025: An overview of the Act vs Bill |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154130&ModuleId=3 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Waqf by User Removed">{{cite web |title=Why the Supreme Court Validated the Modi Government on the Waqf Amendment Act 2025 |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/why-the-supreme-court-validated-the-modi-government-on-the-waqf-amendment-act-2025/ |publisher=DD News |date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref> The Bill states that only a person practising Islam for at least five years may declare a waqf. It clarifies that the person must own the property being declared. It removes waqf by user. It also adds that waqf-alal-aulad must not result in denial of inheritance rights to the donor's heir including women heirs.<ref name="Women Empowerment PIB">{{cite web |title=Women's Empowerment in Waqf Governance |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2120128 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="SCC Online Renaming"/>
* Omitting the provisions relating to the “waqf by user”.
* '''Survey Commissioner Functions''': Providing the functions of the Survey Commissioner to the Collector or any other officer not below the rank of Deputy Collector duly nominated by the Collector for the survey of waqf properties.<ref name="Legal Maestros">{{cite web |title=Waqf Board Restructuring and Property Rights: A Detailed Analysis of the 2025 Amendments |url=https://legalmaestros.com/current-legal-update/waqf-board-restructuring-and-property-rights-a-detailed-analysis-of-the-2025-amendments/ |publisher=Legal Maestros |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>
* '''Inclusivity and women's empowerment''': Providing for a broad-based composition of the world Waqf Council and the State Waqf Boards and ensuring the representation of Muslim women and non-Muslims.<ref name="SCC Online Renaming"/><ref name="PIB Overview"/>
* '''Separate board for sects to empower diversity of faith''': Providing for establishment of separate Board of Auqaf for Boharas and Aghakhanis. Providing for representation of Shia, Sunni, Bohra, Agakhani and other backward classes among Muslim communities.<ref name="SCC Online Renaming"/>
* '''Streamlining Registration/Database''' of waqfs through a central portal and database.<ref name="Taxmann Rules">{{cite web |title=Govt. Notifies Unified Waqf Management Empowerment, Efficiency and Development Rules, 2025 |url=https://www.taxmann.com/post/blog/govt-notifies-unified-waqf-management-empowerment-efficiency-and-development-rules?amp |publisher=Taxmann |date=July 6, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bar and Bench">{{cite web |title=Towards a Reimagined Waqf Framework: Key Highlights of the Unified Waqf Management Act 2025 |url=https://www.barandbench.com/view-point/towards-a-reimagined-waqf-framework-key-highlights-of-the-unified-waqf-management-act-2025 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>
* '''Legalised mutation process''': Providing for a detailed procedure for mutation as per revenue laws with due notice to all concerned before recording any property as waqf property.<ref name="International Journal PDF">{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Akanksha |title=Waqf Amendment Act 2025 and its Impact on Muslim Endowments in India |journal=International Journal of Law Management & Humanities |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=152–165 |date=April 2025 |url=https://ijlmh.com/wp-content/uploads/Waqf-Amendment-Act-2025-and-its-Impact-on-Muslim-Endowments-in-India.pdf |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>
* '''Tribunal Reform and Appeals''': Reforming the Tribunal structure with two members and providing for appeals against the orders of the Tribunal to the High Court within a specified period of ninety days.<ref name="PIB Overview"/><ref name="Aashayein Judiciary">{{cite web |title=Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 |url=https://www.alec.co.in/show-blog-page/waqf-amendment-act-2025 |publisher=Aashayein Judiciary |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref>
* '''Limitation Act''': Omission of section 107 so as to make the Limitation Act, 1963 applicable to any action under the Act; and omission of sections 108 and 108A relating to special provision as to evacuee waqf properties and Act to have overriding effect.<ref name="DD News Uphold">{{cite web |title=Why the Supreme Court Validated the Modi Government on the Waqf Amendment Act 2025 |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/why-the-supreme-court-validated-the-modi-government-on-the-waqf-amendment-act-2025/ |publisher=DD News |date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=October 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bar and Bench"/>

=== Policy justifications for 2025 Waqf Act===

The government while proposing the legislation asserted that ''The Waqf (Amendment) Bill 2025'' established a secular, transparent and accountable system for [[Waqf]] administration in [[India]]. Although Waqf properties served religious & charitable purposes, their management involved significant [[legal]], [[financial]] & [[Business administration|administrative]] responsibilities that necessitated structured [[governance]] & oversight.<ref name="IT2425">{{cite news |title=Kiren Rijiju explains 4 key provisions of Waqf Bill: Won't snatch Muslim rights |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/waqf-bill-wont-snatch-lands-opposition-inciting-muslims-kiren-rijiju-in-lok-sabha-2702802-2025-04-02 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=India Today |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The roles of Waqf Boards and the [[Central Waqf Council]] were defined as [[regulatory]] rather than religious, focused on ensuring legal compliance & protecting the [[public interest]].<ref name="pibEXPLAINED">{{cite news |title=The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Explained |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/FaqDetails.aspx?NoteId=154100 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of India]] |date=3 Apr 2025}}</ref>

Policymakers argued that existing legal and institutional frameworks had hindered Waqf institutions from effectively serving the welfare needs of underprivileged members of the [[community]].<ref name="DH3425">{{cite news |title=Waqf Bill 2025: All-India Muslim Jamaat Applauds Lok Sabha Passage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/all-india-muslim-jamaat-welcomes-passage-of-waqf-bill-in-lok-sabha-3475591 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In response, the 2025 amendment aimed to enhance transparency, efficiency and inclusivity while aligning Waqf governance with constitutional values.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /> By introducing checks & balances, empowering stakeholders and improving institutional [[accountability]], the Bill was positioned as a progressive step toward equitable and effective Waqf management in India. The government outlined several policy justifications for these reforms, emphasizing their alignment with broader goals of [[social justice]] & constitutional governance.<ref name="IT2425" /><ref name="ZN5425">{{cite news |title=All India Muslim Women Personal Law Board Backs Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/all-india-muslim-women-personal-law-board-backs-waqf-amendment-bill-2882166.html |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Institutional Transparency and Digital Governance''': The Act mandates the [[digitization]] and centralized registration of all Waqf properties within six months. This initiative aims to rectify historical issues of mismanagement and opacity in Waqf administration.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /> By creating a centralized digital portal, the government seeks to facilitate real-time monitoring, prevent unauthorized transactions and ensure that revenue generated from Waqf properties is used exclusively for community welfare. This reform is expected to curb corruption & financial irregularities, thereby improving overall governance.<ref name="DD8425" /> Provision for surveys and audits is also proposed.<ref name="HT2425">{{cite news |title=New waqf bill incorporates all 25 changes suggested by JPC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-waqf-bill-incorporates-all-25-changes-suggested-by-jpc-101743533450311.html |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 April 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="BS2425" />
*'''Legal Clarity and Prevention of Unlawful Claims''': The amendment abolishes the 'waqf-by-user' doctrine and prohibits the unilateral declaration of any land including that belonging to government as Waqf property.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /> These provisions are designed said to reduce land disputes that have led to extended [[litigation]] across various [[States and union territories of India|states]]. For instance, cases such as the land ownership conflict in [[Tamil Nadu]] have drawn national attention.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Tamil Nadu, Waqf board claims ownership of an entire village. There's a temple too |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-tamil-nadu-waqf-board-claims-ownership-of-an-entire-village-there-s-a-temple-too-101663245541768.html |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaisankar |first1=C. |title=Wakf Board claim: Thiruchendurai villagers get temporary exemption for registering title deeds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/wakf-board-claim-thiruchendurai-villagers-get-temporary-exemption-for-registering-title-deeds/article65890737.ece |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=14 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=150 residents of a Tamil Nadu village get notice from Dargah over Waqf land |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/150-residents-of-a-tamil-nadu-village-get-notice-from-dargah-over-waqf-land-3495061 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Chennai's 1000-yr-old Peyazhwar Temple Is On Waqf Property": TN Waqf Board Chief Claims |url=https://thecommunemag.com/chennai-peyazhwar-temple-waqf-claims/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=The Commune |date=15 August 2024}}</ref> By introducing stricter guidelines and eliminating arbitrary claims, the amendment aims to safeguard property rights & uphold the integrity of Waqf assets.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" />
*'''Promoting Gender Equality''': The Act ensures representation of Muslim women on Waqf boards and protects [[inheritance]] rights, aligning with constitutional values of [[Gender equality|equality]] and [[justice]]. The amendment also prioritizes the welfare of Muslim women, particularly [[widow]]s and [[Divorce|divorced women]], by promoting self-help groups and financial independence programs. It ensures representation of women in Waqf Boards and supports initiatives such as [[scholarship]]s for Muslim girls, [[vocational training]] programs and [[legal aid]] centers for inheritance disputes & [[domestic violence]] cases. By empowering women, the bill seeks to make Waqf governance more inclusive and responsive to community needs.<ref name="IT2425" /><ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="DD8425">{{cite news |title=Centre enacts Waqf Law Reforms to promote transparency, women's inclusion |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/centre-enacts-waqf-law-reforms-to-promote-transparency-womens-inclusion/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=DD news |date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="HT2425" />
*'''Gender Representation and Women's Empowerment''': The Act introduces provisions for the representation of Muslim women on Waqf Boards that the government said is in line with constitutional commitments to equality and justice. It also supports welfare measures including scholarships for girls, vocational training, self-help groups, and legal aid services. These initiatives seek to empower Muslim women who are widows and divorcees by enhancing their participation in community governance and promoting financial independence.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="DD8425" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Centre to overhaul Waqf Act, increase women representation |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-top-news/centre-to-overhaul-waqf-act-increase-women-representation/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=5 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="FromMarginsToMainstream">{{cite news |title=Women's Empowerment in Waqf Governance |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2120128 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |date=8 April 2025}}</ref>
*'''Inclusive Representation and Community Participation''': To democratize Waqf administration, this Act mandates representation from diverse [[Muslim sects]] including [[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]] and [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Aghakhani communities]] and members from socially and economically backward classes. Additionally, two non-Muslim professionals with expertise in administration or law are to be included on the State and Central Waqf Boards. This is intended to foster a more inclusive and accountable governance structure.<ref name="IT2425" /><ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="BS2425">{{cite news |title=Waqf Bill 1995 vs 2024: Key changes and why they matter, explained |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/waqf-amendment-bill-1995-2024-key-changes-impact-controversy-explained-125040200613_1.html |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
*'''Public Health and Medical Welfare Initiatives''': The amendment encourages the allocation of Waqf resources towards the establishment and support of [[Healthcare in India|healthcare]] facilities particularly in the underserved regions. By improving the efficiency of property management, this Act enables the redirection of funds toward building health institutions and toward providing subsidized medical aid in areas with limited healthcare infrastructure.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="DD8425" /><ref name="FromMarginsToMainstream" />
*'''Educational Upliftment and Skill Development''': Recognizing the role of education in socio-economic upliftment, the Act prioritizes the construction & maintenance of educational institutions including schools and madrassas.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /> It also provides for scholarships, financial aid and the development of vocational training centres aimed at equipping youth with employable skills.<ref name="DD8425" /><ref name="FromMarginsToMainstream" />
*'''Affordable Housing and Social Welfare Infrastructure''': The Act allows Waqf Boards to utilize underused or idle properties for [[affordable housing]] initiatives. These include low-cost rental programs, shelters for the homeless & housing projects for the [[Economically Weaker Section|economically weaker sections]] within the community. This is intended to reduce housing insecurity while ensuring productive use of Waqf assets for the needy.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="ZN5425" />
*'''Economic Empowerment through Community Development''': The amendment encourages programs that promote self-reliance and financial independence through [[microfinance]] schemes, small business loans, [[entrepreneurship]] & [[livelihood|livelihood support]] initiatives. By leveraging Waqf resources for the community development, the Act supports the broader goal of sustainable [[economic empowerment]].<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="FromMarginsToMainstream" />
*'''Expedited Legal Redress and Judicial Efficiency''': This Act confers [[Civil law (legal system)|civil court]] powers upon Waqf Tribunals and permits appeals to [[High courts of India|High Courts]] which establishes a more efficient legal framework for resolving disputes related to Waqf properties. This reform is intended to reduce the existing backlog of litigations.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="BS2425" />
*'''Protection and Reclamation of Encroached Waqf Assets''': According to data from the Waqf Assets Management System of India (WAMSI), nearly 58898 Waqf properties have been unlawfully occupied. The amendment introduces stricter legal measures for the recovery of encroached lands & empowers [[district collector]]s to enforce these provisions. These steps are aimed at restoring Waqf properties for their intended charitable & community-oriented purposes.<ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="TH8425">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ishita |last2=Singh |first2=Vijaita |title=Waqf amendment Bill introduces District Collector as an arbiter to decide whether a property is a Waqf or government land |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waqf-amendment-bill-introduces-district-collector-as-an-arbiter-to-decide-whether-a-property-is-a-waqf-or-government-land/article68497319.ece |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=7 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*'''Professionalization and Structural Modernization of Waqf Boards''': The inclusion of [[professional]]s both Muslim and non-Muslim specialists in [[law]], administration and [[land management]] is aimed at modernizing the governance model. The amendment redefines the role of Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council as regulatory rather than religious bodies, focusing on legal compliance, transparency & public accountability. The reform also introduces systemic checks and balances to ensure long-term sustainability and relevance of Waqf institutions in a pluralistic democratic framework.<ref name="IT2425" /><ref name="pibEXPLAINED" /><ref name="BS2425" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Want secular, inclusive Waqf Board with non-Muslims, women: Kiren Rijiju |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/waqf-bill-in-lok-sabha-kiren-rijiju-says-want-more-secular-inclusive-waqf-board-with-non-muslims-and-women-2702830-2025-04-02 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=India Today |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Issues==

===Illegal land grab through waqf scams and controversys===

Controversies have arisen from unchecked [[Land grabbing|land grab]] and the rapid growth of Waqf holdings.<ref name=waqfgrab1/> The government, in justifying the 2025 amendments, cited numerous instances of Waqf Boards making unilateral claims over private and government land, which led to extensive litigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024: Statement of Objects and Reasons |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-waqf-amendment-bill-2024 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=2024-08-08 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref> The following table provides examples of court rulings where Waqf Board claims were rejected or strongly criticized, supporting the need for the legislative changes:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Court rulings against Waqf Board's attempts of land grab
! Case name !! Court !! Ruling against waqf !! Comment/Citation
|-
| Munambam land dispute (Kerala) || Kerala High Court || Held the 1950 endowment deed was a gift deed, not a waqf deed, lacking "permanent dedication"; declared the 2019 Waqf Board notification a "sham" and "land-grabbing tactic," unenforceable under Waqf Acts 1954, 1984, and 1995. || <ref name="mmc1"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Al Jazeera |title=India's Waqf Amendment Act: Who needs bulldozers when you have bureaucrats? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2025/4/25/indias-waqf-amendment-act-who-needs-bulldozers-when-you-have-bureaucrats |date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=LiveLaw |title=Kerala High Court Slams Waqf Board's 'Land-Grabbing Tactic', Says Munambam Land Was Not Intended To Be Waqf |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/munambam-land-dispute-waqf-board-land-306513 |date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Thiruchenthurai village and Sundareswarar Temple (Tamil Nadu) || Madras High Court || Rejected Tamil Nadu Waqf Board's claim over the entire village, including the 1,500-year-old temple, for lack of valid waqf documentation; upheld residents' rights. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Scroll.in |title=Why Tamil Nadu Waqf Board is claiming ownership of a Hindu-majority village |url=https://scroll.in/article/1032334/why-tamil-nadu-waqf-board-is-claiming-ownership-of-a-hindu-majority-village |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Thiruchenthurai villagers protest against Waqf Board's land claim |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thiruchenthurai-villagers-protest-against-waqf-boards-land-claim/article66123456.ece |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Manikonda Jagir land dispute (Telangana) || Supreme Court of India || Quashed Andhra Pradesh/Telangana Waqf Board's claim over 1,654 acres, ruling the land vested with the state or Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation, free from encumbrances, due to lack of valid waqf dedication. || <ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Manikonda jagir lands are government lands: SC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/manikonda-jagir-lands-are-government-lands-sc/article38393161.ece |date=2022-02-07 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=1600 acres in Manikonda belongs to Telangana, rules Supreme Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/1600-acres-in-manikonda-belongs-to-telangana-rules-sc/articleshow/89417233.cms |date=2022-02-08 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Kanmiya Pallivasal mosque in Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) || Madras High Court || Limited mosque's claim to 2.34 acres based on a 1712 grant, rejecting broader claim over 1,100 acres for insufficient evidence of waqf dedication or user. || <ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Madras High Court rejects mosque's claim over 1,100 acres as waqf property |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-rejects-mosques-claim-over-1100-acres-as-waqf-property/article70072793.ece |date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Madras HC limits mosque's waqf claim to 2.34 acres in Tirunelveli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-limits-mosques-waqf-claim-to-2-34-acres-in-tirunelveli/articleshow/113456789.cms |date=2025-09-21 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Shahdara Gurudwara land grab case (Delhi) || Supreme Court of India || Upheld Delhi High Court's 2010 ruling that a Gurdwara existed since 1947, dismissing Delhi Waqf Board's claim for lack of historical waqf evidence; rejected SLP appeal. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Supreme Court dismisses Delhi Wakf Board's claim over Shahdara gurdwara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-dismisses-delhi-wakf-boards-claim-over-shahdara-gurdwara/articleshow/121635792.cms |date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=India Today |title=Supreme Court rejects Delhi Waqf board's claim over gurdwara |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/supreme-court-verdict-delhi-waqf-board-gurdwara-property-claim-shahdara-2735685-2025-06-04 |date=2025-06-04 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Bet Dwarka islands encroachments (Gujarat) || Gujarat High Court || Rejected petitions to protect illegal structures claimed as waqf, allowing demolition; dismissed claims as baseless due to absence of valid registration or survey under Waqf Act. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Gujarat HC rejects Waqf petitions on Bet Dwarka land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-hc-rejects-waqf-petitions-on-bet-dwarka-land/articleshow/107456789.cms |date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Indian Express |title=HC clears way for demolition of illegal structures in Bet Dwarka after rejecting Waqf claims |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-hc-clears-demolition-bet-dwarka-waqf-claims-9123456/ |date=2025-02-07 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Suit No. 269/96 (Uttar Pradesh) || Supreme Court of India || Dismissed Uttar Pradesh Waqf Board's appeal, upholding lower courts' rejection; ruled property not waqf due to lack of dedication proof, dismissing SLP (Civil) No. 19125 of 2014. || <ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=SC dismisses Waqf Board's appeal in long-standing land dispute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-dismisses-waqf-boards-appeal-in-long-standing-land-dispute/article25678901.ece |date=2018-05-15 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=LiveLaw |title=Supreme Court Dismisses Waqf Board's SLP In Suit No. 269/96 Over Land Dispute |url=https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/supreme-court-dismisses-waqf-boards-slp-in-suit-no-26996-over-land-dispute-123456 |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Special Civil Application No. 22761 of 2019 (Gujarat) || Gujarat High Court || Rejected mutation claim for purchased land as waqf, dismissing Civil Application No.1 of 2020; upheld Mamlatdar's rejection for non-compliance with survey requirements. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Indian Express |title=Gujarat HC rejects Waqf Board's land mutation claim |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-hc-rejects-waqf-boards-land-mutation-claim-7389456/ |date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=HC dismisses Waqf plea for land mutation in SCA 22761/2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hc-dismisses-waqf-plea-for-land-mutation-in-sca-22761-2019/articleshow/84567890.cms |date=2021-06-25 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Sy.No.681 agricultural land (Karnataka) || Karnataka High Court || Upheld Tahsildar's rejection, confirming 1981 Land Tribunal occupancy rights; ruled land not waqf due to absence of historical dedication evidence. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Karnataka HC rejects Waqf claim on agricultural land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-hc-rejects-waqf-claim-on-agricultural-land/articleshow/21034567.cms |date=2013-07-10 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=HC rejects Waqf Board's claim on Sy.No.681 land |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hc-rejects-waqf-boards-claim-on-sy-no681-land/article4890123.ece |date=2013-07-11 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Sy.No.677 agricultural land (Karnataka) || Karnataka High Court || Rejected claim based on 1981 Land Tribunal order granting occupancy rights; found no evidence of waqf creation or user. || <ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=HC upholds rejection of Waqf Board's property claim in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hc-upholds-rejection-of-waqf-boards-property-claim/article4876543.ece |date=2013-07-15 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Deccan Herald |title=Karnataka HC dismisses Waqf claim on Sy.No.677 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/345678/hc-dismisses-waqf-claim-sy-no677.html |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| W.P. No. 13733/2007 land dispute (Karnataka) || Karnataka High Court || Rejected writ petition claiming property under Waqf Act, 1995; dismissed appeal, affirming respondents' occupancy rights for lack of survey and dedication proof. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Indian Express |title=Karnataka HC dismisses Waqf Board's petition on land |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnataka-hc-dismisses-waqf-boards-petition-on-land-4567890/ |date=2008-05-20 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=HC rejects Waqf WP No. 13733/2007 seeking land claim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hc-rejects-waqf-wp-no-13733-2007-seeking-land-claim/articleshow/2034567.cms |date=2008-05-21 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Haryana Waqf Board v. Shanti Swaroop (Haryana) || Supreme Court of India || Rejected application under Order XXVI Rule 9 CPC for encroached land; dismissed SLP No. 7510 of 2007 for non-compliance with limitation and evidence requirements. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Hindustan Times |title=SC rejects Haryana Waqf Board's encroachment claim |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sc-rejects-haryana-waqf-boards-encroachment-claim/story-xyz.html |date=2007-08-10 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=LiveLaw |title=Supreme Court Dismisses Haryana Waqf Board's SLP In Encroachment Suit |url=https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/supreme-court-dismisses-haryana-waqf-boards-slp-in-encroachment-suit-789012 |date=2007-08-11 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|-
| Waqf Board claim in Jaipur (Rajasthan) || Rajasthan High Court || Rejected claim over 50 acres for a historical mosque; directed removal of Board's entries from revenue records as land was state property under Rajasthan Land Revenue Act, lacking waqf deed or survey. || <ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Rajasthan HC rejects Waqf claim on Jaipur govt land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-hc-rejects-waqf-claim-on-jaipur-govt-land/articleshow/78901234.cms |date=2020-09-15 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Indian Express |title=HC quashes Waqf Board's mutation on state land in Jaipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-hc-quashes-waqf-boards-mutation-on-state-land-in-jaipur-6543210/ |date=2020-09-16 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>
|}

==== Thiruchenthurai and Sundareswarar Temple's land grab scam by waqf ====

''Thiruchenthurai village and [[Sundareswarar Temple]]'s land grab scam by waqf in [[Tamil Nadu]]'' is a systematic large-scale land grab by ''Tamil Nadu State Waqf Board''. This is a case which exemplifies how waqf have been illegally grabbing land, in this case the land of entire predominantly Hindu village of Thiruchenthurai in [[Tiruchirapalli district]], including the 1,500-year-old Sundareswarar Temple claimed by the Tamil Nadu Waqf Board, creating controversy as the waqf properties are [[Testamentary trust|irrevocable]] and immune to sale or transfer under the law, thus giving rise to the demand of amendment of waqf system and laws.<ref name=waqfgrab1>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/waqf-board-amendment-bill-system-india-history-muhammad-ghori-gift-2-villages-flourish-sultanate-mughal-2642178-2024-11-29 |first1=Sushim |last1=Mukul |title=Waqf land in India grew from 2 villages gifted by invader Ghori to 9.4 lakh acre |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=waqfgrab2>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/waqf-through-the-ages-how-rs-1-lakh-crore-property-owner-board-acquires-land-and-what-the-govt-aims-to-change/articleshow/112365585.cms |title=Waqf through the ages: How Rs 1-lakh crore property owner board acquires land and what the govt aims to change |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name=waqfgrab3>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/112357558.cms |title=TOI Explains: Bid to introduce transparency and accountability in waqfs |first1=Ambika |last1=Pandit |first2=Mohammed |last2=Wajihuddin |newspaper=Times of India |date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=waqfgrab4>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-budget-session-waqf-amendment-bill-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-live-updates-april-2-2025/article69402498.ece |title=Parliament Budget Session Day 15 highlights: Lok Sabha adjourned to meet again on 3 April, 2025 at 11:00 A.M. 'The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 and The Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, 2024' passed in Lok Sabha |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 April 2025 }}</ref>

==== Munambam land grabbing scam by Waqf ====

''Munambam land grabbing scam by Waqf in [[Kerala]]'' pertains to systematic large-scale illegal land grab in [[Munambam]] by ''Kerala Wakf Board'' (KWB) in which 404 acres of land of 600 families,<ref name="TOI_False_Claim"/> mainly Catholic Christians and [[Other Backward Class|down trodden]] Hindus, who have bene living there for several decades. In 2019, Kerala Wakf Board tried to grab this land by declaring it a waqf property.<ref name="DH_Blocks_Claim">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-high-court-terms-waqf-boards-munambam-land-claim-illegal-flags-possible-land-grab-3759991|title=Kerala High Court terms Waqf Board's Munambam land claim illegal, flags 'possible land grab'|date=October 10, 2025|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name="BS_Land_Claims">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/waqf-amendment-bill-2025-land-disputes-kerala-karnataka-farmers-125040200814_1.html|title=When Waqf land claims turned lives upside down in Kerala and Karnataka|date=April 2, 2025|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref>

The dispute arose in 2019 when the Kerala Wakf Board declared the disputed land as a waqf property (an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law).<ref name="TOI_False_Claim"/><ref name="Federal_Row">{{cite news|url=https://thefederal.com/category/explainers-2/munambam-waqf-land-row-background-legal-and-political-angles-path-forward-153853|title=Munambam Waqf land row: Background, legal and political angles, path forward|date=November 3, 2024|work=The Federal|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref> The land was originally given in 1950 by Mohammed Siddique Sait to the Farook College management through an endowment deed.<ref name="TOI_69_Year"/><ref name="LiveLaw_Not_Waqf"/> Over the years, the college sold portions of the land to the residents, who claim to be bona fide purchasers and occupants.<ref name="BS_Land_Claims"/> The KWB's 2019 declaration, made 69 years after the original deed, put the livelihoods of the resident families at risk, as they were subsequently unable to carry out legal activities such as paying land tax.<ref name="TOI_False_Claim"/><ref name="Hindu_Coverage">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/munambam-land-dispute-in-kerala-a-comprehensive-coverage/article69411442.ece|title=Munambam land dispute in Kerala: A comprehensive coverage|date=October 10, 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref>

In October 2025, the Kerala High Court ruled on the matter, providing significant relief to the resident families.<ref name="TOI_False_Claim"/> The Division Bench of the High Court held that the 1950 endowment deed was a simple gift deed and not a waqf deed, as it did not create a "permanent dedication" of the property.<ref name="LiveLaw_Not_Waqf"/><ref name="Statesman_Not_Waqf"/> The court strongly criticised the actions of the Kerala Wakf Board, terming the declaration of the disputed land as a waqf a "complete sham" and a "'land-grabbing tactic'".<ref name="TOI_False_Claim">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/false-claim-by-waqf-board-created-difficulties-munambam-residents/articleshow/124462950.cms|title=False claim by waqf board created difficulties: Munambam residents|date=October 11, 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kochi|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name="LiveLaw_Not_Waqf"/><ref name="Statesman_Not_Waqf"/>

The court observed:
* "...we would hold that the declaration by the KWB in May 2019 of the property as a waqf is a complete sham..."<ref name="TNM_Land_Grabber">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-hc-slams-waqf-board-over-munambam-land-claim-calls-it-land-grabbing-tactic|title=Kerala HC slams Waqf Board over Munambam land claim, calls it 'land-grabbing tactic'|date=October 11, 2025|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref>
* The court stated that the action of the KWB was "bad in law on the grounds of being unreasonably delayed and having been issued in palpable violation of the provisions of the Waqf Acts 1954, 1984, and 1995 and resultantly non-enforceable."<ref name="LiveLaw_Not_Waqf"/><ref name="TNM_Land_Grabber"/>
* The judgment further noted, "We shall be holding that the notification dated 25.09.2019 notifying the subject property as waqf is ultra vires the provisions of The Waqf Act, 1954, as also The Central Waqf Act, 1995 and nothing less than a land grabbing tactics of KWB which has affected the bread and butter, livelihood of hundreds of families and bonafide occupants who had purchased tranches of land decades prior to the notification of the waqf property."<ref name="LiveLaw_Not_Waqf"/><ref name="TNM_Land_Grabber"/>
* The bench also noted that the KWB's actions showed "reckless disregard of not only the provisions of the Waqf Act, but also the fundamental rights of a large number of citizens whose livelihood is dependent as bona fide purchasers and occupants on land under dispute."<ref name="TNM_Land_Grabber"/>
* The court, however, refrained from formally quashing the KWB's 2019 orders, stating that the purpose of its findings was to hold that the State Government was not bound by such a belated declaration.<ref name="LiveLaw_Not_Waqf">{{cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/munambam-land-dispute-waqf-board-land-306513|title=Kerala High Court Says Munambam Land Was Not Intended To Be Waqf|date=October 10, 2025|work=[[Live Law]]|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Statesman_Not_Waqf">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/munambam-land-was-not-intended-to-be-waqf-kerala-hc-1503497577.html|title=Munambam land was not Intended to be Waqf: Kerala HC|date=October 10, 2025|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref>
* The court further warned that if such an arbitrary declaration were given judicial approval, "tomorrow any random building or structure, including the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Niyama Sabha Mandiram (State Legislature Complex), or even the High Court building, could be arbitrarily declared waqf property."<ref name="TOI_69_Year">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/munambam-land-claim-kerala-hc-slams-waqf-board-for-its-69-year-silence/articleshow/124462351.cms|title=Munambam land claim: Kerala HC slams waqf board for its 69-year silence|date=October 11, 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kochi|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_Not_Waqf">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/munambam-land-not-a-waqf-property-says-kerala-high-court/article70148658.ece|title=Munambam land not a Waqf property, says Kerala High Court|date=October 10, 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kochi|access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref>

=== Belagavi farmers dispute ===
In Karnataka, controversies have emerged when the State Waqf Board issued encroachment notices to farmers in the [[Gokak]] region of Belagavi district, accusing them of occupying Waqf property. According to former Minister and BJP leader [[B. Sriramulu]], these notices accused farmers of occupying Waqf property, despite the local community having cultivated the farmlands for generations. Sriramulu noted that this was the second such instance in these three years, prompting that [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] should launch a state-level agitation against these notices. Proponents of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, including Sriramulu, cited these local disputes as such concrete evidences for the necessity of national legislative intervention, arguing that the amendment would permanently end confusion over Waqf land records and to protect the property rights of Hindu landowners from being falsely branded as Waqf assets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2026-03-27 |title=BJP will again launch protest against Waqf Board notices, says Sriramulu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-will-again-launch-protest-against-waqf-board-notices-says-sriramulu/article70793263.ece |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Large size of waqf land in India ===

Waqf land in India is large encompassing 870,000 properties worth {{INRConvert|100000|c|lk=on|year=2024}} covering a total of 940,000 [[acre]]s (3,808 sq km) making waqf third-biggest property-holders in India after the [[Indian Railways]] and the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The 2006 Sachar Committee found waqf assets were undervalued and mismanaged, estimating 4.9 lakh properties worth Rs 6,000 crore but generating only Rs 163 crore in income. It highlighted issues like poor governance and recommended reforms in management and oversight.<ref name=waq1>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Balhasan |date=2025-04-05 |title=Waqf must hold up promise of development |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2025/Apr/05/waqf-must-hold-up-promise-of-development |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=waq2>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Indian parliament's lower house passes controversial Muslim endowments bill |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/3/indian-parliaments-lower-house-passes-controversial-muslim-endowments-bill |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Waqf land disputes===

Out of the 872,852 waqf properties officially recorded across India, over 13,200 are currently involved in legal disputes, nearly 59,000 have been encroached upon, and more than 436,000 lack a clearly defined status. Governments across that country are in dispute with Waqf boards which have asserted ownership on more than 5900 government owned properties nationwide. However, the waqf boards maintains that their ownership is legitimate. A number of ongoing disputes over waqf properties can be traced back to the era of India’s [[Independence of India|independence]] & [[Partition of India|partition]]. Concerns about waqf properties were raised even during [[British Raj|British rule]], particularly regarding their management, misuse, and legal ambiguities. Despite repeated efforts by the judiciary and successive governments to bring clarity and resolution, many of these issues remain unresolved.<ref name="bbc17425">{{cite news |title=Waqf law: The endless legal battles over Muslim-donated lands in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly84vggk4ro |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=BBC |date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Corruption in Waqf by officials ===

Despite the government's claims, RTI findings by journalist [[Afroz Alam Sahil]] revealed serious inconsistencies in the Waqf digitisation process managed through the WAMSI portal. Data for over 435,000 properties was missing, large portions of funds remained underutilised, and no audits had been carried out. Sahil also pointed out discrepancies between official records and ground realities, including mismatched figures on graveyards and other properties, raising significant concerns about transparency, accuracy, and the long-term effectiveness of the digitisation initiative.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sahil |first=Afroz Alam |title=RTIs on Digitisation of Waqf Assets Expose Inconsistencies, Incomplete Data; Govt Yet to Take Action |url=https://thewire.in/rights/rti-on-digitisation-of-waqf-assets-expose-inconsistencies-incomplete-data-govt-yet-to-take-action |website=The Wire |date=2 January 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

===Criticism of the 2025 Waqf Act===

Critics, including opposition parties, have raised concerns about the bill's constitutional validity and its potential impact on minority rights. Such concerns include:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peerzada |first1=Rutba |last2=Mutahhar Amin |first2=Muhammad |date=2024-12-26 |title=(wl-3755)-Waqf Amendment Bill 2024: Transparency, Communalism and Authority |url=https://doi.org/10.71279/epw.v60i1.42070 |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |volume=60 |issue=1 |doi=10.71279/epw.v60i1.42070 |issn=2349-8846|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Waqf Amendment Bill: Top 5 Critical Issues |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/waqf-amendment-bill-top-5-critical-issues-by-opposition-1743583331-1 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Concerns About the Waqf Amendment Bill Does the JPC's Report Identify? |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/waqf-jpc-report-amendment-bill-concerns?mid_related_new |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Inclusion of non-Muslim members in Waqf Boards undermines the religious autonomy of these boards and violates constitutional protections for minority institutions.
* The proposed removal of the ‘Waqf by User’ provision arbitrarily excludes potential donors, particularly recent converts who may wish to endow property for religious or charitable purposes.
* The bill empowers district collectors to determine ownership of disputed waqf properties, shifting authority from Waqf boards to government-appointed officials. This raises concerns about potential misuse of power and political interference.
* The bill proposes to repeal Section 107 of the Waqf Act, 1995, thereby making the Limitation Act, 1963 applicable to waqf properties. Critics argue that this move would severely hamper the ability of Waqf Boards to reclaim encroached properties. Without the exemption, individuals who have illegally occupied waqf land for over 12 years could claim ownership through adverse possession, effectively legitimizing illegal encroachments and weakening protections for community-held religious assets.

Some argue that it could lead to government overreach in the management of Waqf properties. The government has defended the bill, stating that it aims to bring transparency and accountability to the management of Waqf properties. Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] emphasised that the bill does not encroach upon religious practices but seeks to ensure proper utilisation of these charitable endowments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Waqf Bill controversy explained: Why is opposition opposing it and what's the government's clarification? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/waqf-bill-controversy-explained-why-is-opposition-opposing-it-and-whats-the-governments-clarification/3748237/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Waqf Bill now an Act after Presidential assent |url=https://odishatv.in/news/national/waqf-bill-now-an-act-after-presidential-assent-259616 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Waqf Bill now an Act after Presidential assent |language=en}}</ref>

Mujib and Hari wrote in [[The New York Times]], that the Waqf Amendment Bill 2024 allows the appointment of non-Muslims to the panels administering Waqf Boards and empowers state officials to adjudicate disputes. The article states that the bill was passed after parliamentary debate, with the government arguing that the changes were necessary to improve efficiency, ensure accountability, and prevent abuse. The report also notes that while the constitution protects the rights of religious groups to manage their own affairs, critics argue that the bill could provide a legal basis for targeting the Muslim community. It includes the view of [[Imran Pratapgarhi]], a Member of Parliament from the Indian National Congress, who expressed concern over the bill’s potential impact on Muslim religious properties.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=2025-04-04 |title=India Passes Contentious Bill Increasing Oversight of Muslim Land Trusts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/world/asia/india-bill-muslim-land-waqfs.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Neyaz Farooquee wrote in [[BBC News|BBC]] that the Waqf Amendment Act 2025 has removed the provision of "waqf by user", which previously allowed properties to be recognised as waqf if they had been used for religious or charitable purposes by Muslims over time. According to the article, this has raised concerns among critics that many such properties—often orally donated and without written deeds—may no longer be classified as waqf. The law has led to protests, and several petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court challenging its provisions. Critics argue that the changes could lead to the loss of existing waqf properties and increase litigation.<ref name="bbc17425" />

According to [[Foreign Policy]] The amendment has sparked protests, arrests, and fear among Muslims, who see it as part of a broader agenda to erode their rights and status. With over 870,000 waqf properties at stake, critics argue the law threatens secularism and deepens communal divides in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aswani |first=Tarushi |date=2025-05-20 |title=In India, Controversial Law Threatens Muslim Property |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/05/13/india-muslim-property-law-waqf-amendment-act-protests/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Comparison of Waqf in India with waqf in other countries==
{{anchor|Comparision|Compare}}

The comparison between the Waqf system in India and in Muslim-majority countries reveals a stark difference in the degree of autonomy and statutory power granted to the governing bodies. While in Muslim majority countries maintain Waqf institutions, these are predominantly kept under strict state control, which contrasts sharply with the parallel independent legal system created by the Waqf Amendment Act (1995) in India.<ref name="PRS_Control">The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024. ''PRS Legislative Research''. Thinking about the user's r== Proposed Edits to "Comparison: waqf in India vs Islamic</ref>

===Summary comparison of waqf reform laws in India with Muslim majority countries===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Comparison of Waqf Reform Laws: India vs. Islamic Countries<ref name=aw>{{cite news |title=New Indian bill proposes to revamp Muslim land management, faces backlash |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/new-indian-bill-proposes-revamp-muslim-land-management-faces-backlash-2025-04-02/ |date=2025-04-02 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

! Country/Region
! Historical Waqf Administration Issue
! Reforms
! Present status
|-
| Islamic Countries (Syria, Egypt, Turkey)
| Suffered from weak administration
| At times absorbed into the state sector (e.g., Turkey's early republican era nationalizations)
| Maintained the waqf under state control

|-
| India (Pre-2025-amendment Waqf Act)
| Not specified
| Uniquely insulated and protected waqf boards from state control/nationalization.
| India after 2025-Waqf Amendment Reforms still grantes enduring and independent powers that exceeded Islamic countries' state-controlled waqf reform models.

|}

===Other countries which have abolished or weakened waqf===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Comparative status and autonomy of waqf systems
! Country/Region
! Status of Traditional Waqf System
! Reform/Absorption
! Current status / citations

|-
| Tunisia
| Abolished
| Abolished entirely; currently does not have a waqf system.
| N/A (System abolished) <ref name=owa1>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Waqf present in every Muslim country, says Owaisi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waqf-present-in-every-muslim-country-says-owaisi/article69479199.ece |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|-
| Other Muslim Majority Countries (e.g., Libya, Sudan, Syria)
| Weakened/Nationalized
| Subjected to comprehensive nationalization and state control in the post-colonial era, often to modernize economies and integrate assets into the public domain.
| Management structures were centralized and government-controlled.<ref name="ResearchGate">Shafii, Zurina & Iqbal, Zamir (2017). The Waqf and Human Security in Muslim Majority Countries: Traditions, Modern Practices, and Challenges. ''ResearchGate''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Oishani |date=2024-10-14 |title=Countries like Turkey, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Syria etc do have Waqf; Sambit Patra's claim in LS false |url=https://www.altnews.in/pib-claim-on-islamic-countries-not-having-waqf-property-is-false/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Alt News}}</ref><ref name="EEP">{{cite book |last1=Ismail |first1=Shafinar |last2=Hassan |first2=M. K. |last3=Rahmat |first3=Suharni |title=Islamic Social Finance: Waqf, Endowment, and SMEs |date=17 January 2023 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-80392-980-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D--nEAAAQBAJ&dq=waqf+kuwait&pg=PA17 |access-date=23 May 2025 |language=en |chapter=The role of waqf in sustainable economic development}}</ref>

|-
| India (Waqf Boards Pre-2025 Amendment)
| Maintained/Autonomous
| Maintained a system with a separate legal framework, dedicated tribunals, and significant self-governance.
| Before 2025 Waqf amendment, India granted a disproportionately higher degree of religious and legal autonomy than the management structures found in these Muslim majority countries. 2025 Waqf amendment of India attempt to fix the corruption, transparency and misuse of powers by waqf.<ref name="TRT_Autonomy">Haq, H. (9 April 2025). How India's new Waqf law threatens Muslim autonomy and heritage. ''TRT World''.</ref>

|}

=== Detailed comparison with Muslim majority countries' existing waqf ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Comparing existing waqf management system of Islamic majority countries with Indian waqf
! Country
! Model of waqf management
! Key feature of waqf system
! Indian Waqf Boards (Pre-2025 Amendment)

|-
| '''[[Brunei]]'''
| Centralized state administration via e-governance platforms.
| Increased transparency, streamlined services, and public access to records; sultanate-level centralization and real-time state monitoring.
| Stark contrast: Decentralized, minimally audited powers; could declare properties without digital verification or public access mandates.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news |last=Al Jazeera |title=Waqf bill: Why Indian Muslims worry about Modi plan for $14bn endowments |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/12/6/waqf-bill-why-indian-muslims-worry-about-modi-plan-for-14bn-endowments |date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|-
| '''[[Egypt]]'''
| Ministry of Awqaf maintains full governmental authority.
| Subsumes endowments into state budgets with rigorous oversight and tightly controlled registration/management.
| Disproportionate latitude to claim properties retrospectively, a provision not replicated in Egypt's tightly controlled system; wielded immense legal and financial power with minimal direct bureaucratic interference.<ref name="ResearchGate"/><ref name="bbc_cly84vggk4ro">{{cite news |last=BBC |title=The endless legal battles over Muslim-donated lands in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly84vggk4ro |date=2025-04-16 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>Singh, A.P. (17 April 2025). The Waqf Board Conundrum: Law, Land, and the Civilizational Struggle. ''Centre for Indic Studies''.</ref>

|-
| '''[[Indonesia]]'''
| Autonomous national waqf board under the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
| Focus on productive waqf assets (hospitals, real estate); operates with mandatory annual audits and limited declarative powers.
| Provided broader, unchecked authority to expand waqf holdings, distinguishing it from Indonesia's balanced oversight.<ref>{{cite news |last=BBC |title=Why Muslims in India are opposing changes to a property law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c704d73kjpwo |date=2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|-
| '''[[Iran]]'''
| Supervised by the Organization for Endowments and Charitable Institutions under strict guidelines.
| Properties permitted only if they generate sustainable financial returns without diminishing capital; emphasis on sustainability over expansion.
| Could perpetually claim and hold properties without equivalent financial viability checks, affording disproportionate permanence and control.<ref name=mmc1/>

|-
| '''[[Iraq]]''', '''[[Jordan]]''', '''[[Lebanon]]''', and '''[[Syria]]'''
| Integrated under religious affairs ministries or councils.
| Mandatory state audits and no independent declaration powers.
| Waqf Boards uniquely empowered to override civil land records, fostering disputes that highlight the ''comparative excess'' and potential for misuse/abuse of autonomy.<ref name=mmc1>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Waqf Amendment Bill controversy: All you need to know |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/waqf-amendment-bill-2024-parliament-debate-nda-vs-india-impact-muslims/article69401154.ece |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|-
| '''[[Kuwait]]''' and '''[[Singapore]]'''
| Mandates state oversight and corporate governance standards.
| Integration with national development plans (Kuwait); modern waqf management techniques.
| Lacked such mandatory alignments, holding expansive declarative powers that exceeded these countries' regulated models.<ref name="bbc_cly84vggk4ro"/><ref name="AlJaz_Bill_Passed">{{cite web |publisher=Al Jazeera |title=Indian parliament's lower house passes controversial Muslim endowments bill |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/3/indian-parliaments-lower-house-passes-controversial-muslim-endowments-bill |date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|-
| '''[[Libya]]''' and '''[[Sudan]]'''
| Administered through centralized government departments under direct executive control.
| Limited autonomy for independent boards; ministerial structures.
| Granted State Waqf Boards quasi-judicial powers to adjudicate disputes without appeal to higher civil courts, a level of independence absent in these nations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Al Jazeera |title=How India's $14bn Muslim endowments are being plundered, even before new law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/25/government-encroachment-of-indias-waqf-lands-a-madhya-pradesh-example |date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref name="AlJaz_Plundered">{{cite web |publisher=Al Jazeera |title=How India's $14bn Muslim endowments are being plundered, even before new law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/25/government-encroachment-of-indias-waqf-lands-a-madhya-pradesh-example |date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|-
| '''[[Malaysia]]'''
| Waqf must be officially registered under civil laws enacted in 1956.
| Focus on religious, educational, and social welfare; federal Sharia courts with appellate mechanisms exercise greater control.
| Contrasting India's non-appealable tribunal decisions and broad property claims, which granted Waqf Boards greater unilateral authority.<ref name=mmc1/>

|-
| '''[[Turkey]]'''
| Managed by the state's Directorate General of Foundations; direct government oversight.
| State has historically centralized/nationalized properties; subject to ministerial approval and judicial review.
| Enjoyed significant autonomy, including unilateral power to declare property as waqf without mandatory government verification; functioned as quasi-autonomous statutory bodies with self-adjudication power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahil |first=Afroz Alam |title=Turkey's Living Waqf Legacy Challenges BJP's 'No Waqf Anywhere' Claim |url=https://thewire.in/religion/turkeys-living-waqf-legacy-challenges-bjps-no-waqf-anywhere-claim |work=The Wire |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamarubahrin |first1=Aimu Fadzirul |last2=Ahmed Ayedh |first2=Abdullah Mohammed |title=Critical Review on Waqf Experiences: Lessons from Muslim and Non-Muslim |journal=Iqtishadia |date=27 September 2018 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=332 |doi=10.21043/iqtishadia.v11i2.3272 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329961585 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahil |first=Afroz Alam |title=How Turkey, Morocco and Eid al-Adha Were Misrepresented by Indian Media |url=https://thewire.in/article/media/how-turkey-morocco-and-eid-al-adha-were-misrepresented-by-indian-media |work=The Wire |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid al-Adha Leather Created Added Value to the Turkish Economy |url=https://www.magazineleather.com/eid-al-adha-leather-created-added-value-to-the-turkish-economy/ |website=Magazine Leather |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref><ref>Sinha, A. (2 September 2024). Unveiling Bias: Governance Structures in India's Religious Institutions. ''India Foundation''.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=What are the key changes proposed in the new Waqf Bill? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-are-the-key-changes-proposed-in-the-new-waqf-bill-explained/article69402993.ece |date=2025-04-02 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

|}

== Judicial aftermath ==

===Plethora of appeals filed===

Congress MP [[Mohammad Jawed]] and [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] chief [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] separately challenged the '''Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025''' in the [[Supreme Court of India]] on April 4, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2025-04-04 |title=Congress MP Mohammed Jawed, AIMIM leader Asaduddin Owaisi move Supreme Court against Waqf Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-mp-moves-sc-against-waqf-bill-hours-after-parliament-clears-it/article69412417.ece |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Waqf Amendment Bill 2025 Highlights: AIMIM chief Asaduddin Owaisi moves Supreme Court |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/waqf-amendment-bill-2025-live-updates-pm-modi-rajya-sabha-parliament-nod-on-waqf-muslims-reactions/3798373/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-04 |title=Congress MP, AIMIM's Asaduddin Owaisi move Supreme Court against Waqf Bill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/waqf-bill-supreme-court-congress-mp-mohammad-jawed-101743765391172.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404145156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/waqf-bill-supreme-court-congress-mp-mohammad-jawed-101743765391172.html |archive-date=2025-04-04 |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) also filed a petition contesting the constitutional validity of the Act.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-04-14 |title=CPI moves SC challenging constitutional validity of Waqf (Amendment) Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpi-moves-sc-challenging-constitutional-validity-of-waqf-amendment-act/article69448838.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CPI moves SC challenging constitutional validity of Waqf (Amendment) Act |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/cpi-moves-sc-challenging-constitutional-validity-of-waqf-amendment-act-3492970 |date=14 April 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

Subsequently, multiple other petitions were filed by the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], and several other Members of Parliament and religious organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=Waqf Amendment Act SC Hearing LIVE Updates: Supreme Court grants 7 days to Centre to respond to pleas against Waqf Act |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-waqf-act-hearing-live-updates-cji-khanna-bjp-9946860/lite/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17449958458071&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On April 17, 2025, the Supreme Court clubbed all these petitions under the title “''In re: Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025''” and directed the Union government to file a consolidated reply within one week. The court also ordered that no waqf property—whether registered, unregistered, or ''waqf by user''—be denotified, altered, or interfered with until the next hearing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court grants Centre week to reply on Waqf Act validity, says no changes to 'waqf by user' till next hearing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-grants-centre-week-to-reply-on-waqf-act-validity-says-no-changes-to-waqf-by-user-till-next-hearing-101744880034347.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Day after Supreme Court's red flag, Govt puts key aspects of Waqf law on hold until May 5 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/waqf-act-supreme-court-hearing-centre-appointments-to-boards-9949756/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref>

During the Supreme Court hearing on the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, Solicitor General [[Tushar Mehta]], representing the central government, assured the court that no waqf property would be denotified and no appointments would be made to the Central Waqf Council or State Waqf Boards until 5 May. He argued that interim relief should not be granted without hearing the government's position on a law passed by Parliament. The court recorded the assurance and granted the government one week to file its response.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-17 |title=Waqf Amendment Act Supreme Court hearing highlights: Centre says won't denotify properties, SC grants it 7 days to reply to pleas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waqf-amendment-act-supreme-court-hearing-highlights-second-day-april-17-2025/article69459391.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Current status of court appeals===

On April 28, 2025, the Supreme Court declined to entertain a fresh plea filed by petitioner Syed Alo Akbar challenging the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The bench, comprising Chief Justice [[Sanjiv Khanna]] and Justice Sanjay Kumar, reiterated its earlier directive of April 17 that only five consolidated petitions would be heard under the case titled “In Re: Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025”. The Court asked the petitioner to file an intervention application in those pending cases instead.<ref name="SC ref">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=Supreme Court refuses to entertain fresh plea challenging Waqf (Amendment) Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-refuses-to-entertain-fresh-plea-challenging-waqf-amendment-act/article69500429.ece |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The Court also appointed three nodal counsels to coordinate arguments and directed them to determine among themselves who would represent the consolidated petitions during the hearing on May 5. The petitioners were permitted to file rejoinders to the Centre’s affidavit—which spans over 1,300 pages—within five days of its service.<ref name="SC ref"/>

On 21 April 2025, the [[Government of India|Central Government]] informed the Supreme Court that it was temporarily holding in abeyance the very provisions of the Waqf Act that it had previously defended in Parliament until the matter is decided by the court, including the clause related to ‘Waqf-by-user’ properties and the appointment of non-Muslims to Waqf Boards. This assurance came during hearings on petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the Waqf (Amendment) Act.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Vikas |title=Waqf Act: In assurance to SC, Centre pauses same provisions it had defended in Parliament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/waqf-act-centre-supreme-court-9957190/ |work=The Indian Express |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

==Reactions ==

=== Protests and violence by Muslim groups ===
{{Further|Murshidabad violence}}

Several protests occurred across India when the bill was amended into an act. Violent protests also erupted in places such as West Bengal's [[Murshidabad violence|Murshidabad]] and Tripura's [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Waqf protests spiral in Murshidabad, 3 killed; court orders deployment of central forces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/waqf-protests-murshidabad-arrested-cops-injured-9940544/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-12 |title=Anti-Waqf Act protests in Tripura turns violent, 18 police personnel injured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anti-waqf-act-protests-in-tripura-turns-violent-18-police-personnel-injured/articleshow/120235922.cms |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In Murshidabad, the protests resulted in multiple casualties and arrests, prompting the [[Calcutta High Court]] to order the deployment of the [[Border Security Force]]. Officials stated the paramilitary presence was to assist local police in restoring law and order.<ref name="Independent"/>

Many Muslim organisations, including the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB), staged demonstrations in Delhi, Kolkata and other cities, calling the bill discriminatory and unconstitutional. Critics, including the AIMPLB, several Muslim bodies, and opposition parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]], alleged that the law was aimed at undermining Muslim religious endowments and enabling state interference in waqf properties.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-15 |title=What is the controversial Waqf Amendment Bill 2024 and why has it sparked violent protests? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/waqf-bill-protests-muslims-west-bengal-supreme-court-b2733543.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> They viewed the law as discriminatory towards Muslims, while the government maintained that the reforms aimed to ensure transparency in waqf property management.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2025 |title=India deploys troops after deadly protests over Muslim endowment bill |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/13/3-dead-over-150-arrested-in-india-protests-over-muslim-properties-bill |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 April 2025, the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) held a large-scale protest at [[Kozhikode Beach]] in Kerala in opposition to the Act.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2025 |title=Lakhs rally in Kozhikode as IUML leads massive protest against new Waqf Act, calling it largest protest in India |url=https://muslimmirror.com/lakhs-rally-in-kozhikode-as-iuml-leads-massive-protest-against-new-waqf-act-calling-it-largest-protest-in-india/ |work=[[Muslim Mirror]]}}</ref> On 19 April, members of the local Muslim community in [[Phagwara]], Punjab, led by Sarwar Ghulam Shaba of the Rahstriya Alpsankhyak Arakshan Morcha (Punjab unit), held a protest march against the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The protesters alleged that the Act was unconstitutional and aimed at government takeover of Waqf properties across the country. An effigy of the Central Government was burnt, and a memorandum was submitted to the BDPO addressed to the President of India, demanding repeal of the Act.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muslim assn stages protest over Waqf Bill |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/muslim-assn-stages-protest-over-waqf-bill/ |work=The Tribune |date=20 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>

On 19 April 2025, hundreds of Muslims in [[Cuttack]], Odisha, held a protest march against the amended Waqf law. Wearing black bands, they marched from Gandhi Bhawan to the District Collectorate and submitted a memorandum addressed to the President of India and the Chief Justice of India. Organizations such as the State Minority Council, [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] (Cuttack unit), Muslim Youth Association, [[Imarat-e-Shariah]], and some secular groups participated. The protesters stated that the amended law infringes upon the constitutional and religious rights of Muslims and demanded its withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-19 |title=Muslims rally in Cuttack against new Waqf Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/muslims-rally-in-cuttack-against-new-waqf-act/articleshow/120439566.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 19 April 2025, the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB), with support from the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM), organized a massive public protest in [[Hyderabad]] against the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The gathering, titled "Save Waqf, Save Constitution", took place at Darussalam, the AIMIM headquarters, and was attended by thousands, including representatives from several political parties such as the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], [[YSR Congress Party]], and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. AIMIM president [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] condemned the Act for being discriminatory and unconstitutional, particularly criticizing the clause requiring individuals to be practicing Muslims for at least five years before they can create a waqf.<ref name="IE1">{{cite news |title=Today in Politics: AIMIM and All India Muslim Board to protest against Waqf Act|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aimim-all-india-muslim-board-protest-waqf-act-9952603/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 April 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> The protest included announcements of further public actions, such as a lights-out protest on 30 April, city-level roundtables on 18 May, a women’s gathering on 22 May, a human chain demonstration across Hyderabad on 25 May, and a sit-in protest on 1 June. Meanwhile, the [[Supreme Court of India]] has deferred its interim ruling on petitions against the Waqf Act to 5 May 2025.<ref name="IE1" /><ref name="IE2">{{cite news |title=Day after Supreme Court's red flag, Govt puts key aspects of Waqf law on hold until May 5 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/waqf-act-supreme-court-hearing-centre-appointments-to-boards-9949756/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 April 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

On 22 April 2025, a terrorist attack in the [[Baisaran Valley|Baisaran meadows]] near [[Pahalgam]] in Jammu and Kashmir resulted in the deaths of 26 civilians, including two foreign nationals, and left several others injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Who are the victims? Full list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-full-list-of-victims/article69482468.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref> [[The Resistance Front|The Resistance Front (TRF)]], affiliated with the banned [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] group, claimed responsibility.<ref name="TheHinduPahlagam">{{cite news |title=Pahalgam terror attack LIVE: India puts Indus Waters treaty 'in abeyance' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-jammu-kashmir-terror-attack-tourists-dead-injured-april-22-2025/article69478557.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref> Prominent Muslim organisations strongly condemned the attack, calling it inhuman and incompatible with Islamic principles. The [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB) issued a statement of condolence and announced a three-day suspension of its ongoing protests against the Waqf (Amendment) Act as a gesture of solidarity with the victims’ families.<ref name="NewIndianExpress">{{cite news |title=Muslim bodies condemn Pahalgam attack; Madani says terrorism contradicts Islam's policy of peace |agency=PTI |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/23/muslim-bodies-condemn-pahalgam-attack-madani-says-terrorism-contradicts-islams-policy-of-peace |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIMPLB Temporarily Suspends Waqf Protests Due To Pahalgam Terror Attack |agency=PTI |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/aimplb-temporarily-suspends-waqf-protests-due-to-pahalgam-terror-attack-ws-l-9310883.html |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Other reactions in India against the new amended Act===

On 23 March 2025, many Muslim leaders boycotted the [[Iftar]] hosted by Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] in protest against his support for the Waqf Bill, following an earlier announcement by the [[Imarat-e-Shariah]] and six other organisations. However, despite the call for a boycott, several Muslim leaders, including some members of the Imarat-e-Shariah, attended the event.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Santosh |title=Bihar Muslim body announces boycott of Nitish Kumar's Iftaar over Waqf Bill, Congress comes to his defence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-muslim-body-announces-boycott-of-nitish-kumars-iftaar-over-waqf-bill-congress-comes-to-his-defence-9902278/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 March 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2025-03-23 |title=Muslim organisations boycott Nitish Kumar's Iftar over his support to Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/muslim-organisations-boycott-nitish-kumars-iftar-over-his-support-to-waqf-amendment-bill/article69365379.ece |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Major Muslim organisations boycott Iftar hosted by Nitish Kumar over his waqf stance |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/major-muslim-organisations-boycott-iftar-hosted-by-bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-over-his-waqf-stance-prnt/cid/2090440 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324011238/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/major-muslim-organisations-boycott-iftar-hosted-by-bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-over-his-waqf-stance-prnt/cid/2090440 |archive-date=2025-03-24 |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 March 2025, the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB) launched a nationwide protest against the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, calling it "unconstitutional and undemocratic". The Board stated that the Bill undermines minority rights and announced a series of protests across Indian cities, including Patna, Vijayawada, Hyderabad, and Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mojib |first=Imran |title=Waqf Bill protests rock Patna from streets to the House |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/waqf-bill-protests-rock-patna-from-streets-to-the-house-1503412224.html |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)]] |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2025 |title=Will lead nationwide movement against Waqf Act until law repealed: AIMPLB |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/will-lead-nationwide-movement-against-waqf-act-until-law-repealed-aimplb-125040600007_1.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 17 April 2025, [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], chairman of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] and chief cleric of [[Jama Masjid, Srinagar|Srinagar's Jama Masjid]], criticised the Waqf (Amendment) Act, calling it an "assault on the Muslim identity". He expressed hope that the Supreme Court would uphold constitutional and religious rights and strike down the law. The Mirwaiz also stated that despite restrictions on meetings of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Ulama (MMU), a joint resolution had been passed to support the All India Muslim Personal Law Board’s stance against the Bill.<ref>{{Cite news |title=We hope apex court will accept our concerns and reject Waqf Amendment Bill: Mirwaiz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/we-hope-apex-court-will-accept-our-concerns-and-reject-waqf-amendment-bill-mirwaiz-101745259962705.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Other reactions in India in favor of the new amended Act===

