https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=TobyRamer579490Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-02T00:33:01ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jana_Nayagan&diff=505616Jana Nayagan2026-05-08T11:20:13Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by H. Vinoth}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Undue weight|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Jana Nayagan.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional film poster<br />
| director = [[H. Vinoth]]<br />
| screenplay = H. Vinoth<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''|[[Anil Ravipudi]]}}<br />
| producer = Venkat K. Narayana<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<br />
* [[Pooja Hegde]]<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]]<br />
* [[Mamitha Baiju]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Sathyan Sooryan]]<br />
| editing = [[Pradeep E. Ragav]]<br />
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| studio = [[KVN Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]<br />
| released = <br />
| runtime = 183 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2026 |title=''Jana Nayagan'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jana-nayagan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdm0nju5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260326060331/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jana-nayagan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdm0nju5 |archive-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |access-date=7 January 2026 }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{INR|300–500}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2025 |title=Vijay's Swansong Chella Magale From Jana Nayagan Drops Today |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/chella-magale-from-jana-nayagan-sung-by-actor-politician-vijay-drops-today-1926377 |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆராவமுதன் |first=ஸ்ரீராம் |title=Jana Nayagan: அடேங்கப்பா.. ஓடிடி-லயே இத்தனை கோடிகளா.? வசூல் வேட்டையை தொடங்கிய ‘ஜன நாயகன்‘... |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-movie-jana-nayagan-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-121-crore-220100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401170634/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-movie-jana-nayagan-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-121-crore-220100 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref><ref name="budget">{{Cite web |last=Jujjuri |first=Mahesh |title=ప్రభాస్ వర్సెస్ దళపతి విజయ్... 2026 ఫస్ట్ బిగ్ బాక్సాఫీస్ క్లాష్ లో సక్సెస్ ఎవరిది? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/prabhas-vs-thalapathy-vijay-2026-box-office-clash-the-raja-saab-vs-jana-nayagan-cu8y4az |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2026 |title='Producer invested 500 crore': Madras HC orders CBFC to clear actor Vijay’s ‘Jana Nayagan’ for theatrical release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/big-win-for-actor-vijay-madras-hc-grants-certificate-for-release-of-jana-nayagan/articleshow/126427804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131093055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/big-win-for-actor-vijay-madras-hc-grants-certificate-for-release-of-jana-nayagan/articleshow/126427804.cms |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2026 |title=Vijay's Rs 500 crore film 'Jana Nayagan' release postponed reason: Why has the political drama landed in a trouble and is the new date out? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/vijays-rs-500-crore-film-jana-nayagan-release-postponed-reason-why-has-the-political-drama-landed-in-a-trouble-and-is-the-new-date-out/articleshow/126407508.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Vijay's Jana Nayagan Postponed In India, No January 9 Release For 500-Crore Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vijays-jana-nayagan-postponed-in-india-no-january-9-release-for-500-crore-film-10484207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115072839/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vijays-jana-nayagan-postponed-in-india-no-january-9-release-for-500-crore-film-10484207 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Jan 2026 |title=What Vijay’s Jana Nayagan has at stake as HC sets aside order: Rs 500 cr budget, Toxic release and Tamil Nadu elections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-jana-nayagan-limbo-madras-hc-rs-500-cr-budget-toxic-tamil-nadu-elections-10496534/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128113356/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-jana-nayagan-limbo-madras-hc-rs-500-cr-budget-toxic-tamil-nadu-elections-10496534/ |archive-date=28 January 2026 |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Jana Nayagan''''' ({{IPA|ta|dʑanaː n̪aːjagan}}; {{Translation|People's Hero}}) is an unreleased Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political fiction|political]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Jana Nayagan: Vijay unveils title of his final film before entering politics, shares first look poster |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jana-nayagan-vijay-unveils-title-of-final-film-before-entering-politics-shares-first-look-poster-101737871288856.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210142903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jana-nayagan-vijay-unveils-title-of-final-film-before-entering-politics-shares-first-look-poster-101737871288856.html |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> directed by [[H. Vinoth]] and produced by [[KVN Productions]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Mamitha Baiju]], alongside [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] and [[Priyamani]]. A remake of the 2023 Telugu film ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'', it is intended to be the final film appearance of Vijay before his [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|transition into politics]], and KVN Productions' first production in [[Tamil cinema]].<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in September 2024 under the tentative title ''Thalapathy 69'', due to it being Vijay's 69th film as a lead actor, and the official title was announced in January 2025. [[Principal photography]] commenced in October 2024 in [[Chennai]] continued by a schedule in [[Payanoor]], which was again followed by two additional schedules also held at the former location, and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by August 2025. The film has music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography handled by [[Sathyan Sooryan]] and editing by [[Pradeep E. Ragav]].<br />
<br />
Initially scheduled for release on 9 January 2026, the release of the film has since been indefinitely delayed due to issues between the producers and the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC). The entire film was [[Jana Nayagan leak|leaked online]] on 9 April 2026 and widely pirated and distributed illegally, leading to the producers to seek legal action against social media accounts that shared clips or links to the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan makers take legal action as Vijay’s final film is leaked online: ‘Everyone shall face criminal proceedings’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jana-nayagan-makers-take-legal-action-as-vijay-final-film-is-leaked-online-tvk-h-vinoth-101775803974175.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's Jana Nayagan, stuck in censor board limbo, leaked in HD on pirate sites |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jana-nayagan-hd-print-leaked-pirated-sites-vijay-political-film-delay-2894088-2026-04-10 |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The film was reported to have become a loss-making venture even before its release, largely due to the online leak.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-11 |title=Jana Nayagan Leak Could Lead To Rs 400 Crore Loss For Producers, Says Film Distributor Tirupur Subramaniam |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/south/jana-nayagan-leak-could-lead-to-rs-400-crore-loss-for-producers-says-film-distributor-tirupur-subramaniam-article-154051563 |url-status=live |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Vetri Kondan 'Thalapathy', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* [[Pooja Hegde]] as Kayal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-13 |title=Pooja Hegde to play Kayal in Vijay-H Vinoth's Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/13/pooja-hegde-to-play-kayal-in-vijay-h-vinoths-jana-nayagan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126050043/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/13/pooja-hegde-to-play-kayal-in-vijay-h-vinoths-jana-nayagan |archive-date=26 Nov 2025 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Sajjad Ali Mooradabadi<br />
* [[Mamitha Baiju]] as Viji Srikanth<br />
** Lithanya as young Viji<br />
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Srikanth, Viji's father, a [[Prison officer|Jailer]]<br />
* [[Prakash Raj]]<br />
* [[Priyamani]]<br />
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as an [[AI]] [[Humanoid robot|Humanoid]] scientist<br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<br />
* [[Reba Monica John]]<br />
* [[Monisha Blessy]]<br />
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] <br />
* [[Teejay Arunasalam]]<br />
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]<br />
* [[Revathi]]<br />
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]]<br />
* [[Irfan Zaini]]<br />
* [[Raichal Rabecca]]<br />
* Arun Kumar Rajan<br />
* Gajaraj<br />
* [[Jason Shah]]<ref>{{cite web |date=31 Dec 2025 |title=Jana Nayagan actor Jason Shah: It is very bold of Vijay sir to step into politics |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Dec/31/jana-nayagan-actor-jason-shah-it-is-very-bold-of-vijay-sir-to-step-into-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108222350/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Dec/31/jana-nayagan-actor-jason-shah-it-is-very-bold-of-vijay-sir-to-step-into-politics |archive-date=8 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=31 December 2025 }}</ref><br />
* Sandeep Raviraj<br />
* Madan Gowri as [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] operator<br />
* Kumar Natarajan<br />
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]] as himself in the end credits song "[[Thalapathy Kacheri]]"}}<br />
[[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], and [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] in a special appearance.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
{{Multiple images<br />
| image1 = Vijay at the Nadigar Sangam Protest.jpg<br />
| image2 = H. Vinoth at Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru Press Meet (cropped).jpg<br />
| footer = ''Jana Nayagan'' is the final film of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and the first collaboration between the actor and [[H. Vinoth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 announced! KVN Productions rope in filmmaker H Vinoth and musician Anirudh Ravichander for massy Thalapathy Vijay starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-announced-kvn-productions-rope-filmmaker-h-vinoth-musician-anirudh-ravichander-massy-thalapathy-vijay-starrer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143807/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-announced-kvn-productions-rope-filmmaker-h-vinoth-musician-anirudh-ravichander-massy-thalapathy-vijay-starrer/ |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| total_width = 250<br />
}}<br />
On 2 February 2024, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] announced through his social media accounts that he would step into politics after completing his ongoing projects, ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024) and another film [[Working title|tentatively titled]] ''Thalapathy 69''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 will be last film, Vijay says after launching his political party |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/thalapathy-69-will-be-last-film-vijay-says-after-launching-his-political-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202172341/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/thalapathy-69-will-be-last-film-vijay-says-after-launching-his-political-party |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' suggested [[Karthik Subbaraj]] would direct the project, with [[Sun Pictures]] producing,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Vijay's confirms his final film will be 'Thalapathy 69' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-confirms-his-final-film-will-be-thalapathy-69/articleshow/107351699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204101632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-confirms-his-final-film-will-be-thalapathy-69/articleshow/107351699.cms |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' noted that the director had not been finalised, naming [[Anil Ravipudi]], [[H. Vinoth]], Subbaraj or [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] as potential choices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devasankar |first=S |date=3 February 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's last film: H Vinoth, Karthik Subbaraj or Atlee; who is the front-runner to direct Thalapathy69? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijays-last-film-h-vinoth-karthik-subbaraj-or-atlee-who-is-the-front-runner-to-direct-thalapathy69-1276038 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203125201/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijays-last-film-h-vinoth-karthik-subbaraj-or-atlee-who-is-the-front-runner-to-direct-thalapathy69-1276038 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> Later, [[Vetrimaaran]] emerged as a possibility,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay, Vetrimaaran join forces for Thalapathy 69? Anticipation mounts! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijay-vetrimaaran-join-forces-for-thalapathy-69-anticipation-mounts/7a49d3252a176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816142320/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/thalapathy-vijay-vetrimaaran-join-forces-for-thalapathy-69-anticipation-mounts/7a49d3252a176 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> with the project reportedly being funded by [[D. V. V. Danayya]]'s DVV Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=After The Greatest Of All Time, Thalapathy Vijay is set to join hands with RRR producer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-the-greatest-of-all-time-thalapathy-vijay-is-set-to-join-hands-with-rrr-producer/ffdc2403f9659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143518/https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-the-greatest-of-all-time-thalapathy-vijay-is-set-to-join-hands-with-rrr-producer/ffdc2403f9659 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=29 February 2024 |title=Karthik Subbaraj, RJ Balaji in contention to direct Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/karthik-subbaraj-rj-balaji-in-contention-to-direct-thalapathy-69-770878 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143524/https://www.dtnext.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=806274 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> However, in March, Vetrimaaran confirmed that he was not involved,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Vetri Maaran reacts to directing Vijay in 'Thalapathy 69' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maaran-reacts-to-directing-vijay-in-thalapathy-69/articleshow/108810400.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720175541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maaran-reacts-to-directing-vijay-in-thalapathy-69/articleshow/108810400.cms |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> narrowing the options to [[Trivikram Srinivas|Trivikram]] and Vinoth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=വിജയ്യുടെ ദളപതി 69ന് കളറാകും, സംവിധായകനാകാൻ ആ ഹിറ്റ്മേക്കര്, ചര്ച്ചകള് ചൂടുപിടിക്കുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijay-starrer-thalapathy-69-film-updates-out-trivikram-hrk-s8zqzn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143518/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijay-starrer-thalapathy-69-film-updates-out-trivikram-hrk-s8zqzn |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref> Reports soon suggested Vinoth was likely to direct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=2 April 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's LAST Movie To Be Directed By H Vinoth, Claims Report |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-69th-movie-to-be-directed-by-h-vinoth-claims-report-10151610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144420/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-69th-movie-to-be-directed-by-h-vinoth-claims-report-10151610 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Dainik Jagran|English Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref> Director [[RJ Balaji]] revealed that Vijay had considered scripts from 15–20 directors, including himself, for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title='ദളപതി 69'നായി കഥ പറഞ്ഞത് ഇരുപതോളം സംവിധായകർ,രണ്ട് തവണ വിജയ് സാറിനോട് ഞാൻ കഥ പറഞ്ഞിരുന്നു; ആർജെ ബാലാജി |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/11/19/i-narrated-a-script-two-times-to-vijay-sir-but-didnt-materialise-says-rj-balaji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120130944/https://www.reporterlive.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/11/19/i-narrated-a-script-two-times-to-vijay-sir-but-didnt-materialise-says-rj-balaji |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Reporter TV]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=19 November 2024 |title=விஜய்யுடன் மூன்று முறை நடந்த மீட்டிங்..ஜஸ்ட் மிஸ்ஸான தளபதி 69 வாய்ப்பு..ஆர்.ஜே பாலாஜி சொன்ன காரணம்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/rj-balaji-about-how-he-missed-thalapathy-69-movie-chance/articleshow/115436153.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120131022/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/rj-balaji-about-how-he-missed-thalapathy-69-movie-chance/articleshow/115436153.cms |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
While working on ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' and ''[[Mersal]]'' (both 2017) respectively, Vinoth had narrated a script to Vijay, who declined.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2024 |title=An untold story behind 'Thalapathy 69': Did you know H Vinoth pitched the story of 'Thalapathy 69' to Vijay back in 2017? Read in details here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/an-untold-story-behind-thalapathy-69-did-you-know-h-vinoth-pitched-the-story-of-thalapathy-69-to-vijay-back-in-2017-read-in-details-here/articleshow/113386895.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917005208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/an-untold-story-behind-thalapathy-69-did-you-know-h-vinoth-pitched-the-story-of-thalapathy-69-to-vijay-back-in-2017-read-in-details-here/articleshow/113386895.cms |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=15 September 2024 |title=ஏழு வருட காத்திருப்பு..விஜய்க்காக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கதை..தளபதி 69 இயக்கும் வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்தது எப்படி ?எச்.வினோத் பதில்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-h-vinoth-about-thalapathy-69-movie-story/articleshow/113362601.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105130004/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-h-vinoth-about-thalapathy-69-movie-story/articleshow/113362601.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=14 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Did H Vinoth narrate the story to Thalapathy Vijay on the sets of THIS film? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-did-h-vinoth-narrate-the-story-idea-to-thalapathy-vijay-in-2017/998d4580a8163 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914214700/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/thalapathy-69-did-h-vinoth-narrate-the-story-idea-to-thalapathy-vijay-in-2017/998d4580a8163 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Vinoth later approached [[Kamal Haasan]], who was impressed and signed him for his [[Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects#KH 233|233rd film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |date=21 July 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Kamal Haasan to have a cameo in Thalapathy Vijay's next? Here's what we know |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/thalapathy-69-kamal-haasan-to-have-a-cameo-in-thalapathy-vijay-s-next-here-s-what-we-know-2024-07-21-942885 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726054912/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/thalapathy-69-kamal-haasan-to-have-a-cameo-in-thalapathy-vijay-s-next-here-s-what-we-know-2024-07-21-942885 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[India TV News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69': Director H Vinoth confirms helming Vijay's last film before actor's political plunge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-69-director-h-vinoth-confirms-helming-vijays-last-film-before-political-plunge/article68532019.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144550/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-69-director-h-vinoth-confirms-helming-vijays-last-film-before-political-plunge/article68532019.ece |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the project was shelved due to delays in Haasan's ''[[Indian 2]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Goutham |date=14 September 2024 |title=Is Vijay starrer Thalapathy 69 likely to be revival of H Vinoth's shelved project with Kamal Haasan? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/is-vijay-starrer-thalapathy-69-likely-to-be-revival-of-h-vinoths-shelved-project-with-kamal-haasan-1347949?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143518/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/is-vijay-starrer-thalapathy-69-likely-to-be-revival-of-h-vinoths-shelved-project-with-kamal-haasan-1347949?amp |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan-H Vinoth's Upcoming Film Delayed Due To This Reason |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kamal-haasan-h-vinoths-upcoming-film-delayed-due-to-this-reason-8697090.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209090019/https://www.news18.com/movies/kamal-haasan-h-vinoths-upcoming-film-delayed-due-to-this-reason-8697090.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Vinoth revisited Vijay with the script,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Is Vijay's 'Thalapathy 69' Kamal Haasan's dropped project 'KH233'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-vijays-thalapathy-69-kamal-haasans-dropped-project-kh233/articleshow/113350653.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915120103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-vijays-thalapathy-69-kamal-haasans-dropped-project-kh233/articleshow/113350653.cms |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> who reportedly accepted a {{INRConvert|250|c}}–{{INRConvert|275|c}} deal,<ref name=budget/> making him the highest-paid Indian actor, surpassing [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaonkar |first=Suma |date=5 November 2024 |title=ದಳಪತಿ ವಿಜಯ್ ವೃತ್ತಿ ಬದುಕಿನ ಕೊನೇ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಪಡೆದ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಎಷ್ಟು, ರೆಮ್ಯೂನರೇಷನ್ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ರಜನಿಯನ್ನೂ ಮೀರಿಸಿದ್ರಾ? |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kollywood-talapathy-vijay-movie-tahalapati-69-what-is-the-remuneration-received-for-the-last-film-smk-181730799000476.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105122848/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kollywood-talapathy-vijay-movie-tahalapati-69-what-is-the-remuneration-received-for-the-last-film-smk-181730799000476.html |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=kn}}</ref> In August, Vinoth confirmed his role as director, receiving {{INR}}15–20 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=16 August 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's last film to be directed by H Vinoth, filmmaker confirms |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-69-vijay-film-directed-by-h-vinoth-2582944-2024-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816110659/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-69-vijay-film-directed-by-h-vinoth-2582944-2024-08-16 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=14 September 2024 |title=Vijay Salary: விஜய்க்கு 275 கோடி..அப்போ எச்.வினோத்திற்கு ? தளபதி 69 இயக்குனரின் சம்பளம் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா ? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-h-vinoth-salary-for-vijay-thalapathy-69-movie/articleshow/113345085.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105130516/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-h-vinoth-salary-for-vijay-thalapathy-69-movie/articleshow/113345085.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> with Venkat K. Narayana's [[KVN Productions]] funding the project in their first Tamil venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=H Vinoth to direct Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Sep/16/h-vinoth-to-direct-thalapathy-69-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001130854/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Sep/16/h-vinoth-to-direct-thalapathy-69-2 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay's manager, Jagadish Palanisamy, and Lohith N. K. serve as co-producers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69': Vijay's last film, helmed by H Vinoth, announced; release date fixed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-69-vijays-last-film-helmed-by-h-vinoth-announced-release-date-fixed/article68641866.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914120252/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-69-vijays-last-film-helmed-by-h-vinoth-announced-release-date-fixed/article68641866.ece/amp/ |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film was made on a {{INRConvert|300|c}}–{{INRConvert|500|c}} budget.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/big-win-for-actor-vijay-madras-hc-grants-certificate-for-release-of-jana-nayagan/articleshow/126427804.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 January 2026 |archive-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131093055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/big-win-for-actor-vijay-madras-hc-grants-certificate-for-release-of-jana-nayagan/articleshow/126427804.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title='Jana Nayagan' first look out: Actor Vijay teases new title of 'Thalapathy 69'; Check full cast, release date and other details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/thalapathy-69-film-gets-a-new-title-actor-vijay-teases-first-look-check-full-cast-storyline-release-date-and-other-details/articleshow/117572598.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520120047/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/thalapathy-69-film-gets-a-new-title-actor-vijay-teases-first-look-check-full-cast-storyline-release-date-and-other-details/articleshow/117572598.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The project was set to be announced on 22 June, Vijay's birthday, with shooting commencing from the following month,<ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=4 May 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: தளபதி 69 அறிவிப்பு முதல் ரிலீஸ் வரை..விஜய் எடுத்த அதிரடி முடிவு..வெளியான மாஸ் அப்டேட்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-thalapathy-69-movie-latest-update/articleshow/109832172.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105130811/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-thalapathy-69-movie-latest-update/articleshow/109832172.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> but was postponed at the actor's request.<ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=22 June 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay: பிறந்தநாளை முன்னிட்டு எச்.வினோத்தை அழைத்து பேசிய விஜய்..என்ன விஷயம் தெரியுமா ? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-spoke-about-thalapathy-69-movie-to-director-h-vinoth/articleshow/111180471.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105131011/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-spoke-about-thalapathy-69-movie-to-director-h-vinoth/articleshow/111180471.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The company made a public announcement on 14 September, confirming the project,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=13 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Vijay signs a final film before entering politics; fans call it 'one last dance'. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-69-vijay-signs-a-final-film-before-entering-politics-fans-call-it-one-last-dance-watch-101726222660858.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-69-vijay-signs-a-final-film-before-entering-politics-fans-call-it-one-last-dance-watch-101726222660858-amp.html |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> and the official title ''Jana Nayagan'' was announced on 26 January 2025, [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 69 gets official title of Jana Nayagan; check out actor's first-look poster here |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vijays-thalapathy-69-gets-official-title-of-jana-nayagan-check-out-actors-first-look-poster-herer-820642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250126050158/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vijays-thalapathy-69-gets-official-title-of-jana-nayagan-check-out-actors-first-look-poster-herer-820642 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Following the release of its trailer in January 2026, ''Jana Nayagan'' sparked online speculation that it may be inspired by or a remake of the 2023 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'', with many viewers noting perceived similarities between the two films.<ref name="week">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title='Jana Nayagan' trailer decoded: Is Thalapathy Vijay's last film a Tamil remake of 'Bhagavanth Kesari'? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/01/03/jana-nayagan-trailer-out-will-thalapathy-vijay-s-last-film-be-tamil-remake-of-bhagavanth-kesari.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103135750/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/01/03/jana-nayagan-trailer-out-will-thalapathy-vijay-s-last-film-be-tamil-remake-of-bhagavanth-kesari.html |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> The following week, ''Bhagavanth Kesari'' producer [[Sahu Garapati]] confirmed to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' that ''Jana Nayagan'' is a remake, and that writer-director Anil Ravipudi would receive credit.<ref name="remake">{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Sahu Garapati: Vijay's Jana Nayagan is a remake of Bhagavanth Kesari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/07/teluguinterviews2026jan06sahu-garapati-vijays-jana-nayagan-is-a-remake-of-bhagavanth-kesari |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Reportedly, KVN Productions purchased the rights specifically for a scene regarding child abuse, which had a significant impact on Vijay.<ref name="week" /> In January 2026, during an interview, Ravipudi revealed that Vijay insisted him to direct the Tamil remade version but he declined due to other plans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=Anil Ravipudi Reveals Why He Turned Down Vijay's Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/anil-ravipudi-reveals-why-he-turned-down-vijays-jana-nayagan-1929981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112112205/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/anil-ravipudi-reveals-why-he-turned-down-vijays-jana-nayagan-1929981 |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-production ===<br />
[[File:Vijay and Pooja Hegde Thalapathy 69 pooja.jpg|thumb|left|Vijay and Pooja Hegde at the film's [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja.]]<br />
When Vinoth was committed to Haasan's 233rd film, he received changes from the actor which went to the final script and was narrated to Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=21 July 2024 |title=Kamal Haasan involved in Thalapathy 69 project with Vijay and H Vinoth? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kamal-haasan-involved-in-thalapathy-69-project-with-vijay-and-h-vinoth/63f32a76ba564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914214525/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kamal-haasan-involved-in-thalapathy-69-project-with-vijay-and-h-vinoth/63f32a76ba564 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Although Vijay was highly impressed with the script,<ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=19 August 2024 |title=Vijay about Thalapathy 69: தளபதி 69 கதையை கேட்ட பிறகு எச்.வினோத்திடம் விஜய் சொன்ன ஒரு வார்த்தை..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-highly-impressed-with-thalapathy-69-story/articleshow/112625227.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105131334/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-highly-impressed-with-thalapathy-69-story/articleshow/112625227.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> he had reportedly advised the director to make some changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohini |date=12 October 2024 |title=தளபதி 69ல் இப்படி ஒரு மாற்றமா? அரசியலுக்கு வந்த பிறகு தளபதி அலர்ட்டாதான் இருக்காரு |url=https://cinereporters.com/cinema-news/there-is-little-bit-changes-in-thalapathy-69-38662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105131924/https://cinereporters.com/cinema-news/there-is-little-bit-changes-in-thalapathy-69-38662 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Cine Reporters |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2024 |title=அரசியல் காரணங்களால் தளபதி 69 திரைப்படத்தில் ஏற்பட்ட திடீர் மாற்றம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-thalapathy-69-movie-story-changed-due-to-political-reasons/articleshow/114182261.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105132320/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-thalapathy-69-movie-story-changed-due-to-political-reasons/articleshow/114182261.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Vinoth said the film would be made completely in Vijay's style, unlike his previous films, which he considered to be political.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=H Vinoth confirms helming Thalapathy 69, Vijay's last film before his political entry: '200 per cent Thalapathy film' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-69-confirmed-by-h-vinoth-vijay-last-film-before-his-political-entry-9517156/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144154/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-69-confirmed-by-h-vinoth-vijay-last-film-before-his-political-entry-9517156/ |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=16 August 2024 |title=H Vinoth: Thalapathy 69 will be 200% Vijay film, will not have political elements |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/h-vinoth-thalapathy-69-will-be-200-thalapathy-vijay-film-will-not-have-political-elements/7a5f5419e1591 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144455/https://www.ottplay.com/news/h-vinoth-thalapathy-69-will-be-200-thalapathy-vijay-film-will-not-have-political-elements/7a5f5419e1591 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> However, the poster announcement of the film, which featured the tagline "torch bearer of democracy",<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Vijay to be the 'torch-bearer of democracy' in his 69th film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vijay-to-be-the-torch-bearer-of-democracy-in-his-69th-film-803688 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143704/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vijay-to-be-the-torch-bearer-of-democracy-in-his-69th-film-803688 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> made some media question the film's genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=14 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 announcement: Vijay and H Vinoth join hands, film to release in October 2025 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-announcement-h-vinoth-and-vijay-join-hands-to-release-in-october-2025/1ab287b73a792 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003085432/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/thalapathy-69-announcement-h-vinoth-and-vijay-join-hands-to-release-in-october-2025/1ab287b73a792 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> <br />
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A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 4 October 2024, the second day of [[Navaratri]], at Prime Studio in [[Chennai]] with the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Vijay, Pooja Hegde And Bobby Deol Attend Muhurat Ceremony |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thalapathy-69-pics-of-pooja-hegde-vijay-bobby-deol-from-grand-mahurat-ceremony-6720297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006011009/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thalapathy-69-pics-of-pooja-hegde-vijay-bobby-deol-from-grand-mahurat-ceremony-6720297 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Final Film Goes On Floors With A Grand Puja Ceremony: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-final-film-goes-on-floors-with-a-grand-puja-ceremony-report-9074606.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005081249/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-final-film-goes-on-floors-with-a-grand-puja-ceremony-report-9074606.html |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> In early October 2024, [[Sathyan Sooryan]] was announced as the cinematographer, marking his second film with Vinoth after ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' (2017) and Vijay after [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=Technical crew members of Vijay's Thalapathy 69 announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/04/technical-crew-members-of-vijays-thalapathy-69-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143705/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/04/technical-crew-members-of-vijays-thalapathy-69-announced |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Anirudh Ravichander]] would score the music, in his first collaboration with the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69' is official now! Vijay's farewell film with H Vinoth gets a fiery take-off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-is-official-now-vijays-farewell-film-with-h-vinoth-gets-a-fiery-take-off/articleshow/113349784.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-is-official-now-vijays-farewell-film-with-h-vinoth-gets-a-fiery-take-off/articleshow/113349784.cms |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vinoth had further chosen technicians in his maiden collaboration, including editor [[Pradeep E. Ragav]],<ref>{{Cite news |title='Thalapathy 69': H Vinoth ropes in Pradeep Raghav to edit Vijay's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-h-vinoth-ropes-in-pradeep-raghav-to-edit-vijays-next/articleshow/113312001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-h-vinoth-ropes-in-pradeep-raghav-to-edit-vijays-next/amp_articleshow/113312001.cms |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> stunt choreographer [[Anal Arasu|Anl Arasu]], art director V. Selvakumar, costume designer Pallavi Singh and choreographer [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar VJ]] and Sudhan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rsiva |date=5 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 Title: விஜய்யின் கடைசி படம்&nbsp;– முழுக்க முழுக்க அரசியல் கதை&nbsp;– தளபதி 69 படத்தின் டைட்டில் இதுவா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/secret-about-actor-vijay-s-thalapathy-69-movie-story-and-title-rsk-skv2m8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005023303/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/secret-about-actor-vijay-s-thalapathy-69-movie-story-and-title-rsk-skv2m8 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> while retaining publicity designer [[Gopi Prasannaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |title=Thalapathy 69: Meet the cast and crew of Vijay's much anticipated film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-meet-the-cast-and-crew-of-vijays-much-anticipated-film/1c661eb91973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004033501/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-meet-the-cast-and-crew-of-vijays-much-anticipated-film/1c661eb91973 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=4 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 Cast List: Priyamani, Pooja Hegde, Mamitha Baiju, Bobby Deol And More In Vijay's Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-69-cast-list-priyamani-pooja-hegde-mamitha-baiju-bobby-deol-and-more-in-vijays-film-article-113923797 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143706/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-69-cast-list-priyamani-pooja-hegde-mamitha-baiju-bobby-deol-and-more-in-vijays-film-article-113923797 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Ramkumar Balasubramaniam was appointed as executive producer of the film by the production house.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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=== Casting ===<br />
{{Multiple images<br />
| image1 = Pooja Hegde snapped at SIIMA Awards 2021 (cropped).jpg<br />
| image2 = Lord Bobby 2024.jpg<br />
| footer = [[Pooja Hegde]] was cast as the female lead, reuniting with Vijay after ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Pooja Hegde shares excitement as she reunites with Thalapathy Vijay for his next |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-pooja-hegde-shares-excitement-reunites-thalapathy-vijay-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144006/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-pooja-hegde-shares-excitement-reunites-thalapathy-vijay-next/ |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Bobby Deol]] would make his Tamil sophomore with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Bobby Deol roped in for Vijay's grand cinematic farewell |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-bobby-deol-roped-vijays-grand-cinematic-farewell/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004143908/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-bobby-deol-roped-vijays-grand-cinematic-farewell/ |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| total_width = 250<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Vijay had reportedly finalised his look for his character at a look test, which was reportedly in early–August at a studio in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-05 |title=Has Thalapathy Vijay finalized his look for 'Thalapathy 69'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-thalapathy-vijay-finalized-his-look-for-thalapathy-69/articleshow/112285079.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214031908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-thalapathy-vijay-finalized-his-look-for-thalapathy-69/articleshow/112285079.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=3 August 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 Update: இனிதே துவங்கிய தளபதி 69 ..மிரட்டலான லுக்கில் தளபதி விஜய்..சைலண்டாக அரங்கேறிய சம்பவம்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-last-film-thalapathy-69-look-test-happening-now/articleshow/112241883.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105132718/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-last-film-thalapathy-69-look-test-happening-now/articleshow/112241883.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam Tamil]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Pooja Hegde]] was confirmed as the female lead,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pooja Hegde Officially Joins Thalapathy Vijay In His Final Film Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-joins-thalapathy-vijay-s-tentatively-titled-thalapathy-69-6698734 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144026/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-joins-thalapathy-vijay-s-tentatively-titled-thalapathy-69-6698734 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> in her second collaboration with Vijay after [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']] (2022) also marking her fourth Tamil film after ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' (2012), ''Beast'' and ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Pooja Hegde reunites with Vijay for H Vinoth's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-69-pooja-hegde-reunites-with-vijay-for-h-vinoth-film-2609904-2024-10-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144025/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-69-pooja-hegde-reunites-with-vijay-for-h-vinoth-film-2609904-2024-10-02 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> She reportedly received a remuneration of {{INRConvert|6|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kumar |first=Rsiva |date=8 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 Pooja Hegde:தளபதி 69 படத்திற்கு டபுள் மடங்கு சம்பளம் வாங்கும் பூஜா ஹெக்டே-எத்தனை கோடி தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/pooja-hegde-thalapthy-69-movie-salary-details-sk-sl1r63 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009042742/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/pooja-hegde-thalapthy-69-movie-salary-details-sk-sl1r63 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kathick |date=6 October 2024 |title=விஜய்யுடன் இரண்டாவது முறை இணையும் நடிகை.. சம்பளம் 6 கோடியா |url=https://viduppu.com/article/pooja-hegde-salary-in-thalapathy-69-movie-1728193391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008173546/https://viduppu.com/article/pooja-hegde-salary-in-thalapathy-69-movie-1728193391 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Viduppu |language=ta}}</ref> Hegde's statement after the formal launch, "Halamithi and Habibo Reunites", a reference to the first single from ''Beast,'' "[[Arabic Kuthu]]", went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Pooja Hegde shares pictures with Thalapathy Vijay; says 'Halamithi and Habibo reunited' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-pooja-hegde-shares-pictures-with-thalapathy-vijay-says-halamithi-and-habibo-reunited/articleshow/113945582.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005015635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-pooja-hegde-shares-pictures-with-thalapathy-vijay-says-halamithi-and-habibo-reunited/articleshow/113945582.cms |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] actor [[Bobby Deol]] was confirmed to play the main antagonist,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Bobby Deol in Vijay's last film by H Vinoth, check official poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-69-bobby-deol-in-vijay-last-film-by-h-vinoth-check-official-poster-2609465-2024-10-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002015107/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-69-bobby-deol-in-vijay-last-film-by-h-vinoth-check-official-poster-2609465-2024-10-01 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> in his second Tamil film following ''[[Kanguva]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=1 October 2024 |title=Bobby Deol 'super excited' to star in Vijay's final film Thalapathy 69 by H Vinoth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/bobby-deol-super-excited-to-star-in-vijays-final-film-thalapathy-69-by-h-vinoth-101727784673231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001152756/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/bobby-deol-super-excited-to-star-in-vijays-final-film-thalapathy-69-by-h-vinoth-101727784673231.html |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Simran |date=1 October 2024 |title=Bobby Deol Bags Another Big South Indian Movie After Kanguva; To Share Screen With Thalapathy Vijay |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/bobby-deol-bags-another-big-south-indian-movie-after-kanguva-to-share-screen-with-thalapathy-vijay/348015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144027/https://news24online.com/entertainment/bobby-deol-bags-another-big-south-indian-movie-after-kanguva-to-share-screen-with-thalapathy-vijay/348015/ |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]}}</ref> Reports suggest he was paid a remuneration of {{INRConvert|5|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Mohammad Faique |date=6 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: विजय की आखिरी फिल्म के लिए बॉबी देओल को मिली मोटी रकम, जानकर रह जाएंगे हैरान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-actor-bobby-deol-got-a-huge-fee-for-vijay-last-film-read-details-inside-2024-10-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007160203/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/south-cinema/thalapathy-69-actor-bobby-deol-got-a-huge-fee-for-vijay-last-film-read-details-inside-2024-10-06 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]],<ref name="GM">{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69': Gautham Menon joins Vijay's film with H Vinoth, surprises fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-gautham-menon-joins-vijays-film-with-h-vinoth-surprises-fans/articleshow/113900561.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-gautham-menon-joins-vijays-film-with-h-vinoth-surprises-fans/amp_articleshow/113900561.cms |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Narain (actor)|Narain]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Narain joins the cast of Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/03/narain-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-69 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144211/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Oct/03/narain-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-69 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Priyamani]]<ref name="GM"/> and [[Prakash Raj]] would play prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Prakash Raj teams up Vijay yet again for Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/03/prakash-raj-teams-up-vijay-yet-again-for-thalapathy-69 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144309/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Oct/03/prakash-raj-teams-up-vijay-yet-again-for-thalapathy-69 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Menon would make his second collaboration with Vijay after [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (2023),<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon joins the cast of Vijay-H Vinoth's Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/03/gautham-vasudev-menon-joins-the-cast-of-vijay-h-vinoths-thalapathy-69 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144213/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Oct/03/gautham-vasudev-menon-joins-the-cast-of-vijay-h-vinoths-thalapathy-69 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> while Raj would also collaborate with the actor for the seventh time, after namely working together in ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) and ''[[Varisu]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |last=கைரி |first=VM மன்சூர் |date=4 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy69: "மீண்டும் விஜய்யுடன்... Love U Chellams" - பிரகாஷ் ராஜ் நெகிழ்ச்சிப் பதிவு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/wonderful-to-continue-on-a-yet-another-journey-with-thalapathy69-piraksha-raaj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004071838/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/wonderful-to-continue-on-a-yet-another-journey-with-thalapathy69-piraksha-raaj |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Malayalam actress [[Mamitha Baiju]] would make her Tamil sophomore after [[Rebel (2024 film)|''Rebel'']] (2024) with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=Mamitha Baiju: క్రేజీ ఆఫర్ అందుకున్న ప్రేమలు బ్యూటీ.. ఆ స్టార్ హీరోకి చెల్లిగా మమిత బైజు |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/premalu-movie-heroine-mamitha-baiju-to-act-as-thalapathy-vijay-sister-in-thalapathy-69-1320951.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095240/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/premalu-movie-heroine-mamitha-baiju-to-act-as-thalapathy-vijay-sister-in-thalapathy-69-1320951.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> All of their inclusions were confirmed by the production house in early-October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 69 gets new cast additions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Oct/04/vijays-thalapathy-69-gets-new-cast-additions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005022339/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Oct/04/vijays-thalapathy-69-gets-new-cast-additions |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Monisha Blessy]] was featured in the muhurat puja, thereby confirming her inclusion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2024 |title=Monisha Blessy elated to be part of Vijay's 'Thalapathy 69' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/monisha-blessy-elated-to-be-part-of-vijays-thalapathy-69/articleshow/113964763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005113021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/monisha-blessy-elated-to-be-part-of-vijays-thalapathy-69/articleshow/113964763.cms |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Teejay Arunasalam]] joined the film in a prominent role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=Teejay Arunasalam confirms being a part of Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/08/teejay-arunasalam-confirms-being-a-part-of-thalapathy-69 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108145726/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/08/teejay-arunasalam-confirms-being-a-part-of-thalapathy-69 |archive-date=2025-01-08 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> while [[Reba Monica John]] was also cast in a prominent role.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jana Nayagan': Check out how celebrities and fans reacted to Thalapathy Vijay's last film title and first-look poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-check-out-how-celebrities-and-fans-reacted-to-thalapathy-vijays-last-film-title-and-first-look-poster/articleshow/117592837.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222100919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-check-out-how-celebrities-and-fans-reacted-to-thalapathy-vijays-last-film-title-and-first-look-poster/articleshow/117592837.cms |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the promotions of ''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]'' (2024), [[Shiva Rajkumar]] stated that he was approached by Vinoth for an important role, but the offer was later withdrawn for reasons unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Shivarajkumar in talks to star in Vijay's 'Thalapathy 69' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shivarajkumar-in-talks-to-star-in-vijays-thalapathy-69/article68863046.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115132334/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shivarajkumar-in-talks-to-star-in-vijays-thalapathy-69/article68863046.ece |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=15 November 2024 |title=Don't know why director H Vinoth withdrew the offer he made for Thalapathy 69: Shiva Rajkumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dont-know-why-director-h-vinoth-withdrew-the-offer-he-made-for-thalapathy-69-shiva-rajkumar-101731660116352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118162327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dont-know-why-director-h-vinoth-withdrew-the-offer-he-made-for-thalapathy-69-shiva-rajkumar-101731660116352.html |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' reported based on ''Indiaglitz'' reports in March 2025 that [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] would be reuniting with Vijay in this film after namely working collaborating in ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (1985) and ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-25 |title='Jana Nayagan': A veteran actor reunites with Thalapathy Vijay after 25 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-a-veteran-actor-reunites-with-thalapathy-vijay-after-25-years/articleshow/119418771.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428012105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-a-veteran-actor-reunites-with-thalapathy-vijay-after-25-years/articleshow/119418771.cms |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><!--https://youtube.com/shorts/nyp9YXjRJEk?si=WQtEXukJQOn5IP_Q--> [[Revathi]] was reportedly cast to portray the role of Vijay's mother, reuniting with the latter after ''[[Thamizhan]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-23 |title=Revathy on boards Vijay's Jana Nayagan: Reports |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/revathy-on-boards-vijays-jana-nayagan-reports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623083340/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/revathy-on-boards-vijays-jana-nayagan-reports |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜனநாயகன் படத்தில் நடித்தேன்..விஜய்யிடம் இதுதான் கடைசி படமானு கேட்டேன்..அவர் உறுதியாக இருக்கின்றார் : ஸ்ரீநாத் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-friend-srinath-about-jananayagan-and-vijay-decision-on-quitting-cinema/articleshow/122036644.cms |website=Samayam Tamil |access-date=22 July 2025 |archive-date=27 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127174141/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-friend-srinath-about-jananayagan-and-vijay-decision-on-quitting-cinema/articleshow/122036644.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> television actor Arun Kumar Rajan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Vijay: 15 நாள் அவர் கூட காம்பினேஷன் சீன் இருந்துச்சு; 'ஜன நாயகன்' பட அனுபவம் பகிரும் அருண் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/tv-actor-arun-shares-his-jana-nayagan-shooting-experiances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623125358/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/tv-actor-arun-shares-his-jana-nayagan-shooting-experiances |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]}}</ref> and [[Irfan Zaini]] were confirmed in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2025 |title=#SHOWBIZ: Irfan to star with 'Thalapathy' Vijay in Tamil movie |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/07/1239684/showbiz-irfan-star-thalapathy%C2%A0vijay-tamil-movie |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |archive-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704070023/https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/07/1239684/showbiz-irfan-star-thalapathy%C2%A0vijay-tamil-movie |url-status=live }}</ref> Srinath would make his fifth collaboration with Vijay, while Zaini would make his third.<br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