On 31 March 2025, the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (CBCI), in support of the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, released a statement that certain provisions in the existing Central Waqf Act were inconsistent with the Constitution and the secular democratic values of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bishops bat for Waqf Amendment Bill, seek resolution to land disputes |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=1 April 2025 |first1=Pheroze L. |last1=Vincent |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bishops-bat-for-waqf-amendment-bill-seek-resolution-to-land-disputes-prnt/cid/2091763 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404050250/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bishops-bat-for-waqf-amendment-bill-seek-resolution-to-land-disputes-prnt/cid/2091763 |archive-date=4 April 2025|access-date=19 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> "In [[Kerala]], the Waqf Board has invoked these provisions to declare the ancestral residential properties of more than 600 families in the [[Munambam]] region as Waqf land. Over the past three years, this issue has escalated into a complex legal dispute. The fact remains that only a legal amendment can provide a permanent solution, and this must be recognised by the people’s representatives," noted the CBCI, asking the political parties and legislators to adopt an unbiased and constructive approach to this issue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=31 March 2025 |title=Association of Catholic bishops seeks unbiased, constructive approach to Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/association-of-catholic-bishops-seeks-unbiased-constructive-approach-to-waqf-amendment-bill/article69397163.ece |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Catholic bishops organisation backs Waqf Amendment Bill, seeks unbiased approach from political parties |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/catholic-bishops-organisation-backs-waqf-amendment-bill-seeks-unbiased-approach-from-political-parties-3470819 |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2025|title=Catholic bishops organisation backs Waqf amendment bill, seeks unbiased approach from political parties |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/catholic-bishops-organisation-backs-waqf-amendment-bill-seeks-unbiased-approach-from-political-parties-101743427344746.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402095353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/catholic-bishops-organisation-backs-waqf-amendment-bill-seeks-unbiased-approach-from-political-parties-101743427344746.html |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 April 2025, a [[Dawoodi Bohra]] community delegation expressed gratitude to Prime Minister Narendra Modi for the passage of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, fulfilling a long-standing demand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2025 |title=Dawoodi Bohra community thanks Modi for bringing Waqf (Amendment) Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dawoodi-bohra-community-thanks-modi-for-bringing-waqf-amendment-act/article69461907.ece |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2025 |title=Dawoodi Bohras express gratitude to PM Modi over Waqf Act amendment |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/dawoodi-bohras-express-gratitude-to-pm-modi-over-waqf-act-amendment-13880876.html |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dawoodi Bohra Delegation Meets PM Modi In Delhi, Thanks Him For Waqf (Amendment) Act |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/dawoodi-bohra-delegation-meets-pm-modi-in-delhi-thanks-him-for-waqf-amendment-act |first1=Manoj |last1=Ramakrishnan |date=19 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> However, The Waqf Amendment Bill has sparked intense opposition from the [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]] calling it as "Not right".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shia Personal Law Board May Approach Supreme Court Over Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shia-personal-law-board-may-approach-supreme-court-over-waqf-amendment-bill-7706376 |agency=Asian News International |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2025 |title=Shia Personal Law Board May Approach Supreme Court Over Waqf Amendment Bill |work=United Television Network News |url=https://utvnetwork.in/national/327259/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=en }}</ref>

===Reactions in Bangladesh===

{{see also|Bangladesh-India relations}}

On 12 April 2025, the [[March for Gaza]], held in the capital of Bangladesh, characterized it as part of a broader pattern of Muslim displacement in India. Participants called on the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and other countries to issue strong protests and give a coordinated diplomatical response.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2025 |title='মার্চ ফর গাজা' কর্মসূচি থেকে কী বার্তা দেওয়া হলো? |trans-title=What message was conveyed by the 'March for Gaza' program? |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cg5qz7e55peo |work=[[BBC Bangla]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Islam|2020s}}
* [[Central Waqf Council]]
* [[Custodian for Enemy Property for India]]
* [[Enemy Property Act, 1968]]
* [[Privy Purse in India]]
* [[Forest Rights Act (India)]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Transfer of Property Act 1882]]
* [[Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-waqf-amendment-bill-2024|author=PRS Legislative Research}}
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=152139&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 Waqf Amendment Bill 2024]

[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:2025 controversies]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Property law in India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2025]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]

Khandapada Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:47Z

TomOcampo9313: starting post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Khandapada}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khandapada
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 120
| type = SLA
| map_image = 120-Khandapada.svg
| map_caption = Khandapada Assembly constituency in [[Nayagarh district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,85,935{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Khandapada''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Nayagarh district]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Khandapada]], Khandapada block and Bhapur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp63.htm|title= 63 - Khandapada Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 12 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}|50.72}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|74.34}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.19}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.71}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|31.30}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|69.54}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.86}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|64.77}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.43}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|49.24}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|42.68}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Khandapada constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Khandapada Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/khandapada.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 20 August 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khandapada Assembly Election Results 2024: Khandapada Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/khandapada-constituency-result-18120 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Anubhav Patnaik]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Siddharth Sekhar Singh
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |Bijayalaxmi Pattnaik
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Aruna Kumar Pattanaik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Satyasundar Mishra
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Banshidhar Pattanaik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" |Raja Saheb Harihar Singh
Mardaraj Bhramarabara Roy
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sabitri Pradhan by a margin of 7,343 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khandapada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]]
|votes = 75,557
|percentage = 50.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Sabitri Pradhan
|votes = 68,214
|percentage = 45.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Anubhav Patnaik]]
|votes = 1,817
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Baijayanti Mala Mohanty
|votes = 1,373
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 597
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,343
|percentage = 4.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,964
|percentage = 80.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]] defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]] by a margin of 81,430 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khandapada<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]
|votes = 1,00,038
|percentage = 74.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]]
|votes = 18,608
|percentage = 13.83
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Siddharth Sekhar Singh
|votes=14,014
|percentage=10.41
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=1,020
|percentage=0.76
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 81,430
|percentage=60.51
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,34,565
|percentage=73.67
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Anubhav Patnaik]] defeated [[Aama Odisha Party]] candidate [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 601 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khandapada<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Khandapada|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18120.htm?ac=120|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=20 August 2014|archive-date=22 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822001849/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18120.htm?ac=120|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Khandapada (120)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821052726/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=120|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Anubhav Patnaik]]
|votes = 62,257
|percentage = 47.19
|change = {{down}}7.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aama Odisha Party
|candidate = [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]
|votes = 61,656
|percentage = 46.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shiba Prasad Bhanja
|votes = 3,895
|percentage = 2.95
|change = {{down}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Binodini Mohanty
|votes = 1,877
|percentage = 1.42
|change = {{down}}38.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 719
|percentage = 0.54
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 601
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{down}}14.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,940
|percentage = 81.07
|change = {{up}}8.39
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,62,747
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 general election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Siddharth Sekhar Singh defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 16,814 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=38758 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khandapada<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Siddharth Sekhar Singh
|votes = 61,654
|percentage = 54.71
|change = {{up}}27.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]
|votes = 44,840
|percentage = 39.79
|change = {{up}}21.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bijayalaxmi Pattnaik
|votes = 3,332
|percentage = 2.96
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,814
|percentage = 14.92{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,696
|percentage = 72.68{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 66.96%}}
|change = {{up}}5.72
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Independent
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayagarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.27|85.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Nayagarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Colaba Fort Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:44Z

TomOcampo9313: creating!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Colaba Fort
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 51,160
| mla = Parikh Nathalal Dayabhai
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Colaba Fort Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Parikh Nathalal Dayabhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Colaba Fort <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Parikh Nathalal Dayabhai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,236 |percentage = 47.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabawala Sharookh Ardeshir |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 9,077 |percentage = 35.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balsara Pram Nusserwanji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,498 |percentage = 13.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Advani Vasudo Hiranand |party = Independent politician |votes = 443 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ladia Kirtikrishna Kedarnath |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 440 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,159 |percentage = 12.29% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,694 |percentage = 50.22% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,694}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,160 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

I F P

2026-04-04T17:18:19Z

TomOcampo9313: starting stub

{{Short description|Multi-domain Creative festival in Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = IFP
| logo = IFP_Logo_Square_Dark.jpg
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| genre = Multi-disciplinary Creative Festival
| founded = {{start date|2011}}
| founder_name = Ritam Bhatnagar
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| services =
| ratio =
| rating =
| website = {{URL|ifp.world}}
| years_active = {{age|2011|range=no}}
| next = August to October 2025
| attendance = {{ubl|2024: 64,328}}
}}

'''IFP (formerly India Film Project)''' is a multi-disciplinary creative and cultural festival held annually in Mumbai, India. The event is renowned for its six 50 Hour time-bound challenges and a subsequent two-day multi-stage festival.

The festival's hallmark is its 50 Hour challenges, attracting participants from over 42 countries. These challenges include the ''50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge'', ''50 Hour Music Challenge'', ''50 Hour Design Challenge'', ''50 Hour Photography Challenge'', ''50 Hour Writing Challenge'', and ''50 Hour Performing Arts Challenge''. The ''50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge'', launched in 2011, is the oldest and flagship competition. In 2024, the challenges drew over 53,000 participants worldwide.

Following the completion of the challenges, the festival culminates in a two-day event in Mumbai. This gathering features prominent figures across various domains, including film, music, literature, digital media, audio & podcasting, design & visual art, photography, performing arts, advertising, gaming, technology, and culture, who engage with audiences through interactive sessions.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=IFP Season 14 Emerges as the Ultimate Hub of Creativity and Culture |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/ifp-season-14-emerges-as-the-ultimate-hub-of-creativity-and-culture |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=[[The Quint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Ahead of IFP Season 14, a Throwback to Past Editions Celebrating Creativity |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/ifp-season-14-celebrating-creativity |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

== History ==
IFP was started by Ritam Bhatnagar in 2011 as the Ahmedabad Film Project, a filmmaking competition for local filmmakers. In 2013 it was renamed the India Film Project, admitting entrants from other countries from 2014. The 14th edition held in October 2024 received entries from over 550 cities and 43 countries. In 2022, the festival was renamed as 'IFP' owing to festival expanding horizons from films to other creative domains such as digital, literature & writing, OTT, storytelling, visual art, performing arts, audio and podcasting, photography, gaming, tech and culture.

===Season 1===
The first Ahmedabad Film Project in 2011 received 86 entries from 18 cities. Filmmaker [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] was the jury member. More than 600 filmmakers participated in the event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dearcinema.com/call-for-entry/ahmedabad-film-project-open-for-entries/5758 |title=Ahmedabad Film Project: Open for Entries |date=12 August 2011 |work=DearCinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720042627/http://dearcinema.com/call-for-entry/ahmedabad-film-project-open-for-entries/5758 |archive-date=2013-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The theme for the filmmaking competition was 'Small things in life'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motachashma.com/scholarships/indian-film-project.php|title=Complete Details on India Film Project}}</ref> As founder Ritam says, "The motive of beginning this festival was to attract people towards filmmaking, considered a niche hobby back then". "The festival was meant to be a one-time activity, but the response was too good to make it an annual happening" he adds.

===Season 2===
[[File:IFP 2012 Jury.jpg|thumb|IFP 2012 Jury Members Vikramaditya Motwane, Komal Nahta and Rajesh Mapuskar]]
The 2012 Edition saw more than 1200 filmmakers, 120 teams from 24 cities across India, competing against each other to win the title of Best Film. Well-known Filmmakers like [[Shoojit Sircar]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], Rajesh Mapuskar and [[Komal Nahta]] were part of the jury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Ahmedabad-Film-Project-2012-is-back/articleshow/16408004.cms|title=Ahmedabad Film Project 2012 is back|last=Sahu|first=Deepika|date=15 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> The theme 'Ingredients of Good Living' caught well with the filmmakers with some of the best films coming out of the competition.

=== Season 3 ===
The 2013 Edition of India Film Project saw as many as 4200+ filmmakers from 40 cities across India and neighbouring countries. The film project went online by allowing participants to shoot films from their own cities and uploading online. The project extended their filmmaking hours from 48 hours to 50 hours. The project kicked off on 20 September 2014. Versatile and award-winning filmmakers like [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], [[Nikhil Advani]] and [[Bejoy Nambiar]] served as the jury members. For the first time in India, an online film festival was a part of 2013 edition in association with NFDC, which allowed everyone to watch their favourite films online on their computer screen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni56178401/|title=India Film Project to host online film festival with Nfdc|date=13 September 2013|work=[[IMDb]] |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> The winning films of 2013 edition received amazing response such that they were selected for Jaipur International Film Festival for special screening.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/IFP-films-at-JIFF/DNAHM69995|title=IFP Films at JIFF|last=Desai|first=Kinjal Shah|date=2 February 2014|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Season 4 ===
[[File:IFP 2014 Awards Ceremony.jpg|left|thumb|IFP 2014 winner along with Jury Hansal Mehta and Omung Kumar]]
The 2014 edition of IFP was announced on 28 May. The festival claimed to reach out to filmmakers from smaller towns and other countries through previous year's winning film screenings. The official trailer of 2014 edition was revealed on 4 June, which featured a military theme. The trailer was shot with extensive use of VFX and sent out the message 'Shoot before you get shot'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soas8pleIo0|title=India Film Project 2014 Trailer|date=4 June 2014|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

The jury for 2014 edition was announced in First week of August. The jury consisted of Indian cinema's [[Shyam Benegal]] and filmmakers [[Hansal Mehta]], [[Omung Kumar]] and [[Umesh Shukla]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/entries-open-for-india-film-project/ |title=Entries open for India Film Project 2014 |date=6 August 2014 |work=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903115629/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/entries-open-for-india-film-project/ |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

More than 8500 filmmakers participated in the edition from 85 cities across the world, mostly India, Singapore, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, Dubai, USA and UK. Almost 500 films were made in the challenge over the 50 hours beginning on 12 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Registrations-Open-for-India-Film-Project/2014/08/26/article2397993.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828142828/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Registrations-Open-for-India-Film-Project/2014/08/26/article2397993.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2014|title=Registrations Open for India Film Project|last=Lasrado|first=Svetlana|date=26 August 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Season 5 ===
[[File:Audience at IFP 2015 Awards Ceremony.jpg|thumb|Audiences at the fifth edition of IFP]]
The 2015 edition of IFP took the wings off festival to make it truly international. More than 14000 filmmakers are said to participate in this edition from 18 countries. The fifth season was announced on 15 May 2015 and the trailer was released on 15 June. The 2015 trailer was shot using a technique called visual illusion and garnered huge popularity amongst participants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtqDybRq6wQ|title=India Film Project 2015 Trailer|date=15 June 2015|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
[[File:IFP 2015 Winner receiving Award.jpg|left|thumb|IFP 2015 Winner Vijay Velukutty receiving trophy from Jury Ketan Mehta, Guneet Monga and Raja Sen.|212x212px]]
The festival lined up some very prominent faces of Bollywood who came forward as jury members. Two times National award winners [[Ketan Mehta]] and [[Onir]] along with film critic Raja Sen took up the mammoth task of judging 700+ films. The festival also saw its first female jury member [[Guneet Monga]] who was much appraised by the festival fans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=71487&boxid=2717&ed_date=2015-09-17&ed_code=1310009&ed_page=8|title=South Indian Entries Flood IFP 2015|date=17 September 2015|work=DnaIndia.com |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>

The festival saw participation from south Indian states such as Telangana, AP, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Apart from India, participation was seen from USA, UK, Germany, Singapore, Dubai, Australia, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Pakistan, Malaysia and other countries. The filmmaking hours started on 18 September and ended on 20 September.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

=== Season 6 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Kanan at IFP 2016.jpg|thumb|186x186px|Kanan Gill engages with audience]]
IFP 2016 was the festival's first edition to be held outside Ahmedabad. The festival officially moved to [[Mumbai]] as its new home ground. The 50-hour filmmaking competition saw more than 23,600 filmmakers who took part and made 1,220 films over the weekend. The theme announced was 'Top of the World'. The jury for the festival was [[Madhur Bhandarkar]], [[Nagesh Kukunoor]], [[Sriram Raghavan]] and southern super director [[Vetrimaaran]]. A good number of teams also participated from China, Dubai, US, and 16 more countries.
[[File:Audience at 6th edition.jpg|left|thumb|182x182px|More than 8,000 film enthusiasts at IFP 2016]]

The grand finale held on 1 October at Mumbai.

[[Kanan Gill]] lead a conversation on 'How not to make a film' where he took the audience view of content creation. [[East India Comedy]] was represented by [[Sorabh Pant]], Angad Singh and Azeem Banatwala, seen conversing with [[Raja Sen]] about importance of giving offence. Nikhil Taneja from [[Y-Films]] along with [[Anupama Chopra]], Nidhi Bisht and Sameer Saxena from [[The Viral Fever]] conversed about the anatomy of making and distributing a web-series, a rather new form of content for youngsters. Karan Talwar and Anisha Rickshawalli joined Raja Sen in discussing about Split Personality on screen. Apart from conversations, the day also included a workshop on short storytelling and short filmmaking conducted by Terribly Tiny Tales and a screening of popular web films by Pocket Films.

The evening also saw Sumeet Vyas, Nidhi Singh of [[Permanent Roommates]] fame, Naveen Kasturia, Maanvi Gagroo and Amol Parashar from [[The Viral Fever]]. The event was hosted by RJ Megha, [[Malishka RJ]] and Rishi Kapoor. The event was attended by over 8,000 film enthusiasts from around the country.

[[File:Neha Dhupia and Dia Mirza at IFP Season 7.jpg|thumb|Neha Dhupia and Dia Mirza at IFP Season 7]]

=== Season 7 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
The 2017 festival was held at Nehru Center in Mumbai on 30 September and 1 October. More than 29,000 filmmakers from 18 countries participated in the 50-hour challenge, creating over 1,503 films, each of them 4 to 6 minutes, on the theme 'Everything is connected' over a weekend. The jury for the seventh edition of the festival was [[Ram Madhvani]], [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] and [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]].

The 'Best of Digital' awards for YouTube videos were introduced with 5,512 nominations in 7 categories. Two other challenges added to festival were a Short scriptwriting challenge that was executed in association with Terribly Tiny Tales and a Poster Design challenge in association with The Souled Store.
[[File:Ashutosh Gowariker in conversation with RJ Megha.jpg|thumb|Ashutosh Gowariker in conversation with RJ Megha]]

The festival had 16,000 visitors attending conversations, workshops and screenings. [[The Viral Fever]]'s new web-series called ''[[TVF Inmates|Inmates]]'' had its premiere at the festival, five days before its official launch.

The festival saw the likes of [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], [[Nikkhil Advani]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Prajakta Koli]], [[Nidhi Bisht]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Baradwaj Rangan]], [[Kunal Kohli]], Harsh Beniwal, [[Prahlad Kakkar]], [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], [[Vasan Bala]] and over 80 other speakers.

[[Godrej Cinthol|Cinthol]], [[NEXA|Maruti Suzuki]], [[Hotstar]], [[Nokia]] and [[Gujarat Tourism]] were the main sponsors of the event.

=== Season 8 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
IFP Season 8 saw over 32,000 filmmakers participating and producing 1,550 short films in a duration of 50 hours. The eighth season saw participation from over 300 cities and 30 countries, with teams coming in from USA, UK, Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Dubai, Germany, China, France and more. This was the first time that IFP declared separate theme for each of its categories, namely Professional, Amateur and Mobile. The jury for the 50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge were [[Sudhir Mishra]], [[Milan Luthria]] and RS Prasanna.
[[File:Ayushmann Khurrana at IFP Season 8.jpg|thumb|Ayushmann Khurrana at IFP Season 8]]
The two-day festival in Mumbai was spread across four stages, talking about creation, collaboration and celebration of content. Over 16,000 visitors attended the two-day festival, consisting of engaging conversations, screenings, workshops and Ask me Anythings. The festival saw presence of [[Alexander Payne]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana|Ayushmann Khurana]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Ashwin Sanghi]], [[Vidya Vox]], [[Shankar Tucker]], [[Bhuvan Bam]], [[Prajakta Koli]], [[Hansal Mehta]], [[Ashwini Iyer Tiwary]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Kunaal Roy Kapur|Kunal Roy Kapoor]], [[Anupama Chopra]], [[Mithila Palkar]], [[Dhruv Sehgal]], [[Rajeev Masand]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], [[Bejoy Nambiar]], [[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Mallika Dua]], [[Kaneez Surka]], Ashish Chanchlani and over 70 more artists. [[The Viral Fever]]'s upcoming series Hostel Daze and [[Dice Media]]'s What the Folks Season 2 were premiered at the festival.

The festival also saw three challenges: Poster Design Challenge for designers, Short Scriptwriting Challenge for writers and Voice Your Words Challenge for Storytellers.

[[Datsun]], [[Lifebuoy (soap)|Lifebuoy]], [[IMDb]], [[Johnnie Walker]] and [[Gujarat Tourism]] were the main sponsors of the season 8.

=== Season 9 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Naseeruddin Shah at IFP Season 9.jpg|alt=Naseeruddin Shah at IFP Season 9|thumb|Naseeruddin Shah at IFP Season 9]]
IFP Season 9, held in September–October timelines, saw over 36,000 filmmakers participating and producing 1,710 short films in a duration of 50 hours. The participation came from 320 cities and 18 countries, with teams from USA, UK, Australia, Turkey, Dubai, Singapore and many more. The jury for the Challenge were [[Abhishek Chaubey]], [[Anjali Menon|Anjani Menon]], [[Pan Nalin]] and [[Pradeep Sarkar]].

The two-day festival was moved to Mehboob Studios at Bandra, Mumbai at a fairly large venue to accommodate the growing community. Over 17,000 creators from 58 cities travelled down to attend the festival, which was spread across 4 stages, with interesting conversations, workshops and screenings. The festival saw presence of [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], [[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Radhika Madan]], [[Jim Sarbh]], [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], [[Prajakta Koli]], [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]], [[Abish Mathew]], [[Ashish Shakya]], [[Aparshakti Khurana|Aparshakti Khurrana]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Anupama Chopra]], [[Anand Gandhi]], [[Kusha Kapila]], [[Jordindian]], [[Be Younick]], [[Beer Biceps]], [[Gaurav Taneja]], [[Kaneez Surka]], [[Gaurav Gera]], Ritviz, [[Naezy]] [[Mikey McCleary]], [[Ahsaas Channa]], [[Anand Tiwari]], [[Yahya Bootwala]], Amandeep Singh, [[Kubbra Sait]] and over 80 more artists. The workshops on post-production, cinematic lighting, pitching, visual effects, use of gimbal, creativity, visual storytelling, self care and many other sessions were introduced to reach out to relevant audiences. The poster of Divya Dutta and Swara Bhaskar's upcoming film [[Sheer Qorma (film)|Sheer Qorma]] was launched at the festival amidst much fanfare. [[Mikhil Musale]]'s upcoming film [[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]] starring Rajkumar Rao also launched its teaser at the festival.

The festival also saw participation across Scriptwriting Challenge, Storytelling Challenge and Design Challenge. The winning stories from Storytelling Challenge were later converted in to audiobooks. The winning posters from the Design Challenge are being merchandised and sold to larger audiences across India.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

[[Signature (whisky)|Signature]], [[Myntra]], [[Exide]], [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]], [[Nikon]], [[DJI (company)|DJI]], Kingston and [[Gujarat Tourism]] were the principal sponsors of the season 9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2019-10-05 |title=India Film Project returns for Season 9 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/Oct/05/india-film-project-returns-for-season-9-2043490.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Season 10 ===
IFP Season 10 saw over 53,000 unique creators participate across challenges and over 27,000 creators attend the 4 day virtual festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Show goes on|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/oct/19/show-goes-on-2212398.html|access-date=2020-10-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Festival Director [[Ritam Bhatnagar]] quoted "''Season 10 was nothing short of a miracle. To pull off a festival with over 65,000 unique creators in challenges and virtual festival amidst times when most festivals were getting cancelled has been our feat in itself''".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Brains Behind India Film Project Open Up About Their Creative Process, Their Journey So Far|url=https://www.mensxp.com/culture/arts/81661-ifp-founder-creative-director-interview.html|access-date=2020-10-30|work=MensXP}}</ref> The participation came from 343 cities and 23 countries.

The 50 Hour Filmmaking saw approximately 38,000 filmmakers participate and create 1804 short films over a weekend. The festival also introduced a 50 Hour Music Challenge, one of its kind which saw 1,200 original tracks made by 11,000 participating musicians from across 7 countries. The festival saw surge in participation across Scriptwriting, Storytelling and Design Challenge.

The organisers announced a 4-day virtual festival that saw over 27,000 attendees across 3 stages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Vibe With Your Virtual Tribe & Industry Experts At Asia's Largest Content Festival; IFPX|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/vibe-with-your-virtual-tribe-at-asias-largest-content-festival-ifpx/18014335|access-date=2020-10-30|work=iDiva}}</ref> Some of the people on IFP's stage in 2020 were [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Maitreyi Ramakrishnan|Maiteryi Ramakrishnan]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Mira Nair]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Kirti Kulhari]], [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Shweta Tripathi]], [[Vikrant Massey]], [[Resul Pookutty]], [[Mumbiker Nikhil]], [[Beyounick]], [[Rasika Dugal]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Kabir Akhtar]], [[Karthik Subbaraj]], [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]], [[Guneet Monga]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guneet Monga on being valued at festivals and boxed in Bollywood: I feel like living double life|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/guneet-monga-on-being-valued-at-festivals-and-boxed-in-bollywood-i-feel-like-living-double-life-659738 |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=[[India TV]]}}</ref> [[Madhu Trehan]], [[Kusha Kapila]], [[Mohd. Zeeshan Ayyub]], Dolly Singh, [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Amol Parashar]], [[Maanvi Gagroo]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Jim Sarbh]], [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Priya Malik]] and over 140 artists on the stage. The festival also saw workshops on cinematography, pre-production, music production, illustrations, doodling, sound design and many more by [[GoPro]], [[Sennheiser]], [[Spotify]], [[Celtx]], [[XP-PEN|XP Pen]], etc.

[[OnePlus]], [[Bumble]], [[Tata Sky]], [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Fujifilm]], [[Mubi (streaming service)|MUBI]] were the main sponsors for the season 10.

=== Season 11 ===
Amidst the covid chaos, the organisers decided to continue season 11 as a virtual festival. The season saw over 65,000 unique creators participate across the 5 creative challenges and over 29,000 creators attend the 4 day virtual festival, held from 21 to 24 October 2021. The festival saw participation from over 417 cities and 31 unique countries, making it one of the most widely spread participation.

Flagship 50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge saw 32,300 filmmakers creating 1,527 short films from 24 to 26 Sep 2021. The 50 Hour Music Challenge in its second edition saw over 11,600 musicians from over 11 countries creating 1,087 tracks across Pop, Hip Hop, Folk Fusion, Electronic and Rock genres.

The 7 Day Storytelling, Writing and Design challenges were further bifurcated to include poetry, short stories, digital illustrations and digital collages respectively.

The 4 day virtual festival diversified to also include conversations about game development, photography, technology, advertising and performing arts. Spread across 4 stages, festival saw some of the culture shaping artists on stage including [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[R. Madhavan|R Madhavan]], [[Vir Das]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane|Vikram Motwane]], [[Prateek Kuhad]], [[Ritviz]], [[Bhuvan Bam]], [[Anuja Chauhan]], [[Amish Tripathi]], [[Emma Donoghue]], [[Tom Perrotta]], [[Asif Kapadia]], Ranveer Allahbadia, [[Saloni Gaur]], [[Sayani Gupta]], [[Ankur Tewari]], Anuv Jain, Ayush Mehra, [[Brodha V]], Dar Gai, [[Guneet Monga]], Hanif Kureshi, Kausar Munir, [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], Lifafa, MC Altaf, Prateek vats, [[Seema Pahwa]] and over 150 others.

The festival was sponsored by [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]], [[Signature (whisky)|Signature]], [[DSP Mutual Fund]], [[Fujifilm]], [[Intel]], [[Dish TV|DishTV]], [[Sennheiser]], [[Mubi (streaming service)|MUBI]] and [[Punjab Tourism]] and saw support from partners like [[Ableton]], [[Audient]], First Draft, [[FL Studio]], [[Pantone]], [[Filmfare]], [[The Viral Fever|TVF]] and many more.

=== Season 12 ===
[[File:IFP2022 1.jpg|thumb|Rohit Saraf & Prajakta Koli at IFP Season 12|252x252px]]
The festival came back with its on-ground run after two years virtually. The season saw over 56,500 creators participate across 7 creative challenges, with two additional challenges being introduced - the 50 Hour Photography Challenge and 7 Day Standup Challenge. The 2 day festival was attended by over 13,750 creators at Mumbai, held on October 7 and 8, 2022. The participation came from 378 cities and 39 countries.

The 2 day festival expanded to culture space with inclusion of politics and gaming, and saw people like [[Tom Schulman]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Vijay Varma]], [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]], [[Rohit Saraf]], [[R. Balki|R Balki]], [[Gauri Shinde]], [[Prajakta Koli]], Ankur Warikoo, [[Dr. Siddharth Warrier]], [[Anand Gandhi]], [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Makarand Deshpande]], [[Leeza Mangaldas]], Sonam Nair, [[Yashraj Mukhate]], [[Richie Mehta]], [[Raj Shamani]] and over 150 others.

The festival was sponsored by [[Mountain Dew]], DSP Mutual Fund, [[Intel]], Boat, [[QuillBot]], [[Sennheiser]], Croma & MP Tourism.

=== Season 13 ===
[[File:Imran Khan making a public comeback at IFP after almost a decade.jpg|thumb|[[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] making a public comeback at IFP after almost a decade]]
The 2023 edition saw over 47,800 creative minds come together to participate in the 50 Hour challenges. The two day festival saw creators like [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], [[Kunal Khemu|Kunal Kemmu]], [[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Anna Ben]], [[Vir Das]], [[Rohan Joshi]], [[Raghav Juyal]], [[Nimrat Kaur]], [[Sheeba Chaddha|Sheeba Chadha]], [[Shefali Shah]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Arivu]], [[Hanumankind]], [[Prabh Deep|Prabhdeep]], [[Vishnu Kaushal]] amongst 172 personalities who climbed the stage.

IFP Season 13 was sponsored by [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Motocorp]], [[DSP Mutual Fund]], [[Meesho]] & Sennheiser.

=== Season 14 ===
[[File:Joseph Gordon Levitt in conversation with Rajkumar Rao.jpg|thumb|247x247px|[[Joseph Gordon-Levitt|Joseph Gordon Levitt]] in conversation with [[Rajkummar Rao]]]]
IFP Season 14 introduced new elements, including the Mono Act category under the Performing Arts Challenge and the transformation of its 7-day challenges into 50-hour formats. The two-day festival, held on October 12–13, 2024, in Mumbai, attracted an audience of over 15,310 attendees.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

A key highlight of the season was the attendance of renowned Hollywood actor and filmmaker [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]], who made his first visit to India to participate as a speaker. The event featured engaging and insightful sessions from prominent personalities, including [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Ram Madhvani]], [[Prasoon Pandey]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Sharvari]], [[Ranveer Brar]], [[Harun Robert|Rob]], [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], [[Vikas Swarup]], [[Chaitanya Tamhane]], [[Mansi Ugale]], [[Mayank Shekhar]], [[Sasha Jairam]], [[Avanti Nagral]], and Yashraj, among others.

In collaboration with Intel, IFP achieved a Guinness World Record for "The most number of AI-generated images uploaded to a bespoke website in one hour."{{cn|date=December 2024}} The 14th season was supported by major sponsors, including [[Intel]], [[ITC Bingo]], [[Royal Stag]], [[Jameson Irish Whiskey|Jameson]], and [[Sennheiser]].

=== Season 15 (2025) ===
In 2025, IFP marked its fifteenth season with its annual '''50 Hour Creative Challenges''' followed by the '''IFP Festival'''. The Season 15 festival was held on '''29–30 November 2025''' at '''Mehboob Studios, Mumbai''', featuring sessions, workshops, discussions and live performances across multiple creative domains under the festival theme of ''Creativity × Culture''.<ref>{{cite web |title=IFP Season 15 |url=https://ifp.world/season-15/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=IFP}}</ref>

As part of Season 15, IFP conducted a series of time-bound challenges across categories including filmmaking, music, photography, writing, design and performing arts, scheduled between '''September and October 2025'''. The '''50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge''' ran from '''10–12 October 2025'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=IFP Season 15 – 50 Hour Challenges schedule (Sep–Oct 2025) |url=https://ifp.world/season-15/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=IFP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge (Season 15 dates: 10–12 Oct 2025) |url=https://ifp.world/50hour-film/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=IFP}}</ref>

For Season 15, IFP listed AllEvents as its '''Event Marketing Partner'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=IFP Festival Season 15 – Friends of IFP (Event Marketing Partner) |url=https://ifp.world/festivals/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=IFP}}</ref>

== Labs ==

=== Web Writers' Lab ===
In 2018, IFP started an exclusive lab for writers in web domain along with Pocket Aces. The lab saw over 1200 applications and 10 selected writers underwent a seven-day residential program at Mumbai. The lab was mentored by leading writers from Indian web content ecosystem including [[Dhruv Sehgal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-05|title=FilterCopy and India Film Project launch 'Web Writers' Lab' for aspiring writers to prosper in Digital Media|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/filtercopy-india-film-project-launch-web-writers-lab-aspiring-writers-prosper-digital-media/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=MediaNews4U}}</ref>

In 2020, the second season of lab took place in middle of pandemic, receiving more than 2000 applications for a 5-day virtual residency program.

=== Podcast Lab ===
In 2021, IFP partnered with [[Spotify]] and [[Anchor (app)|Anchor]] to create India's first lab for podcasters, a 25 week long program to mentor and handhold aspiring podcasters for producing their first season. The lab saw over 1200 applicants and 200 podcasters from 63 cities were selected as a part of first batch after a thorough interview process. The lab included mentors like [[Anupama Chopra]], [[Varun Duggirala]], [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]], [[Chhavi Sachdev]], Kedar Nimkar, [[Mayank Shekhar]], Joshua Thomas and many more.

== 50 Hour Challenges ==

=== 50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge ===
Started in 2011, 50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge is IFP's flagship challenge that has seen over 1.85 Lakh filmmakers participate in last 11 years. The challenge is one of the largest filmmaking challenge in the world, with participation from all 5 continents. Participants can choose to participate across ''Professional, Amateur'' or ''Mobile'' category depending on their experience and equipment usage. In 2015, the challenge was made open to films made in all languages. The winning films from the challenge were broadcast on MTV India in IFP's official show called IFP Shorts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2020|title=MTV and IFP bring IFP Shorts, a platform for budding filmmakers to showcase short films|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/11/mtv-and-ifp-bring-ifp-shorts-a-platform-for-budding-filmmakers-to-showcase-short-films/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Theme !! Films !! Participants !! Cities !! Countries !! Jury
|-
| '''2011''' || ''Small things in life'' || 86 ||620 || 14 || 1 || [[Sanjay Gadhvi]], Ashish Kakkad
|-
| '''2012''' || ''Ingredients of good living'' || 121 || 1,510 || 22 || 1 || [[Shoojit Sircar]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], [[Komal Nahta]], Rajesh Mapuskar
|-
| '''2013''' || ''India can change'' || 322 || 4,270 || 44 || 3 || [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], [[Nikhil Advani]], [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
|-
| '''2014''' || ''Progress has many meanings'' || 619 || 10,600 || 122 || 11 || [[Shyam Benegal]], [[Hansal Mehta]], [[Omung Kumar]], [[Umesh Shukla]]
|-
| '''2015''' || ''There is a twist in the end'' || 700+ || 14,400 || 184 || 18 || [[Ketan Mehta]], [[Onir]], [[Raja Sen]], [[Guneet Monga]]
|-
| '''2016''' || ''Top of the world'' || 1,220 || 23,600 || 242 || 20 || [[Madhur Bhandarkar]], [[Sriram Raghavan]], [[Nagesh Kukunoor]], [[Vetrimaaran]]
|-
|'''2017'''
|''Everything is connected''
|1,503
|29,000
|262
|18
|[[Ram Madhvani]], [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]], [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]
|-
|'''2018'''
|Professional Category - ''A story of Change''
Amateur Category - ''Experience Change''

Mobile Category - ''Precaution is better than Cure''
|1,550
|32,000
|300
|30
|[[Sudhir Mishra]], [[Milan Luthria]], RS Prasanna
|-
|'''2019'''
|Professional Category - ''A Tale of Passion''
Amateur Category - ''Your Reason to Road''

Mobile Category - ''What's Stopping You?''
|1,710
|36,000
|320
|18
|[[Abhishek Chaubey]], [[Anjali Menon]], [[Pan Nalin]], [[Pradeep Sarkar]]
|-
|'''2020'''
|Professional Category - ''Brave New World''
Amateur Category - ''Almost Famous''

Mobile Category - ''Stop at Nothing''
|1,804
|38,000
|334
|22
|[[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]], [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK]], [[Shubhashish Bhutiani|Subhashish Bhutiani]]
|-
|'''2021'''
|Professional Category - ''You are'' m''ore than your Name''
Amateur Category - ''How Money makes you Feel''

Mobile Category - ''Language of Joy''
|1,527
|32,300
|347
|18
|[[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]], [[Leena Yadav]], [[Shakun Batra]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|Professional Category - ''No Fear is Small''
Amateur Category - ''The Best Advice''
Mobile Category - ''No Fear is Small''
|1,715
|34,100
|341
|21
|[[Alankrita Shrivastava]], [[Jeo Baby]], [[Rima Das]], [[Selvaraghavan]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Professional Category - ''Invest for Good''
Amateur Category - ''We are our choices''

Mobile Category - ''There is always a Plan-B''
|1,325
|25,478
|386
|25
|[[Anvita Dutt|Anvitaa Dutt]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautham V Menon]], [[Habib Faisal]], [[B. V. Nandini Reddy|Nandini Reddy]], [[Rahul Dholakia]]
|-
|'''2024'''
|Professional Category - ''Feel like a Queen''
Amateur Category - ''A Happy Discovery''

Mobile Vertical Category - ''Building Something Together''

Mobile Horizontal Category - ''The Missing Piece in the Puzzle''
|1,418
|31,267
|367
|31
|[[Amit Sharma (director)|Amit Sharma]], [[Devashish Makhija]], [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Lijo Jose Pellissery|Lijo Jose Pellisery]], [[Sooni Taraporevala]]
|}

=== 50 Hour Music Challenge ===
Added in 2020, the concept according to organisers was derived from already existing rule of creating original music in the 50 Hour Filmmaking Challenge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=India Film Project Is Back With Its 50-Hour Music Challenge, We Have All The Deets|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/music/india-film-projects-50-hour-music-challenge/18013182|access-date=2021-12-03|website=iDiva}}</ref> The challenge has 5 genres that participants can choose from, namely Pop, Rock, Hip Hip, Folk Fusion and Electronic. The musicians are required to create original piece of music in just 50 hours on a given theme, which is later judged by pre-jury and jury.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Theme
!Tracks
!Participants
!Cities
!Countries
!Jury
|-
|'''2020'''
|''A song about growing up and how things change''
|1208
|11,341
|204
|7
|[[Dualist Inquiry]], [[Lisa Mishra]], [[Naezy]], [[Raman Negi]], [[Vasu Dixit]]
|-
|'''2021'''
|''Write a Song about little things in life that make you happy''
|1087
|11,622
|252
|11
|[[Ashwin Gopakumar]], [[Brodha V]], Lifafa, [[Nirali Kartik]], [[Nitin Malik]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|''Dreams that keep you awake''
|1,212
|10,104
|215
|12
|OAFF, [[Raja Kumari]], [[Rajan Batra]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|''Create an Anthem of a city you love''
|1,018
|11,238
|289
|10
|[[Amit Kilam]], [[KaamBhari]], [[Rashmeet Kaur]], [[SickFlip]], [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|-
|'''2024'''
|''A song about giving in to your desire at the moment without worrying about any consequences''
|1,058
|10,131
|307
|13
|[[Arivu]], [[Darbuka Siva]], [[Shor Police]], [[Sushin Shyam]], [[Tech Panda & Kenzani]]
|}

=== 50 Hour Design Challenge ===
Running since 2017, the challenge was initially launched as a poster design challenge, inviting designers to recreate movie posters on a given theme within 7 days. In 2020, an additional category of Fan Art was added to the challenge. Owing to huge participation in 2020 and continuous demand for adding even more categories, Digital Illustrations and Digital Collage were additionally added in 2021. In 2022, a UI/UX category was also added on popular demand, and 'Brand book' category in 2023.

In 2024, the challenge was re-packaged to 50 Hour Design Challenge and a new category called 'AI Art' was added.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Theme
!Participants
!Jury
|-
|'''2017'''
|Minimal Poster
|628
|Raj Khatri
|-
|'''2018'''
|Minimal Poster
|871
|Raj Khatri
|-
|'''2019'''
|Contemporary Modern Day poster for Old Films made between 1970 and 1999
|1286
|Raj Khatri
|-
|'''2020'''
|Fan Art - ''Rebel (Choose a respectful and recognizable or fictional Rebellious figure)''
Poster Art - ''Crossover Poster between any two movies, two shows, two books or two music album.''
|1871
|Aaron Pinto, Raj Khatri, [[Vimal Chandran]]
|-
|'''2021'''
|Poster and Cover Art - ''Incorporate a relevant Brand in Movie Poster / Book Cover / Music Album Art''
Fan Art - ''What if your favourite Creators/Public figure/Sportsman had a Different Job/Profession''

Digital Illustration - ''Alternate History''

Digital Collage - ''What’s your Idea of India''
|1928
|[[Mehek Malhotra]], [[Santanu Hazarika]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|Poster & Cover Art - ''Create a spin-off movie/series/book poster of your favorite side character. Give it a title and a tagline''
Fan Art - ''Time Travel - Re-imagine your favourite creators, artists, sports personalities, politicians and scientists from history in today's time.''

Digital Illustration - ''Imagine a New year party in 3000s''

Digital Doodle - ''Doodle the spirit of your town, village or city''

UI/UX - ''A Recipe App''
|1816
|[[Mounica Tata]], Prasad Bhat, Saptarshi Prakash, [[Srishti Gupta Roy]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Poster and Cover Art - ''Convert a movie poster into a book cover or music album art.''
Fan Art - ''Re-create any iconic pop-culture moment in the last decade of your favourite public figure''

Digital Illustration - ''Re-create your Happy Place with you in it''

Brand Book - ''Create a brand for your favourite Creators Clothing line''

UI/UX - ''A disaster management app that helps you cope up with any ongoing disaster, based on your location it prepares you and gives you a checklist to do if you get stuck in a disaster.''
|2278
|D. Udaya Kumar, Gopi Prasannaa, Jayesh Joshi, Jayesh Sachdev, Rahul Saini
|-
|'''2024'''
|Poster and Cover Art - ''A Poster out of Any News of 2024 - If a Movie was Made on it''
Fan Art - ''A Portrait of a Famous Personality using Typography''

Digital Illustration - ''Celebrating 'Love for Indian Cinema''

Brand Book - ''A Brand Book for a Device that Translates what Animals are Saying into Human Language''

UI Design - ''Elderly Care Support App''

AI Art - ''Exploring the world inside a Child’s Dreams''

Doodle - ''Moments of Friendship''
|2481
|Chaaya Prabhat, Maanvi Kapur, Munz TDT, [[Harun Robert|Rob]], Sabari Venu, Shreeya Malpani, Varun Gupta
|}

=== 50 Hour Writing Challenge ===
Introduced in 2017, the challenge has been participated by over 11,000 writers in last 6 years. Initially, the challenge saw only short scriptwriting as an accepted format. However, owing to challenge's popularity amongst writers across the world, a short story category was later added in 2021 and Think Piece category in 2022.

In 2024, the challenge was re-packaged to 50 Hour Writing Challenge and a new category called 'Mini Series' was added.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Theme
!Participants
!Jury
|-
|'''2017'''
|Over the Edge
|971
|NA
|-
|'''2018'''
|Modern Day Love
|1219
|NA
|-
|'''2019'''
|Old School Love in time of Technology
|1483
|[[Apurva Asrani]], [[Bhavani Iyer]], [[Saiwyn Quadras]]
|-
|'''2020'''
|Whatever it takes
|1961
|[[Atika Chohan]], [[Hitesh Kewalya]], [[Niren Bhatt]]
|-
|'''2021'''
|Ticket to Anywhere
|1578
|[[Gazal Dhaliwal]], [[Hardik Mehta]], [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|Scriptwriting - ''From the Antagonist’s perspective''
Short Story - ''Hero with a Thousand Faces''

Think Piece - ''Conflict''
|1891
|[[Anuja Chauhan]], [[Aleesha Matharu]], [[Janice Pariat]], [[Kanika Dhillon]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Scriptwriting - ''White Lies''
Short Story - ''There Is Always A Way''

Think Piece - ''Conspiracy Theory''
|2041
|[[Advaita Kala]], [[Madhu Trehan]], [[Tanushree Podder]]
|-
|'''2024'''
|Short Story - ''Moment of Clarity''
Short Script - ''I woke up in a fictional world''

Think Piece - ''Is Originality Dead?''

Mini Series - ''The Sun Rose in the West''
|2112
|[[Abbas Tyrewala]], [[Anand Neelakantan]], [[Hemanth M. Rao|Hemanth Rao]], [[Ira Mukhoty]], [[Sandeep Modi]], [[Urmi Juvekar]], [[Yashica Dutt]]
|}

=== 50 Hour Performing Arts Challenge ===
Previously known as 7 Day Storytelling challenge, it was brought to light in 2018 with spoken word as its only category. In 2021, poetry was added since organisers felt both were active form of performing arts expressions. In last 5 years, over 7,100 performers have participated actively from over 19 countries with major participation coming in English and Hindi languages.

In 2024, the challenge was re-packaged to 50 Hour Performing Arts Challenge and a new category called 'Mono Acting' was added.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Theme
!Participants
!Jury
|-
|'''2018'''
|A short film called my life
|628
|NA
|-
|'''2019'''
|Not So Superhero
|867
|Jidnya Sujata, [[Yahya Bootwala]], Amandeep Singh
|-
|'''2020'''
|What's your Utopia
|1038
|[[Hussain Haidry]], Priya Malik
|-
|'''2021'''
|They Say I'm Different
|1103
|[[Akhil Katyal]], [[Aranya Johar]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|That Moment
|1141
|Arundhati Subramaniam, Mehak Mirza Prabhu, Nidhi Narwal
|-
|'''2023'''
|Spoken Word - ''What If? Why Not?''
Poetry - ''Trip to the Moon''
|1011
|Azhar Iqbal, Rakesh Tiwari, Swastika Rajput, Sonnet Monda
|-
|'''2024'''
|Spoken Word - ''I Built My Own World''
Poetry - ''The universe that Looks Upon Me''

Mono Act - ''A Birthday Wish For Someone Who Is No More''
|818
|[[Dolly Thakore]], [[Lillete Dubey]], Manoj Shah, Puneet Sharma, Simar Singh
|}

=== 50 Hour Photography Challenge ===
This challenge was introduced in 2022, to enable photographers to participate in a time-bound manner. The debut challenge year saw over 1,000+ participating photographers from 4 countries.

In 2024, the challenge format was changed to one new theme every ten hours
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Theme
!Participants
!Jury
|-
|'''2022'''
|Old Everything
|1118
|Arjun Mark, Avani Rai, [[Radhakrishnan Chakyat]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Joy of Missing Out
|1219
|Harpreet Bachher, Tarun Chouhan
|-
|'''2024'''
|Prompt 1 - Million dollar reaction
Prompt 2: Humans are Machines

Prompt 3: Fashion on the streets

Prompt 4: Life at 3 AM

Prompt 5: Odd one out
|1184
|[[Sasha Jairam]], [[Subrata Biswas]]
|}

=== 7 Day Standup Challenge ===
Seeing the national standup scene grown exponentially, and yet lack of platforms for comics that could catapult them nationally, the challenge was introduced as a community voted initiative. The debut challenge year saw over 800 comics from 14 year olds to 62 years olds, participate.

This challenge was dis-continued from 2024.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Theme
!Participants
!Jury
|-
|'''2022'''
|Modern problems require modern solutions
|816
|[[Aditi Mittal]], [[Neeti Palta]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Unpopular Opinion
|717
|Appurv Gupta, [[Raunaq Rajani]]
|}

==See also==
* [[All India Bakchod]]
* [[East India Comedy]]
* [[The Viral Fever]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Entertainment events in India]]
[[Category:Competitions in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Internet film festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Mumbai]]

Telwa Bazar Halt railway station

2026-04-02T03:36:33Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up Some Stub From Scratch!

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Telwa Bazar Halt
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = {{Photomontage| | photo2a=Telwa Bazar Halt Railway Station 01.jpg | photo1a=Telwa Bazar Halt railway station.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 0 | color = white | color_border = transparent }}
| caption = Platform shed (above) and station building with ticket counter (below) at Telwa Bazar Halt railway station.
| address = Telwa Bazar, [[Jamui district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.69427|N|86.55695|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 2
| Elevation = 243 meters (797 feet)
| parking = Yes
| establish = 2002
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TLB
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''HG-2'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Telwa Bazar Halt railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Telwa Bazar Halt railway station''' (station code: '''TLB''') is a railway station on [[Howrah–New Delhi main line]] operated by [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] under [[Asansol railway division|Asansol Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Railway Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-31 |title=Railways restores traffic operations on Patna-Howrah route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/railways-restores-traffic-operations-on-patna-howrah-route/articleshow/126277568.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is situated in Telwa Bazar in [[Jamui district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Eastern Railway System Map (District-wise)
|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/2025/ER%20System%20Map%20DIstrict%20Wise_2025.pdf
|publisher=Indian Railways (Eastern Railway)
|date=2025
|access-date=2 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashish |title=Telwa Bazar Halt Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/telwa-bazar-halt-tlb/10406 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramashankar |date=2025-12-28 |title=10 goods train wagons derail in Bihar’s Jamui, rail traffic hit on Howrah–Patna–Delhi route |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/28/10-goods-train-wagons-derail-in-bihars-jamui-rail-traffic-hit-on-howrahpatnadelhi-route |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The station has a ticket counter,digital watch,tier-3 waiting room,2 big sheds,9 small sheds,drinking water facility, installed fan,high mast light in parking area,Trains time table board and two platforms, which are connected by a foot overbridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=TLB / Telwa Bazar Halt Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Telwa Bazar Halt |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/tlb/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref> It also has a waiting area. Some Express, MEMU and Passenger trains have scheduled halts here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talwa Bazar (TLB) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/talwa-bazar-tlb |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Trains at TALWA BAZAR (TLB) Railway Station with Arrival and Departure details, Availability, Wailtlist Confirmation Chances and Fare Calculator : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/station/Talwa-Bazar-TLB/all |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasidih Jn to Talwa Bazar Trains |url=https://erail.in/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=erail.in |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Telwa Bazar Halt Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|center|230px|Ticket counter of Telwa Bazar Halt railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jamui district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Kanyakumari district

2026-03-26T19:43:45Z

TomOcampo9313: fixed issues

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Copy edit|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanyakumari district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image|perrow = 1/2/2|align = center|total_width=300|caption_align=center|
| image1 = KanniyakumariCollageMontage.jpg
| image2 =
| image3 =
| image4 =
}}
| image_caption = Montage of Kanyakumari district
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.32|N|77.34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kanyakumari
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nagercoil]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsil|Taluks]]
| parts = # [[Agastheeswaram]],
# [[Kalkulam]],
# [[Thovalai]],
# [[Vilavancode]],
# [[Killiyur, Kanniyakumari|Killiyur]],
# [[Thiruvattar]]
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = R. Alagu Meena, [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanniyakumari District |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/contact_directory/district_administration/9 |website=www.tn.gov.in |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = R. Stalin, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New SP takes charge in Kanniyakumari district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-sp-takes-charge-in-kanniyakumari-district/article69057610.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 January 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = District Forest Officer
| leader_name3 = M. illayaraja, [[Indian Forest Service|I.F.S]]
| leader_title4 = District Panchayat chairman
| leader_name4 = S. Merliant Dhas
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 1672
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 18,70,374
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Minority
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629 xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04652 for [[Nagercoil]] & 04651 for [[Marthandam]]
| registration_plate = TN-74 for [[Nagercoil]] & TN-75 for [[Marthandam]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|72|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = M-1000/F-1014 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 97.6%
| blank4_name_sec1 = Legislature type
| blank4_info_sec1 = Elected
| blank5_name_sec1 = Current Member of Parliament (M.P)
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Kanniyakumari]]
| blank7_name_sec1 = Legislative Assembly Constituencies (6 M.L.A)
| blank7_info_sec1 = # [[N. Thalavai Sundaram]] (Kanyakumari)
# [[M. R. Gandhi]] (Nagercoil)
# [[J. G. Prince]] (Colachel)
# [[Mano Thangaraj|T. Mano Thangaraj]] (Padmanabhapuram)
# [[Tharahai Cuthbert]] (Vilavancode)
# [[S. Rajeshkumar]] (Killiyoor)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|2382|mm|in}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|31|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|22|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Central location:
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{Coord|8|03|N|77|15|E}}
| website = {{URL|https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Kanyakumari district''' ({{IPA|ta|kɐnːijaːkumaːɾi|lang}}), officially '''Kanniyakumari district''', is one of the 38 [[list of districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state and the southernmost [[list of districts in India|district]] in mainland [[India]]. It stands second in terms of population density among the districts of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121016162632/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kumari-second-most-urbanised-tn-district/168794-60-118.html Kumari second most urbanised TN district – South India – Tamil Nadu – ibnlive]</ref> It is also the richest district in [[Tamil Nadu]] in terms of per capita income,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/tamilnadu/these-are-the-top-10-richest-districts-of-tamil-nadu-candipa-chennai-not-coimbatore--rxzguq | title=தமிழ்நாட்டின் முதல் 5 பணக்கார மாவட்டங்கள் இவை தான்.. கண்டிப்பா சென்னை, கோவை இல்லை }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=State Income chapter 2.1 Growth Imperatives |website=Tamil Nadu Government |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dear/State%20Income.pdf }}</ref> and also tops the state in Human Development Index (HDI), literacy, and education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanniyakumari-tops-hdi-rankings/article18470625.ece|title = Kanniyakumari tops HDI rankings|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 17 May 2017|last1 = Ramakrishnan|first1 = T.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/TNs-literacy-rate-at-new-high/article20411985.ece|title = TN's literacy rate at new high| date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> The district's headquarters is [[Nagercoil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District |url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Kanniyakumari District Administration}}</ref>

Kanyakumari district has a varied topography, with the sea on three sides and the mountains of the [[Western Ghats]] bordering the northern side. Except for a small stretch of land to the east of [[Kanyakumari]] town, almost the entire district is sandwiched between the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] – the only district in [[Tamil Nadu]] state facing the Arabian Sea.

Historically, [[Nanjinad]] and Edai Nadu, which comprise the present-day Kanyakumari district, were ruled by various Tamil and Malayalam dynasties: the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]]/[[Venad]]/[[Travancore royal family|Travancore]] dynasty, the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyans]], the [[Chola dynasty|Chozhans]] and the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayaks]]. A few artefacts have been unearthed by archaeological excavations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keeladi Excavation – A Revelation That Rewrites The History of Tamil Nadu – Tamilnadu Tourism|date=22 October 2019 |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/keeladi-excavation-a-revelation-that-rewrites-the-history-of-tamil-nadu/|access-date=7 September 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> It was part of the princely state of [[Travancore]] during the colonial times prior to [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Districts Details {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/district_details/573|access-date=7 September 2020|website=tn.gov.in}}</ref> four of the eight [[tehsil]]s of [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] were separated from the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom to form the new district of Kanyakumari, and they were made the part of [[Madras Presidency]] under recommendations from the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] in 1956. The Presidency was later renamed Tamil Nadu.

The district is the birthplace of [[Ayyavazhi]]. Many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate sages such as [[Agastya]], [[Vyasa]], [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyar]], [[Avvaiyar (8th-century poet)|Avvaiyar]] and [[Valluvar]] with the district.

==Etymology==
{{excerpt|Kanyakumari#Etymology|paragraphs=1|file=no}}

==History==
{{See also|Ay kingdom|Venad|Sangam period|Travancore|Chera dynasty}}
{{See also|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}
[[File:Travancore 1871.JPG|thumb|A map of [[Travancore]] in 1871]]

The area that comprises the current Kanyakumari district was a part of the old Ay kingdom of the first and second Sangam ages. Following the decline of the Ay kingdoms, the area became Venad, with its capital [[Padmanabhapuram]] located North, North West of Nagercoil. The wealth of the Nanjilnadu beckoned many invaded kings including the Nayaks during the reign of [[Umayamma Rani]]. The [[Venad]] region was in anarchy before [[Marthanda Varma]] ascended the throne in 1729 CE. Under their rule anarchy was dominant in [[Kanyakumari]] region. However, [[Marthanda Varma]] brought a sense of disorder under control by annexing the nearby territories, putting down the feudal lords and establishing the strong state of [[Travancore]]. He had also bought some portions of Kanyakumari from the then viceroy making it the southern boundary. Under his rule, the district improved in a social context as well as economically. The famous [[battle of Colachel]] took place in the district. Later, the Maharajas of Travancore built the forts at Aramboly (Aralvaimozhy) to prevent any invasion from the Carnatic Kings. Key elements of [[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Velu Thampi Dalawa's]] revolt occurred in the area and the English East India company's army under Col.

Leger broke through the fortifications and entered Travancore in 1810. In the year 1949, the area became a part of the reestablished [[Travancore]] Cochin state. The people of Agasteeswarem, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, which formed the southern divisions of the former district of [[Trivandrum district|Trivandrum]], were predominantly Tamil speaking people. The present Kanyakumari district was historically part of the erstwhile Travancore State. Four Tamil-speaking taluks viz., Vilavancode, Kalkulam, Thovala and Agastheeswaram which now form the Kanyakumari district was transferred to Madras State on 1 November 1956. The changes that were effected between the taluks and the villages as on 1 October 1956 are furnished in the fly-leaf to Table A-I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 1961 Kerala State |website=lsi.gov.in |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5670/1/22065_1961_TRI.pdf |page=14 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202258/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5670/1/22065_1961_TRI.pdf }}</ref> An extreme agitation by Tamil speaking residents under the leadership of [[A. Nesamony|Marshal Nesamony]] took place for including Kanyakumari within [[Tamil Nadu]]. Eventually the merger happened in 1956 based on [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|language reorganisation of states]].