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[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 5 October 2024 at [[Prasad Studios]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Achu |title=Jana Nayagan: The Republic Day treat for Vijay fans continues as producers drop a second look poster |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/jana-nayagan-the-republic-day-treat-for-vijay-fans-continues-as-producers-drop-a-second-look-poster-8655694/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120922/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/jana-nayagan-the-republic-day-treat-for-vijay-fans-continues-as-producers-drop-a-second-look-poster-8655694/amp |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.wionews.com |language=en}}</ref> Filming started with a song sequence, picturised on Vijay and Pooja featuring 500 background artists under the choreography by Sekhar,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2024 |title=ആദ്യ 1000 കോടിയോ?, പ്രത്യേകതകള് എന്തൊക്കെ?, ദളപതി 69ന് നടൻ വിജയ് തുടക്കമിട്ടത് ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-vijay-starrer-upcoming-film-thalapathy-69-hopes-1000-crore-shooting-update-hrk-skv7bq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005041312/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-vijay-starrer-upcoming-film-thalapathy-69-hopes-1000-crore-shooting-update-hrk-skv7bq |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref> at a massively erected set which was built prior to the filming's commencement, in September, under the supervision by V. Selvakumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: விஜய் - பூஜா ஹெக்டே டூயட்; பிரமாண்ட செட்; தொடங்கிய படப்பிடிப்பு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vijay-movie-thalapathi-69-shoot-update-exclusive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160636/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vijay-movie-thalapathi-69-shoot-update-exclusive |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=8 October 2024 |title=தளபதி 69 படத்தில் இடம்பெறும் "ஒன் லாஸ்ட் சாங்" பாடல்.. ரசிகர்களுக்கு காத்திருக்கும் செம சர்ப்ரைஸ்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-thalapathy-69-one-last-time-the-opening-song-to-be-sung-by-vijay-1620165-page-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008181354/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-thalapathy-69-one-last-time-the-opening-song-to-be-sung-by-vijay-1620165-page-3.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song sequence completed filming on 10 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69' song shoot wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-song-shoot-wrapped-up/articleshow/114140650.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105134211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-song-shoot-wrapped-up/articleshow/114140650.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> After that, Vinoth reportedly completed some portions in 8 days, which were supposed to take 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=வினோத்குமார் |first=S |date=25 October 2024 |title=அவசரம் வேண்டாம் நண்பா..ரிலாக்ஸா ஷூட் பண்லாம்..ஹச்.வினோத்திடம் விஜய் சொன்ன விஷயம்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-instructions-to-thalapathy-69-director-h-vinoth/articleshow/114570154.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105135819/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vijay-instructions-to-thalapathy-69-director-h-vinoth/articleshow/114570154.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Initially, the second schedule was planned to take place in [[Hyderabad]], but the production remained in Chennai at the request of Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சிவா |date=18 November 2024 |title=அதெல்லாம் வேண்டாம்.. இத பண்ணுங்க!. கண்டிஷன் போட்ட விஜய்!.. தளபதி 69 முக்கிய அப்டேட்!.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/vijay-asked-to-do-the-shooting-for-thalapathy-in-chennai-iteself |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118161322/https://cinereporters.com/vijay-asked-to-do-the-shooting-for-thalapathy-in-chennai-iteself |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Cine Reporters |language=ta}}</ref> The team erected a huge set in [[Payanoor]] near Chennai for the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை |date=6 November 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: 'அப்டேட் ரெடி!' மீண்டும் தொடங்கிய விஜய் படப்பிடிப்பு; வெளியாகும் அறிவிப்பு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vijays-movie-thalapathy-69movie-shoot-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106141800/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vijays-movie-thalapathy-69movie-shoot-update |archive-date=6 November 2024 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> After Vijay completed his political commitments, the schedule commenced on 4 November.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=4 November 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Vijay and H Vinoth kickstart second shoot schedule; exciting updates REVEALED |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-vijay-and-h-vinoth-kickstart-second-schedule-exciting-updates-are-out/2469a1ddb0401 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105134803/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-vijay-and-h-vinoth-kickstart-second-schedule-exciting-updates-are-out/2469a1ddb0401 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay and Hegde joined the schedule in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2024 |title=Vijay's 'Thalapathy 69' shooting resumes in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-thalapathy-69-shooting-resumes-in-chennai/articleshow/114942706.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105134502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-thalapathy-69-shooting-resumes-in-chennai/articleshow/114942706.cms |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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During this schedule, Vijay and Vinoth met with the [[jawans]] and their families at the [[Officers Training Academy]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title=Vijay meets jawans, their families during Thalapathy 69 shoot in Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-meets-jawans-families-thalapathy-69-shoot-chennai-2630713-2024-11-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110103832/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-meets-jawans-families-thalapathy-69-shoot-chennai-2630713-2024-11-09 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=விஜய்க்கு மேளதாளத்துடன் வரவேற்பு கொடுத்த ராணுவ வீரர்கள்...!!! மெய்சிலிர்க்க வைத்த நிகழ்வு...!!! |url=https://24x7tamil.com/thalapathy-vijay-honoured-by-chennai-officers-academy-army-officers-in-chennai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112163859/https://24x7tamil.com/thalapathy-vijay-honoured-by-chennai-officers-academy-army-officers-in-chennai/ |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=[[News Tamil 24×7]] |language=ta}}</ref> In mid November, shooting happened at [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|AVIT, Vinayaka Mission Law College]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=ഇതാണോ ദളപതി 69-ൽ വിജയ്യുടെ ലുക്ക്? സംശയമുണർത്തി പുതിയ ലൊക്കേഷൻ വീഡിയോ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thalapathy-69-location-video-vijay-and-fans-1.10086253 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118160554/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thalapathy-69-location-video-vijay-and-fans-1.10086253 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=18 November 2024 |title=Watch: Vijay shoots for Thalapathy 69, waves at fans from new minivan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-seen-shooting-thalapathy-69-waves-fans-from-new-minivan-2635259-2024-11-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118160916/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-seen-shooting-thalapathy-69-waves-fans-from-new-minivan-2635259-2024-11-18 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Later the production moved to [[Thiruporur]], where a set was erected for action sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Shooting for Vijay's last film in full swing near Thiruporur |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/thalapathy-69-shooting-for-vijays-last-film-on-full-swing-near-thiruporur-811766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120130531/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/thalapathy-69-shooting-for-vijays-last-film-on-full-swing-near-thiruporur-811766 |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> After a reported seven days of rehearsals in late November, production resumed at a constructed set in Chennai with an action sequence between Vijay and Deol, which lasted for three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Bobby Deol begins shoot in Chennai with Vijay |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/thalapathy-69-bobby-deol-begins-shoot-in-chennai-with-vijay-23438941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241203131247/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/thalapathy-69-bobby-deol-begins-shoot-in-chennai-with-vijay-23438941 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref> Hegde simultaneously filmed her portions in this schedule while filming her portions for ''Hai Jawani Toh Ishq Hona Hai'', which were completed by 3 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2024 |title=Pooja Hegde wraps up 'Hai Jawani Toh Ishq Hona Hai' first schedule |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/pooja-hegde-wraps-hai-jawani-toh-ishq-hona-hai-first-schedule-355298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208054240/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/pooja-hegde-wraps-hai-jawani-toh-ishq-hona-hai-first-schedule-355298 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay and Hegde resumed the shooting in mid December which reportedly went for a week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Pooja Hegde and Thalapathy Vijay resume shooting with new schedule in Chennai for Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-and-thalapathy-vijay-resume-shooting-with-new-schedule-in-chennai-for-thalapathy-69-article-12894618.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220120658/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-and-thalapathy-vijay-resume-shooting-with-new-schedule-in-chennai-for-thalapathy-69-article-12894618.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=Pooja Hegde joins Thalapathy 69's shoot in Chennai |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/pooja-hegde-joins-thalapathy-69s-shoot-in-chennai-70367.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220120658/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/pooja-hegde-joins-thalapathy-69s-shoot-in-chennai-70367.html |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> The second schedule was completed on 21 December at a beach in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2024 |title=Pooja Hegde Shares First Picture From The Sets Of Vijay's Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/pooja-hegde-shares-first-picture-from-the-sets-of-vijays-thalapathy-69-article-116525840 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221064014/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/pooja-hegde-shares-first-picture-from-the-sets-of-vijays-thalapathy-69-article-116525840 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Vijay and Pooja Hegde shoot at beautiful beach location before wrapping up film's 2024 schedule; SEE PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-69-vijay-and-pooja-hegde-shoot-at-beach-location-before-wrapping-up-films-2024-schedule-see-pic-1363793 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221114707/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-69-vijay-and-pooja-hegde-shoot-at-beach-location-before-wrapping-up-films-2024-schedule-see-pic-1363793 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reportedly, 40% of the film's shooting had been completed by schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Lakshmanan |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 &#124; விஜய் ரசிகர்களுக்கு ஹேப்பி நியூஸ் : பொங்கலை முன்னிட்டு வெளியாகும் 'விஜய் 69' பட முக்கிய அப்டேட் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/h-vinoth-directorial-vijay-69-movie-update-will-be-soon-ws-b-1689268.html |website=[[News18]] |language=Ta |access-date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103094001/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/h-vinoth-directorial-vijay-69-movie-update-will-be-soon-ws-b-1689268.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The third schedule was reported to begin from second week of January 2025 after a short break for the New Year, but did not happen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2024 |title=கடற்கரையில் நடைபெறும் தளபதி 69 படப்பிடிப்பு..விஜய்யுடன் இருக்கும் புகைப்படத்தை வெளியிட்ட பூஜா ஹெக்டே..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/pooja-hegde-posted-thalapathy-69-movie-shooting-spot-cliks/articleshow/116522820.cms |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta |archive-date=24 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124145226/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/pooja-hegde-posted-thalapathy-69-movie-shooting-spot-cliks/articleshow/116522820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Thalapathy 69: விஜய்யுடன் இணைகிறாரா சந்தானம் - பின்னணி என்ன? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/story/kollywood/thalapathy-69-movie-latest-update |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.vikatan.com |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125022945/https://cinema.vikatan.com/story/kollywood/thalapathy-69-movie-latest-update |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' reported that the makers were planning on completing filming by May 2025 so that Vijay could focus on his political commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Goutham |date=2025-01-16 |title=Thalapathy 69: Vijay's alleged final movie likely to wrap shoot by March 2025, allowing the actor to focus completely on his political career; report |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-69-vijays-alleged-final-movie-likely-to-wrap-shoot-by-march-2025-allowing-the-actor-to-focus-completely-on-his-political-career-report-1367894?amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124044847/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-69-vijays-alleged-final-movie-likely-to-wrap-shoot-by-march-2025-allowing-the-actor-to-focus-completely-on-his-political-career-report-1367894?amp |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> In late January, the production house stated that around 69% of the filming was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=OFFICIAL: First look and title of Vijay's Thalapathy 69 to be unveiled on January 26; 69% shoot completed |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/official-first-look-and-title-of-vijays-thalapathy-69-to-be-unveiled-on-january-26-69-shoot-completed-1369183?amp |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125022858/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/official-first-look-and-title-of-vijays-thalapathy-69-to-be-unveiled-on-january-26-69-shoot-completed-1369183?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> After the set work completion, the third schedule began in early-February 2025 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title='ಜನ ನಾಯಗನ್' ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಓವರ್ ಸೀಸ್ ವಿತರಣೆ ಹಕ್ಕು 'ಪಿಹೆಚ್ ಎಫ್ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್' ತಕ್ಕೆಗೆ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/phf-film-gets-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-movie-overseas-distribution-rights-entertainment-news-in-kannada-mdn-973120.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217075311/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/phf-film-gets-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-movie-overseas-distribution-rights-entertainment-news-in-kannada-mdn-973120.html |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='കാരവാനിലേക്ക് അദ്ദേഹം കൂട്ടിക്കൊണ്ടുപോയി'; വിജയ്യെ കണ്ടുവെന്ന് ഉണ്ണിക്കണ്ണന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/malayali-fan-unnikannan-finally-meets-his-idol-thalapathy-vijay-at-jana-nayagan-location-at-chennai-sr5zxx |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |archive-date=25 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125025425/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/malayali-fan-unnikannan-finally-meets-his-idol-thalapathy-vijay-at-jana-nayagan-location-at-chennai-sr5zxx |url-status=live }}</ref> During the schedule, Vijay met his fan Unnikannan on the sets who had walked from Kerala to meet the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title='I met my God!' Kerala man walks miles to meet 'Jana Nayagan' Vijay |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/i-met-my-god-kerala-man-walks-miles-to-meet-jana-nayagan-vijay-1.10315752 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title="Nenachavandi..." Unnikannan finally fulfills his dream – CINEMA – CINE NEWS &#124; Kerala Kaumudi Online |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1475266 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312212009/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1475266 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Action sequences featuring Vijay, Deol and Prakash Raj was shot in this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Anamika |date=8 February 2025 |title=ஜனநாயகன் படத்தில் இணைந்த நடிகை.. பூஜா ஹெக்டேவுக்கு சரியான போட்டி தான் |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/popular-actress-now-join-in-the-vijay-last-movie-jana-nayagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321003828/https://www.cinemapettai.com/popular-actress-now-join-in-the-vijay-last-movie-jana-nayagan/ |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=Cinemapettai}}</ref> In mid-February 2025, shooting took place on the outskirts of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's viral moment: A casual drive after 'Jana Nayagan' shoot turns heads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-viral-moment-a-casual-drive-after-jana-nayagan-shoot-turns-heads/articleshow/118327229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307013500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-viral-moment-a-casual-drive-after-jana-nayagan-shoot-turns-heads/articleshow/118327229.cms |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=Viral video: Thalapathy Vijay stops his car to greet fans after Jana Nayagan shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-drives-his-car-after-jana-nayagan-shoot-2681621-2025-02-18 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=India Today |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218052720/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-drives-his-car-after-jana-nayagan-shoot-2681621-2025-02-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> In late February, Vijay took a break from filming to focus on his political commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜன நாயகன் தான் கடைசி படம்: மீண்டும் உறுதி செய்த விஜய்; த.வெ.க ஆண்டு விழாவில் அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijays-political-speech-at-tvks-first-anniversary-celebrations-reconfirms-jananayagan-is-his-swansong-8763166 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316163707/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijays-political-speech-at-tvks-first-anniversary-celebrations-reconfirms-jananayagan-is-his-swansong-8763166 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref> On 8 March 2025, Vijay uploaded a video from the sets, wishing women a happy [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Vijay Sports New Look For His Farewell Film Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/revealed-vijays-new-look-for-his-last-film-jana-nayagan-on-womens-day-article-118801174 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=Times Now |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312220801/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/revealed-vijays-new-look-for-his-last-film-jana-nayagan-on-womens-day-article-118801174 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, it was reported a sequence featuring directors [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] and [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] in cameo appearances was shot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jana Nayagan: Atlee, Lokesh Kanagaraj, and Nelson Dilipkumar to make cameos in Thalapathy Vijay starrer – Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-atlee-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-nelson-dilipkumar-to-make-cameos-in-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-report/articleshow/118902617.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312230534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-atlee-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-nelson-dilipkumar-to-make-cameos-in-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-report/articleshow/118902617.cms |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Jana Nayagan: Thalapathy Vijay starrer set to have cameos by directors Atlee, Lokesh Kanagaraj, and Nelson? REPORT |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-set-to-have-cameos-by-directors-atlee-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-nelson-report-1376982?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520162814/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-set-to-have-cameos-by-directors-atlee-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-nelson-report-1376982?amp |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The next schedule began in late March at [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=ஜன.9-ல் விஜய்யின் 'ஜன நாயகன்' ரிலீஸ்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1355524-vijay-jana-nayagan-release-on-january-9th-2026.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=இந்து தமிழ் திசை |language=ta |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328173052/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1355524-vijay-jana-nayagan-release-on-january-9th-2026.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In early-April, the filming took place in Tr Garden at [[Porur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Natarajan |first1=Malavica |title=Thalapathy Vijay: தலைவா நீ கைய மட்டும் காட்டு தலைவா.. ஷீட்டிங் ஸ்பாட்டில் விஜய்யை சுத்து போட்ட ரசிகர்கள் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-vijay-waving-to-fans-during-the-shooting-of-jana-nayagan-being-celebrated-by-his-fans-and-video-goes-viral-131744596740156.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430163006/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-vijay-waving-to-fans-during-the-shooting-of-jana-nayagan-being-celebrated-by-his-fans-and-video-goes-viral-131744596740156.html |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Tamil Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay: విజయ్ సినిమా షూటింగ్ అప్డేట్.. పండుగ చేసుకుంటున్న ఫ్యాన్స్ |url=https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-shooting-update-430162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520151029/https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-shooting-update-430162 |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref> Vijay completed filming his portions by 29 May. The producers were reported to have planned a farewell event for the actor after completing his portions; however, the actor declined, stating he would become too emotional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Skips Farewell Event Of His Final Film Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-skips-farewell-event-of-his-final-film-jana-nayagan-ws-l-aa-9359475.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530090613/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-skips-farewell-event-of-his-final-film-jana-nayagan-ws-l-aa-9359475.html |archive-date=30 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 15 June, Hegde announced that she had completed filming her portions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-06-16 |title=Jana Nayagan: Pooja Hegde drops key update |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jana-nayagan-pooja-hegde-drops-key-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703000634/https://telanganatoday.com/jana-nayagan-pooja-hegde-drops-key-update |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, it was reported that the film is in the final stage of shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D |first=Divya |date=20 July 2025 |title=Jana Nayagan: ದಳಪತಿ ವಿಜಯ್ ಕೊನೆಯ ಮೂವಿ ರಿಲೀಸ್ ವೇಳೆ ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್ ಕ್ಲಾಷ್! ಅದೇ ದಿನ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾಗ್ತಿರೋದು ಯಾರ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಗೊತ್ತಾ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/vijay-last-movie-jana-nayagan-to-face-box-office-clash-this-another-actors-cinema-getting-released-dvp-ws-l-2135082.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=[[News18]] |archive-date=24 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124195823/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/vijay-last-movie-jana-nayagan-to-face-box-office-clash-this-another-actors-cinema-getting-released-dvp-ws-l-2135082.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In late July 2025, shooting took place in [[Sivaganga]] and [[Erode]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheik |date=22 July 2025 |title=தேர்தலுக்காகவே விஜயின் ஜனநாயகனில் இப்படி ஒரு சீனா.. அப்போ தரமான சம்பவம் கன்ஃபார்ம்! |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/tvk-vijay-jana-nayagan-movie-latest-update-article-152322362 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811071057/https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/tvk-vijay-jana-nayagan-movie-latest-update-article-152322362 |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |date=18 August 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' wraps swiftly |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-wraps-swiftly-998122 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=25 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825104249/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-wraps-swiftly-998122 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
[[Post-production]] of the film began simultaneously with the wrapping-up of filming in August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=H Vinoth seeks blessings at Sabarimal, takes a pause from 'Jana Nayagan' work, Thalapathy Vijay starrer prepares grand Pongal 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/h-vinoth-seeks-blessings-at-sabarimal-takes-a-pause-from-jana-nayagan-work-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-prepares-grand-pongal-2026/articleshow/123429248.cms |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822013617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/h-vinoth-seeks-blessings-at-sabarimal-takes-a-pause-from-jana-nayagan-work-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-prepares-grand-pongal-2026/articleshow/123429248.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[visual effects supervisor|visual effects supervision]] for the film was provided by Monesh H,<ref name=":1" /> with Prasath Somasekar serving as the [[Color grading|colourist]] under Knack Studios, which handled the [[digital intermediate]] of the film.<ref name=":1" /> Pradeep E. Ragav serves as the film’s editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ആരാധകര് സമ്മർദ്ദം ഉണ്ടാക്കുന്നുവെന്ന് 'ജന നായകന്' എഡിറ്റര്: വിജയ് നല്കിയ മറുപടി വൈറല് ! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijay-cool-reply-for-jana-nayagan-editor-complaint-against-his-fans-pressure-srka9o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520113647/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijay-cool-reply-for-jana-nayagan-editor-complaint-against-his-fans-pressure-srka9o |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan to grace big screens on... |url=https://m.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2025-march/173979/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-to-grace-big-screens-on |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422101248/https://m.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2025-march/173979/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-to-grace-big-screens-on |url-status=live }}</ref> In December, Anirudh confirmed that BGM, final re-recording and mixing are in progress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2025 |title=பட்டாஸா இருக்கும்..தெறிக்க விடுறோம்..ஜனநாயகன் விழாவில் தளபதி விஜய்க்கு நான் கொடுக்கப்போகும் ட்ரீட் இதுதான்: அனிருத் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/anirudh-about-his-special-treat-to-thalapathy-vijay-in-jananayagan-audio-launch/articleshow/125924213.cms |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta |access-date=13 December 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219043922/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/anirudh-about-his-special-treat-to-thalapathy-vijay-in-jananayagan-audio-launch/articleshow/125924213.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Jana Nayagan<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| released = <br />
| recorded = September 2024–2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை |date=1 October 2024 |title=Anirudh: அஜித்தின் 'விடாமுயற்சி'க்கு BGM... விஜய்க்கு ஓப்பனிங் சாங் - அசத்தும் அனிருத் லைன்அப் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/music-director-anirudh-line-up-and-his-movie-shoot-updates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001105041/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/music-director-anirudh-line-up-and-his-movie-shoot-updates |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
| studio = Albuquerque records, [[Chennai]] <br /> Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]] <br /> Studio 504, [[Mumbai]] <br /> Resound India, Chennai<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| language = [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Love Insurance Kompany]]<br />
| prev_year = 2026<br />
| year = 2026<br />
| next_title = [[Jailer 2]]<br />
| next_year = 2026<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = [[Jana Nayagan]]<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = [[Thalapathy Kacheri]] <br />
| single1date = 8 November 2025<br />
| single2 = Oru Pere Varalaaru<br />
| single2date = 18 December 2025<br />
| single3 = Chella Magale<br />
| single3date = 26 December 2025<br />
| single4 = Raavana Mavandaa<br />
| single4date = 2 January 2026<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack is composed by Anirudh Ravichander, in his fifth collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014), ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022) and ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023); maiden with H. Vinoth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69' officially announced: Vijay to star in H Vinoth's directorial with Anirudh Ravichander's music |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/15/vijay-new-movie-thalapathy-69-h-vinoth-tamil-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915080335/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/15/vijay-new-movie-thalapathy-69-h-vinoth-tamil-cinema.html |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=OFFICIAL: Makers announce Vijay's alleged final film Thalapathy 69 with director H Vinoth; says 'torch bearer of Democracy is arriving on Oct 2025' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/official-makers-announce-vijays-alleged-final-film-thalapathy-69-with-director-h-vinoth-says-torch-bearer-of-democracy-is-arriving-on-oct-2025-1347910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004144831/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/official-makers-announce-vijays-alleged-final-film-thalapathy-69-with-director-h-vinoth-says-torch-bearer-of-democracy-is-arriving-on-oct-2025-1347910 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|35|c}}, highest for a Tamil film.<ref name=":1" /> It marks T-Series' third album with Anirudh after [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']] (2023) and [[Devara: Part 1|''Devara'']] (2024), both non-Tamil language films.<br />
<br />
Compositions for the film's music began in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=11 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Anirudh Ravichander kickstarts composing for Thalapathy Vijay's film; Pic goes viral |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/thalapathy-69-anirudh-ravichander-composing-for-thalapathy-vijay-film/7184444b03959 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105135026/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-69-anirudh-ravichander-composing-for-thalapathy-vijay-film/7184444b03959 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay was reported to sing one of the tracks in the album, his subsequent fifth collaboration with Anirudh as a singer, after "[[Selfie Pulla]]" from ''Kaththi'', "[[Kutti Story]]" from ''Master'', "[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]" from ''Beast'' and "[[Naa Ready]]" from ''Leo''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Ansgar |date=7 October 2024 |title=தளபதி 69 : "ஒன் லாஸ்ட் சாங்"; கோலார் வரிகளில் ஒரு பிரம்மாண்ட பாடல் - பாடுவது உங்கள் விஜய்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-69-one-last-song-sung-by-thalapathy-vijay-anirudh-musical-ans-skzyi8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008043552/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-69-one-last-song-sung-by-thalapathy-vijay-anirudh-musical-ans-skzyi8 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song would have rap written and performed by Asal Kolaar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69': Asal Kolaru pens a song titled 'One Last Song' for Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-asal-kolaru-pens-a-song-titled-one-last-song-for-vijay/articleshow/114049912.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008181609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-69-asal-kolaru-pens-a-song-titled-one-last-song-for-vijay/articleshow/114049912.cms |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Indian-American rapper [[Hanumankind]] confirmed in May 2025, that he has contributed a powerful song to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Hanumankind confirms rap song in Thalapathy Vijay's final film Jana Nayagan: 'Anirudh's created a great track' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/hanumankind-confirms-rap-song-in-thalapathy-vijays-final-film-jana-nayagan-9978998/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621091440/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/hanumankind-confirms-rap-song-in-thalapathy-vijays-final-film-jana-nayagan-9978998/ |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The first single "[[Thalapathy Kacheri]]" was released on 8 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2025 |title='Jana Nayagan' first single 'Thalapathy Kacheri' out; Anirudh's musical celebrates Vijay's legacy, fans turn on celebration mode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-out-anirudhs-musical-celebrates-vijays-legacy-fans-turn-on-celebration-mode/articleshow/125184983.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=8 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108124948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-out-anirudhs-musical-celebrates-vijays-legacy-fans-turn-on-celebration-mode/articleshow/125184983.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single "Oru Pere Varalaaru" was released on 18 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=16 December 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan Second Song Releasing On THIS Date, New Intense Poster Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-second-song-releasing-on-this-date-new-intense-poster-out-ws-l-9774298.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=[[News18]] |archive-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216151251/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-second-song-releasing-on-this-date-new-intense-poster-out-ws-l-9774298.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="ஒரு பேரே வரலாறு" - நாளை மாலை வெளியாகிறது ஜனநாயகன் படத்தின் இரண்டாவது பாடல்...! |date=17 December 2025 |url=https://news7tamil.live/oru-pere-varal-the-second-song-promo-of-the-film-janyayan-has-been-released.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218012429/https://news7tamil.live/oru-pere-varal-the-second-song-promo-of-the-film-janyayan-has-been-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It subsequently became the most-viewed Tamil song within 24 hours, garnering over 26 million views.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jana Nayagan's 'Oru Pere Varalaaru' becomes highest-viewed lyric video in Tamil in 24 hours |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/19/jana-nayagans-oru-pere-varalaaru-becomes-highest-viewed-lyric-video-in-tamil-in-24-hours |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025 |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223014045/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/19/jana-nayagans-oru-pere-varalaaru-becomes-highest-viewed-lyric-video-in-tamil-in-24-hours |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single "Chella Magale" was released on 26 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=25 December 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan Third Song Chella Magale To Release On THIS Date, New Poster Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-third-song-chella-magale-to-release-on-this-date-new-poster-out-ws-l-9791447.html |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=[[News18]] |archive-date=25 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225090829/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-third-song-chella-magale-to-release-on-this-date-new-poster-out-ws-l-9791447.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth single "Raavana Mavandaa" was released on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2026-01-02 |title=ராவண மவன்டா..! இன்று இரவு வெளியாகும் ஜனநாயகனின் 4வது பாடல் {{!}} Ravana Mavanda..! Jana nayagan's 4th song to be released tonight |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/ravana-mavanda-jana-nayagans-4th-song-to-be-released-tonight-803785 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102162049/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/ravana-mavanda-jana-nayagans-4th-song-to-be-released-tonight-803785 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 12:31<br />
| title1 = [[Thalapathy Kacheri]]<br />
| length1 = 4:47<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Arivu]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Arivu<br />
| title2 = Oru Pere Varalaaru<br />
| length2 = 3:55<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Anirudh Ravichander<br />
| title3 = Chella Magale<br />
| length3 = 3:52<br />
| lyrics3 = Vivek<br />
| extra3 = Vijay<br />
| title4 = Raavana Mavandaa<br />
| length4 = 1:47<br />
| lyrics4 = Vivek<br />
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
[[File:Venkat K Narayana & Vijay Thalapathy.jpg|thumb|300px|From left to right: [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Venkat K. Narayana, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Pooja Hegde]] at [[Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch]]|alt=]]<br />
The film's first look poster was released on 26 January 2025, revealing the film's title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sista |first=Pratyusha |date=26 January 2025 |title=Thalapathy 69 titled 'Jana Nayagan'; First look poster released |url=https://telanganatoday.com/thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-first-look-poster-released |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126064216/https://telanganatoday.com/thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-first-look-poster-released |url-status=live }}</ref> The poster, which shows Vijay's character taking a selfie, was inspired by a real selfie that Vijay took in [[Neyveli]] during the production of ''Master'' in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Vijay 69 update: Actor Vijay's final feature film titled 'Jana Nayagan'; Thalapathy recreates Neyveli selfie in first look |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-vijay-h-vinoth-neyveli-selfie-first-look/article69142699.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Another poster released later the same day has him holding a whip, and the caption "Naan Aanai Ittaal", referencing the song from ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title='Jana Nayagan': Thalapathy Vijay goes the MGR route in the second look of his final feature film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-vijay-mgr-h-vinoth/article69143140.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> On 24 March, the makers announced the film's postponement from the October 2025 release to the current release with a poster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title='Jana Nayagan': Vijay's swansong film, directed by H Vinoth, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-pongal-h-vinoth-release-date/article69368618.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410101003/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-pongal-h-vinoth-release-date/article69368618.ece |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> A 65-second glimpse released on 22 June 2025, coinciding with Vijay's 51st birthday, became the most-viewed Tamil film glimpse in 24 hours, amassing over 32.4 million views.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jana Nayagan The First Roar: Thalapathy Vijay Rises Like 'True Leader For People, Not Power' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jana-nayagan-the-first-roar-thalapathy-vijay-rises-like-true-leader-for-people-not-power-article-152125277/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621195959/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jana-nayagan-the-first-roar-thalapathy-vijay-rises-like-true-leader-for-people-not-power-article-152125277/amp |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Parthiban |date=23 June 2025 |title=ஜன நாயகன் glimpse 24 மணி நேரத்தில் செய்த சாதனை! எத்தனை கோடி views தெரியுமா |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/jana-nayagan-glimpse-24-hours-record-1750621824 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta |archive-date=25 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125054517/https://cineulagam.com/article/jana-nayagan-glimpse-24-hours-record-1750621824 |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted that "The teaser begins with Vijay's voiceover: “You guys will live in my heart,” followed by a striking visual of him in police uniform, Katana in hand, walking through a war-ravaged landscape. The imagery, at once composed and intense, signals a farewell marked by gravity and grandeur."<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay in 'The Roar' before the farewell! Jana Nayagan first glimpse gets unveiled on birthday |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-roar-farewell-jana-nayagan-first-glimpse-gets-unveiled-birthday/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623064541/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-roar-farewell-jana-nayagan-first-glimpse-gets-unveiled-birthday/ |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The same day, the makers announced the Telugu dubbed version ''Jana Nayakudu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |date=22 June 2025 |title=ఇవాళ రిలీజైన దళపతి విజయ్ జన నాయకుడు ఫస్ట్ రోర్.. బర్త్ డే సందర్భంగా గ్లింప్స్.. నా హృదయంలో ఉండే అంటూ! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-first-roar-released-today-over-his-birthday-special-jana-nayakudu-glimpse-out-121750574275187.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 June 2025 |archive-date=19 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719151527/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-first-roar-released-today-over-his-birthday-special-jana-nayakudu-glimpse-out-121750574275187.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2025, the official [[Wimbledon Championships]] social media account honored men's singles champion [[Jannik Sinner]] with a post inspired by ''Jana Nayagan''<nowiki/>'s first look.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=14 July 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Last Film Jana Nayagan Gets Nod From Wimbledon After Jannik Sinner's Win |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-last-film-jana-nayagan-gets-nod-from-wimbledon-after-jannik-sinners-win-9439256.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714130629/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-vijays-last-film-jana-nayagan-gets-nod-from-wimbledon-after-jannik-sinners-win-9439256.html |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Wimbledon honours winner Jannik Sinner with Thalapathy Vijay-inspired post, check out |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/wimbledon-honours-winner-jannik-sinner-with-thalapathy-vijay-inspired-post-check-out-23584615 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723042840/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/wimbledon-honours-winner-jannik-sinner-with-thalapathy-vijay-inspired-post-check-out-23584615 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch Vijay.jpg|thumb|left|200px| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] walks over the ramp at [[Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch]]|alt=]]<br />
The film's audio launch event took place at [[Bukit Jalil National Stadium]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] on 27 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 26, 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan trailer to be launched on December 31: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-release-date-trailer-audio-launch-cast-2026-pongal-2826156-2025-11-26 |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=India Today |archive-date=4 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204124702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-release-date-trailer-audio-launch-cast-2026-pongal-2826156-2025-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The event titled "[[Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch]]" was described as a massive celebration and a tribute concert, featured live performances by Anirudh Ravichander and several prominent singers, including [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[S. P. Charan]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Saindhavi]], [[Yogi B]]–Natchatra, and others.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 12, 2025 |title=One last dance: Actor Vijay to rock KL with audio launch of final film 'Jana Nayagan' — here's why it's worth the hype |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2025/12/12/one-last-dance-actor-vijay-to-rock-kl-with-audio-launch-of-final-film-jana-nayagan-heres-why-its-worth-the-hype/201731 |work=Malay Mail |archive-date=13 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213234913/https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2025/12/12/one-last-dance-actor-vijay-to-rock-kl-with-audio-launch-of-final-film-jana-nayagan-heres-why-its-worth-the-hype/201731 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 2025 |title='Jana Nayagan' audio launch: Tippu, Anuradha Sriram, Saindhavi to electrify the stage for Vijay's special occasion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-audio-launch-tippu-anuradha-sriram-saindhavi-to-electrify-the-stage-for-vijays-special-occasion/articleshow/125535382.cms |work=The Times of India |archive-date=6 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206072336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-audio-launch-tippu-anuradha-sriram-saindhavi-to-electrify-the-stage-for-vijays-special-occasion/articleshow/125535382.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anirudh teased a special medley honoring his past collaborations with Vijay, making the event a significant milestone as Vijay's likely final audio launch before retiring from acting.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 10, 2025 |title=Anirudh teases tribute for Vijay at Jana Nayagan audio launch, shares update |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/10/anirudh-teases-tribute-for-vijay-at-jana-nayagan-audio-launch-shares-update |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The venue hosted a record-breaking crowd, with over 100,000 attendees,<ref>{{cite web | title=Vijay skirts 'no politics' directive at Jana Nayagan audio launch in Malaysia, says he 'gave up cinema for the people' | date=28 December 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijay-skirts-no-politics-directive-at-jana-nayagan-audio-launch-in-malaysia-thalapathy-thiruvizha-tvk-101766908700358.html | access-date=28 December 2025 | archive-date=28 December 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228093202/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijay-skirts-no-politics-directive-at-jana-nayagan-audio-launch-in-malaysia-thalapathy-thiruvizha-tvk-101766908700358.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 25, 2025 |title=Jana Nayagan Malaysia event: Vijay's concert ticket prices, seating unveiled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-audio-launch-malaysia-record-100000-attendees-2825682-2025-11-25 |work=India Today}}</ref> entering [[The Malaysia Book of Records]] for the highest number of attendees at a event in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-27 |title=Jana Nayagan Movie Audio Launch Live Updates: Vijay arrives to thunderous cheers and fireworks; Pooja Hegde stuns in saree |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jana-nayagan-movie-audio-launch-live-updates-date-time-vijay-pooja-hegde-bobby-deol-10441034/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=As per the official X handle of Vijay’s team, the Jana Nayagan audio launch has entered the Malaysian Book of Records for recording the highest number of attendees at an event in Malaysia. |archive-date=27 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227034108/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jana-nayagan-movie-audio-launch-live-updates-date-time-vijay-pooja-hegde-bobby-deol-10441034/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 3 January 2026, and gained over 5 million views within 5 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2026 |title=Trailer of Vijay-starrer 'Jana Nayagan' releases to fan frenzy |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2026/01/03/trailer-of-vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-releases-to-fan-frenzy.html |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=3 January 2026 |title=Internet erupts over Vijay's 'last dance' as Jana Nayagan trailer smashes early viewership records |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/internet-erupts-over-vijay-s-last-dance-as-jana-nayagan-trailer-smashes-early-viewership-records-11767454471624.html |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103184842/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/internet-erupts-over-vijay-s-last-dance-as-jana-nayagan-trailer-smashes-early-viewership-records-11767454471624.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer became the most watched Tamil film trailer in 24 hours with over 83.7 million views across three languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2026 |title=8 கோடி பார்வைகளை கடந்த "ஜன நாயகன்" டிரெய்லர் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/jana-nayagan-trailer-crosses-83-million-views-1198677 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=[[Daily Thanthi]] |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104150909/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/jana-nayagan-trailer-crosses-83-million-views-1198677 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Release ==<br />
===Piracy===<br />
A partial leak of the film, consisting of approximately five minutes of footage, appeared online on 9 April 2026. The material reportedly included segments such as the title sequence, the introduction, and portions of the climax. The production team took steps to have the clips removed from online sites. Subsequently, reports emerged that the full film had been made available on piracy websites in [[High-definition video|high-definition]] format.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-04-11 |title=Vijay’s ‘Jana Nayagan’ controversy explained: From legal battles to piracy chaos |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-controversy-explained-leaked-piracy-cbfc-new-release-date-tvk-kvn/article70753384.ece |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-12 |title=Vijay’s Jana Nayagan leaked online: HD version of Tamil star's final film out on pirated sites amid CBFC delays |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jana-nayagan-leaked-online-vijays-final-film-hd-version-out-on-pirated-sites-netizens-urge-producers-to-take-strict-action/articleshow/130158446.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Cyber Crime Wing of the Tamil Nadu Police registered a case and initiated an investigation into the incident. The complaint was filed by the production team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivaraman |first=R. |date=2026-04-11 |title=Jana Nayagan: T.N. police launch probe into leak of TVK leader Vijay’s film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jana-nayagan-tn-police-launch-probe-into-leak-of-tvk-leader-vijays-film/article70850527.ece |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Cyber Crime Wing has officially announced that they arrested three main accused, including a freelance assistant editor, for the [[data theft]] and online leak of the film. The [[Tamil Nadu Police]] have officially released a public statement to the press and general public regarding the arrests of the accused.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/jana-nayagan-leak-three-arrested-police-crack-piracy-case-239417|title=Three arrested for ‘Jana Nayagan’ leak; TN Cyber Crime wing cracks piracy case|newspaper=thefederal.com|date=April 17, 2026}}</ref> Actors who acted in the film which include [[Pooja Hedge]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Bobby Deol]] all expressed deep disturbance and calling the event a "disheartening and disappointing situation".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/jana-nayagan-leak-pooja-hegde-reaction-vijay-final-film-piracy-row-1835884#goog_rewarded|title=Pooja Hegde Calls Jana Nayagan Leak 'Disheartening'; Urges Fans To ‘Watch It The Right Way’|newspaper=news.abplive.com|date=April 11, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/truly-disappointing-mamitha-baiju-slams-jana-nayagan-piracy-1835961|title='Truly Disappointing': Mamitha Baiju Slams Jana Nayagan Piracy|newspaper=news.abplive.com|date=April 11, 2026}}</ref> Several actors from the [[South Indian film industry]] expressed concern over the reported unauthorized leak of the film and condemned the circulation of pirated content.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-04-10 |title=Vijay’s ‘Jana Nayagan’ leaked online: Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Chiranjeevi slam piracy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-jana-nayagan-leaked-chiranjeevi-sivakarthikeyan-khsubhu-sundar-jiiva-piracy/article70846798.ece |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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According to a report by ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', TVK leader Aadhav Arjuna alleged that Union Minister [[L. Murugan]] had used his influence over the CBFC) in connection with the film’s reported leak. These allegations were denied by BJP leader [[K. Annamalai (BJP politician)|K. Annamalai]], who rejected claims linking Murugan or the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamalai Challenges TVK's Allegations, Murugan's Role in Film Leak |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/annamalai-refutes-tvks-allegations-linking-union-minister-murugan-to-jana-nayagan-leak-3964321 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-04-11 |title=Jana Nayagan leak: ‘Reports of CBFC involvement baseless’; Annamalai slams TVK |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/tamil-nadu/jana-nayagan-leak-row-cbfc-source-annamalai-slams-tvk-238625 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref> The CBFC has denied leaking the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Censor board shuts down 'false, baseless' claims linking it to Vijay's Jana Nayagan leak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/censor-board-shuts-down-false-baseless-claims-linking-it-to-vijay-jana-nayagan-leak-cbfc-h-vinoth-101775962442956.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Madras High Court issued an ad-interim injunction restraining cable operators and internet service providers from broadcasting or enabling access to pirated copies of the film until June 2, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2026-04-16 |title=Jana Nayagan piracy row: Madras High Court grants relief to Vijay starrer |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/jana-nayagan-piracy-row-madras-high-court-grants-relief-to-vijay-starrer-prp.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Alleged internal leak and political benefit===<br />
An opinion column in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' argued that claims of external political sabotage behind the ''Jana Nayagan'' leak were inconsistent and unconvincing, suggesting instead that such theories weakened themselves due to internal contradictions; rather than identifying a verified source, the article focused on the outcome of the incident, noting that the leak significantly amplified public attention and visibility for Vijay and his party, [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]], potentially strengthening his political positioning by portraying him as a target of powerful interests ahead of elections, and thereby raising the possibility—without presenting direct evidence—that the primary beneficiary of the controversy could have been Vijay himself.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-11 |title=In Tamil Nadu, where cinema and politics feed each other, who really benefits from leak of Vijay’s film Jana Nayagan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-elections-vijay-tvk-cinema-politics-jana-nayagan-leak-10631123/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-release ===<br />
''Jana Nayagan'' was originally scheduled for release in October 2025, but was delayed to 9 January 2026 to allow more time for production to be completed, followed by another delay due to a [[Jana Nayagan#Censorship issue|censorship issue]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan to be a grand Pongal release. Check announcement |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-to-be-a-grand-pongal-release-check-announcement-2698306-2025-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324142434/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-to-be-a-grand-pongal-release-check-announcement-2698306-2025-03-24 |archive-date=24 March 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=2025-03-24 |title=Vijay's Final Acting Bow 'Jana Nayagan' Sets 2026 Release Date (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/vijay-jana-nayagan-release-date-1236346233/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324130127/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/vijay-jana-nayagan-release-date-1236346233/ |archive-date=24 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2026 |title='Jana Nayagan' postponed from January 9; new release date to be announced soon |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/01/07/jana-nayagan-postponed-from-january-9-new-release-date-to-be-announced-soon.html |access-date=January 7, 2026 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> Apart from its original Tamil language, it is also scheduled to be released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69: Vijay Is The Torch Bearer Of Democracy In His Farewell Film Directed By H Vinoth |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-69-official-details-announced-article-113350232/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927141106/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-69-official-details-announced-article-113350232/amp |archive-date=27 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Thalapathy 69 cast list: Bobby Deol, Priyamani and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/thalapathy-69-cast-list-bobbly-deol-priyamani-and-more-68841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005015829/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/thalapathy-69-cast-list-bobbly-deol-priyamani-and-more-68841.html |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> The dubbed Telugu version is titled ''Jana Nayakudu'',<ref name="Dub">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-12-06 |title=PVR Inox Pictures to distribute Vijay-H Vinoth's Jana Nayagan in AP and Telangana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/24/pvr-inox-pictures-to-distribute-vijay-h-vinoths-jana-nayagan-in-ap-and-telangana |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228060522/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/24/pvr-inox-pictures-to-distribute-vijay-h-vinoths-jana-nayagan-in-ap-and-telangana |url-status=live }}</ref> while the Hindi version is titled ''Jan Neta''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Dec 23, 2025 |title='Jana Nayagan' Hindi title revealed; Thalapathy Vijay's pan-Indian political drama titled 'Jan Neta', a fiery poster out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jana-nayagan-hindi-title-revealed-thalapathy-vijays-pan-indian-political-drama-titled-jan-neta-a-fiery-poster-out-now/articleshow/126141889.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104151510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jana-nayagan-hindi-title-revealed-thalapathy-vijays-pan-indian-political-drama-titled-jan-neta-a-fiery-poster-out-now/articleshow/126141889.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Although its release was pushed to January 2026, ''Jana Nayagan'' was listed among several "Most Anticipated Tamil Films of 2025" by ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[Cinema Express]]'', ''[[OTT Play]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2025 |title=Upcoming Movies 2025: Salman Khan's Sikandar, Hrithik Roshan's War 2, Vijay's Thalapathy 69, Alia Bhatt's Alpha, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/upcoming-movies-2025-salman-khans-sikandar-hrithik-roshans-war-2-vijays-thalapathy-69-alia-bhatts-alpha-and-more-9752456/ |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105163309/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/upcoming-movies-2025-salman-khans-sikandar-hrithik-roshans-war-2-vijays-thalapathy-69-alia-bhatts-alpha-and-more-9752456/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 2025 |title=CE Year in Preview: Big event films and other bountiful promises |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Jan/01/ce-year-in-preview-big-event-films-and-other-bountiful-promises |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-date=9 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109101736/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Jan/01/ce-year-in-preview-big-event-films-and-other-bountiful-promises |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/most-awaited-tamil-films-in-2025-from-rajinikanths-coolie-kamal-haasan-mani-ratnams-thug-life-to-thalapathy-69-sk-23-good-bad-ugly-veera-dheera-sooran-idly-kadai-indian-3/ce742ddc3a826|title=Most awaited Tamil films in 2025: From Rajinikanth's Coolie, Kamal Haasan and Mani Ratnam's Thug Life to Thalapathy 69|website=OTTPlay|access-date=31 December 2025|archive-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115092559/https://www.ottplay.com/news/most-awaited-tamil-films-in-2025-from-rajinikanths-coolie-kamal-haasan-mani-ratnams-thug-life-to-thalapathy-69-sk-23-good-bad-ugly-veera-dheera-sooran-idly-kadai-indian-3/ce742ddc3a826|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title='Thug Life' to 'Coolie': Upcoming Tamil biggies and their release plans in 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thug-life-to-coolie-upcoming-tamil-biggies-and-their-release-plans-in-2025/photostory/115051888.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406101515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thug-life-to-coolie-upcoming-tamil-biggies-and-their-release-plans-in-2025/photostory/115051888.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the trailer’s release, ''Jana Nayagan'' triggered widespread backlash as social media users and industry observers pointed out strong similarities to the Telugu blockbuster ''Bhagavanth Kesari''. The controversy contradicted director H. Vinoth’s earlier claim of originality and significantly dampened expectations surrounding the film.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2026-01-04 |title=Jana Nayakudu Trailer Sparks Backlash, Accused As Poor Rehash of Bhagavanth Kesari |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jana-nayakudu-trailer-sparks-backlash-accused-as-poor-rehash-of-bhagavanth-kesari-1928205 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105034011/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jana-nayakudu-trailer-sparks-backlash-accused-as-poor-rehash-of-bhagavanth-kesari-1928205 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=January 12, 2026 |title='Jana Nayagan': Why 'Thalapathy' Vijay's ruse to remix 'Bhagavanth Kesari' might be a winner? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jana-nayagan-censor-row-thalapathy-vijays-ruse-to-remix-bhagavanth-kesari-nandamuri-balakrishna-might-be-a-winner/article70490905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113110505/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jana-nayagan-censor-row-thalapathy-vijays-ruse-to-remix-bhagavanth-kesari-nandamuri-balakrishna-might-be-a-winner/article70490905.ece |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[NDTV]] and [[The Hindu]], reported that a key question remains as to why Vijay is signing off with a remake when an original political drama or a full-fledged action film could have created a greater impact. Critics and audiences have highlighted that while Vijay’s final film carries enormous expectations, choosing a remake may not fully capitalize on the opportunity to deliver a fresh, memorable story. The controversy over the film’s similarities with ''Bhagavanth Kesari'' has already reduced some audience expectations,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=January 9, 2026 |title=Is *Jana Nayagan* the Right 'The End' for Vijay the Actor? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/is-jana-nayagan-the-right-the-end-for-vijay-the-actor-10565569 |access-date=January 14, 2026 |work=NDTV |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113142928/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/is-jana-nayagan-the-right-the-end-for-vijay-the-actor-10565569 |url-status=live }}</ref> and given that ''Jana Nayagan'' is also expected to carry subtle political undertones, many feel an original narrative might have resonated more strongly.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="auto"/><br />
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=== Censorship issue ===<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20260413104355/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-controversy-explained-leaked-piracy-cbfc-new-release-date-tvk-kvn/article70753384.ece/amp/ --><br />