Historically, [[Nanjilnadu]] (Agastheeswaram and Thovalai taluks) and [[Eda Nadu]] (Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks) which comprises the present Kanyakumari district. The district were ruled by various dynasties: [[Venad|Venad Kingdom]], [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]], the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]] and the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayaks]]. A few artefacts were unearthed by archaeological excavations in parts of the district. The district was part of the princely state of [[Travancore]] during the colonial times prior to [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]]; four of the eight [[tehsil]]s of [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] were separated to form the new district of Kanyakumari in 1956 following the demands of reunion made by the Tamil speaking majority people (about 70% of the population), who feels that their feelings were suppressed by the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom which has Malayalam-majority population. The four taluks were made the part of then [[Madras State]] under recommendations from the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] in 1956. The Madras State was later renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 and Kanyakumari, today, is one of the 38 districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] state.

The district is the birthplace of [[Ayyavazhi]], the [[Henotheism|henotheistic]] belief initiated by [[Hari Gopalan Citar|Hari Gopalan Seedar]], one among the five prime disciples of [[Ayya Vaikundar]]. The social, religious and cultural history of the 19th century Kanyakumari district is intrinsically inter-twined with those of Ayyavazhi. Many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate with sages namely [[Vyasa]], [[Agastya]], [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyar]], [[Avvaiyar (8th-century poet)|Avvaiyar]] and [[Valluvar]].

=== Legend ===
{{excerpt|Kanyakumari#Legend|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}

== Geography ==

The district is situated between 77°15' and 77°36' east longitude and 8°03' and 8°35' north latitude.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment & Forests |title=Kanyakumari District |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/files/KANYAKUMARI%20%20.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maps of India |title=District Map of Kanyakumari |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/districts/kanyakumari.htm |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> The district has borders with [[Tirunelveli district]] in the North & North East, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in the East, the [[Indian Ocean]] in the South, the [[Arabian Sea]] in the West and the [[Thiruvananthapuram District]] ([[Kerala]]) in the West.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile - 2017 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38fe0093bb30d6f8c31474bd0764e6ac0/uploads/2018/04/2018040581-1.pdf |website=kanniyakumari.nic.in}}</ref>

Kanyakumari district has a varied topography with sea on three sides and the mountains of the [[Western Ghats]] bordering the northern side. Geologically, the landmass of the district is much younger when compared to the rest of state – faulted as late as 2.5 million years during the [[Miocene]], after which numerous [[Marine transgression|transgression]], as well as regression of sea, had shaped the western coast of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mines department Report |title=District Survey report for Rough stone Kanniyakumari District |url=https://tnmines.tn.gov.in/pdf/dsr/7.pdf |website=tnmines.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

The district can be categorised into three natural divisions:<ref>{{Cite web |last=ENVIS Centre Tamil Nadu |title=Kanyakumari District |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/files/KANYAKUMARI%20%20.pdf |website=tnenvis.nic.in}}</ref>

*Mountainous terrain is located in the northern and north-eastern portion of the district. It includes the northern parts of Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks. It includes several impressive hilltops and is an extension of a larger mountain range to the north.
*Stretching along the southern and south-eastern and south-western parts of the district, the coastal region is fringed with coconut trees. Although predominantly sandy, there are occasional slightly elevated patches of red cliffs.
*Situated between the mountainous terrain and the sea-coast, the plains area features rolling, undulated valleys and plains interspersed with rivers and streams.

Within the northern mountainous range of the district lies the scenic sanitarium of ''Muthukuzhivayal''. South of ''Peermedu'', this range stands out due to its significant breadth. The rugged landscape boasts bluff ridges and conical peaks, forming a continuation of the Western Ghats that stretches all the way to the [[Aralvaimozhi]] Pass. Notably, the perfectly detached ''Kattadimalai'' stands out as a prominent rocky mass. Continuing southward, a broken rocky spur shapes into [[Marunthuvazh Malai]], situated approximately 7 kilometres northwest of [[Kanyakumari]]. The [[Vellimalai]] in [[Kalkulam]] taluk and the Maruntuvazh malai in [[Agastheeswaram]] taluk are important isolated hills. The variations in altitude and climate across the hilly terrain of the district have led to a diverse vegetation profile, showcasing distinct representations of different land types. The highest hill within the district is [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] (1,654 meters) in [[Thovalai taluk]], situated on the border between Kanyakumariand Tirunelveli districts. ''Kalmalai'' (900 meters), ''Moliyadi'' (700 meters) located at the head of old [[Kulasekaram]] reserved forest area and ''Tadakai malai'' (960 meters) are some of the notable hills in the district.<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=15 |language=English }}</ref>

The mountainous terrain in the northern and eastern portions of the district contains an extensive plateau amidst elevated hilltops. While most of the hills have steep slopes, some exhibit a more gradual spread. While the area is predominantly agricultural, numerous plantations and few handloom industries thrive in this region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Kanniyakumari {{!}} Temple Town, Coastal Beauty, Tourist Destination {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanniyakumari |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The central area of the district, particularly Agastiswaram taluk, consists of vast plains. This includes the plains at [[Vellimalai]], [[Mylaudy]] and [[Derisanamcope]].

The district features an extensive 71.5 kilometre coastline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile – ICAR-KrishiVigyan Kendra, Kanyakumari |url=https://tnau.ac.in/site/kvk-kanyakumari/district-profile/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260104112014/https://tnau.ac.in/site/kvk-kanyakumari/district-profile/ |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=tnau.ac.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Predominantly regular in its configuration, the coast showcases notable projections toward the sea at locations such as Kanyakumari, [[Muttom, Kanyakumari|Muttam]], and Erayanthurai. Additionally, there are a few minor sea ports. The ancient port of [[Colachel]] stands as the sole natural port on the west coast of Tamil Nadu while Kanyakumari serves as another minor port, primarily catering to tourists. Another minor port at is situated along the edge of Manakudi Estaury. Kanyakumari is the only district in Tamil Nadu facing the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari district topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-in.topographic-map.com/map-k1mv57/Kanyakumari-district/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

===Rivers===
[[Pazhayar]], the southernmost river in India, originates from the secondary range of the Western Ghats, draining [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] peak and nearby estates. Flowing through Thovalai and Agastiswaram taluks, the Pazhayar significantly supports irrigation. Its course spans approximately 37 kilometres, ultimately joining the Manakkudy Lagoon at [[Tamaraikulam|Thamaraikulam]]. Notable places along the river include [[Boothapandi]], [[Thalakudi]], Vadasseri, [[Nagercoil]], and [[Suchindram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=pazhayar - INDIA WRIS WIKI |url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=pazhayar |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=indiawris.gov.in}}</ref>

[[Kothai river|Kodayar]] originates east of ''Valia Malai'' peak within the southern part of the Muthukuzhivayal plateau and flows southwest through a wild tract. Two streams—one from ''Motavan Pothai'' and the other from ''Thacchamala'' hills—contribute to this river. The [[Pechiparai Dam]] intercepts the Kodayar, creating the Pachipparai lake. With a rocky bed, steep banks, sharp curves, and frequent falls, the Kodayar remains largely untamed except for a few kilometres near its end. The [[Tirparappu Waterfalls]] along this river stands at approximately 13 meters. After covering 32 kilometres in [[Kalkulam]] and Vilavancode taluks, the Kodayar merges with the Paraliyar to form the western Tambaraparani. It flows southwest through [[Kuzhithurai]], [[Munchirai]] and eventually into the [[Thengapattanam]] estuary where it meets the sea.<ref name="rjisacjournal.com">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2015 |title=MULTI PURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT {{!}} rjisacjournal.com |url=https://www.rjisacjournal.com/multi-purpose-river-valley-projects-in-kanyakumari-district/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Originating north of Mahendragiri, the [[Pahrali River|Paraliyar]], another major river of the district flows southwesterly and passes out of the forest area a mile above Ponmanai<ref name=Bourdillon>{{Cite book |last=T. F. Bourdillon |url=http://archive.org/details/TravancoreForests |title=Travancore Forests |date=1892}}</ref> where it encounters the [[Perunchani Dam]]. The Left Bank Channel supplies water from the Pechipparai reservoir before reaching the weir known as Puthen dam. The ancient ''Pandyan dam'', built in Pandiyan era, across the Paraliyar in Kalkulam taluk, along with the Pandyan Kal and related irrigation works, constitute one of the region's ancient irrigation systems. About a kilometre downstream from the Pandyan dam, the river meets the 250-year-old Puthen dam.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 April 2021 |title=Physical and chemical characteristics of Paraliyar river in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India |journal=Journal of Research in Biology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=424–438 |url=https://ojs.jresearchbiology.com/index.php/jrb/article/view/234 |language=en-US |last1=L |first1=Dyona |last2=A |first2=Stella Roslin }}</ref> The river runs through the Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks and covers 37 kilometres before joining the Kodayar near [[Thiruvattar]], forming the western [[Thamirabarani River]].<ref name="rjisacjournal.com"/>

Valliyar, a minor river, originates at an altitude of 950m in the Velimalai hills<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=S. Bhagavathi |last1=Perumal |first2=P. |last2=Thamarai |title=Lithological Studies and Types of Soils Along Coastal Area of Kanyakumari to Colachel Coastal Belt |url=https://neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-10-27-(27)B-1262.pdf |journal=Nature Environment and Pollution Technology |issn=0972-6268 }}</ref> and passes through [[Kothanalloor]], Kalkulam, [[Eraniel]], [[Thalakulam]] and [[Manavalakurichi]] before joining the [[Arabian Sea]] at Kadiapattanam. Along the way, it merges with the [[Thuvalar]], another small river originating from the Mampazhathurai hills. [[Mullayar]] another minor river flows approximately 11 kilometres through Vilavancode taluk and joins the western Tambraparani near Thikkurichi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari {{!}} TWAD |url=https://twadboard.tn.gov.in/content/kanyakumari |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=twadboard.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

==Geology==

The district features diverse topography with its northern and western regions consist of hilly terrain and forests, while the southeastern and central parts are characterised by agricultural lands. Along the southern border lies an extensive sea-shore interspersed by valleys and plains. The coastal uplands of the district are characterised by rocky outcrops and rugged coastlines, with notable Teri sand dune complexes. The coastlines of [[Kanyakumari]], [[Theerthakkarai]], [[Muttom, Kanyakumari|Muttom]], and Kadiyapattanam are especially rocky. In Muttom, a [[Teri (geology)|Teri dune complex]] extends along the coast; [[Dune|sand dunes]] also stretch from Manakudi to [[Sothavilai Beach|Sothavilai]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aran Castro A J, Kumar R S, Justine K Antony, Pagare N S, P.Raj Kumar, Praveen Raj R |title=Delineation of coastal geomorphology along the coast of Kanyakumari district, southernmost coast of India |url=https://www.tojqi.net/index.php/journal/article/download/4952/3474/5414 |journal=Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=6982}}</ref> Additionally, sandy beaches and isolated boulders define the southern coastline.<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=11 |language=English }}</ref>

The [[Geography of South India|Peninsular India]] is typically described as a highland with [[Fault (geology)|faulting]] on both sides. During the [[Archean|Archaean Eon]], the eastern coast experienced faulting, whereas the faulting of the western coast, including the major parts of the Kanyakumari district, occurred later—approximately 25 million years ago—during the early [[Miocene era]]. Subsequent [[marine transgression|transgressions]] and [[marine regression|regressions]] of the sea led to the formation of various sedimentary layers.

Over time, the sea receded, resulting in [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] land masses. Evidence of this uplift includes deeply entrenched streams, waterfalls, high hanging valleys, alluvial flats, and marine sediment patches at higher elevations. Notably, shelly [[limestone]] formations in Kanyakumari further support the theory of land uplift in this area. The uplift likely occurred in stages, rejuvenating older streams. The wind gap at Mekkode resulted from river piracy, where the [[Pahrali River|Paraliyar]] was captured by the [[Kothai River|Kodayar]], possibly during the [[Tertiary period]]. The straight west coastline, uninterrupted by breaks, suggests faulting during the [[Pliocene epoch]]. Similarly, changes in the Kodayar River's course—from northward to northeast to southwest indicate faulting along its path.

Geologically, the region features two main rock groups: the [[Khondalite]]s, and [[Charnockite]]s while a third group, [[Migmatite]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Geology and Mining, Government of Tamil Nadu |title=District Survey Report for Rough stone Kanya kumari district |url=https://tnmines.tn.gov.in/pdf/dsr/7.pdf |website=tnmines.tn.gov.in}}</ref> is also found. The Khondalites, composed of garnetiferous [[Sillimanite]]-[[Graphite]] [[Gneiss]]es and [[Garnet]]-[[Biotite]] [[gneiss]]es, dominate a significant portion of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundwater Resources - Kanyakumari District |url=https://www.nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notes%20on%20Kaniyakumari%20District.pdf |website=www.nwm.gov.in}}</ref> The Charnockites are exposed in areas between [[Padmanabhapuram]], [[Aralvaimozhi]], [[Kulasekaram]], [[Thuckalay]], and [[Rajakkamangalam]]. The distinctive occurrence of [[Alkali feldspar granite|feldspathic granites]] across a significant portion of this region indicates that the rocks underwent intense [[Fold (geology)|isoclinal folding]], resulting in repeated bands. These folds align in a northwest–southeast direction and may have subsequently experienced cross-folding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BiblioMed.org - Fulltext article Viewer |url=https://www.bibliomed.org/fulltextpdf.php?mno=141245 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=www.bibliomed.org}}</ref> These charnockites also occur as lenses and patches within the khondalites. Additionally, thin [[Pegmatite]] bodies and [[quartz]] veins intrude the khondalites. Tertiary-age [[Varkala]] beds appear as thin cappings south of [[Kaliyakkavilai]] near the coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Water Mission |title=Ground Water Resources Kanyakumari District |url=https://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notes%20on%20Kaniyakumari%20District.pdf |website=nwm.gov.in}}</ref>

The basement rocks are covered by a sequence of soil types, including [[red soil]], [[lateritic soil]], [[clay]], [[Alluvium|river alluvium]], coastal alluvium, and black and red [[Sand|sandy soil]]s. These soil layers have thicknesses ranging from 1 metre to 1.5 meters in most locations. The underlying geological terrain belongs to the [[Peninsular Gneiss]]. The coastal belt around Kanyakumari, [[Kovalam]], and [[Vattakottai]] contains recent-age formations, including [[Calcareous]] [[sandstone]]s, [[Shelly limestone|limeshell]]s, and [[Kankar]]y [[Limestone]]. Lateral deposits, including sand, [[zircon]], [[rutile]], [[ilmenite]], and [[garnet]], are commonly found along the entire sea coast of Kanyakumari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perumal |first1=Dr S. Bhagavathi |last2=Subramanian |first2=Dr V. Balaji |last3=Nigun.T |first3=Krithik |last4=Priyanka.V |last5=Hegde .G |first5=Geethesh |last6=R |first6=Rameswaran |date=13 March 2021 |title=Study Of Geological Parameters Along The Coastal Area Of Arabian Sea, Kanyakumari To Colachel, South Tamilnadu, India |url=https://ilkogretim-online.org/index.php/pub/article/view/2080 |journal=Elementary Education Online |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=4888–4901 |issn=1305-3515}}</ref>

==Climate==

Kanyakumari district experiences a [[tropical climate]], characterised by warm temperatures throughout the year as per the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The district generally has high temperatures year-round, with average highs ranging from 29 °C to 33 °C (84 °F to 91 °F) and average lows from 23 °C to 26 °C (73 °F to 79 °F). The [[Summer]] from March to May is typically hot, with temperatures often exceeding 34 °C (93 °F). The heat is more intense due to weaker winds. The region's proximity to the [[Equator]] makes it hard to distinctly define the summer season and summers are significantly wetter than winters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kanniyakumari-34132/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=en.climate-data.org |title=Kanniyakumari climate: Average Temperature by month, Kanniyakumari water temperature }}</ref> [[Winter]]s from January to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures rarely dropping below 19 °C (66 °F). The district lies at the intersection of two distinct climate zones. To the northwest, the [[Malabar coast]], west of the Western Ghats, experiences heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon from June to September. In contrast, the southeastern coast, starting from [[Kanyakumari]], has a [[semi-arid climate]] due to the limited impact of the summer monsoon. However, the retreating monsoon from October to December brings more rain, though its effects are somewhat reduced by the proximity of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari climate: weather by month, temperature, rain - Climates to Travel |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/india/kanyakumari |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=www.climatestotravel.com}}</ref>

The [[Indian Ocean Geoid Low]], Earth's largest [[gravity anomaly]], located south of Kanyakumari, influences the region's climate by altering sea levels, [[ocean current]]s, and monsoon dynamics, contributing to coastal erosion and long-term atmospheric trends. Its [[deep mantle]] origins are linked to tectonic shifts that subtly affect oceanic heat distribution and [[atmospheric circulation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL CENTRE FOR POLAR AND OCEAN RESEARCH (NCPOR), GOA |url=https://www.ncpor.res.in/pages/view/190/253-indian-ocean-geoid-low |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=www.ncpor.res.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2025 |title=Indian Scientists Decode Indian Ocean's 'Gravity Hole' |url=https://indian.community/news/indian-scientists-solve-mystery-of-indian-oceans-gravity-hole/ |access-date=12 June 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Kanyakumari (1991–2021, Rainy days:1999-2019)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 29.4
| Feb high C = 30.5
| Mar high C = 31.5
| Apr high C = 31.5
| May high C = 30.7
| Jun high C = 29.1
| Jul high C = 29.0
| Aug high C = 29.3
| Sep high C = 29.5
| Oct high C = 29.0
| Nov high C = 28.4
| Dec high C = 28.5
| year high C = -
| Jan mean C = 26.0
| Feb mean C = 26.8
| Mar mean C = 28.0
| Apr mean C = 28.5
| May mean C = 28.1
| Jun mean C = 26.9
| Jul mean C = 26.5
| Aug mean C = 26.6
| Sep mean C = 26.7
| Oct mean C = 26.5
| Nov mean C = 26.1
| Dec mean C = 25.9
| year mean C = -
| Jan low C = 23.1
| Feb low C = 23.6
| Mar low C = 24.9
| Apr low C = 26.1
| May low C = 26.2
| Jun low C = 25.3
| Jul low C = 24.8
| Aug low C = 24.7
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 24.7
| Nov low C = 24.2
| Dec low C = 23.6
| year low C = -
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.0
| Feb rain mm = 12.0
| Mar rain mm = 27.0
| Apr rain mm = 56.0
| May rain mm = 81.0
| Jun rain mm = 83.0
| Jul rain mm = 42.0
| Aug rain mm = 37.0
| Sep rain mm = 49.0
| Oct rain mm = 137.0
| Nov rain mm = 183.0
| Dec rain mm = 71.0
| year rain mm = -
| Jan rain days = 2
| Feb rain days = 2
| Mar rain days = 3
| Apr rain days = 7
| May rain days = 9
| Jun rain days = 11
| Jul rain days = 7
| Aug rain days = 6
| Sep rain days = 7
| Oct rain days = 12
| Nov rain days = 13
| Dec rain days = 6
| year rain days = -
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 68
| Mar humidity = 71
| Apr humidity = 76
| May humidity = 78
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 80
| Dec humidity = 73
| year humidity = -
| Jand sun = 9.9
| Febd sun = 10.1
| Mard sun = 10.2
| Aprd sun = 10.0
| Mayd sun = 9.6
| Jund sun = 9.7
| Juld sun = 10.1
| Augd sun = 10.1
| Sepd sun = 9.8
| Octd sun = 9.4
| Novd sun = 8.9
| Decd sun = 9.4
| yeard sun = -
| source 1 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari climate: Average Temperature by month, Kanniyakumari water temperature |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kanniyakumari-34132/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

Unlike other [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|districts in Tamil Nadu]], it receives rainfall both from the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|South-west]] and the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|North-east monsoon]]s. The region receives moderate rainfall, with the heaviest rains occurring from October to December due to the northeast monsoon which sometimes causes floods. The southwest monsoon, from June to September, also brings some rain, but its effects are less pronounced compared to other parts of [[India]]. The average rainfall of the district is 1456.8 mm per annum. From 2005 onwards the annual rainfall is estimated to be 1006 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ENVIS Center, Tamil Nadu. |title=Kanyakumari District |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/files/KANYAKUMARI%20%20.pdf |website=tnenvis.nic.in}}</ref> The driest month is February and the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in November. [[Humidity]] levels are relatively high, especially during the monsoon seasons, contributing to a humid and warm atmosphere. June has the highest relative humidity, while February has the lowest. November experiences the most rainy days, whereas January has the fewest.
Overall, Kanyakumari's climate is warm and humid, with significant rainfall during the monsoon [[Season]]s. This tropical climate supports the region's rich [[biodiversity]] and lush landscapes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WMO |title=World Weather Information Service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1597 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=World Weather Information Service |language=EN}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==

As part of the [[Western Ghats]], one of the world's eight hottest biodiversity hotspots,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Western Ghats |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> this district boasts a rich diversity of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=S. Sukumaran |last2=S. Jeeva |last3=D.S.Raj |last4=D.Kannan |title=Floristic Diversity, Conservation Status and Economic Value of Miniature Sacred Groves in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, Southern Peninsular India |url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue42/bibliography/Floristic-Diversity-Conservation-Status-and-Economic-Value-of-Miniature-Sacred-Groves-in-Kanyakumari-District.PDF |journal=TÜB‹TAK Academic Journals |volume=32}}</ref> The area is home to several endangered and threatened species, including the Indian Bison, Indian Rock Python, Lion-tailed Macaque, and Nilgiri Tahr. The [[Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary]], a protected area covering 457.78 km2, is situated in the northern and north-western parts of the district. It constitutes the southern section of the [[Agastyamalai]] region, bordered by Kerala's [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the west and [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] to the east.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Structure of plant community in tropical deciduous forests of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313051457 |journal=Biodiversitas |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=392 }}</ref> Seven rivers including the [[Pahrali]] and [[Thamirabarani]] have their origin in this forest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kanyakumari-wildlife-sanctuary |website=Tamil Nadu Tourism.tn.gov.in }}</ref> The forests and jungles of Kanyakumari district host approximately 600 species of timber trees and 3,500 other plant species.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |date=13 January 1995 |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |page=23 |language=English }}</ref> The [[Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary|wetlands of Suchindrum]] and [[Arumanallur]] alone support numerous variety of floral and faunal species across hundreds of genera.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ani Besant S & Anami Augustus Arul |title=Floristic diversity of Arumanalloor wetland in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.botanyjournals.com/assets/archives/2022/vol7issue1/7-1-66-133.pdf |journal=International Journal of Botany Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=698–702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Wetlands Mission |url=https://www.tnswa.org/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=www.tnswa.org |language=en}}</ref> New species are frequently being identified throughout the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=E. M. |date=17 November 2023 |title=BSI scientists discover two new plant species on the Western Ghats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bsi-scientists-discover-two-new-plant-species-on-the-western-ghats/article67544021.ece |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=Surya |last2=Mohapatra |first2=Pratyush P. |last3=Balan |first3=Amirtha |last4=Das |first4=Sandeep |last5=Gower |first5=David J. |date=15 April 2021 |title=A new species of Xylophis Beddome, 1878 (Serpentes: Pareidae) from the southern Western Ghats of India |url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/63986/ |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |language=en |volume=71 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.3897/vz.71.e63986 |doi-access=free |issn=2625-8498}}</ref>

===Forests===
[[File:Pechiparai Reservoir, Kanyakumari District - with Western Ghats in the background.jpg|thumb|The [[Western Ghats]] at Pechiparai, Kanyakumari District]]
Out of the total land area of 168,356.216 hectares, approximately 48,423 hectares are covered by forests. [[Reserve Forest|Reserved forest]]s account for 44,799 hectares, while 3,605 hectares are unclassed forests. Additionally, there are 19 hectares of reserved lands. Most of the forests in the district are situated on slopes of hills and plateaus, benefiting from high rainfall and serving as catchment areas for numerous streams and rivers. The forests in the district are lush and [[Virgin forest|virgin]] and is 75 million years old. The forest of this region comes under Boothapandy Mahendra-giri Reserve forest and is managed by the District Forest Officer with Headquarters at [[Nagercoil]].<ref name=Kanyakumari>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari District |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/files/KANYAKUMARI%20%20.pdf |website=tnenvis.nic.in}}</ref>

The jungles host around 600 species of gigantic timber trees and 3,500 other plants, many of which hold significant economic value. Notable timber trees include [[teak]], [[rosewood]] (blackwood), [[Artocarpus hirsutus|Jungle Jack]], [[Malabar ebony]], [[Adina cordifolia]], [[Terminalia elliptica|Karumaruthu]], and [[Pterocarpus marsupium|Vengai]]. Softwood varieties like [[Bombax ceiba]] and glossy-leaved jack are also abundant, along with [[Reed (plant)|reeds]], [[bamboo]]s, and [[sandalwood]]. Plantations of [[cardamom]] and [[tea]] thrive at higher elevations, while [[Piperaceae|pepper]], [[rubber]], [[ginger]], and [[turmeric]] flourish in lower areas.<ref name=Bourdillon/> Due to various local geological factors, the forests in the Kanyakumari division encompass 14 distinct types, based on the [[Biogeographic classification of India|Champion and
Seth's classification]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Structure of plant community in tropical deciduous forests of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313051457 |journal=Biodiversitas |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=393}}</ref> ranging from lush tropical wet evergreen forests to tropical thorn forests, all within a relatively small area.<ref name=Kanyakumari/> The region hosts a diverse array of plant species, with its natural vegetation encompassing [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|southern thorn forests]], dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, and [[Shola|evergreen hill sholas]] interspersed with [[Grassland|grassy downs]].<ref name="Kanniyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary">{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kanyakumari-wildlife-sanctuary |website=tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

'''[[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|Dry deciduous forests]]''': These forests, ranging from an altitude of 200 to 600 meters occur in regions like [[Keeriparai]], Mangolamottai (lower Kodayar), Maruthaparai ([[Kulasekaram]]), [[Ulakkai Aruvi Waterfalls|Ulakkaruvi]], and Kuttiyar. Tree and shrub species include [[Adina cordifolia]], [[Cochlospermum religiosum]], [[Dillenia pentagyna]] ''Hydnocarpus laurifolius'', [[Lannea coromandelica]] and [[Terminalia chebula]]
etc. ''Desmodium triangulare'' of the [[Legume|Legume family]], the root [[parasites]] [[Aeginetia indica]] and [[pedunculata]] have also been recorded in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District. |date=13 January 1995 |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |page=25 |language=English }}</ref>

'''[[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|Moist deciduous forests]]''': These forests occur around Kilaviaru mountains and [[Kalikesam]] river near ''Balamore'' and ''Vallachithode'' at an altitude of about 60 meters. Common trees include [[Acronychia pedunculata]], [[Alstonia scholaris]], [[Scleropyrum wallichianum]], and [[Vateria indica]]. [[Liana]]s [[Gnetum]] and Derris thyrsiflora thrive in these areas. [[Lithophyte|Lithophytic herbs]] like ''Begonia floccifera'' and [[Begonia malabarica]] are abundant around ''Kilaviyaru''.

'''[[Evergreen forest|Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests]]''': These forests and found in ''Upper Kodayar'', ''Muthukuzhivayal'', and [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] above 800 meters. These dense, impenetrable forests receive heavy monsoon rains, supporting abundant [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] and [[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] [[orchid]]s. Tall trees with huge trunks include [[Aglaia bourdillonii]], [[Cullenia exarillata]], [[Dimocarpus longan]]etc. Climbers like [[Embelia| Embelia basaal]] and [[Smilax zeylanica]] are common along with epiphytes [[Aeschynanthus|Aeschynanthus perrottetii]] and [[Hoya (plant)|Hoya pauciflora]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District. |date=13 January 1995 |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |pages=25–26 |language=English }}</ref>

'''[[Grasslands]]''': At elevated altitudes in Muthukuzhivayal, [[Mahendragiri (Tamil Nadu)|Mahendragiri]], and Upper Kodayar, distinct grasslands thrive. Within the forested areas, each river basin—[[Kothai river|Kodayar]] and [[Pahrali River|Pahrali]]—encompasses approximately 30 square miles of grasslands.<ref name=Bourdillon/> Common grass species in this region include [[Chrysopogon|Chrysopogon orientalis]], [[Eulalia (plant)|Eulalia phaeothrix]], [[Themeda|Themeda trimula]], and [[Zenkeria sebastinei]]. Amidst the grasses and rocky crevices, one can find beautiful [[orchid]]s and Impatiens flowering alongside ferns. Additionally, other [[herbaceous]] plants such as [[Acrotrema arnottianum]], [[Centratherum|Centratherum rangacharii]], [[Exacum travancoricum]], [[Leucas|Leucas vestita]], [[Linum|Linum mysorense]], [[Hedyotis purpurascens]], [[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum candeolleanum]], and [[Senecio|Senecio ludens]] thrive. On dripping rocks, [[Utricularia purpurea]] and [[Utricularia reticulata]] are commonly observed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District. |date=13 January 1995 |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |page=26 |language=English }}</ref>

===Flora===

The Hills of the region harbour a unique [[xerophytic]] flora, adapted to arid conditions. At higher elevations, large grasses like [[Andropogon]], [[Panicum]], [[lemon grass]], and [[fodder]] grass thrive, creating a verdant carpet. Closer to the base, shrubby forms—such as species of [[Phoenix (plant)|Phoenix]], [[Cycas]], and Inthai—find their niche. Abundant [[bamboo]] clumps (including [[Ochlandra]]) and dense cane growths (both bamboo family members) abound. Sheltered beneath the grasses, [[ephemeral]] annual herbs and [[herbaceous]] [[perennial]]s emerge during favourable seasons. In the sheltered valleys, extensive [[paddy cultivation]] sustains the region. Paddy remains the staple food crop. [[Tapioca]], the second most important food crop, thrives primarily in [[Kalkulam]] and [[Vilavancode]] taluks. [[Palmyrah]] and [[coconut]] groves dot the plains and coastal regions.<ref name=Gopalakrishnan>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=16 |language=English }}</ref>

The landscape is adorned with significant [[Avenue (landscape)|avenue trees]], including the [[Banyan]], [[Artocarpus hirsutus|jungle jack]], [[Eugenia]], [[Portia tree]], [[Tamarind]] and more. Common edible fruits—such as [[mango]]es, [[jackfruit]], [[custard apple]], various [[banana|plantain varieties]], [[pineapple]], [[guava]], and more—contribute to local livelihoods. [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]]s, [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], and [[pomegranate]] also flourish. [[Grape]] cultivation occurs in specific pockets. 329 plant species have been identified across 201 [[sacred groves]] in the district. These species belong to 251 [[genera]] within 110 families. Among them, 12 are categorised as rare, [[endemic]], and [[threatened]]. One out of every seven species found in the groves of the region are rare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selvamony Sukumaran, Solomon Jeeva |date=2008 |title=A floristic study on miniature sacred forests at Agastheeshwaram, southern peninsular India |journal=EurAsian Journal of BioSciences |volume=2 |pages=66–72}}</ref> Notably, [[Alpinia galanga]], [[Gloriosa superba]], [[Nymphaea pubescens]], [[Hemidesmus indicus]], [[Kaempferia galanga]], and [[Rauvolfia serpentina]] are endangered while [[Justicia (plant)|Justicia beddomei]], [[Leea indica]], and [[Petiveria alliacea]] are considered rare. Furthermore, species such as [[Indigofera|Indigofera uniflora]], [[Naregamia alata]], [[Ochlandra|Ochlandra scriptoria]], and [[Osbeckia aspera]] are endemic to the sacred groves of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare and Endemic plants in the Sacred groves of Kanyakumari district |url=http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Indian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%204.pdf |website=re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref>
[[File:Black Pepper on Jackfruit Tree - Kerala - IMG 3623.jpg|thumb|[[Black pepper]] on [[Jackfruit]] tree.]]
Around 60 species of [[medicinal plants]] thrive in the district. These include the medicinal weeds such as [[Abrus precatorius]],
[[Abutilon indicum]], [[Acalypha indica]], [[Achyranthes aspera]], [[Acorus calamus]], [[Aloe vera]], [[Alternanthera sessilis]], etc.,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Weeds of Kanyakumari district and their value in rural life |url=https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6936/1/IJTK%205%284%29%20%282006%29%20501-509.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |volume=5 |issue=October 2006 |pages=501–509}}</ref> and those found around the sacred groves include [[Atalantia monophylla]], [[Atalantia| Atalantia racemosa]], [[Mesua ferrea]], [[Commelina benghalensis]], and [[Sterculia urens]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Medicinal plants of sacred groves in Kanyakumari district Southern Western Ghats |url=http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Medicinal%20plants%20of%20sacred%20groves%20in%20Kanyakumari%20distric.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |volume=9 |issue=April 2010 |pages=294–299}}</ref>
Showy or scented flowers—such as [[Artemisia absinthium|Kolunthu]], [[Magnolia champaca|Chempakam]], [[Lawsonia inermis|henna]], Ceylon [[Jasmine]] [[Tabernaemontana divaricata|
Nanthiarvattam]], [[Saraca indica|Asokam]], and more—adorn gardens and natural spaces of the eastern areas. Several [[rose]] varieties flourish in well-tended gardens.
Of the [[Spice]]s, the ''Kanyakumari clove'' which accounts for 65% of India's clove production is produced around ''Maramalai'', ''Karumparai'' and ''Velimalai'' areas above ''Veerapuli Reserve'' and ''Mahendragiri'' hills of the district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2021 |title=GI tag for Kanniyakumari clove: What makes this southern spice unique |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/gi-tag-for-kanniyakumari-clove-what-makes-this-southern-spice-unique/articleshow/86886438.cms |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Cardamom]], [[black pepper]], [[ginger]], [[turmeric]] and other spices too thrive here. Tuberous plants like [[sweet potato]], [[arrow-root]], and [[tapioca]] yield edible roots.<ref name=Gopalakrishnan/>
The hedges in the region consist of a variety of thorny or succulent shrubs. Among them are the [[Screw-pine]], [[Opuntia|Prickly-pear]], [[Pineapple]], [[Agave]], and [[Euphorbia]]. Additional hedge plants include [[Jatropha]], [[Pithecolobium]], [[Casuarina]], [[Sesbania]], [[Erythrina]], [[Pongu]], and [[Lantana]]. [[vine|Climber]]s, most of which have leafy growth, overgrow these hedges. Other than the [[Xerophytes|xerophytic]] vegetation, the district also hosts [[Aquatic plant|hydrophytic]] flora. In the [[pond]]s, large associations of [[Lotus (plant)|lotus]] and [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]] thrive, along with smaller [[Nymphoides hydrophylla|Limnanthemum]] plants. Floating plants like [[Trapa bispinosa]] and [[Pistia|pistia statistis]] cover water surfaces, often beneath the shade of big banyan trees. Submerged plants, including [[Ceratophyllum]], [[Utricularia]], and [[Chara (alga)|Chara]], form a close tangle underwater. In shallow tanks and river basins, reeds flourish in marshy soil. These [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] consist of [[juncus]], [[scirpus]], [[cyperus]], and [[typha]], forming a dense palisade of leaves over the water surface. Numerous [[marsh]]y plants thrive between the reeds and along the margins.<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=17 |language=English }}</ref>

The plains, up to an elevation of 200 meters, are characterised by [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|Southern tropical thorny forests]]. Notable locations within this ecosystem include [[Anjugramam]], Vattakkottai, [[Kanyakumari]], [[Marunthuvazh Malai]], [[Colachel]], and [[Kuzhithurai]]. These forests support a variety of plant life. Common trees found in the interior plains include [[Cassia siamea]], [[Dichrostachys cinerea]], [[Morinda pubescens]], [[Thespesia populnea]], [[Ficus bengalensis]], [[Mangifera indica]], [[Alstonia scholaris]], [[Pongamia pinnata]], and [[Calophyllum inophyllum]]. Shrubs and [[Subshrub|
under shrubs]] like [[Crotalaria|Crotalaria gigantea]], [[Cassia auriculata]], [[Vitex negundo]], [[Crotalaria striata]], and [[Dodonaea viscosa]] are abundant. Beneath the shade of these shrubs and trees, herbaceous plants such as [[Rhinacanthus nasutus]], [[Asystasia gangetica]] and [[Vernonia cinerea]] thrive. Climbers like [[Pterolobium hexapetalum]], [[Lantana camara]], [[Cissus quadrangularis]], [[Aganosma cymosa]], [[Coccinia grandis]], [[Pergularia daemia]] and [[Jasminum angustifolium]] are also frequently encountered in this ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mary Kensa |first1=V. |last2=S.j |first2=BeemaJainab |last3=A |first3=Kavitha |last4=S |first4=Rejitha |last5=M |first5=Anusha |last6=R |first6=Vinitha |date=30 June 2015 |title=Survey of Climbers in Atchankulam, Kottaram Panchayat, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India |url=https://krjournal.com/index.php/krj/article/view/83 |journal=Kongunadu Research Journal |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=88–93 |doi=10.26524/krj72 |issn=2349-2694|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The coastal areas face unique challenges due to factors like sandy soil, [[aridity]], scanty rainfall, and strong winds. In the Foreshore sandy areas, species like [[Spinifex littoreus]], [[Ipomoea pes-caprae]] (Sweet), [[Sesuvium portulacastrum]], [[Trianthema portulacastrum]], [[Atriplex|Atriplex repens]], [[Cyperus rotundus]], [[Mollugo cerviana]], [[Tephrosia purpurea]], [[Tricyrtis hirta|T. hirta]], [[Pedalium murex]] and various [[Portulaca]] species shall be found. In marshy backwater areas, [[Suaeda nudiflora]], [[Salicornia|Salicornia brachiata]], and [[Arthrocnemum indicum]] are frequently found. Backwaters near river mouths and connecting canals are often thickly fringed with [[Pandanus tectorius]]. [[Acrostichum aureum]] and [[Excoecaria agallocha]] are common in shallow waters. In the Manakudy, [[Thengapattanam]] [[Munchirai]] backwater area, [[Barringtonia racemosa]], [[Ixora coccinea]], and [[Nauclea|Nauclea missionis]] thrive. Closer to the shore, [[Neptunia (plant)|Neptunia]] and [[Hygrophila (plant)|Hygrophila]] grow intermingled with [[Aeschynomene aspera]], [[Ludwigia (plant)|Ludwigia]], and [[Ipomoea aquatica|Ipomoea reptans]]. More than 100 species, spanning across 90 genera and 46 families including [[Adenanthera pavonina]], [[Ficus religiosa]], [[Psidium guajava]], [[Ocimum tenuiflorum]], [[Waltheria indica]], [[Dendrobium macrostachyum]] and [[Sida acuta]] were recorded in the sacred groves along the south-west coast of the district.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Phytosociological studies of the sacred grove of Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu, India. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324974733 |journal=Tropical Plant Research |issue=5 |pages=29–40}}</ref> The vegetation in the cape area is typically [[xerophytic]]. [[Acacia planifrons]] groves characterise this region. Within the Acacia woods, [[cacti]], [[agave]], and [[aloe]] grow, accompanied by a ground cover of typical xerophytic herbs, including various grasses. Moving to the inland sandy areas, these regions are characterised by xerophytic plants such as [[Euphorbia tirucalli]], [[Jatropha curcas]], [[Jatropha gossypiifolia]], [[Cleome|Cleome aspera]], [[Chorispora tenella]], [[Aerva lanata]], [[Phyla nodiflora]], and [[Zornia|Zornia diphylla]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=18 |language=English }}</ref>

===Fauna===
[[File:Micronia aculeata, Thiruvattar, India.jpg|thumb|[[Micronia aculeata]], spotted at [[Attoor, Kanyakumari|Attoor]].]]
The district is abundant in wildlife, with its hill forests showcasing a wide variety of fauna, representing most species of [[South India|Southern India]]. The district's fauna belongs to the [[Indian subcontinent|Cis gangetic]] sub-region of the [[Indomalayan realm]], with its hill fauna showing affinities with the [[Himalaya]]s and the southwestern hill group in [[Sri Lanka]]. The district hosts ten orders of [[mammal]]s. Four species of [[primate]]s are found in the [[shola]]s and [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous forests]], including the [[Bonnet macaque]] and [[Toque macaque]] at lower altitudes, and the [[Lion-tailed macaque]] and [[Nilgiri Langur]] at elevations above 2,000 feet. The [[Slender Loris]] of the order [[Lemuroidea]] occurs in the interior forests. Situated at the tail-end of the [[Central Asian Flyway]], the region attracts numerous [[Bird migration|migratory birds]] from thousands of miles away.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shailaja Robert Grubh |title=Sanctuary in the lowland plains |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/yw/2003/02/01/stories/2003020101320300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030821165901/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/yw/2003/02/01/stories/2003020101320300.htm |archive-date=21 August 2003 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Felis tigris|Tigers]] are found around the Black Rock estate which descend to lower reaches during October and November, occasionally entering bordering villages. [[Felis pardus|Panther]]s inhabit moist deciduous forests and often prey on domesticated animals. [[Melursus ursinus|Bear]]s usually reside at elevations above 3,000 feet but sometimes descend to lower levels. [[Cuon alpinus|Wild dogs]] are found in the lower hills of the Muthukuzhi valley, while the [[Herpestes edwardsii|Indian Grey Mongoose]] and [[Felis chaus|Jungle Cats]] are common in the low country and jungles. [[Jackal]]s and [[fox]]es are also common.
The [[Paraechinus micropus|South Indian Hedgehog]] is found throughout the district. [[Bat]]s are very common, with four different species present. Among [[squirrel]]s, the [[Indian palm squirrel|Palm Squirrel]] is most commonly found in the countryside, while the [[Malabar Squirrel]] inhabits the jungles. The [[Hystrix indica|Indian Porcupine]] is found throughout the forests. [[Rat]]s, [[mice]], and [[hare]]s are very common, with [[Black rat]] and [[Mus booduga]] found across the district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandra Sen |first=J.S |title=Observations on the Carnivores of Kanyakumari district |url=https://zoosprint.org/index.php/zp/article/view/4951/4381 |journal=Zoos' Print |pages=60–61}}</ref><ref name="Kanniyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary"/>

[[Indian Elephant|Elephant]]s are abundant in the upper reaches of ''Asambu'' and ''Veerapuli'' reserves and are occasionally spotted around Kodayar, [[Perunchani Dam|Perunchani]] and ''Balamore'' areas. [[Cervidae|Deer]] are seen throughout the hilly forests, with three species present: The [[Spotted Deer]], [[Rusa unicolor|Sambur]], and the [[Muntiacus muntjak|Barking Deer]]. The Muthukuzhi valley and the entire ''Asambu region'' are favoured by Sambur deer. The [[Bos gaurus|Gaur]] is the largest of the two [[bovine]]s found in the forests, living in rock caves on hills up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Small herds of bison frequent the [[shola]]s and grassy areas around the Muthukuzhi valley and the higher reaches of Asambu. The [[Hemitragus hylocrius|wild goat]] is usually confined to grassy slopes. [[Sus scrofa|Wild bear]]s are found on the hills and jungles in herds. Additionally, aquatic [[dolphin]]s and [[porpoise]]s are found in river mouths and backwaters. [[Indian pangolin]]s are also present in forests and surrounding valleys.<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=27 |language=English }}</ref>

The district's forests support a rich variety of [[Bird|avifauna]], with about 360 species recorded. Notably, 140 out of the 204 species of South Indian [[Passerine|Passerine birds]] are found here. The [[House Crow]] is the most common bird, while the [[jungle crow]] is less frequently seen. [[Common babbler]]s include the earthy-brown [[jungle babbler]] and the slimmer common babbler found in dry plains. [[Magpie-robin]]s are usually seen near human habitations. Other common birds include the [[cuckoo]], [[golden oriole]] and [[Indian robin]] which are frequently noted in dry areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=S Jeya, M Suja |date=22 January 2022 |title=Avifauna along the agro ecosystem of Tholayavattam and its environs, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ecologyjournal.in/assets/archives/2022/vol4issue1/4-1-13-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=15–20}}</ref> The [[tailorbird]] and the [[drongo]] or king crow often visit the countryside. The [[red-vented bulbul]] is seen in plains where food is plentiful and at elevations of about 4,000 feet. The [[Iora]] is found in gardens and groves. Among [[Shrike]]s, the [[Scarlet minivet]] is the most common, found in woody areas and evergreen jungles. The [[Common myna]] is found on grasslands, while the common weaver bird or [[Baya weaver]] is seen in coconut groves of valleys and plains. The skylark is often heard in low country and on hills.

Three species of [[sunbird]]s — Cinnyris zeylanicus, [[Purple sunbird|Cinnyris asiaticus]], and [[Loten's sunbird]] — are frequently found in gardens. Common [[woodpecker]]s include the [[Black-rumped flameback|golden-backed woodpecker]], the Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker, and the [[Rufous woodpecker|Southern Rufous woodpecker]]. The [[Malabar whistling thrush]], a blue-black bird, is found near hilly streams. [[Paradise flycatcher]]s often visit shady groves, gardens, and deciduous jungles with bamboo-clad regions. 87 bird species from 39 families and 15 orders, including [[omnivore]]s, [[carnivore]]s, [[piscivore]]s, [[herbivore]]s, [[granivore]]s, and [[nectarivore]]s, such as the [[Eurasian Spoonbill]], [[Brahminy Starling]], [[Glossy Ibis]], [[Black-headed ibis|Oriental White Ibis]] and [[Spot-billed Pelican]] have been observed around the [[Swamithoppe]] [[Salt evaporation pond|saltpan]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jude D, Karthick M, Ram Kumar R, Sathyananth M, Stephenraj D and Azhagu Raj R. |date=2022 |title=Avifaunal Diversity of Swamythoopu Salt Pan, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358219852 |journal=International Journal of Zoological Investigations |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=138–151|doi=10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.018 }}</ref>

The [[House sparrow]] is commonly found around human habitations. [[Parrot]]s are mostly seen in hilly and woody areas while various varieties of [[Kingfisher]]s including [[White-throated kingfisher]], [[Common kingfisher]] and
[[Pied kingfisher]] are found beside inundated paddy fields, ponds, kutcha wells and sandy seashores.<ref>{{Cite book |last=P.K.Nambiar |title=Census of India 1961 - District Census Handbook, Kanyakumari. Volume I & II |date=1966 |publisher=The Director Of Stationery And Printing, Madras |location=Chennai |page=8 |language=English}}</ref> [[Bee-eater]]s are very common. The Indian [[Rock Dove|blue rock pigeons]] are seen all over the plains. Among [[Galliformes|game birds]], the [[Grey junglefowl|Jungle fowl]] is common around the Asambu forests in the [[Azhagiapandiapuram]] range. [[Francolinus]] is often seen in [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|thorny scrubby areas]]. Two main varieties of [[owl]]s are the [[Spotted owlet]] and the [[Eastern barn owl|Barn owl]], which occasionally stray into the countryside and perch on house tops. Other varieties include the [[Brown fish owl]] and the [[Indian eagle-owl|Indian great horned owl]]. Two important species of [[Kite (bird)|kite]]s in this district are the [[Black kite|pariah kite]] and the [[Brahminy kite]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Bird List - Kalikesham, Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary, Kanniyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India - eBird Hotspot |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L4916764/bird-list |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=ebird.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=S Jeya, M Suja |date=22 January 2022 |title=Avifauna along the agro ecosystem of Tholayavattam and its environs, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ecologyjournal.in/assets/archives/2022/vol4issue1/4-1-13-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=16}}</ref>

Among the [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]], the [[White-rumped vulture]] and the [[Egyptian vulture|White scavenger vulture]] are prominent. [[Water bird]]s are common along coastal backwaters, inundated paddy fields, and tanks. The [[White-breasted waterhen]] is often seen in marshy areas overgrown with reeds and bushes, and on the margins of ponds. [[Stork]]s and [[Coot]]s are frequently found in inundated paddy fields, tanks, ponds, and rivers. Comb ducks are observed at Suchindram and Theroor wetlands<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grubh |first1=R. B. |last2=Pandian |first2=P. |last3=Rajesh |first3=A. |last4=Ross |first4=M. |last5=Grubh |first5=S. |date=15 November 2007 |title=Southern-most breeding record of the Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos from India |url=https://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB4.1_GrubhETAL_CombDuck.pdf |journal=Indian Birds |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=15}}</ref> while four other species of [[duck]]s are common in the area. The [[Indian pond heron]] is abundant in paddy fields and ponds. [[Flamingo]]s including [[Greater flamingo]]s could be spotted across the [[Rajakkamangalam]] and Manakudi estuary throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title=Over 40 bird species spotted in Kanyakumari survey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/over-40-bird-species-spotted-in-kanyakumari-survey/articleshow/67356848.cms |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The region's reptiles include [[crocodile]]s, [[tortoise]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, and [[snake]]s. There are two species of [[crocodile]]s, nine species of [[chelonian]]s, 33 of [[lizard]]s, and 74 of [[snake]]s. The [[Ophiophagus hannah|King Cobra]] frequents rivers and streams in shola forests.<ref>{{Cite news |title=13-foot-long king cobra rescued in Kanniyakumari district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/13-foot-long-king-cobra-rescued-in-kanniyakumari-district/article68911143.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=25 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=15-feet-long king cobra rescued |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/15-feet-long-king-cobra-rescued/article67442651.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> The [[Echis carinata|Viper]] and the [[Indian cobra]] are common, often found in tree hollows and dilapidated houses. [[Rat snake]]s are frequently seen and [[Python molurus|Pythons]] are found in dry sandy areas. Among [[amphibian]]s, 34 species of frogs are present, including [[Rana aurantiaca]], Ixalus travancoricus, and [[Ferguson's toad]]. The [[Indirana beddomii|Indian Leaping frog]] is found around Kiripparai areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Sonali |last2=Biju |first2=S. D. |date=16 November 2016 |title=Molecular and Morphological Study of Leaping Frogs (Anura, Ranixalidae) with Description of Two New Species |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=11 |article-number=e0166326 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166326 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5112961 |pmid=27851823|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1166326G }}</ref>

The coastal area is known for its rich variety of fish, with nearly 370 species identified. [[Whale shark]]s<ref name="faunajournal.com">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity of Aquatic Insect Population in Two Permanent Ponds of Kanyakumari District |url=https://www.faunajournal.com/vol1Issue2/5.1.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=www.faunajournal.com}}</ref> and [[Saw fish]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=INCOIS-MSSRF:Season Based Fish Catch Calendar |url=http://59.160.153.188/library/sites/default/files/Season-Based-Fish-Catch%20Calender.pdf}}</ref> are abundant in the seas, along with [[flatfish]], [[Prawn]]s, [[Shrimp]], and [[Crabs]]. [[Rock oyster]]s form dense colonies at [[Kovalam]], and a small octopus species is found under rocks at Cape Comorin. The [[Turbinella pyrum|sacred chank]] is found in large quantities here. At Cape Comorin, two species of top shells [[Trochus radiatus]] and Trochus costatus are abundant. Various poisonous insects, including [[Scorpion]]s and [[Spider]]s, are found in the district. Ticks of the genus [[Ixodes]] are commonly found in grasslands. Among [[arthropod]]s, insects such as [[Ranatra]], [[Cybister]], [[Earwig]]s, [[Prodasineura]], [[Hydrometra]], [[Cockroach]]es, [[leaf insect]]s, [[Grasshopper]]s, and [[Crickets]] are notable.<ref name="faunajournal.com"/><ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=28 |language=English }}</ref>

==Nanjil special foods==

'''[[Nanjil Nadu]] Cuisine''', hailing from the Southern coastal region of [[Tamil Nadu]], is a blend of Tamil and Kerala culinary traditions. Known for its abundant use of coconut and coconut oil, this cuisine stands out with its distinct and rich flavours. The dishes are often infused with aromatic spices, tangy tamarind, and the freshness of coastal ingredients.

Below is an overview of the listed dishes:

1. '''Nanjil Fish Curry'''
A signature dish of the region, this [[curry]] is made with freshly caught fish, tamarind, and coconut-based spices, delivering a tangy and spicy flavour.

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2. '''[[Avial]]'''
A classic South Indian dish, [[Avial]] is a medley of vegetables cooked with grated coconut and yoghurt, tempered with curry leaves and coconut oil.
[[File:Ayiyal.jpg|thumb]]
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3. '''Nendran Chips'''
These crispy [[banana chips]], made from ripe or raw [[Nendran banana]], are fried to perfection in coconut oil, making them a popular snack.
[[File:Chips Palakkad.jpg|thumb]]
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4. '''Venthaya Curry'''
A unique [[fenugreek]] based curry with a slightly bitter yet aromatic taste, often prepared with tamarind and coconut milk.
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5. '''Munthiri Kothu'''
A traditional sweet made of rice flour, jaggery, and roasted mung beans, deep-fried in small clusters, resembling grape bunches.
[[File:Munthiri-Kothu.jpg|thumb]]
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6. '''Karupatti Mittai'''
A wholesome candy made using palm jaggery ([[karupatti]]) and nuts, offering a delightful natural sweetness.
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7. '''Kottar Rice Murukku'''
A crunchy snack made of rice flour, this spiral-shaped savoury is a local speciality of [[Kottar]], a locality in Nagercoil.
[[File:A Traditional Tamil Snack Murukku.jpg|thumb]]
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8. '''Nungu Sarbath'''
A refreshing summer drink made with ice apple (nungu, [[Borassus flabellifer]]), flavoured syrups, and sometimes [[basil seeds]], providing a cooling effect.

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9. '''Pazha Bajji (Banana sweet vada) '''
Deep-fried banana fritters are a sweet and crispy snack made with ripe bananas coated in a spiced batter.
[[File:Banana Fritters and tea.jpg|thumb]]
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10. '''Thenkuzhal Mittai''' is a delicious sweet which is a deep-fried, sugar-coated version of Thenkuzhal Murukku, similar to Manoharam Mittai, where crispy rice flour tubes are coated in jaggery or sugar syrup, giving
them a crunchy yet sweet taste.

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11. '''[[Parrota]]'''
A flaky, layered flatbread, often served with spicy curries or meat dishes, making it a favourite street food in Nagercoil.
[[File:Malabar Porotta.jpg|thumb]]
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12. '''Kothu Parrota''' is another popular dish that consists of flaky parotta (layered flatbread) that is shredded and stir-fried with eggs, spices, onions, tomatoes, and sometimes chicken, meat, or vegetables. It is cooked on a hot griddle with a rhythmic chopping motion using metal spatulas, giving it a signature texture and flavor.
[[File:Chicken Kottu.jpg|thumb]]
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13. '''Maravazhi Kilangu''' '''([[Tapioca]] / [[Cassava]]) with Fish Curry''' is another classic dish, which satisfies the appetite of the people in this region. It combines soft, boiled tapioca with a spicy, flavourful fish curry, creating a delicious and comforting meal.
[[File:Tapioca.jpg|thumb]]
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14. '''Chakka chips (Jackfruit chips)'''
Jackfruit Chips – a homemade snack straight from the heart of Kerala, crafted from perfectly aged jackfruit and deep-fried in Pure coconut oil. This traditional snack is designed to fulfill your taste buds with a savoury crunch and natural sweetness that will leave you craving more. [[File:Chakka-chips.JPG|thumb]]

Nagercoil's culinary offerings reflect its rich cultural heritage and coastal bounty, making it a must-visit destination for food enthusiasts.

==Governance==
Kanyakumari District was officially formed on 1 November 1956, as a result of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], which aimed to reorganise state boundaries based on linguistic lines. The [[District magistrate|District Collector]] is the chief administrative officer, responsible for overall administration, including [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], [[Revenue service|revenue collection]], and implementation of government schemes. The [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] oversees the police force and maintains law and order in the district. The District Revenue Officer (DRO) assists the District Collector in revenue administration and land-related issues.<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |pages=579–581 |language=English }}</ref>

The District is divided into two revenue divisions: [[Nagercoil division]] and [[Padmanabhapuram division]]. These divisions are further subdivided into [[Tehsil|taluk]]s, which are the basic administrative units. Each taluk is managed by a [[Tahsildar]], who handles revenue collection, land records, and local administration.

There are nine blocks within these taluks: [[Agastheeswaram block|Agastheeswaram]], [[Rajakkamangalam block|Rajakkamangalam]], [[Thovalai block|Thovalai]], [[Kurunthancode block|Kurunthancode]], [[Thuckalay block|Thuckalay]], [[Thiruvattar block|Thiruvattar]], [[Killiyoor block|Killiyoor]], [[Munchirai block|Munchirai]], and [[Melpuram block|Melpuram]]. Each block is managed by a Block Development Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile:Kanyakumari District |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38fe0093bb30d6f8c31474bd0764e6ac0/uploads/2024/01/2024012095.pdf |website=kanniyakumari.nic.in}}</ref>

There is a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] in the district, the [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation]], five [[Municipality|municipalities]] and 50 [[Town Panchayat]]s, which are responsible for urban infrastructure, [[sanitation]], and public services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Bodies {{!}} Kanniyakumari District, Government of TamilNadu {{!}} India |url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/localbodies/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rural areas are governed by [[Panchayat]]s, which are local self-government bodies responsible for village-level administration and development.<ref>{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=Gazetteers of India - Kanyakumari District |publisher=Commissioner of Archives & Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai |publication-date=13 January 1995 |page=595 |language=English }}</ref>

The District includes the [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]], which is represented in the [[Lok Sabha]] by a [[Member of Parliament]]. This constituency is divided into six assembly constituencies, each represented by a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. The legislative assembly segments include [[Kanyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanyakumari]], [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]], [[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]], [[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]], [[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]], and [[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/parliamentary-constituencies/kanyakumari.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

The judiciary in the District operates under the framework of the [[Judiciary of India|Indian judicial system]], ensuring justice and legal order in the region. The [[District courts of India|District Court]] in Kanyakumari is the principal court of original jurisdiction in [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] and [[Criminal law|criminal]] matters. It handles cases that require significant judicial intervention and has the authority to hear appeals from [[lower court]]s. The court is managed by a District Judge, who is responsible for the administration of justice within the district. Other subordinate courts include those in Padmanabhapuram and Kuzhithurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari District Court {{!}} India |url=https://kanniyakumari.dcourts.gov.in/ |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Revenue Divisions and Taluks===
* [[Nagercoil division]]
** [[Agastheeswaram taluk]], HQ: [[Nagercoil]]
** [[Thovalai taluk]], HQ: [[Boothapandi]]
* [[Padmanabhapuram division]]
** [[Kallkkulam taluk]], HQ: [[Padmanabhapuram]]
** [[Thiruvattar|Thiruvattar taluk]], HQ: [[Thiruvattar]]
** [[Killiyur, Kanniyakumari|Killiyur taluk]], HQ: [[Killiyur, Kanniyakumari|Killiyur]]
** [[Vilavancode taluk]], HQ: [[Kuzhithurai, Kanyakumari|Kuzhithurai]]

===Panchayat Unions===
* [[Agastheeswaram block|Agastheeswaram]]
* [[Rajakkamangalam block|Rajakkamangalam]]
* [[Thovalai block|Thovalai]]
* [[Kurunthancode block|Kurunthancode]]
* [[Thuckalay block|Thuckalay]]
* [[Thiruvattar block|Thiruvattar]]
* [[Killiyoor block|Killiyoor]]
* [[Munchirai block|Munchirai]]
* [[Melpuram block|Melpuram]]

===Municipal Corporation===
* [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation|Nagercoil]]

===Municipalities===
* [[Padmanabhapuram]]
* [[Kuzhithurai, Kanyakumari|Kuzhithurai]]
* [[Colachel]]
* [[Kollankodu]]
* [[Kanniyakumari]]

===Town Panchayats===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
[[Agastheeswaram]], [[Kottaram]], [[Azhagappapuram]], [[Anjugramam]], [[Thenthamaraikulam]], [[Mylaudy]], [[Suchindram]], [[Theroor]], [[Marungur]], [[Puthalam]], [[Ganapathipuram]], [[Aralvaimozhi]], [[Boothapandi]], [[Thalakudi|Thazhakudi]], [[Azhagiapandiapuram]], [[Reethapuram]], [[Kallukuttam]], [[Neiyyur]], [[Thingalnagar]], [[Eraniel]], [[Mandaikadu]], [[Manavalakurichi]], [[Villukuri]], [[Vellimalai]], [[Vilavur]], [[Kumarapuram]], [[Kothanallur]], [[Verkilambi|Verkizhambi]], [[Thiruvithancode]], [[Mulagumudu]], [[Kappiyarai]], [[Valvaithankoshtam|Valavachaghoshtam]], [[Attoor]], [[Thiruvattar]], [[Kulasekharam]], [[Thiruparappu]], [[Ponmanai]], [[Pudukadai]], [[Killiyur, Kanniyakumari|Killiyur]], [[Karungal]], [[Palapallam]], [[Kilkulam|Keezhkulam]], [[Kaliyakkavilai]], [[Nallur, Kanyakumari|Nallur]], [[Unnamalaikadai]], [[Pacode]], [[Edaikodu]], [[Pazhugal]], [[Arumanai]], [[Kadayal]].

===Proposed Municipalities===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
* [[Suchindram]] (merging town panchayats of [[Suchindram]], [[Theroor]], parakkai, puthalam and near by villages)
* [[Mylaudy]] (merging town panchayats of [[Marungoor]], Azhagappapuram, Rajavoor, Karumpathoor, village Panchayats of Kulasekarapuram and nearby)
* Anjugramam (merging of Anjugramam, Paulkulam, Variyoor and near by village)
* [[Boothapandi]] (merging town panchayats of [[Boothapandi]] [[Azhagiapandiapuram]] and [[Thalakudi|Thazhakudi]])
* [[Neiyyur]] (merging town panchayats of [[Eraniel]], [[Neiyyur]] and [[Thingalnagar]])
* [[Thiruvithancode]] (merging town panchayats of [[Thiruvithancode]], [[Mulagumudu]], [[Kappiyarai]] and [[Valvaithankoshtam|Valavachaghoshtam]])
* [[Thiruvattar]] (merging town panchayats of [[Thiruvattar]] and [[Attoor]])
* [[Kulasekharam]] (merging town panchayats of [[Kulasekharam]] and [[Thiruparappu]])
* [[Killiyur, Kanniyakumari|Killiyur]] (merging town panchayats of [[Killiyur, Kanniyakumari|Killiyur]], [[Pudukadai]], [[Kilkulam|Keezhkulam]])
* [[Karungal]] (merging town panchayats of [[Palapallam]] [[Karungal]], Melmidalam village
* [[Melpuram]] (merging town panchayats of [[Pacode]], [[Edaikodu]] and [[Pazhugal]])

===Proposed Town Panchayats===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
[[Rajakkamangalam]], [[Thovalai]], [[Thengapattanam]]

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,59,248|13=1911|14=4,22,260|15=1921|16=4,94,125|17=1931|18=5,81,851|19=1941|20=6,76,975|21=1951|22=8,26,380|23=1961|24=9,96,915|25=1971|26=12,22,549|27=1981|28=14,23,399|29=1991|30=16,00,349|31=2001|32=16,76,034|33=2011|34=18,70,374|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the district had a population of 1,870,374, comprising 926,345 males and 944,029 females. This represents an 11.60% increase from the [[2001 census of India|2001 Census]], which recorded a population of 1,676,034. The district's population accounted for 2.59% of Tamil Nadu's total population in 2011, a slight decrease from 2.69% in 2001. The [[population density]] rose from 995 people per square kilometre in 2001 to 1,111 in 2011. [[List of Scheduled Castes|Scheduled Castes]] constituted 4% and [[List of Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] 0.4% of the district's population. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the most widely spoken language in Kanyakumari district, though there is a significant minority (5.76%) of [[Malayalam]] speakers living mainly along the [[Kerala]] border.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

As of the 2011 Census, Kanyakumari's population was 1,870,374, with [[Hindus]] (48.7%), [[Christians]] (46.9%), and [[Muslims]] (4.2%) being the major religious groups. The district's western taluks are predominantly Christian, while the eastern taluks are mainly Hindu. The [[literacy rate]] in the district remained high, averaging 91.75% in 2011, unchanged from 2001. Male literacy was 93.65%, while female literacy was 89.90%, showing an improvement from 90.37% and 84.79%, respectively, in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari district |url=https://www.city-facts.com/kanniyakumari/population |website=www.city-facts.com}}</ref> The total number of literates in the district was 1,548,738, with 780,541 males and 768,197 females, a significant increase from 1,308,322 literates in 2001.
The child population of 182,350, aged 0–6, comprised 9.75% of the district's total population, down from 10.84% in 2001. The child sex ratio was 964 girls per 1,000 boys, a minor decrease from 968 in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari (Kanyakumari) District Population Census 2011 - 2021 - 2024, Tamil Nadu literacy sex ratio and density |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/51-kanniyakumari.html |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The district had a total of 483,539 [[household]]s. There was a total of 679,620 workers, comprising 12,229 [[cultivator]]s, 51,350 main [[agricultural labourer]]s, 21,078 in household [[Industry (economics)|industries]], 468,001 other workers, 126,962 marginal workers, 3,381 marginal cultivators, 21,517 marginal agricultural labourers, 14,711 marginal workers in household industries, and 87,353 other marginal workers.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Kanniyakumari |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1144/download/3590/DH_2011_3328_PART_A_DCHB_KANNIYAKUMARI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The sex ratio in the district improved slightly, standing at 1,019 females per 1,000 males in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Districts of India- Socio-economic statistical data of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.indiastatdistricts.com/tamilnadu/kanyakumari-district |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.indiastatdistricts.com}}</ref> compared to 1,014 in 2001. The national average [[sex ratio]] in India was 940, indicating that Kanyakumari had a relatively balanced [[gender ratio]].
82.33% of Kanyakumari's population lived in urban areas, totalling 1,539,802 people. The literacy rate in urban areas was 91.96%, with male literacy at 93.92% and female literacy at 90.06%. The [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] in rural areas was 90.76%, with male literacy at 92.39% and female literacy at 89.16%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari (Kanyakumari) District Population Census 2011 - 2021 - 2024, Tamil Nadu literacy sex ratio and density |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/51-kanniyakumari.html |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Politics==
===Kanyakumari Lok Sabha Constituency===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Constituency number
!Constituency name
!Reserved for
!Elected member
!colspan=2|Political party
!colspan=2|Alliance
|-
|39
|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanyakumari]]
|General
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|}

===Members of Legislative Assembly from Kanyakumari district===
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Kanyakumari district}}
|}

==Places of interest==

===Thiruvalluvar Statue===
[[File:Statue of Thiruvalluvar.jpg|thumb|Statue of Valluvar at Kanyakumari]]

The '''''Thiruvalluvar Statue''''', or the '''''Valluvar Statue''''', is a {{convert|133|ft|m|order=flip|adj=mid|-tall}} stone sculpture of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet and philosopher [[Valluvar]], author of the [[Tirukkural]], an ancient Tamil work on [[Dharma]] and [[morality]]. It is located atop a small island near the town of [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanniyakumari]] on the southernmost point of the [[Indian peninsula]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]], where two seas (the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]]) and an ocean (the [[Indian Ocean]]) meet. The statue was sculpted by the Indian sculptor [[V. Ganapati Sthapati]], who also created the [[Iraivan Temple]], and was unveiled on the millennium day of 1 January 2000 by the then Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]]. It is currently the 25th tallest statue in [[India]].

===Thirparappu Waterfalls===
[[File:Thirparappu Waterfalls (2).jpg|thumb|Thriparappu falls]]
Thirparappu Waterfalls are waterfalls in Kanniyakumari District. It is also known as 'Courtallam of Kanniyakumari'. The Mahadevar Temple is very near to the waterfalls. The waterfalls is {{cvt|7|km}} from [[Kulasekaram]]. Actually the waterfalls is exactly 34 km from city centre, Nagercoil.

===Manimedai===
[[File:Nagercoil Clock Tower.jpg|thumb|Manimedai]]

Manimedai is situated in the central part of [[Nagercoil]]. Manimedai literally means High Clock. It is the symbol of the Nagercoil Town. A clock is placed in a High Clock gauge, so the place becomes Manimedai. The construction of the Clock gauge began in 1892 in the period of [[Travancore]] Maharajas. After construction, it was opened by His Highness Sree Moolam Thirunal Varma, the King of Travancore. The clock placed in the gauge was gifted to the English missionary in Nagercoil.

===Mathur Aqueduct===
[[File:Mathur Hanging Trough Bridge.JPG|thumb|Mathur Aqueduct]]
The [[Mathur Aqueduct]] was built to pass the cultivable water between two mountains. Mathur Aqueduct was built between Aruvikkarai and Mudhalaaru in Paraliyaru River. The aqueduct was built by Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Perunthalaivar Thiru Kamarajar. Mathur aqueduct was South Asia's largest aqueduct. The aqueduct is {{cvt|1240|ft}} long, {{cvt|101|ft}} high with 28 giant pillars. It is {{cvt|3|km}} from [[Thiruvattar]] and 26 km from Nagercoil.

===Padmanabhapuram palace===
[[File:Padmanabhapuram Palace 6.jpg|thumb|Padmanabhapuram Palace|alt=Padmanabhapuram Palace]]
Before centuries, the houses that has all the facilities are known as Palaces. The rulers of states, the Kings resides in such Palaces. [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]] was once the official residence of Travancore Kings. [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]] was built in [[Kerala]] styled Architecture with woods. The palace was built in 18th century by Travancore King Thiru [[Marthanda Varma|Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]]. The palace was situated in 6.5 acres in 186 acres fort. The palace is under the control of [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]]. The palace is situated just 2 km from [[Thuckalay]].

===Udayagiri Fort===
[[Udayagiri Fort]] was situated just 10 km from [[Parvathipuram, Tamil Nadu|Parvathipuram]]. The fort was situated in 22½ hectares in a place called [[Puliyoorkurichi]]. The Fort is maintained by the Ministry of Forests, Government of Tamil Nadu.

===Vattakkottai===
[[File:Vattakottai Fort 2.jpg|thumb|Inside of the fort.|alt=Inside of the Vattakottai Fort.]]
The word '[[Vattakottai Fort|Vattakkottai]]' means Circle Fort and is circular. The Fort was constructed along the seashore in the East coast. The fort was situated in 3½ acres with compound stones constructed for 25 meters in height and constructed by [[Travancore]] Army Chief Dilanai. The fort is under the control of the Archaeological Department, Government of India. It is situated 6 km north of [[Kanyakumari|Kanniyakumari]] and 2 km south of [[Anjugramam]].

===Vivekananda Rock===
[[File:RockMemorial.jpg|thumb|Vivekananda Rock Memorial]]
[[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] is a monument in Vavathurai in Kanniyakumari District. It is located just 500 meters east in the mainland of [[Vavathurai]]. The rock was built in 1970 in honour of [[Swami Vivekananda]] who is said to have attained enlightenment on the rock. Vivekanand was a disciple of Swami [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Swami Vivekanand |url=https://www.newstrend.news/343932/swami-vivekananda-rock-memorial-kanyakumari/ |website=newstrend.news |date=22 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> According to local legends, [[Devi Kanya Kumari|Goddess Kumari]] performed Tapas in devotion of [[lord Shiva]] in these rocks. The rocks are surrounded by the [[Laccadive Sea]].

===Thanumalayan Temple===
The '''Thanumalayan Temple''', also called '''Sthanumalayan Temple''', is an important [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Suchindram]] in the Kanyakumari district of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The Thanumalayan Temple is of importance to both [[Shaivaite]] and [[Vaishnavite]] sects of Hinduism, as the name ''Stanumalaya'' denotes the [[Trimurti]]; "Stanu" means Mahesha; "Mal" means Vishnu; and the "Ayan" means Brahma.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2002 |title=History of Suchindram temples |url=http://www.thehindu.com/br/2002/01/29/stories/2002012900150300.htm |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It counts among the [[Abhimana Kshethram|Abhimana Kshetrams]] in Vaishnavite traditions. It is one of the [[108 Shiva Temples]] revered by the Kerala Hindu culture, though this temple is now in Tamil Nadu, after Kanyakumari District was merged into Tamil Nadu from [[Travancore]].

[[File:SUCHINDAM (3).jpg|thumb|The Temple]]

===Chitharal Jain Rock Cut Temple===
[[File:Bas-relief at Chitharal Jain Monuments.jpg|thumb|Jain bas-relief on the north side outer wall of the cave temple.]]
It is famous for the Rock-cut temple. Hill rock at [[Chitharal Jain Monuments and Bhagavati Temple|Chitharal]] has a cave containing Rock-cut sculptures of Thirthankaras and attendant deities carved inside and outside dating back to 9th Century A.D by King [[Mahendra Varman I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/tourist-place/chidaral-jain-temple/|title = Chitharal Jain Rock Cut Temple | Kanniyakumari District, Government of TamilNadu | India}}</ref>

==Festivals==

[[File:Thiru Nizhal Thangal of Attoor.jpg|thumb|right|An octo-circular [[Ayyavazhi]]
[[Nizhal Thangal of Attoor|Nizhal Thangal]] near [[Thiruvattar]] on the [[Martandam]]-[[Kulasekaram]] road.]]

===Mandaikadu Festival===
The [[Mandaikadu]] festival is celebrated in March by people of the district and by those in Kerala. Traditionally, participants would chant while walking while others would provide them with butter, milk, water, [[jaggery]], and coffee. The festival, which is celebrated for ten days, later became a social function, especially on Sunday.

===Kollemcode Festival ===
The Kollemcode Tookam festival is another famous festival celebrated by the people of the district and also by the people from the nearby Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state. It is celebrated for 10 days during the month of March/April with the famous Child Tookam taking place on the 10th day corresponding to Meena Bharani as per the Malayalam calendar.

The ''"ezhunnalath"'' or elephant procession festival of [[Alappancode Easwara Kala Bhoothathan Temple|Alappancode Sree Eeswarakala Bhoodhathan Temple]] located at Anducode is also another major festival of the district. It is the largest elephant festival of Tamil Nadu and is often considered Tamil Nadu' Thrissur Pooram.

===Ayya birthday Celebration===
The [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram|Ayya vaikunda Avataram]] of [[Ayyavazhi]] is widely celebrated throughout the district.<ref>[[Dina Thanthi|The Daily Thanthi]], ''Nagercoil Edition'', 5 April 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/2006mar03/general_tn3.asp |title=Dina Malar |access-date=3 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021910/http://www.dinamalar.com/2006mar03/general_tn3.asp |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The [[Kodiyettru Thirunal]] is celebrated in the religious headquarters of [[Swamithope pathi]] and attracts large crowds<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/03/stories/2008060351640300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605145454/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/03/stories/2008060351640300.htm |archive-date=5 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 June 2008 |title=''"Thousands of people witnessed the Vaikasi car festival at Vaikundar temple at Swamithoppu..."''}}</ref> from Tamil Nadu and across India.<ref>[[Dina Thanthi|The Daily Thanthi]] ([[Nagercoil]] Edition), 29 January 2007, Page 12, "Devotees from the districts of Kanyakumari, [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Theni]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]] and also from the State of [[Kerala]] participated in the Car festival."</ref><ref>[[Dina Thanthi|The Daily Thanthi]] ([[Coimbatore]] Edition), 3 June 2008, Page 4, "Thousands of devotees from the districts of [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Theni]], [[Coimbatore]] and also from the State of [[Kerala]] participated in the Car festival."</ref><ref>[[Dinakaran]] ([[Tirunelveli]] Edition), 3 June 2008, Page 6, "Thousands of devotees from the districts of Kanyakumari, [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Virudhunager]], [[Theni]], and also from the State of [[Kerala]] participated in the Car festival."</ref>

===Sucheendrum temple car festival===
[[File:Oor koodi therr illuthal.JPG|thumb|The Temple Chariot festival]]

the religious significance of the [[Thanumalayan Temple]] stems from the fact that the main statue of linga represent Siva (Sthanu), [[Vishnu]] (maal) and [[Brahma]] (Ayan) (as well as giving the temple its name). The representation of the three central gods of Hinduism in one linga makes it unique in India. The 10-day [[Temple car|Car Festival]] celebrated in this temple during between December and January every year attracts crowds of thousands of people. Special worship practices are followed and the festival images of Sthanumalayan, Aram valartha Nayagi and Vinayagar are taken in the temple car around the streets of the temple. Another festival known as Teppam is celebrated during between April and May every year. The Sanskrit work ''Sucindrastalamahatmya'' gives a full-fledged legendary account of the origin and development of this temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands participate in Suchindram car festival|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Thousands-participate-in-Suchindram-car-festival/article17018745.ece|work=The Hindu|date=10 January 2017|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

===Kottar, St. Francis Xavier's temple festival===
Church records indicate that [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Kottar|St. Xavier Church]] was built in 1600. In 1865, the Shrine of Mary was renovated and enlarged. In 1930, the church was raised to the status of a [[cathedral]]. The annual festival is celebrated during November – December lasting for 10 days. The people from various place and near by state kerala people also join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together. and helping to organise the Festival by various ways.

===Kanya Kumari, Bagavathi Amman temple festival===
*Chitra Pournima Festival: on the Full moon day in May
*[[Navaratri|Navaratri festival]]: 9 day festival in (September–October). The music artists get an opportunity to offer their artistic skill to the goddess by performing in the ''Navarathri Mandapam''.
*Vaisakha festival: 10-day festival in May–June culminating by a ''Thoni Ezhunellathu'' in May–June. During this festival Devi will be taken in procession both in the morning and evening, during Aaraatu the eastern door is opened. On the ninth day, the ''Thoni Ezhunellathu'' takes place. Devi will be taken round the water on the western part in a boat.<ref name="Kanya Kumari- templenet">{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/kumari.html |title= Kanyakumari Temples of Tamilnadu |publisher=templenet |year= 2013 |access-date= 25 July 2013}}</ref>
*Kalabham festival: The idol is smeared in Sandal paste in the last Friday of the month of Karkidaka or Aadi, in July–August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/tamilnadu/kanyakumari/festivals/default.aspx|title=India|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101181233/http://journeymart.com/de/india/tamilnadu/kanyakumari/festivals/default.aspx}}</ref>

===Onam festival===
[[File:Sadhya DSW.jpg|thumb|200px|Onam sadya]]
Onam is widely celebrated in many places throughout Kanniyakumari district, especially in the western part of the district. This festival holds significance for most of the people in Kanniyakumari, as the district was formerly part of the Travancore kingdom. The date of Onam celebration is based on the ''[[Panchangam]]'' and falls on the 22nd [[Nakshatra]] [[Shravana|Thiruvonam]] in the month ''Chingam'' of the [[Malayalam calendar]], which in the [[Gregorian calendar]] falls between August and September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onamfestival.org/|title=Onam Festival – Onam in India, Onamfestival.org|website=www.onamfestival.org|access-date=22 August 2023|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103053/http://www.onamfestival.org/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hospital|first=Clifford G.|title=The Righteous Demon: A Study of Bali |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7748-0187-4 |oclc=10920170 |location=Vancouver }}</ref>

===Kuzhithurai Vavubali Exhibition===
Annual Karkida Vavu Bali (Shradham for the ancestors held during the Mahalaya Amavasai) ceremony that is held here during July/Aug (Malayalam month Karkidakam). Along with the religious ceremony during this time, the famous annual exhibition fair - Vavubali Mela / Exhibition - was started by Shri. T.C Kesava Pillai, MLC from Kuzhithurai in the 1900s. Today, this is continued by the [[Kuzhithurai, Kanyakumari|Kuzhithurai Town Municipality]].<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Vinfra |url=https://www.onlinekanyakumari.com/kuzhithurai-vavubali-exhibition-2023-kanyakumari/|title=Vavubali Exhibition, Kuzhithurai|work=OnlineKanyakumari |date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
The people from various place and near by state kerala people also join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together.

===Marungoor Soora Samharam and mylaudy Arattu fest===
The [[Lord Murugan|Subramania]] Swamy Temple, which is situated atop a small hillock is worth a place to visit. This temple area is called as Kumarapuram thoppur, [[Marungoor]]. Because of Kumaran's (Subramania swamy) name. Shashti and [[Surasamharam]] are the famous festivals at this temple. The famous kandhashashti kavasam festival is very popular over here and celebrated as major festival. after 5 days later [[Lord Murugan|Subramania]] Swamy come to [[mylaudy]] by the silver horse car and bath in Mylaudy river and abishekam with 17 products. Every year it was celebrated only in kanyakumari district after 5 days of [[Surasamharam]] fest.
The people from various place join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together.

==Transport and highways==
===Roadways===
There are two major [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] (NH) roads originating from Kanniyakumari town. One is the National Highway 44 which connects Kanniyakumari with Srinagar of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. NH 44 connects North India with South India. The road passes through [[Madurai]], [[Hosur]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Delhi]] and [[Jalandhar]]. It covers 3745 kilometres. The other is the National Highway 66 that connects Kanniyakumari with [[Panvel]] (38 km from [[Mumbai]]) in Maharashtra. NH 66 roughly runs north–south parallel to the western ghats. It passes through [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Udupi]], [[Margoa]] and [[Ratnagiri]]. Nagercoil, the district capital is well connected with the rest of [[Tamil Nadu]].

====SETC Buses====
The government transport body [[State Express Transport Corporation]] (SETC) is operating direct buses to [[Chennai]], [[Ootacamund]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Vellore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Thiruchirappalli]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tirupur]], [[Erode]], [[Kalpakkam]], [[Velankanni]], and [[Thiruvannamalai]]. It also operates direct buses to [[Bengaluru]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Tirupati]]. Some bus services to the aforesaid destinations are originating from [[Kanyakumari|Kanniyakumari]], [[Colachel]], [[Marthandam]], [[Kulasekaram]], [[Kaliyakkavilai]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

====TNSTC Buses====
Another government transport body known as [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC) operates direct buses to various destinations inside [[Tamil Nadu]]. Some of the terminating stations are [[Chennai]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Periyakulam]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Thiruchirappalli]], [[Dindigul]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Palani]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Kumily]], [[Bodinayakkanur]], [[Erode]], and [[Sivakasi]]. Most of these buses starts their journey from [[Nagercoil]] while some buses starts from [[Kanyakumari|Kanniyakumari]], [[Marthandam]], [[Colachel]], [[Kulasekaram]], and [[Kaliyakkavilai]]. TNSTC also operates frequent bus services to [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Tuticorin]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

====KSRTC Buses====
The [[Government of Kerala]] operating [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC Buses]] between [[Kerala]] and [[Tamilnadu]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Nagercoil]], [[Kanyakumari|Kanniyakumari]]
and [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC Bus]] between Holy Places [[Haripad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Mylaudy]], [[Athankarai Dargah|Athankarai Pallivasal]] (Tirunelveli dist).

===Railways===
There is a railway station located at [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]] where trains terminate. The [[Vivek Express]] starting from [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]] is the longest-running train in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The longest train journey in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20160511-the-longest-train-journey-in-india |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> It connects [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]] with [[Dibrugarh]], in [[Assam]]. [[Nagercoil Junction railway station]] is the district's primary railway station located near [[Kottar]] and is also commonly known as Kottar Railway station. There is also another railway station in Nagercoil, known as [[Nagercoil Town railway station]]. There is rail connectivity from Nagercoil, the district capital, to most parts of the country with daily trains running to [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Guruvayur]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[madurai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Tambaram]] etc. and weekly trains to [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Gujarat]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Rameswaram]], [[North East India]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The other stations in the Kanyakumari district are [[Eraniel railway station]], [[Palliyadi]] railway station, [[Kuzhithurai railway station]], and [[Kuzhithurai]] west railway station. Passenger trains connect [[Nagercoil]] with [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Punalur]], [[Kottayam]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madurai]], and [[Coimbatore]].

===Airways===
The nearest international airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] which is 76 km from Kanniyakumari. The Civil Aviation Ministry is planning to construct an airport near Swamithoppu in Kanniyakumari District as the initiative attracts international tourists to the district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2021 |title=MP seeks airport in Kanyakumari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/mp-seeks-airport-in-kanyakumari/articleshow/84934640.cms |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Education==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], Kanyakumari has a literacy rate of 91.7%, compared to Tamil Nadu's literacy rate of 80.1%. The district has recorded the highest male literacy rate of 92.4% and the female literacy rate of 89.2% in rural areas, as well as the highest female literacy rate of 90.1% in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1144 |title=Census of India 2011 - Tamil Nadu - Series 34 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Kanniyakumari |date=2014}}</ref>

The district is home to many well-established institutions like colleges such as [[Scott Christian College]] (est. 1809), South Travancore Hindu College (est. 1952), Holy Cross College (est. 1965), [[Women's Christian College, Nagercoil|Women Christian College]], Sivanthi Aditanar College (est. 1984) and schools such as Ringletaube Higher Secondary School (est. 1809), Scott Christian Higher Secondary School (est. 1819), Duthie Girls School (est. 1819), St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School (est. 1910), [[Carmel Higher Secondary School]] (est. 1922), S.L.B. Government Higher Secondary School (est. 1924), S.M.R.V. Higher Secondary School (est. 1919).
{{Further|St. John's College of Arts and Science}}

==Geographical indication==
*'''Kanyakumari Matti Banana'''
{{Further|Kanyakumari Matti Banana}}
[[Kanyakumari Matti Banana]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 July 2023 and is valid until 28 April 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu banana |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/757 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajan |first1=C. Palanivel |title=GI-tagged agricultural products face challenges due to climate change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/gi-tagged-agricultural-products-face-challenges-due-to-climate-change/article67594454.ece |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=1 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kanyakumari Banana and Horticulture Farmers Producer Company Limited from Veeyanoor, proposed the GI registration of Kanyakumari Matti Banana. After filing the application in April 2021, the banana was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Kanyakumari Matti Banana" exclusive to the bananas grown in the region. It thus became the third banana variety from Tamil Nadu after [[Sirumalai Hill Banana]] and the 59th type of goods from Tamil Nadu to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu tops GI chart with 58 tags; three more products join the league |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-tops-gi-chart-with-58-tags-three-more-products-join-the-league/articleshow/102263775.cms |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Life-Enriching Banana Festival |url=https://www.icar.org.in/life-enriching-banana-festival |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=May 29 |first1=ByIffath FathimaIffath Fathima / Updated |title=IIHR showcases diverse jackfruit, banana, mango |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/iihr-showcases-diverse-jackfruit-banana-mango/articleshow/110505362.cms |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the banana from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

* '''Marthandam honey'''
In the heart of Kanniyakumari district in Tamil Nadu lies Marthandam, also known as the 'honey capital'. Here, the Marthandam Beekeepers Co-operative Society produces Marthandam Honey, which recently earned a Geographical Indication tag, or a GI tag.Each year, Marthandam produces about 6 lakh kg of honey. It's a thick, organic honey packed with natural enzymes, antioxidants, and plant nutrition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=6 December 2023 |title=GI Tagged Marthandam Honey |url=https://thepeopleexpress.com/gi-tagged-marthandam-honey/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=The People Express |language=en}}</ref>

* '''Mylaudy stone sculpture'''
Stone sculpture, stone cutting with large machine's, stone temple making is famous in Mylaudy.<ref name="issuu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/aswinskumar1998/docs/ar._portfolio|title=Stone makings of god in mylaudy|work=Issuu |date=23 February 2021 }}</ref> famous for making many God's statute next to [[Mahabalipuram]]. Kattabomman statue in [[Kayatharu]] and Thiruvalluvar statue in Chennai were created in Myaudy. Mylaudy sirpi's were skilled in carving idols in one stone. Mylaudy stone sculpture got [[geographical indications| geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]] on 31 March 2023.<ref name="search.ipindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/428|title=Myladi Stone carvings}}</ref>

*'''Kanyakumari Clove'''
Tamil Nadu produces about 1,000 tonnes of the total 1,100 tonnes produced in India, with the district accounting for approximately 65 per cent of the total. The environment of Kanyakumari district's hilly parts is perfect for clove farming. Both the south-west and north-east monsoons help this region. In addition, the 'sea mist' enters and works up the moisture required by the crop. Cloves can be grown in this dark soil, which is rich in organic elements. This distinguishes the cloves grown in the area.

The crop grown in the district is highly sought after because it contains the highest proportion of volatile oil content in clove buds. Eugenol is also aided by the 'sea mist.' The clove buds have a superior scent and flavour thanks to the greater eugenol acetate content in the oil.<ref name="kk dist clove">{{Cite web|url=https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/general-awareness/geographical-indication-tag-for-kanyakumari-clove/|title=kanyakumari cloves}}</ref>

*'''Eathomozhy Tall Coconut'''
{{Further|Eathomozhy Tall Coconut}}

Eathomozhy Tall Coconut is a variety of coconut tree known for its tall stature and is native to the Eathomozhy region in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. It was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, highlighting its unique characteristics and connection to the region. These trees are known for their height, reaching up to 30 meters, and their large fruits with a thick shell and high copra content.
[[File:Coconut trees grown denser around this region.jpg|thumb|Coconut trees]]

==See also==
* [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1955
| title= Travancore-Cochin Language Handbook (1951) | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1952
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- Trivandrum District | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| location = Trivandrum
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5620/1/20623_1951_TRI.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = P. K. Nambiar | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kanyakumari District (Volume I&II) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madras
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6550/1/22108_1961_KAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–2015
| title= District Census Handbook – Kanniyakumari (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3328_PART_A_DCHB_KANNIYAKUMARI.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–2015
| title= District Census Handbook – Kanniyakumari (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3328_PART_B_DCHB_KANNIYAKUMARI.pdf
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/ Official Website of Kanniyakumari district]
* [https://kanyakumaridistrict.com/ About Kanniyakumari district]
*[https://gk-questions.com/general-introduction-to-tamil-nadu/ General Introduction of Tamil Nadu]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Kanyakumari district
| North =
| Northeast = [[Tirunelveli district]]
| East =
| Southeast = ''[[Gulf of Mannar]]''
| South = ''[[Indian Ocean]]''
| Southwest = ''[[Lakshadweep Sea]]''
| West =
| Northwest = [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], [[Kerala]]
}}

{{Kanyakumari District}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kanyakumari district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Madras State]]

Satyam Audios

2026-03-24T12:28:24Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up The Details From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Satyam Audios
| logo = Satyam_Audios.png
| logo_size = 100px
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = 1990s<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://satyamaudios.com/pages/about-us/ |website=Satyam Audios |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Kochi]]
| location_country = India
| genre = Various
| key_people =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| industry = Music
| products = Music
| parent =
| owner = Premachandran AG
| homepage = {{url|satyamaudios.com}}
}}

'''Satyam Audios''' is an Indian music company headquartered at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Satyam audios are one of the leading music company in Kerala, Ernakulam. They have covered a larger portion of the music labels of Kerala. These label has produced and distributed film soundtracks, poems, music albums, [[LP record]] etc. They were widely accepted to be the best music running companies in the south. They have established themselves in the 1990s. Their scope of responsibility ranged from having released nearly 675 film-music titles with 3109 songs, and 209 non-film titles with 1885 songs, totaling nearly 5000 songs including the recent super hit “Jimmiki kammal” and the latest songs of [[Mohanlal]]’s super hit film “[[Odiyan]]”.

They work with and coach musicians and result in the creation and publication of quality musical work. A major aspect of this giant company is their creation in quality sounds that match both the musicians’ and producers’ plans.

They may gather musical ideas for the project, collaborate with the artists to select cover tunes or original songs by the artist/group, work with artists and help them to improve their songs, lyrics or arrangements. This typically develops an overall vision for the album and how the various songs may interrelate. This definitely has to do well, as it is an art of thinking with sound and the sound in the movement of time.

They have brought in an announcement that as a music label industry they must include their production house “Satyam Cinemas” with some great projects for the growth of their empire. Satyam cinemas function as a hybrid between a creative agency and an audiovisual production company, with a concentrated focus on the result.

Highlighting the fact that story & screenplay are the real stars of every movie, the awaited project which has been worked on by many are ready to be put forth. The projects, Satyam Cinema have planned new films with some good talented directors and artists for us. So let us anxiously wait to unveil this eye-opening project, of those who have given their time, patience, mind and soul to carve out a new outlook to the existing frame. It's all about the light, and they will capture something which has never been so appealing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2011/07/21/satyam-audio-brings-back-the-lp-record-but-to-what-effect/ | title=Satyam Audio brings back the LP record but to what effect? | work=Cinematters | date=21 July 2011 | accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/satyam-audios-coming-out-with-lp-records-384533.html | title=Satyam Audios coming out with LP Records | publisher=IBNLive | date=16 July 2011 | accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|u=SatyamAudio|Satyam Audios}}
*{{YouTube|u=Satyamvideos|Satyam Videos}}
*{{YouTube|u=satyamjukebox|Satyam Jukebox}}
*[http://satyamaudios.com Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian record labels]]
[[Category:Record label distributors]]
[[Category:Indian music record labels]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:1990s establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Record labels established in the 1990s]]

Anil Kakodkar

2026-03-23T13:21:38Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{short description|Indian nuclear physicist (born 1943)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Kakodkar
| image = Anil_Kakodkar.JPG
| caption =
| office = [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
| term = 2000-2009
| predecessor = [[R. Chidambaram]]
| successor = [[Srikumar Banerjee]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Barwani]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| father = [[Purushottam Kakodkar]]
| alma_mater = [[Ruparel College]] [[VJTI]], [[University of Mumbai]] [[University of Nottingham]]
| known_for = [[Operation Shakti]] [[Pokhran-II]] [[Indian nuclear programme|Indian nuclear program]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1998) [[Padma Bhushan]] (1999) [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2009)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Gomant Vibhushan Award]] (2010) [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] (2011) [[G-Files awards]] (2015)
| module =
{{Infobox scientist
|embed =yes
| field = Mechanical Engineering, nuclear physics and nuclear power
| work_institution = [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC)
}}
}}

[[File:The Chairman Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary, Atomic Energy Dr. Anil Kokodkar.jpg|thumb|The Chairman Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary, Atomic Energy Dr. Anil Kokodkar in 2006]]

'''Anil Kakodkar''' (born 11 November 1943) is an Indian [[nuclear power|nuclear]] physicist and mechanical engineer. He was the chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]] and the Secretary to the [[Government of India]], he was the Director of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], Trombay (or Turbhe) from 1996 to 2000. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honour, on 26 January 2009.

Apart from playing a major role in India's nuclear tests asserting sovereignty, Kakodkar champions India's self-reliance on [[thorium]] as a fuel for nuclear energy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thorium reactors more secure: Kakodkar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 January 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Thorium-reactors-more-secure-Kakodkar/article16836532.ece|last1=Sunderarajan|first1=P.}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kakodkar was born on 11 November 1943 in [[Barwani]] [[princely state]] (present day [[Madhya Pradesh]] state) to Kamala Kakodkar and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], both [[Gandhian]] freedom fighters. He had his early education at [[Barwani]] and at Khargone, until moving to [[Mumbai]] for post-matriculation studies.

Kakodkar graduated from [[Ruparel College]], then from [[VJTI]], [[University of Mumbai]] with a degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1963. He joined the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in 1964. He obtained a master's degree in experimental stress analysis from the [[University of Nottingham]] in 1969.

==Career==
He joined the Reactor Engineering Division of the BARC and played a key role in design and construction of the [[Dhruva reactor]], a completely original but high-tech project. He was a part of the core team of architects of India's Peaceful Nuclear Tests in 1974 and 1998. Further he has led the indigenous development in India's Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor Technology. He worked in the rehabilitation of the two reactors at Kalpakkam and the first unit at Rawatbhata, which at one stage were on the verge of being written off.

In 1996 he became Director of the BARC and since 2000 he has been leading the Atomic Energy Commission of India and also is the secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy. He has published over 250 scientific papers.

He believes that India should be self-reliant in energy, especially by use of the cheap national thorium resources.<ref>{{cite web|title=India aims to build World's First Thorium ADS|url=http://www.thoriumenergyworld.com/news/india-aims-to-build-worlds-first-thorium-ads}}</ref> He continues to engage in designing the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor, that uses thorium-uranium 233 as the primary energy source with plutonium as the driver fuel. The unique reactor system, with simplified but safe technology, will generate 75 per cent of electricity from thorium.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harnessing thorium for nuclear power challenges ahead by Anil Kakodkar at ThEC15|website = [[YouTube]]| date=15 December 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tG-LxI50D_4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/tG-LxI50D_4 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Other positions==

* [https://mkcl.org Kakodkar] is a member of many boards, commissions, and other organisations. Some of them are:

* Chairman, Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay – 2006–15.<ref name="http://www.anilkakodkar.in/index.php?tp=1">{{Cite web|url=http://anilkakodkar.in/index.php/current-key-engagements|title = Current Key Engagements}}</ref>
* Chairman, Board of Directors of Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation Limited, Pune (current).<ref name="http://mkcl.org/#/profile/20160001">{{Cite web|url=http://mkcl.org/#/profile/20160001|title = Home {{pipe}} MKCL}}</ref>
* Member, Atomic Energy Commission<ref name="http://www.anilkakodkar.in/index.php?tp=1" />
* Member, ONGC Energy Centre Trust<ref name="http://www.anilkakodkar.in/index.php?tp=1" />
* Chairman, empowered committee on IIT reforms<ref name="http://www.anilkakodkar.in/index.php?tp=1" />
* Presently updated April-2014 he is serving as a director on the central board of [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutusDisplay.aspx#CB |title= Reserve Bank of India - About Us|website=rbi.org.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607022939/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
*He is a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] and served as its president during 1999–2000.
*He is a Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], the National Academy of Sciences, India and the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].
*He is a member of the—International Nuclear Energy Academy and Honorary member of the World Innovation Foundation. He was member of the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) during 1999–2002
*He is on the board of Governors of [[VJTI]], [[Mumbai]]
*He will head Rail safety committee as per Rail budget speech by Railway Minister in 2012
*He is chairman Rajiv Gandhi Science and Technology Commission, Government of Maharashtra, Mantralaya, Mumbai.
*He is chairman of steering and monitoring committee of [[BETiC|Biomedical Engineering and Technology (incubation) Centre]], a network of 11 engineering and medical institutes for medical device innovation.
*He is chairperson of Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar.
*He is Chairman of Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation Limited
==Books==
'''Fire and Fury''' ''Transforming India's Strategic Identity'' -- authored by Anil Kakodkar and Suresh Gangotra
==Awards==
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan to the Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Anil Kakodkar, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 31, 2009.jpg|thumb|The former President Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan to the then Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Anil Kakodkar, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 31 March 2009]]
===National awards===
*[[Padma Shri]] in 1998<ref name="Padma Awards" />
*[[Padma Bhushan]] in 1999<ref name="Padma Awards" />
*[[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2009

===Other awards===
*Highest civilian award of the Maharashtra state-[[Maharashtra Bhushan Award]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2012 |title=Anil Kakodkar to get 'Maharashtra Bhushan' award |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/anil-kakodkar-to-get-maharashtra-bhushan-award-468768.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=news18}}</ref>
*Highest civilian award of the Goa state-[[Gomant Vibhushan Award]] (2010)<ref>{{cite news | title = India will become energy-independent: Kakodkar|work=The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-will-become-energyindependent-kakodkar/article441678.ece | date=30 May 2010|access-date = 16 August 2014 | first = Prakash | last = Kamat }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = First Gomant Vibhushan award presented to Dr Anil Kakodkar | work = Target Goa | url = http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=363&&id= | date = 30 May 2010 | access-date = 16 August 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082633/http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=363&&id= | archive-date = 19 August 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
*Hari Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Award (1988)
*[[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia Award]] for Excellence in Science and Technology (1997)
*Rockwell Medal for Excellence in Technology (1997)
*[[FICCI]] Award for outstanding contribution to Nuclear Science and Technology (1997–98)
*ANACON – 1998 Life Time Achievement Award for Nuclear Sciences
*Indian Science Congress Association's H. J. Bhabha Memorial Award (1999–2000)
*Godavari Gaurav Award (2000)
*Dr. Y. Nayudamma Memorial Award (2002)
*Chemtech Foundation's Achiever of the Year Award for Energy (2002)
*Gujar Mal Modi Innovative Science and Technology Award in 2004.
*Homi Bhabha Lifetime Achievement Award 2010.
*Acharya Varahmihir Award (2004) by Varahmihir Institute of Scientific Heritage and Research, Ujjain (M.P.), India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2002/kakodkarbio.htm Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209114819/http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2002/kakodkarbio.htm |date=9 February 2014 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060504051408/http://www.dae.gov.in/aec.htm Atomic Energy Commission of India]
*{{cite web | url=https://www.khulke.com/roundtable/recorded/6454db6604db8bbf6488b12b | title= Interview: Pokhran – 1998: Inside Story By Dr Anil Kakodkar | publisher=Khulke| date=11 May 1998 | access-date=7 September 2023}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakodkar, Anil}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian physicists|nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in India| physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]
[[Category:Mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:People from Barwani]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]

Potala Palace

2026-03-23T12:05:22Z

TomOcampo9313: further expand intro for consistency additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Fortress in Lhasa, Tibet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name =
|image = Potala Palace HQ.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|pushpin_map = Tibet
|coordinates = {{coord|29|39|28|N|91|07|01|E|type:landmark_region:CN|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Tibet Autonomous Region
|location = [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]
|founded_by = [[Songtsen Gampo]]
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1649}}
|sect =

|dedicated_to =
|head_lama = [[14th Dalai Lama]]
|architecture =
|footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1=WHS
| designation1_offname= Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa
| designation1_date = 1994 (18th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, iv, vi
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 707]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia-Pacific]]
| designation1_free2name = Extensions
| designation1_free2value = 2000; 2001
}}
}}

'''Potala Palace''' ({{bo|t=ཕོ་བྲང་པོ་ཏ་ལ་|w=pho brang po ta la|lang=yes}}; {{lang-zh|s=布达拉宫|p=Bùdálā Gōng|lang=yes}}) is a museum complex in [[Lhasa]], the capital of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]{{efn|The region is variously known in English as Tibet, in Tibetan as Bod (བོད་), and in Chinese as Xīzàng (西藏). For details on these names and their usage, see [[Etymology of Tibet|Etymology of ''Tibet'']].}} of [[China]]. It was formerly the winter palace of the [[Dalai Lama]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tibet.net/about-cta/constitution/|website=tibet.net|title=Charter of the Tibetans in Exile|publisher=[[Central Tibetan Administration]]|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> built in the [[Dzong architecture|dzong style]] on [[Marpo Ri]] (Red Mountain). From 1649 until 1959 it served as the Dalai Lamas' residence, after which it became chiefly a museum following the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]].

The palace is named after [[Mount Potalaka]], regarded in Buddhist tradition as the mythical abode of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>[[Rolf Stein|Stein, R. A]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/tibetancivilizationsteinr.a._223_j/mode/2up Tibetan Civilization]'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84</ref> Construction of the present structure was begun in 1645 at the order of the [[5th Dalai Lama]],<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175">Laird, Thomas. (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', p. 175. Grove Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}.</ref> advised by Konchog Chophel, the Thirty-fifth [[Ganden Tripa]] of the [[Gelug]] school.<ref name="KarmayIIAS">{{cite web|author=Samten G. Karmay|url=https://info-buddhism.com/The_Great_5th-Dalai_Lama-Ngagwang_Lobzang_Gyatso_Samten_Karmay.html|title=The Fifth Dalai Lama and his Reunification of Tibet|work=Tibetan Buddhism in the West: Problems of Adoption & Cross-Cultural Confusion|access-date=11 March 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160216035359/http://info-buddhism.com/The_Great_5th-Dalai_Lama-Ngagwang_Lobzang_Gyatso_Samten_Karmay.html|archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> It was built on the site of an earlier palace attributed to [[Songtsen Gampo]] (traditionally dated to 637).<ref name="TWDShakabpa">{{cite book|author1=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa|date=1976|title=Bod kyi srid don rgyal rabs|trans-title=One hundred thousand moons|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L|series=Tibetan studies library|translator-last1=Maher|translator-first1=Derek F.|publication-place=[[Leiden]], [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|publication-date=2010|isbn=978-90-04-17788-8|via=archive.org}}</ref><ref>Michael Dillon, ''China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary'', Routledge, 1998, p. 184.</ref>

Built at an altitude of about {{convert|3700|m}} on Marpo Ri in the center of the Lhasa Valley,<ref name="Stein206">Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 206</ref> the palace measures {{convert|400|m}} east–west and {{convert|350|m}} north–south. Its sloping stone walls average {{convert|3|m}} thick, {{convert|5|m}} at the base, with copper poured into the foundations for earthquake protection.<ref>Booz, Elisabeth B. (1986). ''Tibet'', pp. 62–63. Passport Books, Hong Kong.</ref> Rising 13 stories, the complex contains more than 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines, and some 200,000 statues, reaching a height of {{convert|119|m}} above the mountain and over {{convert|300|m}} above the valley floor.<ref name="Buckley Strauss p131">Buckley, Michael and Strauss, Robert. ''Tibet: a travel survival kit'', p. 131. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. {{ISBN|0-908086-88-1}}.</ref>

== History ==
===Context===
The Dalai Lama inhabited an estate at [[Drepung Monastery]] known as [[Ganden Podrang]].<ref>Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf p.327]</ref> During 1621 Lhasa was made the jurisdiction of Ganden Podrang by [[Ü-Tsang|Tsang]].<ref>Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf p.334]</ref> During the third month of 1642 [[Gushri Khan]] [[Dharma#Buddhism|Dhamma]] King, Holder of the Faith, had taken from the <ref name=Shakabpa3467>Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf 346-7]</ref> Sde-srid [[Tsangpa|Tsang-pa]] regime of the [[Karma Kagyu|Garma Gagyu]] Sect <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jiawei|first1=Wang|last2=Gyaincain |first2= Nyima| url=https://www.bpastudies.org/index.php/bpastudies/article/view/99/199|title=The Historical Status of China's Tibet Chapter IV The Sovereign-Subject Relationship Between the Qing Dynasty Emperor and the Dalai Lama|journal=BPA Studies|publisher=[[China Intercontinental Press]] (republished online by: [[Washington Institute of China Studies]] & pkp.sfu.ca/software/ojs/ The [[Public Knowledge Project]] a Core Facility of [[Simon Fraser University]])|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>{{efn|Founded by [[Dusum Khyenpa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.tibet.cn/eng/culture/tibetan/201512/t20151203_5775722.html|website=m.tibet.cn|title=First reincarnated Rinpoche in Tibetan Buddhism|date=3 December 2015|publisher=China Tibet Online: Rongfeng 2008, Guang’anmenwai St.No.305, Xicheng District, Beijing, China|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> Garma Gagyu is [[Tibetan Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/focus/focus/60PLT/2011-04/29/content_412955.htm|website=chinaculture.org|title=Curpu Monastery|publisher=Ministry of Culture, P.R.China|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>}} (Tsang) by military forces the places in Tibet, which was the Land of Wooden Doors, held by that governship; and then offered the thirteen parts of Tibet, which is the whole, to the Dalai Lama.<ref name=Shakabpa3467/> On the fifth day of the fourth month of the Water-Horse year in the 11th cycle{{efn|This is 2186 after [[the Buddha|the Compassionate One]] thoroughly passed through sorrow <ref name="ia902902.us.archive.org">Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf 347]</ref>}} the Dalai Lama was made sovereign of Tibet on the golden fearless snow lion throne.<ref name="ia902902.us.archive.org">Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf 347]</ref> Sometime during or soon after 1644, the Dalai Lama, the then regent of Ganden Podrang,{{efn|the regent was: Sönam Chöpel}} and Gushri Khan all decided to build a palace.<ref>Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf 350]</ref>

{{Infobox Chinese
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:[[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] Tibetan / [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]] Latinization of Tibetan
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:[[Lantsa]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts
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:[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongol Cyrillic]] script
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:[[Mongolian script|traditional Mongol]] script, [[traditional Chinese]], [[simplified Chinese]]
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The Potala is built on the site of palace Songtsen Gampo on the Red Hill.<ref name="TWDShakabpa" /><ref name="Stein206" /> The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the earlier palace. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as [[Songtsen Gampo#Introduction of Buddhism|Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave]].<ref>Gyurme Dorje, ''Tibet Handbook: With Bhutan'', Footprint Travel Guides, 1999 pp. 101–3.</ref> [[Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|Ngawang Lozang Gyatso]],<ref>Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa: [https://ia902902.us.archive.org/27/items/advancedpoliticalhistoryoftibetvolume1onehundredthousandmoonsbytseponwangchukded_949_L/Advanced%20Political%20History%20of%20Tibet%20Volume%201%20One%20Hundred%20Thousand%20Moons%20By%20Tsepon%20Wangchuk%20Deden%20Shakabpa%20Derek%20Maher%20F.%20Brill.pdf p.331]</ref> the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645,<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175" />{{efn|[[Tibetan calendar]]:<ref name="Akka">{{cite web
|author=Taina Akka
|url=http://tactus.dk/tacom/calendar5.htm|website=tactus.dk
|title=Table of Years 1567-2046
|location=Copenhagen, Denmark
|publisher=tactus.dk/tacom/taina.htm
|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> (''ja''<ref name="TTaHL">{{cite web
|url=https://www.thlib.org/reference/tibcal/index.php
|website=www.thlib.org
|title=Tibetan to Gregorian Calendar Converter
|publisher=The Tibetan and Himilayan Library
|access-date=11 March 2025
}}</ref>) birdth<ref name="Akka" /> (''shing''<ref name="TTaHL" />) woodth<ref name="Akka" /> of the (''chu chik''<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://tibetan101.com/numbers
|author1=Penpa Lhamo
|author2=Amit A Shapira
|website=tibetan101.com
|title=Writing Numbers
|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>) 11th (''rab byung'') 60-years cycle.<ref name="Akka" /> [[Nyatri Tsenpo|Nyatri Tsengpo]]/Royal Year<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.men-tsee-khang.org/tibetan-astrology-a-history
|website=www.men-tsee-khang.org
|title=Tibetan astrology: a history
|date=8 June 2023
|publisher=men-tsee-khang Conference on the Tibetan system of medicine, astronomy and astrology
|access-date=11 March 2025
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250311162957/https://www.men-tsee-khang.org/tibetan-astrology-a-history/|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://tibetmuseum.org/timeline-example/
|website=tibetmuseum.org
|title=Timeline
|publisher=The Tibet Museum
|access-date=11 March 2025
|location=Central Tibetan Administration campus, Gangchen Kyishong, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India}}</ref> (if calculated by 100 year cycle): 1645-127 is [[:wikt:anno|anno]] [[:wikt:domini|domini]]: 1518}} after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel, pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between [[Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.<ref name="Karman 2005 p1">Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "[http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf The Great Fifth]", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915182901/http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf|date=15 September 2013}}</ref>

The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete.<ref>W. D. Shakabpa, ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher BRILL, 2010, Vol.1, pp. 48–9.</ref>

===Inhabitation===
The new palace got its name from a hill on [[Cape Comorin]] at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as [[Avalokitesvara]], or Chenrezi.<ref name="Stein 1972 p228">Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper).</ref>{{efn|Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". [[Chokpori]], just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain ({{bo|w=bla ri}}) of [[Vajrapani]], Pongwari that of [[Manjusri]], and Marpo Ri, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara.<ref name="Stein 1972 p228" />}}

The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649.<ref name="Karman 2005 p1" /> The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. Construction lasted until 1694,<ref name="Stein 1962 p84">Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.</ref> some twelve years after his death.<ref name="Stein 1962 p84" /> The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.<ref name="Stein 1962 p84" /> [[Kalachakra]] [[Mandala#Buddhism|Mandala]] was constructed during the 1690s.<ref name=MS>{{cite web|last1=Henss|first1=Michael|author2=Pema Namdol THAYE|url=https://rubinmuseum.org/projecthimalayanart/essays/the-kalachakra-mandala-in-the-potala-palace/|website=rubinmuseum.org|title=108 OBJECT ESSAYS|publisher=[[The Rubin Museum of Art]]|series=Project Himalayan Art|access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

The [[Yamantaka]] Mandala was made during 1751.<ref name=MS/>

===Modern===
The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] and [[Sakyamuni]] during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.<ref>[[Pitt Rivers Museum]] [http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/glossary.php.html Sertreng] web.prm.ox.ac.uk [[University of Oxford]]</ref><ref>Hugh E. Richardson; Pitt Rivers Museum. [http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/photo_BMR.6.8.5.html The Potala taken from the south] web.prm.ox.ac.uk [[University of Oxford]]</ref>

Amongst at least one group of Tibetans c. 1950 the "Potala" is known colloquially as "Peak Potala" (''Tse Potala''), or most commonly as "the Peak".<ref>Lowell Thomas, Jr. (1951). ''Out of this World: Across the Himalayas to Tibet''. Reprint: 1952, p. 181. Macdonald & Co., London</ref>
<gallery class="small" widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:亜細亜大観 03 124 "西藏教皇達賴喇嘛法王の宮殿（西藏）".jpg|Potala Palace in the 1920s
File:The Zhol PIllar in 1949.jpg|The Sertreng ceremony on 28 April 1949 with [[thangka]]s on the front of the palace
</gallery>

===Under the People's Republic of China===
The palace was moderately damaged during the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959]], when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Topping |first=Audrey |date=1979-12-09 |title=Journey to Tibet: Hidden splendors of an exiled deity |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/09/archives/journey-to-tibet-hidden-splendors-of-an-exiled-deity.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{efn|Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the [[People's Liberation Army]], he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on 19 March 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aukatsang|first1=Youdon|last2=Aukatsang|first2=Kaydor|author-link2=Kaydor Aukatsang|title=The Lion From Chamdo: Remembering a True Son of Tibet|date=2014|publisher=Mahayana Press|location=New Delhi, India|page=8|language=en}}</ref>}} It escaped damage during the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1966 through the personal intervention of [[Zhou Enlai]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Larsen |first1=Ingrid |title=Climbing to Great Heights - The Potala Palace |url=https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/climbing-to-great-heights-the-potala-palace-180951293/ |website=smithsonianjourneys.org |access-date=8 May 2021 |date=28 October 2013 |quote=The Potala was spared at the insistence of Chairman Mao’s comrade, Zhou Enlai, who reportedly deployed his own troops to protect it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized |url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/2/2.2.htm |website=Govt. White Papers - china.org.cn |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> who was then the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]]. According to Tibetan historian Tsering Woeser, the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".<ref>[[Oser]], [http://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/CRF.4.2007/CRF-2007-4_Potala.pdf Decline of Potala], 2007</ref>

The Potala Palace was inscribed to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1994.

Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6920782.stm | work=BBC News | title=Development 'not ruining' Potala | date=28 July 2007 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).
[[File:Potala - panoramio - Matthew Summerton cropped.jpg|thumb|left|The Potala Palace in 2008]]
[[File:Potala Palace (23651397662).jpg|thumb|View showing recent Western Gate shops, highway, 2015]]
The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/15/content_255095.htm|title=Tourist entry restriction protects Potala Palace|work=chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2005-11/04/content_91537.htm Potala Palace bans roof tour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526082726/http://english.gov.cn/2005-11/04/content_91537.htm |date=26 May 2007 }}</ref> Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the [[Qingzang railway]] into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2006-07/28/content_348907.htm Tibet's Potala Palace to restrict visitors to 2,300 a day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520101551/http://english.gov.cn/2006-07/28/content_348907.htm |date=20 May 2007 }}</ref> Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iq.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/jrxz/200705/t20070504_2517936.htm|title=Tibet bans price rises at all tourist sites(05/04/07)|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250311003610/https://iq.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/jrxz/200705/t20070504_2517936.htm|archive-date=11 March 2025|work=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Iraq}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:048 Potala (3).JPG
File:Lhasa, Potala 1999 04.jpg
File:Lhasa Potala.jpg
</gallery>

The Potala has inward-sloping walls with straight rows of many windows at the upper parts of the walls, and flat roofs at various levels. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates with great [[portico]]s on the inner side. A series of staircases with intervals leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The central part of the group of buildings is a quadrangular terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on [[Jokhang Temple Monastery]]. The crimson coloured central member of Potala is called the "red palace" and contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas.