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Although the producers, KVN Productions, submitted the film to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) on 18 December 2025, a final certificate was not immediately issued despite the filmmakers reportedly agreeing to minor cuts and modifications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=6 January 2026 |title=Vijay's Jana Nayagan to be examined by a new censor panel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/06/vijay-jananayagan-censorboard-cbfc-madrashc |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> On 6 January 2026, the producers approached the [[Madras High Court]], alleging that the certification was being unreasonably withheld and that the delay was causing massive financial strain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kallukaran |first=Gayathri |date=6 January 2026 |title=Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' heads for new censor review days before release |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/jana-nayagan-censor-review-release/ |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[Eastern Eye]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=6 January 2026 |title=Jana Nayagan Censor Certificate Controversy Explained: Why Is Vijay's Film Facing Objections? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jana-nayagan-censor-certificate-controversy-explained-why-is-vijays-film-facing-objections-article-153405426 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106124726/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jana-nayagan-censor-certificate-controversy-explained-why-is-vijays-film-facing-objections-article-153405426 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the proceedings, it was revealed that while an initial examining committee had recommended a [[U/A certificate]], the CBFC chairperson, [[Prasoon Joshi]] later referred the film to a Revising Committee following a complaint regarding the film's brief portrayal of religious sentiments<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2026 |title=Explaining the Jana Nayagan Censor Certificate Dispute: What Are the Reasons Behind the Objections to Vijay's Film? |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-censor-controversy-article-153406168 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106213937/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-censor-controversy-article-153406168 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the armed forces in an objectionable manner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-07 |title='Jana Nayagan' Censor Drama: Why Thalapathy Vijay's final film is caught in a storm as court order most likely be pronounced on January 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-censor-drama-why-vijays-final-film-is-caught-in-a-storm/articleshow/126392706.cms |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108010214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-censor-drama-why-vijays-final-film-is-caught-in-a-storm/articleshow/126392706.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay's final film Jana Nayagan hits certification hurdle as producers approach Madras High Court |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/brand-marketing/vijays-final-film-jana-nayagan-hits-certification-hurdle-as-producers-approach-madras-high-court-87146.htm |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}</ref> The producers asked the court how such a complaint could be raised when the film had not been publicly screened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2026 |title=Jana Nayagan release uncertain: Vijay's film reaches Madras HC; makers say all CBFC cuts done, certificate pending |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/jana-nayagan-release-uncertain-vijays-film-reaches-madras-hc-makers-say-all-cbfc-cuts-done-certificate-pending-1503536508.html |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><br />
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During the hearing on 7 January 2026, the producers noted that the film had already been cleared in 25 other countries, including a "15" rating from the [[British Board of Film Classification]] (BBFC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Last-minute drama: Jana Nayagan censor certificate hearing pushed |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jana-nayagan-cbfc-review-madras-high-court-vijay-uc2subzv |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> Justice P.T. Asha questioned the CBFC's transparency, noting that the board appeared to be reopening a settled matter based on a complaint that had already been addressed during the initial edits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Is Vijay's Jana Nayagan Delayed? Madras High Court Holds Order in CBFC Dispute, Decision Expected on January 9 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/jana-nayagan-release-delay-cbfc-case-article-153411678 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]}}</ref> Despite the producers' plea regarding the financial impact of a delay, the court reserved its final order for the morning of 9 January 2026, the film's scheduled release day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Jana Nayagan censor issue: Release of Vijay's last film likely to be postponed; High Court reserves orders |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jana-nayagan-censor-issue-release-of-vijays-last-film-likely-to-be-postponed-court-orders-to-come-on-january-9/58c4db206d200 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> On 9 January the Madras High Court directed the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to grant a UA 16+ certificate to the film and warned that entertaining such complaints would "lead to a dangerous trend".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=HC clears release, directs CBFC to grant certificate to Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hc-clears-release-directs-cbfc-to-grant-certificate-to-vijay-s-jana-nayagan-101767938815725.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Anisha |date=9 January 2026 |title=Madras High Court flags 'dangerous trend' after Censor Board delays Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madras-high-court-flags-dangerous-trend-after-censor-board-delays-jana-nayagan-2849287-2026-01-09 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=16 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116195828/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madras-high-court-flags-dangerous-trend-after-censor-board-delays-jana-nayagan-2849287-2026-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the CBFC immediately appealed this ruling, leading a division bench to stay the certification until 21 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |date=9 January 2026 |title=Madras High Court stays order clearing Vijay's Jana Nayagan; reopens censor fight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/madras-hc-temporarily-stays-single-judges-order-granting-u-a-certificate-to-vijay-jana-nayagan-10464278/ |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=9 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109122412/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/madras-hc-temporarily-stays-single-judges-order-granting-u-a-certificate-to-vijay-jana-nayagan-10464278/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 January 2026, KVN the production company, appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] against the Madras HC Division Bench order that stayed immediate certification and halted enforcement of Justice Asha’s direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-01-13 |title='Jana Nayagan' censor row: SC to hear film producer's plea challenging Madras HC order on January 15 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/13/jana-nayagan-censor-row-sc-to-hear-film-producers-plea-challenging-madras-hc-order-on-january-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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The censor delay sparked widespread condemnation from the film fraternity and political leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title='Jana Nayagan' censor row: Film fraternity slams CBFC, calls it 'injustice' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-censor-row-film-fraternity-slams-cbfc-calls-it-injustice/articleshow/126450643.cms |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110095140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-censor-row-film-fraternity-slams-cbfc-calls-it-injustice/articleshow/126450643.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2026 |title=Tamil film fraternity rallies behind Vijay as 'Jana Nayagan' faces release hurdles |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/tamil-film-fraternity-rallies-behind-vijay-as-jana-nayagan-faces-release-hurdles-3855730 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2026 |title=Congress leaders criticise delay in censor board clearance for Vijay's Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/congress-leaders-criticise-delay-in-censor-board-clearance-for-vijays-jana-nayagan/article70485614.ece |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108122040/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/congress-leaders-criticise-delay-in-censor-board-clearance-for-vijays-jana-nayagan/article70485614.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] criticized the Union government over alleged delays in film certification, accusing it of politicising the CBFC. In a post on X, he compared the CBFC to central investigative agencies, claiming they were being used as political tools by the [[National Democratic Alliance|BJP-led government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=CM MK Stalin accuses CBFC of acting as BJP-led Union govt 'weapon' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/cm-mk-stalin-accuses-cbfc-of-acting-as-bjp-led-union-govt-weapon |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111230131/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/cm-mk-stalin-accuses-cbfc-of-acting-as-bjp-led-union-govt-weapon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=Jana Nayagan censor row: Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin alleges political interference as CBFC delays certification |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/jana-nayagan-censor-row-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-alleges-political-interference-as-cbfc-delays-certification-11767973046718.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Mint |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112062311/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/jana-nayagan-censor-row-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-alleges-political-interference-as-cbfc-delays-certification-11767973046718.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayachandran |first=Apoorva |date=January 9, 2026 |title=Censor board Centre's puppet: Stalin backs Vijay, Jana Nayagan amid certification row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/censor-board-played-like-centres-puppet-tamil-nadu-cm-backs-vijay-jana-nayagan-amid-certification-row-2849534-2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113234039/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/censor-board-played-like-centres-puppet-tamil-nadu-cm-backs-vijay-jana-nayagan-amid-certification-row-2849534-2026-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[Rahul Gandhi]] supported the film on 13 January 2026, commenting on the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|I&B Ministry]]'s actions as an "attack on Tamil culture" and stated that Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] would "never succeed in suppressing the voice of the Tamil people".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivapriyan |first=ETB |date=13 January 2026 |title='Attack on Tamil culture': Rahul Gandhi supports Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan', attacks PM Modi over film certification |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/attack-on-tamil-culture-rahul-gandhi-supports-vijays-jana-nayagan-attacks-pm-modi-over-film-certification-3860554 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Actor-politician [[Kamal Haasan]] issued a strong statement on 10 January 2026, calling for a "principled relook" at certification processes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mouli |first=Chandra |date=10 January 2026 |title=Kamal Haasan demands 'principled relook' at film certification process |url=https://www.siasat.com/kamal-haasan-demands-principled-relook-at-film-certification-process-3323804/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |archive-date=10 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110113648/https://www.siasat.com/kamal-haasan-demands-principled-relook-at-film-certification-process-3323804/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He argued that "freedom of expression should never be diminished by opacity" and demanded transparent, time-bound evaluations with "written, reasoned justifications" for every cut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title=Kamal Haasan on censorship amid Jana Nayagan row: Freedom of expression at stake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-on-censorship-amid-jana-nayagan-row-freedom-of-expression-at-stake-2849784-2026-01-10 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Ram Gopal Varma]] took a broader stance, arguing that the CBFC is "outdated" and that its attempts to protect society by cutting film scenes are a "joke" in the digital age.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title='Jana Nayagan' row: Ram Gopal Varma slams Censor Board, calls it 'outdated' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/jana-nayagan-row-ram-gopal-varma-slams-censor-board-calls-it-outdated-ws-l-19818252.htm/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> Director [[Pa. Ranjith]] described the board's actions as "extremely deplorable", suggesting a personal "political vendetta" was at play and that the board had fallen into "wrong directions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title=Pa Ranjith says Jana Nayagan censor issue driven by "political vendetta", calls to safeguard creative freedom |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/10/pa-ranjith-says-jana-nayagan-censor-issue-driven-by-political-vendetta-calls-to-safeguard-creative-freedom |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Similarly, director [[Karthik Subbaraj]] called for industry-wide unity to "save cinema", criticizing the strict and often "impossible" timeline rules imposed by the board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vij |first=Palak |date=8 January 2026 |title=Karthik Subbaraj speaks out on Jana Nayagan delay, urges film fraternity to unite |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/karthik-subbaraj-speaks-out-on-jana-nayagan-delay-urges-film-fraternity-to-unite-article-13764220.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |archive-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108160453/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/karthik-subbaraj-speaks-out-on-jana-nayagan-delay-urges-film-fraternity-to-unite-article-13764220.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Congress leaders [[B. Manickam Tagore]] and [[Jothimani]] characterized the delay as an attack on freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2026 |title=TN Cong leaders blame Centre over 'Jana Nayagan' certification row BJP refutes charge |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2026/01/08/tn-cong-leaders-blame-centre-over-jana-nayagan-certification-row-bjp-refutes-charge.html |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivapriyan |first=ETB |date=8 January 2026 |title='Jana Nayagan' release delayed: Congress supports Vijay, targets BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/jana-nayagan-release-delayed-congress-supports-vijay-targets-bjp-3855579 |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Several actors including [[Ravi Mohan]], [[Silambarasan]], [[Jiiva]], [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], [[Sibiraj]], [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] extended their support towards the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/ravi-mohan-karthik-subbaraj-silambarasan-tr-jothimani-and-other-celebs-react-as-vijay-film-jana-nayagan-gets-delayed-enn26010803082|title='Setbacks Have Never Stopped You': Ravi Mohan, Silambarasan & Others React As Vijay's Jana Nayagan Gets Delayed|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=8 January 2026|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title='Jana Nayagan' awaits verdict: Vijay gets support from Ravi Mohan, Jiiva, Simbu, and others; 'You don't need a date' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-awaits-verdict-vijay-gets-support-from-ravi-mohan-jiiva-simbu-and-others-you-dont-need-a-date/articleshow/126426927.cms |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110020724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-awaits-verdict-vijay-gets-support-from-ravi-mohan-jiiva-simbu-and-others-you-dont-need-a-date/articleshow/126426927.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Actor [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] criticized the CBFC during a 29 January press meet, sarcastically asking if ''Jana Nayagan'' originally set for [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] (January) would only be cleared by [[Bakrid]] due to the delays. He highlighted alleged double standards, questioning how ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' and ''[[The Kerala Story 2]]'' which he said included "religious overtones and propaganda" were cleared swiftly, while ''Jana Nayagan'' faced repeated hurdles despite producers agreeing to cuts. On 22 February, actor and general secretary [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] stated that if the situation continues, more than 1,500 members of the [[Nadigar Sangam]] will soon go on strike against the CBFC; he expressed frustration over the board's opaque process, questioning how "just five members" could decide a film's fate and emphasizing the need for collective action to protect artistic freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2026-02-22 |title=Jana Nayagan controversy: Vishal warns of strike by 1500 Nadigar Sangam members against censor board |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/jana-nayagan-controversy-vishal-warns-of-strike-by-1500-nadigar-sangam-members-against-censor-board-thalapathy-vijay-2026-02-22-1031273 |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Several fans expressed disappointment and concern that, as of that time, no official response had been issued by actor-politician and president of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] party, Vijay regarding the censorship issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Jana Nayagan Movie Release Date Postponed Live Updates: Thalapathy Vijay's film producer apologises to fans, thanks them for unwavering support amid delays |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-movie-release-date-postponed-live-update-vijay-thalapathy-jana-nayaga-movie-censor-case-verdict-january-9/liveblog/126426831.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114093409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-movie-release-date-postponed-live-update-vijay-thalapathy-jana-nayaga-movie-censor-case-verdict-january-9/liveblog/126426831.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=விஜயே இன்னும் பேசாமல் இருக்கிறார்.. 'ஜனநாயகன்' சென்சார் பிரச்சனை தொடர்பாக பிரபலம் கருத்து |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/lyricist-snehan-spoke-about-vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-movie-censor-issue/articleshow/126517035.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 January 2026, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to entertain ''Jana Nayagan'' producer's plea for CBFC clearance, directing them instead to pursue relief in the Madras High Court division bench.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Jana Nayagan row: Supreme Court refuses to entertain plea for CBFC clearance for Vijay's movie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/jana-nayagan-row-supreme-court-refuses-to-entertain-plea-for-cbfc-clearance-for-vijays-movie-101768455781746.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Jana Nayagan Release Date LIVE Updates: SC refuses to entertain Vijay-starrer Jana Nayagan's plea; Madras HC to hear matter on Jan 20, no clarity on release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-thalapathy-jana-nayagan-movie-release-date-live-news-updates-supreme-court-hearing-today-on-cbfc-clearance-plea-10473746/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115025121/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-thalapathy-jana-nayagan-movie-release-date-live-news-updates-supreme-court-hearing-today-on-cbfc-clearance-plea-10473746/ |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 9 February 2026, [[KVN Productions|KVN Production]] filed a plea to withdraw the writ petition against CBFC at the Madras High Court, and submitted the film to the Revising committee for the censor certification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2026-02-09 |title=Jana Nayagan maker to withdraw case amid censor row, hearing on February 10 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jana-nayagan-producer-files-plea-to-withdraw-case-against-censor-board-amid-row-2865567-2026-02-09 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Jana Nayagan producer approaches High Court seeking permission to withdraw writ petition against CBFC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jana-nayagan-producer-approaches-high-court-seeking-permission-to-withdraw-writ-petition-against-cbfc-10522827/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Vijay’s Jana Nayagan legal battle ends? Makers to withdraw High Court petition |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vijay-jana-nayagan-petition-withdrawal-rph2rg6d |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> After one month, on 9 March 2026, the film's scheduled screening before the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) Revising Committee was suddenly called off at the last minute after one of the committee members fell ill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Vijay’s Jana Nayagan faces another delay: CBFC revising committee screening postponed as member falls ill |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijays-jana-nayagan-faces-another-delay-cbfc-revising-committee-screening-postponed-as-member-falls-ill-10572633/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Distribution ===<br />
<br />
==== Domestic ====<br />
Four companies, [[Seven Screen Studio]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=6 November 2024 |title=ரூ.100 கோடி கொடுத்து தளபதி 69 படத்தை வாங்கப்போகும் முன்னணி நிறுவனம் எது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-do-you-know-which-leading-company-will-buy-thalapathy-69-for-rs-100-crores-1649356.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107180503/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-do-you-know-which-leading-company-will-buy-thalapathy-69-for-rs-100-crores-1649356.html |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> Romeo Pictures,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay wants no company with any political affiliations to get the distribution rights of his film 'Jana Nayagan': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-wants-no-company-with-any-political-affiliations-to-get-the-distribution-rights-of-his-film-jana-nayagan-report/articleshow/121723806.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610044127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-wants-no-company-with-any-political-affiliations-to-get-the-distribution-rights-of-his-film-jana-nayagan-report/amp_articleshow/121723806.cms |archive-date=10 June 2025 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|V Creations]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title='ஜனநாயகன்' விநியோக உரிமை: விஜய்யின் அதிரடி முடிவு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1364801-jananayagan-distribution-rights.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623122745/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1364801-jananayagan-distribution-rights.html |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=இந்து தமிழ் திசை |language=ta}}</ref> were reportedly in discussions for the [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='ஜனநாயகன்' பிசினஸ் திடீரென நிறுத்தப்பட்டதா? அரசியல் காரணமா? |url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/vijay-s-jananaayagam-business-halted-amidst-political-reasons-125070900059_1.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Webdunia |language=ta |archive-date=30 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130102558/https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/vijay-s-jananaayagam-business-halted-amidst-political-reasons-125070900059_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramya |date=6 November 2024 |title=Thalapathy69: கோடிகளை கொட்டும் கோலிவுட்!.. அனல் பறக்கும் தளபதி 69 பிஸ்னஸ்!.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/cinema-news/sale-of-tamilnadu-release-rights-of-thalapathy-69-for-rs-100-crores-39393 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106154502/https://cinereporters.com/cinema-news/sale-of-tamilnadu-release-rights-of-thalapathy-69-for-rs-100-crores-39393 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Cine Reporters |language=ta}}</ref> KVN opted for area-wise distribution in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' TN rights locked for a record deal; audio launch excitement peak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-tn-rights-locked-for-a-record-deal-audio-launch-excitement-peak/articleshow/125540694.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 December 2025 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212083529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-tn-rights-locked-for-a-record-deal-audio-launch-excitement-peak/articleshow/125540694.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Coimbatore]], [[North Arcot]], [[South Arcot]], [[Tirunelveli]], and [[Kanyakumari]] region distribution rights were acquired by S Picture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/photogallery/kollywood/actors/kvn-productions-posted-a-video-about-thalapathy-vijay-jananayagan-theatre-rights/photoshow/125914747.cms|title=இந்த பொங்கல் நமக்கு பிளாஸ்ட் தான்..ஜனநாயகன் அப்டேட் கொடுத்த KVN நிறுவனம்|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref> Five Star Senthil will distribute the film in [[Madurai]], [[Trichy]] and [[Salem district|Salem]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2025 |title=Jana Nayagan hits Rs 100 crore before release, Tamil Nadu pre-sales at all-time high |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-theatrical-rights-sold-record-rs-105-crore-tamil-nadu-2825065-2025-11-24 |access-date=13 December 2025 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113052938/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-theatrical-rights-sold-record-rs-105-crore-tamil-nadu-2825065-2025-11-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chennai City]] distribution rights were acquired by Cinemakaaran.<ref>{{cite web |title=தமிழ்நாட்டில் ஜனநாயகன் படத்தை ரிலீஸ் செய்யும் 5 நிறுவனங்கள் - மொரட்டு சம்பவம்! |date=11 December 2025 |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/kvn-productions-announced-thalapathy-vijay-jananayagan-movie-tamilnadu-and-kerala-distributors-242955 |access-date=13 December 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211123642/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/kvn-productions-announced-thalapathy-vijay-jananayagan-movie-tamilnadu-and-kerala-distributors-242955 |url-status=live }}</ref> White Nights through Trident Arts will distribute the film in [[Chengalpattu]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Karthi |date=11 December 2025 |title=விஜய்யின் அரசியல் வருகை.. 'ஜனநாயகன்' படத்துக்கு புதிய சிக்கல்? - படக்குழு அதிரடி! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/names-of-distributors-releasing-janyayan-in-tamil-nadu-and-kerala-released-kpk-ws-kl-1994044.html |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=[[News18]] |archive-date=11 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211145918/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/names-of-distributors-releasing-janyayan-in-tamil-nadu-and-kerala-released-kpk-ws-kl-1994044.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamil Nadu theatrical rights alone were sold for {{INR}}106.5 crore, highest ever for a film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijays-jana-nayagan-tamil-rights-sold-out-articleshow-5ufd783|title=റിലീസിനുമുന്നേ 100 കോടി ക്ലബ്, വിജയ് ചിത്രം നേടിയത് ഞെട്ടിക്കുന്ന തുക|website=Asianet News Malayalam|access-date=13 December 2025|archive-date=5 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205055707/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vijays-jana-nayagan-tamil-rights-sold-out-articleshow-5ufd783|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[North India]] theatrical distribution rights were acquired by [[Zee Studios]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Zee Studios bags North Indian theatrical rights of Vijay's Jana Nayagan | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=23 December 2025 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Dec/23/zee-studios-bags-north-indian-theatrical-rights-of-vijays-jana-nayagan | access-date=23 December 2025 | archive-date=25 December 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225232432/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Dec/23/zee-studios-bags-north-indian-theatrical-rights-of-vijays-jana-nayagan | url-status=live }}</ref> [[PVR Inox Pictures]] will distribute the film in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] states.<ref name="Dub"/> SSR Entertainment acquired distribution rights for [[Kerala]] state.<ref>{{cite web | title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan FDFS in Kerala to start at 6 am | date=29 December 2025 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/jana-nayagan-no-4-am-show-for-thalapathy-vijay-final-film-new-fdfs-time-announced-23609737 | access-date=30 December 2025 | archive-date=29 December 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229090243/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/jana-nayagan-no-4-am-show-for-thalapathy-vijay-final-film-new-fdfs-time-announced-23609737 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Overseas ====<br />
The overseas distribution rights were sold to Phars Film for {{INRConvert|78|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Ansgar |date=4 November 2024 |title=இன்னும் முதற்கட்ட படப்பிடிப்பே முடியல; அதற்குள் வசூல் வேட்டையை துவங்கிய "தளபதி 69"! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-vijay-69-movie-overseas-theatrical-rights-bagged-for-big-price-ans-smfo25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105135512/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-vijay-69-movie-overseas-theatrical-rights-bagged-for-big-price-ans-smfo25 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=International Distribution Rights Of Thalapathy Vijay's Sold For Rs 78 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/international-distribution-rights-of-thalapathy-vijays-sold-for-rs-78-crore-report-9110926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106155528/https://www.news18.com/movies/international-distribution-rights-of-thalapathy-vijays-sold-for-rs-78-crore-report-9110926.html |archive-date=6 November 2024 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Prime Media will distribute the film in [[United States of America]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1991160181539889180 |user=@PrimeMediaUS |title=50 Days Until Jana Nayagan – USA Premiere |author=PrimeMedia |date=19 November 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> York Cinemas acquired distribution rights of [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1995648127232274541 |user=@yorkcinemas |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan is all set to hit theatres soon, bringing mass, emotion, and unstoppable energy to cinemas |author=York Cinemas |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> Ahimsa Entertainment and Boleyn Cinema will distribute the film in [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murugan |first=Barath |date=19 December 2025 |title=Jana Nayagan: லியோவை முந்திய ஜன நாயகன்.. டிக்கெட் முன்பதிவில் சாதனை.. வைரலாகும் பதிவு! |url=https://www.tv9tamilnews.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-film-breaks-leo-movie-overseas-pre-booking-record-46592.html |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]]}}</ref> [[Malaysia]] distribution rights were acquired by Malik Streams.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2025 |title=Malaysia turns into Kollywood central this December as Ajith, Simbu and Vijay arrive for blockbuster events |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2025/12/05/malaysia-turns-into-kollywood-central-this-december-as-ajith-simbu-and-vijay-arrive-for-blockbuster-events/200839}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 December 2025 |title=Three Kollywood giants descend on Malaysia this December |url=https://thesun.my/going-viral/three-kollywood-giants-descend-on-malaysia-this-december/}}</ref> Distribution rights for [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] were acquired by Home Screen Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1997625337107345878 |user=@homescreenent |title=When Thalapathy Vijay roars, the screens shake! |author=Home Screen Entertainment |date=7 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> SAS Plaza acquired distribution rights for [[Singapore]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1995402009026179559 |user=@PharsFilm |title=Jana Nayagan steps onto a bigger stage. |author=Phars Film Co LLC |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> Europe RFT Films in association with Lokah Entertainments acquired the rights for the [[Europe]] territories.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media |title=കലാശക്കൊട്ടിനായി വിജയ്. ജനനായകന റിലീസ് തിയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |date=24 March 2025 |type=motion picture |language=ml |publisher=[[24 News]] |trans-title=Vijay for the finale. Jana Nayagan release date announced |place=India}}</ref> [[Germany]] distribution rights were acquired by Getam Cineworld.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1996547137933602908 |user=@FilmsRft |title=Jananayagan Germany distribution by Getam Cineworld |author=RFT Films |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> Evening Show Entertainment will distribute the film in [[Baltic states]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1999079487267643475 |user=@FilmsRft |title=BALTIC'S & CIS (Excluding Georgia) Distribution by @siadesefilms |author=RFT Films |date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref> Kings Entertainment and M6 Entertainment will distribute the film in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1998698394886586836 |user=@FilmsRft |title=Proud to share that Georgia distribution for Jana Nayagan is now locked in with Kings Entertainment and M6 Entertainment, in association with Indian Cinemas. |author=RFT Films |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref> The distribution rights for [[France]] were acquired by 180 Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1999055573896368620 |user=@FilmsRft |title=Jana Nayagan France Distribution by @180entert |author=RFT Films |date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref> [[Japan]] distribution rights were acquired by Space Box.<ref name="distributors 1">{{Cite tweet |number=1999749289254494225 |user=@PharsFilm |title=Thrilled to onboard our new sub-distributors as we gear up for its global release. |author=Phars Film Co LLC |date=13 December 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> Mingalar Cinemas will distribute the film in [[Myanmar]].<ref name="distributors 1"/> [[Maldives]] theatrical distribution rights were acquired by Haven Pictures.<ref name="distributors 1"/> M Cine acquired distribution rights for [[Mauritius]] and [[Seychelles]].<ref name="distributors 1"/> Benni Vazhappillil will distribute the film in [[Indonesia]].<ref name="distributors 2">{{Cite tweet |number=1999749613423911414 |user=@PharsFilm |title=Jana Nayagan grows bigger! |author=Phars Film Co LLC |date=13 December 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> JTN Enterprise acquired distribution rights for [[Thailand]].<ref name="distributors 2"/> [[Hong Kong]] distribution rights were acquired by AA Technologies.<ref name="distributors 2"/> Chandra Films acquired distribution rights for [[Philippines]].<ref name="distributors 2"/> [[Norway]] distribution rights were acquired by Puthiri Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2000856043975532739 |user=@PuthiriFilms |title=JANA NAYAGAN Releasing in Norway |author=Puthiri Entertainment |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-bookings ===<br />
Pre-bookings started in the UK on 17 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/jana-nayagan-beats-leo-movie-record-in-uk-london-articleshow-5pfwo82|title=லியோ பட சாதனையை சல்லி சல்லியாய் நொறுக்கிய ஜன நாயகன்.... முன்பதிவில் மாஸ் காட்டும் தளபதி...!|website=Asianet News Tamil|access-date=20 December 2025|archive-date=23 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223100913/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/jana-nayagan-beats-leo-movie-record-in-uk-london-articleshow-5pfwo82|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 12,700 tickets were sold in 24 hours of pre-bookings with a collection of {{GBPConvert|130|k}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-set-for-global-release-on-january-9-breaks-pre-booking-records-abroad-10926093|title=இங்கிலாந்தில் 'லியோ' சாதனை முறியடிப்பு... ரிலீசுக்கு முன்பே வசூல் வேட்டை நடத்தும் 'ஜன நாயகன்'|first=Mona|last=Pachake|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|access-date=20 December 2025|archive-date=20 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220094828/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-set-for-global-release-on-january-9-breaks-pre-booking-records-abroad-10926093|url-status=live}}</ref> surpassing the record held by ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023) which sold over 10,000 tickets in 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jana Nayagan': Vijay's last film starts its box office campaign with a record opening; surpasses 'Leo' sales in the UK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-vijays-last-film-starts-its-box-office-campaign-with-a-record-opening-surpasses-leo-sales-in-the-uk/articleshow/126070922.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2025 |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=1 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101073102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-vijays-last-film-starts-its-box-office-campaign-with-a-record-opening-surpasses-leo-sales-in-the-uk/articleshow/126070922.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-creates-advance-booking-history-ahead-of-pongal-release/articleshow/126087124.cms|title=అడ్వాన్స్ బుకింగ్స్లో 'జన నాయగన్' దూకుడు... తన రికార్డును తానే బ్రేక్ చేసిన విజయ్!|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=20 December 2025|archive-date=20 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220020236/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-creates-advance-booking-history-ahead-of-pongal-release/articleshow/126087124.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Within 72 hours, pre-bookings in the UK crossed {{GBPConvert|200|k}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' sets UK box office on fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-sets-uk-box-office-on-fire/articleshow/126102379.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 December 2025 |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=27 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227114236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-sets-uk-box-office-on-fire/articleshow/126102379.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-uk-pre-sales-take-off/|title=Thalapathy Vijay's Jana Nayagan UK pre-sales take off|website=The Tribune|access-date=22 December 2025|archive-date=22 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222022422/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-uk-pre-sales-take-off/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pre-bookings in the United States opened on 18 December, with shows selling out within minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://x.com/primemediaus/status/2001740295248175158?s=46}}</ref> Advance bookings in France for the opening day began on 26 December; the first show sold out within minutes, followed by the remaining shows within 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://x.com/180entert/status/2004637370780713324?s=46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://x.com/180entert/status/2004637685001191533?s=46}}</ref> Within few days, the premiere bookings for the film in the USA crossed {{USD|350000}}.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jana Nayagan Vs the Raja Saab Vs Parasakthi: Advance Booking Race Gets Intense, Thalapathy Leads the Trend | date=31 December 2025 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/jana-nayagan-vs-the-raja-saab-vs-parasakthi-advance-booking-race-gets-intense-enn25123103548 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film's post-theatrical release rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for {{INRConvert|121|c}}, the highest for a Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூடுபிடித்த ஜன நாயகன் ப்ரீ-ரிலீஸ் பிசினஸ்; ரிலீசுக்கு முன்பே வசூல் வேட்டையாடும் தளபதி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/vijay-jana-nayagan-pre-release-business-breaks-records-full-details-gan-su4ogh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403073739/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/vijay-jana-nayagan-pre-release-business-breaks-records-full-details-gan-su4ogh |archive-date=3 April 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The streaming rights were sold for a record price in March 2025, despite the ongoing crashing in the [[Over-the-top media services in India|Indian streaming market]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jana Nayagan OTT rights sold: Vijay's farewell film sold for whopping price despite India's crashing streaming market |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jana-nayagan-ott-rights-sold-vijays-farewell-film-sold-for-fancy-price-despite-indias-crashing-streaming-market/0236d4a5e5548 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401170635/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jana-nayagan-ott-rights-sold-vijays-farewell-film-sold-for-fancy-price-despite-indias-crashing-streaming-market/0236d4a5e5548 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> The [[Hindi]]-dubbed version of the film will start streaming digitally only after its 8-week theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆராவமுதன் |first=ஸ்ரீராம் |date=1 April 2025 |title=Jana Nayagan: அடேங்கப்பா.. ஓடிடி-லயே இத்தனை கோடிகளா.? வசூல் வேட்டையை தொடங்கிய 'ஜன நாயகன்'... |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-movie-jana-nayagan-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-121-crore-220100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401170634/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-movie-jana-nayagan-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-121-crore-220100 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The satellite rights was purchased by [[Zee Tamil]] for {{INRConvert|64|c}}, which is highest satellite deal for a Tamil film.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2025 |title=This TV channel bags the satellite rights of Vijay's Jana Nayagan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/19/this-tv-channel-bags-the-satellite-rights-of-vijays-jana-nayagan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224035719/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/19/this-tv-channel-bags-the-satellite-rights-of-vijays-jana-nayagan |archive-date=24 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2025 |title=ஜனநாயகன் சாட்டிலைட் உரிமையை கைபற்றிய ஜீ தமிழ் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/134785/cinema/Kollywood/Zee-Tamil-acquires-Janyayan-satellite-rights.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221003201/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/134785/cinema/Kollywood/Zee-Tamil-acquires-Janyayan-satellite-rights.htm |archive-date=21 December 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 March 2026, Amazon Prime Video reportedly withdrew from the post-theatrical release of the film, citing delays related to certification by the CBFC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-12 |title=Vijay's Jana Nayagan faces fresh setback as Amazon Prime exits OTT deal: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-jana-nayagan-faces-fresh-setback-as-amazon-prime-exits-ott-deal-report-2881135-2026-03-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313172427/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-jana-nayagan-faces-fresh-setback-as-amazon-prime-exits-ott-deal-report-2881135-2026-03-12 |archive-date=March 13, 2026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Financial loss ==<br />
The unauthorized online leak of Jana Nayagan prior to its official release was reported to have significant financial implications for its producers and distributors. Tamil Nadu film distributor Tirupur Subramaniam estimated that the leak could result in losses ranging between ₹300 crore and ₹400 crore, citing the rapid escalation from partial footage leaks to the circulation of the full film online. The piracy incident was expected to adversely affect multiple revenue streams, including theatrical box office collections, as well as satellite and over-the-top (OTT) rights. Reports also indicated that a previously negotiated OTT deal, valued at over ₹120 crore, was withdrawn following the leak, further compounding the financial setback. Additionally, the leak weakened the producers’ bargaining power in distribution markets, with some stakeholders reassessing or withdrawing agreements due to concerns over reduced audience turnout and diminished commercial value. Overall, the incident was described as a major disruption to the film’s revenue prospects and a significant setback for the Tamil film industry.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
{{main article|2025 Karur crowd crush}}<br />
<br />
Following the Karur tragedy, allegations circulated on social media claiming that the gathering was linked to the filming of scenes for ''Jana Nayagan''. Leaders of TVK denied these claims, stating that the event was solely a political rally and dismissing the allegations as fabricated.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVK Chief Vijay Appears Before CBI For Questioning In Karur Stampede Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jana-nayagan-to-karur-stampede-vijay-caught-between-cbfc-delay-cbi-summon-10413355<br />
|work=NDTV |date=6 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The controversy coincided with delays in the film’s release, including certification issues with the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC). Vijay and his party alleged that both the investigation and the delays affecting ''Jana Nayagan'' were part of a broader political conspiracy, while political opponents rejected these claims and criticised his handling of the rally.<ref name="NDTVDouble">{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan To Karur Stampede: Vijay Caught Between CBFC Delay, CBI Summon |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jana-nayagan-to-karur-stampede-vijay-caught-between-cbfc-delay-cbi-summon-10413355<br />
|work=NDTV |date=6 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Production challenges ==<br />
<br />
In 2026, reports indicated that KVN Productions was facing broader challenges across multiple large-scale projects, including ''Jana Nayagan''. According to an industry insider cited by ETV Bharat, several of the company's films, such as ''[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]'' and ''[[KD: The Devil]]'', were encountering production and release-related hurdles.<ref name="ETVBharat">{{cite news |title=Insider reveals why KVN Productions' films Jana Nayagan, Toxic, KD: The Devil are facing trouble |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/insider-reveals-why-kvn-productions-films-jana-nayagan-toxic-kd-the-devil-are-facing-trouble-enn26041404054 |work=ETV Bharat |date=April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The report suggested that factors such as scheduling pressures, large-scale production demands, and external controversies affecting individual projects contributed to delays and uncertainty around releases.<ref name="ETVBharat" /><br />
<br />
These developments coincided with separate issues affecting ''Jana Nayagan'', including certification delays, legal proceedings, and a high-profile piracy leak, which further impacted the film's release timeline.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan leak row: Makers threaten legal action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-makers-threaten-legal-action-after-scenes-from-the-film-leak/articleshow/130172682.cms |work=The Times of India |date=April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madras HC prohibits circulation of Jana Nayagan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-prohibits-circulation-of-jana-nayagan/articleshow/130316657.cms |work=The Times of India |date=April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
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[[Category:Upcoming films]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._K._S._M._Meenatchisundaram&diff=539090T. K. S. M. Meenatchisundaram2026-05-07T07:34:57Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Added initial stub w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = T. K. S. M. Meenatchisundaram<br />
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T. R. Pattinam]]<br />
| predecessor = [[M. Nagathiyagarajan]]<br />
| term_start = 2026<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
}}<br />
'''T. K. S. M. Meenatchisundaram''' is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T. R. Pattinam]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TKSM MEENATCHISUNDARAM |url=https://pyinfo.in/candidates/tksm-meenatchisundaram/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Pondicherry Information Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tksm Meenatchisundaram, NERAVY-T.R.PATTINAM constituency, BJP, Puducherry Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Puducherry2026/tksm-meenatchisundaram-109/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Meenatchisundaram won the [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T. R. Pattinam]] seat in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He received 10,818 votes and defeated [[M. Nagathiyagarajan]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by a margin of 2,018 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tksm Meenatchisundaram (BJP) Candidate from NERAVY- T.R. PATTINAM Constituency, Tksm Meenatchisundaram Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/puducherry/candidate-tksm-meenatchisundaram-6605 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meenatchisundaram, T. K. S. M.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2026–2031]]<br />
<br />
{{India-politician-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilufer_Han%C4%B1msultan&diff=522035Nilufer Hanımsultan2026-05-05T22:29:16Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ottoman princess (1916–1989)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Nilüfer Hanımsultan<br />
| title = Her Highness Princess Nilüfer of Hyderabad, Princess of Ottoman Empire<ref>{{cite book|author=Time Inc|title=Life|date=1 March 1948|page=37|issn=0024-3019 }}</ref><br />
| image = The impossibly gorgeous Princess Niloufer (5613874828).jpg<br />
| birth_name = Nilüfer Hanımsultan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|01|04|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Göztepe Palace, [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (present day [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|06|12|1916|01|04|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Paris, France]]<br />
| spouse = {{plainlist|<br />
*{{marriage|[[Moazzam Jah]]|20 December 1931|1952|end=divorced}}<br />
*{{marriage|Edward Julius Pope Jr.|1963|1989}}}}<br />
| burial_place = [[Bobigny cemetery]], [[France]]<br />
| issue = <br />
| full name = Princess Nilüfer Khanum Sultan Farhat Begum Sahiba<br />
| house = <br />
| father = Moralizade Selaheddin Ali Bey<br />
| mother = [[Adile Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Selaheddin)|Adile Sultan]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nilüfer Hanımsultan'''; ({{langx|ota|نیلوفر خانم سلطان}}, married: '''Princess Niloufer Khanum Sultan Farhat Begum Sahiba'''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Studio|year=1948|publisher=Offices of the Studio|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Child Welfare Review|year=1950|publisher=The Union|page=139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hyderabad (Princely State). Reforms Committee|title=Report, 1938, 1347 F.|year=1938|publisher=Government Central Press|page=89}}</ref> {{langx|ur|نیلوفر فرحت بیگم صاحبہ}}; 4 January 1916 – 12 June 1989),<ref name="adra">{{cite book|first=Jamil|last=Adra|title=Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005/page/n24 20]}}</ref> nicknamed ''[[Koh-i-Noor|Kohinoor]] of Hyderabad'',<ref name="Seshan 2017">{{cite web | last=Seshan | first=K S S | title=Prince Moazzam Jah and his nocturnal court | website=The Hindu | date=2017-12-25 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/prince-moazzam-jah-and-his-nocturnal-court/article22274568.ece | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] princess by birth and an Indian princess by marriage. She was the first wife of [[Moazzam Jah]], the second son of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in India.<ref name="Princess">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Love-loss-and-longing-The-journey-of-a-Princess/articleshow/50468726.cms|title=Love, loss and longing: The journey of a Princess &#124; Hyderabad News|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Nilüfer Hanımsultan was born on 4 January 1916 at the Göztepe Palace in [[Istanbul]], at a time when her mother's family was ruling the Ottoman Empire. Her father was Damad Moralızade Selaheddin Ali Bey, son of Moralızade Mehmed Ali Bey and Zehra Aliye Hanım. Her mother was [[Adile Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Selaheddin)|Adile Sultan]], a daughter of [[Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin]] and Tevhide Zatıgül Hanım, and a granddaughter of Sultan [[Murad V]].<ref name="adra"/><br />
<br />
In December 1918, aged two, she lost her father.<ref name="adra"/> At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, she and her mother settled in France, taking up residence in the Mediterranean city of [[Nice]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Vâsıb | first1=A. | last2=Osmanoğlu | first2=Osman Selaheddin | title=Bir şehzadenin hâtırâtı: vatan ve menfâda gördüklerim ve işittiklerim | publisher=YKY | series=Yapı Kredi Yayınları | year=2004 | isbn=978-975-08-0878-4 | page=95}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Marriage==<br />
In 1931, Caliph [[Abdulmejid II]] arranged marriage of his only daughter, [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]] to [[Azam Jah]], elder son and heir to [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Mir Osman Ali Khan, Nizam of Hyderabad]], and [[Mahpeyker Hanımsultan]], daughter of [[Naciye Sultan]] and [[Enver Pasha]] to [[Moazzam Jah]], second son of the Nizam.{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=125}} According to some sources, the Nizam was trying hard to obtain the hand of her cousin, Dürrüşehvar, for his eldest son. Unhappy with the high ''[[mahr]]'' demanded by her family, he finally settled for a second Ottoman bride to be included in the deal.<ref name="Khan 2019">{{cite web | last=Khan | first=Elisabeth | title=Ottoman Princesses in India (2). Part two: Princess Niloufer, the first… | website=Medium | date=2019-12-23 | url=https://medium.com/@khan.elisabeth/ottoman-princesses-in-india-2-b52b6de97a9c | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> However, Şehzade [[Osman Fuad]] and his wife the Egyptian princess Kerime Hanım wanted the Nizam's younger son to marry Niloufer, whom they had prepared to marry someone rich. They dressed her up, made her look pretty, and introduced her to Muazzam Jah. Niloufer, who was then a ravishing beauty, was so attractive that Mahpeyker could not compare. When Muazzam Jah saw her he completely forgot about Mahpeyker, and insisted on marrying Niloufer. For arranging the wedding, Osman Füad received £25,000 annually, until Niloufer's divorce in 1952.{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=125}}<br />
<br />
A day before the wedding, the princes arrived in Nice from London by express train,{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=124}} and stayed at the [[Hotel Negresco]].{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=125}} On 12 November 1931, aged fifteen, Niloufer married [[Moazzam Jah]], at Villa Carabacel in Nice. The Nizam's elder son was married to Niloufer's cousin, Dürrüşehvar.{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=123}} The marriage was performed by Damad Mehmed Şerif Pasha, husband of Abdulmejid's half-sister [[Emine Sultan (daughter of Abdulaziz)|Emine Sultan]].{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=126}} The local newspapers were full of photographs of the Indian princes when they arrived for the weddings, with headlines like ''A Thousand and One Nights'' and ''A Muslim Wedding''.{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=123}} After the wedding the bridal pair returned to the hotel where they had stayed.{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=126}} After the religious ceremony, the newly weds went to the British consulate to complete their civil marriage, and validate their prenuptial agreement, according to which, in the event of divorce or death of the husband, Niloufer would receive 75,000 dollars in compensation.{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|pp=126–127}}<br />
<br />
Following the festivities in Nice, the princesses and their husbands set sail from Venice on 12 December 1931<ref name="Seshan 2018">{{cite web | last=Seshan | first=K S S | title=The progressive princess of Hyderabad | website=The Hindu | date=2018-10-30 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/princess-durru-shehvar-progressive-princess-of-hyderabad/article25368539.ece | access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref> to the court of Niloufer's father-in-law in [[Hyderabad Deccan|Hyderabad, India]].{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=126}} They boarded the ocean liner ''Pilsna''. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] had boarded the ship after attending the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931, and was travelling back to India. It is reported that he met with the princesses.<ref>{{cite web | last=Garari | first=Kaniza | title=Did Mahatma Gandhi meet Princess Niloufer on ship? Panel looks for clues | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2019-09-30 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/300919/did-mahatma-gandhi-meet-princess-niloufer-on-ship-panel-looks-for-clu.html | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Garari | first=Kaniza | title=Hyderabad: Mahatma Gandhi did meet Niloufer, Durrushehvar on ship | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2019-10-01 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/011019/hyderabad-mahatma-gandhi-did-meet-niloufer-durrushehvar-on-ship.html | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Acharya | first=Arvind | title=Revealed: Mahatma Gandhi had big impact on Princess Niloufer | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2016-01-17 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/170116/revealed-mahatma-gandhi-had-big-impact-on-princess-niloufer.html | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> On the way, they were taught how to wear sarees, and the expected etiquette in the presence of the Nizam. After their landing in Bombay, they boarded the private train of the Nizam.<ref name="The Siasat Daily - Archive 2017">{{cite web | title=A short biography of Princess Niloufer – The Siasat Daily | website=The Siasat Daily – Archive | date=2017-01-03 | url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/princess-niloufer-hyderabad-1100759/ | access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref> Niloufer's and Dürrüşehvar's mothers also accompanied them. There was also a midwife, a French lady, to help with their future pregnancies. When the princesses arrived in Hyderabad, they were given a lavish welcome.<ref name="The Siasat Daily 2020">{{cite web | title=The history of Niloufer Hospital | website=The Siasat Daily | date=2020-06-20 | url=https://www.siasat.com/history-niloufer-hospital-1912510/ | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> A banquet was held at the [[Chowmahalla Palace]] on 4 January 1932.<ref name="ali 2019">{{cite web | last=Khan | first=Ali | title=Social landscape of Hyderabad changed by the entry of Princesses | website=The Siasat Daily | date=2019-10-09 | url=https://www.siasat.com/social-landscape-hyderabad-changed-entry-princesses-1644516/ | access-date=2021-02-20}}</ref> They then settled down in their respective homes. Niloufer and Mouzzam Jah settled in the Hill Fort building on Naubhat Pahad.<ref name="The Siasat Daily 2020"/> Moazzam Jah doted on Niloufer, getting her painted and photographed.<ref name="Nanisetti 2016">{{cite web | last=Nanisetti | first=Serish | title=The saga of Princess Niloufer | website=The Hindu | date=2016-01-04 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/The-saga-of-Princess-Niloufer/article13982643.ece | access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref><ref name="The Siasat Daily - Archive 2017"/><br />
<br />
==Public figure and charities==<br />
While Niloufer's private life seemed empty due to lack of children, she compensated by making her public life very glittering. She was part of the elite women's club at the time, [[Lady Hydari Club]]. Unlike other ladies in her family (this is true of both her natal family in Turkey and her marital family in India) who felt that their dignity and "honour" lay in not making "public spectacles" of themselves, Niloufer preferred to move about the city quite freely, leaving the ''[[zenana]]'' of the palace frequently to attend public engagements, cocktail parties and late-night revels. She attended many functions and also inaugurated several events. As no other lady of the Hyderabad royal family had ever moved about unveiled or attended cocktail parties or even official public events, Niloufer came to be regarded as a torch-bearer for women's advancement. Her beauty and active public life received mention in the press, and she was featured on the cover pages of magazines. She was judged as one of the 10 most beautiful women in the world. She was nicknamed the ''Koh-ih-noor of Hayraba'' (the diamond of Hayrabad, by famous [[Koh-i-Noor|Koh-ih-noor]]).<ref name="beauty2">{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/niloufer-beguiling-princess-hyderabad|title=Niloufer, the beguiling princess of Hyderabad|first=J. S.|last=Ifthekhar|newspaper=[[Telangana Today]]|date=11 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Niloufer and Dürrüşehvar brought much modernity to the Nizam's household. Well educated, sophisticated and westernised, they encouraged women in Hyderabad to come out of their veils and seclusion. The proud Nizam used to accompany them to public events. Niloufer was the only person who addressed the Nizam as 'Papa', while his own daughters also addressed him only as 'Sarkar'. Niloufer for a long time was the President of the Hyderabad Chapter of [[Indian Women Conference]] (IWC) a national body founded by [[Margaret Cousins|Margaret E. Cousins]]. Padmaja Naidu, daughter of Sarojini Naidu was a great friend of Niloufer in Hyderabad.<ref name="Seshan 2017"/> During the Second World War, she obtained training as a nurse, and helped in relief efforts.<ref name="The Siasat Daily - Archive 2017"/><br />
<br />
===Niloufer Hospital===<br />
In 1949, one of the princess' maids, named Rafatunnisa Begum, died during childbirth due to lack of medical facilities. On hearing the news of death of her beloved maid, the princess was very shattered.<ref name="Princess"/><ref name="Hospital">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040118/niloufer-pioneered-maternity-child-care.html|title=Niloufer pioneered maternity, child care|first=Asif Yar|last=Khan|date=4 January 2018|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> She then decided to ensure that no mother faces death hereafter. Niloufer made known to her father-in-law the problems arising due to this lack of medical facilities. As a result, a specialty hospital for women and children was built in the [[Red Hills, Hyderabad|Red Hills]] area of the city. Indeed, the hospital was named ''[[Niloufer Hospital]]'' in her honour and she was named its patron, a position she retained as long as she lived in Hyderabad. Even today, the hospital remains a well-known one and is a prominent landmark of the [[Red Hills, Hyderabad|Red Hills]] neighbourhood.<ref name="Princess"/><ref name="Hospital"/> Her step-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza helps patients and families coming to the hospital by providing food and financial assistance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himayat Ali Mirza raises voice against negligence, illegal encroachments towards Nizam's properties|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=875626|access-date=2021-10-02|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Later years==<br />
Several years passed, and Niloufer could not conceive, while her cousin had two sons. She consulted various doctors in Europe and was planning to go to America for a medical visit.<ref name="Nanisetti 2016"/><ref name="The Siasat Daily - Archive 2017"/> In 1948, seventeen years after his marriage to Niloufer, her husband [[Moazzam Jah]] took a second wife, Razia Begum,<ref>{{cite web | title=Princess Niloufer's 103rd birth anniversary on Friday | website=Telangana Today | date=1916-01-04 | url=https://telanganatoday.com/princess-niloufers-103rd-birth-anniversary-on-friday | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> who soon gave birth to their first child, a daughter. Niloufer went to stay with her mother in France. They divorced, four years later in 1952.<br />
<br />
In 1954, Niloufer received a call from Dürrüşehvar requesting help for the burial of her father. She had made several efforts to have her father's body buried in Istanbul, but could not obtain the permission of the Turkish government. He had wanted to be buried in either Turkey or Hyderabad. Niloufer called one of her friends, [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]], a former official in the Nizam's Government, who was at that time the Governor-General of [[Pakistan]]. He called [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], the then King of Saudi Arabia to relay the request. The King agreed to grant the request, and he was finally buried in Saudi Arabia in the [[Al-Baqi']].<ref>{{cite web | last=Moin | first=Ather | title=Hyderabad: Niloufer helped in Caliph's burial in Madina | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2019-01-04 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040119/hyderabad-niloufer-helped-in-caliphs-burial-in-madina.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104032746/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040119/hyderabad-niloufer-helped-in-caliphs-burial-in-madina.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 January 2019 | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 February 1963, Niloufer married Edward Julius Pope Jr. in Paris.<ref name="Khan 2019"/> He was the son of Edward Julius Pope and Mary Allaway Pope, and was three years her junior. He was a diplomat, business executive,<ref name="Bonhams">{{cite web | title=Bonhams: an antique diamond and gold brooch | website=Bonhams | url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22244/lot/3/?category=list | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> screenwriter, and film producer.<ref name="Khan 2019"/> She had preserved all of her papers, documents and photographs, and using these, Edward planned to make a film about her.<ref name="Dhiman 2016">{{cite web | last=Dhiman | first=Anisha | title=Unravelling the royal mystery | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2016-01-04 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160103/lifestyle-booksart/article/unravelling-royal-mystery | access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death and legacy==<br />
She died in Paris on 12 June 1989,<ref name="adra"/> and was buried in [[Bobigny cemetery]] in France.<ref name="Khan 2019"/> Edward then left Paris and returned to Washington. There, he married his childhood classmate Evelyn Maddox Pope in 1990. Edward died in 1995, six years after this marriage.<ref name="Dhiman 2016"/><br />
<br />
Upon Niloufer's death, her legacy, including her notable collection of saris, was generously shared by the Pope family. Evelyn, second wife to Edward Pope, continued to honor Princess Niloufer's legacy through donations and museum exhibitions from her collections.<ref name="Bonhams" /><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
*[[File:Order of the Eagle of Georgia - Collar.png|50px]] Dame Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Eagle of Georgia]] (Royal House of Georgia).<ref>[https://studylib.es/doc/5791164/elenco-de-caballeros-y-damas-de-la-orden-del-%C3%A1guila-de-ge... Studylib]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Amina Hydari]]<br />
<br />
==Ancestry==<br />
{{ahnentafel<br />
| collapsed=yes |align=center<br />
| boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;<br />
| boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;<br />
| boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;<br />
| boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;<br />
| 1 = 1. '''Princess Niloufer'''<br />
| 2 = 2. Moralızade Mehmed Selaheddin Bey<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012">{{cite web | title=Makber'den Çankaya'ya | website=takvim.com.tr | date=2012-10-19 | url=https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2012/10/19/makberden-cankayaya | language=tr | access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref><br />
| 3 = 3. Adile Sultan<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012"/><br />
| 4 = 4. Moralızade Mehmed Ali Bey<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012"/><br />
| 5 = 5. Aliye Hanım<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012"/><br />
| 6 = 6. [[Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin]]<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012"/><br />
| 7 = 7. Tevhide Zatıgül Hanım<ref>{{cite web | last1=Reşad | first1=Ekrem | last2= Osman | first2= Ferid | title=Musavver nevsâl-i Osmanî | website=Marmara University | url=http://hdl.handle.net/11424/48517 | date = 1911| hdl=11424/48517 | page = 66}}</ref><br />
| 8 = 8. Moralı Ibrahim Halil Pasha<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012"/><br />
| 9 = 9. Zehra Hanım<ref>{{cite book|author=Mehmet Nermi Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar|year=2001|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|isbn=978-975-97606-2-5|page=689}}</ref><br />
| 10 =10. Moralızade Ahmed Celaleddin Pasha<ref name="takvim.com.tr 2012"/><br />
| 11 =<br />
| 12 = 12. [[Murad V]]<ref name="abc">{{cite book|first=Jamil|last=Adra|title=Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005/page/n24 19]}}</ref><br />
| 13 = 13. [[Reftarıdil Kadın]]<ref name="abc"/><br />
| 14 = 14. Ibrahim Bey<ref name="edhem">{{cite book|first=Edhem|last=Eldem|title=The harem seen by Prince Salahaddin Efendi (1861-1915). Searching for women in male-authored documentation|year=2018|pages=22–23}}</ref><br />
| 15 = 15. Hanım<ref name="edhem"/><br />
| 16 = <br />
| 17 = <br />
| 18 = <br />
| 19 = <br />
| 20= <br />
| 21=<br />
| 22= <br />
| 23= <br />
| 24 = <br />
| 25 = <br />
| 28 = <br />
| 29 = <br />
| 30 = <br />
| 31 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|first=Murat|last=Bardakçı|title=Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-9-774-16837-6}}<br />
<br />
{{Daughters of the Ottoman Sultans}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nilufer, Princess}}<br />
[[Category:1916 births]]<br />
[[Category:1989 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]<br />
[[Category:Indian princesses]]<br />
[[Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to France]]<br />
[[Category:Hyderabadi Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Women from Hyderabad State]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women activists]]<br />
[[Category:Social workers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Ottoman princesses]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagwant_Roy&diff=490696Bhagwant Roy2026-04-24T23:15:37Z<p>TobyRamer579490: New A Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bhagwant Roy<br />
| office = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<br />
| image =<br />
| constituency = [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]<br />
| legislature = [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<br />
| birth_date = 15 January 1917<br />
| death_date = 29 July 1978 (aged 61)<br />
| term_start = 9 December 1946<br />
| term_end = 25 January 1950 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhagwant Roy''' was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituent Assembly Members |url=http://loksabha.nic.in/constituent/Constituent.aspx |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyUNAQAAIAAJ&q=Kaka+Bhagwant+Roy+member+parliament |title=Parliament of India Who's who |date=1950 |publisher=Government of India Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who 1950 Parliament of India |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |website=Parliament Digital Library}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He was born on 15 January 1917<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Founding fathers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000122/windows/main1.htm |access-date=2024-08-18 |newspaper=The Tribune|location=India|first=G. S.|last=Aujla|date=22 January 2000}}</ref> and died on 29 July 1978, at the age of 61.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGjVAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaka+Bhagwant+Roy+member+parliament |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1978 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref> He has suffered [[imprisonment]] for taking part in Congress Satyagrah Movement in 1942.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1917 births]]<br />
[[Category:1978 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]<br />
<br />
{{PunjabIN-politician-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gogol_(character)&diff=500718Gogol (character)2026-04-24T16:42:40Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Made some stub and citations</p>
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<div>{{Infobox character<br />
| name = Gogol<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| first = ''Indurer Khut khut''<br />
| last = ''Telephone Aaripatar Bipad''<br />
| creator = [[Samresh Basu]]<br />
| portrayer = Ahijit Ghosh<br />
| voice = <br />
| lbl1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| lbl2 = <br />
| data2 = <br />
| lbl3 = <br />
| data3 = <br />
| full_name = Uday Kumar Chatterjee<br />
| nickname = Gogol<br />
| species = <br />
| gender = Male<br />
| occupation = <br />
| title = <br />
| family = Mother, Father<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| religion = Hindu<br />
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| lbl21 = Residence<br />
| data21 = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| lbl22 = <br />
| data22 = <br />
| lbl23 = <br />
| data23 = <br />
| extra-hdr = <br />
| lbl31 = <br />
| data31 = <br />
| lbl32 = <br />
| data32 = <br />
| lbl33 = <br />
| data33 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Gogol''' is a teenage [[Fictional detectives|fictional detective]] character created by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Samaresh Basu]] especially for children. Few Gogol's stories were adapted into films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/824470/go-goyenda-a-guide-to-the-bengali-detectives-who-made-it-to-the-screen-and-the-ones-who-need-to|title=Go goyenda! A guide to the Bengali detectives who made it to the screen and the ones who need to|last=Jash Sen|date=December 18, 2016|website=thereel.scroll.in|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Character ==<br />
As per the writer Samaresh Basu, Gogol's father Samiresh Chatterjee, was a fan of Russian writer [[Nikolai Gogol]] and hence, named his only child as Gogol Chatterjee. Gogol's real name is Uday Kumar Chatterjee.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gogol Samagra (Bengali)|last=Part 1|first=Samaresh Basu|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2018|isbn=978-93-5040-704-2|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Basu crafted Gogol as an intelligent boy, obedient to his parents but extremely curious about anything happening around him. He often finds himself entangled in a web of mystery. His curiosity drives him to solve mysteries, some of which are life-threatening.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Multiple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96mIEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81&pg=PT472 |title=শজারু পুরাণ পূজাবার্ষিকী ১৪২৯ Sajaroo Puran WEBZINE Bengali Durga Puja festival issue 1429: Sajaroo puran PDF: বিভূতিভূষণ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, প্রমদারঞ্জন রায়, সত্যভূষণ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, প্রভাতকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়, সরলাবালা দাসী, মনোরঞ্জন ভট্টাচার্য, শিবরাম চক্রবর্তী, দক্ষিণারঞ্জন মিত্র মজুমদার, দীনেন্দ্রকুমার রায়. যোগীন্দ্রনাথ সরকার |publisher=Sajaroo |language=bn}}</ref> This [[Fictional detectives|fictional detective]] character is still very popular for children. In some cases, a private investigator from [[Naihati]], Mr. Ashok Thakur, helps and saves Gogol from the criminals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gogol Omnibus (Bengali)|last=Samaresh Basu|publisher=Jagaddhatri Publishers|year=1987|location=Kolkata|pages=[4]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Stories ==<br />
Bose writes lot of short stories and novels based on Gogol's adventures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Samaresh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.454208/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Gogol Amnibas}}</ref> Most of the Gogol series were published in Bengali child magazines like [[Anandamela]], Shuktara etc.<br />
*''Idurer Khut Khut''<br />
* ''Aayna Niye Khelte Khelte''<br />
* ''Adrishya Manusher Haatchani''<br />
* ''Buno Hati'r Bandhuttwo''<br />
* ''Bhul Barite Dhuke''<br />
* ''Bondho Ghorer Awaj''<br />
* ''Chora Hati Shikari''<br />
* ''Durger Garhkhai Er Durghatono''<br />
* ''Garadheen Jaanalay Rakkhos''<br />
* ''Gogol Kothay?''<br />
* ''Gogoler Keramati''<br />
* Gogoler Royraja Uddhar<br />
* ''Harano Buddhagupti''<br />
* ''Jonaki Bhuter Bari''<br />
* ''Kairong Moth Er Gogoler Kando''<br />
* ''Mahishmardini Uddhar''<br />
* ''Pashchimer Balcony Theke''<br />
* ''Rajdhani Expresser Hatya Rahasya''<br />
* ''Ratna Rahasya O Gogol''<br />
* ''Sonali Parer Rahashya''<br />
* ''Sei Garir Khonje''<br />
* ''Shimulgarer Khune Bhut''<br />
* ''Telephone Aaripatar Bipad''<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Films ==<br />
* In 2013, a Bengali movie, [[Goyenda Gogol]], was made based on the story ''Sonali Parer Rahashya''. This movie was directed by Arindam Dey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/popular-bengali-child-sleuth-gogol-on-screen-113052400411_1.html|title=Popular Bengali child-sleuth Gogol on screen|last=PTI|date=May 24, 2013|website=business-standard.com|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=GOENDA GOGOL Bangla Movie Review|website=washingtonbanglaradio.com}}</ref><br />
* In 2014, another film, ''[[Gogoler Kirti]]'' was released. It was directed by Pompy Ghosh Mukherjee based on the story ''Gogoler Royraja Uddhar'' and ''Mahishmardini Uddhar.'' In both the movies, the character of Gogol was played by child actor Ahijit Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/gogoler-kirti-bengali-an-incomplete-story/|title=Gogoler Kirti (Bengali) / An incomplete story|date=September 26, 2014|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Bengali detective characters}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Indian detectives]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]<br />
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]<br />
[[Category:Works by Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Hindus]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sambhaji_Shiwaji_Shinde&diff=532278Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde2026-04-23T06:01:51Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Added the info needs work</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde<br />
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]<br />
| term_start = 21 June 2022<br />
| term_end = 1 August 2022<br />
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]<br />
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]<br />
| term_start1 = 11 March 2008<br />
| term_end1 = 20 June 2022<br />
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]<br />
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1960|8|2|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place =<br />
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]<br>[[Warwick University]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde''' (born 2 August 1960) is a retired Indian judge who served as a judge of [[Bombay High Court]] and then as [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transfer Certificate |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2022/06/2022061945.pdf |website=THE GAZETTE OF INDIA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=Governor Administers Oath To Justice Shinde Sambhaji Shiwaji As Rajasthan HC CJ |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/governor-administers-oath-to-justice-shinde-sambhaji-shiwaji-as-rajasthan-hc-cj-news-203696 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Acting Chief Justice Of Rajasthan HC Appointed |url=http://bwlegalworld.businessworld.in/article/Acting-Chief-Justice-Of-Rajasthan-HC-Appointed-/30-07-2022-439592 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Business World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=जस्टिस सम्भाजी शिवाजी शिंदे: 42 दिन रहेंगे राजस्थान हाईकोर्ट के चीफ जस्टिस, सबसे कम दिनों का होगा कार्यकाल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-justice-sambhaji-shivaji-shinde-to-be-take-oath-as-chief-justice-of-high-court-today-check-complete-biography-rjsr-4334002.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He was born on 2 August 1960. He completed [[L.L.B.]] from [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] and [[L.L.M.]] from [[Warwick University]], [[United Kingdom]]. On 9 April 1987 he was enrolled as an Advocate and started practice in the year 1989. He was elevated as an Additional [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]] on 11 March 2008 and made Permanent [[Judge]] on 13 March 2010. He was elevated as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]] on 21 June 2022. He was retired on 1 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=cGFnZW5vPTIz}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
{{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&diff=470885Atharvaveda2026-03-28T04:41:24Z<p>TobyRamer579490: updated content for consistency</p>
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<div>{{short description|Fourth Veda, ancient scriptures of Hinduism}}<br />
{{About|the knowledge storehouse|other uses|Atharva (disambiguation){{!}}Atharva}}<br />
{{Infobox religious text<br />
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]<br />[[Hinduism]]<br />
| image = Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration.png<br />
| alt = Four Vedas<br />
| language = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]<br />
| caption = Atharva-Veda Saṁhitā Manuscript<br />
| period = [[Vedic period]] ({{circa}} 1200–900 BCE){{sfnm|Flood|1996|1p=37|Witzel|2001|pp=5–6}}<br />
| chapters = 20 ''[[Chapter (books)|kāṇḍas]]''<br />
| sutras = <br />
| verses = 5,977 mantras<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true |title=Construction of the Vedas |website=VedicGranth.Org |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717035126/https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|background=#FFC569}}<br />
{{Hindu scriptures}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Italic title}}The '''''Atharvaveda''''' or '''''Atharva Veda''''' ({{langx|sa|[[wikt:अथर्ववेद|अथर्ववेद]]}}, {{IAST3|Atharvaveda}}, from ''[[wikt:अथर्वन्|अथर्वन्]]'', "priest" and ''[[wikt:वेद|वेद]]'', "knowledge") is the "knowledge storehouse of ''[[wikt:अथर्वन्|atharvan]]s'', the procedures for everyday life".<ref name=lauriepatton38>Laurie Patton (2004), "Veda and Upanishad," in ''The Hindu World'' (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415215277}}, page 38</ref> The text is the fourth [[Veda]], and is a late addition to the Vedic scriptures of [[Hinduism]].<ref>Carl Olson (2007), ''The Many Colors of Hinduism,'' Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pages 13–14</ref><ref name=lauriepatton57late>Laurie Patton (1994), ''Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation,'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791419380}}, page 57</ref><ref name="maurice1" /><br />
<br />
The language of the Atharvaveda is different from [[Rigvedic]] [[Sanskrit]], preserving pre-Vedic Indo-European [[archaisms]].{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=131}}<ref name=maurice1/> It is a collection of 730 [[Music of India#History|hymns]] with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books.<ref name=maurice1>Maurice Bloomfield, [https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Atharvaveda''], Harvard University Press, pages 1-2</ref> About a sixth of the Atharvaveda texts adapt verses from the [[Rigveda]], and except for Books 15 and 16, the text is mainly in verse deploying a diversity of Vedic meters.<ref name=maurice1/> Two different recensions of the text – the {{IAST|Paippalāda}} and the {{IAST|Śaunakīya}} – have survived into modern times.<ref name=fritsstaal136>Frits Staal (2009), ''Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, pages 136-137</ref> Reliable [[manuscripts]] of the Paippalada edition were believed to have been lost, but a well-preserved version was discovered among a collection of palm leaf manuscripts in [[Odisha]] in 1957.<ref name=fritsstaal136/><br />
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The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of [[magical formula]]s",<ref name=lauriepatton38/> a description considered incorrect by other scholars.<ref name=jangonda277>[[Jan Gonda]] (1975), ''Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,'' Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas".</ref> In contrast to the 'hieratic religion' of the other three Vedas, the Atharvaveda is said to represent a 'popular religion', incorporating not only formulas for [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]], but also the daily rituals for initiation into learning (''upanayana''), marriage and funerals. Royal rituals and the duties of the court priests are also included in the Atharvaveda.<ref name=Parpola>{{citation |last=Parpola |first=Asko |author-link=Asko Parpola |chapter=The Atharvaveda and the Vrātyas |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eykCQAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-022692-3 |at=Chapter 12}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Atharvaveda was likely compiled as a Veda contemporaneously with [[Samaveda]] and [[Yajurveda]], or about 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE.{{sfn|Witzel|2001|pp=5–6}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Legacy of Caraka|author=M. S. Valiathan|page=22|publisher=Orient Blackswan}}</ref> Along with the Samhita layer of text, the Atharvaveda includes a [[Brahmana]] text, and a final layer of the text that covers philosophical speculations. The latter layer of Atharvaveda text includes three primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]. These include the [[Mundaka Upanishad]], the [[Mandukya Upanishad]] and the [[Prashna Upanishad]].<ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,'' Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 605–609</ref><ref>Max Muller, ''The Upanishads, Part 2,'' "Prasna Upanishad," Oxford University Press, pages xlii–xliii</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and nomenclature==<br />
The Veda may be named, states [[Monier Williams]], after the mythical priest named ''Atharvan'' who was first to develop prayers to fire, offer Soma, and who composed "formulas and spells intended to counteract diseases and calamities".<ref name=mmwatharvan>Monier Monier Williams, ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, Entry for Atharvan, page 17</ref> The name Atharvaveda, states Laurie Patton, is for the text being "Veda of the Atharvāṇas".<ref name=lauriepatton38/><br />
<br />
The oldest name of the text, according to its own verse 10.7.20, was ''Atharvangirasah'', a compound of "[[Atharvan]]" and "[[Angiras]]", both Vedic scholars.<ref name=maurice7/> Each scholar called the text after itself, such as ''Saunakiya Samhita'', meaning the "compiled text of Saunakiya".<ref name=maurice7/> The "Atharvan" and "Angiras" names, states Maurice Bloomfield,<ref name=maurice7/> imply different things, with the former considered auspicious while the latter implying hostile sorcery practices. Over time, the positive auspicious side came to be celebrated and the name Atharva Veda became widespread.<ref name=maurice7>Maurice Bloomfield, [https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up ''The Atharvaveda''], Harvard University Press, pages 7–10</ref> The latter name Angiras which is linked to [[Agni]] and priests in the Vedas, states George Brown, may also be related to [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] ''Angirôs'' found in an [[Aramaic]] text from Nippur.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Note on Angarôs, in Montgomery's 'Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur' |jstor = 593717|journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|date = 1921-01-01|pages = 159–160|volume = 41|doi = 10.2307/593717|first = George William|last = Brown}}; For the text Brown refers to, see: {{Google books|qg0TAAAAYAAJ|Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, By James Alan Montgomery|page=PA196}}, pages 196, 195–200</ref><br />
<br />
[[Michael Witzel]] states the etymology of ''Atharvan'' is Proto Indo-Iranian ''*atharwan'' "[ancient] priest, sorcerer", and it is cognate to Avestan ''āθrauuan'' "priest" and possibly related to [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] ''*athr'', "superior force".<ref>Michael Witzel (2003), [http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp129_prehistoric_central_asia_linguistics.pdf "Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia"] Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 129, page 38</ref><br />
<br />
The Atharvaveda is also occasionally referred to as ''Bhrgvangirasah'' and ''Brahmaveda'', after [[Bhrigu]] and [[Brahma]], respectively.<ref name=maurice7/><br />
<br />
==Dating and historical context==<br />
The Atharvaveda is dated by Flood at ca. 900 BCE,{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}} while Michael Witzel gives a dating at, or slightly after, c. 1200/1000 BCE.{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=6}}<br />
<br />
The ancient Indian tradition initially recognized only three Vedas.<ref name=fritsstaal136/><ref name=carlolson13>Carl Olson (2007), ''The Many Colors of Hinduism,'' Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, page 13</ref> The Rigveda, the verse 3.12.9.1 of Taittiriya Brahmana, the verse 5.32-33 of Aitareya Brahmana and other Vedic era texts mention only three Vedas.<ref name=lauriepatton57late/> The acceptance of the Atharvanas hymns and traditional folk practices was slow, and it was accepted as another Veda much later than the first three, by both orthodox and heterodox traditions of Indian philosophies. The early Buddhist [[Nikaya]] texts, for example, do not recognize Atharvaveda as the fourth Veda, and make references to only three Vedas.<ref>[[Frits Staal]] (2009), ''Discovering the Vedas: Origin, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, page 135</ref><ref>Alex Wayman (1997), ''Untying the Knots in Buddhism,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813212}}, pages 52-53</ref> Olson states that the ultimate acceptance of Atharvaveda as the fourth Veda probably came in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=carlolson13/> However, notes [[Max Muller]], the hymns of Atharvaveda existed by the time [[Chandogya Upanishad]] was completed (~700 BCE), but were then referred to as "hymns of Atharvangirasah".<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/38/mode/2up "Chandogya Upanishad" 3.4.1] Oxford University Press, page 39</ref><br />
<br />
[[Frits Staal]] states that the text may be a compilation of poetry and knowledge that developed in two different regions of ancient India, the Kuru region in northern India and the Pancalas region of eastern India.<ref name=fritsstaal136/> The former was home to Paippalāda, whose name was derived from the sacred fig tree named ''Pippala'' (Sanskrit: पिप्पल). This school's compositions were in the Rigvedic style.<ref name=fritsstaal136/> The Pancalas region contributions came from composer-priests Angirasas and Bhargavas, whose style was unlike the metric Rigvedic composition, and their content included forms of medical sorcery. The Atharvaveda editions now known are a combination of their compositions.<ref name=fritsstaal136/><br />
<br />
The core text of the Atharvaveda falls within the classical Mantra period of [[Vedic Sanskrit]], during the 2nd millennium BC - younger than the [[Rigveda]], and roughly contemporary with the [[Yajurveda]] mantras, the Rigvedic [[Khilani]], and the [[Samaveda|{{IAST|Sāmaveda}}]].<ref name="Harvard_U">{{cite web|author=[[Michael Witzel]] (1997).|title=The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu. Harvard University, Harvard Oriental Series.|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> There is no absolute dating of any Vedic text including the Atharvaveda.<ref name=michaelwitzel68/> The dating for Atharvaveda is derived from the new metals and items mentioned therein; it, for example, mentions [[iron]] (as {{IAST|krsna ayas}}, literally "black metal"), and such mentions have led Michael Witzel to the estimate that the Atharvaveda hymns were compiled in the early Indian [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]], at, or slightly after, c. 1200/1000 BCE.<ref name=michaelwitzel68>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631215352}}, page 68</ref>{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=6}} corresponding to the early [[Kuru kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Sanskritization.Origins and Development of the Kuru State. |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |author=Michael Witzel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}</ref><br />
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The priests who practised the Atharvaveda were considered to be the lowest tier of [[Brahmin]]s, in comparison to the priests who practised the Rigveda, Samaveda, or Yajurveda [considered by whom?].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} A stigma held by some against Atharvaveda priests is documented in [[Odisha]] well into the modern day.<ref name="Harvard_U" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gonda|first=Jan|title=A History of Indian Literature: I.1 Vedic literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas)|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|year=1975|pages=268}}</ref><br />
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==Text==<br />
The Atharvaveda is a collection of 20 books, with a total of 730 hymns of about 6,000 stanzas.<ref name=maurice1/> The text is, state Patrick Olivelle and other scholars, a historical collection of beliefs and rituals addressing practical issues of daily life of the Vedic society, and it is not a liturgical Yajurveda-style collection.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''Early Upanishads,'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195352429}}, page 8 footnote 11</ref><ref name=williamwhitney254>William Whitney, [https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up "History of the Vedic texts"], ''Journal of the American Oriental Society,'' Vol. 4, pages 254-255</ref><br />
<br />
===Recensions===<br />
The ''{{IAST|Caraṇavyuha}}'', a later era Sanskrit text, states that the Atharvaveda had nine [[shakha]]s, or schools: {{IAST|paippalāda}}, {{IAST|stauda}}, {{IAST|mauda}}, {{IAST|śaunakīya}}, {{IAST|jājala}}, {{IAST|jalada}}, {{IAST|brahmavada}}, {{IAST|devadarśa}} and {{IAST|cāraṇavaidyā}}.<ref name=brmodak15>BR Modak (1993), ''The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda,'' Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan, {{ISBN|9788121506076}}, pages 15 (footnote 8), 393-394</ref><br />
<br />
Of these, only the Shaunakiya recension, and the more recently discovered manuscripts of Paippalāda recension have survived.<ref name=fritsstaal136/> The Paippalāda edition is more ancient.<ref name=jangonda273>Jan Gonda (1975), ''Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,'' Vol 1, Fasc. 1, [[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]], {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}, pages 273-274</ref> The two recensions differ in how they are organized, as well as content.<ref name=jangonda273/> For example, the Book 10 of Paippalada recension is more detailed and observed carefully not doing a single mistake, more developed and more conspicuous in describing [[monism]], the concept of "oneness of [[Brahman]], all life forms and the world".<ref>Jan Gonda (1975), ''Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,'' Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}, pages 296-297</ref><br />
<br />
===Organization===<br />
The Atharvaveda Samhita originally was organized into 18 books ({{IAST|Kāṇḍas}}), and the last two were added later.<ref name=maxmuller455/> These books are arranged neither by subject nor by authors (as is the case with the other Vedas), but by the length of the hymns.<ref name=williamwhitney254/> Each book generally has hymns of about a similar number of verses, and the surviving manuscripts label the book with the shortest hymns as Book 1, and then in an increasing order (a few manuscripts do the opposite). Most of the hymns are poetic and set to different meters, but about a sixth of the book is prose.<ref name=williamwhitney254/><br />
<br />
Most of the hymns of Atharvaveda are unique to it, except for the one sixth of its hymns that it borrows from the [[Rigveda]], primarily from its 10th mandala.<ref name=williamwhitney254/><ref name=maxmuller455>[[Max Muller]], {{Google books|cHCe48QSZaUC|The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature)|page=455}}, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456</ref> The 19th book was a supplement of a similar nature, likely of new compositions and was added later.<ref name=williamwhitney254/> The 143 hymns of the 20th book of Atharvaveda Samhita is almost entirely borrowed from the Rigveda.<ref>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327/mode/2up The Hymns of the Atharva Veda], Volume 2, 2nd Edition, EJ Lazarus, pages 321-451</ref><br />
<br />
The hymns of Atharvaveda cover a motley of topics, across its twenty books. Roughly, the first seven books focus primarily on magical poems for all sorts of healing and sorcery, and [[Michael Witzel]] states these are reminiscent of Germanic and Hittite sorcery stanzas, and may likely be the oldest section.<ref name=michaelwitzelpage76>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631215352}}, page 76</ref> Books 8 to 12 are speculations of a variety of topics, while Books 13 to 18 tend to be about life cycle [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|rites of passage]] rituals.<ref name=michaelwitzelpage76/><br />
<br />
The ''Srautasutra'' texts {{IAST|Vaitāna Sūtra}} and the {{IAST|Kauśika Sūtra}} are attached to the Atharvaveda Shaunaka edition, as are a supplement of Atharvan ''Prayascitthas'', two ''Pratishakhyas'', and a collection of ''Parisisthas''.<ref>Jan Gonda (1977), "The Ritual Sutras," in'' A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads,'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447018234}}, pages 543-545</ref><ref>SS Bahulkar (2003), "Samskararatnamala: An Atharvanic Prayoga," in ''Pramodasindhu'' (Editors: Kalyan Kale et al., Professor Pramod Ganesh Lalye’s 75th Birthday Felicitation Volume), Mansanman Prakashan, pages-28–35</ref> For the Paippalada edition of Atharvaveda, corresponding texts were Agastya and Paithinasi Sutras but these are lost or yet to be discovered.<ref>Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631215352}}, pages 100-101</ref><br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of [[Magic in the ancient world|magical formulas]]",<ref name=lauriepatton38/> an epithet declared to be incorrect by many scholars.<ref name=jangonda277 /> The [[Samhita]] layer of the text likely represents a developing 2nd millennium BCE tradition of [[magico-religious]] rites to address superstitious anxiety, spells to remove maladies believed to be caused by demons, and herbs- and nature-derived [[potion]]s as medicine.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Zysk |year=2012 |title=Understanding Mantras |editor-first=Harvey |editor-last=Alper |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-812080746-4 |pages=123–129 }}</ref> Many books of the Atharvaveda Samhita are dedicated to rituals without magic and to theosophy.<ref name=jangonda277/> The text, states [[Kenneth Zysk]], is one of oldest surviving record of the evolutionary practices in religious medicine and reveals the "earliest forms of folk healing of Indo-European antiquity".<ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Zysk |year=1993 |title=Religious Medicine: The history and evolution of Indian medicine |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-156000076-1 |pages={{math|''x–xii''}} }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Atharvaveda Samhita contains hymns many of which were charms, magic spells and incantations meant to be pronounced by the person who seeks some benefit, or more often by a sorcerer who would say it on his or her behalf.<ref name=maxmuller455/> The most frequent goal of these hymns, charms, and spells were long life of a loved one or recovery from some illness. In these cases, the affected would be given substances such as a plant (leaf, seed, root) and an [[amulet]].<ref name=maxmuller455/> Some magic spells were for soldiers going to war with the goal of defeating the enemy, others for anxious lovers seeking to remove rivals or to attract the lover who is less than interested, some for success at a sporting event, in economic activity, for bounty of cattle and crops, or removal of petty pest bothering a household.<ref name=maxmuller455/><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=M. |editor-last=Muller |editor-link=Max Muller |orig-year=1897 |year=1987 |title=The Sacred Books of the East |volume=42 – Hymns of the Atharva Veda |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |place=Delhi, IN |isbn=81-208-0101-6 |pages=94–108 |url=https://archive.org/details/thesacredbooksoftheeastvol42_202002/page/n171 |access-date=2024-06-19 }} ''alt.'' Oxford University Press: {{Google books|voQ5AQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |translator-first=Ralph |translator-last=Griffith |year=1895 |title=Atharva Veda |volume=1 |publisher=E.J. Lazarus |place=Benares, IN |pages=344–352 |url=https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n368 }}</ref> Some hymns were not about magic spells and charms, but prayer qua prayer and philosophical speculations.<ref>{{cite book |translator-first=Ralph |translator-last=Griffith |year=1917 |title=The Hymns of the Atharva Veda |section=Hymn 13.4 |volume=2 |edition=2nd |publisher=E.J. Lazarus |place=Benares, IN |pages=154–158 |section-url=https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327 }}</ref><br />
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The contents of the Atharvaveda contrasts with the other Vedas. The 19th century Indologist Weber summarized the contrast as follows,<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
The spirit of the two collections [Rigveda, Atharvaveda] is indeed widely different. In the Rigveda there breathes a lively natural feeling, a warm love for nature; while in the Atharva there prevails, on the contrary, only an anxious dread of her evil spirits and their magical powers. In the Rigveda we find the people in a state of free activity and independence; in the Atharva we see it bound in the fetters of the hierarchy and superstition.<br />
|Albrecht Weber<ref>{{cite book |translator-first=Ralph |translator-last=Griffith |year=1895 |title=The Hymns of the Atharva Veda |volume=1 |publisher=E.J. Lazarus |place=Benares, IN |page={{mvar|v}} |url=https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n10 }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[Jan Gonda]] cautions that it would be incorrect to label Atharvaveda Samhita as mere compilation of magical formulas, witchcraft and sorcery.<ref name=jangonda277/> While such verses are indeed present in the Samhita layer, a significant portion of the Samhita text are hymns for domestic rituals without magic or spells, and some are theosophical speculations such as "all Vedic gods are One".<ref name=jangonda277/><ref>William Whitney, [https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/732/mode/2up Atharvaveda Samhita 13.4], Harvard Oriental Series Vol. 8, Harvard University Press, pages 732-737</ref> Additionally, the non-Samhita layers of Atharvaveda text include a Brahmana and several influential Upanishads.<ref>[[Jan Gonda]] (1975), ''Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,'' Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}, pages 277-297</ref><br />
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===Samhita===<br />
<br />
====Surgical and medical treatment====<br />
The Atharvaveda includes mantras and verses for treating a variety of ailments. For example, the verses in hymn 4.15 of the recently discovered Paippalada version of the Atharvaveda, discuss how to deal with an open fracture, and how to wrap the wound with Rohini plant (''[[Ficus]] infectoria'', native to India):<ref name=fritsstaal138>Frits Staal (2009), ''Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, pages 137-139</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
Let marrow be put together with marrow, and joint together with joint,<br />
together what of the flesh fallen apart, together sinew and together your bone.<br />
Let marrow come together with marrow, let bone grow over together with bone.<br />
We put together your sinew with sinew, let skin grow with skin.<br />
</poem><br />
|Atharvaveda 4.15|Paippalada Edition<ref name=fritsstaal138/>}}<br />
<br />
====Charms against fever, jaundice and diseases====<br />
Numerous hymns of the Atharvaveda are prayers and incantations wishing a child or loved one to get over some sickness and become healthy again, along with comforting the family members. The Vedic era assumption was that diseases are caused by evil spirits, external beings or demonic forces who enter the body of a victim to cause sickness.<ref>Kenneth Zysk (2010), ''Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814004}}, pages 7-9</ref> Hymn 5.21 of the Paippalāda edition of the text, for example, states,<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
Heaven our father, and Earth our mother, Agni the men-watcher,<br />
let them send the ten days’ fever far away from us.<br />
O fever, these snowy mountains with Soma on their back have made the wind, the messenger, the healer for us,<br />
Disappear from here to the Maratas.<br />
Neither the women desire you, nor the men whosoever,<br />
Neither a small one, nor a grown-up weeps here from desire of fever.<br />
Do not harm our grown-up men, do not harm our grown-up women,<br />
Do not harm our boys, do not harm our girls.<br />
You who simultaneously discharge the balasa, cough, udraja, terrible are your missiles,<br />
O fever, avoid us with them.<br />
</poem><br />
|Atharvaveda 5.21|Paippalada Edition, Translated by Alexander Lubotsky<ref>Alexander Lubotsky (2002), ''Atharvaveda Paippalada,'' Kanda Five, Harvard University, {{ISBN|1-888789050}}, pages 76-77</ref>}}<br />
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====Remedy from medicinal herbs====<br />
Several hymns in the Atharvaveda such as hymn 8.7, just like the Rigveda's hymn 10.97, is a praise of medicinal herbs and plants, suggesting that speculations about the medical and health value of plants and herbs was an emerging field of knowledge in ancient India.<ref>Kenneth Zysk, ''Religious Medicine: The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine,'' Transaction, {{ISBN|978-1560000761}}, pages 238-247, 249-255</ref> The Atharvavedic hymn states (abridged),<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
The tawny colored, and the pale, the variegated and the red,<br />
the dusky tinted, and the black – all Plants we summon hitherward.<br />
I speak to Healing Herbs spreading, and bushy, to creepers, and to those whose sheath is single,<br />
I call for thee the fibrous, and the reed like, and branching plants, dear to Vishwa Devas, powerful, giving life to men.<br />
The conquering strength, the power and might, which ye, victorious plants possess,<br />
Therewith deliver this man here from this consumption, O ye Plants: so I prepare the remedy.<br />
</poem><br />
|Atharvaveda 8.7|Shaunakiya Edition<ref>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n432/mode/2up ''Atharva Veda,'' Hymn VII] Vol 1, EJ Lazarus, pages 408-411</ref>}}<br />
====Spells and prayers to gain a lover, spouse====<br />
The contents of the Atharvaveda have been studied to glean information about the social and cultural mores in the Vedic era of India.<ref>Rajbali Pandey (1969), ''Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, pages 162-163, Chapter 8</ref> A number of verses relate to spells for gaining a husband, or a wife, or the love of a woman,<ref>[[Max Muller]], {{Google books|voQ5AQAAMAAJ|The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42|page=100}}, Oxford University Press, pages 99-101</ref> or to prevent any rivals from winning over one's "love interest".<ref>[[Max Muller]], {{Google books|voQ5AQAAMAAJ|The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42|page=107}}, Oxford University Press, pages 107-108</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
May O Agni!, a suitor after our own heart come to us, may he come to this maiden with fortune! <br />
May she be agreeable to suitors, charming at festivals, promptly obtain happiness through a husband!<br />
<br />
As this comfortable cave, O Indra!, furnishing a safe abode hath become pleasing to all life,<br />
thus may this woman be a favourite of fortune, beloved, not at odds with her husband!<br />
Do thou ascend the full, inexhaustible ship of fortune;<br />
upon this bring, hither the suitor who shall be agreeable to thee!<br />
<br />
Bring hither by thy shouts, O lord of wealth, the suitor, bend his mind towards her;<br />
turn thou the attention of every agreeable suitor towards her!<br />
</poem><br />
|Atharvaveda 2.36<ref>[[Max Muller]], {{Google books|voQ5AQAAMAAJ|The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42|page=94}}, Oxford University Press, pages 94-95</ref>}}<br />
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====Speculations on the nature of man, life, good and evil====<br />
The Atharvaveda Samhita, as with the other Vedas, includes some hymns such as 4.1, 5.6, 10.7, 13.4, 17.1, 19.53-54, with metaphysical questions on the nature of existence, man, heaven and hell, good and evil.<ref name=willbrown18/> Hymn 10.7 of Atharvaveda, for example, asks questions such as "what is the source of cosmic order? what and where is planted this notion of faith, holy duty, truth? how is earth and sky held? is there space beyond the sky? what are seasons and where do they go? does ''Skambha'' (literally "cosmic pillar",<ref>Francesco Pellizzi (2007), ''Anthropology and Aesthetics,'' Peabody Museum Press, {{ISBN|978-0873657754}}, pages 20-25</ref> synonym for [[Brahman]]<ref name=willbrown18>[[William Norman Brown]] (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), ''India and Indology: Selected Articles,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{oclc|5025668}}, pages 18-19 note 7, 45</ref>) penetrate everything or just somethings? does ''Skambha'' know the future? is ''Skambha'' the basis of Law, Devotion and Belief? who or what is ''Skambha''?"<ref>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n35/mode/2up ''Atharva Veda,'' Hymn VII] Vol 2, 2nd Edition, EJ Lazarus, pages 26-34</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|'''The wonderful structure of Man'''<br />
<poem><br />
(...) How many gods and which were they,<br />
who gathered the breast, the neck bones of man?<br />
how many disposed the two teats? who the two collar bones?<br />
how many gathered the shoulder bones? how many the ribs?<br />
Who brought together his two arms, saying, "he must perform heroism?"<br />
(...) Which was the god who produced his brain, his forehead, his hindhead?<br />
(...) Whence now in man come mishap, ruin, perdition, misery?<br />
accomplishment, success, non-failure? whence thought?<br />
What one god set sacrifice in man here?<br />
who set in him truth? who untruth?<br />
whence death? whence the immortal?<br />
</poem><br />
|Atharvaveda 10.2.4 - 10.2.14| Paippalāda Edition (Abridged)<ref>WD Whitney, [https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/566/mode/2up ''Atharva Veda,'' Book X.2] Vol 2 Books VIII to XIX, Harvard University Press, pages 568-569</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The Atharvaveda, like other Vedic texts, states [[William Norman Brown]],<ref name=willbrown18/> goes beyond the duality of heaven and hell, and speculates on the idea of ''Skambha'' or ''Brahman'' as the all pervasive monism.<ref name=willbrown18/> Good and evil, ''Sat'' and ''Asat'' (truth and untruth) are conceptualized differently in these hymns of Atharvaveda, and the Vedic thought, wherein these are not dualistic explanation of nature of creation, universe or man, rather the text transcends these and the duality therein. Order is established out of chaos, truth is established out of untruth, by a process and universal principles that transcend good and evil.<ref name=willbrown18/><ref>Barbara Holdrege (1995), ''Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture,'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791416402}}, pages 41-42</ref><br />
<br />
====Prayer for peace====<br />
Some hymns are prayer qua prayer, desiring harmony and peace. For example,<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
Give us agreement with our own; with strangers give us unity<br />
Do ye, O Asvins, in this place join us in sympathy and love.<br />
May we agree in mind, agree in purpose; let us not fight against the heavenly spirit<br />
Around us rise no din of frequent slaughter, nor Indra's arrow fly, for day is present!<br />
</poem><br />
|Atharvaveda 7.52<ref>Ralph Griffith, [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n374/mode/2up Atharva Veda, Book 7] Vol 1, EJ Lazarus, page 351, Hymn LII</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Brahmana===<br />
The Atharvaveda includes Gopatha [[Brahmana]] text, that goes with Atharva [[Samhita]].<ref>Frits Staal (2009), ''Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, pages 80-82</ref><br />
<br />
===Upanishads===<br />
The Atharvaveda has three primary Upanishads embedded within it.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (1998), ''Upaniṣhads,'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}, pages 1-17</ref><br />
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====Mundaka Upanishad====<br />
The [[Mundaka Upanishad]], embedded inside the Atharvaveda, is a poetic-style Upanishad with 64 verses, written in the form of [[mantra]]s. However, these mantras are not used in rituals; rather they are used for teaching and meditation on spiritual knowledge.<ref name=maxmullerintro>Max Muller (1962), ''The Upanishads - Part II,'' Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages xxvi-xxvii</ref> In ancient and medieval era Indian literature and commentaries, the Mundaka Upanishad is referred to as one of the Mantra Upanishads.<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up ''Introduction to the Upanishads''], Volume XV, Oxford University Press, page xliii</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Mundaka Upanishad'' contains three ''Mundakams'' (parts), each with two sections.<ref name=eroerfull>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf ''Mundaka Upanishad'']{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164</ref><ref name=maxmullerfull>Max Muller (1962), "Manduka Upanishad," in ''The Upanishads - Part II,'' Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 27-42</ref> The first Mundakam, states Roer,<ref name=eroerfull/> defines the sciences of "Higher Knowledge" and "Lower Knowledge", and then asserts that the acts of oblations and pious gifts are foolish and do nothing to reduce unhappiness in the current life or the next - rather, it is knowledge that frees people. The second Mundakam describes the nature of the [[Brahman]], the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self, Soul), and the path to know Brahman. The third Mundakam continues the discussion and then asserts that the state of knowing Brahman is one of freedom, fearlessness, liberation and bliss.<ref name=eroerfull/><ref name=maxmullerfull/> The ''Mundaka Upanishad'' is one of text that discuss the [[pantheism]] theory in Hindu scriptures.<ref name=geisler>Norman Geisler and William D. Watkins (2003), ''Worlds Apart: A Handbook on World Views,'' Second Edition, Wipf, {{ISBN|978-1592441266}}, pages 75-81</ref><ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n391/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 371-372</ref> The text, like other Upanishads, also discusses ethics.<ref name=roberthume374>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n395/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], ''Thirteen Principal Upanishads,'' Oxford University Press, pages 374-376</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|<br />
Through continuous pursuit of [[Satya]] (truthfulness), [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]] (perseverance, austerity), ''Samyajñāna'' (correct knowledge), and [[Brahmacharya]], one attains [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self, Soul).|Mundaka Upanishad|3.1.5<ref name=roberthume374/><ref>MP Pandit (1969), Mundaka Upanishad 3.1.5, Gleanings from the Upanishads, {{oclc|81579}}, University of Virginia Archives, pages 11-12</ref>}}<br />
<br />
====Mandukya Upanishad====<br />
The [[Mandukya Upanishad]] is the shortest of all the [[Upanishads]], found in the Atharvaveda text.<ref name=pauldeussenfull/> The text discusses the syllable [[Om]], presents the theory of four states of consciousness, and asserts the existence and nature of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self).<ref name=pauldeussenfull>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,'' Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-637</ref><ref name=humefull>{{citation|first=Robert Ernest |last=Hume |title=The Thirteen Principal Upanishads| url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1921 |pages=391–393}}</ref><br />
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The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for inspiring [[Gaudapada]]'s ''Karika'', a classic of the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism.<ref name=muktika>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,'' Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 556-557</ref> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the oft-cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism.<ref>Michael Comans (2000), ''The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda,'' Motilal Banarsidass, pages 97-98</ref><br />
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====Prashna Upanishad====<br />
The [[Prashna Upanishad]] is from the ''Paippalada'' school of Atharvavedins.<ref>Max Muller, ''The Upanishads, Part 2,'' [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up Prasna Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages xlii-xliii</ref><br />
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The text contains six ''Prashna'' (questions), and each forms a chapter with a discussion of its answers.<ref name=roberthumefull>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n399/mode/2up "Prasna Upanishad"], ''Thirteen Principal Upanishads,'' Oxford University Press, pages 378-390</ref><ref name=eroerfull2>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roerprasnaeng.pdf ''Prashna Upanishad'']{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 119-141</ref> The first three questions are profound metaphysical questions but, states Eduard Roer,<ref name=eroerfull2/> they do not contain any defined philosophical answers; they are mostly embellished mythology and symbolism. The fourth section, in contrast, contains some substantial philosophy. The last two sections discuss the symbol [[Om]] and the concept of [[Moksha]].<ref name=eroerfull2/><br />
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The Prashna Upanishad is notable for its structure and its sociological insights into the education process in ancient India.<ref name=charlesjohnstonfull>Charles Johnston, ''The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom,'' (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Prasna%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Archive of ''Prashna Upanishad,'' pages 46-51, 115-118]</ref><br />
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==Manuscripts and translations==<br />
The Shaunakiya text was published by Rudolf Roth and [[William Dwight Whitney]] in 1856, by Shankar Pandurang Pandit in the 1890s, and by Vishva Bandhu in 1960–1962. The first complete English translation was made by Ralph T.H. Griffith in 1895-96,<ref>Griffith, R.T.H. (1895-1896) [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/index.htm The Hymns of the Atharva Veda]. Benares: E.J. Lazarus & Co.</ref> followed shortly by Maurice Bloomfield's translation of about one third of the hymns in 1897.<ref>Bloomfield, M. (1897) [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe42/index.htm Hymns of the Atharva Veda]. Sacred Books of the East 42. Oxford: Clarendon Press</ref> These were followed by a nearly complete translation (missing Book 20) with textual commentary by William Dwight Whitney, published in 1905, which is still cited in contemporary scholarship.<ref>Whitney, W.D. and Lanman, C.R. (ed.) (1905) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24385/page/n7/mode/2up Atharva-Veda Saṃhitā]. Harvard Oriental Series 7-8. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University</ref><ref>Olivelle, P. (1996) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WJGL2tUm6P4C&dq=upanisads%20olivelle&pg=PR12 Upaniṣads]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p xii</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie W.|last2=Witzel|first2=Michael|date=1992|title=Vedic Hinduism|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf|url-status=live|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005091549/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu:80/~witzel/vedica.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2003 }}</ref><br />
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A corrupted and badly damaged version of the {{IAST|Paippalāda}} text was edited by Leroy Carr Barret from 1905 to 1940 from a single [[Kashmir]]ian {{IAST|[[Śāradā script|Śāradā]]}} manuscript (now in [[Tübingen]]). [[Durga Mohan Bhattacharyya|Durgamohan Bhattacharyya]] discovered palm leaf manuscripts of the Paippalada recension in [[Odisha]] in 1957.<ref name=fritsstaal136/> His son Dipak Bhattacharya has published the manuscripts. Thomas Zehnder translated Book 2 of the Paippalada recension into German in 1999, and Arlo Griffiths, Alexander Lubotsky and Carlos Lopez have separately published English translations of its Books 5 through 15.<ref>Carlos Lopez (2010), Atharvaveda-Paippalāda Kāṇḍas Thirteen and Fourteen, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-1888789072}}</ref><br />
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The Gopatha Brahmana was translated by Hukam Chand Patyal as a dissertation at Pune University.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Patyal|first=Hukam Chand|date=1969|title=''Gopatha Brāhmaṇa''. English Translation with Notes and Introduction|type=Diss.|chapter=|publisher=University of Poona|docket=|oclc=|url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
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==Influence==<br />
[[File:Charak.jpg|thumb|Rishi Caraka (above), the author of [[Caraka Samhita]] credits Atharvaveda as an inspiration.<ref name=zysk125/>]]<br />
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===Medicine and health care===<br />
Kenneth Zysk states that the "magico-religious medicine had given way to a medical system based on empirical and rational ideas" in ancient India by around the start of Christian era, still the texts and people of India continued to revere the ancient Vedic texts.<ref name=zysk125/> Rishi Sushruta, remembered for his contributions to surgical studies, credits Atharvaveda as a foundation.<ref>Stephen Knapp (2006), ''The Power of the Dharma,'' {{ISBN|978-0595393527}}, page 63</ref> Similarly, the verse 30.21 of the Caraka Samhita, states it reverence for the Atharvaveda as follows,<br />
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{{Blockquote|<br />
Therefore, the physician who has inquired [in verse 30.20] about [which Veda], devotion to the Atharvaveda is ordered from among the four: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.<br />
|Sutrasthara 30.21|Atharvaveda<ref name=zysk125>Kenneth Zysk (2012), ''Understanding Mantra'' (Editor: Harvey Alper), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807464}}, pages 125-126, 133</ref>}}<br />
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The roots of [[Ayurveda]] – a traditional medical and health care practice in India—states Dominik Wujastyk, are in the texts called [[Caraka Samhita]] and [[Sushruta Samhita]], both of which say that doctors, when asked, should assert their allegiance and inspiration to be the [[Vedas]], especially Atharvaveda.<ref name=wujastykxxviii>Dominik Wujastyk (2003), ''The Roots of Ayurveda,'' Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140448245}}, pages xxviii - xxx</ref> Khare and Katiyar state that the Indian tradition directly links Ayurveda to Atharvaveda.<ref>CP Khare and CK Katiyar (2012), ''The Modern Ayurveda,'' CRC Press, {{ISBN|978-1439896327}}, page 8</ref><br />
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Wujastyk clarifies that the Vedic texts are a religious discourse and while herbal health care traditions are found in Atharvaveda, the systematic, scholarly medical literature of ancient India is first found in the Caraka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.<ref name=wujastykxxviii/><ref>Rachel Berger (2013), ''Ayurveda Made Modern,'' Palgrave Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0230284555}}, pages 24-25, 195 note 2</ref> Kenneth Zysk adds ''[[Bhela Samhita]]'' to this list.<ref name=zysk125/><br />
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===Literature===<br />
The verse 11.7.24 of Atharvaveda contains the oldest known mention of the Indic literary genre the [[Purana]]s.<ref>Freda Matchett (2003), "The Puranas", in ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631215352}}, page 132</ref><br />