The colours: red, white, yellow, are caused by the application of [[limestone]].<ref name="TWDShakabpa" />

===White Potala===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lhasa-Potala-66-Ostseite-2014-gje.jpg
File:Palacio de Potala - 04.JPG
File:Lhasa, Potala 1999 05.jpg
</gallery>

===Red Potala===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lhasa, Potala 1999 11.jpg
File:Potala V.jpg
File:Potala Red Palace walls.jpg
</gallery>

=== Interior ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Deatail of decoration in Potala.jpg|Detail of decoration
File:Copy of 331016571Potala original.tif|A copy of 13th-14th century Buddha statue
File:IMG 1206 Lhasa Potala.jpg|The former quarters of the Dalai Lama. The figure in the throne represents [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the incumbent [[Dalai Lama]]. The throne bears the Chinese character {{linktext|夀}}, meaning "long life".
</gallery>

===Grounds===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Potala-from-behind 07-2005.jpg|View from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling
File:The quiet and peaceful park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala.jpg|The park, pond, and Temple behind the Potala
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Dhvaja]]
* ''[[Kundun]]'', a 1997 film about the Dalai Lama, chiefly set inside the palace
* [[Leh Palace]]
* [[Lhasa Mass Art Museum]]
* [[Lhasa Zhol Pillar]]
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]
* [[Mount Putuo]]
* [[Norbulingka]], the Dalai Lama's former summer palace
* [[Patala]], Patala/Potala
* ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== Sources ==
* [[Beckwith, Christopher I.]] (1987). ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia''. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. {{ISBN|0-691-02469-3}}.
*Bishop, Peter. "Reading the Potala". In: ''Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays''. (1999) Edited by Toni Huber, pp. 367–388. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. {{ISBN|81-86470-22-0}}.
* Das, Sarat Chandra. ''Lhasa and Central Tibet''. (1902). Edited by W. W. Rockhill. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi (1988), pp. 145–146; 166–169; 262–263 and illustration opposite p. 154.
* Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001). ''The Lhasa Atlas: Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Landscape'', Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding-Larsen. Shambhala Books, Boston. {{ISBN|1-57062-867-X}}.
* [[Richardson, Hugh E.]] (1984) ''Tibet & Its History''. 1st edition 1962. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications. Boston {{ISBN|0-87773-376-7}}.
* Richardson, Hugh E. (1985). ''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. Royal Asiatic Society. {{ISBN|0-94759300-4}}.
* Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson. (1995). ''A Cultural History of Tibet''. 1st edition 1968. 1995 edition with new material. Shambhala. Boston & London. {{ISBN|1-57062-102-0}}.
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1981). ''Indo-Tibetan Bronzes''. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-01-8}}
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. (2001). ''Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet''. Vol. One: ''India & Nepal''; Vol. Two: ''Tibet & China''. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-07-7}}
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2008. ''108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet''. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications. {{ISBN|962-7049-08-5}}
*Yule, Henry; Waddell, Lawrence. {{EB1911|wstitle=Lhasa|volume=16|pages=529–532}} (See p. 530.)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Potala Palace}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 Potala Palace] at [[UNESCO|UNESCO.org]]
*[https://treasuryoflives.org/institution/Potala Potala Palace] with related biographies, art, and timelines (The Treasury of Lives)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518185033/http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=collections%2Fhistory%2Fhsct%2Fsites%2Fhsctregions.xml&div=hsct5702&m=hp Potala] (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716074430/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbs/10/chbs1011.htm#nf28 Research work on possible relation with Potala, Malaya Mountains and South India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224150028/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/kailash_07_01_01.pdf Research work on Buddhism in India]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=29.656806,91.117773&spn=0.004065,0.006791&z=17 Google Maps location of Potala Palace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816074748/http://www.sight3d.com/sights/Potala-Palace Three-dimensional rendering of Potala Palace] {{in lang|en|es|de}}
* {{OSM way |176772035}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721080353/http://www.ancientpotalapalace.com/ The Potala palace] (archived)
* [https://www.tibettravelexpert.com/attraction/lhasa/potala-palace/ Potala Palace Tour] in Tibet is one of the most prominent attractions to be visited not only by the tourists from all around the world but even to the native Tibetans and the Potala Place had been list in UNESCO's World Heritage in 1994.
* {{Cite journal|last1=Vetter|first1=Jordan|date=2020|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347926594_Through_the_eyes_of_the_Potala_Palace_Difficult_heritage_and_memory_in_Tibet|title=Through the eyes of the Potala Palace: Difficult heritage and memory in Tibet|journal=The iJournal Student Journal of the Faculty of Information|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.33137/ijournal.v6i1.35270|via=[[ResearchGate]]: www.researchgate.net|doi-access=free}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Dalai Lamas}}
{{TibetanBuddhism}}
{{Lhasa}}
{{Dzongs of Tibet}}
{{World Heritage Sites in China}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in Tibet]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lhasa]]
[[Category:Dzongs in Tibet]]
[[Category:Palaces in Tibet]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Tibet]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1694]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Tibet]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:1694 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:History of Lhasa]]
[[Category:1649 establishments in Asia]]

Ezhuthu Kalari

2026-03-22T22:32:32Z

TomOcampo9313:

'''Ezhuthu Kalari''' is a Malayalam term that refers to old traditional village schools in Kerala.<ref name=" The Hindu ">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700420200.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/20141015115101/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700420200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2014-10-15 |year=2005 |first=Dileep.G |last=Raja |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |title= Of an old school of teachers |location= Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> These institutions were the major centers for initiating elementary education. Most of the children in the past had to attend these centres for learning [[The three Rs|3Rs]]. It had been known by other names as well, such as '''Ezhuthu pally''', '''Asan Kalari''' or [[Pallikkoodam]].<ref>''Kerala District Gazetteers: Quilon, Kerala (India),'' A. Sreedhara Menon, page 423</ref> Ezhuthu Kalari were believed to be evolved from the ancient traditions of [[Gurukula]] system of schooling. Teachers of these schools were addressed by the name [[Aasaan|Asan]] or [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Ezhuthu Asan]].<ref>''People of India, Volume 27, Part 3, Anthropological Survey of India'' Kumar Suresh Singh, page 1613</ref> Ezhuthupally meaning schools on Shree Budda's period.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:School types]]

{{India-edu-stub}}

M. Sivaperumal

2026-03-20T16:49:23Z

TomOcampo9313: further updated information per sources and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix =
|name = M.Sivaperuman
|office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|term_start1 = 1977
|term_end1 = 1980
|term_start2 = 1980
|term_end2 = 1984
|constituency2 = [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]]
|office3 = [[District Councils of India|District Panchayat]] Chairman
|term_start3 = 2001
|term_end3 = 2006
|constituency3 = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|08|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chinnanguppam, [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[British India]]
| residence = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Politics, Business
| spouse = S.Kuppammal
| children = 2
}}

'''M. Sivaperuman''' (born 25 August 1934) is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected twice to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur constituency]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]], and [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980 elections]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf 1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf 1980 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> As a cadre of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] party, he also served as a [[District Councils of India|District Panchayat]] Chairman of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] District from 2001 to 2006.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaperuman, M.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

2026-03-17T17:22:05Z

TomOcampo9313: revise

{{Short description|Line on the Delhi Metro system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| color = {{Rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}}
| name = Magenta Line (Line 8)
| image = Delhi Magenta Line.jpg
| caption = Hyundai Rotem train of Magenta Line
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Delhi Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Delhi]] and [[Noida]]
| start = [[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]],
| end = [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]], [[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]]
| stations = [[List of Delhi metro stations|33]]
| daily_ridership =
| open = * 25 December 2017 ([[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]] – [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]])
* 28 May 2018 ([[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]] – [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]])
* 5 January 2025 ([[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]] - [[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]])
* 8 March 2026 ([[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]] - [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]])
| close =
| owner = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| character = Underground and Elevated
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]] and [[Alstom Metropolis]]
| linelength = {{convert|50.18|km|mi|sp=us}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| elevation =
| map = {{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Magenta Line (Line 8)''' is a metro rail line of the [[Delhi Metro]], a [[rapid transit]] system in [[Delhi]], [[India]] and the first [[List of automated urban metro subway systems#Grade of Automation 4 (GoA4)|driverless metro]] in India. The line, which runs across North, West and South Delhi and is mostly underground, spans {{convert|50.18|km|mi|sp=us}} and consists of 33 [[List of Delhi metro stations|metro stations]]: 17 are elevated and the rest are underground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Route map|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Zoom_Map.aspx|access-date=2021-08-23|website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> Unlike the [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Metro Express]], this line directly serves Terminal 1 of the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. Currently trains on this line run on three separate sections i.e, Majlis Park to Deepali Chowk, Krishna Park Extension to Janakpuri West, Janakpuri West to Botanical Garden, one has to change trains at Janakpuri West if they intend to go further till Krishna Park Extension.

The Janakpuri West metro station on the line contains India's tallest escalator with a vertical height of {{Convert|15.6|m|abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite news| first=Shewali| last=Tiwari| title=At A Height Of 15.6 Meters, India's Tallest Escalator Is In This Delhi Metro Station| url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/at-a-height-of-15-6-meters-india-s-tallest-escalator-is-in-this-delhi-metro-station-345296.html |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> The highest point on the Delhi Metro network is near the Haiderpur Badli Mor Metro station, where the line reaches a record-breaking height of 28.362 metres at Pier No. 340.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} This location surpasses the previous record of 23.6 meters at Dhaula Kuan on the Pink Line. The Magenta Line has interchanges with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Hauz Khas metro station|Hauz Khas]] and [[Haiderpur Badli Mor metro station|Haiderpur Badli Mor]], with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]] and [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]], and with the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] at [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]], with the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] at [[Madhuban Chowk metro station|Madhuban Chowk]] and with the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] network.

[[Shankar Vihar metro station]] is unique within the network as it is the only station where civilian movement is restricted by the military. Located within the [[Delhi Cantonment]], it primarily serves defence personnel due to its position in the heart of the defence zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metro-magenta-line-shankar-vihar-station-5196393/|title=Delhi Metro Magenta Line: At one station, a peculiar problem|date=30 May 2018}}</ref> The [[Hauz Khas metro station]] on this line is the deepest metro station in the network at a depth of {{Convert|29|m|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Anindya|last=Chattopadhyay|date=2018-05-28|title=Delhi Metro's Magenta Line: New Hauz Khas station an engineering landmark|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/no-filter/delhi-metros-magenta-line-new-hauz-khas-station-an-engineering-landmark/|access-date=2022-04-30|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

For the first time in India, the construction of two parallel tunnels was successfully completed concurrently at the [[Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South metro station|Dabri Mor–Janakpuri South station]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-06 |title=In a first, Delhi Metro finishes building twin tunnels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/in-a-first-delhi-metro-finishes-building-twin-tunnels/articleshow/39703518.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==
For phase III, the line was initially scheduled for completion in December 2016, but the timeline was extended due to challenging tunnelling conditions. Trial runs began in August 2017. The line was inaugurated in two phases: the first section, from [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]] to [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]], was opened to the public on 25 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metros-magenta-line-kalkaji-botanical-garden-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-on-december-25-4988083/|title=Delhi Metro's Magenta line to be inaugurated by PM Modi on December 25|date= 18 December 2017|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The second phase was inaugurated on 28 May 2018, with the remaining section becoming operational and open for public use on 29 May 2018 at 06:00 IST.<ref>[https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DdVZ_gaW0AIdWpU.jpg Delhi metro magenta line flagging off ceremony]</ref>

===Extension history===
A stretch of {{Convert|8.679|km|abbr=on}}, comprising 9 stations on the Botanical Garden–Kalkaji Mandir section, was opened to the public on 25 December 2017. The portion of {{Convert|24.82|km|mi|4=3|abbr=on}} of the line was opened to public on 28 May 2018 and a small stretch of {{Convert|2.8|km|4=3|abbr=on}} the section of Phase IV was opened on 5 January 2025.<ref>[https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DdVZ_gaW0AIdWpU.jpg Delhi metro magenta line flagging off ceremony]</ref>

The stretch of {{Convert|9.92|km|abbr=on}} comprising 7 stations from [[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]] to [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] of Phase IV was opened on 8 March 2026.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}};" colspan="5" | '''Magenta Line'''
|-
! scope="col" | Extension date
! scope="col" | Sections
! scope="col" | Length
! scope="col" | Stations
|-
| scope="row" | 25 December 2017
| Botanical Garden – Kalkaji Mandir
| {{convert|12.64|km|mi|3|sp=us}}
|9
|-
| scope="row" | 28 May 2018
| Kalkaji Mandir – Janakpuri West
| {{convert|24.82|km|mi|3|sp=us}}
|16
|-
| scope="row" | 5 January 2025
| Janakpuri West – Krishna Park Extension
| {{convert|2.8|km|mi|3|sp=us}}
|1
|-
| scope="row" | 8 March 2026
| Deepali Chowk – Majlis Park
| {{convert|9.92|km|mi|3|sp=us}}
|7
|-
! scope="row" | Total
! Botanical Garden – Krishna Park Extension and Deepali Chowk – Majlis Park
! {{convert|50.18|km|mi|3|sp=us}}
! 33
|}

===Phase 4===
Under this phase, the line will be further extended from [[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]] to [[Ramakrishna Ashram Marg metro station|Ramakrishna Ashram Marg]], providing interchanges with [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green]], [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red]], [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow]], [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink]] and [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]] lines, and improving connectivity in the northern parts of Delhi. For this, the existing depot of Pink Line at Mukundpur is being upgraded to service Magenta Line trains also. The extension is expected to be fully completed by December 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Delhi: Covid, green concerns put Phase-IV in low gear; push targets back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-covid-green-concerns-put-phase-iv-in-low-gear-push-targets-back/articleshow/92190010.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>A small section between Janakpuri West and Krishna Park Extension is operational since 5 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi Launches Janakpuri West-Krishna Park Extension Section Of Delhi Metro |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/pm-narendra-modi-launches-janakpuri-west-krishna-park-extension-section-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-7404175 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124113511/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/pm-narendra-modi-launches-janakpuri-west-krishna-park-extension-section-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-7404175 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Trial Runs were started in November 2025 between Majlis Park and Deepali Chowk stations using the new Alstom Metropolis trains. 3 stations in this stretch, namely Pitampura, Prashant Vihar and North Pitampura have been renamed to Madhuban Chowk, Uttari Pitampura - Prashant Vihar and Haiderpur Village respectively. This section was opened on 8 March 2026.

As of 2026, it was decided that the Inderlok-Indraprastha corridor under Green Line's extension for Phase 4 will now be implemented as an extension for Magenta Line instead, which will bring the total corridor length from Botanical Garden to Inderlok to about 89 km, making it the longest metro line in Delhi. Consequently, the line will form an interchange with itself at Nabi Karim.

=== Phase 5A ===
A {{convert|9.913|km|mi}} extension under Phase 5A was approved by the [[Union Cabinet]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|9570.4|c}}.<ref name = "DM - Phase 5A, Central Secretariat">{{cite press release |last=Dayal |first=Anuj |date=29 January 2026 |title=Central Secretariat to become a Triple Interchange Station Under Delhi Metro's Phase V(A) |url=https://delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/central-secretariat-to-become-a-triple-interchange |location= |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |agency= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222144652/https://delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/central-secretariat-to-become-a-triple-interchange |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> This new corridor, which would be completely underground, will begin from [[Ramakrishna Ashram Marg metro station|Ramakrishna Ashram Marg]] on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]–[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] interchange and have the following stations: [[Shivaji Stadium metro station|Shivaji Stadium]], [[Yuge Yugeen Bharat metro station|Yuge Yugeen Bharat]], [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]], [[CCS Building metro station|CCS Building]], [[India Gate metro station|India Gate]], [[War Memorial–High Court metro station|War Memorial–High Court]], [[Baroda House metro station|Baroda House]], [[Bharat Mandapam metro station|Bharat Mandapam]], and will end at [[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]] on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]–[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] interchange.
The foundation stone of this stretch was laid on 8 March 2026 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

==Stations==
{{Main|List of Delhi Metro stations}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}};" colspan="10" | '''Magenta Line'''
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | #
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Station Name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Interchange connections
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Station layout
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Platform layout
|-
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Hindi
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Inderlok}}<ref name=":inderlok">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=Indraprastha-Inderlok corridor to be extension of Magenta Line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/indraprastha-inderlok-corridor-to-be-extension-of-magenta-line/articleshow/127806065.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Lang|hi|इंद्रलोक}}
| 2029
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Daya Basti}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|दया बस्ती}}
| 2029
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Delhi_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Dayabasti railway station|Dayabasti]]
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarai Rohilla}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|सराय रोहिल्ला}}
| 2029
|[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Delhi_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] 
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Ajmal Khan Park}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|अजमल खां पार्क}}
| 2029
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Jhandewalan Mandir}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|झंडेवालान मंदिर}}
| 2029
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Nabi Karim}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|नबी करीम}}
| 2029
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}} (Phase 4 - Under Construction)
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|New Delhi}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|नई दिल्ली}}
| 2029
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Delhi Gate}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|दिल्ली गेट}}
| 2029
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Delhi Sachivalaya–I.G. Stadium}}<ref name=":inderlok"/>
| {{Lang|hi|दिल्ली सचिवालय - आई.जी. स्टेडियम}}
| 2029
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Indraprastha}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Union Cabinet approves Delhi Metro expansion, 13 new stations to come up |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/union-cabinet-approves-delhi-metro-expansion-13-new-stations-to-come-up/amp |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Lang|hi|इंद्रप्रस्थ}}
| Approved
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Bharat Mandapam}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|भारत मण्डपम}}
| Approved
| None
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Baroda House}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|बड़ौदा हाउस}}
| Approved
| None
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|War Memorial–High Court}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|वार मेमोरियल–हाईकोर्ट}}
| Approved
| None
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|India Gate}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|इंडिया गेट}}
| Approved
| None
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|CCS Building}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|सीसीएस बिल्डिंग}}
| Approved
| None
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Central Secretariat}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|केंद्रीय सचिवालय}}
| Approved
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Yuge Yugeen Bharat}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|युगे युगीन भारत}}
| Approved
| None
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shivaji Stadium}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|शिवाजी स्टेडियम}}
| Approved
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Orange|croute}}
| Underground
| -
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Ramakrishna Ashram Marg}}
| {{Lang|hi|रामकृष्ण आश्रम मार्ग}}
| 2027
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Nabi Karim}}
| {{Lang|hi|नबी करीम}}
| 2027
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}} (Phase 4 - Under Construction)
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sadar Bazar}}
| {{Lang|hi|सदर बाज़ार}}
| 2027
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Pulbangash}}
| {{lang|hi|पुलबंगश}}
| 2027
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| [[Ghanta Ghar metro station|Ghanta Ghar]]
| {{lang|hi|घंटा घर}}
| 2027
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Nanak Piao–Derawal Nagar}}
| {{Lang|hi|नानक प्याऊ–डेरावाल नगर}}
| 2027
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 25
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Ashok Vihar}}
| {{Lang|hi|अशोक विहार}}
| 2027
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 26
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Azadpur}}
| {{Lang|hi|आज़ादपुर}}
| 2027
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 27
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Majlis Park}}
| {{lang|hi|मजलिस पार्क}}
| 8 March 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| Elevated
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 28
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Bhalaswa}}
| {{lang|hi|भलस्वा}}
| 8 March 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 29
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Haiderpur Badli Mor}}
| {{lang|hi|हैदरपुर बादली मोड़}}
| 8 March 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| Elevated
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 30
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Haiderpur Village}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=Pitampura becomes ‘Madhuban Chowk’: CM Rekha Gupta announces name change for 3 Delhi Metro stations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/cm-announces-name-change-for-3-metro-stations/articleshow/125368174.cms |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| {{lang|hi|हैदरपुर गांव}}
| 8 March 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 31
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Uttari Pitampura-Prashant Vihar}}<ref name=":1"/>
| {{lang|hi|उत्तरी पीतमपुरा - प्रशांत विहार}}
| 8 March 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 32
| [[Madhuban Chowk metro station|Madhuban Chowk]]<ref name=":1"/>
| {{lang|hi|मधुबन चौक}}
| 8 March 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}} (Interchange not operational)
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 33
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Deepali Chowk}}
| {{lang|hi|दीपाली चौक}}
| 8 March 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 34
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Pushpanjali}}
| {{lang|hi|पुष्पांजली}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 35
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mangolpur Kalan–West Enclave}}
| {{lang|hi|मंगोलपुर कलां-वेस्ट एन्क्लेव}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 36
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mangolpuri}}
| {{lang|hi|मंगोलपुरी}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 37
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Peeragarhi}}
| {{lang|hi|पीरागढ़ी}}
| 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 38
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Paschim Vihar}}
| {{lang|hi|पश्चिम विहार}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 39
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Keshopur}}
| {{Lang|hi|केशोपुर}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 40
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Krishna Park Extension}}
| {{Lang|hi|कृष्णा पार्क एक्सटेंशन}}
| 5 January 2025
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 41
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Janakpuri West}}
| {{Lang|hi|जनकपुरी पश्चिम}}
| 29 May 2018
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 42
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South}}
| {{Lang|hi|डाबरी मोड़–जनकपुरी साउथ}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 43
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dashrath Puri}}
| {{Lang|hi|दशरथ पुरी}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 44
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Palam}}
| {{Lang|hi|पालम}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 45
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sadar Bazaar Cantonment}}
| {{Lang|hi|सदर बाज़ार छावनी}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 46
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Terminal 1-IGI Airport}}
| {{Lang|hi|टर्मिनल 1 - आईजीआई एयरपोर्ट}}
| 29 May 2018
|{{rint|air}} [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport (T-1)]] {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}} (Phase 5A - Approved)
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 47
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shankar Vihar}}
| {{Lang|hi|शंकर विहार}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 48
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Vasant Vihar}}
| {{Lang|hi|वसन्त विहार}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 49
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Munirka}}
| {{Lang|hi|मुनिरका}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 50
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|R. K. Puram}}
| {{Lang|hi|आर के पुरम}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 51
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|IIT}}
| {{Lang|hi|आईआईटी}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 52
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Hauz Khas}}
| {{Lang|hi|हौज़ ख़ास}}
| 29 May 2018
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 53
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Panchsheel Park}}
| {{Lang|hi|पंचशील पार्क}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 54
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Chirag Delhi}}
| {{Lang|hi|चिराग दिल्ली}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 55
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Greater Kailash}}
| {{Lang|hi|ग्रेटर कैलाश}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 56
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Nehru Enclave}}
| {{Lang|hi|नेहरू एन्क्लेव}}
| 29 May 2018
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
! scope="row" | 57
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Kalkaji Mandir}}
| {{Lang|hi|कालकाजी मंदिर}}
| 25 December 2017
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| Underground
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 58
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Okhla NSIC}}
| {{Lang|hi|ओखला एनएसआईसी}}
| 25 December 2017
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 59
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sukhdev Vihar}}
| {{Lang|hi|सुखदेव विहार}}
| 25 December 2017
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 60
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Jamia Millia Islamia}}
| {{Lang|hi|जामिया मिल्लिया इस्लामिया}}
| 25 December 2017
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 61
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Okhla Vihar}}
| {{Lang|hi|ओखला विहार}}
| 25 December 2017
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 62
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh}}
| {{Lang|hi|जसोला विहार शाहीन बाग़}}
| 25 December 2017
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 63
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Kalindi Kunj}}
| {{Lang|hi|कालिन्दी कुंज}}
| 25 December 2017
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}} (Phase 5A - Approved)
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 64
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Okhla Bird Sanctuary}}
| {{Lang|hi|ओखला बर्ड सैंक्चुअरी}}
| 25 December 2017
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
! scope="row" | 65
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Botanical Garden}}
| {{Lang|hi|बॉटेनिकल गार्डन}}
| 25 December 2017
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| Elevated
| Side
|}

== Train info ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}};" colspan="3" |Magenta Line
|-
! scope="row" | Rakes
| Hyundai Rotem
| Alstom Metropolis
|-
! scope="row" | Train Length
| colspan="2" | 6
|-
! scope="row" | Train Gauge
| colspan="2" | 4 ft {{frac|8|1|2}} in (1,435 mm) [[standard gauge]]
|-
! scope="row" | Electrification
| colspan="2" | 25 kV, 50 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] through [[overhead catenary]] OHE
|-
! scope="row" | Train's Maximum Speed
| colspan="2" | 100 km/h
|-
! scope="row" | Train Operation
| colspan="2" | Botanical Garden - Janakpuri West
Janakpuri West - Krishna Park Extension
Deepali Chowk - Majlis Park
|}

*
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Delhi]]
* [[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
* [[Delhi Metro]]
* [[Delhi Monorail]]
* [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* {{Official site|http://www.delhimetrorail.com/}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|magenta line=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2017]]

Chellamma (TV series)

2026-03-17T15:12:04Z

TomOcampo9313: general cleanup formatting for consistency and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Tamil language TV series}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Chellamma (TV series).webp
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = P. Jaganathan S.Suresh Babu
| writer = Sahul Priyadharshini Shajagan
| screenplay = Sahul Priyadharshini Shajagan
| director = {{plainlist|
* Vel Raj (Episode 205-729)
* Francis Kathiravan (Episode 1-202)
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Anshitha Akbarsha
* [[Arnav Amjath]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 726
| list_episodes =
| producer = P. Jagan Nath
| company = Box Office Studio
| theme_music_composer = Karaneeswaran
| opentheme = Chellama Chellama by K.S Chitra
| cinematography = G.S Vijay Krishnan
| editor = G. Ramesh Karthik
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|05|09|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|09|14|df=y}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
}}

'''Chellamma''' is an Indian-[[Tamil language]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series starring Anshitha Akbarsha and [[Arnav Amjath]]. Directed by Vel Raj and Francis Kathiravan. The series revolves around a single village mother Chellamma who has unconditional love for her daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மகளே உயிராக... உலகே அவளாக... விஜய் டிவியில் புதிய சீரியல்... இன்று முதல் ஒளிபரப்பு!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-tv-going-to-telecast-new-serial-chellamma-from-today-095366.html|access-date=9 May 2022|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|language=ta}}</ref> It premiered on 9 May 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=துரோகம் செய்த கணவனை கையும் களவுமாக பிடித்த செல்லம்மா - டாப் கியரில் செல்லும் விஜய் டிவி-யின் புது சீரியல்!|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-telecasting-new-serial-chellamma-from-may-9th-selv-ghta-743558.html#gsc.tab=0|access-date=11 May 2022|website=tamil.news18.com| date=11 May 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and ended on 14 September 2024 with 726 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Chellamma' to go off-air soon; Arnav shares a glimpse from the last day of shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chellamma-to-go-off-air-soon-arnav-shares-a-glimpse-from-the-last-day-of-shoot/articleshow/113183573.cms|access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2024 }}</ref> The series is also dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Amma Manassu'' from 31 July 2023 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/amma-manassu-and-sneha-nombaram/ | title=Amma Manassu and Sneha Nombaram Malayalam Serials on Asianet, Launching on 31 July at 1:30 PM and 02:00 PM | date=30 July 2023 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The narrative opens with a mother's love and her daughter in a village where she experiences challenges and numerous problems. Unfortunate occurrences lead Chellamma, a biological daughter of Mahendran and daughter, to Lakshmi's doorway with no knowledge of their prior connection throughout their youth. What she went through it is how she attempts to get over it.

Chellamma, a dedicated mother who works as a maid in Lakshmi's home, relates the tale of the mother and daughter's love and affection. She was married, but her painful marriage with her spouse resulted in a divorce. Her husband remarried, continuing his plan to repeatedly hurt Chellama while doing so. Chellama is a maid that works in Mahendran and Lakshmi's home. She is regarded as one of the most devoted employees there, and they assist her in paying for her daughter's schooling. Her husband once threatened to never traumatise her if she removed the mangle sutra. He used Megha, a fictitious daughter of Mahendran and Lakshmi, to irritate her and manipulate her to sever their ties with the Chellama family, among other things. Where Chellama also responded, stating that if you damage me, that will also remain as the strength of God's light.

Chellamma is respected by Lakshmi and Mahendran, who also regard her as a daughter. The protagonist then encounters Janaki's son Siddharth. Despite having a large group of coworkers and treating Chellamma as his everything, he likes her but is unable to show his affection. Megha, meantime, is a fraudulent daughter who enjoys hurting others and dislikes it when things are going well. She misuses everything and ruins every connection. Soon after, Chellamma's was established, where Mahendran and Lakshmi respect her as their biological daughter. Margatham and Chellamma's ex-husband irritate Megha. The storyline then goes on to reveal Margatham's loss to Siddu and Chellamma's romantic connection.

==Cast==
* Anshitha Akbarsha as Chellamma: Lakshmi and Mahendran's biological daughter, Manickam's ex-wife, Siddhu's wife, Malar's mother. (2022–2024)
* [[Arnav Amjath]] as Siddharth (Siddhu): Janaki and Vasudevan's son, Chellamma's second husband, Megha's ex-fiancé, Aarthi's brother, Malar's step-father. (2022–2024)
* Baby Kanmani as Malar: Chellamma and Manickam's daughter, Siddhu's step-daughter. (2022–2024)
* Divya Ganesan (2022) / VJ Sriya Surendran (Dec.2022–2024) as Megha: Saravanan's biological daughter, Siddhu's ex-fiancé, Mahesh's wife, Lakshmi and Mahendran's foster daughter, Riya's biological mother.
* Anandha Krishnan as Manickam: Chellamma's ex-husband, Malar's father. (2022–2024) (Dead)
* Jebin John as Mahesh: Megha's husband, Riya's biological father. (2023–2024)
* Sahana Shree as Riya: Mahesh and Megha's biological daughter, Chellamma Jr's elder sister. (2023–2024)
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Maragatham: Mahendran's step-mother, Thiyagarajan's illegal wife, Megha's maternal grandmother. (2022–2024)
* Minor Yogi as Manohar: Megha's maternal uncle. (2022–2024)
* Raj Kumar (2022) / Sridhar Subramaniyam (Jun.2022–2024) as Mahendran: Lakshmi's husband, Chellamma's biological father and Megha's foster father.
* [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Lakshmi Mahendran: Mahendran's wife, Chellamma's biological mother and Megha's foster mother. (2022–2024)
* Archana Kumar as Aarthi: Janaki and Vasudevan's daughter, Siddhu's sister, Akash's husband. (2022–2024)
* Baby Joyce (2022–2024) / Kiruba (2024) as Janaki: Vasudevan's wife, Siddhu and Aarthi's mother.
* Dev Anand as Vasudevan: Janaki's husband, Siddhu and Aarthi's father. (2022–2024)
* Mani as Maragatham's son (2023)
* [[Sridevi Ashok]] as Maragatham's daughter and Megha's biological mother (Dead) (Cameo)
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Thiyagarajan: Mahendran's father, Maragatham's illegal husband. (2022–2024)
* Unknown as Akash: Aarthi's husband. (2024)
* Ashok as Saravanan: Megha and Surender's father, Riya's grandfather. (2023–2024) (Dead)

==Production==
===Casting===
Newcomer actress Anshitha Akbarsha was cast as the Title role as Chellamma,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anshitha Akbarsha shares heartwarming message to fans, says 'Chellamma gave life to my Tamil career'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anshitha-akbarsha-shares-heartwarming-message-to-fans-says-chellamma-gave-life-to-my-tamil-career/articleshow/113253379.cms|access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 September 2024 }}</ref> who is a single mother. [[Arnav Amjath]] was cast as the male lead, who is a businessman. Arnaav made his comeback after [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s ''[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu 2]]''. Actress Divya Ganesh was selected to portray the role of Megha (Siddarth's fiancé) who played an important role, but on 13 December 2022 she quit the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தொடரில் இருந்து விலகிய திவ்யா கணேஷ்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/dec/20/quitting-serial-bhakya-lakshmi-actress-divya-ganesh-3970209.html|access-date=15 December 2022|website=www.dinamani.com|language=ta}}</ref> she was replaced by Sriya Surendran in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிரபல சீரியலில் இருந்து விலகிய பாக்கியலட்சுமி திவ்யா.. இனி அவருக்கு பதில் இவர்தான்.!!|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/chellama-serial-megha-character-replacement-details/206783/|access-date=15 December 2022|website=kalakkalcinema.com|date=15 December 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

Actor Raj Kumar was replaced by Sridhar Subramaniyam on 30 June 2022. Actress [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] was cast to play the role of Lakshmi. In early April 2023, Jebin John was cast opposite of Megha as Mahesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Jebin John joins the cast of TV show 'Chellamma'; "I am really excited to play the role, Mahesh"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-jebin-john-joins-the-cast-of-tv-show-chellamma-says-i-am-really-excited-to-play-the-role-mahesh/articleshow/99603481.cms|access-date=19 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 April 2023 }}</ref> In March 2024, actress Ranjana was cast as Pooja.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Ranjana joins the cast of TV show 'Chellamma'; says "I am really excited to play the role, Pooja"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-ranjana-joins-the-cast-of-tv-show-chellamma-says-i-am-really-excited-to-play-the-role-pooja/articleshow/108495010.cms|access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 March 2024 }}</ref>

===Soundtrack===
{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chellama Nee Chellama
| lyrics1 = Palani Bharathi
| extra1 = K.S Chitra
| length1 = 2.57 sec
}}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="color:black"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam 2]]'' కార్తీక దీపం 2
|25 March 2024
|[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="2" |Ongoing
| rowspan="3" |Remake
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/karthika-deepam-2-serial-remake-of-chellamma-tamil-serial/articleshow/108266060.cms |title=Karthika Deepam 2: కొత్త కథతో కార్తీకదీపం 2 .. ఆ సూపర్ హిట్ సీరియల్‌కి రీమేక్ |date=6 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Sharade'' ಶಾರದೆ
|17 March 2025
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-chaithra-sakkari-quits-tamil-daily-soap-punnagai-poove/articleshow/118383146.cms | title=Actress Chaithra Sakkari quits Tamil daily soap 'Punnagai Poove'| date=19 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Shehzaadi... Hai Tu Dil Ki]]'' शहज़ादी... है तू दिल की
|4 December 2025
|[[StarPlus]]
|17 March 2026
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/star-plus-show-shehzadi-hai-tu-dil-ki-cast-release-date-air-time-ott-platform-and-more/2025/11/24 | title=Star Plus Show Shehzadi Hai Tu Dil Ki Cast, Release Date, Air Time, OTT Platform, And More| date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/chellamma/1260101194 ''Chellamma''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt19893566}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Fatteshikast

2026-03-17T11:44:38Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{short description|2019 Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fatteshikast
| image = Fatteshikast.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| producer =Ajay Arekar Aniruddha Arekar Bhausaheb Arekar
| writer = Digpal Lanjekar
| story =
| starring = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] Harish Dudhade [[Ankit Mohan]] [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] [[Ruchi Savarn]] [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] Trupti Toradmal
| music = Devdutta Manisha Baji
| cinematography = Reshmi Sarkar
| editing = Pramod Kahar
| studio = Almonds Creations
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}
{{INRconvert|5.65|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=आतापर्यंत 'फत्तेशिकस्त' सिनेमाने केली इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/marathi-movie-fatteshikast-box-office-collection/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
}}

'''''Fatteshikast''''' ({{translation|Win by brave efforts}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Digpal Lanjekar]] and produced under the banner of Almonds Creations Ajay Arekar and Anirudh Arekar in association with [[AA Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/fatteshikast-farzand-fame-director-digpal-lanjekar-is-all-set-to-bring-indias-first-surgical-strike-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/69140091.cms |title='Fatteshikast': 'Farzand' fame director Digpal Lanjekar is all set to bring India's first surgical strike on the big screen|date=2 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/upcoming-marathi-movies-to-look-forward-to/fatteshikast-chinmay-mandlekar-shares-a-behind-the-scenes-photo-from-the-sets/photostory/69245872.cms|title=Upcoming Marathi Movies To Look Forward To|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> along with [[Ankit Mohan]] and [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] in supporting roles. The music of the film is composed by Devdutta Manisha Baji and the soundtrack includes devotional song of [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]]. A sequel to ''[[Farzand]]'' (2018), it is the second film in Lanjekar's [[Shri Shivraj Ashtak (film series)|''Shri Shivraj Ashtak'' film series]] in an eight movies series on [[Maratha Empire]]. It was followed by the ''[[Pawankhind]]'' (2022).

==Plot==
The film depicts the historical encounter between [[Shivaji I]] and the subahdar and general of the Mughal army, [[Shaista Khan]] at [[Lal Mahal]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/fatteshikast/movie-review/72074311.cms|title = Fatteshikast Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Fatteshikast by Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as [[Rajmata]] [[Jijabai]]
* [[Ajay Purkar]] as Subhedar [[Tanaji Malusare]]
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Naamdar Khan
* [[Anup Soni]] as [[Shaista Khan]]
* [[Rishi Saxena]] as Fatteh Khan
* [[Ankit Mohan]] as [[Yesaji Angre|Sarsenapati Yesaji Kank]]
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] as Kesar (Phulwanti)
* Vikram Gaikwad as Sardar Chimnaji Mudgal Deshpande
* [[Nikhil Raut]] as Kisna
* Prasad Limaye as Sardar Balaji Mudgal Deshpande
* Harish Dudhade as [[Bahirji Naik]] (spy)
* [[Digpal Lanjekar]] as Sardar Baaji Sarjerao Jedhe
* Akshay Waghmare as Sardar Koyaji Naik Bandal
* Aastad Kale as Kartalab Khan Uzbek
* Trupti Toradmal as Rai Bagan Sahiba
* [[Ruchi Savarn]] as Maharani [[Soyarabai]]
* Nakshatra Medhekar as Bahubegam (daughter in law of [[Shaista Khan]])
* Ramesh Paradeshi as [[Amar Singh Rathore]]
* Ganesh Tidke as [[Suryaji Malusare]]

==Production==
Almonds creations Ajay Arekar & Anirudh Arekar on 30 April 2019.<ref name=":p1">{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-director-of-farzand-filming-of-marathi-film-fatteshikast-stars-chinmay-mandlekar-mrinal-kulkarni-1808378.html|title=फत्तेशिकस्त : स्वराज्याच्या इतिहासातील सर्जिकल स्ट्राईक|language=mr|work=The Hindustan Times|date=1 May 2019|access-date=29 August 2019|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829064328/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-director-of-farzand-filming-of-marathi-film-fatteshikast-stars-chinmay-mandlekar-mrinal-kulkarni-1808378.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://marathistars.com/movies/fatteshikast-marathi-movie/ |title=Fatteshikast – Marathi Movie|author=Scroll Staff |work=Marathi Stars |access-date=29 August 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Fatteshikast'' was theatrically released on 15 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/marathi-movie-fatteshikast-wonem-star-cast-mrunal-kulkarni-mrunmayee-deshpande-mhmj-411911.html|title=स्वराज्यातील स्त्रीशक्ती शत्रूला देणार 'फत्तेशिकस्त' marathi movie fatteshikast wonem star cast mrunal kulkarni mrunmayee deshpande {{pipe}} News - News18 Lokmat, Today's Latest Marathi News|website=News18 Lokmat|date=6 October 2019}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film is originally available for streaming on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatteshikast 2019 watch online OTT Streaming of movie on ZEE5, Vi Movies and TV |url=https://www.ottplay.com/movie/fatteshikast-2019/64520a9b9f567 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Fatteshikast'' had a decent opening at the box office. It reportedly collected around {{INRConvert|0.65|c}} on first day. The collection rose to {{INRConvert|1.17|c}} and {{INRConvert|1.68|c}} on second and third day respectively totalling to {{INRConvert|3.5|c}} and {{INRConvert|5.65|c}} in opening week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=आतापर्यंत 'फत्तेशिकस्त' सिनेमाने केली इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/marathi-movie-fatteshikast-box-office-collection/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Fatteshikast
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Devdutta Manisha Baji
| cover = blank
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|17}}
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Aajivasan Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=37|s=17}}
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{YouTube|ic0LEc2Mjy4|Fatteshikast - Full album}}
}}
The songs for the film are composed by Devdutta Manisha Baji and lyrics by [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]], V. S. Khandekar and [[Digpal Lanjekar]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tu Jogawa Wadh Mai
| length1 = 2:31
| lyrics1 = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| extra1 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| note1 = Chorus singers: Devdutta Manisha Baji, Shantanu Ravindra Pande & Nikhil Modgi
| title2 = Hechi Yel Deva Naka
| length2 = 3:07
| lyrics2 = [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]]
| extra2 = Avadhoot Gandhi and Chorus
| note2 = Chorus singers: Ashish Kulkarni, Devdutta Manisha Bsooneraji, Samadhan Vartak, Atharva Kulkarni, Akshay Deshpande, Jeevan Marathe, Homnath Kurkure
| title3 = Akhiyan Yeh Dekho Kanha
| length3 = 3:16
| lyrics3 = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| extra3 = [[Bela Shende]]
| title4 = Woh Maseeha Aa Gaya
| length4 = 5:29
| lyrics4 = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| extra4 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Ashish Kulkarni, Devdutta Manisha Baji
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10767976}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/fatteshikast/0-0-199529 Fatteshikast] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language historical films]]
[[Category:2010s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Tanaji Malusare]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Panhala]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-17T09:19:36Z

TomOcampo9313: starting a entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Karimnagar {{Small|TG-3}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Karimnagar.map}}
| map_caption = Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency in Telangana
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| mp = [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]}}
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sanjay Bandi Bjp.png
| alliance = [[File:National Democratic Alliance.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[B. Vinod Kumar]] {{Party index link|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| state = [[Telangana]]
| electors = 1,147,697<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014"]</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]] [[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]] [[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]] [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]] [[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]] [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]] [[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
}}
'''Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=29}}</ref>

[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar|Bandi Sanjay]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is currently representing the constituency.

==History==
Since its inception in 1952 Karimnagar seat is a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] stronghold, various political outfits like the [[Telangana Praja Samithi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Telugu Desam Party]] have won it during different general elections.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/karimnagar.html Karimnagar Lok Sabha]</ref>

After the formation of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] the seat has been won by [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]], the founder of TRS during the [[Telangana movement|Telangana Agitation]] he won thrice from the constituency with huge margin.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/in-karimnagar-bypoll-trs-chief-rides-telangana-wave-106120201045_1.html In Karimnagar bypoll, TRS chief rides Telangana wave]</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Gangula Kamalakar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]] (SC)
|[[Medipally Sathyam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|[[Aadi Srinivas]]
|-
|29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|Dr. [[Kavvampally Satyanarayana]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[Kaushik Reddy|Padi Kaushik Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[M. R. Krishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[Baddham Yella Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[M. R. Krishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| M. Sri Ranga Rao
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Juvvadi Ramapathy Rao
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Satyanarayana Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[J. Chokka Rao|Juvvadi Chokka Rao]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[L. Ramana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2006^
|-
| 2008^
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Vinod Kumar Boianapalli|B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| {{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==

=== General election, 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Karimnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=585,116|percentage=44.57|change={{increase}}1.15}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velichala Rajender Rao|party=Indian National Congress|votes=359,907|percentage=27.41|change={{increase}}5.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Vinod Kumar]]|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|votes=282,163|percentage=21.49|change={{decrease}}14.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,438|percentage=0.41|change={{down}}0.29}}{{Election box majority|votes=225,209|percentage=17.16|change={{up}}9.36}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,312,852|percentage=72.54|change={{increase}}3.02}}{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== General Election, 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Karimnagar]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| votes = 4,98,276
| percentage = 43.42
| change = {{increase}}24.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
|votes = 4,08,768
|percentage = 35.62
| change = {{decrease}}9.31

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|votes = 1,79,258
|percentage = 15.62
| change = {{decrease}}11.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=7,979|percentage=0.70|change={{increase}}0.19}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 89,508
|percentage= 7.80
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 10,94,551
|percentage=69.52
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|swing = {{increase}}16.83
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General Election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Karimnagar]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/karimnagar.html KARIMNAGAR LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
|votes = 5,05,783
|percentage = 44.93
|change = {{increase}}17.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|votes = 3,00,706
|percentage = 26.71
|change = {{decrease}}5.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]]
| votes = 2,14,828
| percentage = 19.08
| change = {{increase}}6.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Welfare Party of India
| candidate = Shaik Mahmood
| votes = 39,308
| percentage = 3.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = B. Laxman
| votes = 11,328
| percentage = 1.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India (A)
| candidate = Reddi Malla Srinivas
| votes = 8,034
| percentage = 0.71
| change =
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,05,007
| percentage = 18.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,25,691
| percentage = 74.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Karimnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|votes = 3,17,927
|percentage = 32.14
|change = {{increase}}9.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
|votes = 2,67,684
|percentage = 27.06
|change = {{decrease}}20.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Velichala Rajender Rao
|votes = 1,75,370
|percentage = 17.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Chandupatla Janga Reddy
| votes = 1,22,337
| percentage = 12.37
| change = {{increase}}9.77
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 52000
| percentage = 5.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 9,89,301
| percentage = 66.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===By Election, 2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|By Elections, 2006]]: Karimnagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]]|votes=378,030|percentage=47.61|change=-3.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]|votes=176,448|percentage=22.23|change=+22.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[L. Ramana]]|votes=170,268|percentage=21.44|change=+21.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]]|votes=21,144|percentage=2.66|change=-33.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Mazhar Mohiuddin|votes=11,184|percentage=1.41|change=+1.41}}{{Election box majority|votes=201,582|percentage=25.39|change=+34.93}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,93,941|percentage=55.9|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = -3.98
}}
{{Election box end}}
4+54+50++50

===General Election, 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Elections, 2004]]: Karimnagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]]
| votes = 451,199
| percentage = 51.59
| change = +51.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]]
| votes = 320,031
| percentage = 36.60
| change = -13.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mamidipalli Gangarajam
| votes = 59,686
| percentage = 6.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kothapalli Sandri Menayya
| votes = 43,582
| percentage = 4.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 131,168
| percentage = 14.99
| change = +64.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 874,498
| percentage = 65.12
| change = -1.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +51.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Trivia==
* [[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao|C. Vidyasagar Rao]], former [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]] represented the constituency in [[12th Lok Sabha]] and [[13th Lok Sabha]] respectively.
* [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekar Rao]], former [[Chief Minister of Telangana]] represented the constituency in [[14th Lok Sabha]] .

==See also==
* [[Karimnagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/karimnagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Karimnagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coords|18.4|79.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]

Vijay Kumar Chaudhary

2026-03-16T07:25:13Z

TomOcampo9313: quick update

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Kumar Choudhary
| image = File:Vijay Kumar Chaudhary with Umesh kushwaha, khiru Mahto, Nitish Kumar (cropped).jpeg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|1|8|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile at the WRD, Bihar, India|url=http://wrd.bih.nic.in/minister.html|access-date=14 June 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033703/http://wrd.bih.nic.in/minister.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dalsinghsarai]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| residence = 2 Deshratna Marg, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession = Politician Probationary Officer
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| spouse = Ganga Choudhary
| children = 1 daughter, 1 son
| signature =
| Awards =
| website = http://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.
| footnotes =
| office = [[Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 16 Mar 2024
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{ubl|Water Resources|Parliamentary Affairs}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start1 = 03 Feb 2024
| term_end1 = 15 Mar 2024
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata1 = {{ubl|Water Resources|Education|Building Construction|Transport|Information & Public Relations|Parliamentary Affairs}}
| term_start2 = 22 Aug 2022
| term_end2 = 28 Jan 2024
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = {{ubl|Finance|Commercial Taxes|Parliamentary Affairs}}
| term_start3 = 09 Feb 2021
| term_end3 = 10 Aug 2022
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata3 = {{ubl|Education|Parliamentary Affairs}}
| term_start4 = 16 Nov 2020
| term_end4 = 08 Feb 2021
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname4 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata4 = {{ubl|Water Resources|Rural Works|Rural Development|Information & Public Relations|Parliamentary Affairs}}
| term_start5 = 22 Feb 2015
| term_end5 = 16 Nov 2015
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname5 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata5 = {{ubl|Water Resources|Agriculture|Information & Public Relations}}
| term_start6 = 26 Nov 2010
| term_end6 = 07 Feb 2015
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname6 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata6 = {{ubl|Water Resources}}
| office7 = 15th [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly |Speaker]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 2 December 2015
| term_end7 = 15 November 2020
| predecessor7 = [[Uday Narayan Choudhary]]
| successor7 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| office8 = [[Leader of Opposition]], [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 19 February 2015
| term_end8 = 20 February 2015
| office9 = [[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Bihar]] [[JD(U)]]
| term_start9 = 14 February 2010
| term_end9 = 26 November 2010
| office10 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| term_start10 = 24 Nov 2010
| predecessor10 = Ramchandra Singh Nishad
| 1blankname10 = Constituency
| 1namedata10 = [[Sarairanjan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| term_start11 = 1981
| term_end11 = 1995
| 1blankname11 = Constituency
| 1namedata11 = [[Dalsinghsarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| predecessor11 = Jagdish Prasad Chaudhary
| successor11 = [[Ram Lakhan Mahato]]
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Chaudhary''' (born 8 January 1957) is an Indian politician. He has been a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] since 1982, and is currently serving as the Cabinet Minister for Water Resources and Parliamentary Affairs ministries in the [[Government of Bihar]].

He has previously held the posts of Speaker of Bihar Vidhan Sabha, Leader of [[Janata Dal (United)]] Legislature Party in Bihar Legislative Assembly<ref>{{cite news|title=Speaker Uday Narayan Chaudhary urged to recognise JDU as main opposition party in Bihar|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/speaker-uday-narayan-chaudhary-urged-to-recognise-jdu-as-main-opposition-party-in-bihar/42644/|work=Financial Express}}</ref> and the Minister for Finance, Commercial Taxes, Education, Building Construction, Transport, Rural Development, Rural Works Engineering, Information & Public Relations, Agriculture, Animal and Fish Resources ministries in the [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=WRD minister|url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Governance/default.htm|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref> He is considered to be the Number 2 in JDU's pecking order of the Bihar cabinet and is a member of [[Nitish Kumar]]'s core committee which shapes policies of the Government and the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar2015/key-candidates-to-look-out-for-in-bihar-elections-2015/article10200330.ece|title=Key candidates to look out for in Bihar Elections 2015|date=6 November 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ministers back to business|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130621/jsp/bihar/story_17029462.jsp#.VKJKuGwBg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230085848/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130621/jsp/bihar/story_17029462.jsp#.VKJKuGwBg|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2014|work=Telegraph India|author=SANJEEV KUMAR VERMA}}</ref>

Chaudhary served as the Home Minister-in-charge, putting forth the Government's stand on home affairs in Bihar Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news/37713528_1_bihar-govt-cases-courts-nda-government | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140908060454/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news/37713528_1_bihar-govt-cases-courts-nda-government | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 September 2014 | title=Bihar govt for speedy trial in cases of rape, heinous crimes | newspaper=Economic Times | date=14 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Finance Bill passed by legislative assembly amid ruckus|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/financial-bill-passed-by-legislative-assembly-amid-ruckus-114122400817_1.html|work=Economic Times}}</ref> Known for being an efficient administrator and a soft-spoken person with a clean image, he is a close confidante of [[Nitish Kumar]] and was speculated to succeed him as Chief Minister of Bihar following the latter's resignation after the 2014 Lok Sabha polls.<ref>{{cite news|title=Positives in an uneven state|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/shankerdutt/2820/62040/positives-in-an-uneven-state.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015070924/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/shankerdutt/2820/62040/positives-in-an-uneven-state.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-10-15|work=IBN Live (blog)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as 32nd Chief Minister of Bihar|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-32nd-chief-minister-of-bihar-1472422|work=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mandate for 'PM' Modi left Nitish no choice|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Mandate-for-PM-Modi-left-Nitish-with-no-choice/articleshow/35272137.cms|work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20140922-jitan-ram-manjhi-bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-805217-2014-09-12|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi is out to win friends to stay in the chief minister's chair|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PA system pill to plug hearsay|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141021/jsp/bihar/story_18946935.jsp#.WKq2aW995XQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112025615/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141021/jsp/bihar/story_18946935.jsp#.WKq2aW995XQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==

Choudhary was born in [[Dalsinghsarai]], [[Samastipur district]] of Bihar in a [[maithil Brahmin]] family. His father, Jagdish Prasad Chaudhary, had been a freedom fighter, an [[Indian National Congress]] politician and a three term member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the Dalsinghsarai constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=969|title=VIJAY KUMAR CHAUDHARY(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- Sarairanjan(SAMASTIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He completed his Master of Arts in history from Patna University in 1979 and joined the [[State Bank of India]] as a Probationary Officer in [[Trivandrum]] in the same year.

== Political career ==

After the demise of his legislator father in 1982, Chaudhary resigned from his job and won the subsequent by-election from Dalsinghsarai on a Congress ticket. He was re-elected from Dalsinghsarai for two more terms in 1985 and 1990. During this stint as a legislator from 1982 to 1995, he served as the Deputy Chairman of Bihar State Industrial Development Corporation (BSIDC) and Deputy Chief Whip of the Congress Legislature Party (CLP). He sought re-election again from Dalsinghsarai in 1995 and 2000 but lost the polls.
Chaudhary served as General Secretary of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee from 2000 to 2005. He joined [[JD(U)]] in 2005 and unsuccessfully contested the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Sarairanjan. He was appointed as the General Secretary and Chief Spokesperson of the party in 2008. He continued to serve in this capacity until February 2010, when he was nominated as the President of Bihar JD(U) and led the party during its victory in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article710463.ece "New chief of Bihar JD(U)"]. ''The Hindu'', 15 February 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parties for deployment of central forces at ech booth|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Parties-for-deployment-of-central-forces-at-each-booth/articleshow/6595470.cms?referral=PM|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=irks>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Poor-spending-of-Plan-funds-irks-WRD-minister/articleshow/11345200.cms?referral=PM|title=Poor spending of Plan funds irks WRD minister|date=3 January 2012|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> He himself won the election from [[Sarairanjan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] with a margin of 17557 votes and was inducted as the Water Resources Minister in the newly formed cabinet,<ref>[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]</ref> assuming charge on 26 November 2010.<ref name=irks />

He tendered his resignation from the Council of Ministers on 7 February 2015 to protest the continuance of [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] as [[Chief Minister]] despite the election of [[Nitish Kumar]] as the Leader of [[JD(U)]] Legislature Party.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crisis in Bihar. 20 Ministers Resign in Support for Nitish Kumar|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jdu-votes-for-nitish-kumar-to-return-as-bihar-chief-minister-737740|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

He was elected as the Leader of [[JD(U)]] Legislature Party in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] and staked claim to the opposition status. He was subsequently recognized as the [[Leader of Opposition]] on 19 February 2015 by then Speaker [[Uday Narayan Chaudhary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Post victory in the trust vote and [[Nitish Kumar]] assuming charge as [[Chief Minister]] for the fourth time, he was inducted as the Cabinet Minister for Water Resources with the additional charge of Agriculture, Information & Public Relations and Animal and Fish Resources Departments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ministers allotted portfolios|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150225/jsp/bihar/story_5327.jsp#.VO1TwJhWHIU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225082737/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150225/jsp/bihar/story_5327.jsp#.VO1TwJhWHIU|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2015|work=Telegraph India}}</ref>

He retained his [[Sarairanjan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in 2015 elections with a margin of 34044 votes. He was elected unopposed to the post of Speaker of Bihar Legislative Assembly on 2 December 2015 after consensus was generated on his name among all political parties of the state, including the Opposition [[BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nitish-kumars-confidante-vijay-chaudhary-is-new-bihar-speaker/articleshow/50011049.cms|title=Nitish Kumar's confidante Vijay Chaudhary is new Bihar Speaker|date=2 December 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> He was re-elected from [[Sarairanjan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in the 2020 elections. He was inducted in the Cabinet of [[Nitish Kumar]] on 16 November 2020 and allotted the portfolios of Water Resources, Rural Works, Rural Development, Information & Public Relations and Parliamentary Affairs Departments.

== Achievements ==

As Water Resources Minister, Chaudhary is credited with the completion of Durgawati Reservoir in 2014, a massive irrigation project started in 1976 which got delayed by 38 years due to land acquisition and environmental clearance related issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/bihar/bihar-durgawati-reservoir-project-to-see-light-of-day-after-38-years_957055.html|title=Bihar Durgawati reservoir project to see light of day after 38 years|date=25 August 2014|website=Zee News}}</ref> His tenure (2010–2015) saw no major floods after the [[2008 Bihar flood]]. Under his leadership, the Water Resources Ministry launched eight river-linking projects at a cost of Rs 4442 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-launches-ambitious-river-linking-projects/article2073483.ece|title=Bihar launches ambitious river linking projects|date=3 June 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

As [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the Legislative Assembly, Chaudhary brought 44 amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business, the most significant of them being the introduction of the concept of 'Confidence Motion' under Rule 109(A), wherein the Government of the day can move a motion to seek confidence from the House. Bihar is the only state in the country with a rule to deal with confidence motion moved by Government of the day. The [[Nitish Kumar]] government, with BJP and other NDA constituents as allies, was the first to move a confidence motion in the Assembly, on 28 July 2017, to prove its majority in the lower House.
He also amended rules to allow inclusion of [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|MLC]]s in House Committees dealing with financial matters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/where-govt-can-move-confidence-motion/cid/1381590|title=Where govt can move confidence motion|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/trust-vote-vijay-kumar-choudhary-writes-to-ls-speaker-on-bihars-rule/articleshow/59023994.cms|title=Trust vote: Vijay Kumar Choudhary writes to LS Speaker on Bihar's rule|date=7 June 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

He introduced a Question Reply Management System (QRMS) for online receipt of questions from [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] and provision of answers by concerned Government departments through the same channel. To bring transparency in the recruitment policy of the Legislative Assembly Secretariat, he divested the Office of Speaker of powers of recruitment and awarded the job to a Central agency, also responsible for recruitment in [[Parliament of India]] through a competitive and fair process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/bihar-assembly-introduces-online-questions-for-mlas.html|title=Bihar Assembly introduces online questions for MLAs|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> He has also initiated the implementation of the National e-Vidhan Application Project to make [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] paperless.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/assembly-to-go-paperless-speaker/articleshow/66515481.cms|title=Assembly to go paperless: Speaker|date=6 November 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

He organized workshops to facilitate dialogue between the civil society and legislators for more informed lawmaking. He has also been organizing blood donation camps on the Assembly's foundation day wherein legislators donate blood for use by needy patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-assembly-blood-assembly-foundation-day-959312-2017-02-06|title=Bihar legislators to donate blood on assembly foundation day tomorrow|website=India Today}}</ref>

Under his leadership as the Chairman of the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] Bihar Chapter, the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] successfully organised the annual conference of [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] India Region, attended by both national and international dignitaries, including Chairperson of the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] [[Emilia Monjowa Lifaka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/commonwealth-parliamentary-association-meet-begins-in-patna-on-saturday-118021601392_1.html|title=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association meet begins in Patna on Saturday}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

He is married to Ganga Choudhary. The couple has a son and a daughter.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Janata Dal (United)}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|title=Bihar cabinet minister|url=http://cm.bih.nic.in/cabinet-minister-bihar.htm|access-date=2014-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623104909/http://cm.bih.nic.in/cabinet-minister-bihar.htm|archive-date=2014-06-23|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|title=Bihar foundation team|url=http://www.biharfoundation.in/team/}}
*{{cite news|title=my neta info|url=http://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=969|access-date=12 June 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Sanchipat

2026-03-14T12:55:49Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{Short description|Assamese bark manuscript}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox manuscript

| name = ''Sanchipat''
| location =

| image = File:সাঁচিপাতৰ পুথি.JPG
| width =
| caption =
| alt =

| Also known as = ''Sanchi'' manuscript
| Type =
| Date =
| Place of origin = [[Assam]], 1st-7th century CE
| Language(s) = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Ahom language|Ahom]]
| Scribe(s) =
| Illuminated by =
| Patron =
| Dedicated to =

| Material = Bark of ''[[Aquilaria malaccensis]]''
| Size = Typically 9-27" by 3-18"
| Format = Strung, as [[palm-leaf manuscript]]
| Script = [[Assamese alphabet]], [[Ahom script]]
| Contents =
| Illumination(s) = [[Painting of Assam]]
| Exemplar(s) = {{hlist|[[Gita Govinda]]|[[Hastividyarnava]]}}
| Other =
| below =
}}

'''''Sanchipat'''''{{efn|also ''sancipat'',<ref name=Jeyaraj/> ''sanchi-pat''}} ({{langx|as|সাঁচিপাত}}, {{transliteration|as|sāncipāt/sān̐cipāta}}, {{literal translation|sanchi leaves}}; pronounced "bancipat"<ref name=Jeyaraj/>{{Needs IPA|lang=as|date=November 2025}}) or '''''sanchi'' manuscripts''' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]: {{transliteration|as|sanchi puthi}}) are [[Culture of Assam|Assamese-culture]] [[manuscripts]] made from the bark of the ''sānci'' aloe tree, ''[[Aquilaria malaccensis]]''. Strips or 'leaves' of bark ''(agarutvak)''<ref name=UK/><ref name=NIIMH/> are centrally perforated and strung together, similar to a [[palm-leaf manuscript]]. ''Sanchipat'' are used prominently in traditional [[Assamese literature]], [[Hindu texts]], and [[Painting of Assam|Assamese manuscript painting]]. The manuscripts' material construction is [[pest-resistant]] and resistant to [[decomposition]].