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The 1st millennium AD [[Buddhist]] literature included books of magico-religious mantras and spells for protection from evil influences of non-human beings such as demons and ghosts.<ref name=martinwiltshire245/><ref name=ritalanger20/> These were called ''Pirita'' (Pali: Paritta) and ''Rakkhamanta'' ("mantra for protection"), and they share premises and style of hymns found in Atharvaveda.<ref name=martinwiltshire245>Martin Wiltshire (1990), ''Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama As the Buddha,'' Walter de Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-0899254678}}, pages 245-264</ref><ref name=ritalanger20>Rita Langer (2007), ''Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth,'' Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415544702}}, pages 19-23</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Atharvashiras Upanishad]]<br />
* [[Ayurveda]]<br />
* [[Charaka Samhita]]<br />
* [[Sushruta Samhita]]<br />
* [[Bhela Samhita]]<br />
* [[Upanishads]]<br />
* [[Vedas]]<br />
* [[Merseburg charms]]<br />
* [[Zagovory]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-43878-0 | author-link =Gavin Flood | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C}}<br />
<!-- W --><br />
* {{citation | last =Witzel | first =Michael | year =1997| chapter =The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu | editor-last =Witzel | editor-first =Michael | title =Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas | series =Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2| publisher =Harvard University Press | location =Cambridge | author-link =Michael Witzel| chapter-url =https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf}}<br />
* {{Citation | last=Witzel | first=Michael |year=2001 | title=Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts | journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1–115 | url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
*Alexander Lubotsky, ''Atharvaveda-Paippalada, Kanda Five'', Harvard College (2002).<br />
*Thomas Zehnder, ''Atharvaveda-Paippalada, Buch 2'', Idstein (1999).<br />
*Dipak Bhattacharya, ''Paippalada-Samhita of the Atharvaveda'', Volume 2, The Asiatic Society (2007).<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{wikisourcelang|sa|अथर्ववेदः|Atharvaveda (original Sanskrit text)}}<br />
{{wikisourcelang|en|Atharva-Veda Samhita|English translation by William Dwight Whitney}}<br />
{{wikisourcelang|en|The Atharva Veda|English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith}}<br />
*[[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Ralph Griffith]], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/index.htm ''The Hymns of the Atharvaveda''] 1895-96, full text<br />
*[[Maurice Bloomfield]], [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsofatharvave00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Hymns of the Atharva-veda''], ''Sacred Books of the East'', v. 42 (1897), selection<br />
*Śaunaka Recension, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150611075751/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/av/avs/avs.htm "Atharva Veda Saṁhitā"] [Sanskrit]. Published at Titus Project. Accessed, 14 April 2014.<br />
*William Whitney, [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024644596 Index verborum to the published text of the Atharvaveda Vedas], University of Michigan<br />
*Madhav M Deshpande, [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674009394 Recitational Permutations of the Saunakiya Atharvaveda], Harvard University Press, based on six Atharvaveda manuscripts found in Pune, India<br />
*[https://search.lib.umich.edu/databases/record/47699 The Kashmiri Paippalada Recension of the Atharvaveda], Images of 16th century birch-bark manuscript of Atharvaveda (University access rights required)<br />
*George Bolling and Julius Negelein, [http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33462 The Parisistas of the Atharvaveda], Johns Hopkins University (with downloadable PDF file)<br />
*Listen to the Audiobook version of Atharvaveda on [https://www.pocketfm.in/show/2a15936e7b2b6d1f97e65538abe6cd78cf7f5708 Pocket FM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113812/https://www.pocketfm.in/show/2a15936e7b2b6d1f97e65538abe6cd78cf7f5708 |date=7 February 2020 }}.<br />
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{{Hindudharma}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Vedas]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu texts]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=God&diff=462051God2026-03-25T08:24:30Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Principal object of faith in theism}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{About|the supreme being in monotheistic belief systems|powerful supernatural beings considered divine or sacred in polytheistic structures|Deity|God in specific religions|Conceptions of God|other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| footer = '''Left to right, top to bottom''': representations of God in [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[Hinduism]]<br />
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| total_width = 300<br />
| image1 = Michelangelo, Creation of Adam 04.jpg<br />
| image2 = Istanbul, Hagia Sophia, Allah.jpg<br />
| image3 = Tetragrammaton Sefardi.jpg<br />
| image4 = 051907 Wilmette IMG 1404 The Greatest Name.jpg<br />
| image5 = Naqshe Rostam Darafsh Ordibehesht 93 (35).JPG<br />
| image6 = Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg<br />
}}<br />
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In [[monotheistic]] [[religious belief]] [[Belief#Belief_systems|systems]],<ref><br />
:[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/religion religion] [[Cambridge University Press]]<br />
:[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion religion] [[Merriam-Webster]]<br />
</ref> '''God''' is usually viewed as the [[Supreme deity|supreme being]], [[creator deity|creator]], and principal object of [[faith]].<ref name="Swinburne"/> In [[polytheistic]] belief, a [[Deity|god]] is "a spirit or being believed to have created, or to control some part of the [[universe]] or life, for which such a deity is often worshipped".<ref>{{multiref | {{Cite dictionary |entry=god |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary}} | {{Cite dictionary |entry=God |dictionary=Merriam-Webster English Dictionary |archive-date=20 February 2023 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/god |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102221/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/god |url-status=live |title=God Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster }} }}</ref> Belief in the existence of at least one deity, who may interact with the world, is called [[theism]].<ref>{{multiref | {{Cite dictionary |entry=Theism |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/theism |access-date=2023-11-13 |dictionary=Dictionary.com |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202194557/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/theism |url-status=live }} | {{Cite dictionary |entry=Theism |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |access-date=2023-11-13 |dictionary=Merriam-Webster English Dictionary |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |url-status=live |title=Definition of THEISM }} }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Conceptions of God]] vary considerably. Many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the [[existence of God]].<ref name="Plantinga" /> [[Atheism]] rejects the belief in any deity. [[Agnosticism]] is the belief that the existence of God is unknown or [[unknowable]]. Some theists view knowledge concerning God as derived from faith. God is often conceived as the greatest entity in existence.<ref name="Swinburne">{{Cite book |last=Swinburne |first=R. G. |author-link=Richard Swinburne |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |editor-last=Honderich |editor-first=Ted |editor-link=Ted Honderich |chapter=God}}</ref> God is often believed to be the cause of all things and so is seen as the creator, [[God the Sustainer|sustainer]], and ruler of the universe. God is often thought of as [[incorporeal]] and [[Transcendence (religion)|independent]] of the material creation.<ref name="Swinburne" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bordwell |first=David |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |publisher=Continuum |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-860-12324-8 |pages=84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |via=IntraText |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> <!-- comment out because of {{cite book | first=Jacqueline | last=Lagrée | editor-last=Lacoste | editor-first=Jean-Yves | title=Encyclopedia of Christian Theology | publisher=Routledge | date=2005 | isbn=978-1-57958-332-3 | chapter=Pantheism | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dl4UAQAAIAAJ&q=Acts%252017:28%2520%2522panentheism%2522 | access-date=23 January 2026 | page=1181 | volume=3}}: which was initially called [[pantheism]],<ref name=Thomson>Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Raphson|first=Joseph|title=De spatio reali|year=1697|publisher=Londini|page=2|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Suttle|first=Gary|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> although church theologians, in attacking pantheism, described pantheism as the belief that God is the material universe itself.<ref name="Worman">Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in ''Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1'', John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.</ref><ref>Worman cites Wegscheider, ''Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae'', p. 250.</ref>--> God is sometimes seen as [[omnibenevolent]], while [[deism]] holds that God is not involved with humanity apart from creation.<br />
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Some traditions attach spiritual significance to maintaining a relationship with God, often involving acts such as [[worship]] and [[prayer]], and see God as the source of all [[moral obligation]].<ref name="Swinburne" /> God is sometimes described without reference [[Gender of God|to gender]], but more often is referred to using gender-specific terminology. God is referred to by different [[Names of God|names]] depending on the language and cultural tradition, sometimes with different titles of God used in reference to God's various attributes.<br />
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==Etymology and usage==<br />
{{Main|God (word)}}<br />
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[[File:Mesha Stele (511142469) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Mesha Stele]] bears the earliest known reference (840&nbsp;BCE) to the Israelite God Yahweh.]]<br />
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The earliest written form of the Germanic word ''God'' comes from the 6th-century {{lang|la|[[Codex Argenteus]]}}, containing a [[Gothic language|Gothic]] translation of the [[Bible]]. The English word itself is derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] *ǥuđan. The reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European]] form {{lang|ine-x-proto|ǵhu-tó-m}} was probably based on the root {{lang|ine-x-proto|ǵhau(ə)-}}, which meant either 'to call' or 'to invoke'.<ref>The ulterior etymology is disputed. Apart from the unlikely hypothesis of adoption from a foreign tongue, the OTeut. "ghuba" implies as its preTeut-type either "*ghodho-m" or "*ghodto-m". The former does not appear to admit of explanation; but the latter would represent the neut. pple. of a root "gheu-". There are two Aryan roots of the required form ("*g,heu-" with palatal aspirate) one with meaning 'to invoke' (Skr. "hu") the other 'to pour, to offer sacrifice' (Skr "hu", Gr. χεηi;ν, OE "geotàn" Yete v). [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition, G, p. 267]].</ref> The Germanic words for ''God'' were originally [[Grammatical gender|neuter]], but during the process of the [[Christianization]] of the [[Germanic people]]s from their indigenous [[Germanic paganism]], the words became a [[Grammatical gender|masculine syntactic form]].<ref name="BARNHART323">Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words'', p. 323. [[HarperCollins]]. {{ISBN|0062700847}}.</ref> In English, capitalization is used when the word is used as a [[proper noun]], as well as for other names by which a god is known. Consequently, the capitalized form of ''god'' is not used for multiple gods or when used to refer to the generic idea of a [[deity]].<ref>[[Webster's New World Dictionary]]; "God n. ME [Middle English] < OE [Old English], akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base *ĝhau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; Supreme Being; the Almighty"<br />
</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/God Dictionary.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419052813/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/God |date=19 April 2009 }}; "God /gɒd/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity, presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the God of mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the spectators in this part of the balcony."</ref><br />
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The English word ''God'' and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all.<br />
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The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word for 'god' is [[El (god)|El]], which also as a proper noun referred to the chief deity in [[ancient Semitic religions]]. In the [[Hebrew Bible]], God is also given a personal name, [[Yahweh]], in contrast to the genetic name, and in origin possibly the name of an [[Edomite]] or [[Midianite]] deity who was adopted into [[Yahwism|ancient Israelite religion]].<ref name="Parke-Taylor2006">{{cite book |last1=Parke-Taylor |first1=G. H. |title=Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |isbn=978-0889206526 |page=4}}</ref> In many English translations of the [[Bible]], Yahweh is translated as "the LORD" with "Lord" in all caps.<ref name="Barton2006">{{cite book |author=Barton |first=G. A. |title=A Sketch of Semitic Origins: Social and Religious |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1428615755}}</ref> [[Jah]] or Yah is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh, and often sees usage by Jews and [[Christians]] in the interjection "[[Hallelujah]]", meaning 'praise Jah', which is used to give God glory.<ref name="Loewen2020">{{cite book |last1=Loewen |first1=Jacob A. |title=The Bible in Cross Cultural Perspective |date=1 June 2020 |publisher=William Carey |isbn=978-1645083047 |page=182 |edition=Revised}}</ref> In [[Judaism]], some of the Hebrew titles of God are considered [[Names of God in Judaism|holy names]].<br />
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{{tlit|ar|[[Allāh]]}} ({{langx|ar|الله}}) is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews meaning 'the God', while {{tlit|ar|[[ʾilāh]]}} ({{lang|ar|إِلَٰه}}, plural {{tlit|ar|`āliha}} {{lang|ar|آلِهَة}}) is the term used for a deity or a god in general.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 December 2010 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking [[Christians]] and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Allah |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |last=Gardet |first=L.}}</ref> [[Muslims]] also use a [[Names of God in Islam|multitude of other titles]] for God.<br />
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In [[Hinduism]], [[Brahman]] is often considered a [[monistic]] concept of God.<ref>Levine, Michael P. (2002). ''Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity'', p. 136.</ref> God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the [[personal god|personal nature of God]], with early references to his name as [[Krishna]]-[[Vasudeva]] in [[Bhagavata]] or later [[Vishnu]] and [[Hari]].<ref name="Hastings541">{{Harvnb|Hastings|1925–2003|p=540|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kaz58z--NtUC&pg=PA540&vq=Krishna&cad=1_1}}.</ref> [[Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa]] is the term used in [[Balinese Hinduism]].<ref>McDaniel, June (2013), A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as 'People of the Book'. The Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford University Press, {{doi|10.1093/jhs/hit030}}.</ref><br />
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In [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religion]], [[Shangdi]] is conceived as the [[progenitor]] of the universe, intrinsic to it and constantly bringing order to it.<br />
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[[Ahura Mazda]] is the name for God used in [[Zoroastrianism]]. "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form ''Mazdā-'', nominative ''Mazdå'', reflects Proto-Iranian ''*Mazdāh (female)''. It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit, and like its [[Sanskrit]] cognate {{tlit|sa|medhā}} means 'intelligence' or 'wisdom'. Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect [[Proto-Indo-Iranian]] ''*mazdhā-'', from [[Proto-Indo-European]] mn̩sdʰeh<sub>1</sub>, literally meaning 'placing (''dʰeh<sub>1</sub>'') one's mind (''*mn̩-s'')', hence 'wise'.{{Sfn|Boyce|1983|p=685}} Meanwhile [[Names of God in Zoroastrianism|101 other names]] are also in use.<ref>Kidder, David S.; Oppenheim, Noah D. The Intellectual Devotional: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Roam confidently with the cultured class, p. 364.</ref><br />
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[[Waheguru]] ({{langx|pa|{{IAST|vāhigurū}}}}) is a term most often used in [[Sikhism]] to refer to God.<ref>Duggal, Kartar Singh (1988). ''Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism'', p. ix.</ref> It means 'Wonderful Teacher' in the Punjabi language. ''Vāhi'' (a [[Middle Persian]] borrowing) means 'wonderful', and ''[[guru]]'' ({{langx|sa|{{IAST|guru}}}}) is a term denoting 'teacher'. Waheguru is also described by some as an experience of ecstasy which is beyond all description. The most common usage of the word ''Waheguru'' is in the greeting Sikhs use with each other—''Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh'', "Wonderful Lord's [[Khalsa]], Victory is to the Wonderful Lord."<br />
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''Baha'', the "greatest" name for God in the [[Baháʼí Faith]], is Arabic for "All-Glorious".<ref>Baháʾuʾlláh, Joyce Watanabe (2006). A Feast for the Soul: Meditations on the Attributes of God : ... p. x.</ref><br />
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Other names for God include [[Aten]]<ref>Assmann, Jan. ''Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies'', Stanford University Press 2005, p. 59.</ref> in ancient Egyptian [[Atenism]] where Aten was proclaimed to be the one "true" supreme being and creator of the universe,<ref>[[Miriam Lichtheim|Lichtheim, M.]] (1980). ''Ancient Egyptian Literature'', Vol. 2, p. 96.</ref> [[Chukwu]] in [[Igbo people|Igbo]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Afigbo |first1=A. E |title=Myth, history and society: the collected works of Adiele Afigbo |last2=Falola |first2=Toyin |date=2006 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-1592214198 |location=Trenton, New Jersey |language=En-us |oclc=61361536 }}</ref> and [[Hayyi Rabbi]] in [[Mandaeism]].<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book |last=Buckley |first=Jorunn Jacobsen |title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0195153855 |publication-place=New York |oclc=65198443}}</ref><ref name=Nashmi>{{Citation |last=Nashmi |first=Yuhana |title=Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith |website=Mandaean Associations Union |date=24 April 2013 |url=http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031155605/http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==General conceptions==<br />
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===Existence===<br />
{{Main|Existence of God}}<br />
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{{See also|Theism|Atheism|Agnosticism}}<br />
[[File:St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Thomas Aquinas]] summed up [[Quinque viae|five main arguments]] as proofs for God's existence. Painting by [[Carlo Crivelli]], 1476.]]<br />
[[File:Système de la Nature.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The System of Nature]]'' (1770) argues that belief in God is based on fear, lack of understanding and [[anthropomorphism]].]]<br />
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The existence of God and the nature of God are subjects of debate in [[theology]], [[philosophy of religion]] and [[popular culture]].<ref>See e.g. ''The Rationality of Theism'' quoting [[Quentin Smith]], "God is not 'dead' in academia; it returned to life in the late 1960s." They {{who|date=June 2025}} cite the shift from hostility towards theism in Paul Edwards's ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (1967) to sympathy towards theism in the more recent ''[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> In philosophical terms, the question of the existence of God involves the disciplines of [[epistemology]] (the nature and scope of knowledge) and [[ontology]] (study of the nature of [[being]] or [[existence]]) and the [[Value theory|theory of value]] (since some definitions of God include "perfection").<br />
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[[Ontological argument]]s refer to any argument for the existence of God that is based on ''a priori'' reasoning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/ |title=Ontological Arguments |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525190107/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Notable ontological arguments were formulated by [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] and [[René Descartes]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kreeft |editor-first=Peter |title=Summa of the Summa |year=1990 |publisher=Ignatius Press |pages=65–69 |first=Thomas |last=Aquinas}}</ref> [[Cosmological argument]]s use concepts around the origin of the universe to argue for the existence of God.<br />
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The [[teleological argument]], also called "argument from design", uses the complexity within the universe as a proof of the existence of God.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleological-arguments/ |entry=Teleological Arguments for God’s Existence |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |orig-date=2005 |date=10 June 2005 |last1=Ratzsch |first1=Del |last2=Koperski |first2=Jeffrey |title=Teleological Arguments for God's Existence |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007141418/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleological-arguments/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is countered that the [[Fine-tuned universe|fine tuning]] required for a stable universe with life on earth is illusory, as humans are only able to observe the small part of this universe that succeeded in making such observation possible, called the [[anthropic principle]], and so would not learn of, for example, life on other planets or of [[multiverse|universes]] that did not occur because of different [[Dimensionless physical constant|laws of physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fine-tuning/ |title=Fine-Tuning |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |access-date=December 29, 2022 |date=Aug 22, 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010234820/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fine-tuning/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Non-theists have argued that complex processes that have natural explanations yet to be discovered are referred to the supernatural, called [[god of the gaps]]. Other theists, such as [[John Henry Newman]] who believed [[theistic evolution]] was acceptable, have also argued against versions of the teleological argument and held that it is limiting of God to view him having to only intervene specially in some instances rather than having complex processes designed to create order.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chappell |first1=Jonathan |year=2015 |title=A Grammar of Descent: John Henry Newman and the Compatibility of Evolution with Christian Doctrine |journal=Science and Christian Belief |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=180–206 |doi= |pmid= |bibcode=}}</ref><br />
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The [[argument from beauty]] states that this universe happens to contain special beauty in it and that there would be no particular reason for this over aesthetic neutrality other than God.<ref>{{cite book |author=Swinburne |first=Richard |title=The Existence of God |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0199271689 |edition=2nd |pages=190–91}}</ref> This has been countered by pointing to the existence of ugliness in the universe.<ref>{{cite book |title=The existence of God |publisher=Watts & Co. |page=75 |edition=1}}</ref> This has also been countered by arguing that beauty has no objective reality and so the universe could be seen as ugly or that humans have made what is more beautiful than nature.<ref>''Minority Report'', H. L. Mencken's Notebooks, Knopf, 1956.</ref><br />
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The [[argument from morality]] argues for the existence of God given the assumption of the objective existence of [[moral realism|moral]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Atheism: A Philosophical Justification |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1992 |pages=213–214 |author=Martin, Michael |isbn=978-0877229438}}</ref> While prominent non-theistic philosophers such as the atheist [[J. L. Mackie]] agreed that the argument is valid, they disagreed with its premises. [[David Hume]] argued that there is no basis to believe in objective moral truths while biologist [[E. O. Wilson]] theorized that the feelings of morality are a by-product of natural selection in humans and would not exist independent of the mind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=William Lane |title=The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology |last2=Moreland |first2=J. P. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1444350852 |page=393}}</ref> Philosopher [[Michael Lou Martin]] argued that a subjective account for morality can be acceptable. Similar to the argument from morality is the [[Argument from morality#Argument for conscience|argument from conscience]] which argues for the existence of God given the existence of a conscience that informs of right and wrong, even against prevailing moral codes. Philosopher [[John Locke]] instead argued that conscience is a social construct and thus could lead to contradicting morals.<ref>{{cite book |author=Parkinson |first=G. H. R. |title=An Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1988 |isbn=978-0415003230 |pages=344–345}}</ref><br />
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[[Atheism]] is, in a broad sense, the rejection of [[belief]] in the existence of deities.<ref>Nielsen 2013</ref><ref>Edwards 2005"</ref> [[Agnosticism]] is the view that the [[truth value]]s of certain claims—especially [[metaphysical]] and religious claims such as [[Existence of God|whether God]], the [[divine]] or the [[supernatural]] exist—are unknown and perhaps unknowable.<ref>[[Thomas Henry Huxley]], an English biologist, was the first to come up with the word ''agnostic'' in 1869 {{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=Thomas |title=Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |location=Oxford |page=63 |isbn=978-0199295517}} However, earlier authors and published works have promoted an agnostic points of view. They include [[Protagoras]], a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher. {{cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/protagor.htm |title=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Protagoras (c. 490 – c. 420 BCE) |access-date=6 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014181706/http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/protagor.htm |archive-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hepburn">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Agnosticism |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=MacMillan Reference US (Gale) |last=Hepburn |first=Ronald W. |orig-date=1967 |editor=Borchert |editor-first=Donald M. |edition=2nd |volume=1 |page=92 |isbn=978-0028657806 |quote=In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.}} (p. 56 in 1967 edition).</ref><ref name="RoweRoutledge">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Agnosticism |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&q=agnosticism&pg=PA122 |last=Rowe |first=William L. |author-link=William L. Rowe |isbn=978-0415073103 |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Craig |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523094732/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&q=agnosticism&pg=PA122 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 <!--|access-date=22 July 2013--> |entry=agnostic, agnosticism |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd}}</ref> [[Theism]] generally holds that God exists objectively and independently of human thought and is sometimes used to refer to any belief in God or gods.<br />
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Some view the existence of God as an empirical question. [[Richard Dawkins]] states that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference".<ref name="Dawkins">{{cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |title=Why There Almost Certainly Is No God |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-dawkins/why-there-almost-certainl_b_32164.html |access-date=10 January 2007 |work=The Huffington Post |date=23 October 2006 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006010610/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-dawkins/why-there-almost-certainl_b_32164.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carl Sagan]] argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator (not necessarily a God) would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Demon Haunted World |page=278 |last=Sagan |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Sagan |year=1996 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0345409461}}</ref> Some theologians, such as [[Alister McGrath]], argue that the existence of God is not a question that can be answered using the [[scientific method]].<ref name="mcgrath2005">{{cite book |author=McGrath |first=Alister E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9dr6167AJ8C |title=Dawkins' God: genes, memes, and the meaning of life |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2005 |isbn=978-1405125390}}</ref><ref name="barackman2001">{{cite book |author=Barackman |first=Floyd H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb5aRB7OxWsC |title=Practical Christian Theology: Examining the Great Doctrines of the Faith |publisher=Kregel Academic |year=2001 |isbn=978-0825423802}}</ref><br />
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[[Agnostic]] [[Stephen Jay Gould]] argued that science and religion are not in conflict and proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "[[non-overlapping magisteria]]" (NOMA).<ref>{{cite book |title=Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms |last=Gould |first=Stephen J. |page=274 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=1998 |isbn=978-0224050432}}</ref> In this view, questions of the [[supernatural]], such as those relating to the [[existence]] and nature of God, are [[metaphysics|non]]-[[empirical]] and are the proper domain of [[theology]]. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.<ref name="Dawkins-Delusion">{{cite book |title=The God Delusion |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |year=2006 |publisher=Bantam Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=978-0618680009}}</ref> [[Stephen Hawking]] and co-author [[Leonard Mlodinow]] state in their 2010 book, ''[[The Grand Design (book)|The Grand Design]]'', that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim, however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science and without invoking divine beings.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hawking |first1=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/granddesign0000hawk |title=The Grand Design |last2=Mlodinow |first2=Leonard |publisher=Bantam Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0553805376 |page=[https://archive.org/details/granddesign0000hawk/page/172 172] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Krauss, L. ''A Universe from Nothing''. Free Press, New York. 2012. {{ISBN|978-1451624458}}.</ref><br />
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===Oneness===<br />
{{Main|Deity|Monotheism|Henotheism}}<br />
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[[File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|upright|Trinitarians believe that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are three distinct persons sharing a single nature or essence.]]<br />
A deity, or "god" (with [[lowercase]] ''g''), refers to a supernatural being.<ref name="OBrien">{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Jodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC |title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society |publisher=Sage |year=2009 |isbn=978-1412909167 |location=Los Angeles |page=191 |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113144056/https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Monotheism]] is the belief that there is only one deity, referred to as "God" (with uppercase ''g''). Comparing or equating other entities to God is viewed as [[idolatry]] in monotheism, and is often strongly condemned. [[God in Judaism|Judaism]] is one of the oldest monotheistic traditions in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/ |title=BBC – Religion: Judaism |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805174338/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Islam's most fundamental concept is ''[[tawhid]]'', meaning 'oneness' or 'uniqueness'.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Allah, Tawhid |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |last=Gimaret |first=D.}}</ref> The first [[pillar of Islam]] is an [[Shahada|oath]] that forms the basis of the religion and which non-Muslims wishing to convert must recite, declaring that, "I testify that there is no deity except God."<ref>Mohammad, N. 1985. "The doctrine of jihad: An introduction". ''[[Journal of Law and Religion]]'' 3(2): 381–397.</ref><br />
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The [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Xenophanes]] referred to "One god greatest among gods and men", highlighting one "God" who is greater than the multiple "gods".<ref>{{cite SEP|title=Xenophanes|Xenophanes|author-first=James|author-last=Lesher|url-id=Xenophanes|date=Summer 2023}}</ref><br />
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In Christianity, the [[doctrine of the Trinity]] describes [[God in Christianity|God]] as one God in [[God the Father|Father]], [[God the Son|Son]] ([[Jesus]]), and [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whataboutjesus.com/grace/actions-god-series/what-trinity?page=0,0 |title=What Is the Trinity? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219020335/http://www.whataboutjesus.com/grace/actions-god-series/what-trinity?page=0%2C0 |archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> In past centuries, this fundamental mystery of the Christian faith was also summarized by the Latin formula ''Sancta Trinitas, Unus Deus'' (Holy Trinity, Unique God), reported in the ''[[Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Litanias Lauretanas]]''.<br />
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[[God in Hinduism|God]] is viewed differently by diverse strands of the [[Hindu religion]], with most Hindus having faith in a [[Brahman|supreme reality]] (''Brahman'') who can be manifested in numerous chosen deities. Thus, the religion is sometimes characterized as ''Polymorphic Monotheism''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lipner |first=Julius |date= |title=Hindu deities |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture/a/hindu-deities |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907001823/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/hindu-art-culture/a/hindu-deities |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Henotheism]] is the belief and worship of a single god at a time while accepting the validity of worshiping other deities.<ref>Müller, Max. (1878), ''Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion: As Illustrated by the Religions of India''. London, England: Longmans, Green and Company.</ref> [[Monolatry]] is the belief in a single deity worthy of worship while accepting the existence of other deities.<ref>{{citation |last=McConkie |first=Bruce R. |title=[[Mormon Doctrine]] |page=351 |year=1979 |edition=2nd |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher=Bookcraft |author-link=Bruce R. McConkie}}.</ref><br />
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===Transcendence===<br />
{{See also|Pantheism|Panentheism}}<br />
[[Transcendence (religion)|Transcendence]] is the aspect of God's nature that is completely independent of the material universe and its physical laws. Many supposed characteristics of God are described in human terms. [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] thought that God did not feel emotions such as anger or love, but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding. The incongruity of judging "being" against something that might not exist, led many medieval philosophers approach to knowledge of God through negative attributes, called [[Negative theology]]. For example, one should not say that God is wise, but can say that God is not ignorant (i.e. in some way God has some properties of knowledge). Christian theologian [[Alister McGrath]] writes that one has to understand a "personal god" as an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe."<ref>{{Cite book |first=Alister |last=McGrath |author-link=Alister McGrath |title=Christian Theology: An Introduction |publisher=Blackwell |year=2006 |isbn=978-1405153607 |page=205}}</ref><br />
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[[Pantheism]] holds that God is the universe and the universe is God and denies that God transcends the Universe.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2007 |title=Pantheism |url=https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2008/entries/pantheism/ |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911224648/https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2008/entries/pantheism/ |url-status=live}}</ref> For pantheist philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]], the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Curley |first=Edwin M. |year=1985 |title=The Collected Works of Spinoza |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691072227}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/spinoza/ |entry=Baruch Spinoza |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |orig-date=2001 |date=21 August 2012 |last1=Nadler |first1=Steven |title=Baruch Spinoza |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113053208/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/spinoza/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pantheism is sometimes objected to as not providing any meaningful explanation of God with the German philosopher [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] stating, "Pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism."<ref>{{cite web |date=1 October 2012 |title=Pantheism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915080407/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pandeism]] holds that God was a separate entity but then [[God becomes the universe|became the universe]].<ref name="Dawe">{{cite book |author=Dawe |first=Alan H. |title=The God Franchise: A Theory of Everything |year=2011 |isbn=978-0473201142 |page=48 |publisher=Alan H. Dawe}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bradley |first=Paul |title=This Strange Eventful History: A Philosophy of Meaning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0875868769 |page=156 |publisher=Algora |quote=Pandeism combines the concepts of Deism and Pantheism with a god who creates the universe and then becomes it.}}</ref> [[Panentheism]] holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe.<ref>Culp, John (2013). [http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=panentheism "Panentheism,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016023813/http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=panentheism|date=16 October 2015}} ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Spring.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rogers |first=Peter C. |title=Ultimate Truth, Book 1 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1438979687 |page=121 |publisher=AuthorHouse}}</ref><br />
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===Creator===<br />
{{See also|Creator deity}}<br />
[[File:Blake God Blessing.jpg|thumb|upright|''God Blessing the Seventh Day'', 1805 watercolor painting by [[William Blake]]]]<br />
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God is often viewed as the cause of all that exists. For [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]]s, [[Monad (philosophy)|Monad]] variously referred to [[divinity]], the first being or an indivisible origin.<ref>Fairbanks, Arthur, Ed., "The First Philosophers of Greece". K. Paul, Trench, Trubner. London, England, 1898, p. 145.</ref> The philosophy of [[Plato]] and [[Plotinus]] refers to "[[Henology|The One]]", which is the first principle of reality that is "beyond" being<ref>Dodds, E. R. "The Parmenides of Plato and the Origin of the Neoplatonic 'One'". ''The Classical Quarterly'', Jul–Oct 1928, vol. 22, p. 136.</ref> and is both the source of the Universe and the [[teleological]] purpose of all things.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brenk |first=Frederick |date=January 2016 |title="Theism" and Related Categories in the Study of Ancient Religions |chapter=Pagan Monotheism and Pagan Cult |chapter-url=https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/147/abstract/pagan-monotheism-and-pagan-cult |publisher=[[Society for Classical Studies]], University of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia |volume=75 |issue=4 |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506035740/https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/147/abstract/pagan-monotheism-and-pagan-cult |url-status=live}} [https://samreligions.org/2014/12/30/theism-and-related-categories-in-the-study-of-ancient-religions/ SCS/AIA Annual Meeting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303063811/https://samreligions.org/2014/12/30/theism-and-related-categories-in-the-study-of-ancient-religions/ |date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> [[Aristotle]] theorized a [[first uncaused cause]] for all motion in the universe and viewed it as perfectly beautiful, immaterial, unchanging and indivisible. [[Aseity]] is the property of not depending on any cause other than itself for its existence. [[Avicenna]] held that there must be a [[Proof of the Truthful|necessarily existent]] guaranteed to exist by its essence—it cannot "not" exist—and that humans identify this as God.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=From the necessary existent to God |first=Peter |last=Adamson |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Adamson |encyclopedia=Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeVribsJbgUC |year=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521190732 |page=170}}</ref> [[Secondary causation]] refers to God creating the laws of the Universe which then can change themselves within the [[clockwork universe|framework of those laws]]. In addition to the initial creation, [[occasionalism]] refers to the idea that the Universe would not by default continue to exist from one instant to the next and so would need to rely on God as a [[God the Sustainer|sustainer]]. While [[divine providence]] refers to any intervention by God, it is usually used to refer to "special providence", where there is an extraordinary intervention by God, such as [[miracle]]s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Providence.aspx#1O101-Providence |title=Providence |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |access-date=2014-07-17 |archive-date=17 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417135306/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Providence.aspx#1O101-Providence |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Creation, Providence, and Miracle |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/creation-providence-and-miracle |publisher=[[Reasonable Faith]] |access-date=2014-05-20 |archive-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513180211/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/creation-providence-and-miracle |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Omnibenevolence===<br />
{{Main|Omnibenevolence}}<br />
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Deism holds that God exists but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it,<ref name="lemos">{{cite book |last=Lemos |first=Ramon M. |title=A Neomedieval Essay in Philosophical Theology |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0739102503 |page=34}}</ref> such as answering prayers or producing miracles. Deists sometimes attribute this to God having no interest in or not being aware of humanity. Pandeists would hold that God does not intervene because God is the Universe.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite book |author=Fuller |first=Allan R. |title=Thought: The Only Reality |year=2010 |isbn=978-1608445905 |page=79 |publisher=Dog Ear}}</ref><br />
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Of those theists who hold that God has an interest in humanity, most hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. This belief raises questions about God's responsibility for [[evil]] and [[suffering]] in the world. [[Dystheism]], which is related to [[theodicy]], is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the [[problem of evil]].<br />
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===Omnipotence===<br />
{{Main|Omnipotence}}<br />
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Omnipotence (all-powerful) is an attribute often ascribed to God. The [[omnipotence paradox]] is most often framed with the example "Could God create a stone so heavy that even he could not lift it?" as God could either be unable to create that stone or lift that stone and so could not be omnipotent. This is often countered with variations of the argument that omnipotence, like any other attribute ascribed to God, only applies as far as it is noble enough to befit God and thus God cannot lie, or do what is contradictory as that would entail opposing himself.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=World Wisdom |isbn=978-1933316499 |title=Christianity/Islam : perspectives on esoteric ecumenism : a new translation with selected letters. |location=United Kingdom |year=2008 |last1=Perry |first1=M. |last2=Schuon |first2=F. |last3=Lafouge |first3=J. |page=135}}</ref><br />
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===Omniscience===<br />
{{Main|Omniscience}}<br />
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Omniscience (all-knowing) is an attribute often ascribed to God. This implies that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, either their [[free will]] might be illusory or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.<ref name="Wierenga">Wierenga, Edward R. "Divine foreknowledge" in [[Audi, Robert]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Philosophy''. Cambridge University Press, 2001.</ref> [[Open Theism]] limits God's omniscience by contending that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future and [[process theology]] holds that God does not have [[Immutability (theology)|immutability]], so is affected by his creation.<br />
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===Immanence===<br />
[[Theologians]] of [[theistic personalism]] (the view held by [[René Descartes]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Alvin Plantinga]], [[Richard Swinburne]], [[William Lane Craig]], and most [[Evangelicalism|modern evangelicals]]) argue that God is most generally the ground of all being, [[immanent]] in and transcendent over the whole world of reality, with immanence and transcendence being the contrapletes of personality.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/t.html |title=www.ditext.com |access-date=7 February 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204214255/http://www.ditext.com/runes/t.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Other concepts ===<br />
God has also been conceived as being [[incorporeal]] (immaterial), a [[Personal god|personal]] being, the source of all [[moral obligation]], and the "greatest conceivable existent".<ref name=Swinburne/> These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including [[Maimonides]],<ref name=Edwards /> [[Augustine of Hippo]],<ref name="Edwards">[[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Edwards, Paul]]. "God and the philosophers" in [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-1615924462}}.</ref> and [[Al-Ghazali]],<ref name=Plantinga>[[Plantinga, Alvin]]. "God, Arguments for the Existence of", ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Routledge, 2000.</ref> respectively.<br />
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==Non-theistic views==<br />
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===Religious traditions===<br />
[[Jainism]] has [[Jainism and non-creationism|generally rejected creationism]], holding that soul substances ([[Jīva (Jainism)|Jīva]]) are uncreated and that time is beginningless.<ref>Nayanar, Prof. A. Chakravarti (2005). ''Samayasāra of Ācārya Kundakunda''. Gāthā 10.310, New Delhi, India: Today & Tomorrows Printer and Publisher. p. 190.</ref><br />
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Some interpretations and traditions of [[Buddhism]] can be conceived as being [[non-theistic]]. [[Creator in Buddhism|Buddhism has generally rejected]] the specific monotheistic view of a [[creator deity]]. The Buddha criticizes the theory of creationism in the [[early Buddhist texts]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Thera|first1=Narada|year=2006|title=The Buddha and His Teachings|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|pages=268–269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=Richard P. |title=Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=16|number=1|date=March 1988|page=2 |doi=10.1007/BF00235404 }}</ref> Also, major Indian Buddhist philosophers, such as [[Nagarjuna]], [[Vasubandhu]], [[Dharmakirti]], and [[Buddhaghosa]], consistently critiqued Creator God views put forth by Hindu thinkers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=Hsueh-Li|title=Nāgārjuna's Approach to the Problem of the Existence of God|journal=Religious Studies|volume=12|number=2|date=June 1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=207–216 |doi=10.1017/S0034412500009173 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=Richard P. |title=Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=16|number=1|date=March 1988 |pages=5–28 |doi=10.1007/BF00235404 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Peter|year=2019|title=Buddhism and Monotheism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=1}}</ref> However, as a non-theistic religion, Buddhism leaves the existence of a supreme deity ambiguous. There are significant numbers of Buddhists who believe in God, and there are equally large numbers who deny God's existence or are unsure.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Khan |first=Razib |date=June 23, 2008 |title=Buddhists do Believe in God |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/buddhists-do-believe-in-god |magazine=Discover |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426041330/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/buddhists-do-believe-in-god |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/buddhist/ |title=Buddhists |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=The Pew Charitable Trusts |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426041330/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/buddhist/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Chinese religions such as [[Confucianism]] and [[Taoism]] are silent on the existence of creator gods. However, keeping with the tradition of [[ancestor veneration in China]], adherents worship the spirits of people such as [[Confucius]] and [[Laozi]] in a similar manner to God.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/confucianism/ |title=Confucianism |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426232307/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/confucianism/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/taoism/ |title=Taoism |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426232309/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/taoism/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Anthropology===<br />
{{See also|Evolutionary origin of religion|Evolutionary psychology of religion|Anthropomorphism}}<br />
Some atheists have argued that a single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined and embellished over generations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Culotta |first1=E. |year=2009 |title=The origins of religion |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |pages=784–787 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..784C |doi=10.1126/science.326_784 |pmid=19892955 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><br />
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[[Pascal Boyer]] argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from [[Greek mythology]], which is, in his opinion, more like a modern [[soap opera]] than other religious systems.<ref name="boyer">{{cite book |title=Religion Explained |isbn=978-0465006960 |year=2001 |last=Boyer |first=Pascal |author-link=Pascal Boyer |url=https://archive.org/details/religionexplaine00boye |url-access=registration |quote=Admittedly, the Greek gods were extraordinarily anthropomorphic, and Greek mythology really is like the modern soap opera, much more so than other religious systems. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionexplaine00boye/page/142/mode/2up?q=soap+opera 142]–243 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York}}</ref><br />
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[[Bertrand du Castel]] and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' [[epistemology]] in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries.<ref name="ducasteljurgensen">{{cite book |last1=du Castel |first1=Bertrand |title=Computer Theology |last2=Jurgensen |first2=Timothy M. |publisher=Midori Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0980182118 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=221–222 -us |author-link=Bertrand du Castel}}</ref><br />
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Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. [[Sigmund Freud]] also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Barrett-Conceptualizing-a-Nonnatural-Entity.pdf |title=Conceptualizing a Nonnatural Entity: Anthropomorphism in God Concepts |year=1996 |last=Barrett |first=Justin |journal=Cognitive Psychology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=219–47 |doi=10.1006/cogp.1996.0017 |pmid=8975683 |s2cid=7646340 |access-date=20 November 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064701/http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Barrett-Conceptualizing-a-Nonnatural-Entity.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Likewise, [[Émile Durkheim]] was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.<ref name="supernature">{{cite journal |last=Rossano |first=Matt |year=2007 |title=Supernaturalizing Social Life: Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation |url=http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/recentpubs/Supernaturalizing.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Human Nature |location=Hawthorne, New York |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=272–294 |doi=10.1007/s12110-007-9002-4 |pmid=26181064 |s2cid=1585551 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101304/http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/recentpubs/Supernaturalizing.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2012 |access-date=25 June 2009}}</ref><br />
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===Neuroscience and psychology===<br />
{{See also|Jungian interpretation of religion}}<br />
Johns Hopkins researchers studying the effects of the "spirit molecule" [[DMT]], which is both an endogenous molecule in the human brain and the active molecule in the psychedelic [[ayahuasca]], found that a large majority of respondents said DMT brought them into contact with a "conscious, intelligent, benevolent, and sacred entity", and describe interactions that oozed joy, trust, love, and kindness. More than half of those who had previously self-identified as atheists described some type of belief in a higher power or God after the experience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2020/fall/psychedelics-god-atheism/ |title=A spiritual experience |date=17 September 2020 |access-date=11 October 2022 |quote= |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019233542/https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2020/fall/psychedelics-god-atheism/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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About a quarter of those afflicted by [[temporal lobe seizure]]s experience what is described as a religious experience<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |title=Tests of faith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/24/1 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=23 February 2005 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523094847/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/24/1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and may become preoccupied by thoughts of God even if they were not previously. Neuroscientist [[V. S. Ramachandran]] hypothesizes that seizures in the temporal lobe, which is closely connected to the emotional center of the brain, the [[limbic system]], may lead to those afflicted to view even banal objects with heightened meaning.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Vilayanur |last2=Blakeslee |first2=Sandra |title=Phantoms in the brain |edition= |pages=174–187 |year=1998 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=0688152473 |language=English}}</ref><br />
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Psychologists studying feelings of awe found that participants feeling awe after watching scenes of natural wonders become more likely to believe in a supernatural being and to see events as the result of design, even when given randomly generated numbers.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kluger |first=Jeffrey |title=Why There Are No Atheists at the Grand Canyon |url=https://science.time.com/2013/11/27/why-there-are-no-atheists-at-the-grand-canyon/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |magazine=Time |date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019233537/https://science.time.com/2013/11/27/why-there-are-no-atheists-at-the-grand-canyon/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Relationship with humanity==<br />
{{anchor|Relationship with creation}}<br />
[[File:Duerer-Prayer.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Praying Hands (Dürer)|Praying Hands]]'' by [[Albrecht Dürer]]]]<br />
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===Worship===<br />
{{See also|Worship|Prayer|Supplication}}<br />
Theistic religious traditions often require worship of God and sometimes hold that the [[purpose of existence]] is to worship God.<ref name="patheos1">{{cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html |title=Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence |publisher=Patheos.com |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829020001/http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{qref|51|56|b=y}}.</ref> To address the issue of an all-powerful being demanding to be worshipped, it is held that God does not need or benefit from worship but that worship is for the benefit of the worshipper.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/salat.shtml |title=Salat: daily prayers |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322040017/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/salat.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] expressed the view that God does not need his supplication and that, "Prayer is not an asking. It is a longing of the soul. It is a daily admission of one's weakness."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Philosophy of Gandhi: A Study of his Basic Ideas |first=Glyn |last=Richards |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=1135799342}}</ref> Invoking God in prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Depending on the tradition, God can be viewed as a personal God who is only to be invoked directly while other traditions allow praying to intermediaries, such as [[saint]]s, to [[Intercession|intercede]] on their behalf. Prayer often also includes [[supplication]] such as [[Forgiveness#Religious views|asking forgiveness]]. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a [[hadith]] states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm |title=Allah would replace you with a people who sin |publisher=islamtoday.net |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174102/http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> [[Sacrifice]] for the sake of God is another act of devotion that includes [[fasting#religious views|fasting]] and [[almsgiving]]. [[Dhikr|Remembrance]] of God in daily life include mentioning interjections [[Alhamdulillah|thanking God]] when feeling gratitude or [[Tasbih|phrases of adoration]], such as repeating [[Japa|chant]]s while performing other activities.<br />
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===Salvation===<br />
{{Main|Salvation}}<br />
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[[Transtheistic]] religious traditions may believe in the existence of deities but deny any spiritual significance to them. The term has been used to describe certain strands of Buddhism,<ref>Rigopoulos, Antonio. ''The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi'' (1993), p. 372; Houlden, J. L. (Ed.), ''Jesus: The Complete Guide'' (2005), p. 390.</ref> Jainism and [[Stoicism]].<ref>de Gruyter, Walter (1988), ''Writings on Religion'', p. 145.</ref><br />
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Among religions that do attach spirituality to the relationship with God disagree as how to best worship God and what is [[Divine providence|God's plan]] for mankind. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the [[chosen people]] or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through [[revelation]] or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is [[religious pluralism]]. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in the Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism,<ref>See Swami Bhaskarananda, ''Essentials of Hinduism'' (Viveka Press, 2002), {{ISBN|1884852041}}.</ref> and Sikhism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1350&english=t&id=57718 |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib |publisher=Sri Granth |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728045943/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1350&english=t&id=57718 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Baháʼí Faith]] preaches that [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|divine manifestation]]s include great prophets and teachers of many of the major religious traditions such as Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, Zoroaster, Muhammad, Bahá'ú'lláh and also preaches the unity of all religions and focuses on these multiple epiphanies as necessary for meeting the needs of humanity at different points in history and for different cultures, and as part of a scheme of [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive revelation]] and education of humanity. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is [[supersessionism]], i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is [[inclusivism|relativistic inclusivism]], where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being [[universalism]]: the doctrine that [[salvation]] is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is [[syncretism]], mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the [[New Age]] movement.<br />