== History ==

Per Dr. V. Jeyaraj of [[Government Museum, Chennai]], ''sanchipat'' was used as early as 15 CE.<ref name=Jeyaraj/>{{rp|29–30}} The earliest accounts of ''sanchipat'' are from the 7th century CE: it is mentioned in ''[[Harshacharita]],'' wherein [[Bhaskaravarman]] of [[Kamarupa]] gifted [[Harshavardhana]] a ''sanchipat'' "the hue of the ripe [[Coccinia grandis|pink cucumber]];" and in the ''[[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Āryamañjuśrīmūlakalpa]]''.<ref name=Jeyaraj/><ref name=Goswami/>{{rp|xiii}}

The zenith of ''sanchipat'' production was during the 15th-16th century spread of the ''[[Ekasarana Dharma]]'' by [[Srimanta Sankardev]]. The central holy text, the [[Bhagavat of Sankardev]], is a key devotional object for [[altars]]. A [[cottage industry]] of ''sanchipat'' producers and scribes emerged to meet the demand for devotional texts. [[Koch Bihar]] and the [[Ahom kingdom]] both patronized this cottage industry.<ref name="Current Science"/>

[[Cotton paper]] ''(tulapat)'' was a locally produced alternative to ''sanchipat'', typically used for lay uses like letters and bureaucratic record-keeping, dating as early as the 16th century.<ref name=Goswami/>{{rp|xvi}}

With the introduction of mass-produced [[paper]], ''sanchipat'' production declined, and the cottage industry died out.<ref name="Current Science"/>

== Construction ==
[[File:পুৰণি সাঁচিপাতৰ পুথি ৰখা বাকচ.jpg|thumb|Traditional box for holding ''sanchipat'']]
Stripped bark from ''[[Aquilaria malaccensis]]'' is utilized based on thickness. Thin strips constitute the 'leaves' of the ''sanchipat'', to be perforated and strung into the main manuscript chain. Particularly large and thin pieces are kept for high-quality manuscripts. Thick strips are used as covers to the book ''sanchipat''. Small or unusual pieces are utilized for personal records, called ''beti-pāt'' ({{literal translation|attendant leaves}}).<ref name=Goswami/>{{rp|xv}}

Leaves are typically 9-27" long by 3-18" wide rectangle. The strips are repeatedly soaked and sun-dried to remove pests, using a solution of ''[[aloe vera]]'', [[chalcanthite]], and ''[[Croton tiglium]]'' seed to pull [[Natural gum|gum]] from the bark. The treated bark is scraped and [[burnishing (pottery)|burnished]] smooth. The leaves are then [[sizing (paper)|sized]] with [[mung bean]] paste. Traditionally, the leaves are dyed with [[orpiment]] and bordered with [[vermilion]], adhered with the gum from ''[[Aegle marmelos]]''. This coloring is called [[Hengul and Haital|''hengul-haital'']]. Leaves are finally perforated and strung on a cord.<ref name=Jeyaraj/>{{rp|30}}<ref name="Current Science"/><ref name=Dutta/>

The application of chalcanthite ([[copper(II) sulfate]]), orpiment ([[arsenic trisulfide]]) and vermilion ([[mercury sulfide]]) make the manuscripts pest-resistant and antifungal. Orpiment and vermilion are toxic to humans.<ref name="Current Science"/><ref name=Dutta/>

===''Mahi''===

''Mahi'' is a traditional herbal [[ink]] used for ''sanchipat'' inscriptions. Compared to contemporaneous [[iron gall ink]], ''mahi'' is non-corrosive and anti-fungal.<ref name=Mahi/>

The ink is composed of a mix of fruits, bark and herbs, varying with availability:
* '''Fruits:''' ''[[Emblica officinalis]], [[Terminalia belerica]], [[Terminalia chebula]]''
* '''Bark:''' ''[[Artocarpus lakoocha]], [[Eugenia jambolana]], [[Mangifera indica]]. [[Terminalia belerica]], [[Terminalia chebula]]''
* '''Herbs:''' ''[[Centella asiatica]], [[Eclipta alba]], [[Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides]]''
The selected mixture is soaked in [[cow urine]], out of the light during the winter. A source of [[iron oxide]] is added: typically hot [[rust]]y iron, but the blood of the eel ''[[Ophichthys cuchia]]'' or the shark catfish ''[[Pangasius sutchi]]'' are also used. When the iron oxide is added, the mixture darkens with the creation of iron-[[polyphenols]]. The darkened mixture is finally [[percolation|percolated]] through a porous earthenware pot to yield ''mahi.''<ref name=Mahi/>

''Mahi'' may also contain the [[mucus]] of [[earthworms]]; wood ash; and [[dew]].<ref name=Jeyaraj/>{{rp|31}} Per [[Hemchandra Goswami]], the 16th century [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Sukhaamphaa]] received a ''sanchipat'' from [[Koch Bihar]] that was written in [[invisible ink]] made from the phosphorescent mucus, only legible in the dark.<ref name=Goswami/>{{rp|xvii}}

== Uses ==

=== ''Buranjis'' ===
{{main|Buranji}}
The ''buranjis'' are the [[chronicle]]s of the [[Ahom kingdom]]. Also called ''vamsāvali'', they were written in the [[Ahom language]] by [[Ahom religion]] priests, by decree of the [[Ahom dynasty]].

''Satria buranjis'' are chronicles of [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|''satras'']], religious centers of the Assamese ''[[Ekasarana Dharma]]'' sect of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name=Goswami/>{{rp|xx-xxiii}}

=== Genealogy ===
[[File:সাঁচিপতিয়া পুথি.jpg|thumb|Unwrapped ''sanchipat'']]
The ''vamsāvali'' is a ''sanchipat'' [[genealogy book]]. Traditionally, Assamese families would not only chronicle ancestry, but personal details as well. The ''buranji'' chronicles of the [[Ahom kingdom]] are sometimes called ''vamsāvali''.<ref name=Goswami/>{{rp|xx-xxi}}

=== Religious texts ===
''Sanchipat'' are the traditionally favored manuscript for copies of Hindu religious texts in ''[[Ekasarana Dharma]].'' The [[Bhagavat of Sankardev]] is a required part of devotional shrines, both in ''[[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|satra]]'' religious centers and in family shrines.<ref name=Goswami/>

== See also ==
* [[Agarwood]] or oudh, the resinous parasitized heartwood of ''Aquilaria''
* [[Birch bark manuscript]]
* [[Palm-leaf manuscript]]
* [[Lokta paper]]
* [[Tibetan paper]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=UK>{{Citation |title=A Brief History of the University |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/our-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219054802/https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/our-history |archive-date=2025-02-19 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[University of Kerala]]}}</ref>
<ref name=NIIMH>{{Citation |title=Foreword, NIIMH-AMAR |last=Babu |first=D. Ramesh |date=2013-04-03 |url=https://niimh.nic.in/amar/foreword.php |publisher=National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage |department=AYUSH Manuscripts Advanced Repository}}</ref>
<ref name=Goswami>{{Citation |title=Descriptive Catalogue of Assamese Manuscripts |last=Goswami |first=Hemchandra |url=https://ia801505.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.68268/2015.68268.Descriptive-Catalogue-Of-Assamese-Manuscripts_text.pdf |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |year=1930}}</ref>
<ref name=Jeyaraj>{{Citation |title=Care of Archival Materials and Manuscripts |last=Jeyaraj |first=V. |work=New Series - Generation Section-Chemical Conservation |volume=12 |url=https://govtmuseumchennai.org/uploads/topics/16530280952816.pdf |publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai]] |year=2007 |edition=2}}</ref>
<ref name="Current Science">{{Citation |title=Sāncipāt: a popular manuscript writing base of early Assam, North East India |last=Dutta |first=Robin K. |date=2022-12-10 |work=Current Science |volume=123 |issue=11 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |doi=10.18520/CS/V123/I11/1359-1364 |last2=Ali |first2=Asadulla A. |last3=Goswami |first3=Barsha R. |last4=Ligira |first4=Niranjan |doi-access=free |department=Current Science Association}}</ref>
<ref name=Dutta>{{Citation |title=Traditional science in pigments and recipe of painting woodcarving in medieval Assam, India. |last=Dutta |first=Robin K. |work=Journal of Coating Technology & Research |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1595–1609 |publisher=Springer Nature Germany |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11998-023-00765-8}}</ref>
<ref name=Mahi>{{Citation |title=Mahi: a unique traditional herbal ink of early Assam. |last=Goswami |first=Barsha R |date=2017-02-10 |work=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=591–595 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i03/591-595 |last2=Das |first2=Monoi K. |last3=Das |first3=Pranjal P. |last4=Medhi |first4=Tapas |last5=Ramteke |first5=Anand |last6=Hazarika |first6=Simanta |last7=Dutta |first7=Robin K.}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Manuscripts by type]]
[[Category:Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Assamese folklore]]
[[Category:Assamese-language books]]
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Ekasarana Dharma]]

Kim Sharma

2026-03-09T17:58:00Z

TomOcampo9313: quick update

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kim Sharma
| image = Kim S YOUWECAN.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sharma in 2016
| birth_name = Kim Michelle Sharma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Ali Punjani<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kim-sharma-left-penniless-after-being-dumped-by-husband-here-is-her-answer-4607527/ |title=Kim Sharma left penniless after being dumped by husband? Here is her answer |date=10 April 2017 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>|2010|2016|end=divorce}}
| partner = [[Leander Paes]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Entertainment |last=Desk |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kim-sharma-makes-relationship-with-leander-paes-insta-official-he-has-eyes-only-for-her-in-new-photo-7490664/ |title=Kim Sharma makes her relationship with Leander Paes Insta official, he has eyes only for her in new photo |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 September 2021 |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor|Actress]]|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| yearsactive = 2000–2010
| notable_works =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Kim Michelle Sharma''' is an Indian former actress and model who worked in [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She made her acting debut in the 2000-romantic drama ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' for which she won the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]]. Sharma went on to appear in films such as ''[[Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai]]'' (2002), ''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002), ''[[Fida]]'' (2004), ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'' (2005) and ''[[Godfather (2007 film)|Godfather]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite news |title=Kim Sharma: New vegan on the block |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kim-Sharma-New-vegan-on-the-block/articleshow/4877335.cms |access-date=11 June 2010 |date=12 August 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113154535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-12/news-interviews/28205180_1_vegetarian-diet-kim-sharma-bollywood-stars |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sharma was born to a Hindu father and Christian mother, and was raised as a [[Christian]]. Her family's patron saint is [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] after whom she received her middle name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Today is for Mother Mary too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/today-is-for-mother-mary-too/articleshow/2649162.cms |date=25 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=75%
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" | Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2000
|''[[Mohabbatein]]''
|Sanjana "Sanju" Paul
|[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref name="Screen">{{Cite news |last=John |first=Ali Peter |date=20 October 2000 |title=Mohabbatein: Lets all believe in Love, Please |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20001020/cover.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020702220219/http://www.screenindia.com/20001020/cover.htm |archive-date=2 July 2002}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002
|''[[Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai]]''
|Bobby Gujral
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kehtaa Hai Dil Baar Baar]]''
|Ritu Patel
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Khadgam]]''
|Pooja
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]''
|Dancer
|Tamil
|Special appearance in song "Paiyya Paiyya"
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Fida]]''
|Sonia Mukherjee
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2005
|''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]''
|Rita
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Yakeen (2005 film)|Yakeen]]''
|Tanya Thakur
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''
|[[Mihr-un-nissa Begum|Ladli Begum]]
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kotwani|first1=Hiren|title='Children of Heaven' maker Majid Majidi to watch Akbar Khan's 'Taj Mahal'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Children-of-Heaven-maker-Majid-Majidi-to-watch-Akbar-Khans-Taj-Mahal/articleshow/51342824.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=29 October 2016|date=10 March 2016|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220083046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Children-of-Heaven-maker-Majid-Majidi-to-watch-Akbar-Khans-Taj-Mahal/articleshow/51342824.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2006
|''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom, Dick, and Harry]]''
|Bijli
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Ladies Tailor''
|Radhika
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]''
|Joy
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana]]''
|Kanika
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]''
|Kim
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|[[Heyy Babyy|''Heyy Babyy'']]
|Bharat's girlfriend
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Chhodon Naa Yaar]]''
|Rashmi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Godfather (2007 film)|Godfather]]''
|{{N/A}}
|[[Urdu]]
|[[Lollywood|Pakistani]] film
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sara-khan-shweta-tiwari-18-indian-actors-pakistani-soaps-and-movies-lifetv-344689-2016-10-03|title=Sara Khan to Kim Sharma: 18 Indian artists who have worked in Pakistani soaps and movies|work=India Today|date=3 October 2016|accessdate=17 September 2020|first=Amit|last=Tyagi}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''
|Sara Das
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Deshdrohi]]''
|Herself
|Hindi
|Special appearance in song
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|rowspan="2"| Herself
|Telugu
|Special appearance in song "Jorsey"
|
|-
|''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]''
|Telugu
|Special appearance in song
|
|-
|''Daddy Cool: Join the Fun''
|Jenny
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Marega Salaa]]''
|Tanya Singhania
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]''
|Sophie
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/get-set-for-iyagami-imagegallery-tollywood-jf3sAihbbfgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214071748/https://www.sify.com/movies/get-set-for-iyagami-imagegallery-tollywood-jf3sAihbbfgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2022|title = Get set for Yagam|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Loot (2011 film)|Loot]]''
|Sharmili M. Siqueira "SMS"
|Hindi
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=75%
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2004
|''[[Carryy on Shekhar]]''
|Herself
|Episode 30
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/10/29/stories/2003102900850200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814050539/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/10/29/stories/2003102900850200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 14, 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=SAB TV launch Carryy on Shekhar|date=October 29, 2003}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2001
| [[2nd IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Mohabbatein]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2001: South Africa |website=International Indian Film Academy Awards |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131700/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
| Most Promising Debut Actress
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tt6Pp4iJmTahBtRq3nJ5nJ/And-the-award-goes-to.html |title=And the award goes to... |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |last=Shukla |first=Archna |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221031838/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tt6Pp4iJmTahBtRq3nJ5nJ/And-the-award-goes-to.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards India]]
| Favourite Debut Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |title=People's Choice Awards to Launch in India |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/peoples-choice-awards-launching-india-381417 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=20 October 2012 |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206064342/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/peoples-choice-awards-launching-india-381417 |archive-date= 6 February 2015 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|kim-sharma}}

{{IIFA AwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Kim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Anuj Pandit Sharma

2026-03-05T23:16:40Z

TomOcampo9313: put up basic biography w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian film and television actor (born 1991)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}
{{Notability|date=July 2023}}
}}
'''Anuj Pandit Sharma''' (born 21 October 1991) is an Indian film and television actor. He is better known as Bittu Sardar from ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' and as Jogi from ''[[Parvarrish - Season 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/photos/koi-mil-gayas-child-actor-anuj-pandit-bags-popular-tv-serial-252379| title=Koi Mil Gaya's child actor Anuj Pandit bags popular TV serial | work=abplive.in}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Sharma is an Indian television actor. He started acting when he was 11 years old, in a movie called ''Koi Mil Gaya'', he played the character of Bittu Sardar.

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Show
!Role
|-
|[[Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]
| Invisible boy sadashiv
|-
|''Hukum Mere Aaka''
|Jinny
|-
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|Vijay Tripathi
|-
|''[[Parvarrish - Season 2]]''
|Joginder 'Jogi' Kulwinder Khurrana
|-
|''Bacchon ki Adaalat''
|Child advocate
|-
|''[[Aadat Se Majboor (TV series)]]''
|Sunny
|-
|}

=== Movies ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Movie
!Role
|-
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Parvarrish-2-Know-the-cast-of-the-show/photostory/49479095.cms| title=‘Parvarrish 2’ – Know the cast of the show| work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|Bittu Sardar
|-
|''[[Total Siyappa]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/22076-movie-review-total-siyapaa-2014_.html| title=Movie Review: Total Siyapaa (2014)| work=mensxp.com}}</ref>
|Manav
|-
|''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''
|Varun
|-
|''[[Say Salaam India]]''
|Gurvinder
|}

=== Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Movie
!Role
!Note
|-
|''Bamini and Boys''
|Utpal
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/disney-hotstar-launches-quix-a-lineup-of-short-form-titles-starring-mandira-bedi-shreyas-talpade-among-others/article34449293.ece| title=Disney+ Hotstar launches ‘Quix’, a lineup of short-form titles starring Mandira Bedi, Shreyas Talpade among others| work=thehindu.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm1395680}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Anuj Pandit}}
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Mama Bhagne (film)

2026-03-04T03:47:49Z

TomOcampo9313: general improved layout after review additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Mama Bhagne
| image = MamaBhagne.jpeg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Anup Sengupta
| producer = Ishika Films Pvt. And Sujay Entertainment Digital Pvt.Ltd
| writer = Manjil Bandyopadhyay
| screenplay = Manjil Bandyopadhyay
| story = Manjil Bandyopadhyay
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Ananya Chatterjee]] [[Ranjit Mallick]] Arpita Mukherjee [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
| music = Subhayu Bedajna
| cinematography = Badal Sarkar
| editing = Atish Dey Sarkar
| studio =
| distributor = Moser Baer
| released = {{film date|df=y|2009|9|18}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinema 18-09-2009 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cinema-18-09-2009/cid/1172964}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mama Bhagne''''' ({{Translation|Maternal uncle and the nephew}}) is a 2009 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular Cinema in Bengal: Genre, Stars, Public Cultures|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Popular_Cinema_in_Bengal/3NXpDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mama+Bhagne+(film)&pg=PA27-IA28&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Routledge|date=2020-06-09|isbn=978-1-000-44892-4|language=en|first=Madhuja|last=Mukherjee|first2=Kaustav|last2=Bakshi}}</ref> directed by Anup Sengupta and produced under the banner of Ishika Films. The film features actors [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]] and [[Ananya Chatterjee]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/mama-bhagne-2009-bengali-movie|title=Mama Bhagne 2009|access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> Music of the film has been composed by Subhayu Bedajna.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mama Bhagne (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Subhayu Bedajna on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mama-bhagne-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1623859992|date=2009-01-01|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> It's an unofficial remake of the Hindi movie [[Rajaji (film)|Rajaji]].

== Plot ==
Raja and his Mama are very close friends. Raja decides to go Kolkata get a job producing fake certificates. He fall in love with Payel and marries her thinking that she is the daughter of millionaire.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as a Raja
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as a Raja's Maternal Uncle<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mama Bhagne Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Mama Bhagne by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mama-bhagne/movie-review/5030895.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ananya Chatterjee]] as Payel
* Arpita Mukherjee as Payel Friend
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Payel's Father
* Raja Chattopadhyay as G.P.(Govinda Purakaysto)
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anup Sengupta]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Vadakkan

2026-03-03T09:34:50Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up Basic Info V1

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vadakkan
| image = Vadakkan Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sajeed A.
| story = Sajeed A.
| screenplay = [[Unni R.]]
| producer = {{ubl|Jaideep Singh|Bhavya Nidhi Sharma|Kanupriya Gupta}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]|[[Shruthy Menon]]|[[Merin Philip]]}}
| cinematography = Keiko Nakahara
| editing = Sooraj E. S.
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = Offbeet Studios
| distributor = Dream Big Films
| released = {{Film date|2024|04||Brussels|2025|03|07|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|3.65 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=All March releases, except Empuraan, flopped at box office, as per producers' association's figures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/all-march-releases-except-empuraan-flopped-at-box-office-as-per-producers-associations-figures/article69497040.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Vadakkan''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Thriller film#Supernatural thriller|supernatural thriller film]] directed by Sajeed A. and written by [[Unni R.]] It stars [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Shruthy Menon]] and [[Merin Philip]] in the lead roles. It is produced by Jaideep Singh and Bhavya Nidhi Sharma under the banner Offbeet Studios. Keiko Nakahara handles the cinematography and Sooraj E. S. edits the film. [[Bijibal]] composed the songs and background score.<ref name="h">{{Cite web |last=Nair Anand |first=Shilpa |date=2025-03-24 |title=Malayalam movie ‘Vadakkan’ explores the paranormal rooted in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-movie-vadakkan-explores-paranormal-themes/article69343559.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sound designed by [[Resul Pookutty]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Almas |date=2025-03-03 |title=Resul Pookutty shares how he created an immersive horror experience in Vadakkan; says, 'I'm not scared of AI; maybe it will enable me to do a lot more precise work' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/resul-pookutty-shares-how-he-created-an-immersive-horror-experience-in-vadakkan-says-i-m-not-scared-of-ai-maybe-it-will-enable-me-to-do-a-lot-more-precise-work-article-12955083.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Network18 Group#Digital and publishing divisions|Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> and [[Robin Kunjukutty]] did the re-recording mix.

''Vadakkan'' was an official selection at [[Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival]] and [[Salerno Film Festival]].<ref name="h2">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=The first look poster of the Malayalam movie ‘Vadakkan’ is out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-first-look-poster-of-the-malayalam-movie-vadakkan-is-out/article69186779.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was screened at [[Marché du Film]] on 21 May 2024.<ref name="cannes">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Malayalam film 'Vadakkan’ makes historic debut at Cannes's Marché du Film Fantastic Pavilion |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/05/19/malayalam-movie-vadakkan-cannes-film-festival-debut-fantastic-pavilion.html |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> ''Vadakkan'' was released theatrically on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=Malayalam horror-thriller 'Vadakkan' trailer out; film set for March 7 release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vadakkan-supernatural-thriller-movie-trailer-af376398 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a [[Ghost hunting|paranormal investigator]] who approached to unravel a series of brutal murders on a [[reality television]] show, he uncovers dark secrets tied to an ancient cult ritual that dates back to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] of more than 4000 years ago. As he delves deeper, he comes face-to-face with a deadly spirit from [[Dravidian folk religion|Dravidian folklore]], which plunges him into a world filled with terrifying revelations.

==Cast==
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Raman Perumalayan
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Megha Nambiar
* [[Merin Philip]] as Anna Joseph
* [[Krishna Sankar]] as R. K. Ravi
* [[Kalesh Ramanand]] as Narayanan
* [[Garggi Ananthan]] as Alina
* Meenakshi Unnikrishnan as Meera
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Ayesha
* Ravi Venkatraman as Joseph
* Sirajudheen Nazar as Bejoy
* Greeshma Alex as Tashu
* Krisheka Patel as Lakshmi
* Aryan Kathuria as Shambhu

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vadakkan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]] [[Zeb Bangash]]
| released =
| recorded = 2024–25
| length =
| genre = [[Film Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Malayalam
| label = Offbeet Music
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc =
}}

The [[Film score|score]] for ''Vadakkan'' was composed by [[Bijibal]]. The soundtrack was composed by Bijibal and [[Zeb Bangash]]. The first single ''Kettingo'' was released on 17 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=2025-02-19 |title=Vadakkan: Kettingo Is A Folk Song Introducing Us To The Eerie World Of This Supernatural Thriller |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/vadakkan-kettingo-is-a-folk-song-introducing-us-to-the-world-of-this-supernatural-thriller-article-118392685 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The second single ''Mayyath Rap'' released on 1 March 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title='Vadakkan' releases 'Mayyath Rap' as it gears up for March release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/vadakkan-mayyath-rap-song-f81b9720 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> and the third single ''Rang Likha'' released on 5 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Internationally acclaimed singer Zeb Bangash to make her Malayalam debut in ‘Vadakkan’ |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/internationally-acclaimed-singer-zeb-bangash-to-make-her-malayalam-debut-in-vadakkan-58c82e28 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kettingo
| lyrics1 = [[B. K. Harinarayanan]]
| music1 = [[Bijibal]]
| extra1 = Bhadra Rajin
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Mayyath Rap
| lyrics2 = MC Couper
| music2 = Bijibal
| extra2 = MC Couper, Greeshma Alex
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = Rang Likha
| lyrics3 = [[Shellee]]
| music3 = [[Zeb Bangash]], Bijibal
| extra3 = Zeb Bangash
| length3 = 2:11
}}
==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Vadakkan'' was initially screened at [[Marché du Film]], [[Cannes]] on 21 May 2024.<ref name="cannes" /> The official trailer of the film was released on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Divya |date=2025-02-21 |title=Vadakkan trailer out: Malayalam's first paranormal film takes you to an unholy land with Kishore, Shruthy Menon and Merin Philip |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadakkan-trailer-out-malayalam-first-paranormal-film-kishore-shruthy-menon-merin-philip/84c1fc6741795 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Vadakkan makers release new song, 'Mayyath Rap' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/01/vadakkan-makers-release-new-song-mayyath-rap |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights of ''Vadakkan'''s Malayalam, [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] versions were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title='Vadakkan’ OTT: When and where to watch Malayalam cinema’s first paranormal thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vadakkan-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-cinemas-first-paranormal-thriller/articleshow/120928133.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Tamil versions by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2025-06-06 |title=Vadakkan out on OTT: Stream Kishore’s supernatural thriller drama right now here |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadakkan-out-on-ott-stream-kishores-supernatural-thriller-drama-right-now-here/7bc2ba1e2b553 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Vadakkan'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics.

Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote "It is a one-time watch for its technical brilliance and some genuinely eerie moments. But with stronger writing and a deeper exploration of the socio-cultural balancing act rooted in the caste history that Theyyam represents, it could have been so much more."<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Anjana |date=2025-03-08 |title=A one-time watch for its technical brilliance and some genuinely eerie moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vadakkanreview/movie-review/118798391.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shilpa Nair Anand of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "It is the kind of film that one has to pay close attention to because it is not a simple horror film with typical thrills, chills and sound effects. Which, by the way, there is plenty of in the film."<ref name="h" />

==Accolades==
* Best Supernatural Thriller Award at the [[Fright Night Film Fest]] 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Kishore and Shruthy Menon's Vadakkan wins Best Supernatural Thriller at Fright Night Film Fest |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/30/kishore-andshruthy-menons-vadakkan-wins-best-supernatural-thriller-at-fright-night-film-fest |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* Best Feature Film at the Autumn Edition of RED Movie Awards 2024, [[Reims]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RED Movie Awards 2024 |url=https://redmovieawards.com/winners-2024 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=redmovieawards.com}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Sound - [[Resul Pookutty]], Lijo N. James, [[Robin Kunjukutty]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title='Feminichi Fathima' wins Best Film Award at 48th Kerala Film Critics Award 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/15/feminichi-fathima-wins-best-film-award-at-48th-kerala-film-critics-award-2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* Official selection at 40th [[Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival]] (BIFFF)<ref name="h" />
* Official selection at Echelon Studios International Film Festival, [[Los Angeles]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Brace for the supernatural: 'Vadakkan' first look teases a paranormal journey |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vadakkan-paranormal-thriller-first-look-poster-8b24f272 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>
* Official selection at Abruzzo Horror Film Festival, [[L’Aquila]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. B. |first=Parvana |date=2024-10-25 |title=Shhh...'Vadakkan' is coming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Oct/25/shhhvadakkan-is-coming |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* Official selection at 78th [[Salerno Film Festival|Festival del cinema di Salerno]]<ref name="h2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27868101|Vadakkan}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]

Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam

2026-03-03T05:23:04Z

TomOcampo9313: adjusted intro also and updated info

{{short description|1980 film by K. Vijayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[K. Vijayan]]
| writer = T. Somasoodan
| producer = K. Vijayan
| starring = Poornima [[Vijayakanth]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = B. Kandasamy
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| studio = Saisudha Films
| released = {{film date|1980|12|5|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=445}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam''''' ({{IPA|ta|ðuːɾatu iɖi muɻakkam|pron}} {{Translation|Distant thunder}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] produced and directed by [[K. Vijayan]] and written by T. Somasoodan. Starring debutante Poornima and [[Vijayakanth]], it has [[Peeli Sivam]], and [[Suruli Rajan]] in other prominent roles. Set in the backdrop of a fishing community, the film tells the story of a woman who is torn between her love and husband. The film was screened at the Indian Panorama of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1981.

== Plot ==
A group of students visit a fishing village and see the statue of a young lady holding a shell and a lamp in both her hands. A tourist guide narrates the story as the film goes into a flashback mode.

Perumooppan, the village head, finds a child abandoned in a boat in the sea. He takes the child with him and brings him up. The child grows up into a skilled fisherman (Ponnan). Ponnan falls in love with Chelli, the daughter of a potter from the same village. Maari, Chelli's maternal uncle, who has an eye on her himself, learns about the relationship between her and Ponnan. One day when Ponnan and Chelli are together in a temple, a lamp breaks down. When Chelli is asked about her companion in the Panchayat, she fails to reveal Ponnan's name. The entire village questions her chastity and punishes her by making her swim across the sea and bring mud to light the lamp. When she does it successfully, the villagers become happy and get satisfied. This makes Maari even angrier.

On the insistence of Perumooppan, Ponnan along with a group of fishermen go to sea for fishing. During the event, Ponnan is taken away by a shark. The villagers believe that Ponnan is dead. On hearing this, Chelli attempts suicide but is saved by Maari. The villagers advise Chelli's father to have her marry Maari. Despite her reluctance, the marriage proceeds, and while returning home afterwards, she sees a dead body of a child being carried away by the villagers. Maari moves out of the house and notices a tantric (Pillikoda) who removes buried child in the graveyard and chases him. Meanwhile, Maari is appointed as one of the prominent members of the village Panchayat.

Chelli and Maari begin a happy life. By this time, the long-lost Ponnan returns to the village and finds them together. A dejected Ponnan leaves without informing her. Further, when he learns about their marriage, he decides to keep himself away from Chelli to avoid further complications. He goes to Perumooppan's house and leaves a shell that he brought from the deep sea. When Perumooppan sees this, he learns that Ponnan is still alive. In the meanwhile, Chelli delivers a baby boy. Since the baby looks dark and bears a close resemblance to Ponnan, the villagers label the child as an illegitimate one. Maari too starts believing that the child was not paid to him. A dejected Maari goes to a nearby temple during which he meets Pillikoda who asks him to bring a first male child of any family and the shell which is kept in the Pampadevi temple for exchange of some gold coins. Maari accepts the deal and takes the child and the shell and sets out to meet Pillikoda.

Meanwhile, Chelli notices her child is missing and runs to the Pampadevi temple and starts praying to the god to save her child. She then goes to Perumooppan's house to seek his help, where she finds the shell which was brought by Ponnan. Perumooppan advises her to take the surface and keep it inside the temple. He also tells Ponnan to save Chelli's child. When he is about to hand over the child to Pillikoda, Maari reforms and fights him, so Pillikoda kills him. During this time, Ponnan arrives and fights with Pillikoda and almost kills him. On the other hand, Chelli stands on the seashore and prays to the god with the shell in one hand and a lamp in another hand. When Ponnan returns to the shore with her child and Maari's corpse, Pillikoda throws a sickle and kills Ponnan. The boat arrives at the beach with the child along with the bodies of both Ponnan and Maari. Pillikoda is destroyed by a fire. Chelli becomes infuriated and asks the sea deity about the killings of her husband and Ponnan. She continues to stay on the shore. Her father erects a statue of her holding the lamp shell on both her hands at the coast.

== Cast ==
* Poornima Devi as Chelli{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=445}}
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Ponnan{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=445}}
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Maari{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=446}}
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Perumooppan
*A. Jagadeesan as Pillikoda
*[[Suruli Rajan]] as Neelakandam
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]

== Production ==
The film was produced by the director Vijayan himself. The film score was provided by [[Salil Chowdhury]] while cinematography was handled by N. Balakrishnan.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=264}} Poornima Devi made her debut as lead actress with this film. None of the actors applied makeup for their roles.<ref name=an /> The filming was held at Payanoor near Kerala and its surroundings.<ref name="ka">{{Cite magazine |date=7 December 1980 |title=புதுமை! புதுமை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-07/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230322161105/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-07/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> A few scenes were shot in [[Kerala]] in locations such as Ettikulam, Neeliswaram and Poochal.<ref name="an">{{cite news |date=15 July 1979 |title=தூரத்து இடி முழக்கம்: விஜயன் பேட்டி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_265/3.jp2/full/1000,1366/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214190043/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_265/3.jp2/full/1000,1366/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=25 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Although censored in December 1979, the film had a theatrical release only after a year.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=265}}

== Soundtrack ==
All lyrics were written by [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] and the music was composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thooraththu Idimuzhakkam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Salil Chowdhry |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thooraththu-idimuzhakkam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-salil-chowdhry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810055531/https://mossymart.com/product/thooraththu-idimuzhakkam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-salil-chowdhry/ |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> Since the film is primarily set in seashore, Vijayan wanted use real sounds of sea waves and Salil Chaudhary recorded the real sounds of waves.<ref name="ka" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|"Ullam Ellam Thalladuthe"
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|4:27
|-
|"Sevvali Poove"
|S. Janaki, chorus
|4:19
|-
|"Valaiyendi Kollvom"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:22
|-
|"Ullam Ellam Thalladuthe"
|[[P. Jayachandran]], S. Janaki
|2:56
|-
|"Indro Manam Kalangi"
|K. J. Yesudas
|2:48
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam'' received positive response from the critics who appreciated the film for its realistic portrayal of a love story set in the backdrop of a fishing community.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=264}} It is widely regarded as one of the new wave films that came out in the early 1980s in Tamil cinema.<ref name="RayJoshi2005">{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Bibekananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IedkAAAAMAAJ |title=Conscience of the Race: India's Offbeat Cinema |last2=Joshi |first2=Naveen |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-81-230-1298-8 |pages=123 |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326042144/https://books.google.com/books?id=IedkAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nalini Shastry of ''Kalki'' felt what was there in this film to get selected for the Delhi Film Festival but praised the cinematography for capturing seashores beautifully and called the performances of cast as natural, despite feeling that the scenes of Surulirajan in flashback was unnecessary, he was natural and his presence will be missed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=28 December 1980 |title=தூரத்து இடி முழக்கம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-28/page/n37/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230322160928/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-28/page/n37/mode/2up |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=36 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It was one of the 21 films to be screened at the "Indian Panorama" section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1981; apart from ''[[Nizhalgal]]'', it was the only other Tamil film to be screened at the festival that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema '80/'81 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/IP1981.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232755/http://dff.nic.in/2011/IP1981.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=14 August 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=98}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. Vijayan}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Vietnam Colony (1994 film)

2026-03-03T04:55:53Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up Basic Article From Scratch

{{short description|1994 film by Santhana Bharathi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vietnam Colony 1994.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santhana Bharathi]]
| screenplay = Santhana Bharathi
| story = [[Siddique–Lal]]
| producer = [[C. V. Rajendran]]
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Goundamani]] [[Vineetha]]
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]]
| editing = N. Chandran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sree Ganesh Vision
| released = {{film date|1994|7|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vietnam Colony''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed and co-written by [[Santhana Bharathi]]. It is a remake of the 1992 [[Malayalam]] film [[Vietnam Colony|of the same name]] which itself was based on the 1983 British film ''[[Local Hero (film)|Local Hero]]''. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Goundamani]] and [[Vineetha]]. It revolves around two men trying to persuade some colony residents to relocate to another location for the sake of a corporate project, but the residents, and some goons, oppose them. ''Vietnam Colony'' was released on 15 July 1994.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Venkatakrishnan gets a job with [[Calcutta]] Constructions as its supervisor. The company has been in efforts to restructure their land by vacating an illegal colony lying adjacent to its premises. Popularly known as Vietnam Colony, it is inhabited by daily labourers. The company has been in efforts to demolish the colony for long time, but failed to do so. The colony is now under the rule a few hardcore criminals to whom the residents have to pay specific amount every week. Now, Venkatakrishnan is appointed by the company to evacuate the colony by dealing with these criminals. He is assisted by Joseph. Both arrive in the colony disguised as professional writers who are planning to write a story on the life of colony residents.

Upon arrival, both enter the house of a woman in search of a house, but she mistakes them to have come to see her daughter Gayathri and calls her to bring tea and snacks. But after knowing that the goof happened, she lets them stay on the top floor of her house. Upon the advice of the house broker, Gayathri's mother believes that with time, her daughter might fall in love with Venkatakrishnan and marry him. In the coming days, Venkatakrishnan befriends with various members of the colony and tries to read out their idea about vacating the colony. But he realises it is not an easy task to evacuate the people and thinks about different plans to be operated. From Gayathri's mother, Venkatakrishnan learns that the entire colony was owned by Sulaiman, a millionaire who gave up his mother for money. What happens next is the rest of story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Venkatakrishnan
* [[Goundamani]] as Joseph<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2019 |title=Mohan is gone, but the craziness will go on |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/mohan-is-gone-but-the-craziness-will-go-on-739529.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012112409/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/mohan-is-gone-but-the-craziness-will-go-on-739529.html |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
* [[Vineetha]] as Gayathri
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sulaiman Seth<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vinod |date=20 September 2017 |title=In M'wood, everyone behaves like actors, not stars: Nassar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/in-mwood-everyone-behaves-like-actors-not-stars-nassar/articleshow/60750686.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214061740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/in-mwood-everyone-behaves-like-actors-not-stars-nassar/articleshow/60750686.cms |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Vijaya Rangaraj as Rauther
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Janaki
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as advocate Thomas
* Ashok Rao
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Broker Paramasivam
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Pattabhiraman
}}

== Production ==
''Vietnam Colony'' is a remake of the 1992 [[Malayalam]] film [[Vietnam Colony|of the same name]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2015 |title=மோகன்லாலும், பின்னே தமிழ் ரீமேக்கும்... |trans-title=Mohanlal and Tamil remakes |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180518111805/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm |archive-date=18 May 2018 |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> which itself was based on the 1983 British film ''[[Local Hero (film)|Local Hero]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saju |first=Kuriakose |date=18 December 2022 |title=Avatar 2: James Cameron's genius is in deploying technology for storytelling |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/avatar-2-james-cameron-technology-8330805/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122210859/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/avatar-2-james-cameron-technology-8330805/ |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Indru Mudhal'' ({{Translation|From today}}) before it was changed to match the Malayalam original. [[Gautami]] was initially cast as the lead actress but she was replaced by Vineetha.<ref name="ns">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=6 August 1994 |title=Tale pits settlers against developer |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GlBIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6702%2C2276065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518041516/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GlBIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6702%2C2276065 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=26 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> [[Crazy Mohan]] wrote the dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2016 |title=When 'Crazy' Mohan made us laugh... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/When-%E2%80%98Crazy%E2%80%99-Mohan-made-us-laugh.../article16076772.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518041541/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/When-%E2%80%98Crazy%E2%80%99-Mohan-made-us-laugh.../article16076772.ece |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1994 |title=Vietnam Colony |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vietnam-colony/9hm4qQtqHjc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518041515/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vietnam-colony/9hm4qQtqHjc_ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=12 March 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam Colony Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/vietnam-colony-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214062045/https://mossymart.com/product/vietnam-colony-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaiyil Veenai
| length1 = 4:58
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| title2 = Margazhi Masam
| length2 = 4:41
| lyrics2 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| title3 = Samikku Nan Poo
| length3 = 4:53
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = Mano
| title4 = Tham Thadhikida
| length4 = 4:52
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = Mano
| title5 = Yenakku Ullathellam
| length5 = 5:05
| lyrics5 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra5 = Swarnalatha
| title6 = Yennamo Solla
| length6 = 5:08
| lyrics6 = Pulamaipithan
| extra6 = Mano, Swarnalatha
| total_length = 29:37 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vietnam Colony'' was released on 15 July 1994.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 1994 |title=Vietnam Colony |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940715&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 22 July 1994, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "An unusual story by Siddiq-Lal keeps the proceedings alive for the most part."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=22 July 1994 |title=Rib-tickling |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940722&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 6 August 1994, ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "This is a serious story but what we get are comic situations which Santhana Bharathi manages very well".<ref name="ns" /> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that those who want to have fun can wake up at interval, and if viewers want to shed tears, they can sit until the end.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர். |date=14 August 1994 |title=சினிமாவுக்குப் போறீங்களா..? |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1994-08-14/kalki1994-08-14.pdf |access-date=12 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=24–26 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Santhana Bharathi}}

[[Category:1990s gangster films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about real estate holdout]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films about social class]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santhana Bharathi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Vietnam War films]]

Son of Sardaar

2026-03-02T09:25:20Z

TomOcampo9313: expand article per sources

{{Short description|2012 film by Ashwni Dhir}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Son of Sardaar
| image = Son Of Sardar poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ashwni Dhir]]
| producer = [[Ajay Devgn]]
| writer = [[Robin Bhatt]] Ashwni Dhir Shaheen Bhatt
| story = S. S. Kanchi
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''|[[S. S. Rajamouli]]}}
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Sonakshi Sinha]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Salman Khan]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Himesh Reshammiya]] [[Sajid–Wajid]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cinematography = [[Aseem Bajaj]]
| editing = Dharmendra Sharma
| studio = [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]] YRV Infra & Media [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] [[Eros International]]
| distributor = Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Eros International
| released = {{Film date|2012|11|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref name="runtime">{{Cite web |title=''SON OF SARDAAR'' (12A) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/son-sardaar-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003113447/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/son-sardaar-2012 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}30 crore<ref name="promotionbudget">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn sends legal notice to YRF |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/Article1-953386.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103022851/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/Article1-953386.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}161.48 crore<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=13 November 2012 |title=Son Of Sardaar Box Office Collection till Now | Box Collection – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/son-of-sardaar/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012062840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/son-of-sardaar/box-office/ |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=26 May 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Son of Sardaar''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] film directed by [[Ashwni Dhir]]. The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2012 |title=Son of Sardaar not an over the top comedy: Ashwni Dhir |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=287294&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=287294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130031213/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=287294&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=287294 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=6 November 2012 |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn to partner on a 3-D horror flick |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ajay-Devgn-to-partner-on-a-3-D-horror-flick/articleshow/13775558.cm}}{{dead link|date=November 2012}}</ref> A remake of the 2010 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'', it was released on 13 November 2012.

Although competing with the [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj]] film ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', ''Son of Sardaar'' managed to do good business at the box office worldwide. It received a divided response, with praise for its humour, the performance of the entire cast, stylised action sequences, and familiar tone, but criticism for the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn takes on Shah Rukh Khan! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_ajay-devgn-takes-on-shah-rukh-khan_1641136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124053753/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_ajay-devgn-takes-on-shah-rukh-khan_1641136 |archive-date=24 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> [[Box Office India]] declared it a superhit in India and in the overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan SUPER HIT Son of Sardaar HIT |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5136&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128040220/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5136&nCat= |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref><ref name="overseasSOS">{{Cite web |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan BLOCKBUSTER Son of Sardaar AVERAGE |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5147&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227124730/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5147&nCat= |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=28 November 2012 |publisher=Boxofficeindia}}</ref> It went on to gross {{INRConvert|161.48|c|lk=on}} worldwide.<ref name="Gross">{{Cite web |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602044123/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Boxofficeindia}}</ref>

A [[standalone sequel]], ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'', was released on 1 August 2025, with [[Ajay Devgn]] reprising his role alongside an ensemble cast featuring [[Mrunal Thakur]], [[Vindu Dara Singh]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Sep 2024 |title=SanjDutt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-set-to-join-ajay-devgn-in-punjab-for-son-of-sardaar-2-report/articleshow/112988322.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
A massive rivalry exists between the Sandhus and the Randhawas. During an intense fight between the two families, Jaswinder "Jassi" Singh Randhawa's father and Balwinder "Billu" Singh Sandhu's uncle kill each other on the night of Billu's wedding with Parmeet "Pammi" Kaur. Billu ultimately vows to remain unmarried until he kills Randhawa's son. Meanwhile, Jassi's mother flees the village with Jassi, later settling in [[London]].

Twenty-five years later, Jassi is a struggling immigrant in [[London]]. He is best friends with Pathan, who runs a club. Jassi decides to go to [[India]] because his father left him some land in [[Phagwara, Punjab]]. Although made aware of the rivalry by Pathan, he does not worry about it as he thinks that the rivalry is now forgotten. Back in Phagwara, Billu still searches for Randhawa's son with the help of his two younger brothers, Tito and Tony. Pammi yearns for marriage with Billu to be completed. Jassi arrives in India and meets Sukhmeet "Sukh" Kaur Sandhu on a train ride from [[New Delhi]] to [[Phagwara]]. Unbeknownst to Jassi, who flirts with her, Sukh is Billu's younger sister, who is returning to Phagwara after having completed her studies in Delhi. During the train ride, Jassi falls in love with her. Once he parts ways with Sukh upon landing in Phagwara, Jassi is offered a ride by Tony to a [[Gurdwara|Gurudwara]], as the land behind the Gurudwara is Jassi's. Tony finds out that Jassi is Randhawa's son and tries to kill him in vain.

Jassi soon bumps into Billu at a [[Hindu temple|temple]] as the villagers tell him that Billu would guide him to the land better. Billu is accompanied by his family and Sukh, who recognises Jassi, prompting Billu to invite Jassi to his house. Tony then reveals to Billu that Jassi is the person they were searching for these 25 years. Billu vows that he will kill Jassi as soon as he gets out of the Sandhu household. Jassi finds out that he is in the Sandhu household.

Since there is a tradition in the Sandhu household that treats guests as 'akin to God' and forbids any killings in the house during the period, Jassi feigns injury by telling everyone he has broken his back and needs to say in the house for treatment. Furious, Billu plans a number on Jassi's life.
Sukh's friend Tej "Bobby" Jaswal, a doctor, finds out that Jassi has been lying all along but confides this secretly to Sukh alone.

One day, Jassi informs a local inspector that Billu and his brothers are hell bent on killing him. The [[inspector]] promises to escort him out but instead leads Jassi to a dilapidated mansion where he is confronted by Billu and his men, revealing that he was in league with Billu, who along with his group starts attacking Jassi once the inspector leaves. However, in an attempt to escape, Jassi eventually lands back into the Sandhu household again.

After a few more days, during the Lohri celebrations, Billu announces that Bobby and Sukh will be engaged the very next day. Both are initially taken aback but eventually agree. Jassi finds out that Sukh loves him too. Pammi reveals to Sukh and Bobby that she planned this engagement because she wanted Jassi, who she now knows through the land papers in his bag, is Randhawa's son, to escape; as the engagement is taking place in the Gurudwara, nobody will be in the Sandhu household. Jassi, meanwhile, decides to fight Billu's brothers so he can stop this rivalry. Sukh escapes from the engagement after strong prodding from Pammi and, surprisingly, Bobby himself, and reunites with Jassi. She wants to elope with him but Jassi wishes to end this rivalry, no matter what. Following an intense confrontation and fight between the duo, Billu's grandmother convinces him to forget about this rivalry. He decides to let go and forgive Jassi on the condition that he marry Sukh, while announcing his own marriage to Pammi after all.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Jaswinder "Jassi" Singh Randhawa
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Balwinder "Billu" Singh Sandhu
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]] as Sukhmeet "Sukh" Kaur Sandhu
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Parmeet "Pammi" Kaur
* [[Salman Khan]] as Pathan (special appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2012 |title=Salman to shoot 'Son of Sardaar' item song by July-end |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-to-shoot-Son-Of-Sardar-item-song-by-July-end/articleshow/14027424.cms |access-date=11 July 2012 |website=times of India}}</ref>
* [[Arjan Bajwa]] as Tej "Bobby" Jaswal
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Inspector Sardar<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Time to workout |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/time-to-workout/987729 |access-date=6 November 2012 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Tony Singh Sandhu
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] as Tito Singh Sandhu
* [[Tanuja]] as Bebe ; Billu, Tito, Tony and Sukh’s Paternal Grandmother
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as club owner in London (special appearance)
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] in a special appearance
}}

==Production==
===Development===
''Son of Sardaar'' is a remake of the 2010 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] comedy film ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''.<ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/ajay-devgn-took-on-shah-rukh-khan-with-son-of-sardaar-645218</ref> In an interview, director [[Ashwni Dhir]] replied that it was only the plot that was remade; the rest was changed.

=== Filming and post-production===
{{INRConvert|30|c}} was spent on making ''Son of Sardaar''.<ref name="m.ibnlive.com">{{Cite web |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan: A mismatch for 'Son of Sardaar'?-Movies News News – IBNLive Mobile |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/will-jab-tak-hai-jaan-be-too-big-to-defeat-for-son-of-sardaar/305095-8-66.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116003520/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/will-jab-tak-hai-jaan-be-too-big-to-defeat-for-son-of-sardaar/305095-8-66.html |archive-date=16 November 2012 |access-date=11 November 2012 |website=IBNlive |publisher=M.ibnlive.com}}</ref><ref name="india" /> However, an all-inclusive price tag of {{INRConvert|85|c}} was also announced in the media.

The Punjabi Cultural Heritage Board raised disagreements due to some objection regarding certain scenes and dialogues. The producer and lead actor Ajay Devgn understood the objections and edited the scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editing of Son of Sardaar (SOS) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Editing-SOS-hasnt-hampered-creativity-Ajay-Devgn/articleshow/17037370.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101020118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Editing-SOS-hasnt-hampered-creativity-Ajay-Devgn/articleshow/17037370.cms |archive-date=1 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "The creativity of the film has not been affected in any way. Every film is rectified, sometimes it's made even better," said Devgn during a press conference. "The objectionable things were very small. The writer and director of the film is Punjabi and we took care of things. Even the guy who tied my turban was from Punjab", he added.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Son of Sardaar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| released = {{Start date|2012|10|01}}
| length = {{Duration|m=47|s=45}}
| language = Hindi, Punjabi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Khiladi 786]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[OMG – Oh My God!]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] while the lyrics were penned by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]], Shabbir Ahmed, [[Irshad Kamil]] & Manoj Yadav. Only one song, ''"Yeh Jo Halki Halki Khumariya"'', composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]] was also included in the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2012 |title=Himesh replaces Sajid-Wajid in Son of Sardaar |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/himesh-replaces-sajidwajid-in-son-of-sardar/924065/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203003439/http://www.screenindia.com/news/himesh-replaces-sajidwajid-in-son-of-sardar/924065/ |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=Screen India}}</ref>

===Track listing===

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 47:45
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Son of Sardaar
| extra1 = [[Aman Trikha]], Himesh Reshammiya
| length1 = 05:23
| title2 = Rani Tu Mein Raja
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]], Bhavya Pandit, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| length2 = 05:28
| title3 = Po Po Po
| extra3 = [[Vikas Bhalla]], Aman Trikha, Himesh Reshammiya
| length3 = 04:32
| title4 = Tu Kamaal Di Kudi
| extra4 = Vinit Singh, [[Mamta Sharma]]
| length4 = 05:16
| title5 = Bichdann
| extra5 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| length5 = 05:21
| title6 = Yeh Jo Halki Halki Khumariya
| extra6 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
| length6 = 05:31
| title7 = Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein Ye Sawaal Aata Hai
| note7 = Funk
| extra7 = [[Ajay Devgn]]
| length7 = 01:06
| title8 = Son of Sardaar
| note8 = Remix
| extra8 = Aman Trikha, Himesh Reshammiya
| length8 = 03:31
| title9 = Rani Tu Mein Raja
| note9 = Remix
| extra9 = Aman Trikha, Himesh Reshammiya
| length9 = 02:15
| title10 = Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein Ye Sawaal
| note10 = Trance
| extra10 = Ajay Devgan
| length10= 02:15
| title11 = Bichdann
| note11 = Reprise
| extra11 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
| length11 = 02:11
}}

===Soundtrack reception===
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = IBNLive (IANS)
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}
| rev2 = Joginder Tuteja ([[Bollywood Hungama]])
| rev2score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}
}}
The album received mixed to positive reviews. Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the album 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "Son of Sardaar lives up to its promise of a high-on-energy soundtrack with not many dull moments in its 50-odd minutes duration. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Music Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547451 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006000228/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547451 |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=3 October 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''IBNLive'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars and said, "The album is woven around the theme of the film and manages to justify it well, although the sound gets a bit monotonous at times."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Son of Sardaar' Music Review: The album manages to justify the film's theme |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/son-of-sardaar-music-review-the-album-consists-of-high-energy-songs/300381-45-76.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017033925/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/son-of-sardaar-music-review-the-album-consists-of-high-energy-songs/300381-45-76.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=IBNlive.com}}</ref>

==Release==
''Son of Sardaar'' released in 2,000 screens in India and 350 screens overseas.<ref name="india">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Prashant |last2=Bansal |first2=Robin |last3=Saini |first3=Minakshi |date=1 November 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn sends legal notice to YRF |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/Article1-953386.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101235904/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/Article1-953386.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |date=14 November 2012 |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan vs Son of Sardaar – Screen Count |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/jab-tak-hai-jaan-vs-son-of-sardaar-screen-count/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116050030/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/jab-tak-hai-jaan-vs-son-of-sardaar-screen-count/ |archive-date=16 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012 |publisher=Koimoi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2012 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5057&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109014907/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5057&nCat= |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=11 November 2012 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=taran adarsh tweets: Xclusive: #SonOfSardaar will open in 350 screens in Overseas. Will open in all key markets on 13th November, simultaneously with India. – Nov 06 -26575600 |url=http://in.tweetwood.com/taran_adarsh/tweet/265756006317957120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327133115/http://in.tweetwood.com/taran_adarsh/tweet/265756006317957120 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=7 November 2012 |publisher=In.tweetwood.com}}</ref> ''Son of Sardaar'' got 300 more screens in its second week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Son of Sardaar to get 300 more screens – bollywood news |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/nov/22-news-son-of-sardaar-to-get-300-more-screens-111208.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127182934/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/nov/22-news-son-of-sardaar-to-get-300-more-screens-111208.asp |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=28 November 2012 |publisher=glamsham.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Son of Sardaar to get 300 more screens – Yahoo! OMG! India |url=http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/son-sardaar-300-more-screens-135232419.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227144913/http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/son-sardaar-300-more-screens-135232419.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=28 November 2012 |publisher=In.omg.yahoo.com}}</ref>

Two weeks before Diwali, [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]] sent an intimation notice to [[Yash Raj Films]] through their lawyer at the Competition Commission of India. The notice accused Yash Raj Films of [[monopolistic]] business practices and stated that they used "their dominant position in the Bollywood film market" to secure many high quality single-screens for their release ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn sends legal notice to YRF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/etarticleshow/17032584.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126160210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/news-interviews/34838163_1_yrf-legal-notice-competition-act |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=31 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Yash Raj Films responded by saying that they were shocked and questioned Devgn's motives. The studio dismissed Devgn's claim that high-quality single-screens were unavailable by pointing out that they had only booked 1,500 single-screens for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' out of the 10,500 available in India. The studio added that Ajay could have changed the release of his film as [[Yash Chopra]] announced on 27 June 2011 ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' would come out on [[Diwali]] 2012. Ajay announced the date of ''Son of Sardaar'' on 29 May 2012 and finalised distribution deals on 4 October 2012. He had a year to avoid a simultaneous release. Lastly, Yash Raj Films stated it was unfair to say they were in a dominant position. The studio only released a handful of films in 2012 while the makers of ''Son of Sardaar'', [[Viacom 18]] and [[Eros International]], released dozens the same year.<ref name="@Tutejajoginder via Twitter">{{Cite news |date=1 November 2012 |title=For those asking, YRF confirms that this is indeed their *official statement* on Ajay's court notice on SOS v/s JTHJ |url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/jrpulc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103213935/http://www.twitlonger.com/show/jrpulc |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=@Tutejajoginder via Twitter}}</ref>

After the statement made by Yash Raj Films, Ajay Devgn responded by saying he only managed to book 600 single-screens for ''Son of Sardaar'' and would take legal action if not allotted more. He denied having anything against [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and said that distributors cannot be allowed to enter into an arrangement which adversely affects competition. [[Yash Raj Films]] entered into a tie-in arrangement with exhibitors that made it compulsory for them to show an untitled Yash Chopra film on [[Diwali]] and keep it in cinemas for at least two weeks thereafter. Devgn claimed that this violated provisions of the 2002 Indian Competition Act.<ref name="@Tutejajoginder via Twitter" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=TwitLonger – When you talk too much for Twitter |url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/js41qp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104220355/http://www.twitlonger.com/show/js41qp |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=6 November 2012 |publisher=Twitlonger.com}}</ref> Senior film critic Vinod Mirani said that YRF's move of blocking single screens may not help much. "Single screens watchers will have more affinity towards an action film such as SOS. Moreover, JTHJ's length and the fact that music has still not picked up, will not go down well with the movie goers."<ref>'Jab Tak Hai Jaan' will release in 3,000 cinemas across India. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/yrfs-jab-tak-hai-jaan-set-to-openclose-to-3000-screens-in-india/492016/</ref>
The Competition Commission dismissed the case against Yash Raj Films on 6 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Shruti |title=CCI rejects Devgn's allegation of YRF abusing dominant position |url=http://m.indianexpress.com/news/%22cci-rejects-devgn-s-allegation-of-yrf-abusing-dominant-position%22/1027301/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207022403/http://m.indianexpress.com/news/%22cci-rejects-devgn-s-allegation-of-yrf-abusing-dominant-position%22/1027301/ |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=6 November 2012 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Ajay Devgn has appealed to Competition Appellate Tribunal after rejection of petition against Yash Raj Films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Shruti |date=5 November 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn appeals to tribunal after rejection of petition against Yash Raj Films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=289226&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=289226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129173938/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=289226&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=289226 |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=6 November 2012 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The Competition Appellate tribunal bench headed by chairman Justice [[V. S. Sirpurkar]] refused Devgn's stay against ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' but stated that the case against Yash Raj Films will be reviewed again. Both films were released on 13 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |date=8 November 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn, Yash Raj Films both claim victory after tribunal's decision |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=290357&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=290357 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044301/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=290357&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=290357 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2012 |title=Competition Appellate Tribunal issues notice on Devgn's plea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Competition-Appellate-Tribunal-issues-notice-on-Devgns-plea/articleshow/17146667.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127022640/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-09/news-interviews/34993466_1_yrf-sardaar-diwali-release |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=9 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
''Son of Sardaar'' received mixed reviews. [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it a score of 4 out of 5 stars and said "Son of Sardaar is for lovers of hardcore masala movies. If you liked Wanted, [[Dabangg]] and [[Rowdy Rathore]], chances are you will relish Son of Sardaar as well. The North Indian audiences in particular and those residing abroad will be simply delighted by this chatpata, masaledaar fare."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Taran Adarsh review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547451 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602034843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547451 |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=12 November 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Gayatri Sankar of Zee News gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars while commenting "Certain portions are a bit of a drag, but the comic sequences will make up for the monotony. The cast has put up a good show. Overall, SOS is worth a watch, a complete family entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sankar |first=Gayatri |title=Gayatri Sankar review |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/son-of-sardaar-review-go-balle-balle-this-diwali-with-this-masala-entertainer_122669.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114212819/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/son-of-sardaar-review-go-balle-balle-this-diwali-with-this-masala-entertainer_122669.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012 |publisher=zeenews}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave 3 out of 5 and stated Son of Sardaar has a lot for the masses but it lacks a good story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=Review: Son of Sardaar is an opportunity wasted |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-son-of-sardaar-is-an-opportunity-wasted/20121113.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116010858/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-son-of-sardaar-is-an-opportunity-wasted/20121113.htm |archive-date=16 November 2012 |access-date=13 November 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[Filmfare]] gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated "Comedy is more than just gags and slapstick. Sadly SOS gets it wrong."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=Review: Son of Sardaar is not so funny |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/review-son-of-sardaar-is-not-so-funny-1680.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115234952/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/review-son-of-sardaar-is-not-so-funny-1680.html |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=19 November 2012 |publisher=Filmfare.com}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated Son of Sardaar "is only sporadically entertaining, and peddles the same tired stereotypes of Punjab and Sikhs. A cameo by Salman Khan, sadly, doesn't make up for the film's many flaws."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singh song | Rajeev Masand – movies that matter : from bollywood, hollywood and everywhere else |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/singh-song/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312140353/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/singh-song/ |archive-date=12 March 2013 |access-date=19 November 2012 |publisher=Rajeevmasand.com}}</ref> Hindustan Times gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, describing it as "exhausting, painfully loud and way too long, with too few laughs",<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=Son of Sardaar review by Anupama Chopra |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Son-Of-Sardaar/Article1-958851.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113211502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Son-Of-Sardaar/Article1-958851.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2012 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> while the Telegraph stated that it was "run-of-the-mill", but that it could be a "guilty pleasure" for some viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2012 |title=Son of Sardaar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121114/jsp/entertainment/story_16191895.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203182655/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121114/jsp/entertainment/story_16191895.jsp |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Like the Hindustan Times, IBNLive gave the movie 2.5 out of 5,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Son of Sardaar' Review: The film peddles the same, tired stereotypes of Sikhs, Bollywood |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/son-of-sardaar-review-the-film-peddles-the-same-tired-stereotypes-of-sikhs/305421-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116043823/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/son-of-sardaar-review-the-film-peddles-the-same-tired-stereotypes-of-sikhs/305421-8-66.html |archive-date=2012-11-16 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> with a slightly lower grade coming from Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV, who rated the film 2 out 5, stated that it was "A tangled mess that has no way of working its way around the sloppy screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Saibal Chatterjee review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115232843/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=760 |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=ndtv}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' stated that there's nothing more torturous than watching an unfunny film that's trying so hard to be funny.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=17 November 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : Son of Sardaar: Call this humour? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/son-of-sardaar-call-this-humour/article4105481.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119204145/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/son-of-sardaar-call-this-humour/article4105481.ece |archive-date=19 November 2012 |access-date=19 November 2012 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Box office===

====India====

''Son of Sardaar'' had opening of around 70% on average at multiplexes, especially in [[North India]]. The single screens opening was similar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Good Opening Excellent in North |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5079&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117004027/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5079&nCat= |archive-date=17 November 2012 |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> It earned around {{INRConvert|10.7|c}} on its opening day.<ref name="Opening">{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar First Day Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/day-one-comparison-%E2%80%93-satyagraha-vs-son-of-sardaar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022160858/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/day-one-comparison-%E2%80%93-satyagraha-vs-son-of-sardaar/ |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=14 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> It shows very good growth of 70% with a collection of around {{INRConvert|16|c}} net on its second day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Day Two Figures |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5095&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118031627/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5095&nCat= |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=15 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> It netted {{INRConvert|39|c}} nett in its first three-day weekend.<ref name="first weekend">{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Three Day Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5101&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062859/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5101&nCat= |archive-date=19 November 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> ''Son of Sardaar'' net grossed {{INRConvert|51|c}} in first five days of release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan and Son of Sardaar Five Day Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5112&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120224029/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5112&nCat= |archive-date=20 November 2012 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> The film held up well with a collection of {{INRConvert|57.9|c}} in its extended week of six days.<ref name="Ext weekend">{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Extended Weekend Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5120&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127182955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5120&nCat= |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=19 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> The movie brought its extended first-week collection to {{INRConvert|83|c}} nett.<ref name="first week">{{Cite web |title=Top All Time Opening Weeks: JAB TAK HAI JAAN 6th Son of Sardaar 13th |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/weekly-collections-%E2%80%93-box-office/= |access-date=20 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref>

After its first week, the film continued its successful run and collected {{INRConvert|83|c}} nett in ten days.<ref name="10 days domestic">{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar ten days Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/weekly-collections-%E2%80%93-box-office/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130212512/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/weekly-collections-%E2%80%93-box-office/ |archive-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> ''Son of Sardaar'' had netted {{INRConvert|80|c}} after its second weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Second Weekend Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5144&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129064649/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5144&nCat= |archive-date=29 November 2012 |access-date=26 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> ''Son of Sardaar'' dropped in week two, collecting around {{INRConvert|15.2|c}} net.<ref name="second week">{{Cite web |title=Son of Sardaar Week Two Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5163&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205220942/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5163&nCat= |archive-date=5 December 2012 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> The film netted a total of {{INRConvert|105|c}} in four weeks.<ref name="hundreds">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title=Cigarette Ki Tarah And Myoho Very Dull Khiladi 786 Has Average First Week |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5196&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218035856/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5196&nCat= |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> ''Son of Sardaar'' has distributor share of 75 crore.<ref name="DS">{{Cite web |title=All INDIA Distributor Shares 2012: Diwali Releases Combined Equal Ek Tha Tiger |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205220008/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |archive-date=5 December 2012 |access-date=29 November 2012 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

====Overseas====

''Son of Sardaar'' grossed $2 million in seven days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Excellent Son of Sardaar Reasonable |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5129&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127183525/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5129&nCat= |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |publisher=boxofficeindia}}</ref> ''Son of Sardaar'' did a business of around $3 million overseas, which BoxofficeIndia.com called it "Hit".