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==Epistemology==<br />
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===Faith===<br />
{{Main|Faith}}<br />
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[[Fideism]] is the position that in certain topics, notably theology such as in [[reformed epistemology]], faith is superior than reason in arriving at truths. Some theists argue that there is value to the risk in having faith and that if the arguments for God's existence were as rational as the laws of physics then there would be no risk. Such theists often argue that the heart is attracted to beauty, truth and goodness and so would be best for dictating about God, as illustrated through [[Blaise Pascal]] who said, "The heart has its reasons that reason does not know."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/the-heart-has-its-reasons-that-reason-does-not-know |title=The Heart Has Its Reasons That Reason Does Not Know |publisher=National Catholic Register |last=D’Antuono |first=Matt |date=1 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608024610/https://www.ncregister.com/blog/the-heart-has-its-reasons-that-reason-does-not-know |url-status=live}}</ref> A hadith attributes a quote to God as "I am what my slave thinks of me."<ref>{{cite book |title=A Treasury of Hadith: A Commentary on Nawawi's Selection of Prophetic Traditions |publisher=Kube Publishing Limited |year=2014 |page=199 |author=Ibn Daqiq al-'Id |isbn=978-1847740694}}</ref> Inherent intuition about God is referred to in Islam as ''[[fitra]]'', or "innate nature".<ref>{{Citation |last=Hoover |first=Jon |title=Fiṭra |date=2016-03-02 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_27155 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |access-date=2023-11-13 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_27155 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228111034/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_27155 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}.</ref> In Confucian tradition, Confucius and [[Mencius]] promoted that the only justification for right conduct, called the Way, is what is dictated by Heaven, a more or less anthropomorphic higher power, and is implanted in humans and thus there is only one universal foundation for the Way.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-influential-confucian-philosopher-you-ve-never-heard-of |title=The Second Sage |publisher=Aeon |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324222651/https://aeon.co/essays/the-influential-confucian-philosopher-you-ve-never-heard-of |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Revelation===<br />
{{Main|Revelation}}<br />
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{{See also|Prophet}}<br />
Revelation refers to some form of message communicated by God. This is usually proposed to occur through the use of [[prophet]]s or [[angel]]s. [[Al-Maturidi]] argued for the need for revelation because even though humans are intellectually capable of realizing God, human desire can divert the intellect and because certain knowledge cannot be known except when specially given to prophets, such as the specifications of acts of worship.<ref>Çakmak, Cenap. ''Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia'' [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017, {{ISBN|978-1610692175}}, p. 1014.</ref> It is argued that there is also that which overlaps between what is revealed and what can be derived. According to Islam, one of the earliest revelations to ever be revealed was "If you feel no shame, then do as you wish."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=A. R. |title=Qur'anic Keywords: A Reference Guide. |publisher=Kube Publishing Limited |year=2015 |pages=53 |isbn=9780860376767}}</ref> The term [[general revelation]] is used to refer to knowledge revealed about God outside of [[Direct revelation|direct]] or [[Special revelation|special]] revelation such as scriptures. Notably, this includes studying nature, sometimes seen as the [[Book of Nature]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Faraday/ |title=Michael Faraday: Scientist and Nonconformist |last=Hutchinson |first=Ian |date=14 January 1996 |quote=[[Faraday]] believed that in his scientific researches he was reading the book of nature, which pointed to its creator, and he delighted in it: 'for the book of nature, which we have to read is written by the finger of God.' |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201001723/http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Faraday/ |url-status=live}}</ref> An idiom in Arabic states, "The Qur'an is a Universe that speaks. The Universe is a silent Qur'an."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Murad |title=Islam and Qur'an |publisher=Amana publications |year=2007 |pages=121 |isbn=978-1590080474}}</ref><br />
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===Reason===<br />
On matters of theology, some such as [[Richard Swinburne]], take an [[evidentialist]] position, where a belief is only justified if it has a reason behind it, as opposed to holding it as a [[Foundationalism|foundational belief]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Michael |last=Beaty |year=1991 |title=God Among the Philosophers |url=http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=53 |journal=The Christian Century |access-date=20 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109162529/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=53 |archive-date=9 January 2007}}</ref> [[Athari|Traditionalist theology]] holds that one should not opinionate beyond revelation to understand God's nature and frown upon rationalizations such as [[Kalam|speculative theology]].<ref name=Halverson-36>{{Harvtxt|Halverson|2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv/page/n44 36]}}.</ref> Notably, for [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic descriptions]] such as the "Hand of God" and [[Attributes of God in Islam|attributes of God]], they neither nullify such texts nor accept a literal hand but leave any ambiguity to God, called ''[[tafwid]]'', without [[Bi-la kaifa|asking how]].<ref name="Hoover 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Hoover |author-first=John |year=2020 |chapter=Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (''taʾwīl'') of God’s Attributes |chapter-url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/3741348 |editor1-last=Shihadeh |editor1-first=Ayman |editor2-last=Thiele |editor2-first=Jan |title=Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=Brill |series=Islamicate Intellectual History |volume=5 |pages=195–230 |doi=10.1163/9789004426610_009 |isbn=978-9004426610 |s2cid=219026357 |issn=2212-8662 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406075456/https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/3741348 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Halverson-3637>{{harvtxt|Halverson|2010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv/page/n44 36–37]}}.</ref> [[Physico-theology]] provides arguments for theological topics based on reason.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Chignell |first1=Andrew |title=Natural Theology and Natural Religion |date=2020 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/natural-theology/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2020-10-09 |edition=Fall 2020 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Pereboom |first2=Derk |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218132535/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/natural-theology/ |url-status=live}}.</ref><br />
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==Specific characteristics==<br />
{{See also|Attributes of God (disambiguation)}}<br />
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===Titles===<br />
{{Main|Names of God}}<br />
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{{See also|Names of God in Islam}}<br />
[[File:Allah Names in Chinese Arabic Script.jpg|thumb|upright|99 names of [[Allah]], in Chinese [[Sini (script)|Sini]]]]<br />
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In the [[Judeo-Christian]] tradition, "the Bible has been the principal source of the conceptions of God". That the Bible "includes many different images, concepts, and ways of thinking about" God has resulted in perpetual "disagreements about how God is to be conceived and understood".<ref>Fiorenza, Francis Schüssler and Kaufman, Gordon D., "God", Ch 6, in Taylor, Mark C., ed., ''Critical Terms for Religious Studies'' (University of Chicago, 1998/2008), pp. 136–140.</ref> Throughout the Hebrew and Christian Bibles there are titles for God, who revealed his personal name as [[YHWH]] (often vocalized as ''Yahweh'' or ''Jehovah'').<ref name="Parke-Taylor2006"/> One of them is ''[[Elohim]]''. Another one is ''[[El Shaddai]]'', translated 'God Almighty'.<ref>Gen. 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; Ex. 6:31; Ps. 91:1, 2.</ref> A third notable title is ''[[El Elyon]]'', which means 'The High God'.<ref>Gen. 14:19; Ps. 9:2; Dan. 7:18, 22, 25.</ref> Also noted in the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew]] and [[Bible#Christian Bible|Christian]] Bibles is the name "[[I Am that I Am]]".<ref>Exodus 3:13–15.</ref><ref name="Parke-Taylor2006"/><br />
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God is described and referred in the [[Quran]] and hadith by certain [[Names of God in Islam|names or attributes]], the most common being ''[[R-Ḥ-M|Al-Rahman]]'', meaning 'Most Compassionate', and ''Al-Rahim'', meaning 'Most Merciful'.<ref name="Ben">{{Cite book |last=Bentley |first=David |title=The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book |publisher=William Carey Library |year=1999 |isbn=978-0878082995}}</ref> Many of these names are also used in the scriptures of the [[Baháʼí Faith]].<br />
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[[Vaishnavism]], a tradition in Hinduism, has a [[list of titles and names of Krishna]].<br />
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===Gender===<br />
{{Main|Gender of God}}<br />
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The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical Western philosophy, transcends bodily form.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aquinas |first=Thomas |title=Summa Theologica |section=First part: Question 3: The simplicity of God: Article 1: Whether God is a body? |url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm |publisher=New Advent |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/confessionsaugu00shedgoog |title=The Confessions of Augustine |publisher=Warren F. Draper |year=1885 |editor=Shedd |editor-first=William G. T. |section=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[Polytheistic]] religions commonly attribute to each of ''the gods'' a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical Western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an [[analogical]] statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=David |title=Why Matter Matters: Philosophical and Scriptural Reflections on the Sacraments |year=2002 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |chapter=Why Male Priests? |isbn=978-1931709347 |first2=Peter |last2=Kreeft}}</ref><br />
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Biblical sources usually refer to God using male or paternal words and symbolism. Notable exceptions include {{Bibleverse|Genesis||1:26–27|KJV}},<ref>Pagels, Elaine H. [http://holyspirit-shekinah.org/_/what_became_of_god_the_mother-1.htm "What Became of God the Mother? Conflicting Images of God in Early Christianity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123111512/http://holyspirit-shekinah.org/_/what_became_of_god_the_mother-1.htm|date=23 November 2010}} Signs, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 293–303.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/175 |title=God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says |publisher=Twelve. Hachette Book Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0446545259 |edition=1st |location=New York; Boston, Massachusetts |page=[https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/175 175] |chapter=6. Fire in Divine Loins: God's Wives in Myth and Metaphor |quote=humans are modeled on ''elohim'', specifically in their sexual differences. |access-date=5 May 2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_gPKQEACAAJ&q=god+and+sex}}</ref> {{Bibleverse|Psalm||123:2–3|KJV}}, and {{Bibleverse|Luke||15:8–10|KJV}} (female); {{Bibleverse|Hosea||11:3–4|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy||32:18|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Isaiah||66:13|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Isaiah||49:15|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Isaiah||42:14|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Psalm||131:2|KJV}} (a mother); {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy||32:11–12|KJV}} (a mother eagle); and {{Bibleverse|Matthew||23:37|KJV}} and {{Bibleverse|Luke||13:34|KJV}} (a mother hen).<br />
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In [[Sikhism]], [[God in Sikhism|God]] is "Ajuni" (Without Incarnations), which means that God is not bound to any physical forms. This concludes that the All-pervading Lord is Gender-less.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikhwomen.com/equality/GodsGender.htm |title=God's Gender |website=www.sikhwomen.com |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205122743/http://www.sikhwomen.com/equality/GodsGender.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] constantly refers to God as 'He' and 'Father' (with some exceptions), typically because the Guru Granth Sahib was written in north Indian [[Indo-Aryan language]]s (mixture of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sant Bhasha]], Sanskrit with influences of Persian) which have no neutral gender. From further insights into the Sikh philosophy, it can be deduced that God is, sometimes, referred to as the Husband to the Soul-brides, in order to make a patriarchal society understand what the relationship with God is like. Also, God is considered to be the Father, Mother, and Companion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gurbani.org/articles/webart270.htm |title=IS GOD MALE OR FEMALE? |website=www.gurbani.org |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205122754/https://www.gurbani.org/articles/webart270.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Depiction===<br />
{{Main|Aniconism}}<br />
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{{See also|Incorporeality|God the Father in Western art}}<br />
[[File:Naqsh i Rustam. Investiture d'Ardashir 1.jpg|thumb|left|Ahura Mazda (depiction is on the right, with high crown) presents [[Ardashir I]] (left) with the ring of kingship. (Relief at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]], 3rd century CE)]]<br />
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In Zoroastrianism, during the early [[Parthian Empire]], [[Ahura Mazda]] was visually represented for worship. This practice ended during the beginning of the [[Sasanian Empire]]. Zoroastrian [[iconoclasm]], which can be traced to the end of the Parthian period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda continued to be symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture.{{Sfn|Boyce|1983|p=686}}<br />
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Deities from Near Eastern cultures are often thought of as [[anthropomorphic]] entities who have a human like body which is, however, not equal to a human body. Such bodies were often thought to be radiant or fiery, of superhuman size or extreme beauty. The ancient deity of the [[Israelites]] ([[Yahweh]]) too was imagined as a transcendent but still anthropomorphic deity.<ref name=Transcendent>Williams, Wesley. "A Body Unlike Bodies: Transcendent Anthropomorphism in Ancient Semitic Tradition and Early Islam". Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 129, no. 1, 2009, pp. 19–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40593866 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183524/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40593866 |date=18 November 2022 }}. Accessed 18 Nov. 2022.</ref> Humans could not see him, because of their impurity in contrast to Yahweh's holiness, Yahweh being described as radiating fire and light which could kill a human if looking at him. Further, more religious or spiritual people tend to have less anthropomorphic depictions of God.<ref name=Shaman/> In Judaism, the [[Torah]] often ascribes human features to God, however, many other passages describe God as formless and otherworldly. Judaism is [[aniconic]], meaning it overly lacks material, physical representations of both the natural and supernatural worlds. Furthermore, the worship of idols is strictly forbidden. The traditional view, elaborated by figures such as [[Maimonides]], reckons that God is wholly incomprehensible and therefore impossible to envision, resulting in a historical tradition of "divine incorporeality". As such, attempting to describe God's "appearance" in practical terms is considered disrespectful to the deity and thus is taboo, and arguably heretical.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carmel |first1=Reba |title=Maimonides for the 21st Century |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/maimonides-for-the-21st-century |website=Jewish Currents |access-date=19 December 2025 |date=Autumn 2016}}</ref><br />
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[[Gnostic]] cosmogony often depicts the creator god of the Old Testament as an evil lesser deity or [[Demiurge#Gnosticism|Demiurge]], while the higher benevolent god or [[Monad (Gnosticism)|Monad]] is thought of as something beyond comprehension having immeasurable light and not in time or among things that exist, but rather is greater than them in a sense. All people are said to have a piece of God or [[divine spark]] within them which has fallen from the immaterial world into the corrupt material world and is trapped unless [[gnosis]] is attained.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bataille |first1=Georges |author-link1=Georges Bataille |title=Base Materialism and Gnosticism |journal=Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939 |date=1930 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Marvin |last1=Meyer |first2=Willis |last2=Barnstone |title=The Gnostic Bible |publisher=Shambhala |chapter=The Secret Book of John |url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html |date=June 30, 2009 |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423033025/http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Rebecca |last=Denova |title=Gnosticism |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Gnosticism/ |encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia |date=April 9, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222101411/https://www.worldhistory.org/Gnosticism/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Ascension, sacramentaire de Drogon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Use of the symbolic [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]] in the [[Ascension of Christ|Ascension]] from the [[Drogo Sacramentary]], {{circa|850}}]]<br />
Early Christians believed that the words of the [[Gospel of John]] 1:18: "No man has seen God at any time" and numerous other statements were meant to apply not only to God, but to all attempts at the depiction of God.<ref name="James Cornwell page 24">Cornwell, James (2009) ''Saints, Signs, and Symbols: The Symbolic Language of Christian Art'', {{ISBN|081922345X}}. p. 2.</ref> However, later depictions of God are found. Some, such as the [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]], are depiction borrowed from Jewish art. Prior to the 10th century no attempt was made to use a human to symbolize [[God the Father]] in [[Western art]].<ref name="James Cornwell page 24" /> Yet, Western art eventually required some way to illustrate the presence of the Father, so through successive representations a set of artistic styles for symbolizing the Father using a man gradually emerged around the 10th century AD. A rationale for the use of a human is the belief that God created the soul of man in the image of his own (thus allowing humans to transcend the other animals). It appears that when early artists designed to represent God the Father, fear and awe restrained them from a usage of the whole human figure. Typically only a small part would be used as the image, usually the hand, or sometimes the face, but rarely a whole human. In many images, the figure of the Son supplants the Father, so a smaller portion of the person of the Father is depicted.<ref name="Adolphe Napoléon Didron pages 169">Didron, Adolphe Napoléon (2003), ''Christian iconography: or The history of Christian art in the Middle Ages'', {{ISBN|0-7661-4075-X}}, p. 169.</ref> By the 12th century depictions of God the Father had started to appear in French [[illuminated manuscript]]s, which as a less public form could often be more adventurous in their iconography, and in stained glass church windows in England. Initially, the head or bust was usually shown in some form of frame of clouds in the top of the picture space, where the Hand of God had formerly appeared; the [[Baptism of Christ]] on the famous [[Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège|baptismal font in Liège]] of [[Rainer of Huy]] is an example from 1118 (a Hand of God is used in another scene). Gradually the amount of the human symbol shown can increase to a half-length figure, then a full-length, usually enthroned, as in [[Giotto]]'s [[fresco]] {{circa|1305}} in [[Padua]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Arena Chapel]], at the top of the triumphal arch, ''God sending out the angel of the Annunciation''. See Schiller, I, figure 15.</ref> In the 14th century the [[Naples Bible]] carried a depiction of God the Father in the [[Burning bush]]. By the early 15th century, the [[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]] had a considerable number of symbols, including an elderly but tall and elegant full-length figure walking in the [[Garden of Eden]], which show a considerable diversity of apparent ages and dress. The [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)#Lorenzo Ghiberti|"Gates of Paradise" of the Florence Baptistry]] by [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]], begun in 1425 use a similar tall full-length symbol for the Father. The [[Rohan Book of Hours]] of about 1430 also included depictions of God the Father in half-length human form, which were now becoming standard, and the Hand of God becoming rarer. At the same period other works, such as the large Genesis [[altarpiece]] by the Hamburg painter [[Meister Bertram]], continued to use the old depiction of Christ as ''[[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]]'' in Genesis scenes. In the 15th century there was a brief fashion for depicting all three persons of the Trinity as [[Trinity#Less common types of depiction|similar or identical figures with the usual appearance of Christ]]. In a Trinitarian [[Pietà]], God the Father is often symbolized using a man wearing a papal dress and a papal crown, supporting the dead Christ in his arms.<ref>Earls, Irene (1987). ''Renaissance art: a topical dictionary'', {{ISBN|0313246580}}, pp. 8, 283.</ref> In 1667 the 43rd chapter of the [[Great Moscow Synod]] specifically included a ban on a number of symbolic depictions of God the Father and the Holy Spirit, which then also resulted in a range of other icons being placed on the forbidden list,<ref>Tarasov, Oleg (2004). ''Icon and devotion: sacred spaces in Imperial Russia'', {{ISBN|1861891180}}. p. 185.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://genuineorthodoxchurch.com/moscow_1666.htm |title=Council of Moscow – 1666–1667 |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213222311/http://genuineorthodoxchurch.com/moscow_1666.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> mostly affecting Western-style depictions which had been gaining ground in Orthodox icons. The council also declared that the person of the Trinity who was the "Ancient of Days" was Christ, as ''logos'', not God the Father. However some icons continued to be produced in Russia, as well as Greece, Romania, and other Orthodox countries.<br />
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[[File:Istanbul 027 (6445021161).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Arabic script of "Allah" in [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul]]<br />
In Islam, Muslims believe that God ([[Allah]]) is beyond all comprehension, and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Muslims tend to use the least anthropomorphism among monotheists.<ref name="Shaman">Shaman, Nicholas J.; Saide, Anondah R.; and Richert, Rebekah A. "Dimensional structure of and variation in anthropomorphic concepts of God". Frontiers in psychology 9 (2018): 1425.</ref> They are not [[iconodules]] and have religious calligraphy of titles of God instead of pictures.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author=Lebron |first=Robyn |title=Searching for Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground? |year=2012 |isbn=978-1462712625 |page=117 |publisher=Crossbooks}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Mythology|Philosophy|Religion}}<br />
{{div col|small=no}}<br />
* {{look from|God}}<br />
* [[Apatheism]]<br />
* [[Apeiron (cosmology)]]<br />
* [[Demigod]]<br />
* [[Existence of God]]<br />
* [[Gad (son of Jacob)|Gad]], a [[homophone]] term<br />
* [[God complex]]<br />
* [[Relationship between religion and science]]<br />
* [[Third man factor]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Boyce |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Boyce |title=Ahura Mazdā |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |location=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1983 |volume=1 |pages=684–687}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bunnin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Yu |first2=Jiyuan |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy |year=2008 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0470997215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdbxabeToQYC |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815224620/https://books.google.com/books?id=LdbxabeToQYC |url-status=live}}<br />
* [[Cliff Pickover|Pickover, Cliff]], ''The Paradox of God and the Science of Omniscience'', Palgrave/St Martin's Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1403964572}}.<br />
* [[Francis Collins (geneticist)|Collins, Francis]], ''The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief'', Free Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0743286391}}.<br />
* [[Jack Miles|Miles, Jack]], ''God: A Biography'', Vintage, 1996. {{ISBN|0679743685}}.<br />
* [[Armstrong, Karen]], ''A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam'', Ballantine Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0434024562}}.<br />
* [[Paul Tillich]], ''Systematic Theology'', Vol. 1 (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1951). {{ISBN|0226803376}}.<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Halverson |first1=J. |title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0230106581 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523094748/https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Hastings |first=James Rodney |author-link=James Hastings |editor-first=John A. |editor-last=Selbie |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |volume=4 |publisher=Kessinger |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |year=1925–2003 |orig-date=1908–1926 |quote=The encyclopedia will contain articles on all the religions of the world and on all the great systems of ethics. It will aim at containing articles on every religious belief or custom, and on every ethical movement, every philosophical idea, every moral practice. |isbn=978-0766136731 |url=<!-- |access-date=5 March 2008--> |page=476}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/gnosticbible0000unse/page/n6/mode/1up |title=The Gnostic Bible |date=2009 |publisher=Boston : Shambhala |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-59030-631-4 |editor-last=Barnstone |editor-first=Willis |edition=Revised |location=Boston&London |pages=155–185 |editor-last2=Meyer |editor-first2=Marvin}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Library resources box}}<br />
{{Sister project links|s=no |b=no}}<br />
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|God_Article_Spoken_2008.ogg|date=2008-01-06}}<br />
* [http://www.armatabianca.org/eng/padre.php?sottomenu=4 Concept of God in Christianity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006005230/http://www.armatabianca.org/eng/padre.php?sottomenu=4 |date=6 October 2010 }}<br />
* [http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm Concept of God in Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421081921/http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm |date=21 April 2019 }}<br />
* [http://www.allaboutgod.com/ God Christian perspective]<br />
<br />
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030504073425/http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm|date=4 May 2003}} Hindu Concept of God<br />
<br />
* [http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp Jewish Literacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219080545/http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp |date=19 December 2010 }}<br />
* [https://www.godsyou.com/who-is-god/ Who is God]<br />
<br />
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219080545/http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp |date=19 December 2010 }}<br />
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[[Category:God| ]]<br />
[[Category:Singular God| ]]<br />
[[Category:Creator gods]]<br />
[[Category:Deities]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptists&diff=456782Baptists2026-03-22T22:56:00Z<p>TobyRamer579490: corrected intro and updated info per sources</p>
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<div>{{short description|Denomination of Protestant Christianity}}<br />
{{Redirect|Baptist|the Christian practice|Baptism|other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Baptist}}<br />
{{Protestantism}}<br />
{{Christianity|expanded=hide}}<br />
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'''Baptists''' are a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian denomination|tradition]] of [[Christianity]] distinguished by baptizing only believers ([[believer's baptism]]) and doing so by total [[Immersion baptism|immersion]]. Modern Baptist churches generally subscribe to the [[Christian theology|doctrines]] of [[soul competency]] (the responsibility and accountability of every person before [[God in Christianity|God]]), ''[[sola fide]]'' (justification by faith alone), ''[[sola scriptura]]'' (the [[Bible]] as the sole infallible authority) and [[Congregationalist polity|congregationalist]] [[ecclesiastical polity]]. Baptists generally recognize at least two [[sacraments]] or [[Ordinance (Christianity)|ordinances]]: [[Baptism]] and the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]].<ref name="BS2025">{{cite web |title=Orthodox Creed |url=https://baptiststudiesonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/orthodox-creed.pdf |publisher=[[California Baptist University]] |access-date=2 July 2025 |at=XXVII. Article. |quote= These two Sacraments, (viz.) Baptism, and the Lord's Supper, are Ordinances of Positive, Soveraign, and holy Institution |date=1679}}</ref><ref name="NAFWB2025">{{cite web |title=What We Believe |url=https://nafwb.org/site/about/what-we-believe/ |publisher=National Association of Free Will Baptists |access-date=2 July 2025 |quote=Gospel Ordinances – Free Will Baptists believe the Bible teaches three ordinances for the church to practice: Baptism in water by immersion, the Lord’s Supper, to be perpetuated until His return, and the Washing of the Saints’ feet, an ordinance teaching humility.}}</ref><ref name="BRBC2024">{{cite web |title=What we believe |url=https://www.berbc.org/articles-of-faith-consitution-rules |publisher=Bethel Reformed Baptist Church |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=en |date=2024 |quote=Female members should remember the teaching of 1 Cor. 14:34–35, and so must ask questions at Members’ Meetings through their own husbands or a male member of the Church. Female head covering is the teaching of Holy Scripture, as seen in 1 Cor. 11, and so is to be observed by all female Church members in all Church Services, business and prayer meetings.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Diverse from their beginnings, those identifying as Baptists today may differ widely from one another in what they believe, how they worship, their attitudes toward other Christians, and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship.<ref name ="Shurden turning">{{Cite web| last=Shurden |first=Walter |title=Turning Points in Baptist History |publisher=The Center for Baptist Studies, Mercer University|location= Macon, GA |year=2001 |access-date=16 January 2010 |url = http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/pamphlets/style/turningpoints.htm}}</ref> Baptist missionaries have spread various Baptist churches to every continent.<ref name="ODCC self" /> The largest Baptist communion of churches is the [[Baptist World Alliance]], and there are many different groupings of Baptist churches and Baptist congregations.<br />
<br />
Baptists are traced back to [[English Dissenters|Dissenters]] from the [[Church of England]] in [[Great Britain]]. A nonconformist church was formed in [[Gainsborough, Lincolnshire|Gainsborough]] led by the cleric [[John Smyth (English theologian)|John Smyth]]. The Gainsborough congregation and the [[Scrooby congregation]] went into exile in [[Amsterdam]] in 1608.<ref name="Gourley" /> In accordance with their interpretation ([[exegesis]]) of the [[New Testament]], they came to reject [[infant baptism]] and instituted baptism only of professing believers.<ref name="ODCC self">{{cite encyclopaedia |title= The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | edition=4th |editor= Andrew Louth| publisher =Oxford University Press| date=2022| isbn= 9780191744396 | entry =Baptists| last= Fiddes | first= Paul | entry-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199642465.001.0001/acref-9780199642465-e-688 | entry-url-access= subscription }}</ref> [[Thomas Helwys]] returned the congregation to England, where he formulated a distinctive philosophical request that the [[Baptists in the history of separation of church and state|church and the state be kept separate]] in matters of law, so that individuals might have [[liberty of conscience]]. Baptists spread across England, where the [[General Baptists]] considered Christ's atonement to [[Unlimited atonement|extend to all people]], while the [[Reformed Baptists|Particular Baptists]] believed that it extended only to [[Election in Christianity|the elect]] (in which there is no consensus who is included).<ref name="Benedict1848">{{cite book|last=Benedict|first=David|title=A General History of the Baptist Denomination in America and Other Parts of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory00benegoog|year=1848|publisher=Lewis Colby|language=en|page= [https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory00benegoog/page/n222 325] |quote=It is, however, well known by the community at home and abroad, that from a very early period they have been divided into two parties, which have been denominated ''General'' and ''Particular'', which differ from each other mainly in their doctrinal sentiments; the Generals being Arminians, and the other, Calvinists.}}</ref> The [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith|Second London Confession of Faith]] of 1689 is the greatest creedal document for Particular Baptists, whereas the [[Orthodox Creed]] of 1679 is the one widely accepted by General Baptists.<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins:<br />
<br />
# the modern scholarly consensus<ref name="Gourley" /> is that the denomination traces its origins to the 17th century English Dissenters, having minimal to no Anabaptist influence;<br />
# the view that it was an outgrowth of the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement begun in 1525 on Continental Europe;<br />
# the [[Baptist successionism|successionist]] view, which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain outside of the mainstream Church since the time of Jesus Christ.<ref name="Gourley">Gourley, Bruce. "A Very Brief Introduction to Baptist History, Then and Now."</ref><ref>The First Church, J. T. Mann</ref> <br />
# the perpetuity view, similar to the successionist view, which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Jesus Christ.<br />
<br />
===English Dissenters view===<br />
[[File:John-Smyth.png|thumb|left|upright|[[John Smyth (English theologian)|John Smyth]] led the first Baptist church in [[Amsterdam]] in 1609.]]<br />
<br />
Baptist churches trace their history to [[English Dissenters]], in 17th century England, 75 years after the formation of the [[Church of England]], during the [[English Reformation|English]] [[Protestant Reformation]].<ref name="Brackney" /> This view of Baptist origins is the most historically accurate and is widely accepted.<ref name="ETS">{{cite news|title=Anabaptist kinship or English dissent? Papers at ETS examine Baptist origins |newspaper=[[Baptist Press]] |first=Jeff |last=Robinson |date=14 December 2009 |url=http://www.bpnews.net/printerfriendly.asp?ID=31878 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619030031/http://www.bpnews.net/printerfriendly.asp?ID=31878 |archive-date=19 June 2013 }}</ref> It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.<ref name = leonard24>{{harvnb|Leonard|2003|pages=24}}</ref><br />
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During the Reformation, the Church of England ([[Anglicanism|Anglicans]]) separated from the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation.<ref name= "Shurden turning" /><ref name="Briggs">{{Cite web | last = Briggs | first = John | title = Baptist Origins | publisher = Baptist History and Heritage Society | access-date = 10 January 2010 | url = http://www.baptisthistory.org/contissues/briggs.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105221040/http://www.baptisthistory.org/contissues/briggs.htm | archive-date = 5 January 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> There also were Protestants who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses, being the most critical of the church's direction. They became known as "[[Puritans]]". Most Puritans in the 16th century were conformists, staying in the Anglican Church and trying to make constructive changes from within. Other Puritans left the [[established church]] because of this Puritan dissatisfaction, and these became known as Separatists, Dissenters, or Nonconformists.<ref name="Gourley" /><br />
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In 1579, [[Fausto Sozzini|Faustus Socinus]] founded the [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] [[Polish Brethren]] in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]], which was a tolerant country. The Unitarians taught [[Immersion baptism|baptism by immersion]]. After their expulsion from the Commonwealth in 1658, many of them fled to the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, the Unitarians introduced immersion baptism to the [[Mennonites in the Netherlands|Dutch Mennonites]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Heresies: Heresy and Orthodoxy in the History of the Church|author-link1=Harold O.J. Brown|last=Brown|first=Harold O.J.|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|year=1988|isbn= 1-56563-365-2|location=Grand Rapids, MI|pages=337}}</ref><br />
<br />
Baptist churches have their origins with [[John Smyth (English theologian)|John Smyth]], [[Thomas Helwys]], and [[John Murton (theologian)|John Murton]] in the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 298</ref><ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 530</ref><ref>Olivier Favre, ''Les églises évangéliques de Suisse: origines et identités'', Labor et Fides, Genève, 2006, p. 328</ref> Because they shared beliefs with the [[Congregationalist polity|Congregationalists]], they went into exile in 1608 with other believers who held the same positions.<ref>W. Glenn Jonas Jr., ''The Baptist River'', Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. 6</ref> They believe that the [[Bible]] is to be the primary guide and that credobaptism is what the Bible teaches.<ref name="Baker & Landers p258">Robert Andrew Baker, John M. Landers, ''A Summary of Christian History'', B&H Publishing Group, US, 2005, p. 258</ref> In 1609, the year considered to be the foundation of the Baptist tradition, these exiled Dissenters baptized believers and their church became the first Baptist church.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 33</ref><ref>Michael Edward Williams, Walter B. Shurden, ''Turning Points in Baptist History'', Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. 36</ref><br />
<br />
In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast". In it he expressed two propositions: first, [[Infant baptism|infants are not to be baptized]]; and second, unbelievers are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism."<ref name =leonard24/> Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who had been baptized confessing faith and past sins. They rejected the doctrine of infant baptism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nettles|first=Tom J.|date=Spring 2009|title=Once Upon a Time, Four Hundred Years Ago...|journal=Founders Journal|volume=76|pages=2–8|url=http://www.founders.org/journal/fj76/article1.html|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329222721/http://www.founders.org/journal/fj76/article1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.reformedreader.org/history/vedder/ch14.htm |title=A Short History of the Baptists|last=Vedder|first=HC|publisher= The Reformed Reader|access-date= 23 December 2009}}</ref><br />
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Shortly thereafter, in 1610, Smyth was expelled from the church.<ref name="Gourley" /> Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned if they died in infancy.{{Sfn|Leonard|2003|p=25}} Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Waterland Mennonites for union. He died before achieving it, and some of his supporters became Mennonites. Helwys and Murton others kept their commitment to credobaptism that would originate in the Baptist tradition.{{Sfn|Leonard|2003|p=25}} The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of the Amsterdam English church.<ref name="Briggs" /> Baptists rejected the name "Anabaptist" (literally, 're-baptizer') when they were called that by opponents in derision because they considered [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] as [[heresy|heretics]]. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though ''falsely''—called Anabaptists."<ref name="McBeth Bapt Beg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baptisthistory.org/baptistbeginnings.htm|title= Baptist Beginnings | last = McBeth| first= H Leon |publisher= Baptist History and Heritage Society |access-date= 19 October 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071021083427/http://baptisthistory.org/baptistbeginnings.htm| archive-date = 21 October 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1612, and he published the [[List of Baptist confessions of faith|first Baptist confession of faith]]: the Helwys Declaration of Faith, or "''A Declaration of Faith of English People''", in 1611.<ref>John H. Y. Briggs, ''A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, US, 2009, p. 467</ref> He settled the church in [[Spitalfields]], East London, in 1612. it became known as the first [[General Baptist]] church<ref>Sébastien Fath, ''Une autre manière d'être chrétien en France: socio-histoire de l'implantation baptiste, 1810–1950'', Editions Labor et Fides, Genève, 2001, p. 81</ref><br />
<br />
Another milestone in the early development of the Baptist tradition was in 1638 with [[John Spilsbury (Baptist minister)|John Spilsbury]], a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] minister who later helped to promote the practice of baptism by immersion (as opposed to [[affusion]] or [[aspersion]]).<ref name="ETS" /> According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]], "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in [[Reformed Baptists|Particular Baptists]]."<ref name="ETS" /><br />
<br />
===Anabaptist influence view===<br />
A minority view is that early 17th century Baptists were influenced by or even directly connected to continental [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]].<ref name="Priest">{{citation|last=Priest|first=Gerald L|title=Are Baptists Protestants?|publisher=Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary|date=14 October 2010|url=http://www.dbts.edu/pdf/macp/2007/Priest,%20Are%20Baptists%20Protestants.pdf|url-status = bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620124136/http://www.dbts.edu/pdf/macp/2007/Priest,%20Are%20Baptists%20Protestants.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2017}}.</ref> Representatives of this theory include A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley writes that among some contemporary Baptist scholars, who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist theory is making a comeback.<ref name="Gourley" /> This view was also taught by the Reformed historian [[Philip Schaff]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Schaff: Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume I. The History of Creeds. - Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.x.vi.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.ccel.org |quote=The English and American Baptists have inherited some of the principles without the eccentricities and excesses of the Continental Anabaptists and Mennonites.}}</ref> According to this view, Baptists shared common beliefs and practices with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism, belief in [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]] and [[church-state separation]], and similarities on [[soteriology]].<br />
<br />
It is certain that the Baptists in the Dutch Republic had contacts with the Mennonite Anabaptists, and John Smyth later even joined the Anabaptist movement, while those who remained as Baptists did so under [[Thomas Helwys]]. However, although it is possible that Helwys was subordinately influenced by Dutch Anabaptism, he still rejected multiple of their doctrines such as Melchiorite Christology and had a more high role for the civil magistrate. However, any influence Helwys and the [[General Baptists]] could have had would not necessarily translate to influence on [[Reformed Baptists|Reformed Baptist]] theology, as although they share the same name, they are often viewed as having a distinct origin. Nevertheless, some historians have proposed for some Anabaptist influence on Reformed Baptists in addition to General Baptists, such as by proposing influence from a natively existing English Anabaptist population, rather than from Dutch Anabaptists. It has been sometimes speculated that a natively existing Anabaptist population in England gave rise to multiple English dissenting groups, including Particular Baptists. It has been noticed that there is some evidence for a native English Anabaptist population, and some historical records refer to two Anabaptists that were executed in England under Henry VII in 1575. However, many historians dismiss any links between the particular Baptists and Anabaptists, and there does not exist explicit evidences of Anabaptist influence on Particular Baptists.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Gordon L.|last1=Belyea|title=Origins of the Particular Baptists |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/origins-of-the-particular-baptists/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The Gospel Coalition |language=en-US |quote=}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite this, relations between Baptists and Anabaptists were early strained, which makes it difficult to support the Anabaptist view consensually. In 1624, the five existing Baptist churches of London issued an [[epistle]] of [[anathema]] to the Anabaptists for what they considered [[Heresy|heresies]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Early English Dissenters in the Light of Recent Research|last=Burrage|first=Champlin|publisher=Cambridge|year=1912|volume=2|location=University Press|pages=222}}</ref> and throughout the centuries Baptists strongly rejected the nomenclature of "Anabaptist". Furthermore, the Gainsborough church exiled in Amsterdam, under Helwys' leadership, rejected unification with the Waterlander Anabaptists after a brief period of association; and Helwys exposed negatively their beliefs and practices, considering them as heretical.<ref>{{citation|last=Melton|first=JG|contribution=Baptists|title=Encyclopedia of American Religions|year= 1994}}.</ref> Nonetheless, many modern Baptists have much more positive views of Anabaptism, emphasizing the agreements in many core areas of theology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Do Baptists spring from Anabaptist seed? {{!}} Baptist Press |url=https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/do-baptists-spring-from-anabaptist-seed/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.baptistpress.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Successionist and perpetuity view===<br />
{{Main|Baptist successionism}}<br />
<br />
Traditional Baptist historians write from the perspective that Baptists had existed since the time of Christ.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp = 18–9}} Proponents of the Baptist successionist or perpetuity view consider the Baptist movement to have existed independently from Roman Catholicism and prior to the Protestant Reformation.<ref name="H. Leon McBeth pages 59-60">{{citation|first=H Leon|last=McBeth|title=The Baptist Heritage|pages=59–60| place = Nashville | publisher = Broadman Press|year= 1987}}.</ref> This view has been characterized as "apologetic and polemical" and "without consideration of a critical, scientific methodology".{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | p = 19}}<br />
<br />
The perpetuity view is often identified with ''[[The Trail of Blood]]'', a booklet of five lectures by [[James Milton Carroll]] published in 1931.<ref name= "H. Leon McBeth pages 59-60" /> Other Baptist writers who advocated the successionist theory of Baptist origins are [[John T. Christian]] and [[Thomas Crosby (Baptist)|Thomas Crosby]].<ref name="H. Leon McBeth pages 59-60" />{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | p = 18}} This view was held by English Baptist preacher [[Charles Spurgeon]]<ref>{{citation |title= The New park Street Pulpit|volume=VII|page= 225}}.</ref> as well as [[Jesse Mercer]], the namesake of [[Mercer University]].<ref>{{cite web| first =Jesse | last = Mercer|title= A History of the Georgia Baptist Association|pages = 196–201 | year =1838|url= http://baptisthistoryhomepage.com/1811cl_mercer.html}}</ref> In 1898 William Whitsitt was pressured to resign his presidency of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary for denying Baptist successionism.<ref name="James H. Slatton pages 278-293">{{citation|first=James H.|last=Slatton|title=W.H. Whitsitt – The Man and the Controversy|pages=278–279| place = Macon | publisher = Mercer University Press|year= 2009}}.</ref><br />
<br />
===Baptist origins in the United Kingdom===<br />
{{see also|Baptist Union of Great Britain}}<br />
[[File:Title Page A Short Declaration of the Mistery of Iniquity.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''A Short Declaration of the Mistery of Iniquity'' (1612) by Thomas Helwys. For Helwys, religious liberty was a right for everyone, even for the heretics.]]In 1612 Helwys returned to England and settled the Amsterdam church in London, to support the Puritan reforms. A number of Nonconformist Baptist churches were formed, and they became known as the General Baptists. The Particular Baptists were established when a group of Dissenters adopted credobaptism in the 1630s.{{Sfn | Wright | 2004}}{{Page needed |date=June 2014}} The Particular Baptists consisted of seven churches by 1644 and had drafted up a confession of faith called the [[1644 Baptist Confession of Faith|First London Confession of Faith]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Southern Baptist Convention: A Sesquicentennial History|last=Fletcher|first=Jesse C.|publisher=Broadman & Holman|year=1994|isbn=978-0805411676|location=Nashville, TN|pages=25}}</ref> Many Particular Baptists are now called [[Grace Baptist|Grace Baptists]].<br />
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===Baptist origins in North America===<br />
{{See also|Baptists in the United States|Baptists in Canada}}<br />
[[File:First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[First Baptist Church in America]] located in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]]]<br />
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Both [[Roger Williams]] and [[John Clarke (Baptist minister)|John Clarke]] are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist churches in North America.<ref name="Newport">{{citation|url=http://www.redwoodlibrary.org/notables/clarke.htm |title=Newport Notables |publisher=Redwood Library |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062252/http://www.redwoodlibrary.org/notables/clarke.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}.</ref> In 1638 Williams established a Baptist church in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], and Clarke established another Baptist church in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."<ref name= "Brackney">{{Cite book| author-link = William H. Brackney| last = Brackney | first = William H |title= Baptists in North America: an historical perspective| publisher= Blackwell Publishing | year = 2006 | page = 22 | isbn = 978-1-4051-1865-1}}</ref><ref>Thomas S. Kidd and Barry Hankins, ''Baptists in America: A History'' (2015)</ref><br />
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The [[First Great Awakening]] energized the Baptists, where they experienced spectacular growth. Baptists became the largest Christian community in many southern states, including among the enslaved Black population.<ref name="ODCC self" /><br />
[[File:Sandwich First Baptist Church c. 1909.jpg|thumb|left|Early 20th century photo of the Sandwich First Baptist Church in [[Windsor, Ontario]]]]<br />
Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of [[Nova Scotia]] (present day Nova Scotia and [[New Brunswick]]) in the 1760s.{{Sfn | Bumstead | 1984 | p = 40}} The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in [[Wolfville]], Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778.{{Sfn | Bumstead | 1984 | p = 62}} The church was established with the assistance of the [[Old and New Lights|New Light]] evangelist [[Henry Alline]]. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, converted and strengthened the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.<ref name = "Rawlyk">{{Cite book | editor-last = Rawlyk | editor-first = George A |title= The Sermons of Henry Alline | publisher = Lancelot Press for Acadia Divinity College and the Baptist Historical Committee of the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces | place = Hantsport |year= 1986|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Bell | first = DG | title = Henry Alline and Maritime Religion | publisher = Canadian Historical Association | place = Ottawa | year = 1993}}.</ref> Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in [[the Maritimes]]. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinist in their doctrine) and [[Free Will Baptist]]s (Arminian in their doctrine).<ref name="Rawlyk" /><br />
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In May 1845, many Baptist churches in the South of United States seceded from the [[Triennial Convention]], the national Baptist organization established in 1814, over slavery. The [[American Baptist Home Mission Society|Home Mission Society]] prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries.<ref name="Early">{{Citation |title=Readings in Baptist History: Four Centuries of Selected Documents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ieENRXoO1YC&pg=PA100 |pages=100–101 |year=2008 | publisher=B&H Publishing |editor-last=Early |editor-first=Joe |access-date=25 August 2010 |isbn=9780805446746}}.</ref> These churches founded their own convention: the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]. The Triennial Convention remained mostly (though not entirely) northern in composition. The Triennial Convention was reorganized in 1907 as the now called [[American Baptist Churches USA]] (ABCUSA).<ref name="Southern Baptist Beginnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.baptisthistory.org/sbaptistbeginnings.htm |title=Southern Baptist Beginnings |first=Robert A. |last=Baker |publisher=Baptist History & Heritage Society |year=1979 |access-date=28 October 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018074627/http://www.baptisthistory.org/sbaptistbeginnings.htm |archive-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref> In 2015, [[Baptists in the United States|Baptists in the U.S.]] number 50 million people and constitute roughly one-third of [[Protestantism in the United States|American Protestants]].<ref>{{cite web|date=12 May 2015|title=Appendix B: Classification of Protestant Denominations|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/appendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations/|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref><br />
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===Baptist origins in Germany===<br />
{{See also|Baptists in Germany}}<br />
[[File: Wolfsburg Westhagen Immanuel.JPG|thumb| Emmanuel Baptist Church in [[Wolfsburg]], [[Lower Saxony]], affiliated with the [[Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany]].]]<br />
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The first Baptist church in [[Hamburg]], known as the [[Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany]], was founded by the German missionary [[Johann Gerhard Oncken]] in 1834.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brackney |first=William H |title=Historical Dictionary of the Baptists |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780810856226 |location=Lanham |pages=248–249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Union of Evangelical Free Churches (Baptists) in Germany |url=https://baptistworld.org/union-of-evangelical-free-churches-baptists-in-germany/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=[[Baptist World Alliance]] |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022170120/https://baptistworld.org/union-of-evangelical-free-churches-baptists-in-germany/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Founded in 1849, the Union of United Congregations of Baptized Christians in Germany and Denmark merged in 1942 with the Union of Free Church Christians, which originated in the [[Plymouth Brethren|Brethren movement]], and thereby took its present name.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |pages=2955}}</ref> According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 786 churches and 75,767 members.<ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023</ref><br />
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The {{Interlanguage link|Evangeliumschristen-Baptisten|de}} ('Evangelical Christians-Baptists') are mostly of Russian-German origin. They were formed in 1944 from the merger of Evangeliums-Christen with the Baptists.<ref name="Loesse61">{{Cite book |last=Lösse |first=Esther |title=Zwischen Austritt und Ausschluss. Exklusion und Distanzierung aus evangelikalen Gemeinden russlanddeutscher Aussiedler |publisher=Kassel University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-86219-184-0 |location=Kassel |pages=61 |language=de}}</ref> Later, other evangelical [[free church]]es joined them. In contrast to their Eastern European countries of origin, no unified union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists was founded in Germany. Some of the newly formed congregations have come together in congregational associations such as {{Interlanguage link|Bruderschaft der Freien Evangeliums Christen Gemeinden|de}} ('the Brotherhood of Free Evangelical Christian Congregations') or the {{Lang|de|Arbeitsgemeinschaft evangelikaler Gemeinden}} ('Working Group of Evangelical Congregations'). Another part is connected with German Baptists through the {{Lang|de|Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Evangeliumschristen-Baptisten}} in the Union of Evangelical Free Churches or is united with [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren congregations]] in the Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden ('Union of Baptist-Minded Congregations'). In addition, there are also congregations outside of congregational associations. The congregations in the {{Interlanguage link|Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden|de}} ('Union of Baptist-Minded Congregations'; BTG) have partly Baptist, partly [[Mennonites|Mennonite]] roots. The federation was formed in 1989 from the merger of originally six Baptist-oriented congregations, which were primarily located in the region of [[Ostwestfalen-Lippe]]. The BTG has about 6000 members spread over 30 congregations. The {{Interlanguage link|Bibelseminar|de|Bibelseminar Bonn}} ('Bible [[seminary]]'), the theological training center of this association of congregations, is located in Bonn and offers a regular study program as well as a theological correspondence course and a theological evening school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://bsb-online.de/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Bibelseminar Bonn |language=de-DE}}</ref><br />
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The [[International Baptist Convention]] goes back to [[church planting]]s by American soldiers. In Germany, 25 English-speaking congregations belong to it. From its beginnings in [[Wiesbaden]] and [[Frankfurt]], a loose working group was formed in 1958, the Association of Baptists in Continental Europe, which was joined by other congregations and, from 1961, supported by the North American congregational association of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]. In 1964, the Association adopted its current name.<ref>John H. Y. Briggs, ''A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2009, p. 144</ref><br />
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===Baptist origins in Finland===<br />
{{See also|Baptists in Finland}}<br />
[[File:Vasa Baptistkyrkan 06-2023 2.jpg|thumb|The Swedish Baptist Church in [[Vaasa|Vaasa, Finland]], founded in 1881]]<br />