===Sequel===

A sequel titled ''[[Son of Sardaar 2|Son of Sardaar]]'' [[Son of Sardaar 2|2]] released on 1 August 2025

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2178508|title= Son of Sardaar}}
* {{mojo title|sonofsardaar}}
{{Ajay Devgan}}
{{Vaicom18 Studios}}
{{Authority control}}

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Bada Naam Karenge

2026-02-15T07:56:58Z

TomOcampo9313: put up first stub more to come

{{Short description|2025 Indian Web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bada-naam-karega-poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Romantic drama]]
| based_on =
| writer = [[S. Manasvi]] Vidit Tripathi
| director = Palash Vaswani
| showrunner = [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Ritik Ghanshani
* Ayesha Kaduskar
}}
| music = [[Anurag Saikia]]
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]
| location =
| cinematography = Shiv Prakash Rathour
| editor = Gourav Gopal Jha
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|02|07}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Bada Naam Karenge''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic drama]] television series directed by Palash Vaswani, and its showrunner is [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Bada Naam Karenge: Sooraj Barjatya's OTT debut series is all about beauty of relationships and love| website=DNA| date=2 January 2025| url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bada-naam-karenge-sooraj-barjatya-ott-debut-series-delves-into-beauty-of-relationships-and-love-3125287| access-date=31 January 2025| archive-date=3 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103051046/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bada-naam-karenge-sooraj-barjatya-ott-debut-series-delves-into-beauty-of-relationships-and-love-3125287| url-status=live}}</ref> Produced under the banner of [[Rajshree Productions|Rajshri Productions]], starring Ritik Ghanshani and Ayesha Kaduskar in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title=Bollywood Family Drama Hitmaker Sooraj Barjatya on SonyLIV Series 'Bada Naam Karenge' and Upcoming Salman Khan Project: 'I'm Trying to Create a New Prem' | website=Variety | date=29 January 2025 | url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/sooraj-barjatya-bada-naam-karenge-sonyliv-salman-khan-1236289580/ | access-date=31 January 2025 | archive-date=30 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130043128/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/sooraj-barjatya-bada-naam-karenge-sonyliv-salman-khan-1236289580/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The series is available to watch on [[SonyLIV]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Kar | first=Shramana | title=Bada Naam Karenge: OTT release date, platform, cast, plot, and more about the web series that will make your Gen-Z heart flutter | website=OTT Play | date=25 January 2025 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bada-naam-karenge-ott-release-date-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-the-web-series-that-will-make-your-gen-z-heart-flutter/7e1c94d2e4119}}</ref>

== Premise ==
''Bada Naam Karenge'' follows the evolving love story of Rishabh (Ritik Ghanshani) and Surbhi (Ayesha Kaduskar) across two timelines—one set during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|nationwide lockdown]] in March 2020 and the other in the present day.

Initially strangers who clash, circumstances force them to stay together during the lockdown, leading to unexpected companionship and a slow-burning romance. During the initial timeline, Rishabh, a [[Mumbai]]-based [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] student, hosts a party just before an unforeseen [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]]. Due to drinking and misinterpreted situations, he and Surbhi find themselves staying together for a few days. As they navigate moments of discomfort and unspoken emotions, their connection gradually deepens, leading to an unexpected romance which ends when Surbhi does not show up just when Rishabh was about to propose her.

In the present, Rishabh reluctantly agrees to an arranged marriage meeting, only to be surprised when the prospective bride turns out to be Surbhi. While they wish to marry, they choose to keep their past connection a secret, fearing disapproval from Rishabh's conservative family. Meanwhile, Surbhi's more progressive household is open to their love.

The series blends romance, humor, and drama, weaving a heartfelt narrative of love, misunderstandings, and family expectations

== Plot ==
Rishabh and Surbhi are two young individuals navigating the challenges of an arranged marriage. ''The narrative alternates between two timelines: one set in the past in Mumbai and the other unfolding in the present in Madhya Pradesh, where their families come together.''

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Episode
|-
|'''Episode 1'''
|'''Main Tujhe Phir Milungi (En: I Shall Meet You Again)'''
|-
| colspan="2" |In [[Madhya Pradesh]], a hesitant Rishabh and his family go to meet a girl for his marriage, only for Risahbh to be shocked to discover that the girl is Surbhi.
In the past, in [[Mumbai]], Rishabh coincidentally meets Surbhi through a common friend at a club, where she is celebrating her birthday with her friends. She invites Rishabh and his friend Ankur to join her since she has already paid for 20 members, but only 18 have shown up. Rishabh mocks Surbhi for not drinking, and she fires back, leading to mutual disdain between them.

A few months later, Rishabh throws a party at his home the night before the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]], hoping to impress Sunny Khadelwal, the owner of Choco and Cinnamon. Rishabh wants to gain work experience to join his family business, Shree Ganga Sweets: Swaad Sanskar Ka, and expand it to tier-1 cities and internationally. Surbhi and her friend Divya attend the party, and after Rishabh mocks Surbhi again for not drinking, she decides to drink to prove him wrong. Later, she falls ill and, while Rishabh is unaware, she ends up in his bedroom and falls asleep. He is surprised to find her in his room the next morning.

In the present, Rishabh is hesitant to reveal his past connection with Surbhi to their families, particularly because his family is more traditional and he fears their disapproval.
|-
|'''Episode 2'''
|'''Rishte Ka Evaluation (En: Due Diligence)'''
|-
| colspan="2" |In [[Mumbai]], the sudden [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] throws Surbhi and Rishabh into turmoil. Surbhi attempts to leave Rishabh's home but, upon a video call with her family, panics and lies, claiming to be at a female friend's house. Rishabh, on a call with his own family, also deceives them about being alone. Later, Rishabh encounters his neighbor in the lobby and learns of a grocery van downstairs, prompting him to arrange for groceries and a way for Surbhi to return to her hostel.
In [[Ratlam]], Rishabh texts Surbhi, expressing his surprise at seeing her as a potential marriage candidate while sharing a photo of his T-shirt. Flashing back in [[Mumbai]], while Rishabh was downstairs, Surbhi decided to clean his house. While doing so, she got her clothes dirty and changed into Rishabh's clothes. While taking out the garbage from the party last night, she accidentally locked herself out.

Meanwhile, the Gupta family eagerly prepares to visit the Rathis for an arranged marriage. Surbhi's brother, Shekhar, expresses concerns over their strict family dynamics, especially regarding Rishabh's aunt, Neeta. He asks his wife's uncle, who happens to be Neeta's neighbor, for information. Shortly before arriving at the Rathi's, the uncle reveals a past affair Neeta had with Mohit, leading to a forced marriage to Rajesh Jaiswal, which left Tauji resentful not for [[Inter-caste marriages in India|intercaste]] love, but for the dishonesty. Hearing this out, Surbhi is left tensed.
|-
|'''Episode 3'''
|'''Jhooth (En: The Lie)'''
|-
| colspan="2" |In [[Mumbai]], Rishabh finds himself locked out of his apartment and worries about his neighbor seeing Surbhi. He decides to call someone for a new key. While making the key, his watchman notices Surbhi at the staircase. He asks bribe from Rishabh to stay silent. Rishabh gets [[panic]]ked and gets into an argument with Surbhi.
Meanwhile, in [[Ratlam]], the Gupta family visits the Rathi family, where Rajesh Jaiswal makes them uncomfortable. They discover both Rishabh and Surbhi enjoy [[maggi]] with sev, but they brush it off as a common trend online. In a flashback, Rishabh initially rudely offers Surbhi [[maggi]], but after a moment of reflection, he apologizes and garnishes it with sev in his trademark style. They bond over personal stories and learn Surbhi is from nearby [[Ujjain]]. The next day, Rishabh bribes the watchman to spend time on the terrace with Surbhi where they discuss their goals, but the situation changes when they learn the keymaker has tested positive for [[COVID-19|COVID]].

In [[Ratlam]], Surbhi joins the Rathi family at Shree Ganga sweets but feels the guilt of lying when Vivek gifts her a silver coin, representing the family's acceptance.
|-
|'''Episode 4'''
|'''Positive or Negative'''
|-
| colspan="2" |In [[Mumbai]], Rishab is scared to take a [[COVID-19 testing|COVID test]] because he worries about getting exposed. He jokes about sneezing on Surbhi to make her cancel the appointment but accidentally sneezes on her instead. He quickly apologizes and agrees to take the test. Rishab learns the testing van will go to [[Churchgate]], near Surbhi's hostel, and asks her to join them. Surbhi decides to stay with him until he gets his test results, offering care and support, which helps strengthen their bond. The next day Surbhi and Rishab wait anxiously for his report and when report comes out to be negative they become overjoyed and almost hug each other.
In [[Ratlam]], Rajesh Jaiswal sees Rishab and Surbhi holding hands during a family photo session, causing him to doubt Surbhi's intentions. Later, Rishab asks if he can join Surbhi as she visits a relative. He tries to propose her in the car, but Surbhi, still feeling emotionally weighed down for lying, changes the subject. Rishab later talks to his friend Monty about Surbhi's reaction. Monty suggests that holding hands without her consent might have upset her. Rishab quickly goes to see Surbhi, where she tells him she cannot marry based on a lie.
|-
|'''Episode 5'''
|'''Kaafi Hai Na (En: It's Just Perfect)'''
|-
| colspan="2" |A year ago during [[Diwali]], Tauji shared his business journey with Rishabh, emphasizing the importance of balancing progress with traditions and urging Rishabh to uphold family values when he moves to [[Mumbai]].
At present, in [[Ratlam]], Rishabh explains to Surbhi that his traditional family will not understand their relationship, believing marriage is the best solution for them.

In [[Mumbai]], Surbhi's hostel arranges a car for her. She invites Rishab to see her off but is hesitant, fearing someone might see them but he still goes to see her off. Later, after finding one of Surbhi's earrings, Rishabh defies [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] to return Surbhi's earring, and they share a kiss in her room. Rishab narrowly escapes from being caught by the guard, thanks to Divya. Their secret romance grew, but Rishab struggles to propose her due to the lockdown. As the lockdown ends, Rishabh plans to propose, but Surbhi does not show up, leaving him disheartened.

In [[Ratlam]], Tauji looks for another girl as a backup for Rishabh. Overhearing this, Rishabh proposes to Surbhi in Ujjain and convinces her to marry. Meanwhile, Rajesh Jaiswal attempts to conduct a background check on Surbhi through the hostel matron.
|-
|'''Episode 6'''
|'''Nazar Na Lage (En: Touch Wood)'''
|-
| colspan="2" |In [[Ratlam]], Tauji manages a legal issue involving Mohit, while Vivek shares with him that the Gupta's have accepted the marriage proposal. Rajesh informs Tauji that Surbhi's background check is approved, causing happiness in the family. A flashback reveals a matron warning Rajesh about his inquiries. He suggests asking the hostel peon about Surbhi, but this is dismissed by Taiji and Vivek.
In [[Ujjain]], wedding preparations commence, but Shekhar tries to cut costs due to financial strain from losing his job and Lalit's reduced salary. Ankur calls Rishabh, urging him to join Choco and Cinnamon, where he has been selected as a marketing executive, as soon as possible, as recruitment is becoming tougher due to [[COVID-19|COVID]].

Rajesh tells Tauji that he and Neeta will be late to the roka ceremony because they need to go to [[Mumbai]]. Tauji insists they stay at Rishabh's flat, which makes Rishabh bribe the watchman to keep quiet.

In Mumbai, Rajesh feels pressure from a bank loan for his business and blames Rishabh for his problems. Neeta discovers a liquor bill from Rishabh's pre-lockdown party. She asks the watchman about the party and learns that a girl stayed at Rishabh's flat during the lockdown. She tells the watchman not to tell Rajesh, but Rajesh overhears her.

During the Roka ceremony, Rishabh prepares a special song for Surbhi, where they dance together and then with their families. Rishabh promises Surbhi that he will always keep both their families happy, just like they are at the ceremony.
|-
|'''Episode 7'''
|'''Code of Conduct'''
|-
| colspan="2" |The 'roka' ceremony is happening at the Gupta home, but Sapna is worried about Rajesh and Neeta not being there. Vivek calls Rajesh and learns he has an important obligation that keeps him from attending.
In Mumbai, Rajesh visits Surbhi's hostel to find out more about an unknown girl. Neeta, who lost her phone to Rajesh, warns Rishabh using someone else's phone to deny any accusations.

After the 'roka', the Rathi family picks a wedding date. Surbhi notices Rishabh is upset and tries to talk to him with help from Monty. Rishabh wants to share his feelings but ends up not telling her. Back at home, Rajesh confronts Rishabh about his parties and links him to Divya instead of Surbhi. Rishabh stays quiet, happy that Surbhi is safe from Rajesh's accusations.

Later, Neeta confronts Rajesh, saying he only wanted to marry her for financial support from her family. Rajesh angrily points his finger at Neeta and Rishabh, accusing them of having no good character or morals. Shekhar's chachaji overhears this and tells Lalit, who then collapses.
|-
|'''Episode 8'''
|'''Sach'''
|-
| colspan="2" |In [[Mumbai]], a flashback shows Rishabh planning to propose to Surbhi, who is equally excited. Just as she leaves her hostel, she receives a call from Shekhar about her father's [[angina]] attack and rushes to [[Ujjain]].
In the present, Surbhi learns Lalit had a [[myocardial infarction]] and tries to reach Rishabh, but Aseem, who has Rishabh's phone, is hesitant to answer. Priya talks to Surbhi, who shares about Lalit's condition and says she knows what happened last night and wants to speak with Rishabh.

The Rathi family decides to send Vivek and Sapna to check on Lalit, but Shekhar breaks off the alliance, prompting them to return home. Surbhi contacts Monty to find Rishabh. He informs Rishabh about the broken engagement and Lalit's heart attack, but Rishabh can't reach Surbhi as she is occupied with the doctor. Surbhi has a breakdown upon learning of the alliance's end.

Rishabh sneaks out to [[Ujjain]] on Monty's bike. Lalit, regaining consciousness, advises Surbhi to end things with Rishabh, but she confesses the truth and her love for him. Lalit supports her. Rishabh calls Surbhi to meet at ghat and suggests they should end the alliance, but Surbhi confronts him, revealing she confessed the truth to their families that she was the one who stayed at Rishabh's flat and not Divya. They embrace as their families watch Surbhi's confession video.
|-
|'''Episode 9'''
|'''Ratlam Junction'''
|-
| colspan="2" |Surbhi's family confronts her about a confession video, but Lalit stands up for her. Lalit tries to call Vivek, but he does not answer. Tauji, feeling embarrassed by gossip, agrees to a facade marriage suggested by Rajesh, even though Vivek, Sapna, and Taiji disagree. Vivek and Sapna visit Lalit in Ujjain but act cold towards Surbhi. They set November 4 as the wedding date, but Lalit asks to postpone it because Sumit has a visa interview on that day. Vivek invites everyone to [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] celebrations.
Later, Surbhi and Rishabh visit the temple and discuss the Rathi family's behavior and their future. Surbhi unknowingly professes her love for Rishabh.

During [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], Tauji announces the unapproved wedding date of November 4. Rishabh tries to discuss it with Vivek and Sapna, but they avoid the topic, making him realize that his family wants to marry them just to save their reputation.

Rishabh takes the family to a room under the pretense of a family photo. He confronts them about the marriage plans, standing up for Surbhi and he and Surbhi decide to cancel the wedding. Later, Neeta confronts Tauji about his strictness and past behavior, which leaves him upset. The Gupta family then leaves for Ujjain.

During the [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] prayers, Sapna and Vivek support Rishabh, who hugs Tauji, prompting Tauji to forgive him. Tauji also apologizes to Neeta.

A few days later, Surbhi is on the train to Mumbai. At [[Ratlam Junction railway station|Ratlam Junction]], she hears Rishabh looking for her in the coach. When she asks him why he is there, she sees Lalit and the Gupta family at the station, which shocks her. Later, the Rathi family joins them with a music band and asks for a second chance from Surbhi, which she accepts. Rishabh and Surbhi then board the train to Mumbai.

In the post-credit scene, Rishabh receives a call from Ankur saying his job offer at Choco and Cinnamon is revoked because he could not join on time, leaving him upset, but Surbhi supports him.
|}

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ritik Ghanshani as Rishabh Rathi
* Ayesha Kaduskar as Surbhi Gupta

=== Recurring ===
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Anand Rathi (Tauji)
* [[Alka Amin]] as Kusum Rathi (Taiji)
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Lalit Gupta: Surbhi's father
* [[Deepika Amin]] as Madhu Gupta: Surbhi's mother
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Rajesh Jaiswal
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Neeta Jaiswal
* Chaitrali Gupte as Sapna Rathi: Rishabh's mother
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Vivek Rathi: Rishabh's father
* Gyanendra Tripathi as Shekhar Gupta: Surbhi's elder brother
* Priyamvada Kant as Pakhi Gupta: Surbhi's sister-in-law
* Saadhika Syal as Priya Rathi
* Omm Dubey as Aseem Rathi
* Pratish Mehta as Monty
* Sachin Viddrrohi as Champak
* Resham Sahani as Divya Singh
* Keshav Mehta as Ankur Trivedi
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Mohit

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Jitendra Kumar]] as Sunny Khandelwal

== Music ==
The "Bada Naam Karenge" web series features an original soundtrack composed by [[Anurag Saikia]] and Avinash Chouhan. Released in 2025, the soundtrack is available as an EP containing four songs with a total duration of 12 minutes. The tracks are:-

* 'Bada Naam Karenge' as Title Track with [[Anurag Saikia]] and Nakul Chugh being its main artists and JUNO being its lyricist.
* 'Kaafi Hai Na' with Shreya Phukan as main artist, Anurag Saikia as composer and JUNO as lyricist.
* 'Aap Nazar Aaye' with Anurag Saikia and Nakul Chugh as main artists and JUNO as lyricist.
* 'Cheater Balma'
* 'Tu Sab Jaane Kanha'

The soundtrack has been praised for its composition and is recognized for its harmonious blend of traditional and modern sounds, effectively complementing the series' exploration of contemporary love within the framework of family and cultural values.

The original soundtrack of "Bada Naam Karenge" is accessible on various music platforms, including [[Spotify]] and [[Apple Music]].

== Production ==
{{Empty section|date=February 2025}}

== Review ==
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5 stars and said "Bada Naam Karenge has avowedly big ambitions: with one foot firmly planted in the past, it strains at the leash for a dash into the future. But it has plasticine feet. The boundary it wants to push is in its sight but it never gets close enough to actually push it."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Bada Naam Karenge Review: Not Close Enough To Push The Boundary|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bada-naam-karenge-review-not-close-enough-to-push-the-boundary-2-5-stars-7653365|website=NDTV |language=en|date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "Watching the new show run by Sooraj Barjatya is a conflicting business as it makes you wonder whether brief interlude of youthful freedom that keeps rearing its head every decade or so is an illusion."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Devesh|title=Bada Naam Karenge review: Weighed down by kitchen-sink politics, this Rajshri series is plain creaky|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bada-naam-karenge-review-weighed-down-by-kitchen-sink-politics-this-rajshri-series-is-plain-creaky-9822783/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|date=7 February 2025|access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=8 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208160050/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bada-naam-karenge-review-weighed-down-by-kitchen-sink-politics-this-rajshri-series-is-plain-creaky-9822783/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said "Bada Naam Karenge is a family drama revolving around a traditional engagement between a girl and a boy. It has all the values of a Barjatya product."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Devesh|title=Bada Naam Karenge Review: Keeps the Rajshri flag flying|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/web-series/bada-naam-karenge-review-71290.html|website=Filmfare|language=en|date=7 February 2025|access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=14 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214074916/https://www.filmfare.com/news/web-series/bada-naam-karenge-review-71290.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, ''Bada Naam Karenge'' has been well received by audiences, earning an 8.8 rating on IMDb and 4.9 out of 5 on Google reviews.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30784379}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/bada-naam-karenge-1790006211 ''Bada Naam Karenge''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]

Bhindi fry

2026-02-06T15:45:09Z

TomOcampo9313: put up first info more to come.

{{short description|Stir fried okra dish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Bhindi Fry
| image = Bhindi Masala.jpg
| caption = Bhindi Masala
| alternate_name =
| country = India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Caribbean]]
| creator =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Okra]], [[Oil]], [[Spices]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Bhindi Fry''' (also called '''okra fry''', '''fry ochro''', '''bhendi fry''', '''bhindi masala''' or '''bharwan bhindi''') is stir-fried [[okra]] (ladies' finger) that is slit and stuffed with [[spice mix]] such as [[garam masala]] and other locally available ground spices.

This dish is stir-fried or sautéed slightly, which is distinct from batter-fried okra, which involves deep frying.

It can be served as a side dish in accompaniment with [[steamed rice]] and [[dal]] or with [[chapati]] as a form of [[sabzi (disambiguation)|sabzi]].

==See also==
* [[List of Indian dishes]]
* [[List of stuffed dishes]]
* [[List of Pakistani dishes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://foodviva.com/curry-recipes/stuffed-bhindi-recipe/ Stuffed bhindi recipe]
* [http://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/bharwan-bhindi-stuffed-okra-no-onion-no-garlic-recipe/ Bharwan bhindi]
* [http://www.yourcookerybook.com/crispy-bhindi/ Batter-fried bhindi or okra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213115557/http://yourcookerybook.com/crispy-bhindi/ |date=13 February 2022 }}
* [https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/indian-okra-fry-bhindi-280907384 Calories in Bhindi Fry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213115608/https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/indian-okra-fry-bhindi-280907384 |date=13 February 2022 }}

{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Okra dishes]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Fijian cuisine]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}
{{Nepal-cuisine-stub}}
{{Caribbean-cuisine-stub}}

Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu

2026-02-06T09:35:09Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{Short description|Former Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
The '''Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu''' was given by the ''Filmfare'' magazine as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Telugu film]]s between 2002 and 2005.

The award was introduced and first given at the 50th South Filmfare Awards in 2003,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms | date=19 May 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards in Hyderabad|access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> with [[Brahmanandam]] being the first recipient.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> This category was discontinued after the [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005 edition of the awards]]. Here is a list of the award recipients and the films for which they won.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Actor||Role || Film
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2005 || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] ||Artist|| ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]''
|-
| 2004 || [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2005|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> ||Bapineedu|| ''[[Pedababu]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2003 || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | title=51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | date=11 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/719104.cms|title=51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare South Award winners|publisher=indiatimes.com|access-date=2009-08-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717020003/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/719104.cms|archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> ||Appalaraju|| ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]''
|-
| 2002 || [[Brahmanandam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>||Lavangam || ''[[Manmadhudu]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Telugu_Filmfare_Awards#Filmfare_Awards_for_the_Telugu_film_industry|Filmfare Awards (Telugu)]]
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award for Best Comedian - Telugu}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Telugu)|Comedian]]

List of awards and nominations received by Parineeti Chopra

2026-02-06T06:37:22Z

TomOcampo9313: add references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox actor awards
|name = Parineeti Chopra
|image = Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Special Mention Certificate for Ishaqzade (Hindi) in Feature Film Section to Ms. Parineeti Chopra, at the 60th National Film Awards function.jpg
|caption = Chopra receiving [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]] in 2013
|wins = 28
|nominations = 63
|award1 = [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]]
|award1W = 1
|award1N = 1
|award2 = [[Filmfare Awards]]
|award2W = 1
|award2N = 5
|award3 = [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|award3W = 2
|award3N = 2
|award4 = [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|award4W = 1
|award4N = 6
|award5 = [[People's Choice Awards India]]
|award5W = 1
|award5N = 2
|award6 = [[Screen Awards]]
|award6W = 1
|award6N = 7
|award7 = [[Stardust Awards]]
|award7W = 4
|award7N = 8
|award8 = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|award8W = 1
|award8N = 3
|award9 = [[FICCI Frames|FICCI Frames Excellence Honours]]
|award9W = 1
|award9N = 1
|award10 = [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|award10W = 2
|award10N = 5
|award11 = [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|award11W = 0
|award11N = 1
|award12 = [[Gold Awards]]
|award12W = 0
|award12N = 1
|award13 = [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|award13W = 0
|award13N = 1
|award14 = Others
|award14W = 11
|award14N = 17
}}

[[Parineeti Chopra]] is an Indian actress who appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Chopra has 28 awards to her credit including a [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Award]], one each from the [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]], [[Screen Awards|Screen]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]], and two awards each from the [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Producers Guild]] and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] (IIFA).

Chopra made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2011 romantic comedy ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'', which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] at the [[57th Filmfare Awards]]. She also received Best Debut awards at other ceremonies, including Screen Awards, IIFA Awards, Producers Guild Film Awards, and Zee Cine Awards.<ref name="awards">{{cite web |title=Parineeti Chopra: Awards & nominations |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/85811 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329050821/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/85811 |archive-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> Additionally, Chopra won the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]], and the [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]], and was nominated in the same category at the Filmfare, Screen, and Zee Cine award ceremonies for her performance in the film.<ref name="awards"/> In 2012, she played her first lead role in the action romantic drama ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'', for which she earned a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Award scares me: Parineeti Chopra |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/national-award-scares-me-parineeti-chopra-632318 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=18 March 2013 |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416200505/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/national-award-scares-me-parineeti-chopra-632318 |archive-date=16 April 2015}}</ref> For the film, Chopra also received her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award]] and [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]], among other honours.<ref name="awards"/>

In 2013, she starred in the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]'', for which she received her first nomination for the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female]], and her second Best Actress nomination at Filmfare, Screen and Producers Guild award ceremonies.<ref name="awards"/> For her portrayal of a [[mad scientist]] in the 2014 romantic comedy-drama ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Hasee Toh Phasee: How Parineeti turned around Bollywood's stereotype of a mad scientist |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hasee-toh-phasee-how-parineeti-turned-around-bollywoods-stereotype-of-a-mad-scientist/450514-8-66.html |author=Vats, Rohit |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=19 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507153752/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hasee-toh-phasee-how-parineeti-turned-around-bollywoods-stereotype-of-a-mad-scientist/450514-8-66.html |archive-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Chopra received her third nomination for the [[Screen Award for Best Actress]], and won the [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Entertainment Award]] for Most Entertaining Actress in a Comedy Film. The same year, she was also nominated for the [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance]] for her performance in the social comedy ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq|Daawat–e–Ishq]]''. She won the [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female]] for her performance in ''[[Kill Dil]]''. Chopra made her singing debut in 2017 with [[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]'s acclaimed song [[Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahin]], receiving praise for her voice and a nomination at [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]].

In 2022, Chopra for her performance in ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]'', received nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role at 7th FOI Online Awards and her third Best Actress nomination at Filmfare awards. In addition to this, she has been awarded Vogue Beauty Awards, Youth Icon Of The Year and Gr8 Women Awards for her Contribution to Cinema. In 2023, she received [[British Council]]’s India UK Achievers Honours for Outstanding Achiever in the category of Arts, Entertainment & Culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Parineeti, Poonawalla and Chadha among India-UK achievers felicitated by NISAU and British Council - |url=https://www.newsx.com/parineeti-poonawalla-and-chadha-among-india-uk-achievers-felicitated-by-nisau-and-british-council/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=ITV Network (India) |language=en-US}}</ref>

==BIG Star Entertainment Awards==
The [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] is an annual event organised by the [[Reliance Broadcast Network]].<ref>{{cite news |title=It's lights, camera, entertainment at the BIG Star Entertainment Awards tonight |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-lights-camera-entertainment-at-the-BIG-Star-Entertainment-Awards-tonight/articleshow/45549511.cms |date=18 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> Chopra has received one award from six nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
| rowspan="2" | Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Role – Female
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Cousins Priyanka and Parineeti Chopra competing for award |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/cousins-priyanka-and-parineeti-chopra-competing-for-award-301268 |publisher=NDTV |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121083235/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/cousins-priyanka-and-parineeti-chopra-competing-for-award-301268 |archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|2013
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="sdrbig">{{cite web |title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890 |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="sdrbig"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="sdrbig"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2014
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Big2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |title=Big Star Entertainment Award's Nomination |publisher=[[Reliance Broadcast Network]] |access-date=18 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216084934/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Big2014/>
|}

==Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest==
The [[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]] Awards are annual awards that honor that recognize artistic and technical excellence in Hindi-language original programming within the OTT space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Bollywood Hungama Ott India Fest: Latest News, Photos and Videos on Bollywood Hungama Ott India Fest - ABP Asmita |url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/topic/bollywood-hungama-ott-india-fest |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018142020/https://gujarati.abplive.com/topic/bollywood-hungama-ott-india-fest |archive-date=18 October 2023 }}</ref> Chopra has received two nomination.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|Best Actor Female – Original Film
|rowspan="2"|''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 2024 |title=Bollywood Hungama OTT Awards 2024: Panchayat and Heeramandi win big at the star-studded event |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-ott-awards-2024-panchayat-heeramandi-win-big-star-studded-event/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor Female (Popular) – Original Film
|{{nom}}
|}

==FICCI Frames Excellence Honours==
The [[FICCI Frames]] Excellence Honours is an annual award ceremony organised by the [[FICCI|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]]. Chopra has won one award.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|Best Female Debut
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'Rockstar' sweeps FICCI FRAMES awards |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoors-rockstar-sweeps-ficci-frames-awards-1663657 |date=17 March 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=12 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215080332/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoors-rockstar-sweeps-ficci-frames-awards-1663657 |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare Awards==
The [[Filmfare Awards]] are presented annually by [[The Times Group]] for excellence of cinematic achievements in Hindi cinema.<ref name="timesgroup">{{cite news |title=Times Group takes on IIFA with new film awards |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/times-group-takes-on-iifa-with-new-film-awards-113013000097_1.html |date=30 January 2013 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120616/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/times-group-takes-on-iifa-with-new-film-awards-113013000097_1.html |archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> Chopra has received one award from five nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[57th Filmfare Awards|2011]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3028/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712170218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3028 |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113194825/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974 |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[58th Filmfare Awards|2012]]
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
|rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here! |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227075057/http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="" style="text-align:center;"|[[59th Filmfare Awards|2013]]
| rowspan="" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="filmfare2014">{{cite news |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |access-date=14 January 2014 |work=Filmfare |date=13 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115044052/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |archive-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="" style="text-align:center;"|[[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=18 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074731/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |archive-date=19 August 2022 |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare OTT Awards==
The [[Filmfare Awards]] are annual awards that honour artistic and technical excellence in the Hindi-language original programming [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] (OTT) space. Chopra has received one nomination.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|2024]]
| ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| Best Actor in a Web Original Film – Female
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-out-69977.html |date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|}

==Gold Awards==
[[Gold Awards]] is an annual international event organised by Vikaas Kalantri and [[Zee TV]] to honour excellence in the Hindi television and cinema. Chopra has one nomination at the Gold Awards.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[Gold Awards|2023]]
| ''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
| Best Actress in a Leading Role – OTT
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goldawards.in/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Gold Awards |title=14th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2022: Check Out The List Of Nominees |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==International Indian Film Academy Awards==
The [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] (shortened as IIFA) is an annual international event organised by the Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. to honour excellence in the Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dudrah |first=Rajinder Kumar |title=Bollywood Travels: Culture, Diaspora and Border Crossings in Popular Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWD1N-J9JSoC&pg=PA85 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44740-9 |page=85}}</ref> Chopra has won both nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[13th IIFA Awards|2012]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="red">{{cite news |title=IIFA 2012: Big Winners and Hot Fashion Statements |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-iifa-2012-big-winners-and-hot-fashion-statements/20120611.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009070605/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-iifa-2012-big-winners-and-hot-fashion-statements/20120611.htm |archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="red"/>
|}

==IIFA Digital Awards==
The [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Digital Awards]] is an annual international event organised by the Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. to honour excellence in the web films and series. It was started on the occasion of 25th yearof IIFA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jan/31/iifa-digital-awards-2025-nominations-jaideep-ahlawat-and-ananya-panday-secure-double-nods |title=IIFA Digital Awards 2025 Nominations |date=31 January 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Chopra has received one nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[25th IIFA Awards|2025]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress – Film]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-digital-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-best-film-goes-to-amar-singh-chamkila-panchayat-season-3-is-best-series-101741483778866.html |title=IIFA Digital Awards 2025 full list of winners: Best Film goes to Amar Singh Chamkila; Panchayat Season 3 is Best Series |date=9 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|}

==Indian Streaming Academy Awards==
The Indian Streaming Academy Awards is an annual event organised to honour excellence in the web series across all major Indian languages.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2025
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| Best Actress – Popular (Film)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Streaming Academy Awards 2025 winners list: Amar Singh Chamkila, Poacher dominate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/indian-streaming-academy-awards-2025-winners-list-samantha-ruth-prabhu-wins-big-amar-singh-chamkila-poacher-dominate-101759133970783-amp.html |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Indian Television Academy Awards==
The [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] (shortened as ITA) is an annual award ceremony organised by the Indian Television Academy to honour excellence in [[Hindi]]-language television, films and web content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/academy.php |title=Official ITA Website |access-date=2011-07-14 |archive-date=2011-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630064308/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/academy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chopra has received one nomination.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
|Best Actress in an Original Film
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-24th-ita-awards-2024/|title=ITA Awards 2024: Complete list of winners|access-date=2 January 2025|website=Indian Television Academy Awards}}</ref>
|}

==Lions Gold Awards==
The Lions [[Gold Awards]] are presented annually by members of the Lions Club of SOL-Mumbai to honour excellence in the Hindi cinema.. Chopra has won both the nominations.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Work
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
| Favourite Promising Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/parties-events/20th-lions-gold-awards-2013/ |title=20th Lions Gold Awards 2013 Complete Winners List |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
| Powerhouse Performer of The Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/an-award-winning-night-for-vaani-and-sharvari/20221017.htm |title=28th Lions Gold Awards: An Award-Winning Night For Vaani, Parineeti and Sharvari |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Mirchi Music Awards==
[[Mirchi Music Awards]] are presented annually by [[Radio Mirchi]] to honour both artistic and technical excellence of [[Hindi]] films and music.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Work
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards|2017]]
| ''[[Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahin]]'' ({{small|from the film ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''}})
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2017 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
|}

==National Film Awards==
The [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]] is the most prestigious film award ceremony in India, considered to be the equivalent of the [[Academy Awards]]. Established in 1954, it is administered by the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the [[Indian government]]'s [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]. The awards are presented by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Film Awards |url=http://topic.ibnlive.in.com/national-film-award/profile-1871477.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413131823/http://topic.ibnlive.in.com/national-film-award/profile-1871477.html |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Chopra has received one award.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[60th National Film Awards|2012]]
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="national">{{cite web |title=60th National Film Awards – 2012 |url=http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418030545/http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2013}}</ref>
|}

==People's Choice Awards India==
The [[People's Choice Awards India]] is the Indian version of the American awards show recognising Indian film, television, music and sports.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |title=People's Choice Awards to Launch in India |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/peoples-choice-awards-launching-india-381417 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=20 October 2012 |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206064342/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/peoples-choice-awards-launching-india-381417 |archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Chopra has received one award from two nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2012
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'' and ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
|Favorite Debut Actor
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="people">{{cite web |title=People's Choice Awards India winners |url=http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards India]] |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225214759/https://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|''Ishaqzaade''
|Favorite Movie Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for People's Choice Awards India |url=http://www.peopleschoiceindia.com/nominees2012.php |publisher=People's Choice Awards India |access-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109085016/http://peopleschoiceindia.com/nominees2012.php |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
|}

==Producers Guild Film Awards==
The [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] (previously known as Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards) is an annual event organised by the Film Producers Guild of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Apsara awards on May 6 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1173415/Nominations-for-Apsara-awards-on-May-6th |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 March 2004 |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216203239/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1173415/Nominations-for-Apsara-awards-on-May-6th |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Chopra has won two awards from five nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="apsara">{{cite web |title=7th Apsara Awards Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |publisher=[[Apsara Awards]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111005819/http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="apsara"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=apsara2>{{cite web |title=8th Apsara Awards Nominations |url=http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |publisher=Apsara Awards |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015516/http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=9th Renault Apsara Awards Nominees |url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html |publisher=Apsara Awards |access-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116111739/http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 10th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7741 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711120004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7741 |archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Screen Awards==
The [[Screen Awards]] are annually presented by the [[Indian Express Limited]] to honour excellence of cinematic achievements in Hindi and Marathi cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Screen Awards to commemorate 'heroes' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-to-commemorate-heroes/1212422/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 January 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043645/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-to-commemorate-heroes/1212422/ |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Chopra has received one award from seven nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|[[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=screen2012>{{cite web |title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners%20of%2018th%20Annual%20Colors%20Screen%20Awards%202012 |archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2951 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121053726/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2951 |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bas"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2014
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bas">{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nominations-for-the-19th-annual-colors-screen-awards/1053912/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429072314/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nominations-for-the-19th-annual-colors-screen-awards/1053912/ |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bas"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2015
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards nominations |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161059/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |archive-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Crowd Favourites |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205031/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/ |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2017
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] ({{small|for "''[[Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahin]]''"}})
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite episode |title=Screen Awards 2017 |series=Screen Awards |network=SET Max |date=31 December 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Stardust Awards==
The [[Stardust Awards]] are an annual event organised by Magna Publishing Company Limited to honour excellence in the Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kadam |first=Anup |title=Press release: Sansui Colors Stardust Awards |url=http://colors.in.com/in/news/press-release-sansui-colors-stardust-awards-2277.html |publisher=[[Viacom 18]] |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107021146/http://colors.in.com/in/news/press-release-sansui-colors-stardust-awards-2277.html |archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Chopra has won four awards from eight nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-

! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=MAX Stardust Awards – Max Superstar Of Tomorrow Award Female – Parineeti Chopra (Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/#/watch?v=0VPmNppE_E4&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0VPmNppE_E4 |publisher=[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET India]] |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507021216/https://www.youtube.com/ |archive-date=7 May 2005}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Stardust Awards 2013: Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka are big winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-are-big-winners-322726 |publisher=NDTV |date=27 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128021055/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-are-big-winners-322726 |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|2014
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|[[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust2014">{{cite web |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107084431/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612/ |archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance|Best Actress – Comedy or Romance]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust2014"/>
|-
| rowspan='2' style="text-align:left;"|''[[Daawat-e-Ishq|Daawat–e–Ishq]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust2014"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Star of the Year – Female
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust2014"/>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Kill Dil]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parineeti Chopra won Stardust Award for Star of the Year 2014; see complete winners list |publisher=[[IMDb]] |url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0001934/2014/1/}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
| {{N/A}}
| Style Icon of The Year
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2015 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9448 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 December 2015 |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106231534/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9448 |archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Times of India Film Awards==
The [[Times of India Film Awards]] (also known as '''TOIFA Awards''') are presented by ''[[The Times of India]]'' to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the [[Bollywood|Hindi language film industry]] of [[India]]. Chopra has won one award.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-

! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2025
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| Acting Excellence Female – Web Film
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |work=Bombay Times |accessdate=3 December 2025 |url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/events/awards/toifa-awards-2025-winners-list-check-the-complete-list-of-winners-across-theatrical-and-ott-categories/1764652832704 |title=TOIFA 2025 Winners' list: Rajkummar Rao, Jaideep Ahlawat, Yami Gautam, Parineeti Chopra win top awards; 'Laapataa Ladies', 'Amar Singh Chamkila' declared best films}}</ref>
|}

==Zee Cine Awards==
The [[Zee Cine Awards]] are an annual award ceremony organised by the [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref name="Kavoori">{{cite book |last1=Punathambekar |first1=Aswin |last2=Kavoori |first2=Anandam P. |title=Global Bollywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC&pg=PA102 |publisher=[[New York University Press|NYU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-2944-1 |page=102 |date=1 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117112517/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Chopra has received one award from three nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-

! width=5%|Year
! style="width:40%;"| Work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3007 |title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716063307/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3007 |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1729/Nominations+for+Zee+Cine+Awards+2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203011538/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1729/Nominations%2Bfor%2BZee%2BCine%2BAwards%2B2011 |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards: Deepika gets maximum nominations for Best female Actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zee-cine-awards-2014-nominations-out-177583-2014-01-19 |access-date=21 January 2014 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=20 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120190336/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/zee-cine-awards-2014-nominations-out/1/338751.html |archive-date=20 January 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Other awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award / Organisation
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:30%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2014
| [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue Beauty Awards]]
| Flawless Face
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Vogue Beauty Awards 2014 winners |url=https://www.vogue.in/galleries/meet-the-vogue-beauty-awards-2014-winners |date=21 January 2016 |work=Vogue |accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2015
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|Gr8 Women Awards]]
|Contribution to Cinema
|{{won}}
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parineeti Chopra, Alia Bhatt Honoured at GR8! Women Awards in Dubai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/parineeti-chopra-alia-bhatt-honoured-at-women-awards-in-dubai-727144 |date=14 January 2015 |publisher=NDTV |accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Arab Indo Bollywood Awards
|Arab Youth Icon (Female)
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue Beauty Awards]]
| Inspirational Icon Award
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vogue-beauty-awards-imagegallery-bollywood-qh2mX2ccgbief.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731224952/http://www.sify.com/movies/Vogue-Beauty-Awards-imagegallery-Bollywood-qh2mX2ccgbief.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 July 2016 |title=Vogue Beauty Awards 2016 Complete Winners List |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Hindustan Times|HT India's Most Stylish Awards]]
| HT Most Stylish Youth Icon (Female)
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=HT Most Stylish Awards 2016: These Are The Winners! |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/ht-most-stylish-awards-2016-winners-article30891.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227072437/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/ht-most-stylish-awards-2016-winners-article30891.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2022 |work=Desimartini |date=20 March 2016 |accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| Youth Icon Of The Year (Female)
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=HT Most Stylish Awards 2017 complete winners list |date=25 March 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ht-most-stylish-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-deepika-padukone-varun-dhawan-win-top-honours-see-pics-4584720/ |accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| Style Gamechanger (Female)
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=HT India's Most Stylish Awards 2018 |date=25 January 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/ht-india-s-most-stylish-awards-2018-when-amitabh-bachchan-rekha-sonakshi-sinha-turned-up-the-glam-quotient/story-ZipxBMx578lBssmhi8NlcL.html |accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
| Super Stylish Mould –Breaker (Female)
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find Out Who Won What At The Starry Night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |date=17 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| India UK Achievers Honours
| Outstanding Achiever (Arts, Entertainment & Culture)
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Achievers Showcase |title=Meet Our Achievers |url=https://www.achieversshowcase.com/achievers |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=achieversshowcase.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| rowspan="2"| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Power-Packed Performer of the Year - Female
| {{nom}}
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Complete list of nominees of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees.php |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |accessdate=25 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards 2024 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Versatile Talent of the Year
| {{nom}}
|}

==Media recognitions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Organisation
! style="width:30%;"| Recognition
! style="width:30%;"| Result
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]''
| Most Powerful Women
| Rank #4
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uttamchandani, Dishina |date=June 2012 |title=Power Moment |url=http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/power-moment.shtml |url-status=live |journal=Verve |volume=20 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404101530/http://verveonline.com/109/people/power-moment.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[The Times of India]]''
| Most Promising Newcomer
| Rank #2
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-most-promising-newcomer-of-2011-female/articleshow/12402589.cms |title=Parineeti Chopra at 2 in Most Promising Newcomer List 2011 |date=27 March 2012 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rediff.com]]''
| Bollywood's Best Actresses
| Rank #6
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-yearend-special-bollywood-s-top-ten-actresses-of-2012/20121221.htm#5 |title=Bollywood's 10 Best Actresses Of 2012 |date=21 December 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127161020/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-yearend-special-bollywood-s-top-ten-actresses-of-2012/20121221.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013
| ''[[Eastern Eye]]''
| 50 Sexiest Asian Women
| Rank #14
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina Kaif named Eastern Eye's world's sexiest Asian woman for the fourth time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time-219742-2013-12-04 |access-date=6 December 2014 |work=India Today|date=5 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| ''The Times of India''
| 50 Most Desirable Women
| Rank #44
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/queens-of-desire/articleshow/35726757.cms#:~:text=India%20has%20voted%20and%20chosen,Deepika%20Padukone%20tops%20the%20list. |title=Parineeti Chopra debuts at 44th rank in Times Most Desirable List 2013 |access-date=30 May 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Indian Express]]''
| Top 10 Bollywood Actresses
| Rank #10
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Bollywood Actresses of 2013 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-2013/lite/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510223605/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-2013/lite/ |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''Rediff.com''
| Bollywood's Best Actresses
| Rank #6
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Bollywood actresses of the year so far |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-year-so-far/20140703.htm#3 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910184831/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-year-so-far/20140703.htm#3 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Google]]''
| Most Searched Celebrities
| Rank #18
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Leone, Shweta Basu Prasad, Aishwarya Rai, Parineeti Chopra: The most searched celebrities of 2014 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/sunny-leone-anushka-sharma-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-the-most-searched-celebrities-of-2014/lite/ |access-date=10 December 2015 |work=The Indian Express|date=9 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Eastern Eye''
| 50 Sexiest Asian Women List
| Rank #33
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Sexiest Asian Women of 2015 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-women/20151210.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510223605/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-women/20151210.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2016 |work=Rediff |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024
| ''Rediff.com''
| Bollywood's Best Actresses
| Rank #6
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Women We Loved In 2024 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/the-women-we-loved-in-2024/20241203.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216184831/https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/the-women-we-loved-in-2024/20241203.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Firstpost]]''
| Best Performances on OTT
| Rank #3
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikrant Massey in Sector 36 to Parineeti Chopra in Amar Singh Chamkila, breakthrough performances on OTT |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/year-ender-2024-vikrant-massey-in-netflixs-sector-36-to-parineeti-chopra-in-amar-singh-chamkila-breakthrough-performances-on-ott-13847127.html/amp |work=Firstpost |date=24 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4495174|section=awards|Parineeti Chopra}}
{{Portal bar|Film|Bollywood}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Parineeti}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Chandan Dasgupta

2026-02-06T06:15:20Z

TomOcampo9313: article

{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chandan Dasgupta
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Chandan Dasgupta
| birth_date = 1951
| birth_place = [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| fields = Theoretical [[Condensed Matter Physics]], [[Statistical Mechanics]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Science]], International Centre for Theoretical Sciences
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[Bachelor of Science|(B.Sc.)]] [[Delhi University]] [[Master of Science|(M.Sc.)]] [[University of Pennsylvania]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|(Ph.D.)]]
| doctoral_advisor = A. Brooks Harris
| academic_advisors = Shang-keng Ma, [[University of California, San Diego]] [[Bertrand Halperin]], [[Harvard University]]
| known_for = Contributions to [[Condensed Matter Physics|Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics]] and [[Statistical Mechanics]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Warner Teutsch Memorial Prize(1974) Fellowship of the [[Alfred P Sloan Foundation]] (1984-87) DAE-Raja Ramanna Prize (1999) Fellow of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World ([[TWAS]]) (2007) JC Bose National Fellowship (2006-10), The Satyendranath Bose Medal (2018).
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
| notable_students = [[Amit Chakrabarti]] [[Abhishek Dhar]]
}}

'''Chandan Dasgupta''' ({{langx|bn|চন্দন দাশগুপ্ত}}), (born 1951) is an Indian [[theoretical physicist]] known for his contributions in [[condensed matter physics]] and [[statistical physics]]. He is at present a professor at [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore.<ref name="Prof Chandan Dasgupta's homepage at IISc Physics website">{{cite web | url=http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~cdgupta/ | title=Prof Chandan Dasgupta's homepage at IISc Physics website | accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Prof Chandan Dasgupta's page at ICTS website">{{cite web | url=http://www.icts.res.in/people/1/details/88/ | title=Prof Chandan Dasgupta's page at ICTS website | accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Prof Chandan Dasgupta- Fellow of Indian National Science Academy">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P00-1273 | title=Prof Chandan Dasgupta- Fellow of Indian National Science Academy | accessdate=9 March 2014 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140309094539/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P00-1273 | archivedate=9 March 2014 }}</ref> He was the former<ref name="Indian Institute of Science Administration Deans">{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/administration/deans.php | title=Indian Institute of Science Administration Deans | accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> dean of Undergraduate Program at [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Drawing India's Brightest to the Cause of Science, Hindustan Times">{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/drawing-india-s-brightest-to-the-cause-of-science/story-8BpzsuyWD2cBcLEJMHb0QM.html | title=Drawing India's Brightest to the Cause of Science | date=5 January 2013 | first=Charu Sudan | last=Kasturi | newspaper=Hindustan Times | accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Chandan Dasgupta earned his BSc degree in 1971 from [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[University of Calcutta]] and MSc degree from [[Delhi University]] in 1973. He did his doctoral research at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], USA under the supervision of Professor AB Harris and obtained PhD degree in Physics in 1978. Subsequently, he did post-doctoral research at the [[University of California, San Diego]] with Shang-keng Ma <ref name=" Low-temperature properties of the random Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain , Phys. Rev. B 22, 1305">{{cite journal | title=Low-temperature properties of the random Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.22.1305 | year=1980 | last1=Dasgupta | first1=Chandan | last2=Ma | first2=Shang-Keng | journal=Physical Review B | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=1305–1319 }}</ref> and at [[Harvard University]] with [[Bertrand Halperin]], and worked as a faculty member in the School of Physics and Astronomy of the [[University of Minnesota]] for a few years. He joined the Indian Institute of Science in 1987, where, at present, he is a Professor.

Professor Dasgupta played a major role in the establishment of the Centre for Condensed Matter Theory at the Indian Institute of Science in 1998 and acted as the Convenor of the Centre (1998-2005). He is an Honorary Professor at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]]<ref name="Condensed Matter Theory at JNCASR">{{cite web | url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/cmtumain.php/Faculty-members/1/1/ | title=Condensed Matter Theory at JNCASR | accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref> and holds a Visiting Professorship at the [[University of Minnesota]], USA.

==Research==
Prof Chandan Dasgupta's area of specialization is theoretical condensed matter physics with emphasis on statistical mechanics.
* Supercooled liquids and the [[glass transition]]<ref name="Growing length and time scales in glass-forming liquids, 3675–3679, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811082106">{{cite journal | title=Growing length and time scales in glass-forming liquids | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=10 March 2009 | volume=106 | issue=10 | pages=3675–3679 | last1=Karmakar | first1=Smarajit | last2=Dasgupta | first2=Chandan | last3=Sastry | first3=Srikanth | doi=10.1073/pnas.0811082106 | pmid=19234111 | pmc=2656139 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Superconductivity]] and [[superfluidity]]<ref name=" Phase Transition in a Lattice Model of Superconductivity , Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1556">{{cite journal | title=Phase Transition in a Lattice Model of Superconductivity | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.47.1556 | year=1981 | last1=Dasgupta | first1=C. | last2=Halperin | first2=B. I. | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=47 | issue=21 | pages=1556–1560 }}</ref>
* Dynamics of nonequilibrium systems
* Physics at the nanoscale

==Awards and honours==
Chandan Dasgupta was awarded Sir C.V. Raman Award for Research in Physical Sciences in 2006 by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name="Honours & Awards, UGC website">{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/honours-and-awards.aspx | title=Honours & Awards, UGC website | accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref>
In 2007, he was elected as a fellow of [[TWAS|The World Academy of Sciences]] .<ref name="Chandan Dasgupta, Elected fellow of TWAS">{{cite web | url=http://www.twas.org/member/dasgupta-chandan | title=Chandan Dasgupta, Elected fellow of TWAS | accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref>
He was awarded with "The Satyendranath Bose Medal" by [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2018.<ref name="CDG SNBoseINSA">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#12 | title=Recipients of Medals/Lectures Awards | accessdate=29 June 2018 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#12 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~cdgupta/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Chandan}}
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]

Future Main Battle Tank

2026-01-24T22:18:50Z

TomOcampo9313: done!

{{Short description|Indian main battle tank programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Future Main Battle Tank
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Main battle tank]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| origin = [[India]]

| designer = [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] ([[DRDO]])
| design_date = 2010–''present''
| manufacturer = [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] (at [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]])
| developed_from = [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants = 
| crew = 3-4
| length =
| width =
| height =
| weight = <55 tons
| clearance =
| armour = [[Explosive reactive armour|ERA–NERA]], [[Kanchan armour]], [[Active protection system]]
| primary_armament = 1× 120 mm smoothbore tank gun able to fire [[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]], [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]], [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]], [[High-explosive squash head|HESH]], PCB, [[Thermobaric weapon|Thermobaric]] rounds
| secondary_armament = 1 × [[12.7×99mm|12.7mm]] AA [[machine gun|MG]] 1 × [[7.62×51mm|7.62 mm]] coaxial MG
| engine = [[BEML#DATRAN 1500|DATRAN]]; 1,500 [[Horsepower|hp]] (1,118 kW) [[V12 engine]]
| fuel_capacity =
| transmission = 1500 hp automatic transmission by [[CVRDE]]
| suspension = [[Hydropneumatic suspension|Hydropneumatic]]
| speed =
| pw_ratio = 30 hp/ton
| vehicle_range =
| is_UK = yes
}}
The '''Future Main Battle Tank''' ('''FMBT''') is a [[List of main battle tanks by generation#Next-generation|next-generation]] [[main battle tank]] being developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) for the [[Indian Army]]. The FMBT design is expected to replace the older generation MBTs of the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps]] from 2030 onwards. The tank is a further development of the previous generation [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] main battle tanks of the Army.