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Preacher [[Karl Möllersvärd|Karl Justin Mathias Möllersvärd]] was the first to preach Baptist teachings in Finland and sparked a revival, though he did not stay long due to fierce opposition.<ref name="finland:0">{{Cite web|title=Baptismen i Finland och som en världsvid trosgemenskap|url=http://www.baptist.fi/finlands-svenska-baptistsamfund/om-oss/vem-ar-vi/baptismen-i-finland-och-som-en-varldsvid-trosgemenskap/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109115803/http://www.baptist.fi/finlands-svenska-baptistsamfund/om-oss/vem-ar-vi/baptismen-i-finland-och-som-en-varldsvid-trosgemenskap/|archive-date=2021-11-09|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Finlands Svenska Baptistsamfund|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edstöm|first=Jan|date=1995|title=Det ekumeniska läget i Finland i 1995|url=https://www.metodistkirken.no/hoved/_service/33447/download/id/227271/name/TF+1995-1.pdf|journal=Teologisk Forum|language=sv|volume=IX|issue=1|issn=0802-1457|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205604/https://www.metodistkirken.no/hoved/_service/33447/download/id/227271/name/TF+1995-1.pdf|archive-date=2021-06-24|via=Nordisk Utdanningsråd for Metodistkirkens Sentralkonferanse}}</ref><ref name="finland:1">{{Cite journal|last=Sundqvist|first=Alfons|date=January 1954|title=Glimpses of the Baptist Work in Finland|url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bmj/091.pdf|journal=[[The Fraternal]]|volume=91|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804231756/https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bmj/091.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> The movement, however, continued to grow. In 1855, a resident of [[Åland]] returned from [[Stockholm]] with material about [[Baptist beliefs]] written by former Lutheran priest [[Anders Wiberg]]. Farmer Johan Erik Östling was inspired to travel to Stockholm the next year and be baptized, making him the first Finnish Baptist.<ref name="finland:1" /> Several baptisms were performed in [[Föglö|Föglö, Åland]] the following year; they joined with those who had already been baptized in Sweden to found the first Finnish Baptist church in 1856 in Föglö.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 192</ref><br />
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Lutheran priest [[Henrik Heikel]], who spoke with the Baptists to learn more about their beliefs, played a key role in the church's spread.<ref name="finland:1" /> Heikel moved to mainland Finland with his family in 1860. [[Pedersöre]] in [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]] was to become their home as he was installed as priest of the Lutheran church there. The family maintained contact with the Baptists in Åland; after his death in 1867, his son [[Viktor Heikel|Viktor]] and daughter [[Anna Heikel|Anna]] were baptized as Baptists by Wiberg in Stockholm. Their conversions led to many more after Anna returned with literature and began to hold meetings. The family received a visit from a Baptist pastor, Adolf Herman Valén, who had been at the hearing with Heikel ten years earlier; they held meetings together and his preaching led to more conversions to the movement. He was the first Baptist to preach on the mainland. The first Baptist baptisms on the mainland were performed the same year, with Maria Ekqvist and Petter Stormåns being the first to be baptized.<ref name="finland:1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-07|title=Helsingfors baptistförsamling|url=http://www.skillnaden.net/info/helsingfors.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307173605/http://www.skillnaden.net/info/helsingfors.htm|archive-date=2016-03-07|access-date=2021-06-25|language=sv}}</ref> The movement continued to grow in the following years and a Swedish-speaking congregation was founded in [[Jakobstad]] (Finnish: {{Lang|fi|Pietarsaari}}), near Pedersöre, in 1870, by thirteen people including four members of the Heikel family.<ref name="finland:0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardin|first=Albert W.|title=On the Edge: Baptists and Other Free Church Evangelicals in Tsarist Russia, 1855-1917|publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]]|year=2013|isbn=9781620329627|pages=33}}</ref> That year, the Conventicle Act was also repealed in Finland. (In 1891 the Jakobstad Baptist church underwent a split due to differing views, particularly over [[Open communion|open]] or [[closed communion]].)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Susanna kom Anna in på livet |url=http://www.baptist.fi/mst/Artiklar_04b_03.htm |journal=Missionstandaret |language=sv |volume=4 |issue=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028142909/http://www.baptist.fi/mst/Artiklar_04b_03.htm |archive-date=2007-10-28}}</ref> Ostrobothnia has since remained a hub of the Baptist movement in Finland. Today, the only two Swedish-speaking Baptist churches outside the region are located in [[Helsinki]] and [[Karis]].<ref name="finland:0" /><br />
[[File:Baptistinen kastejuhla 1886.jpg|thumb|The baptism ceremony in [[Tampere]] on September 16, 1886]]<br />
The Baptist movement did not take long to reach the Finnish-speaking population as well. Some of the people who had been baptized in Ostrobothnia were bilingual and began to preach in Finnish, founding several Finnish-speaking churches. Henrik Nars, from [[Purmo]], was one such preacher. In 1870, a solely Finnish-speaking sailor named Henriksson evangelized in the southwestern Finnish countryside of [[Satakunta]] after being converted in England. The Luvia Baptist congregation near [[Pori]] (Swedish: {{Lang|sv|Björneborg}}) traces its origin, also dated 1870, to his work.<ref name="finland:1" /> In 1871, John Hymander, also a Finnish speaker, who had been a priest in the Lutheran church for 40 years, left his position in [[Parikkala]] in [[South Karelia]] and was baptized by the Baptists in Stockholm. He was known to have had a friendly relationship with the Heikel family. Several in Hymander's family soon followed in baptism and a Baptist church was founded in Parikkala in 1872.<ref name="finland:1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_baptist-missionary-magazine_1873-07_53_7|title=The Baptist Missionary Magazine. 1873-07: Vol 53 Iss 7|date=1873|publisher=Open Court Publishing Co|language=English}}</ref> More Finnish-speaking Baptist churches were soon founded in [[Jurva]] (1879), [[Turku]] (1884), [[Kuopio]] (1886), [[Tampere]] (1890), and [[Ylistaro]] (1894).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historiaa|url=https://www.baptisti.fi/suomen-baptistikirkko/historiaa.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628084632/https://www.baptisti.fi/suomen-baptistikirkko/historiaa.html|archive-date=2021-06-28|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Baptisti.fi|language=fi}}</ref> The [[Finnish Baptist Church|Finnish Baptist Union]] was officially formed in 1903.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 217</ref><br />
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Reverend Erik Jansson was also a key figure in the church's spread beginning in the 1880s. After joining evangelist [[Dwight L. Moody]]'s church in [[Chicago]], Jansson returned to Finland and later joined the Baptist church in 1881. He became pastor of the [[Petalax]] Baptist Church, which at times had over 400 members and baptized 1000 people.<ref name="finland:1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holmqvist|first=Leif-Erik|date=11 March 2005|title=Han döpte tusen personer i Finland|url=http://www.baptist.fi/mst/PDF2005/Mst_03_05/Mst_03_05_sid12.pdf|journal=Missionsstandaret|language=sv|volume=113|issue=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623104848/http://www.baptist.fi/mst/PDF2005/Mst_03_05/Mst_03_05_sid12.pdf|archive-date=2021-06-23}}</ref> After the Swedish Baptists had exclusively supported the development work in Finland over the first few decades, the [[American Baptist Home Mission Society|Home Mission Society]] of the [[American Baptist Churches USA]] contributed financially starting around 1889.<ref>Laubach, David C. ''[http://www.abhms.org/docs/Roots%20booklet.pdf American Baptist Home Mission Roots: 1824–2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812065450/http://www.abhms.org/docs/Roots%20booklet.pdf|date=2011-08-12}}'', Valley Forge: American Baptist Home Mission Societies, April 2010</ref><br />
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According to [[Statistics Finland]]'s demographic statistics, the number of Baptists in Finland was 2,305 at the end of 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rx.px/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Uskonnolliseen yhdyskuntaan kuuluminen iän ja sukupuolen mukaan, 1990-2024|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]|date=31 December 2024|access-date=6 July 2025|language=fi}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
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===Baptist origins in Ukraine===<br />
{{See also|Baptists in Ukraine}}<br />
[[File:Ecbua temple.jpg|thumb|right|The ''House of Gospel'' in [[Kyiv]], the central church of the [[All-Ukrainian Union of Churches of Evangelical Christian Baptists|AUС EСB]].]]<br />
The Baptist churches in Ukraine were preceded by the German Anabaptist and [[Mennonites|Mennonite]] communities, who had been living in southern Ukraine since the 16th century, and who practiced adult believer's baptism.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/major.religions/baptists |title= RISU / English / Major Religions / Baptists |access-date= 20 April 2005 |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050420001102/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/major.religions/baptists/ |archive-date=20 April 2005 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The first Baptist baptism (adult baptism by full immersion) in Ukraine took place in 1864 on the river [[Inhul]] in the Yelizavetgrad region (now [[Kropyvnytskyi]] region), in a [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union|German settlement]]. In 1867, the first Baptist churches were organized in that area. From there, the Baptist tradition spread across the south of Ukraine and then to other regions as well.<br />
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One of the first Baptist communities was registered in [[Kyiv]] in 1907, and in 1908 the First All-[[Russian Empire|Russian]] Convention of Baptists was held there, as Ukraine was still controlled by the Russian Empire. The All-Russian Union of Baptists was established in Yekaterinoslav (now [[Dnipro]]) in southern Ukraine. At the end of the 19th century, there were between 100,000 and 300,000 Baptists in Ukraine.<ref>[http://ecbua.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=29 History of the AUC ECB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805104147/http://ecbua.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=29 |date=5 August 2016 }} Всеукраїнський Союз Церков Євангельських Християн-Баптистів web site {{in lang|uk}}</ref> An independent All-Ukrainian Baptist Union of Ukraine was established during the [[Ukrainian People's Republic|brief period of Ukraine's independence]] in early 20th-century and once again after the fall of the Soviet Union, the largest of which is currently known as the [[Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine]]. Prior to its independence in 1991, Ukraine was home to the second largest Baptist community in the world, after the United States, and was called the "[[Bible Belt]]" of the Soviet Union.<ref name="NCEEER">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2006_819_19g_Wanner.pdf | title=EVANGELICALISM AND THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN UKRAINE | author=Wanne, Catherine | journal=The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research | year=2006}}</ref><br />
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==Baptist churches==<br />
{{Main|List of Baptist denominations}}<br />
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[[File: Hong Kong Baptist Hospital 2019.jpg|thumb|right| [[Hong Kong Baptist Hospital]], affiliated with the [[Baptist Convention of Hong Kong]].]]<br />
[[File: Regent’s Park College Dining Hall.jpg|thumb| [[Regent's Park College, Oxford|Regent's Park College]] in [[Oxford]], affiliated with the [[Baptist Union of Great Britain]]]]<br />
Some Baptist church congregations choose to be independent of larger church organizations ([[Independent Baptist]]). Other Baptist churches choose to be part of an international or national Baptist [[Christian denomination]] or association while still adhering to a [[congregationalist polity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Family Trees |url=https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/history/family-trees?F=96 |publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]] |access-date=28 November 2023 |quote=Modern Baptists are a group of Christian denominations and churches who subscribe to a theology of believer's baptism (as opposed to infant baptism), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Williams |first1= Michael Edward|last2= Shurden |first2= Walter B.|title= Turning Points in Baptist History |date=2008|publisher= Mercer University Press |pages=63, 72|language=en |quote= 63: "Baptists' practice of congregational church government means that all authority and power in Baptist life is focused in the local congregation of believers, not in any extra-local ecclesiastical body. From their beginnings, especially in America, the Baptist people consistently and repeatedly affirmed the local church as the center of their life together. For that reason there is no "The Baptist Church" in the same sense that there is "The Methodist Church," "The Episcopal Church," or "The Presbyterian Church." There are only "Baptist churches." Baptists have formed "conventions" of churches, "unions" of churches, and "associations" of churches, but final authority in Baptist life resides in the local congregation of believers. That authority does not rest in a denomination or any extra-local church body of any kind, civil or ecclesiastical." 72: " If you examine Baptist associations among different national Baptist bodies in contemporary America or if you compare Baptist associations in various countries today, you will find a wide divergence in the nature and practice of associations. This leads to the conclusion that Baptists really have no consistent or obvious theology of church order beyond the local church. Baptists do not have an ecclesiology beyond the local church that tells them how they must organize or structure their local churches into a Baptist denomination. For the most part, each group of Baptists has been guided primarily by practical issues, though they usually conscript both the Bible and Baptist theology in making the case for church connectionalism." }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blankman |first1=Drew |last2=Augustine |first2=Todd |title=Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations: Over 100 Christian Groups Clearly & Concisely Defined |date=17 April 2010 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-6706-6 |page=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Stephen R. Holmes, ''Baptist Theology'', T&T Clark, Edinburgh, 2012, p. 104-105</ref> This cooperative relationship allows the development of common organizations, for [[Christian mission|mission]] and societal purposes, such as [[Christian humanitarian aid|humanitarian aid]], schools, [[Bible college|theological institutes]] and hospitals.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2020, p. 173–174</ref><br />
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The majority of Baptist churches are part of national denominations (or 'associations' or 'cooperative groups'), as well as the [[Baptist World Alliance]] (BWA), formed in 1905 by 24 Baptist denominations from various countries.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 238</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Brackney |first1= William H.|title= Historical Dictionary of the Baptists |date=2009|publisher= Scarecrow Press |pages=38–40|language=en |quote= ASSOCIATIONS, BAPTIST. Groups of Baptist churches formed for the purpose of mutual support, aid to destitute congregations, and advice on matters of order, discipline, expansion, and identity. Based upon a principle common to most Christian organizations, Baptists have almost from their beginnings associated in this way with other churches of like faith and order. The Baptist association is not considered a superior body to the local congregation but rather an advisory body voluntarily covenanting with local churches for specific tasks.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Weaver |first1= C. Douglas |title= In Search of the New Testament Church: The Baptist Story |date=2008|publisher= Mercer University Press |pages=26|language=en |quote= Interdependence of Churches: Associations. Baptist life has accented the independence of the local church more than the interdependence of churches. At the same time, Baptists from their earliest decades of existence sought to practice cooperative work with other Baptist churches in associations. Churches met for fellowship and mutual encouragement and sought doctrinal unity with like-minded churches.}}</ref> The BWA's goals include caring for the needy, leading in world evangelism and defending human rights and religious freedom.<br />
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==Missionary organizations==<br />
Missionary organizations favored the development of the movement on all continents. The [[BMS World Mission]] was founded in 1792 at [[Kettering]], England.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 99</ref><ref>J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 292</ref> In United States, [[International Ministries (organization)|International Ministries]] was founded in 1814, and the [[International Mission Board]] was founded in 1845.<ref>George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, US, 2016, p. 63</ref><ref>George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, US, 2016, p. 1206</ref><br />
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==Membership==<br />
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| image1 = Linkway Church Cape Town service.jpg <br />
| caption1 = [[Worship service (evangelicalism)|Worship service]] at Linkway Church in [[Cape Town]], affiliated with the [[Baptist Union of Southern Africa]]<br />
| image2 = Crossway Church service.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Worship service (evangelicalism)|Worship service]] at [[Crossway Baptist Church]] in [[Melbourne]], affiliated with [[Australian Baptist Ministries]], 2008<br />
| image3 = KABA 2.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[Worship service (evangelicalism)|Worship service]] at [[Kohima Ao Baptist Church]] in [[Kohima]], affiliated with the [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]] (India), 2019<br />
}}<br />
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Membership policies vary due to the autonomy of churches, but generally an individual becomes a member of a church through a believer's baptism (which is a public [[profession of faith]] in Jesus, followed by immersion baptism).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pendleton |first=James Madison |author-link=James Madison Pendleton |url=http://www.reformedreader.org/rbb/pendleton/churchmanual/bcm01.htm |title=Church Manual For Baptist Churches |publisher=The Judson Press |year=1867}}</ref> Most Baptists do not believe that baptism is a requirement for salvation but rather a public expression of inner repentance and faith.<ref name="Brackney" /> In general, Baptist churches do not have a stated age restriction on membership, but a believer's baptism requires that an individual be able to freely and earnestly profess their faith.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baptist Faith and Mission |url=http://www.sbc.net/bfm/ |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=Southern Baptist Convention}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, an estimated 100 million Christians identified as Baptist or belonging to a Baptist-type church.<ref>J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p.299</ref> In 2020, according to the researcher [[Sébastien Fath]] of the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|CNRS]], the Baptist movement has around 170 million believers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Qui sont les baptistes ? |url=https://www.reforme.net/religion/protestantisme/2020/07/28/qui-sont-les-baptistes/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Réforme|first1=Louis|last1=Fraysse|language=fr-FR}}</ref> According to an Baptist World Alliance census released in 2025, the BWA has 283 participating Baptist fellowships in 138 countries, with 178,000 churches and 53,000,000 baptized members.<ref name="Member Unions">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Member Unions {{!}} Baptist World Alliance |url=https://baptistworld.org/member-unions/ |access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=baptistworld.org |language=English}}</ref> These statistics may not be fully representative, however, since some churches in the United States have dual or triple national Baptist affiliation, causing a church and its members to be counted possibly by more than one Baptist association, if these associations are members of the BWA.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 361</ref><ref>Paul Finkelman, Cary D. Wintz, ''Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century Five-volume Set'', Oxford University Press, US, 2009, p. 193</ref><br />
<br />
Among the censuses carried out by individual Baptist associations in 2025, those which claimed the most members on each continent were:<ref name="Member Unions" /><br />
{{table alignment}}<br />
{|class="wikitable col3right"<br />
!Region!!Name!!Churches!!Members<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|[[North America]]|| [[Southern Baptist Convention]]||style="text-align:right"|46,876||style="text-align:right"| 12,722,266<ref>Aaron Earls, [https://research.lifeway.com/2025/04/30/southern-baptists-membership-decline-continues-amid-other-areas-of-growth/ Southern Baptists’ Membership Decline Continues Amid Other Areas of Growth], research.lifeway.com, April 30, 2025</ref><br />
|- <br />
|[[National Baptist Convention, USA]]|| style="text-align:right"|21,145 ||8,415,100||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|[[South America]]|| [[Brazilian Baptist Convention]]||9,238||style="text-align:right"|1,814,158||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Evangelical Baptist Convention of Argentina]] ||style="text-align:right"| 1,216||85,000||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Africa]]||[[Nigerian Baptist Convention]] ||14,678 ||style="text-align:right"| 9,015,000||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baptist Convention of Tanzania]] ||style="text-align:right"|1,432||2,692,179||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baptist Community of the Congo River]]||style="text-align:right"|2,697||1,769,444||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Asia]]||[[Myanmar Baptist Convention]]||5,494||style="text-align:right"|1,723,500||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]]||style="text-align:right"| 1,724 || 716,495 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches]]||style="text-align:right"| 1,400|| 700,000||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Europe]]|| [[All-Ukrainian Union of Churches of Evangelical Christian Baptists]] ||2,154||style="text-align:right"|112,000||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baptist Union of Great Britain]]||style="text-align:right"|1,822||99,121<br />
|-<br />
| [[Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania]]||style="text-align:right"|1,223||87,468||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Oceania]]||[[Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea]]||500||style="text-align:right"|85,100||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Australian Baptist Ministries]]||style="text-align:right"|1,041||79,326||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Beliefs==<br />
{{Main|Baptist beliefs|List of Baptist confessions of faith}}<br />
<br />
Christianity encompasses various movements of [[Christian theology]], the main ones being conservative [[Christian fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] or [[Moderate Christianity|moderate]], [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] and [[Progressive Baptists|progressive]].<ref>Roger E. Olson, ''The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology'', Westminster John Knox Press , UK, 2004, p. 172</ref><ref>{{in lang|en}} Peter Beyer, ''Religion in the Process of Globalization'', Ergon, Germany, 2001, p. 261</ref><ref name="William H. Brackney 2009, p. 603">William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 603</ref><br />
<br />
Since the early days of the Baptist movement, various associations have adopted common confessions of faith as the basis for cooperative work among churches.<ref name="William H. Brackney 2020, p. 160-161">William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2020, p. 160–161</ref> Each church has a particular confession of faith and a common confession of faith if it is a member of an association of churches.<ref name="William H. Brackney 2020, p. 160-161"/> For Reformed Baptists, historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the [[Confession of Faith (1689)|1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith]], the 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, and the [[New Hampshire Confession of Faith|1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith]]. For General Baptists (Freewill Baptists), the [[Orthodox Creed]] and the [[Treatise on the Faith and Practice of the Free Will Baptists]] are adhered to. Written [[church covenant]]s which are adopted by some individual Baptist churches, especially [[Independent Baptist]] congregations, as a statement of their faith and beliefs.<br />
<br />
Baptist theology is a subset of [[evangelical theology]].<ref>James Leo Garrett, ''Baptist Theology: A Four-century Study'', Mercer University Press, US, 2009, p. 515</ref> It is based on [[believers' Church]] doctrine.<ref name=WS08>Michael Edward Williams, Walter B. Shurden, ''Turning Points in Baptist History'', Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. 17</ref> Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by a school of thought—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups, and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists.<ref>{{Cite web|author= Nettles, Thomas J |title=A Foundation for the Future: The Southern Baptist Message and Mission |access-date=17 January 2010 |url=http://www.reformedreader.org/baptists.htm}}</ref> Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be ''[[creed]]s''—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists.<ref name="Shurden fragile">{{Cite book|author=Shurden, Walter B |title=The Baptist Identity: Four Fragile Freedoms |location=Macon, Georgia |publisher=Smyth & Helwys Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-880837-20-7}}</ref> Baptist denominations are traditionally seen as belonging to two parties, [[General Baptists]] who uphold [[Arminian]] theology, and [[Reformed Baptists|Particular Baptist]]s who uphold Reformed theology (Calvinism).<ref name="Benedict1848" /> During the [[holiness movement]], some General Baptists accepted the teaching of a [[second work of grace]] and formed denominations that emphasized this belief, such as the [[Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God]] and the [[Holiness Baptist Association]].<ref name="Lewis2002">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |title=The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions |date=2002 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=9781615927388 |language=en}}</ref> Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but their beliefs may vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches.<ref name="Baptist Origins">Buescher, John. "[http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329 Baptist Origins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920071007/http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329 |date=20 September 2015 }}." [http://www.teachinghistory.org/ Teaching History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205612/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24484 |date=26 September 2018 }}. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</ref> Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and the doctrine of separation of church and state.<ref>{{citation|title=Religion Facts |url=http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/denominations/baptists.htm |contribution=Baptists |access-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123654/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/denominations/baptists.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010 |url-status = dead }}.</ref><br />
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Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the [[virgin birth of Jesus]]; miracles; [[substitutionary atonement]] for sins through the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|death]], [[Burial of Jesus|burial]], and bodily [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]]; the [[Trinity]]; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son of God]], his death and resurrection); grace; the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|Kingdom of God]]; last things ([[Christian eschatology|eschatology]]) (Jesus [[Second Coming|Christ will return]] personally and visibly in glory to Earth, the [[Universal resurrection|dead will be raised]] and [[Last Judgment|Christ will judge everyone]] in righteousness); and [[evangelism]] and [[Missionary|missions]].<br />
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Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pinson| first= William M. Jr |title=Trends in Baptist Polity |date= 2005 | series=Baptist Heritage and the 21st Century| publisher=Baptist History and Heritage Society |url=http://www.baptisthistory.org/contissues/pinson.htm |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013130242/http://baptisthistory.org/contissues/pinson.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> Exceptions to this local form of local governance include a few churches that submit to the leadership of a body of [[Elder (Christianity)#Baptists|elders]], as well as the [[Episcopal Baptists]] who have an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal system]].<br />
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Baptists generally believe in the literal Second Coming of Christ.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 2-3</ref> Beliefs among Baptists regarding the "end times" include [[amillennialism]], both dispensational and historic [[premillennialism]], with views such as [[postmillennialism]] and [[preterism]] receiving some support.<br />
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Some additional distinctive Baptist principles held by many Baptists:<ref name="Newman" />{{rp|2}}<br />
* The supremacy of the canonical Scriptures as a norm of faith and practice. For something to become a matter of faith and practice, it is not sufficient for it to be merely ''consistent with'' and not contrary to scriptural principles. It must be something ''explicitly'' ordained through a command or example in the Bible. For instance, this is why Baptists do not practice infant baptism: they say the Bible neither commands nor exemplifies infant baptism as a Christian practice. More than any other Baptist principle, this one when applied to infant baptism is said to separate Baptists from other evangelical Christians.<br />
* Baptists believe that faith is a matter between God and the individual. It is connected in theory with the advocacy of absolute liberty of conscience.<br />
* Insistence on immersion believer's baptism as the only mode of baptism. Baptists do not believe that baptism is necessary for salvation. Therefore, for Baptists, baptism is an [[Ordinance (Christianity)|ordinance]], not a [[sacrament]], since in their view it imparts no saving grace.<ref name="Newman">{{Cite book|last=Newman|first =Albert Henry |title=A History of the Baptist Churches in the United States |edition=3rd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F38uAAAAYAAJ |year=1915 |publisher=Christian Literature |isbn=978-0-7905-4234-8}}</ref><br />
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===Beliefs that vary among Baptists===<br />
{{See also|General Baptists|Bapticostal movement|Regular Baptists}}<br />
[[File:KJV 1611 Rice Baptist Church New Market Alabama 2012-06-13.jpg|thumb|Church sign indicating that the congregation uses the [[Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible of 1611]]<br />
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Since there is no hierarchical authority and each Baptist church is autonomous, there is no official set of Baptist theological beliefs.<ref>{{citation|last1=Hammett|first1=John S|quote=One thing that all Baptists have in common is that everything is built upon the Bible.|title=Biblical Foundations for Baptist Churches: A Contemporary Ecclesiology |publisher= Kregel Publications|year=2005|isbn= 978-0-8254-2769-5}}.</ref> These differences exist among associations and even among churches within the associations. Some doctrinal issues on which there is widespread difference among Baptists are:<br />
<br />
* Number of [[sacraments]] or [[ordinance (Christianity)|ordinances]], variously including Baptism, the Lord's Supper, Feetwashing, and Headcovering<ref name="BS2025"/><ref name="NAFWB2025"/><ref name="BRBC2024"/><br />
* [[Eschatology]]<br />
* Arminianism versus Calvinism (General Baptists uphold Arminian theology while Particular Baptists teach Calvinist theology).<ref name="Benedict1848"/> <br />
* The [[doctrine of separation]] from "the world" and whether to associate with those who are "of the world"<br />
* Belief in a [[second work of grace]], i.e. [[entire sanctification]] (held by General Baptists in the Holiness tradition)<br />
* [[Glossolalia|Speaking-in-tongues]] and the operation of other [[Spiritual gift|charismatic gifts]] of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] in the charismatic churches<ref>{{citation|contribution=Position Paper Concerning the IMB Policy on Glossolalia |title=Florida Baptist Witness |access-date=18 March 2010 |url=http://www.gofbw.com/news.asp?ID=5592 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728000657/http://www.gofbw.com/news.asp?ID=5592 |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}.</ref><br />
* How the Bible should be interpreted ([[hermeneutics]])<br />
* The extent to which missionary boards should be used to support missionaries<br />
* The extent to which non-members may participate in the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] services<br />
* Which translation of Scripture to use (e.g., [[King James Only movement]])<ref>{{citation|title=An Introduction to Bible Translations|publisher=Trinity Baptist Church Discipleship Training|date=April 2005|access-date =18 March 2010|url = https://versefortheday.com/bible-translations/}}.</ref><br />
* [[Dispensationalism]] versus [[Covenant theology]]<br />
* The role of [[Christian views on marriage|women in marriage]]<br />
* The [[Ordination of women in Protestant denominations#Baptist|ordination of women]] as deacons or pastors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Rosalie (Response to 'The Ordination of Women Among Texas Baptists' by Ann Miller)|title=Perspectives in Religious Studies|journal=Journal of the NABPR|access-date=18 March 2010|url=http://www.bgct.org/texasbaptists/Document.Doc?&id=3338|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613080148/http://www.bgct.org/texasbaptists/Document.Doc?&id=3338|archive-date=13 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Attitudes to and involvement in the [[Ecumenism|ecumenical movement]].<br />
* The role of repentance and perseverance in salvation ([[Lordship salvation controversy]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lazar |first=Shawn |date=2014-01-01 |title=Free Grace for Baptists – Grace Evangelical Society |url=https://faithalone.org/grace-in-focus-articles/free-grace-for-baptists/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkin |first=Bob |date=2022-02-11 |title=What Denominations Hold to Free Grace? – Grace Evangelical Society |url=https://faithalone.org/blog/what-denominations-hold-to-free-grace/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Charles F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmMK2HRDgdIC |title=Eternal Security: Can You be Sure? |date=1990 |publisher=Oliver-Nelson Books |isbn=978-0-8407-9095-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grudem |first=Wayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTC6DAAAQBAJ |title="Free Grace" Theology: 5 Ways It Diminishes the Gospel |date=2016-07-18 |publisher=Crossway |isbn=978-1-4335-5117-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* How to distinguish the persons of the trinity ([[social trinitarianism]] and [[classical trinitarianism]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Emerson |first1=Matthew Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epjnDwAAQBAJ |title=Baptists and the Christian Tradition: Toward an Evangelical Baptist Catholicity |last2=Morgan |first2=Christopher W. |last3=Stamps |first3=R. Lucas |date=2020-06-15 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4336-5062-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[Excommunication]] may be used as a last resort by some denominations and churches for members who do not want to repent of beliefs or behavior at odds with the confession of faith of the community. When an entire congregation is excluded, it is often called disfellowship.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 183</ref><br />
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== Types of Baptists ==<br />
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=== General Baptists ===<br />
{{Main|General Baptists}}<br />
<br />
[[General Baptists]] are Baptists who hold to the doctrine of [[unlimited atonement|general atonement]], believing that [[Jesus Christ]]'s [[Crucifixion of Jesus|vicarious death]] was an atonement for all humanity—not only for the [[Election (Christianity)|elect]]. The first [[Credobaptism|credobaptists]] in [[England]] and [[Wales]] were General Baptists. The General Baptists wished further reformation in the [[Church of England]]. They produced the [[Standard Confession of Faith]], in 1660, and the [[Orthodox Creed]], in 1679.<br />
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Later, General Baptists became very [[ecumenical]], especially with the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church]], and approached the [[Arminianism|Classical Arminian]] [[soteriology]] under [[Thomas Grantham (Baptist)|Thomas Grantham]]'s influence.<br />
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[[Free Will Baptist]]s in the [[United States]] are a sub-group within the General Baptist strand.<ref name="Jonas2008">{{cite book |last=Jonas |first=W. Glenn |title=The Baptist River: Essays on Many Tributaries of a Diverse Tradition |publisher=Mercer University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780881461206 |page=151 |language=en |quote=General Baptists in North Carolina (the Palmer/Parker heritage) were often called "free willers" by their Regular (Reformed) Baptist neighbors. The name was becoming popular by the beginning of the nineteenth century, and in 1828 the group there adopted the name "Free Will Baptists." The reference, of course, was to the doctrine of General Atonement taught by the General Baptists.}}</ref><ref name="Garrett2009">{{cite book |last=Garrett |first=James Leo |title=Baptist Theology: A Four-century Study |publisher=Mercer University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780881461299 |page=119 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brackney2009">{{cite book |last=Brackney |first=William H. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Baptists |date=13 April 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810862821 |page=245 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Reformed Baptists (Particular Baptists) ===<br />
{{Main|Reformed Baptists}}<br />
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The [[Reformed Baptists|Particular Baptists]] or Reformed Baptists or Calvinistic Baptists are Baptists who hold to the [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinistic]] view of salvation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Bill J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPL4oJM6q_UC&pg=PP1 |title=Baptist Questions, Baptist Answers: Exploring the Christian Faith |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-664-23289-4 |page=5 |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> Depending on the denomination, Calvinistic Baptists adhere to varying degrees of Reformed theology, ranging from simply embracing the [[Calvinism#Five Points of Calvinism|Five Points of Calvinism]], to accepting a modified form of [[Covenant theology|federalism]]; all Calvinistic Baptists reject the classical Reformed teaching on [[infant baptism]]. While the Reformed Baptist confessions affirm views of the nature of baptism similar to those of the classical Reformed, they reject infants as the proper subjects of baptism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Hercules |title=An Orthodox Catechism |date=1680 |publisher=RBAP |isbn=0980217911 |location=Q65 - Q78}}</ref><br />
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In distinction to the General Baptists who emphasized separation from the Church of England, many Particular Baptists sought more [[ecumenism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Baptist - History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist/History |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[Primitive Baptists]] are a type of Calvinist Baptists who adhere to some type of Reformed beliefs, who came out of the controversy among Baptists on the use of mission boards, tract societies and temperamence societies.<ref name="Mead1">{{cite book |last1=Mead |first1=Frank S |title=Handbook of Denominations in the United States |title-link=Handbook of Denominations in the United States |last2=Hill |first2=Samuel S |last3=Atwood |first3=Craig D |publisher=[[Abingdon Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-687-05784-1 |edition=twelfth |location=Nashville |pages=207–8}}</ref>{{Sfn|Crowley|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC&pg=PA158 158]}} Primitive Baptists reject some elements of classical Reformed theology, such as infant baptism, and avoid the term "Calvinist".{{Sfn|Crowley|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC&pg=PA158 158]}} They are still Calvinist in the sense of holding strongly to the Five Points of Calvinism and they explicitly reject [[Arminianism]].{{Sfn|Crowley|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC&pg=PA158 158]}}<ref name="Garrett2122">{{cite book |last=Garrett |first=James Leo Jr. |author-link=James Leo Garrett Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epEHq0mTsKgC&pg=PA212 |title=Baptist Theology: A Four-Century Study |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88146-129-9 |page=212 |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref> They are also characterized by "intense conservatism".<ref name="Columbia">{{Cite book |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |title-link=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |year=2008 |edition=sixth |contribution=Baptists |access-date=2012-01-25 |contribution-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Baptists.aspx#1}}</ref>{{Sfn|Crowley|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6TTtLEXwYCUC&pg=PP17 xi]}}<br />
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=== Missionary Baptists ===<br />
The [[Missionary Baptists]] were a group of Baptists that came from the missionary controversy in the United States, where the Missionary Baptists supported the usage of missionaries.<ref name="Garrett212">{{cite book |author=Garrett, James Leo Jr. |author-link=James Leo Garrett Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epEHq0mTsKgC&pg=PA212 |title=Baptist Theology: A Four-Century Study |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88146-129-9 |page=212 |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref><br />
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=== Independent Baptists ===<br />
[[Independent Baptist]]s are Baptists who arose from local Baptist congregations whose members were concerned about the doctrines of [[Religious liberalism|theological liberalism]] in national Baptist conventions.<ref>W. Glenn Jonas Jr., ''The Baptist River'', Mercer University Press, USA, 2008, p. 96</ref><ref name="Marsden 1980, pp. 55–62, 118-23">Marsden (1980), pp. 55–62, 118–23.</ref> Independent Baptists are primarily [[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]],<ref>Bill J. Leonard, Jill Y. Crainshaw, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States, Volume 1'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 387</ref> and although they may differ on multiple issues such as soteriology, dress standards, music, the practice of communion among others, they are homogenous on issues such as opposition to [[homosexuality]], [[ordination of women]], the [[charismatic movement]], [[evolution]] and [[abortion]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Independent Baptist? |url=https://www.wayoflife.org/database/whatisifb.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Way of Life Literature |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==== New Independent Baptists ====<br />
During the 21st century, the [[New Independent Fundamental Baptist Movement|New Independent Fundamental Baptist movement]] was founded out of the Independent Baptist movement by [[Steven Anderson (pastor)|Steven Anderson]] due to perceived liberalism in Independent Baptist churches. However, this movement has been heavily criticized by Independent Baptists due to many doctrinal differences.<ref name="Clout-2017"/> Some former New IFB pastors in addition to other Baptists have also charged the association with being a [[cult]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Midst of Infighting, Anti-LGBTQ Church Network's Website and Social Media Disappear |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/02/21/midst-infighting-anti-lgbtq-church-networks-website-and-social-media-disappear |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |date=21 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Clout-2017">{{Cite book |last=Clout |first=David |title=What about Steven Anderson? |date=2017 |publisher=Way of Life Literature Incorporated |isbn=978-1-58318-234-5}}</ref><br />
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The New IFB is characterized by radical exclusivism, and it rejects the major historical [[List of Christian creeds|creeds of Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A religious dogmatist whose views can be debunked on religious grounds |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1522896/amp |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Seventh Day Baptists ===<br />
[[Seventh Day Baptists]] are Baptists who practice [[seventh-day Sabbatarianism]]. However, it is not certain when Seventh Day Baptists took denominational form, and they do not claim an unbroken succession of church organization from before the Reformation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Ministry |title=The Seventh Day Baptists |url=https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1949/01/the-seventh-day-baptists |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.ministrymagazine.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Landmark Baptists ===<br />
[[Landmarkism|Landmark Baptists]] are a Baptist movement which originated in the 19th century in United States, with leaders such as [[James Robinson Graves|J. R. Graves]], [[James Madison Pendleton|J. M. Pendleton]] and [[Amos Cooper Dayton|A. C. Dayton]], although they denied being a new movement, but a continuation of the old-fashioned Baptists. Landmark Baptists believe that the term "church" should be reserved for Baptist churches exclusively, arguing that groups such as [[Methodism|Methodists]] or [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] are not churches at all, but only religious societies. They believe that Baptists share an unbroken line of succession from the early church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Humphreys |first=Fisher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQXh8yUAdE4C&dq=landmark+baptists&pg=PA75 |title=The Way We Were: How Southern Baptist Theology Has Changed and what it Means to Us All |date=2002 |publisher=Smyth & Helwys Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-57312-376-1 |pages=75–76 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Worship==<br />
[[File:Auto de Páscoa - IgrejaDaCidade (crop).jpg|thumb|right|Show on the life of [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]] at [[City Church (Brazil)|City Church]] in [[São José dos Campos]], affiliated to the [[Brazilian Baptist Convention]], 2017]]<br />
[[File:Chumukedima Ao Baptist Church.jpg|thumb|[[Chümoukedima]] Ao Baptist Church, affiliated with the [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]] (India)]]<br />
In Baptist churches, [[Church service|worship service]] is part of the life of the [[Christian Church|church]] and includes [[praise]], [[worship]], of [[Christian prayer|prayers]] to [[God]], a [[sermon]] based on the [[Bible]], [[Offering (Christianity)|offering]], and periodically the Lord's Supper.<ref>Geoffrey Wainwright, ''[[The Oxford History of Christian Worship]]'', Oxford University Press, US, 2006, p. 560</ref><ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 625</ref> Some churches have services with traditional [[Christian music]], others with [[contemporary Christian music]], and some offer both in separate services.<ref>[[David W. Music]], Paul Akers Richardson, ''"I Will Sing the Wondrous Story": A History of Baptist Hymnody in North America'', Mercer University Press, USA, 2008, p. 479-480</ref> In many churches, there are services adapted for children, even teenagers.<ref>John H. Y. Briggs, ''A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, US, 2009, p. 81</ref> Prayer meetings are also held during the week.<ref>John H. Y. Briggs, ''A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, US, 2009, p. 399</ref><br />
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The architecture is generally sober, and the [[Latin cross]] is one of the only spiritual symbols that can usually be seen on the building of a Baptist church and that identifies the place where it belongs.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, US, 2020, p. 35</ref><br />
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== Education ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Myanmar Institute of Theology.JPG<br />
| caption1 = [[Myanmar Institute of Theology]], affiliated with the [[Myanmar Baptist Convention]]<br />
| image2 = Crandall University.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Crandall University]] in [[Moncton]], affiliated with the [[Canadian Baptists of Atlantic Canada]] ([[Canadian Baptist Ministries]])<br />
| image3 = CPU Loreto D. Tupaz Hall.jpg<br />
| caption3 = College of Nursing, [[Central Philippine University]] in [[Iloilo City]], affiliated with the [[Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches]]<br />
}}<br />
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Baptist churches established elementary and secondary schools, [[Bible colleges]], colleges and universities as early as the 1680s in England,<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Congregation and Campus: Baptists in Higher Education'', Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. IX</ref> before continuing in various countries.<ref>Bill J. Leonard, ''Baptists in America'', Columbia University Press, US, 2005, p. 37</ref> In 2006, the [[International Association of Baptist Colleges and Universities]] was founded in the United States.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Congregation and Campus: Baptists in Higher Education'', Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. 43</ref> In 2023, it had 46 member universities and 75,000 students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniting Baptist Higher Education|url=https://www.baptistschools.org/about-us|access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=IABCU |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Sexuality ==<br />
[[File:Wedding at First Baptist Church of Rivas.jpg|thumb|Wedding ceremony at First Baptist Church of [[Rivas, Nicaragua|Rivas]], [[Baptist Convention of Nicaragua]], 2011]]<br />
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Many churches promote [[Abstinence pledge|virginity pledges]] to young Baptist Christians, who are invited to engage in a public ceremony of [[sexual abstinence]] until Christian marriage.<ref>Anne Bolin, Patricia Whelehan, ''Human Sexuality: Biological, Psychological, and Cultural Perspectives'', Routledge, UK, 2009, p. 248</ref> This pact is often symbolized by a [[purity ring]].<ref>Sara Moslener, ''Virgin Nation: Sexual Purity and American Adolescence'', Oxford University Press, US, 2015, p. 144</ref> Programs like [[True Love Waits (organization)|True Love Waits]], founded in 1993 by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], have been developed to support the commitments.<ref>Randall Herbert Balmer, ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition'', Baylor University Press, US, 2004, p. 587</ref><br />
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Most Baptist associations around the world believe only in marriage between a man and a woman.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 519</ref> Some Baptist associations do not have official beliefs about marriage in a [[confession of faith]] and invoke [[congregationalism]] to leave the choice to each church to decide.<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 503</ref><ref>Bill J. Leonard, ''Baptists in America'', Columbia University Press, USA, 2005, p. 243</ref> This is the case for [[American Baptist Churches USA]], [[Progressive National Baptist Convention]] (USA), [[Cooperative Baptist Fellowship]] (USA), [[National Baptist Convention, USA]], and the [[Baptist Union of Great Britain]]. Some Baptist associations support same-sex marriage. This is the case for the [[Alliance of Baptists]] (USA),<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 14</ref> the Canadian Association for Baptist Freedoms,<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 628</ref> the Aliança de Batistas do Brasil,<ref>Renato Cavallera, [https://noticias.gospelmais.com.br/alianca-batista-aprova-uniao-gay-boa-nova-20090.html Aliança batista aprova o reconhecimento da união gay no Brasil e afirma que é uma "boa nova"], noticias.gospelmais.com.br, Brazil, May 25, 2011</ref> the Fraternidad de Iglesias Bautistas de Cuba,<ref>Javier Roque Martínez, [https://newsweekespanol.com/2022/02/cristianismo-no-papel-relevante-gobierno-cubano/ 'El cristianismo no jugará un papel relevante en la oposición al gobierno cubano'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211165933/https://newsweekespanol.com/2022/02/cristianismo-no-papel-relevante-gobierno-cubano/ |date=11 December 2023 }}, newsweekespanol.com, Mexico, February 17, 2022</ref> and the [[Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists]] (international).<ref name="William H. Brackney 2009, p. 603"/><br />
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==Controversies==<br />
Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word ''crisis'' comes from the Greek word meaning 'to decide.' Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even [[Schism in Christianity|schism]], though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion, crises among Baptists each have become decision moments that shape their future.<ref name="Shurden crises">{{Cite book | last = Shurden | first = Walter B | title = Crises in Baptist Life | access-date = 16 January 2010 | url = http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/crises.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050112160105/http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/crises.pdf | archive-date = 12 January 2005 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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===Missions crisis===<br />
Early in the 19th century, the rise of the modern [[Christian mission|missions]] movement, and the backlash against it, led to widespread and bitter controversy among the American Baptists.{{Sfn | Christian | 1926 | pp = 404–20}} During this era, the American Baptists were split between missionary and anti-missionary. A substantial secession of Baptists went into the movement led by [[Alexander Campbell (minister)|Alexander Campbell]] to return to a more fundamental church.{{Sfn | Christian | 1926 | pp = 421–36}}<br />
<br />
===Slavery crisis===<br />
{{see also|Christian views on slavery}}<br />
<br />
====United States====<br />
[[File: Biden at Ebenezer Baptist Church (52635229253).jpg|222x222px|thumb|right| Service at [[Ebenezer Baptist Church]] in [[Atlanta]] (Georgia), affiliated with the [[Progressive National Baptist Convention]]]]<br />
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Leading up to the [[American Civil War]], Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over [[slavery in the United States]]. Whereas in the [[First Great Awakening]], [[Methodist]] and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged [[manumission]], over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the [[Southern United States|South]] to urge a [[Paternalism|paternalistic]] institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free Blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them to play active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the board did not want to appear to condone slavery.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 150</ref><br />
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In 1845, a group of churches in favor of slavery and in disagreement with the [[abolitionism]] of the Triennial Convention (now American Baptist Churches USA) left to form the Southern Baptist Convention.<ref>Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, ''Encyclopedia of Religion in the South'', Mercer University Press, US, 2005, p. 796</ref> They believed that the Bible sanctions slavery, and that it was acceptable for Christians to own slaves. They believed slavery was a human institution which Baptist teaching could make less harsh. By this time, many [[Planter class|planters]] were part of Baptist congregations, and some of the denomination's prominent preachers, such as [[Basil Manly Sr.]], president of the [[University of Alabama]], were also planters who owned slaves.<br />
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As early as the late 18th century, Black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies. Blacks set up some independent Baptist congregations in the South before the Civil War. White Baptist associations maintained some oversight of these churches.<br />
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In the postwar years, [[freedmen]] quickly left white congregations and associations, setting up their own churches.<ref>{{citation|first=Leroy|last=Fitts|title=A History of Black Baptists|pages=43–106|place= Nashville, TN | publisher = Broadman Press|year=1985}}</ref> In 1866, the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from Black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up Black state conventions, which they did in [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Kentucky]]. In 1880, Black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention to support Black Baptist missionary work. Two other national Black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptist Convention]]. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest Black religious organization and the second-largest Baptist organization in the world.<ref>Fitts (1985)</ref> Baptists are numerically the most dominant in the Southeast.<ref>{{citation|publisher=Department of Geography and Meteorology, [[Valparaiso University]] |format=[[GIF]] |url=http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif |title=Baptists as a Percentage of all Residents, 2000 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053048/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif |archive-date=22 May 2010 }}.</ref> In 2007, the [[Pew Research Center]]'s Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically Black tradition.<ref>{{cite web | title = A Religious Portrait of African-Americans | publisher = Pew forum | url = http://www.pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx | date = 2009-01-30 | access-date = 6 May 2013 | archive-date = 25 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425171741/http://www.pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mathew Ahmann in a crowd.) - NARA - 542015 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]], a Baptist minister and civil rights leader, at the 1963 civil rights march on Washington, D.C. The [[Civil Rights movement]] divided various Baptists in the U.S., as slavery had more than a century earlier.]]<br />
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In the American South, the interpretation of the Civil War, the abolition of slavery and the postwar period has differed sharply by race since those years. Americans have often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian [[Wilson Fallin]] contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] in White versus Black memory by analyzing Baptist sermons documented in Alabama. They quickly organized their own congregations and developed their own regional and state associations and, by the end of the 19th century, a national convention.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=Walter H.|date=1922-01-01|title=The Evolution of the Negro Baptist Church|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=7|issue=1|pages=11–22|doi=10.2307/2713578|issn=0022-2992|jstor=2713578|s2cid=149662445}}</ref><br />
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White preachers in Alabama after Reconstruction expressed the view that:<br />
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{{blockquote|God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and "traditional" race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.}}<br />
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Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, [[Emancipation Proclamation|Emancipation]] and Reconstruction as "God's gift of freedom." They had a gospel of liberation, having long been identified with the [[Book of Exodus]] from slavery in the Old Testament. They took opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they quickly formed their own churches, associations, and conventions to operate freely without white supervision. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, a place to develop and use leadership, and places for the proclamation of the gospel of liberation. As a result, Black preachers said that God would protect and help him and God's people; God would be their rock in a stormy land.<ref>Wilson Fallin Jr., ''Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama'' (2007) pp. 52–53</ref><br />
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The Southern Baptist Convention supported [[white supremacy]] and its results: [[Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era|disenfranchising most Blacks and many poor whites]] at the turn of the 20th century by raising barriers to voter registration, and passage of [[racial segregation]] laws that enforced the system of [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hassan|first=Adeel|date=2018-12-12|title=Oldest Institution of Southern Baptist Convention Reveals Past Ties to Slavery|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/us/southern-baptist-slavery.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/us/southern-baptist-slavery.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|access-date=2020-06-18|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its members largely resisted the [[civil rights movement]] in the South, which sought to enforce their constitutional rights for public access and voting; and enforcement of midcentury federal civil rights laws.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hankins|first1=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b59T47P8CaUC|title=Uneasy in Babylon: Southern Baptist Conservatives and American Culture|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8173-1142-1|location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama|page=74|language=en|quote=One scholar has called the proslavery racism that gave birth to the SBC the denomination's original sin. He argued that the controversy of the 1980s was part of God's judgment on a denomination that for most of its history engaged in racism, sexism, and a sense of denominational superiority. Whatever the merits of this particular argument, the Southern Baptist Convention, like most southern institutions, reflected, manifested, and in many instances led the racism of the region as a whole. Nowhere was this more prevalent than during the Civil Rights era of the 1960s, when most of the leaders of the opposition to desegregation were Southern Baptists. For just one example of a fairly typical Southern Baptist attitude, one can turn to Douglas Hudgins, pastor of one of the South's most prominent churches in the 1950s and 1960s, First Baptist, Jackson, Mississippi. Hudgins used the moderate theology of E. Y. Mullins, with its emphasis on individualism and soul competency, to argue that the Christian faith had nothing to do with a corporate, societal problem like segregation. He, therefore, refused to speak up for African Americans and, in more ways than he could have known, helped inspire a whole generation of Southern Baptists to rest comfortably in their belief that segregation was natural and that the Civil Rights movement was a perversion of the gospel.}}</ref><br />