== Development ==
Following the successful performance of the [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun Mk1]] MBT against [[T-90]] during trials in Rajasthan in March 2010, DRDO started a programme to develop next-generation Future Main Battle Tank (FMBT) for the Indian Army. The development was first reported in 2010. The development cost was reported to be approximately {{INRConvert|5000|c|lk=on|year=2010}} while the tanks would cost around {{INRConvert|25|c|lk=off|year=2010}} per FMBT. The key stakeholders of the project includes the Army, quality control personnel and the production agency. The development will take 7-8 years from the date of sanction. The PSQR has been formalised. When the detailed specifications of the FMBT is finalised, they will be listed in GSQR. The FMBT is planned to be produced by [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], [[Avadi]].<ref name=":232">{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2010-08-10 |title=DRDO to develop army's next-generation tank |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/drdo-to-develop-army-s-next-generation-tank-110081000023_1.html |access-date=2021-07-06 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2010-11-04 |title=1,500-horsepower FMBT to replace T-72 tanks beyond 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1500-horsepower-FMBT-to-replace-T-72-tanks-beyond-2020/article15675648.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As reported by the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[A.K. Antony]] to the [[Lok Sabha]] on 6 December 2010, the Preliminary Staff Qualitative Requirements (PSQR) for the tank has been formulated by the Army, while the feasibility study is being carried out by DRDO. The development would be completed by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-06 |title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, DEFENCE, LOK SABHA |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/594527/1/97893.pdf |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=eparlib.nic.in}}</ref>

However, as per reports in 2012, the Army could not decide the desired specifications and the PSQR was not formalised of the FMBT including the crew configuration (three-crew or four-crew). PSQR is important for sanctioning and funding the development programme. This meant that the Defence Minister had “misled” the Parliament earlier. However, CVRDE had started its development before the finalising of PSQR.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-02 |title=Army dithers over futuristic tank, DRDO pursues engine |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-dithers-over-futuristic-tank-drdo-pursues-engine-112010200118_1.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In September 2021, the tank completed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR).<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1441039781291458564 |user=SJha1618 |title=Meanwhile, DRDO's Next Generation Main Battle Tank (NGMBT) has passed the preliminary design review stage... |first=Saruav |last=Jha |date=2021-09-23 |access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref>{{Excerpt|BEML|DATRAN 1500|paragraphs=4, 6}}

== Design ==
The tank is to weigh around 50{{&nbsp}}tonnes and will feature [[active protection system]] (which can shoot down enemy anti-tank projectiles before they strike the FMBT), extreme mobility, [[CBRN defense]] capabilities (to conduct operations without exposing the crew to harmful radiation), and the [[Network-centric operations|network-centric operation]] capability (providing full situational awareness to the crew even when “buttoned down” inside the tank). The armaments of the tank will include 120{{&nbsp}}mm [[smoothbore]] main gun (ATGM-capable) and two small-calibre machine guns. The tank will have a modular design, enabling the tanks to integrate new technology with time. The volume occupied by electronics package is less when compared to earlier Arjun tank variants. Also, the engine size will be two-thirds of those used earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-02 |title=DRDO to develop army's next-generation tank |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/drdo-to-develop-army-s-next-generation-tank-110081000023_1.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> The FMBT is to be equipped with advanced [[Electro-optical targeting system|electro-optical sight systems]] and possibly a high power [[Laser weapon|laser weapon system]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Maj Gen Rambir|date=2021-04-14|title=Why MBT Arjun Tank should be embraced by the army?|url=https://finsindia.org/a-tankful-of-promise-why-mbt-arjun-should-be-embraced-whole-heartedly-by-the-army/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Forum For Integrated National Security (FINS) India|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Mobility ===
{{Excerpt|BEML|DATRAN 1500|paragraphs=1-2, 4}}

== See also ==

* [[List of main battle tanks by generation]]

* {{lwc|Arjun (tank)}}
* {{Lwc|Zorawar (tank)}}

* {{lwc|Future Ready Combat Vehicle}}

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{Post-Cold War tanks}}

[[Category:Main battle tanks of India]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:Tanks with autoloaders]]
[[Category:Fourth-generation main battle tanks]]

Nirbhaya Samaroh

2026-01-24T18:22:00Z

TomOcampo9313: started initial pg first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox music festival
|music_festival_name= Nirbhaya Samaroh
|image=
| caption =
|location= [[New Delhi]]
| years_active= 2013 - Present
| dates= Annually
| genre= [[Indian classical dance]], [[Indian classical music]]
|founders= [[Manasi Pradhan]]
| website=
}}

'''Nirbhaya Samaroh''' is an annual [[dance]] and [[music]] festival held by the [[Honour for Women National Campaign]] to raise awareness on [[women’s rights]]. The festival named after the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] victim is presented as a tribute to all victims of [[Violence against women]].<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/ncw-chief-to-open-nirbhaya-samaroh-at-puri-today.html|title=NCW chief to open Nirbhaya Samaroh at Puri today|publisher=|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821064253/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/ncw-chief-to-open-nirbhaya-samaroh-at-puri-today.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/apr/12/three-pronged-strategy-to-curb-crime-against-women-741446.html|title=Three-pronged Strategy to Curb Crime Against Women|date=12 April 2015|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Nirbhaya Samaroh 2.jpg|thumb|A group choreography at 2015 Nirbhaya Samaroh held on 9 April at [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi]]
The festival founded by women’s rights activist [[Manasi Pradhan]] was first held on 9 July 2013.<ref name="orissadiary.com">{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=58574|title=2015 Nirbhaya Samaroh to be held at Delhi today, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines|publisher=|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817161947/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=58574|url-status=dead}}</ref> The second edition of the festival was held on 9 April 2015, at [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzintown.com/delhi/events/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015/id--974723.html|title=Nirbhaya Samaroh 2015 at India Habitat Centre IHC , Lodhi Road, Delhi on 09 Apr, 2015|publisher=|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821022249/http://www.buzzintown.com/delhi/events/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015/id--974723.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhievents.com/2015/04/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015-tribute-to-spirit.html|title="Nirbhaya Samaroh 2015" A tribute to the spirit of Indian women through four choreographies by 23 dancers of different genre at Stein Auditorium, India Habitat Centre (IHC), Lodhi Road > 7pm on 9th April 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

== History ==
Nirbhaya Samaroh was conceived in 2013 as one of the flagship events of the Honour for Women National Campaign. The principal objective was to make the best use of [[India]]n dance and music to sensitize people on [[women’s rights]] and mobilize [[public opinion]] in support of its movement to end [[violence against women]].<ref name="orissadiary.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=three-strategies-to-curb-violence-against-women&section_url_key=state-editions|title=The Pioneer|publisher=|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826000217/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=three-strategies-to-curb-violence-against-women&section_url_key=state-editions|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Festival Program ==
The festival features [[dance]] and [[music]] performances by eminent [[Indian people|Indian]] artists in sync with the festival tagline "to keep the fire burning in us……".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/delhi/events/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015|title=Nirbhaya Samaroh 2015|publisher=|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510112918/https://www.timeout.com/delhi/events/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allevents.in/new%2520delhi/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015/703559189769812|title=Nirbhaya Samaroh 2015|publisher=|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=12 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512020659/https://allevents.in/new%20delhi/nirbhaya-samaroh-2015/703559189769812|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Nirbhaya Samman ==
[[File:Nirbhaya Samaroh 4.jpg|thumb|A performance at 2015 Nirbhaya Samaroh held on 9 April at [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi]]
On occasion of the festival, Nirbhaya Samman is conferred on a leading organisation of [[India]] for their contribution in empowering women. The 1st Nirbhaya Samman was conferred on [[Brahma Kumaris]] World Spiritual University at the 1st Nirbhaya Samaroh held on 9 July 2013.<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/> The 2nd Nirbhaya Samman was conferred on [[Missionaries of Charity]] at the 2nd Nirbhaya Samaroh held on 9 April 2015.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

== Nirbhaya Puraskar ==
Women achievers in different fields are felicitated with Nirbhaya Puraskar at the festival.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.facebook.com/nirbhayasamaroh

[[Category:Arts festivals in India]]
[[Category:Dance events]]
[[Category:Third-wave feminism]]
[[Category:Women's rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Dance festivals in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]

IGI Airport metro station

2026-01-18T22:19:31Z

TomOcampo9313: add layout as per guidelines

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] IGI Airport
| type = [[Delhi Metro]] station
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = File:Newdelhi airportmetro station.jpg
| caption = Entrance of the IGI Airport metro station
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport|route}}
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = {{ubl|[[Island platform]]|Platform-2 → [[Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 metro station|Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25]]|Platform-3 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Airport|R}}}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2011|February|23|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = yes
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Airport Express|left=Dwarka Sector 21|right=Delhi Aerocity|to-left=Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Airport Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Airport Express}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The IGI Airport Metro Station is a key part of the '''[[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Airport Express Line]]''', also known as the '''Orange Line''' of the Delhi Metro. It serves as an essential transit hub for passengers traveling to and from '''[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI)]]''', providing a direct and rapid link between the airport and central Delhi.

== Location and Connectivity ==
The station is situated near '''Terminal 2 and Terminal 3''' of '''[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI)]]''', offering easy access for both domestic and international travelers. The '''Airport Express Line''' has a mix of both underground & elevated metro stations. The [[Dhaula Kuan metro station|Dhaula Kuan Metro Station]] is elevated & other metro stations on Airport Express Line are underground.

== Inauguration and Operations ==
The station was inaugurated on 23 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news685448.html|title = CISF to finish induction on airport Metro link in 15 days|date = 6 February 2011}}</ref>

The '''[[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Airport Express Line]]''' itself is a '''22.7-kilometer''' (14.1 miles) stretch, designed to offer fast, reliable transport between '''[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station]]''' and '''[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]]''' via the '''[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI)]]'''.

The fare for traveling on the Delhi Airport Express Line is generally '''higher than the regular Delhi Metro lines''', due to its premium services like faster trains and airport-specific facilities. As of recent data, the fares range approximately from '''INR 50 to INR 100''' for a one-way trip, depending on the distance covered.<ref>{{Cite news |title= |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/dmrc-slashes-airport-express-line-fares-by-50-115091500360_1.html }}</ref>

== Station Layout ==
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''C'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Concourse
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''P'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 2''' '''North bound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Airport|R}} '''Next Station:''' [[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right</nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 2''' '''South West bound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards ← [[Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 metro station|Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25]] '''Next Station:''' [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]] '''''Change at the next station for''''' '''''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''
|}

==Alternate rail access to the airport==
The closest [[Indian Railways]] station is Shahabad Mohammadpur (SMDP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/5424|title = Shahabad Mohammadpur Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> Also within distance is Palam Railway Station (PM).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/352?a=1|title = Palam Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Terminal 1-IGI Airport metro station]]
* [[Hyderabad Airport Metro Express]]
* [[Chennai International Airport metro station]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|airport express=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]
[[Category:Airport railway stations in India]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Sudha Malhotra

2026-01-18T13:36:48Z

TomOcampo9313: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sudha Malhotra
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 200px
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1936|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback]]
| occupations = Singer
| years_active = 1954–1982
| spouse = Girdhar Motwani
| module2=Awards: [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Sudha Malhotra''' (born 30 November 1936) is an Indian [[playback singer]]. She also acted in some [[Bollywood]] films and as a playback singer, worked in popular Bollywood movies in the 1950s and 1960s, like ''[[Arzoo (1965 film)|Arzoo]]'', ''Babar'', ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'', ''[[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Door Nahin]]'', ''Girlfriend'', ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat|Barsat Ki Rat]]'', ''Didi'' and ''[[Dekh Kabira Roya]]''. She was last heard in [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982) in the song "Yeh Pyar Tha Ya Kuch Aur Tha".<ref name=tr>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081012/spectrum/main4.htm Notes from the past] ''The Tribune'', 12 October 2008.</ref> Apart from Hindi songs, she sang many popular Marathi songs (Bhavgeet) with Arun Date.

She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]] in 2013.<ref name=pib4>{{cite press release |title=Padma Awards Announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sudha Malhotra was born in [[New Delhi]] to a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family and grew up in [[Lahore]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Firozpur]]. She is the eldest of 4 siblings - Arun, Vijay, Kiran and herself. She did her graduation in music from [[Agra University]].

==Career==
Malhotra was discovered as a child artist by [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] (a prominent music director of the 1940s). She debuted in the movie ''[[Arzoo (1950 film)|Arzoo]]''.<ref name=tr/> She retired from film industry in 1960, following her marriage with businessman Giridhar Motwani (whose family owned the Chicago Radio Mike Company). She recorded for a few albums in the following years, including for [[Jagjit Singh]]'s ''In a Mood of Love''. She also sang for [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''Prem Rog'' in 1982.

Some of her popular Marathi songs are (Bhavgeet) - "Shukratara Mandwara", " Visarasheel Khas Mala", "Haat Tuza Haataat" and "Divas Tujhe he Fulayche", all duets with Arun Date. She has sung 264 songs in 155 films.

==Personal life==
Malhotra married Giridhar Motwani, whose family owned the Chicago Radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/kashti-ka-khamosh-safar-hai-sudha-malhotra|title = "Kashti Ka Khamosh Safar Hai" - Sudha Malhotra}}</ref> After her marriage, photographs of her with the lyricist [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] were published in the Blitz magazine. She repeatedly denied their relationship, and later, Blitz released an apology. It is believed that Ludhianvi wrote the song ''[[Gumrah (1963 film)|Chalo Ek Baar Phir]]'' ''[[Gumrah (1963 film)|Se]]'' when Malhotra's marriage was finalised.

==Filmography==
* ''[[Arzoo (1950 film)|Arzoo]]'' (1950)
* ''Dil-E-Naadan'' (1953)
* ''Ab Dilli Door Nahin'' (1957)
* ''[[Dekh Kabira Roya (1957 film)|Dekh Kabira Roya]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959)
* ''Didi'' (1959)
* ''Girlfriend'' (1960)
* ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat|Barsat Ki Raat]]'' (1960)
* ''Babar'' (1960)
* ''Gauhar''
* ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0539502}}
* [http://sudha-malhotra.tripod.com/ Sudha Malhotra Discography]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Sudha}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:1936 births]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Kanpur Municipal Corporation

2026-01-14T04:03:44Z

TomOcampo9313:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kanpur Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| legislature =
| moto =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 100px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Kanpur
| houses =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Pramila Pandey]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-civic-body-polls-2023-ghaziabad-jhansi-kanpur-saharanpur-shahjahanpur-municipal-corporations-winners-101683948442532.html|title=UP civic body polls 2023: Meet mayors of Ghaziabad, Jhansi, Kanpur, Saharanpur & Shahjahanpur|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref>
| election1 = 12 December 2017
| leader2_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader2 = Arpit Upadhyay, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election2 =
| members =
| seats = 110
| established = in 1861 as Municipality of Cawnpore
| structure1 = Kanpur, UP Municipal Corporation 2023.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (73)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (73)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/NewWinnerList2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref>
'''Opposition (22)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Samajwadi Party}}}} [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (17)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (5)
'''Others (15)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (15)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|11 May 2023]]
| next_election1 = 2028
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = City Hall (KMC Building), [[Moti Jheel]], [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| website = {{url|http://kmc.up.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kanpur Municipal Corporation (KMC)''' is a municipal corporation of [[Kanpur]] city in [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/|title=Kanpur municipal corporation::Birth Certificate.Grievance Redressal.online property tax .Civil Work|website=kmc.up.nic.in|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref> Kanpur has area of 108. 63 sq km. The corporation has 110 wards covering area equal to 403 square kilometres.<ref name='Kanpur City'>{{cite web|title=Kanpur City|url=https://kanpursmartcity.org/about-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/kanpur/ward-map.html|title=Kanpur Ward Map|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801005-kanpur-uttar-pradesh.html|title=Kanpur Municipal Corporation City Population Census 2011-2019 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

==History==

The municipality in Kanpur, then ''Cawnpore'' was first established on 22 November 1861 under the chairmenship of a [[District Magistrate]]. Lala Sheo Prasad was the first Vice Chairman of the association of Cawnpore Municipal Committee. The Town Hall building was erected at Cooperganj in the year 1879 with investment of around 2,16,000 rupees.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wi5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Cawnpore+Town+Hall |title = District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Cawnpore|last = Drake-Brockman|first = D. L.|year = 1909}}</ref>

The first drainage system was established in 1872 and the first protected water supply in 1892.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The city became a municipal corporation in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/history/kanpur.html|title=Kanpur|website=iitk.ac.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107174804/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/history/kanpur.html|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> Ram Ratan Gupta became the first mayor of Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yugantarpravah.com/news/know-the-history-of-kanpur-nagar-nigam-589103-25-04-2023|title=History Of Kanpur Nagar Nigam : know the history of kanpur nagar nigam|website=Yugantar Pravah|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

==Elections==

''See [[List of mayors of Kanpur]]''

==See also==
[[Kanpur (Mayoral Constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://kmc.up.nic.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government of Kanpur]]

{{UttarPradesh-stub}}
{{Municipal Corporations in Uttar Pradesh}}

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film

2026-01-05T09:41:17Z

TomOcampo9313: expanded content

{{short description|Award given by the Broadcast Film Critics Association}}
The '''Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film''' is one of the awards given to people working in the motion picture industry by the [[Broadcast Film Critics Association]].

==List of winners and nominees==

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
! style="width:7%;" | Year
! style="width:26.5%;" | English title
! style="width:26.5%;" | Original title
! style="width:20%;" | Director
! style="width:18%;" | Country
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
!1995 [[1st Critics' Choice Awards|1st]]
| '''''[[Il Postino: The Postman]]'''''
| '''''Il postino'''''
| '''[[Michael Radford]]'''
| '''[[Italy]]'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
!1996 [[2nd Critics' Choice Awards|2nd]]
| colspan="2" | '''''[[Ridicule (film)|Ridicule]]'''''
| '''[[Patrice Leconte]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
!1997 [[3rd Critics' Choice Awards|3rd]]
| '''''[[Shall We Dance? (1996 film)|Shall We Dance?]]'''''
| '''ダンス'''
| '''[[Masayuki Suo]]'''
| '''[[Japan]]'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
!1998 [[4th Critics' Choice Awards|4th]]
| '''''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'''''
| '''''La vita è bella'''''
| '''[[Roberto Benigni]]'''
| '''[[Italy]]'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
!1999 [[5th Critics' Choice Awards|5th]]
| '''''[[All About My Mother]]'''''
| '''''Todo sobre mi madre'''''
| '''[[Pedro Almodóvar]]'''
| '''[[Spain]]'''
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
! style="width:7%;" | Year
! style="width:26.5%;" | English title
! style="width:26.5%;" | Original title
! style="width:20%;" | Director
! style="width:18%;" | Country
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
!2000 [[6th Critics' Choice Awards|6th]]
| '''''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'''''
| '''卧虎藏龍'''
| '''[[Ang Lee]]'''
| '''[[Taiwan]]'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="3" |2001 [[7th Critics' Choice Awards|7th]]
| '''''[[Amélie]]'''''<ref>[https://www.callutheran.edu/news/13202.html#story 'Amelie' concludes foreign film festival|California Lutheran]</ref>
| '''''Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain'''''
| '''[[Jean-Pierre Jeunet]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|-
| ''[[In the Mood for Love]]''
| 花樣年華
| [[Wong Kar-wai]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| ''[[No Man's Land (2001 film)|No Man's Land]]''
| ''Ničija zemlja''
| [[Danis Tanović]]
| [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="3" |2002 [[8th Critics' Choice Awards|8th]]
| '''''[[Y Tu Mamá También|And Your Mother Too]]'''''
| '''''Y Tu Mamá También'''''
| '''[[Alfonso Cuarón]]'''
| '''[[Mexico]]'''
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
| [[Mira Nair]]
| [[India]]
|-
| ''[[Talk to Her]]''
| ''Hable con ella''
| [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
| [[Spain]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="3" |2003 [[9th Critics' Choice Awards|9th]]
| '''''[[The Barbarian Invasions]]'''''
| '''''Les Invasions barbares'''''
| '''[[Denys Arcand]]'''
| '''[[Canada]]'''
|-
| ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]''
| ''Cidade de Deus''
| [[Fernando Meirelles]]
| [[Brazil]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Swimming Pool (2003 film)|Swimming Pool]]''
| [[François Ozon]]
| [[France]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2004 [[10th Critics' Choice Awards|10th]]
| '''''[[The Sea Inside]]'''''
| '''''Mar adentro'''''
| '''[[Alejandro Amenábar]]'''
| '''[[Spain]]'''
|-
| ''[[House of Flying Daggers]]''
| 十面埋伏
| [[Zhang Yimou]]
| [[China]]
|-
| ''[[Maria Full of Grace]]''
| ''María llena eres de gracia''
| [[Joshua Marston]]
| [[Colombia]]
|-
| ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]''
| ''Diarios de motocicleta''
| [[Walter Salles]]
| [[Argentina]]
|-
| ''[[A Very Long Engagement]]''
| ''Un long dimanche de fiançailles''
| [[Jean-Pierre Jeunet]]
| [[France]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2005 [[11th Critics' Choice Awards|11th]]
| '''''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'''''
| '''功夫'''
| '''[[Stephen Chow]]'''
| '''[[Hong Kong]]'''
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]''
| [[Wong Kar-wai]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| ''[[Caché (film)|Hidden]]''
| ''Caché''
| [[Michael Haneke]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Oldboy (2003 film)|Oldboy]]''
| 올드보이
| [[Park Chan-wook]]
| [[South Korea]]
|-
| ''[[Paradise Now]]''
| الجنّة الآن
| [[Hany Abu-Assad]]
| [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] / [[France]] / [[Germany]] / [[Israel]] / [[Netherlands]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2006 [[12th Critics' Choice Awards|12th]]
| '''''[[Letters from Iwo Jima]]'''''
| '''硫黄島からの手紙'''
| '''[[Clint Eastwood]]'''
| '''[[United States|USA]]'''
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Apocalypto]]''
| [[Mel Gibson]]
| [[United States|USA]]
|-
| ''[[Days of Glory (2006 film)|Days of Glory]]''
| بلديون
| [[Rachid Bouchareb]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]''
| ''El laberinto del fauno''
| [[Guillermo del Toro]]
| [[Spain]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Volver]]''
| [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
| [[Spain]]
|-
| ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]''
| वाटर
| [[Deepa Mehta]]
| [[Canada]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2007 [[13th Critics' Choice Awards|13th]]
| '''''[[The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (film)|The Diving Bell and the Butterfly]]'''''
| '''''Le Scaphandre et le Papillon'''''
| '''[[Julian Schnabel]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|-
| ''[[4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days]]''
| ''4 luni, 3 săptămâni şi 2 zile''
| [[Cristian Mungiu]]
| [[Romania]]
|-
| ''[[La Vie en rose (film)|La Vie en Rose]]''
| ''La Môme''
| [[Olivier Dahan]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Lust, Caution]]''
| 色，戒
| [[Ang Lee]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| ''[[The Orphanage (2007 film)|The Orphanage]]''
| ''El orfanato''
| [[J. A. Bayona|Juan Antonio Bayona]]
| [[Spain]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2008 [[14th Critics' Choice Awards|14th]]
| '''''[[Waltz with Bashir]]'''''
| '''ואלס עם באשיר'''
| '''[[Ari Folman]]'''
| '''[[Israel]]'''
|-
| ''[[A Christmas Tale]]''
| ''Un conte de Noël''
| [[Arnaud Desplechin]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Gomorrah (film)|Gomorrah]]''
| ''Gomorra''
| [[Matteo Garrone]]
| [[Italy]]
|-
| ''[[I've Loved You So Long]]''
| ''Il y a longtemps que je t'aime''
| [[Philippe Claudel]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Let the Right One In (film)|Let the Right One In]]''
| ''Låt den rätte komma in''
| [[Tomas Alfredson]]
| [[Sweden]]
|-
| ''[[Mongol (film)|Mongol]]''
| Монгол
| [[Sergei Bodrov]]
| [[Kazakhstan]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2009 [[15th Critics' Choice Awards|15th]]
| '''''[[Broken Embraces]]'''''
| '''''Los abrazos rotos'''''
| '''[[Pedro Almodóvar]]'''
| '''[[Spain]]'''
|-
| ''[[Coco Before Chanel]]''
| ''Coco avant Chanel''
| [[Anne Fontaine]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Red Cliff (film)|Red Cliff]]''
| 赤壁
| [[John Woo]]
| [[China]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Sin Nombre (2009 film)|Sin Nombre]]''
| [[Cary Fukunaga|Cary Joji Fukunaga]]
| [[Mexico]] / [[United States|USA]]
|-
| ''[[The White Ribbon]]''
| ''Das weiße Band – Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte''
| [[Michael Haneke]]
| [[Germany]]
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
! style="width:7%;" | Year
! style="width:26.5%;" | English title
! style="width:26.5%;" | Original title
! style="width:20%;" | Director
! style="width:18%;" | Country
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="3" |2010 [[16th Critics' Choice Awards|16th]]
| '''''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film)|The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'''''
| '''''Män som hatar kvinnor'''''
| '''[[Niels Arden Oplev]]'''
| '''[[Sweden]]'''
|-
| ''[[I Am Love (film)|I Am Love]]''
| ''Io sono l'amore''
| [[Luca Guadagnino]]
| [[Italy]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Biutiful]]''
| [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]
| [[Mexico]] / [[Spain]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2011 [[17th Critics' Choice Awards|17th]]
| '''''[[A Separation]]'''''
| '''جدایی نادر از سیمین'''
| '''[[Asghar Farhadi]]'''
| '''[[Iran]]'''
|-
| ''[[In Darkness (2011 film)|In Darkness]]''
| ''W ciemności''
| [[Agnieszka Holland]]
| [[Poland]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Le Havre (film)|Le Havre]]''
| [[Aki Kaurismäki]]
| [[Finland]]
|-
| ''[[The Skin I Live In]]''
| ''La piel que habito''
| [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
| [[Spain]]
|-
| ''[[Where Do We Go Now?]]''
| وهلأ لوين
| [[Nadine Labaki]]
| [[Lebanon]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="4" |2012 [[18th Critics' Choice Awards|18th]]
| colspan="2" | '''''[[Amour (2012 film)|Amour]]'''''
| '''[[Michael Haneke]]'''
| '''[[Austria]] / [[France]] / [[Germany]]'''
|-
| ''[[The Intouchables]]''
| ''Intouchables''
| [[Éric Toledano and Olivier Nakache]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[A Royal Affair]]''
| ''En kongelig affære''
| [[Nikolaj Arcel]]
| [[Denmark]]
|-
| ''[[Rust and Bone]]''
| ''De rouille et d'os''
| [[Jacques Audiard]]
| [[France]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2013 [[19th Critics' Choice Awards|19th]]
| '''''[[Blue Is the Warmest Colour]]'''''
| '''''La Vie d'Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2'''''
| '''[[Abdellatif Kechiche]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|-
| ''[[The Great Beauty]]''
| ''La grande bellezza''
| [[Paolo Sorrentino]]
| [[Italy]]
|-
| ''[[The Hunt (2012 film)|The Hunt]]''
| ''Jagten''
| [[Thomas Vinterberg]]
| [[Denmark]]
|-
| ''[[The Past (2013 film)|The Past]]''
| ''Le passé /'' گذشته
| [[Asghar Farhadi]]
| [[France]] / [[Italy]] / [[Iran]]
|-
| ''[[Wadjda]]''
|وجدة
| [[Haifaa al-Mansour]]
| [[Germany]] / [[Saudi Arabia]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2014 [[20th Critics' Choice Awards|20th]]
| '''''[[Force Majeure (film)|Force Majeure]]'''''
| '''''Turist'''''
| '''[[Ruben Östlund]]'''
| '''[[Sweden]]'''
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Ida (film)|Ida]]''
| [[Paweł Pawlikowski]]
| [[Denmark]] / [[France]] / [[Poland]] / [[United Kingdom|UK]]
|-
| ''[[Leviathan (2014 film)|Leviathan]]''
| Левиафан
| [[Andrey Zvyagintsev]]
| [[Russia]]
|-
| ''[[Two Days, One Night]]''
| ''Deux jours, une nuit''
| [[Dardenne brothers|Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne]]
| [[Belgium]] / [[France]] / [[Italy]]
|-
| ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]''
| ''Relatos salvajes''
| [[Damián Szifron]]
| [[Argentina]] / [[Spain]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2015 [[21st Critics' Choice Awards|21st]]
| '''''[[Son of Saul]]'''''<ref>[https://thestrand.ca/review-son-of-saul/ REVIEW: Son of Saul - The Strand]</ref>
| '''''Saul fia'''''
| '''[[László Nemes]]'''
| '''[[Hungary]]'''
|-
| ''[[The Assassin (2015 film)|The Assassin]]''
| 刺客聶隱娘
| [[Hou Hsiao-hsien]]
| [[Taiwan]]
|-
| ''[[Goodnight Mommy]]''
| ''Ich seh, Ich seh''
| Veronika Franz and Severin Fiala
| [[Austria]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Mustang (film)|Mustang]]''
| [[Deniz Gamze Ergüven]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[The Second Mother (2015 film)|The Second Mother]]''
| ''Que Horas Ela Volta?''
| [[Anna Muylaert]]
| [[Brazil]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2016 [[22nd Critics' Choice Awards|22nd]]
| colspan="2" | '''''[[Elle (film)|Elle]]'''''<ref>[http://www.eurochannel.com/en/3-Must-See-French-Thrillers.html 3 Must-See French Thrillers|Euro Channel|English-Eurochannel]</ref>
| '''[[Paul Verhoeven]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|-
| ''[[The Handmaiden]]''
| 아가씨
| [[Park Chan-wook]]
| [[South Korea]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Julieta (film)|Julieta]]''
| [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
| [[Spain]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Neruda (film)|Neruda]]''
| [[Pablo Larraín]]
| [[Chile]]
|-
| ''[[The Salesman (2016 film)|The Salesman]]''
| فروشنده
| [[Asghar Farhadi]]
| [[Iran]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Toni Erdmann]]''
| [[Maren Ade]]
| [[Germany]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2017 [[23rd Critics' Choice Awards|23rd]]
| '''''[[In the Fade]]'''''<ref>[https://ew.com/awards/2018/01/11/critics-choice-awards-winners-2018-full-list/ Critics Choice Awards winners 2018: Full list|EW.com]</ref>
| '''''Aus dem Nichts'''''
| '''[[Fatih Akin]]'''
| '''[[Germany]]'''
|-
| ''[[BPM (Beats per Minute)]]''
| ''120 battements par minute''
| [[Robin Campillo]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[A Fantastic Woman]]''
| ''Una mujer fantástica''
| [[Sebastián Lelio]]
| [[Chile]]
|-
| ''[[First They Killed My Father (film)|First They Killed My Father]]''
| មុនដំបូងខ្មែរក្រហមសម្លាប់ប៉ារបស់ខ្
| [[Angelina Jolie]]
| [[Cambodia]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[The Square (2017 film)|The Square]]''
| [[Ruben Östlund]]
| [[Sweden]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Thelma (2017 film)|Thelma]]''
| [[Joachim Trier]]
| [[Norway]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2018 [[24th Critics' Choice Awards|24th]]
| colspan="2" | '''''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]'''''<ref>[https://www.amfm-magazine.tv/alfonso-cuaron-interview-there-will-be-more-films-like-roma/ Alfonso Cuarón Interview: There Will Be More Films Like ROMA - AM/FM Magazine]</ref><ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/13/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-winners/index.html Critics' Choice Awards winners list by category - CNN]</ref>
|'''[[Alfonso Cuarón]]'''
|'''[[Mexico]]'''
|-
|''[[Burning (2018 film)|Burning]]''
|버닝
|[[Lee Chang-dong]]
|[[South Korea]]
|-
|''[[Capernaum (film)|Capernaum]]''
|کفرناحوم
|[[Nadine Labaki]]
|[[Lebanon]]
|-
|''[[Cold War (2018 film)|Cold War]]''
|''Zimna wojna''
|[[Paweł Pawlikowski]]
|[[Poland]]
|-
|''[[Shoplifters (film)|Shoplifters]]''
|万引き家族
|[[Hirokazu Kore-eda]]
|[[Japan]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2019 [[25th Critics' Choice Awards|25th]]
| '''''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'''''
| '''기생충'''
| '''[[Bong Joon-ho]]'''
| '''[[South Korea]]'''
|-
| ''[[Atlantics]]''
| ''Atlantique''
| [[Mati Diop]]
| [[Belgium]] / [[France]] / [[Senegal]]
|-
| ''[[Pain and Glory]]''
| ''Dolor y gloria''
| [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
| [[Spain]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Les Misérables (2019 film)|Les Misérables]]''
| [[Ladj Ly]]
| [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Portrait of a Lady on Fire]]''
| ''Portrait de la jeune fille en feu''
| [[Céline Sciamma]]
| [[France]]
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
! style="width:7%;" | Year
! style="width:26.5%;" | English title
! style="width:26.5%;" | Original title
! style="width:20%;" | Director
! style="width:18%;" | Country
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2020 [[26th Critics' Choice Awards|26th]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/awards/critics-choice-nominations-2021-mank-netflix-1234902895/ |title=Critics Choice Awards: 'Mank' Leads With 12 Nominations, Netflix Makes History With Four Best Picture Nominees |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=February 8, 2021 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/critics-choice-awards-2021-complete-winners-list-1234708683/ |title=Critics Choice Awards: 'Nomadland', 'The Crown' Among Top Honorees – Complete Winners List |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=March 7, 2021 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | '''''[[Minari (film)|Minari]]'''''
| '''[[Lee Isaac Chung]]'''
| '''[[United States|USA]]'''
|-
| ''[[Another Round (film)|Another Round]]''
| ''Druk''
| [[Thomas Vinterberg]]
| [[Denmark]]
|-
| ''[[Collective (2019 film)|Collective]]''
| ''Colectiv''
| Alexander Nanau
| [[Romania]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[La Llorona (2019 film)|La Llorona]]''
| [[Jayro Bustamante]]
| [[Guatemala]]
|-
| ''[[The Life Ahead]]''
| ''La vita davanti a sé''
| [[Edoardo Ponti]]
| [[Italy]]
|-
| ''[[Two of Us (2019 film)|Two of Us]]''
| ''Deux''
| Filippo Meneghetti
| [[France]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="5" |2021 [[27th Critics' Choice Awards|27th]] <ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals/west-side-story-leads-the-chicago-critics-nominees West Side Story Leads the 2021 Chicago Critics Nominees|Festivals & Awards|Roger Ebert.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals/jane-campions-the-power-of-the-dog-leads-chicago-critics-awards-with-seven Jane Campion's The Power of the Dog Leads Chicago Critics Awards with Seven]</ref>
|'''''[[Drive My Car (film)|Drive My Car]]'''''
|'''ドライブ・マイ・カー'''
|'''[[Ryusuke Hamaguchi]]'''
|'''[[Japan]]'''
|-
|''[[Flee (film)|Flee]]''
|''Flugt''
|[[Jonas Poher Rasmussen]]
|[[Denmark]]
|-
|''[[The Hand of God (film)|The Hand of God]]''
|''È stata la mano di Dio''
|[[Paolo Sorrentino]]
|[[Italy]]
|-
|''[[A Hero]]''
|قهرمان
|[[Asghar Farhadi]]
|[[Iran]]
|-
|''[[The Worst Person in the World (film)|The Worst Person in the World]]''
|''Verdens verste menneske''
|[[Joachim Trier]]
|[[Norway]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2022 [[28th Critics' Choice Awards|28th]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/critics-choice-awards-nominations-fabelmans-tom-cruise-babylon-1235198638/ |title='Everything Everywhere', 'Fabelmans', 'Babylon' Lead Critics Choice Award Nominees for Film |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=December 14, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/2023-critics-choices-awards-winners-list-1235221917/ |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Takes Best Picture at Critics Choice Awards – Complete Winners List |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=January 15, 2023 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | '''''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'''''
| '''[[S. S. Rajamouli]]'''
| '''[[India]]'''
|-
| ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (2022 film)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]''
| ''Im Westen nichts Neues''
| [[Edward Berger]]
| [[Germany]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Argentina, 1985]]''
| [[Santiago Mitre]]
| [[Argentina]]
|-
| ''[[Bardo, False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths]]''
| ''Bardo, falsa crónica de unas cuantas verdades''
| [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]
| [[Mexico]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Close (2022 film)|Close]]''
| [[Lukas Dhont]]
| [[Belgium]]
|-
| ''[[Decision to Leave]]''
| 헤어질 결심
| [[Park Chan-wook]]
| [[South Korea]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2023 [[29th Critics' Choice Awards|29th]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rich |first=Katey |title=Critics Choice Awards 2024: See the Full List of Nominations |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/critics-choice-awards-2024-awards-insider |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/critics-choice-awards-2024-winners-list-1235870581/ |title='Oppenheimer' Leads Critics Choice Awards with 8 wins, 'Barbie' Scores 6 — Full Winners List |last=Shanfeld |first=Ethan |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=January 14, 2024 |access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>
| '''''[[Anatomy of a Fall]]'''''
| '''''Anatomie d'une chute'''''
| '''[[Justine Triet]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|-
| ''[[Godzilla Minus One]]''
| ゴジラ-1.0
| [[Takashi Yamazaki]]
| [[Japan]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Perfect Days]]''
| [[Wim Wenders]]
| [[Japan]]
|-
| ''[[Society of the Snow]]''
| ''La sociedad de la nieve''
| [[J. A. Bayona]]
| [[Spain]]
|-
| ''[[The Taste of Things]]''
| ''La Passion de Dodin Bouffant''
| [[Trần Anh Hùng]]
| [[France]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[The Zone of Interest (film)|The Zone of Interest]]''
| [[Jonathan Glazer]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2024 [[30th Critics' Choice Awards|30th]]
| colspan="2" | '''''[[Emilia Pérez]]'''''
| '''[[Jacques Audiard]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
|-
| ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]''
|പ്രഭയായ് നിനച്ചതെല്ലാം
| [[Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)|Payal Kapadia]]
| [[India]]
|-
| ''[[Flow (2024 film)|Flow]]''
| ''Straume''
| [[Gints Zilbalodis]]
| [[Latvia]]
|-
| ''[[I'm Still Here (2024 film)|I'm Still Here]]''
| ''Ainda Estou Aqui''
| [[Walter Salles]]
| [[Brazil]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Kneecap (film)|Kneecap]]''
| [[Rich Peppiatt]]
| [[Ireland]]
|-
| ''[[The Seed of the Sacred Fig]]''
| دانه‌ی انجیر معابد
| [[Mohammad Rasoulof]]
| [[Germany]]
|-
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="6" |2025 [[31st Critics' Choice Awards|31st]]
| colspan=1| '''''[[The Secret Agent (2025 film)|The Secret Agent]]'''''
| '''''O Agente Secreto'''''
| '''[[Kleber Mendonça Filho]]'''
| '''[[Brazil]]'''
|-
| colspan=2| ''[[Belén (film)|Belén]]''
| [[Dolores Fonzi]]
| [[Argentina]]
|-
| ''[[It Was Just an Accident]]''
| یک تصادف ساده
| [[Jafar Panahi]]
| [[Iran]] / [[France]]
|-
| ''[[Left-Handed Girl]]''
| 左撇子女孩
| [[Shih-Ching Tsou]]
| [[Taiwan]]
|-
| ''[[No Other Choice]]''
| 어쩔수가없다
| [[Park Chan-wook]]
| [[South Korea]]
|-
| colspan=2 | ''[[Sirāt]]''
| [[Oliver Laxe]]
| [[Spain]]
|}

== Multiple winners ==
Only 2 directors have won the award multiple times.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Wins
! Director
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Almodóvar]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Alfonso Cuarón]]
|}

== Countries with multiple wins (3 or more) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Wins
! Country
! Films
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" | 8
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
|[[Ridicule (film)|Ridicule]], [[Amélie]], [[The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (film)|The Diving Bell and the Butterfly]], [[Amour (2012 film)|Amour]], [[Blue Is the Warmest Colour]], [[Elle (film)|Elle]], [[Anatomy of a Fall]] and [[Emilia Pérez]]
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" | 3
|{{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spain]]
|[[All About My Mother]], [[The Sea Inside]] and [[Broken Embraces]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}
{{BFCA Awards Chron}}

[[Category:Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards|F]]
[[Category:Lists of films by award]]
[[Category:Film awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]

Ura Mail

2025-12-14T07:00:57Z

TomOcampo9313: Put Up A Details Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Ura Mail
| school =
| logo =
| logo_size = 165px
| logo_alt =
| image = Ura Mail.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Front page on 23 September 1992, the day its editor and publisher [[Chalie Kevichüsa]] was assassinated
| motto =
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| format =
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher = [[Chalie Kevichüsa]] Pankaj Sinha
| president =
| editor =
| chief_editor = Chalie Kevichüsa
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| general_manager =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1975
| political_position =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| publishing_city = [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]]
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website =
| free =
| owners =
}}
'''''Ura Mail''''' was a weekly English [[newspaper]] published from [[Dimapur]]. It was the first local English weekly newspaper published from [[Nagaland]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/manik-babu|date=4 November 2016|title=Manik Babu|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/journalism-writing-needs-reflect-societal-realities-and-struggles|date=29 November 2019|title=Journalism, writing needs to reflect on societal realities and struggles|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/media-in-nagaland-challenges-and-opportunities/|title=Media in Nagaland: Challenges and Opportunities|date=28 February 2021|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/14/educationist-social-worker-manik-bhattacharjee-dead-1202996244.html|title=Educationist, social worker Manik Bhattacharjee dead|date=14 February 2008|website=[[One India]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

== Journalists ==
On 23 September 1992, [[Chalie Kevichüsa]], the editor-in-chief of ''Ura Mail'' was assassinated while he was dropping his daughter for her tuition class, when armed men from the [[NSCN-IM]] opened fire on his vehicle after several days of tracking his movements at Fellowship Colony, [[Dimapur]]. Kevichüsa was killed and his daughter was wounded.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/lament-for-a-tree-chalie-kevichusa/| title=Lament for a Tree – Chalie Kevichusa|date=22 September 2017| website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of newspapers in Nagaland]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Dimapur]]

Heritage Girls School Udaipur

2025-12-08T09:24:03Z

TomOcampo9313: starting stub

{{Short description|Girls School in Udaipur, Rajasthan}}
{{coord|24.734656|73.7196343|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Heritage Girls School''' is an [[English-medium education|English-medium]] fully [[boarding school]] for girls, located near Eklingji, in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Cambridge International Examinations]] (CIE) and is ranked as top 10 boarding schools in India by Education World. The School admits girls from classes IV to IX & XI.<ref>{{cite web |title=EW India School Rankings 2018-19 |url=https://www.educationworld.in/school-ranking/?school=Girls%20Boarding |website=EducationWorld}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage Girls School: As Distinctive as Your Daughter |url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/heritage-girls-school-as-distinctive-as-your-daughter.html |website=UdaipurBlog |date=26 February 2019}}</ref> Heritage Girls School has been featured in Forbes India's marquee edition - Great Indian Schools 2019 by Great Place to Study.<ref name='forbes'>{{cite web |title=Great India Schools 2019 |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/media/pdf/Great-India-Schools-2019.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0kwbdTQXQKIDtKVgI0TBk3UbIEeY9EZ0a-0gRTJRFvLky9Wy09Th3NEXo |publisher=Forbes India Marquee |page=20}}</ref>

==History==
Heritage Girls School Udaipur was founded in 2014 by Jaswant Bhandari, Tushar Bhandari and the Director Shriyans Bhandari.<ref>{{cite web |title=13,000 Students For The First Time To Wear Footwear |url=http://www.iccsr.org/download/CSRTodayJanuary2017Sampleissue.pdf |website=iccsr.org}}</ref>

==Campus==
The school campus on 12.5 acres of land. The school is equipped with laboratories, an activities centre where students learn music, dance, art and craft, and a modern sports complex comprising half-Olympic size swimming pool, a fitness centre and court for lawn tennis, [[badminton]], [[cricket]], and [[table tennis]], and a 200 meters athletic track.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage Girls School, Udaipur - Address, Admissions, Reviews and Fees 2019 |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/heritage-girls-school-o517y9 |website=iCBSE}}</ref>

Six editions of TEDx Youth has been organised by Heritage Girls School's students and staff for six consecutive years 2017 to 2023 except for the year 2020, due to COVID 19 <ref>{{cite web |title=TEDxYouth@HGS {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/24329 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TEDxYouth@HGS {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/31433 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TEDxYouth@HGS |url=http://tedxyouthhgs.com |website=tedxyouthhgs.com}}</ref>

Every year school conducts International and National events like National Cooking Competition, Duke of Edinburgh Award (IAYP), Trinity College of Music, London, Model United Nations (HGS-MUN), Academic Exhibition, Heritage Challenge Women’s Soccer tournament and Women’s Cricket tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage Girls wins Inter School girls' soccer championship |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/heritage-girls-wins-inter-school-girls-soccer-championship/ |website=UdaipurTimes.com |date=29 August 2016 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816092806/https://udaipurtimes.com/heritage-girls-wins-inter-school-girls-soccer-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Heritage Girls School dedicates every [[academic year]] to the study of one country exposed to the art, history, geography, culture and cuisine of countries like Spain, South Africa, Egypt, France, etc. The grand finale of the project is held on Founder’s Day each year.

==Awards==
*Udaipur School Awards-2019 for Best Residential School at Udaipur<ref>{{cite web |title=HERITAGE GIRLS AWARDED AS BEST RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL AT UDAIPUR |url=http://unimedium.in/heritage-girls-awarded-as-best-residential-school-at-udaipur/ |website=Unimedium |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816094456/http://unimedium.in/heritage-girls-awarded-as-best-residential-school-at-udaipur/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Great Indian Schools 2019 by Great Place to Study, according to [[Forbes India]] Marquee<ref name='forbes'/>
*Indian Education Award 2017 for Best Infrastructure of the Year<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Education Congress 2017 |url=http://www.educationcongress.org/congress2017/award-winners.php |website=www.educationcongress.org |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701043422/http://www.educationcongress.org/congress2017/award-winners.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.heritagegirlsschool.com/}}

[[Category:Schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Rajasthan]]

Ramachandrapuram, Konaseema district

2025-12-08T02:43:47Z

TomOcampo9313: started a place basic info...

{{Other uses|Ramachandrapuram (disambiguation){{!}}Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramachandrapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.85|N|82.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.98
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 43657
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=626946|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533255
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Vasamsetti Subash
}}

'''Ramachandrapuram''' is a town located in [[Konaseema district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The town is a [[Municipality]] which serves as the headquarters of Ramachandrapuram mandal and Ramachandrapuram revenue division and acts as a central hub to nearest cities. This is one of the seven assembly segments of Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency. The town's name is linked to Kakarlapudi Ramachandraraju, and it was initially referred to as Ramachandrapuram, later clarified as Kota Ramachandrapuram (Fort Town) to distinguish it from other villages with similar names. The town's origin is tied to the Kakarlapudi family who built a fort after their previous fort in Kotipalli was inundated by floods. Ramachandrapuram became a municipality in 1959, initially as a Grade III municipality, and later upgraded to 2nd grade in 1980. The fort, built in 1865, is a prominent landmark and attracts film shoots. The Kakarlapudi family has played a role in the town's administration, with members serving as Municipal Chairmen and legislators.<ref>{{cite news|author1=K.N. Murali Sankar|title=All set for creation of new revenue division |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-set-for-creation-of-new-revenue-division/article4579714.ece|access-date=10 June 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 April 2013|location=Kakinada}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Ramachandrapuram is located at {{Coord|16.837919|N|82.025907|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Ramachandrapuram.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ramachandrapuram]</ref> It has an average elevation of 10 [[metre]]s (32 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of {{formatnum:43657}}. The total
population constitute, {{formatnum:21544}} males, {{formatnum:22113}} females and
{{formatnum:3994}} children, in the age group of 0–6 years. The average literacy rate stands at
82.25% with {{formatnum:32623}} literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=24 August 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Ramachandrapuram bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts|url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx|publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ramachandrapuram (E) town is central hub to the nearest cities i.e to the direction of North(N) 30km away to Kakinada, South(S) 6km away to Draksharama (Dakshana kasi), 25km away to Yanam and West(W) 32km away to Ravulapalem, 38km away to Rajahmundry. Proposed Kakinada to Narsapuram (west godavari) railway line project interlinks Ramachandrapuram Railway line lies in-between [[Kakinada]] - [[Kotipalli]] and [[Rajahmundry Airport]] is 45km away from town.

==Education==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district}}

{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Konaseema district]]

Malkajgiri

2025-12-06T01:43:32Z

TomOcampo9313: updated page

{{About|a suburban area|other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malkajgiri
| other_name = Mallikarjuna Giri
|settlement_type = [[Suburb]], GHMC Circle, '''Sub-District'''
| image_skyline = Malkajgiri-x-road.jpg
| image_caption = Malkajgiri 'x' Roads
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Malkajgiri ([[Telangana]])
| coordinates = {{coord|17|27|01.1|N|78|31|55.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 =[[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
|subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hyderabad|Greater Hyderabad]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1578 AD
| established_title1 = Incorporated (town)
| established_date1 = 1965
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Corporation)
| established_date2 = 1985
| founder =
| named_for = Mallikarjuna Swamy
| governing_body = [[GHMC|GHMC–Malkajgiri Circle]] [[Deputy Commissioner|Shri.GODHUMALA RAJU]] '''DEPUTY COMMISSIONER''' Special Grade Municipal Commissioner
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 35.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 556
| population_total =14,1175
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=648916|title=Malkajgiri|website=Census of India}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Additional Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Codes]]
| postal_code = {{hlist|Malkajgiri, Mirjalguda & Hanumanpet -500047,
(|Ramakrishnapuram, Neredmet, Old Safilguda & Sainathpuram -500056),
(|Moula Ali, HB Colony -500040),
(|Sainikpuri, Defence colony & Ammuguda
-500094),(|AS Rao Nagar & Gokul Nagar -500062),
(|Yapral & JJ Nagar -500087)}}
| registration_plate = TG-08
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
}}

'''Malkajgiri''' also known as '''Mallikarjuna Giri''' (ancient name){{according to whom|date=November 2024}} is a suburb of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. It is located in [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]] and also Sub-District in Medchal District is the headquarters of [[Malkajgiri mandal]] in Malkajgiri revenue division. Erstwhile Malkajgiri [[Panchayati raj in India|Major Grampanchayat]] was upgraded to a [[Municipal governance in India|municipality]] in 1965 and became a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] in 1985. It was merged into the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] in 2007.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://medchal.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/16-Medchal-Malkajgiri.pdf|title=Medchal-Malkajgiri district|website=Official website of Medchal district|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111236/http://medchal.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/16-Medchal-Malkajgiri.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was a part of [[Ranga Reddy district]] before the re-organisation of districts in 2016.<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Medchal−Malkajgiri district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130125523/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
The ancient name of Malkajgiri was '''Mallikarjuna Giri''' (Before 1936's){{according to whom|date=November 2024}}, dedicated to Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple on Hills. Which eventually turned as the present. Earlier Malkajgiri has its own fort. Now its became ruins, we see walls and watch towers in Old Malkajgiri Area - Shaw Wallace Factory (Present).

The lakes like Safilguda Nadimi cheruvu, Safilguda Banda cheruvu, Ramakrishnapuram Munkidigan cheruvu are famous which falls under Neredmet (Esterwile Village). And also lots of small ponds which are vanished now. It has well connections with Moula-Ali history.

== Demographics ==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2009: Data from the 2009 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
Malkajgiri had a population of 413,571. The population is 51% male and 49% female. Malkajgiri has an average literacy ratio of 87% with a total of 321,525 literates. In terms of literacy, Malkajgiri ranked at first in the Rangareddy district, higher than the national averages of 59.5%; male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 65%. In Malkajgiri, 7% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==
Malkajgiri mandal before bifurcated used to be much larger,
It consisted of two municipal units.
They are
Malkajgiri & Alwal Municipalities.
*Malkajgiri : Malkajgiri, Mirjalguda, Moulali, Neredmet, Yapral, Kowkoor.
*Alwal : Maccha Bollaram, Venkatapuram.
*After district bifurcation "or" formation Alwal Municipality became a New Mandal "Alwal mandal."

== Villages in Malkajgiri Mandal==

Malkajgiri is a Mandal in Ranga Reddy (Eastrwile) district of Telangana state in India. Below is the list of Towns and Villages in Malkajgiri Mandal. Total Number of Villages in this Mandal list are 7.

*Alwal (Municipality)
*Ammuguda
*Kowkur
*Lothkunta
*Macha Bolaram
*Malkajgiri (Municipality)
*Yapral
Later some villages merged in Alwal and formed Alwal Mandal by burificating Malkajgiri Mandal in 2017.

At Present now Malkajgiri Mandal has following neighbourhoods erstwhile Villages:

Malkajgiri has two revenue villages. They are Malkajgiri and Ammuguda Villages.
Malkajgiri Major Village Consists of,
* Malkajgiri Main Village (Including Talla Basthi, Hanumanpet, Mirzalguda earlier Hamlet villages)
* [[Neredmet|Neredmet Main Village]] (Including earlier Hamlet villages [[Safilguda]], [[Ramakrishnapuram]])
* [[Moula Ali]] (Some parts of it later merged into Cherlapally Village i.e. Cherlapally Jail to Moula Ali Sub Station Areas).

The Ammuguda revenue village consists of,
* [[Ammuguda|Ammuguda Village]]

=== Localities with in Malkajgiri Village===
Malkajgiri Village has six sub regions in it. They are Old Malkajgiri, Malkajgiri X Roads,
Old Mirzalguda, New Mirzalguda, Anutex, Hanumanpet.

===Old Malakajgiri===
* Bala Saraswathi Nagar
*Kummari Wada Basthi
*Narsimha Reddy Nagar
*Maruthi Nagar
*Old Malkajgiri Village
*Durga Nagar
*Sathi Reddy Nagar
*Chinthal Basthi
*Venkateshwara Nagar
*Patel Nagar
*Shawallace liquor company Area.(Ancient Fort Ruins Area)

=== Malkajgiri X Roads ===
* Sanjay Nagar
* Sanjeev Nagar
* Brundavan Colony
*Venkateshwara Nagar
*Geetha Nagar (Municipal Office & District Hospital Area)
*Shawallace liquor company Area

=== Old Mirzalguda ===
*Old Mirzalguda
*Mirzalguda X Road
*Yadav Nagar
*Ekalavya Nagar
* Goutham Nagar
*Mallikarjuna Nagar ( Ancient Mallanna Temple Area)
*Veena Pani Nagar
*Raja Nagar
*Madhusudhan Nagar
*Malkajgri Railway Station Area
*Bank Colony
*Sivapuri Colony
*New Shivapuri Colony

=== New Mizalguda ===
* Raja Srinivas Nagar Colony
* BJR Nagar
*Vasanthapuri Colony
*Sripuri Colony
*Ambedkar Nagar
*PVN Colony
*Raghavendra Nagar
*Vasantha Vihar Colony
*Jawahar Nagar

=== Anutex ===
*Vani Nagar
*Bhavani Nagar
*Sai Nagar ( Sai Baba Temple)

===Hanumanpet===
*Joythi Nagar
*Gopal Nagar
*I. N. Nagar
*J.L.N.S Nagar (Jayagiri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple Area)
*Hill Top Colony
*Sri Ramanjaneya Nagar
*New Venkateshwara Nagar
*Budha Vihar

==Administration & Jurisdiction==
Malkajgiri is administered by [[GHMC]] as [[Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards|Circle No. 28]] which falls under [[Secunderabad|Secunderabad Zone]]. It includes six wards which include:

* 136 Neredmet division
* 137 Vinayak nagar division
* 138 Moula Ali division
* 139 East anandbagh division
* 140 Malkajgiri division
* 141 Goutham Nagar division

Malkajgiri Mandal has also Administered by Mandal Revenue Office. It consists of Malkajgiri (M) Village & also Ammuguda Village.

Jurisdiction falls under Malkajgiri Metropolitan Court & 2 Police Station limits, Malkajgiri PS and Neredmet PS.
[[File:Malkajgiri Government Junior College.jpg|thumb|Malkajgiri Government Junior College]]

== Transport ==
Malkajgiri is well-connected with other parts of the city by road as well as rail. The [[Malkajgiri Railway Station|Malkajgiri Junction Railway Station]] is located at the backside of St. Martins High School will soon be converted into a major junction. Until now the station has 4 tracks and 3 Platforms in which 2nd&3rd Platforms are only Electrified. There is a Railway Reservation Complex too. thereby connecting it to most of the places by rail route.<ref>{{cite news |title=Proposal for the Fourth rail Terminal for Hyderabad and Electrification of whole line|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/21/stories/2006062121130300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506042208/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/21/stories/2006062121130300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 June 2006|access-date=25 September 2009}}</ref>

Nearest metro station is [[Mettuguda metro station|Mettuguda]] on Blue line of [[Hyderabad Metro]].

===Railway Stations===
[[File:Malkajgiri Railway Station 01.JPG|thumb|250px|Malkajgiri Railway Station]]
Malkajgiri has six [[suburban rail|Suburban railway stations]] with two more under construction.
* [[Malkajgiri Railway Station|Malkajgiri Junction Railway Station]]
* [[Moula Ali Railway Station]]
* [[Safilguda Railway Station]]
* [[Dayanandnagar Railway Station]]
* [[Ramakistapuram Gate Railway Station]]
* [[Ammuguda Railway Station]]

Under Construction - [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS Phase]]
* [[Neredmet| Neredmet Railway Station]]
* [[Moula Ali| Moula Ali HB Colony Railway Station]]

Malkajgiri is less than 15 drive from [[Secunderabad Railway Station]]. It is also just 3 km away from Mettuguda junction, where the road leading to [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]] and the [[Hyderabad International Airport|International Airport]] is being expanded into eight lanes. Malkajgiri is an emotion

== Politics ==
[[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is India's largest constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2019-04-02|title=TRS sitting pretty in India's largest constituency Malkajgiri (Constituency Profile)|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/trs-sitting-pretty-in-india-s-largest-constituency-malkajgiri-constituency-profile-119040200584_1.html|access-date=2020-06-29}}</ref> The [[Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)]] is a new constituency formed after the delimitation of constituencies. The General elections held in 2009 were the first elections to be held in this constituency. Akula Rajender Mudiraj was elected as MLA in 2009. In the 2014 general assembly elections, C. Kanaka Reddy (TRS) won by 2768 votes against Ram Chander Rao.N (BJP).

==Landmarks==
[[File:Malkajgiri cinepolis.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Cinepolis]] in Malkajgiri]]
* [[Safilguda lake|Neredumettu Nadimi Cheruvu]]
* [[Ramakrishnapuram Lake|Neredumettu Munkidigan Cheruvu]]
* [[Neredmet Banda Cheruvu]]
* Sai baba temple<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2019-11-29|title=2K walk urges all to spread greenery at Malkajgiri|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/2k-walk-urges-all-to-spread-greenery-at-malkajgiri-585740|access-date=2020-06-29|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Neredmet Moodu Gullu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Malkajgiri}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]