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In 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution that recognized the failure of their ancestors to protect the civil rights of African Americans.<ref>Marisa Iati, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2018/12/12/southern-baptist-conventions-flagship-seminary-admits-all-four-its-founders-owned-slaves/ Southern Baptist Convention's flagship seminary details its racist, slave-owning past in stark report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221055908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2018/12/12/southern-baptist-conventions-flagship-seminary-admits-all-four-its-founders-owned-slaves/ |date=21 December 2021 }}, washingtonpost.com, US, 12 December 2018</ref> More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, "unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin" and "lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest." It offered an apology to all African Americans for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously." Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the convention, predominantly White since the Reconstruction era, had specifically addressed the issue of slavery.<br />
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The statement sought forgiveness "from our African-American brothers and sisters" and pledged to "eradicate racism in all its forms from Southern Baptist life and ministry." In 1995, about 500,000 members of the 15.6-million-member denomination were African Americans and another 300,000 were ethnic minorities. The resolution marked the denomination's first formal acknowledgment that racism played a role in its founding.<ref>"SBC renounces racist past – Southern Baptist Convention", ''The Christian Century''. 5 July 1995</ref><br />
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====Caribbean islands====<br />
{{blockquote| A healthy Church kills error, and tears evil in pieces! Not so very long ago our nation tolerated slavery in our colonies. Philanthropists endeavored to destroy slavery, but when was it utterly abolished? It was when [[William Wilberforce|Wilberforce]] roused the Church of God, and when the Church of God addressed herself to the conflict—then she tore the evil thing to pieces! – [[Charles Spurgeon|C.H. Spurgeon]] an outspoken British Baptist opponent of slavery in 'The Best War Cry' (1883)<ref name="CHS">{{cite web| last =Spurgeon |first= Charles | url= http://www.newsforchristians.com/spurgeon/chs1709.html| title= The Best War Cry | date= 4 March 1883 | access-date= 26 December 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
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Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries and members took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, [[William Knibb]], a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the [[British West Indies]] (which took place in full in 1838). Knibb supported the creation of "[[Free Villages]]" and sought funding from English Baptists to buy land for freedmen to cultivate; the Free Villages were envisioned as rural communities to be centered around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. [[Thomas Burchell]], missionary minister in [[Montego Bay]], was active in this movement, gaining funds from Baptists in England to buy land for what became known as Burchell Free Village.<br />
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Prior to emancipation, Baptist deacon [[Samuel Sharpe]], who served with Burchell, organized a general strike of slaves seeking better conditions. It developed into a major rebellion of as many as 60,000 slaves, which became known as the Christmas Rebellion or the [[Baptist War]]. It was put down by government troops within two weeks. During and after the rebellion, an estimated 200 slaves were killed outright, with more than 300 judicially executed later by prosecution in the courts, sometimes for minor offenses.<br />
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Baptists were active after emancipation in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's [[Calabar High School]], named after the port of [[Calabar]] in Nigeria, was founded by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free Blacks formed their own [[Spiritual Baptist]] movements—breakaway spiritual movements which theology often expressed resistance to oppression.<ref>{{citation|first=Jean|last=Besson|title=Martha Brae's Two Histories | place= Chapel Hill | publisher = University of North Carolina |year=2002}}</ref><br />
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===Landmark crisis===<br />
Southern Baptist [[Landmarkism]] sought to reset the [[Ecclesiastical separatism|ecclesiastical separation]] which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ashcraft |first=Robert |title=Landmarkism Revisited |publisher=Ashcraft Publications |year=2003 |place=Mabelvale, [[Arkansas|AR]] |pages=84–85}}</ref> [[James Robinson Graves]] was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement.<ref>{{cite book | first = Ben M.|last=Bogard|title=Pillars of Orthodoxy| url = https://archive.org/details/pillarsoforthodo00boga|page=[https://archive.org/details/pillarsoforthodo00boga/page/199 199]|place=Louisville|publisher= Baptist Book Concern|year= 1900}}.</ref> While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the movement continued to influence the Convention into the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=[[H. Shelton Smith|Smith]] |title=American Christianity: An Historical Interpretation With Representative Documents |last2=Handy |last3=[[Lefferts Loetscher|Loetscher]] |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1963 |volume=II: 1820–1960 |page=110}}</ref><br />
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===Modernist crisis===<br />
{{further|Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy}}<br />
[[File:Spurgeon.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles Spurgeon]] later in life]]<br />
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The rise of theological modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also greatly affected Baptists.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp = 424–45}} The Landmark movement has been described as a reaction among Southern Baptists in the United States against incipient modernism.<ref>{{citation|title=History of the American Baptist Association|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last= Ashcraft|pages= 63–6|series= Texarkana|publisher= History and Archives Committee of the American Baptist Association|year=2000}}</ref> In England, [[Charles Spurgeon]] fought against modernistic views of the Scripture in the [[Downgrade Controversy]] and severed his church from the Baptist Union as a result.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | p = 114}}<ref name="downgrade">{{Cite book|last=Spurgeon |first=Charles |title=The "Down Grade" Controversy |publisher=Pilgrim Publications |location=Pasadena, Texas |page=264 |date=2009 |url=http://www.spurgeon.org/misc/dwngrd.htm |isbn=978-1561862115 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623204825/http://www.spurgeon.org/misc/dwngrd.htm |archive-date=23 June 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Nettles">{{Cite book | last = Nettles | first = Tom | title = Living By Revealed Truth The Life and Pastoral Theology of Charles Haddon Spurgeon | publisher = Christian Focus Publishing| location = Ross-shire | pages = 700 | date = 21 July 2013 | isbn =9781781911228 }}</ref><br />
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The [[Northern Baptist Convention]] in the United States had internal conflict over modernism in the early 20th century, ultimately embracing it.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp =395, 436}} Two new conservative associations of congregations that separated from the convention were founded as a result: the [[General Association of Regular Baptist Churches]] in 1933 and the [[Conservative Baptist Association of America]] in 1947.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp =395, 436}}<br />
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Following similar conflicts over modernism, [[Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence|the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology]] as its official position.<ref>Hefley, James C., ''The Truth in Crisis, Volume 6: The Conservative Resurgence in the Southern Baptist Convention'', Hannibal Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-929292-19-7}}.</ref><ref>James, Rob B. ''The Fundamentalist Takeover in the Southern Baptist Convention'', 4th ed., Wilkes Publishing, [[Washington, Georgia]].</ref> In the late 20th century, Southern Baptists who disagreed with this direction founded two new groups: the liberal [[Alliance of Baptists]] in 1987 and the more moderate [[Cooperative Baptist Fellowship]] in 1991.<ref name = BrackneyBNA138>{{cite book| last =Brackney | first = William H.|title=Baptists in North America: An Historical Perspective|publisher=Wiley |year=2006|isbn=978-1-4051-1865-1 |page=138|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=elSI3WJy1kMC&pg=PA138 | access-date = 16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Mead | first1 = Frank Spencer | first2 = Samuel S | last2 = Hill | first3 = Craig D | last3 = Atwood|title= Handbook of Denominations in the United States|publisher= Abingdon Press |year= 2001 | isbn = 978-0-687-06983-5|page= 46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Leonard|first=Bill J.|title=Baptists in America|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-12703-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/228 228]|url=https://archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |access-date=16 January 2010 |url=http://www.thefellowship.info/About-Us/FAQ |title=CBF History |publisher=Cooperative Baptist Fellowship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130075936/http://thefellowship.info/About-Us/FAQ |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Originally both schisms continued to identify as Southern Baptist, but over time they "became permanent new families of Baptists."<ref name =BrackneyBNA138 /><br />
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===Criticism===<br />
In his 1963 book, ''Strength to Love'', Baptist pastor [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] criticized some Baptist churches for their [[anti-intellectualism]], especially because of the lack of theological training among pastors.<ref>Lewis Baldwin, ''The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr.'', Oxford University Press, US, 2010, p. 16</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Baptist theologian [[Russell D. Moore]] criticized some Baptists in the United States for their [[moralism]] emphasizing strongly the condemnation of certain personal sins, but being silent on the social injustices that afflict entire populations, such as racism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Samuel |date=2018-09-13 |title=Moore on MacArthur's Social Justice Statement: 'Bible Doesn't Make These Artificial Distinctions' |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/russell-moore-john-macarthur-social-justice-statement-bible-doesnt-make-these-artificial-distinctions.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Christian Post |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, the [[North American Baptist Fellowship]], a region of the Baptist World Alliance, officially made a commitment to social justice and spoke out against [[institutionalized discrimination]] in the American justice system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camp |first=Ken |date=2020-06-04 |title=Baptist groups lament and decry racial injustice |url=https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/baptists/baptist-groups-lament-and-decry-racial-injustice/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Baptist Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, the Baptist World Alliance adopted a resolution encouraging Baptist churches and associations that have historically contributed to the sin of slavery to engage in [[restorative justice]].<ref>Ken Camp, [https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/world/bwa-resolutions-condemn-racism-commend-reparations/ BWA resolutions condemn racism, commend reparations], baptiststandard.com, USA, July 16, 2022</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Evangelical Christianity|}}<br />
* [[List of Baptist denominations]]<br />
* [[List of Baptist World Alliance National Fellowships]]<br />
* [[List of Baptists]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{Citation | last= Brackney | first= William H. | oclc= 1244775694 | place= Lanham | publisher= Scarecrow Press | url= https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000brac | url-access= registration|date= 1999 | title= Historical Dictionary of the Baptists | isbn = 9780810836525}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Bumstead |first=JM |title=Henry Alline, 1748–1784 |publisher=[[Lancelot Press]] |place=Hantsport, NS |year=1984}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Christian | first = John T | title = History of the Baptists | volume = 2 | place = Nashville | publisher = Broadman Press | year = 1926}}.<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Primitive Baptists of the Wiregrass South: 1815 to the Present | last = Crowley | first = John G |year=1998|isbn = 978-0-8130-1640-5 |publisher=University of Florida Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TTtLEXwYCUC }}<br />
* {{Cite book | title= The Baptist River: Essays on Many Tributaries of a Diverse Tradition | year= 2006| editor-first= William Glenn | editor-last = Jonas | last=Crowley|first= John G.| chapter= The Primitive or Old School Baptists| isbn = 0-88146-030-3 | publisher = Mercer University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC }}<br />
* Kidd, Thomas S. and Barry Hankins, ''Baptists in America: A History'' (2015)<br />
* {{Citation | last = Leonard | first = Bill J | title = Baptist Ways: A History |publisher=Judson Press | year = 2003 |isbn= 978-0-8170-1231-1}}, comprehensive international History.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Torbet | first = Robert G | title = A History of the Baptists | location = Valley Forge, PA | publisher = Judson Press | year = 1975 | orig-year = 1950 | isbn = 978-0-8170-0074-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbaptist0000torb }}.<br />
* {{Citation |last=Wright |first=Stephen |title=Early English Baptists 1603–1649 |year=2004}}.<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Bebbington, David. ''Baptists through the Centuries: A History of a Global People'' (Baylor University Press, 2010) emphasis on the United States and Europe; the last two chapters are on the global context.<br />
* Brackney, William H. ''A Genetic History of Baptist Thought: With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain and North America'' (Mercer University Press, 2004), focus on confessions of faith, hymns, theologians, and academics.<br />
* Brackney, William H. ed., ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'' (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2009).<br />
* Cathcart, William, ed. ''The Baptist Encyclopedia'' (2 vols. 1883). [https://archive.org/stream/baptistencyclope02cathuoft#page/n7/mode/2up online]<br />
* Gavins, Raymond. ''The Perils and Prospects of Southern Black Leadership: Gordon Blaine Hancock, 1884–1970.'' Duke University Press, 1977.<br />
* Harrison, Paul M. ''Authority and Power in the Free Church Tradition: A Social Case Study of the American Baptist Convention'' Princeton University Press, 1959.<br />
* Harvey, Paul. ''Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities among Southern Baptists, 1865–1925'' University of North Carolina Press, 1997.<br />
* Heyrman, Christine Leigh. ''Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt'' (1997).<br />
* Isaac, Rhy. "Evangelical Revolt: The Nature of the Baptists' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia, 1765 to 1775", ''William and Mary Quarterly,'' 3d ser., XXXI (July 1974), 345–368.<br />
* {{Citation | title = Life & Practice in the Early Church: A Documentary Reader | publisher = New York University press | year = 2001 | pages = 5–7 | isbn = 978-0-8147-5648-5}}.<br />
*Kidd, Thomas S., Barry Hankins, Oxford University Press, 2015<br />
* Leonard, Bill J. ''Baptists in America'' (Columbia University Press, 2005).<br />
* {{cite book|author=Menikoff, Aaron|title=Politics and Piety: Baptist Social Reform in America, 1770–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oANBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2014|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781630872823}}<br />
* Pitts, Walter F. ''Old Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora'' Oxford University Press, 1996.<br />
* Rawlyk, George. ''Champions of the Truth: Fundamentalism, Modernism, and the Maritime Baptists'' (1990), Canada.<br />
* Spangler, Jewel L. "Becoming Baptists: Conversion in Colonial and Early National Virginia" ''Journal of Southern History.'' Volume: 67. Issue: 2. 2001. pp.&nbsp;243+<br />
* Stringer, Phil. ''The Faithful Baptist Witness,'' Landmark Baptist Press, 1998.<br />
* Underwood, A. C. ''A History of the English Baptists.'' London: Kingsgate Press, 1947.<br />
* Whitley, William Thomas ''A Baptist Bibliography: being a register of the chief materials for Baptist history, whether in manuscript or in print, preserved in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Colonies''. 2 vols. London: Kingsgate Press, 1916–1922 (reissued) Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1984 {{ISBN|3487074567}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Wilhite|first=David E.|title=The Baptists "And the Son": The Filioque Clause in Noncreedal Theology|journal=Journal of Ecumenical Studies|year=2009|volume=44|issue=2|pages=285–302|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+baptists+%22and+the+son%22%3a+the+Filioque+clause+in+noncreedal...-a0205746293}}<br />
* Wills, Gregory A. ''Democratic Religion: Freedom, Authority, and Church Discipline in the Baptist South, 1785–1900,'' Oxford.<br />
<br />
===Primary sources===<br />
* McBeth, H. Leon, ed. ''A Sourcebook for Baptist Heritage'' (1990), primary sources for Baptist history.<br />
* McKinion, Steven A., ed. ''Life and Practice in the Early Church: A Documentary Reader'' (2001)<br />
* McGlothlin, W. J., ed. ''Baptist Confessions of Faith.'' Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1911.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Baptist Christianity}}<br />
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Baptist}}<br />
* {{Wikisource-inline|Portal:Baptists}}<br />
* [https://www.churchfathers.org/infant-baptism/ Early Church Fathers on Baptism]<br />
* [http://www.oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0192.xml?rskey=nvgEkL&result=14 Oxford bibliographies: "Baptists" (2015) by Janet Moore Lindman]<br />
* [https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/298 Baptist church history collection], Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library<br />
<br />
{{Christian History}}<br />
{{Christianity footer}}<br />
{{Evangelical Protestantism in the United States}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Baptists| ]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist Christianity| ]]<br />
[[Category:Christian terminology]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Revenue,_Registration_and_Land_Reforms_(Jharkhand)&diff=496285Department of Revenue, Registration and Land Reforms (Jharkhand)2026-03-22T22:14:17Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Made some page first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Government Department of Jharkhand}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Department of Revenue, Registration and Land Reforms<br />
| native_name = राजस्व, निबंधन एवं भूमि सुधार विभाग<br />
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg<br />
| seal_size = 170<br />
| logo = <br />
| formed = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]<br />
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| minister1_name = [[Deepak Birua]]<br />
| minister1_pfo = Minister in charge<br />
| chief1_name = Chandra Shekhar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]<br />
| website = {{Official website|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/revenue}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Department of Revenue, Registration and Land Reforms''' is a key administrative body under the [[Government of Jharkhand]], responsible for the management of land records, land revenue, property and document registration, and implementation of land reforms in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Revenue, Registration & Land Reforms |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/revenue |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Jharkhand government plans for tax on lands being used for commercial purposes: Minister |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/jharkhand-government-plans-for-tax-on-lands-being-used-for-commercial-purposes-minister/articleshow/118893351.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It oversees the formulation of policies, acts, rules, and procedures relating to land matters, including land surveys, land use, management of government lands, and registration of legal documents such as property deeds, marriage certificates, and lease or rent agreements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharbhoomi: Jharkhand Land Records Portal |url=https://jharbhoomi.jharkhand.gov.in/ |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=झारखंड में गैर मजरुआ खास जमीन की खरीद-बिक्री से रोक हटी {{!}} Good News Jharkhand High Court Ban on Sale of Gair Majarua Khas Land |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/giridih/good-news-jharkhand-high-court-cancelled-order-on-ban-on-sale-of-gair-majarua-khas-land |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=राजस्व एवं भूमि सुधार विभाग अंतर्गत संचालित योजनाओं का अपर उपायुक्त ने की समीक्षा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/saraikela/story-review-meeting-on-land-registration-and-revenue-schemes-in-saraikela-201740655389001.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Land Records - Government of Jharkhand |url=https://ranchi.nic.in/service/land-records/ |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand Govt Transfers 96 JAS Officers in Major Bureaucratic Reshuffle |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/jharkhand-govt-transfers-jas-officers/ |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-11 |title=Now, landowners to get reasons for rejected mutation applications |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/now-landowners-to-get-reasons-for-rejected-mutation-applications/articleshow/118154475.cms |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Handbook on Land Law |url=https://jajharkhand.in/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/06_handbook_on_land_law.pdf |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=Jharkhand Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Land Governance Assessment Framework, Jharkhand |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/620621504863280205/pdf/119608-WP-P095390-PUBLIC-7-9-2017-10-6-10-JHARKHANDFinalReport.pdf |access-date=2 Oct 2025 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ministerial team==<br />
The department is headed by the Cabinet Minister of Revenue, Registration and Land Reforms. Civil servants such as the Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Department of Revenue, Registration and Land Reforms is [[Deepak Birua]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-06 |title=CM Hemant Soren distributes Jharkhand portfolios to Ministers, keeps Home to himself |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/cm-hemant-soren-distributes-jharkhand-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-to-himself/article68954348.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-21 |title=Jharkhand Revenue minister asks officials to develop software to curb land disputes, corruption |url=https://theprint.in/india/jharkhand-revenue-minister-asks-officials-to-develop-software-to-curb-land-disputes-corruption/2455496/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-poli-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mawsynram&diff=450381Mawsynram2026-03-19T18:28:11Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Revised and enhanced article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Meghalaya, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mawsynram<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = English<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Meghalaya, India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|17|56|N|91|34|53|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Khasi Hills]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Mawsynram C.D. Block<br />
| government_type = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2788<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 793113<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 03673<br />
| registration_plate = ML <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Shillong]]<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mawsynram''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔ:|s|ɪ|n|ˌ|r|ʌ|m}}) is a town in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[Northeastern India]], {{cvt|69|km|mi}} from [[Shillong]], the state capital. Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India. It is reportedly the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual [[rainfall]] of {{convert|11,872|mm|in}}.<ref name="year-rain">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global |title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes |website=Arizona State University World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208085718/http://wmo.asu.edu/#global |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="year-rain2">{{cite web |title=Meghalaya: The Wettest Place on Earth |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/08/meghalaya-the-wettest-place-on-earth/100797/ |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107052004/http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/08/meghalaya-the-wettest-place-on-earth/100797 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mawsynram, India |work=National Geographic |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/365-photos/rain-mawsynram-india/ |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005214948/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/365-photos/rain-mawsynram-india |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]'', Mawsynram received {{convert|26,000|mm|in|1}} of [[rainfall]] in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know about Mawsynram in Meghalaya which witnessed the world's highest rainfall |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-know-about-mawsynram-in-meghalaya-which-witnessed-the-world-highest-rainfall-2963009 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />
Mawsynram received {{convert|745.3|mm|in}} of rainfall on 19 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mawsynram-rains-on-Sohra-parade-again/articleshow/48561354.cms |title=Mawsynram rains on Sohra parade, again |last=Das |first=Manosh |date=2015-08-21 |website=The Times of India |publisher= |access-date=2021-08-18 |quote= |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818174625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mawsynram-rains-on-Sohra-parade-again/articleshow/48561354.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 June 2022, Mawsynram set a new record by receiving {{convert|1,003.2|mm|in}} in a span of 24 hours which has now become its highest single day record for the month of June and for its all-time single day record, beating its former record of {{cvt|944.7|mm|in}} on 7 June 1966.<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
{{climate chart<br />
| Mawsynram<br />
|6.9|15.5|17<br />
|8.8|16.8|30<br />
|12.3|20.7|163<br />
|14.7|22.1|451<br />
|15.9|22.5|1083<br />
|17.5|22.3|2348<br />
|18.0|22.4|2467<br />
|17.8|22.9|1714<br />
|17.8|22.8|853<br />
|15.3|22.0|338<br />
|11.2|19.2|52<br />
|8.0|16.6|11<br />
|maxprecip=2808<br />
|float=left<br />
|clear=left<br />
}}<br />
Mawsynram is located at 25° 18′ N, 91° 35′ E, at an altitude of about 1,400 meters (4,600&nbsp;ft), 15&nbsp;km west of [[Cherrapunji]], in the [[Khasi Hills]] in the state of [[Meghalaya]] ([[India]]).<br />
<br />
===Climate and rainfall===<br />
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Mawsynram features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (''Cwb'') with an extraordinarily showery, rainy and long monsoonal season and a short dry season. Based on the data of a recent few decades, it appears to be the wettest place in the world, or the place with the highest average annual rainfall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuttippurath |first1=J |last2=Murasingh |first2=S |last3=Stott |first3=P A |last4=Sarojini |first4=B Balan |last5=Jha |first5=Madan K |last6=Kumar |first6=P |last7=Nair |first7=P J |last8=Varikoden |first8=H |last9=Raj |first9=S|last10=Francis|first10=P A |last11=Pandey |first11=P C |date=2021-01-22 |title=Observed rainfall changes in the past century (1901–2019) over the wettest place on Earth |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=024018 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abcf78 |bibcode=2021ERL....16b4018K |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mawsynram receives over {{convert|10,000|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} of rain in an average year, and the vast majority of the rain it gets falls during the [[Monsoon of India|monsoon]] months. A comparison of rainfalls for [[Cherrapunji]] and Mawsynram for some years is given in Table 1.<ref>''The Tribune'', Chandigarh, August 2003. {{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref><br />
Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India. Although it is reportedly the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of {{convert|11,872|mm|in|1}}, this claim is disputed by Lloró, Colombia, which reported an average yearly rainfall of {{convert|12,717|mm|in|1}} between 1952 and 1989 and López de Micay, also in Colombia, which reported {{convert|12,892|mm|in|1}} per year between 1960 and 2012. According to the records observed by the Indian Meteorological Department, it was seen that while its neighbour, Cherrapunji is having a significant decreasing trend in rainfall, Mawsynram on the other hand is experiencing a slight increase in its rainfall pattern which put its average annual rainfall from 1950 to 2000 at {{convert|12393|mm|in|1}} and from 2000 to 2020 at {{convert|12120|mm|in|1}}. The precipitation table below shows the average monthly record from 1950 to 2000.<br />
<br />
{{weather box<br />
| metric first = yes<br />
| single line = yes<br />
| location = Mawsynram<br />
| Jan high C = 15.5<br />
| Feb high C = 16.8<br />
| Mar high C = 20.7<br />
| Apr high C = 22.1<br />
| May high C = 22.5<br />
| Jun high C = 22.3<br />
| Jul high C = 22.4<br />
| Aug high C = 22.9<br />
| Sep high C = 22.8<br />
| Oct high C = 22.0<br />
| Nov high C = 19.2<br />
| Dec high C = 16.6<br />
| Jan mean C = 11.2<br />
| Feb mean C = 12.8<br />
| Mar mean C = 16.5<br />
| Apr mean C = 18.4<br />
| May mean C = 19.2<br />
| Jun mean C = 19.9<br />
| Jul mean C = 20.2<br />
| Aug mean C = 20.4<br />
| Sep mean C = 20.3<br />
| Oct mean C = 18.6<br />
| Nov mean C = 15.2<br />
| Dec mean C = 12.3<br />
| Jan low C = 6.9<br />
| Feb low C = 8.8<br />
| Mar low C = 12.3<br />
| Apr low C = 14.7<br />
| May low C = 15.9<br />
| Jun low C = 17.5<br />
| Jul low C = 18.0<br />
| Aug low C = 18.0<br />
| Sep low C = 17.8<br />
| Oct low C = 15.3<br />
| Nov low C = 11.2<br />
| Dec low C = 8.0<br />
| precipitation colour = green<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 19<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 25<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 198<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 490<br />
| May precipitation mm = 1436<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 3162<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 3300<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 2330<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 1050<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 331<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 48<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 4<br />
| year precipitation mm = 12393<br />
| source = <ref name="Mawsynram climate">{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/meghalaya/mawsynram-555127/ |title=Mawsynram climate |publisher=Climate-data.org |access-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042958/https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/meghalaya/mawsynram-555127/ |url-status=live }}</ref>(year rain)<ref name="year-rain"/><ref name="year-rain2"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
Primarily due to the high altitude, it seldom gets truly hot in Mawsynram. Average monthly temperatures range from around {{convert|11|°C|°F|1}} in January to just above {{convert|20|°C|°F}} in August. The village also experiences a brief but noticeably drier season from December until February, when monthly precipitation on average does not exceed {{convert|30|mm|in}}. The little precipitation during the village's "low sun" season is something that is shared by many areas with this type of climate.<br />
<br />
The following table is a comparison of rainfalls for [[Cherrapunji]] and Mawsynram between 1970 and 2010.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Cherrapunji Rainfall (mm)<br />
! Mawsynram Rainfall (mm)<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| 13 472<br />
| 14 234<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| 9 070<br />
| 12 459<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| 11 415<br />
| 12 670<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| 12 647<br />
| 13 302<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| 8 734<br />
| 8 082<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| 9 758<br />
| 10 072<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| 14 791<br />
| 14 026<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| 10 499<br />
| 11 767<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| 12 262<br />
| 11 118<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| 9 071<br />
| 10 765<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11 221<br />
| 13 561<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| 12 503<br />
| 13 445<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
| 14 536<br />
| 16 720<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
| 8 993<br />
| 9 892<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
| 12 989<br />
| 12 850<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
| 14 189<br />
| 13 832<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
| 11 194<br />
| 10 940<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
| 12 807<br />
| 13 848<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
| 8 537<br />
| 10 450<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
| 13 494<br />
| 16 112<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
| 11 598<br />
| 12 934<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
| 13 432<br />
| 8 828<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
| 17 948<br />
| 16 750<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
| 13 153<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
| 8 140<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
| 11 816<br />
| 26 000<br />
|-<br />
|1984<br />
| 16 761<br />
| 25 613<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
| 9 773<br />
| 12 163<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
| 10 468<br />
| 9 246<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
| 9 113<br />
| 9 739<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
| 9 133<br />
| 9 739<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
| 12 095<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
| 6 950<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
| 11 689<br />
| 11 986<br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
| 11 012<br />
| 6 134<br />
|-<br />
|1975<br />
| 11 976<br />
| 10 639<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
| 24 554<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
| 10 911<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
| 11 095<br />
| NA <br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
| 16 915<br />
| NA<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
| 15 318<br />
| NA<br />
|}<br />
Source:<ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1975.pdf Handbook 1975] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105071233/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1975.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=Statistical Handbook |url=http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1978.pdf |website=megplanning.gov.in |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105073042/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1978.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
<ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1984.pdf Handbook 1984] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105073254/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1984.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1987.pdf Handbook 1987] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105071242/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1987.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1995.pdf Handbook 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105071304/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1995.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1998.pdf Handbook 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105073326/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1998.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1992.pdf Handbook 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105071247/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/1992.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>[http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/2008.pdf Handbook 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105071325/http://www.megplanning.gov.in/handbook/2008.pdf |date=5 November 2018 }} megplanning.gov.in</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cherrapunjee.com/weather-info/rainfall-chart/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611115953/http://www.cherrapunjee.com/weather-info/rainfall-chart/ |archive-date=11 June 2015 |title=Rainfall Chart {{!}} Cherrapunjee}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Nature made Shivalinga in Mawjymbuin Cave Mawsynram Meghalaya India.jpg|thumb|Natural stalagmite in Mawjymbuin Cave, Mawsynram Meghalaya.<ref name="th">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-scotland-of-the-east/article2259296.ece The Scotland of the East!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063428/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-scotland-of-the-east/article2259296.ece |date=29 November 2014 }} The Hindu, October 15, 2007</ref>]]<br />
Three reasons can be cited for high rainfall at Mawsynram:{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />
#The warm moist winds of the northward-moving air from the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the [[Monsoon of India|monsoon]], which cover an extensive area but are forced to converge into the narrower zone over the Khasi Hills, thus concentrating their moisture.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />
#The alignment of the Khasi Hills (east to west) places them directly in the path of the airflow from the Bay of Bengal, producing a significant [[Tectonic uplift|uplift]] (plus cooling, further condensation and thus more rain).{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />
#Finally, uplift over the Khasi Hills is virtually continuous in the [[Monsoon of India|monsoon]] period because the lifted air is constantly being pulled up by vigorous winds in the upper [[atmosphere]]; hence, the rainfall is more or less continuous.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br />
<br />
===Natural landmarks===<br />
Located in Mawsynram, is a cave named Mawjymbuin, known for its [[stalagmites]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Khasi Hills: Mawsynram |work=Department of Tourism, Government of Meghalaya |url=http://megtourism.gov.in/dest-khasi.html |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808001426/http://www.megtourism.gov.in/dest-khasi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inside this cave is a pair of notable [[speleothem]]s - stalactites shaped like a cow's udder over a large stalagmite (Shivling). The area is known for its many caves, both commercialized and non-commercialized.<br />
[[File:Mawsynram, Meghalaya.jpg|thumb|Mawsynram Landscape]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* Middleton, Nick. Going to Extremes. Pan, 2012.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030824/main8.htm The Tribune (India) - The dispute between Mawsynram and Cherrapunji for the title of "wettest place on earth"]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in East Khasi Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Weather extremes of Earth]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Meghalaya]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamnagar&diff=470215Jamnagar2026-03-16T11:33:32Z<p>TobyRamer579490: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|City in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{About|the city in India|its namesake district|Jamnagar District}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Jamnagar<br />
| other_name = Nawanagar<br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Lakhota lake Jamnagar, Golden hours.jpg<br />
| photo2a = Swaminaryan Temple.jpg<br />
| photo2b = Lesser Flamingos near Jamnagar railway station DSCN1800 1.jpg<br />
| photo3a = Darbar Garh Market Jamnagar - panoramio.jpg<br />
| size = 280<br />
| spacing = 1<br />
| position = centre<br />
| border = 0<br />
| color = white<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: Lakhota Lake, Lesser Flamingos, Darbar Garh Market, Swaminaryan Temple<br />
| nicknames = Jewel of Kathiawar, Paris of Saurashtra, Brass City<br />
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.47|N|70.07|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| blank_emblem_type = Logo of the Jamnagar Municipal Corporation<br />
| blank_emblem_size = 100px<br />
| image_blank_emblem = Jamnagar Municipal Corporation logo.png<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]<br />
| founder = Jam Rawal Jadeja<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = August 1540<ref>[https://jamnagar.nic.in/ District Jamnagar, Government of Gujarat]</ref><br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| leader_title1 = Mayor<br />
| leader_name1 = Vinodbhai Khimsurya<ref name="mcjamnagar">{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.mcjamnagar.com/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250914162555/https://www.mcjamnagar.com/ |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=mcjamnagar.com}}</ref><br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="AMC">{{cite web|title=Amdavad city |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/introduction_Eng.aspx |work=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627122123/http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/introduction_Eng.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2013 }}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 121.80<br />
| area_rank = 6<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 17<br />
| population_total = 877,000 (Metropolitan)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar City Population 2025 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/328-jamnagar.html |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2025<br />
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|India]] : [[List of most populous cities in India|87th]]<br /><br />
| population_density_km2 = 5,780<br />
| population_demonym = Jamnagari<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 361001-09<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 0288<br />
| registration_plate = GJ-10<br />
| website = {{URL|www.mcjamnagar.com}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = <br />
| governing_body = Jamnagar Municipal Corporation<br />
}}<br />
'''Jamnagar''' ({{Indic Transl|gu|Jāmnagar|dʒaːmᵊn̪əgəɾᵊ|Jamnagar.ogg}}) is a city and the headquarters of [[Jamnagar district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. The city lies just to the south of the [[Gulf of Kutch]], some {{convert|337|km}} west of the state capital, [[Gandhinagar]]. The city was the capital of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar princely state]] during [[British Raj]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
India's largest private company, [[Reliance Industries]], has established the world's largest [[Jamnagar Refinery|oil refining and petrochemicals complex]] in Jamnagar district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamnagar: Reliance Industries Limited |url=http://www.ril.com/html/aboutus/manufact_jamnagar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024225136/http://www.ril.com/html/aboutus/manufact_jamnagar.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 |access-date=30 October 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and the [[Government of India]] signed an agreement to establish the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in Jamnagar. This global knowledge centre for traditional medicine, supported by an investment of USD 250 million from the [[Government of India]], aims to harness the potential of traditional medicine from across the world through modern science and technology to improve the health of people and the planet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2022-who-establishes-the-global-centre-for-traditional-medicine-in-india|title=WHO establishes the Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in India|website=www.who.int}}</ref><br />
<br />
India's largest private company, [[Reliance Industries]] is developing the world's largest zoo at a location of 28 kms from Jamnagar city.<br />
<br />
[[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]] is planning to develop the riverfront on [[Rangmati River|Rangmati]] – [[Nagmati River|Nagmati]] river at an approximate cost of around Rs. 500 crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/jamnagar/plan-to-build-riverfront-on-rangmati-nagmati-river-in-jamnagar-only-on-paper-for-7-years-479017.html |title=Jamnagar: રંગમતી, નાગમતિ નદી પર રિવરફ્રન્ટ બનાવવાની યોજના 7 વર્ષથી માત્ર કાગળ પર, જાણો વિકાસને ક્યા ગ્રહણ લાગ્યુ ? |date=17 April 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Jamnagar is famous for its traditional Bandhani (tie-dye) textiles, intricate silver and brass jewelry, unique handicrafts like agate paperweights, and specific snacks like Dryfruit Kachori and Ghughra, reflecting [[Gujarat]]'s rich culture and craftsmanship, alongside its status as a major industrial hub for oil refining ([[Reliance Industries]] ).<ref>https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/gujarat/shopping-in-jamnagar.html</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|Nawanagar State|Jam Sahib}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ranjitsinhji.jpg|thumb|left|Maharaja Jamsaheb Shri of Nawanagar]]<br />
<br />
Nawanagar was founded by [[Jam Rawal]] in 1540 as the capital of the eponymous [[princely state]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crill |first1=Rosemary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC |title=The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860 |last2=Jariwala |first2=Kapil |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-89995-37-9 |page=88 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> Jamnagar, historically known as Nawanagar (the new town), was one of the most important and the largest princely states of the [[Jadeja]]s in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]]. It was a thirteen-gun [[salute state]].<br />
<br />
According to historical records, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], [[Sultan]] of [[Gujarat]] bestowed upon Jam Lakhaji twelve villages in recognition of his role in the siege of [[Pawagadh]]. Shortly after he took possession of the villages, Jam Lakhaji was killed by his cousins, Tamachi Deda and Jam Hamir Jadeja. His son, Jam Rawal, murdered his father's killers and became ruler of [[Kutch State|Kutch]]. The [[Kutch State|State of Kutch]] was semi-independent from the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].<br />
<br />
Hamirji's sons, [[Khengarji]] and Sahibji, served the Sultan of Gujarat. During a hunt, the brothers saved the Sultan from being killed by a [[Asiatic lion|lion]]. As a reward for their valour, the Sultan sent an army with them to regain their kingdom. Jam Rawal prepared for battle after hearing that the two princes were returning to Kutch with the imperial army.<br />
<br />
Goddess Ashapuraji, the supreme deity of the Jadeja Clan of [[Rajputs]], appeared to Jam Rawal in a dream. She told him that although he had broken an oath taken in her name not to kill Hamirji, she had refrained from punishing him because he had previously honoured her. She said that Jam Rawal was no longer to dwell in Kutch.<br />
<br />
As Jam Rawal and his entourage marched out of Kutch, they attacked and killed Tamachi Deda, the main conspirator in the murder of Jam Lakhaji. Jam Rawal also conquered the town of Amran and its dependencies, bestowing the rule of [[Dhrol]] province on his younger brother Hardholji. Hardholji died in battle at Mithoi near [[Khambhalia]], passing the throne to his eldest son Jasoji. Jam Rawal conquered parts of Saurashtra and formed his kingdom with 999 villages named [[Halar]].<br />
<br />
While on a hunting trip in present-day Jamnagar, Jam Rawal's hunting dogs were scared by a hare brave enough to turn on them. Jam Rawal thought that if this land could breed such hares, the men born here would be superior to other men. As a result, he made this place his capital.<br />
[[File:Flag of Nawanagar.png|thumb|left|Flag of the Princely State of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]]]<br />
On the seventh day of the bright half of the month of [[Shrawan (Nepali calendar)|Shrawan]], [[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]]1956 (August 1540) on the banks of the [[Rangmati River|Rangmati]] and [[Nagmati River|Nagmati]] rivers, Jam Rawal laid the foundation of his new capital and named it Nawanagar (new town). After a few centuries, its name changed to Jamnagar or the Town of the JAMs.<br />
<br />
During the 18th century, Nawanagar was ruled by the Jadeja Rajputs, who were known for their bravery and military prowess. They fought many battles with the neighbouring states and played a significant role in defending the region against foreign invasions.<br />
<br />
In 1807, Nawanagar became a princely state under the British Raj. The first ruler of the state was Maharaja Ranjit Singhji, who was known for his progressive policies and efforts to modernize the state. He built many schools, hospitals, and other public facilities, and introduced a number of reforms to improve the lives of his subjects.<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://newg.in/history/history-of-jamnagar | title=History of Jamnagar | date=14 May 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Jamsaib was instrumental in creating the city's modern infrastructure during his reign in the 1920s. Jam Saheb Shri [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]] expanded the city's development in the 1940s when it was part of the [[Princely state]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]].<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Major communities include the [[Jadeja]], Khavas Rajput, Charan ([[Charan|Gadhvi]]), Satvaras ([[Dalvadi]]s), [[Ahir]]s [[Sagar caste|Sagars]], [[Patel]]s, [[Bhanushali]]s, [[Rajput]]s, [[Mers people|Mers]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Lohana]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Bhoi]] (Bhoiraj), and [[Vagher]]s (Muslim and Hindu)<br />
<br />
[[File:Mangroves_Jungle_besides_water_canal_towards_Pirotan.jpg|thumb|Mangroves jungle along canal near Pirotan Island]]<br />
There are two important ports close to Jamnagar. [[Rozi Port]] is on the shore of the [[Gulf of Kutch]]; [[Bedi Port]] is two nautical miles ({{convert|4|km}}) inland on the [[Rangmati River|Rangamati River]]. Bedi Port is an all-weather intermediate seaport that exports various commodities, including [[bauxite]], soya meal extracts, and ground nut extracts. The port's imports include coal, fertilizer, and other items.<br />
<br />
The [[coral reef]] island of [[Pirotan]] is one of the 42 islands which compose the [[Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch|Marine National Park]]. Pirotan lies in the [[Arabian Sea]], 12 nautical miles off the coast, and stretches up to {{Convert|3|km2|sqmi}}.<br />
<br />
[[Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary|Khijadia Bird Sanctuary]], located {{convert|10|km}} northeast of Jamnagar, was established 6 November 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-21 |title=A Heaven for Waders |url=http://www.waders.in/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1326&Itemid=29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181710/http://www.waders.in/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1326&Itemid=29 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Waders Wildlife and Birding Tours of Gujarat and Kutch |publisher=Web Archive}}</ref> It features a seasonal freshwater shallow lake, inter-tidal mudflats, creeks, saltpans, saline land, and mangrove scrub.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2010 |title=Welcome to the Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India |url=http://www.khijadiyabirds.com/ |access-date=22 June 2012 |publisher=Khijadiyabirds.com |archive-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615132247/http://khijadiyabirds.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The place is a known breeding ground of the [[great crested grebe|Great Crested Grebe]], the [[little grebe|Little Grebe]], [[purple moorhen|Purple Moorhen]], [[Coot]], [[black-winged stilt|Black-winged Stilt]], and [[Pheasant-tailed jacana|Pheasant-tailed Jacana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar, the bird watchers paradise |url=https://www.jamnagar.org/birding.htm |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=jamnagar.org}}</ref> Raptors, including [[Harrier (bird)|Harriers]], [[Eagle]]s, [[Hawk]]s, and [[Falcon]]s also live here. The sanctuary also shelters migratory birds such as [[Swallow]]s, [[Martin (bird)|Martins]], [[Wagtail]]s, and [[Waterfowl]].<br />
<br />
Jamnagar has huge reserves of [[bauxite]], with its mines contributing 95% of the total production in the state.<ref name="JMC">{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.mcjamnagar.com/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=www.mcjamnagar.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
Jamnagar has a hot [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh''). There are three defined seasons. The hot season lasts from March to May and is extremely hot and humid. Next is the wet season with extremely erratic monsoonal rainfall<ref>Kane, R.P.; "Extreme of the ENSO Phenomenon and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall" in ''International Journal of Climatology''; 18: 775–791 (1998)</ref> that averages around {{convert|500|mm|in|0}}. However, rainfall has varied from less than {{convert|100|mm|in}} in 1911 and 1939 to over {{convert|1500|mm|in|1}} in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/distrainfall/webrain/gujarat/jamnagar.txt|title=District rainfall statistics for Jamnagar|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301193437/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/distrainfall/webrain/gujarat/jamnagar.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tropical cyclone]]s sometimes affect the region during this period. The cool season is from October to February when it remains hot during the day but has negligible rainfall, low humidity, and cool nights.<br />
<br />
The highest recorded temperature in Jamnagar was {{convert|47|C|1}} on 5 May 1990, while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|1|C|1}} on 5 February 1984.<ref name="Voodoo Skies">{{cite web |title=Jamnagar, India |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/india/jamnagar |publisher=Voodoo Skies |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511092655/http://voodooskies.com/weather/india/jamnagar |archive-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| metric first = yes<br />
| single line = yes<br />
| location = Jamnagar<br />
| temperature colour = pastel<br />
| Jan record high C = 36<br />
| Feb record high C = 38<br />
| Mar record high C = 44<br />
| Apr record high C = 45<br />
| May record high C = 47<br />
| Jun record high C = 46<br />
| Jul record high C = 40<br />
| Aug record high C = 39<br />
| Sep record high C = 41<br />
| Oct record high C = 43<br />
| Nov record high C = 40<br />
| Dec record high C = 38<br />
| Jan high C = 26.5<br />
| Feb high C = 28.8<br />
| Mar high C = 33<br />
| Apr high C = 35.6<br />
| May high C = 36.4<br />
| Jun high C = 35.9<br />
| Jul high C = 32.3<br />
| Aug high C = 31.5<br />
| Sep high C = 32<br />
| Oct high C = 34.5<br />
| Nov high C = 32.4<br />
| Dec high C = 28<br />
| Jan mean C = 18.6<br />
| Feb mean C = 20.9<br />
| Mar mean C = 25.4<br />
| Apr mean C = 28.6<br />
| May mean C = 30.9<br />
| Jun mean C = 31.4<br />
| Jul mean C = 29.2<br />
| Aug mean C = 28.4<br />
| Sep mean C = 27.9<br />
| Oct mean C = 28<br />
| Nov mean C = 24.3<br />
| Dec mean C = 20.1<br />
| Jan low C = 9.7<br />
| Feb low C = 13.8<br />
| Mar low C = 17.8<br />
| Apr low C = 21.6<br />
| May low C = 25.4<br />
| Jun low C = 27<br />
| Jul low C = 26.2<br />
| Aug low C = 25.4<br />
| Sep low C = 23.9<br />
| Oct low C = 20.7<br />
| Nov low C = 14.7<br />
| Dec low C = 11.4<br />
| Jan record low C = 1<br />
| Feb record low C = 1<br />
| Mar record low C = 9<br />
| Apr record low C = 13<br />
| May record low C = 18<br />
| Jun record low C = 20<br />
| Jul record low C = 10<br />
| Aug record low C = 12<br />
| Sep record low C = 16<br />
| Oct record low C = 11<br />
| Nov record low C = 8<br />
| Dec record low C = 1<br />
| precipitation colour = green<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 1<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 1<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 0<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 0<br />
| May precipitation mm = 5<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 61<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 213<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 126<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 64<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 11<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 4<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 1<br />
| source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: {{convert|23|m|ft|0|disp=or}}),<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Jamnagar – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/764419/ |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> ''Voodoo Skies'' for record temperatures<ref name="Voodoo Skies"/><br />
| source 2 = [http://www.weatherforecastmap.com/india/jamnagar Jamnagar Weather]<br />
| date = June 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Jamnagar metropolitan area population in 2025 is 8,77,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar City Population 2025 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/328-jamnagar.html |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>. Jamnagar has an average literacy rate of 82.14%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Its male literacy rate is 86.90%, and its female literacy rate is 77.05%. In Jamnagar, 10% of the population is under six years of age. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. The urban development authority of [[Jamnagar is Jamnagar Area Development Authority]] (JADA).<br />
<br />
Most residents of Jamnagar are Gujarati and speak the [[Gujarati language]]. A small portion of the population speaks the [[Kutchi language]], which is written in the [[Gujarati script]] but not mutually intelligible with Gujarati. The [[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawadi]] language, a colloquial [[dialect]] of Gujarati, is widely used for day-to-day communication.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+''Historical religious demographics in Nawanagar Municipality''<br />
!Religion<br />
!Population (1901)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enthoven |first=R. E. |title=Census of India, 1901: Volume IX-A. Bombay: Part II, Imperial Tables |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1902 |pages=42–43}}</ref><br />
!Percentage (1901)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]<br />
|32,005<br />
|{{Percentage|32005|53844|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]<br />
|17,027<br />
|{{Percentage|17027|53844|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jainism]][[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|26x26px]]<br />
|4031<br />
|{{Percentage|4031|53844|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15x15px]]<br />
|111<br />
|{{Percentage|111|53844|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian_cross.svg|21x21px]]<br />
|79<br />
|{{Percentage|79|53844|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]<br />
|1<br />
|{{Percentage|1|53844|2}}<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
|'''53,844'''<br />
|'''{{Percentage|53844|53844|2}}'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
[[File:Bandhej.JPG|thumb|Bandhej cloth]]<br />
The local population has given up its ancestral fishing businesses and has adopted different jobs created by industrialization and the arrival of several giant companies. Approximately 10% of the city's population earns their income by producing and exporting traditional [[Bandhani]] cloth. Digjam runs a composite mill manufacturing [[worsted]] fabrics at Jamnagar. It has been a notable player in the worsted textile industry in India.<br />
<br />
Jamnagar was formerly known as the [[Brass]] City because it houses more than 5,000 large-scale and 10,000 small-scale workshops that manufacture brass items. Most workshops are in and around the industrial estates of Shankar Tekri, GIDC Phase-III, M P Shah Udhyognagar, and Dared GIDC-II Industrial estate. The workshops make brass parts and extruded rods for export. Jamnagar is the largest producer of brass items in India.<br />
<br />
Jamnagar is home to the world's largest [[oil refinery]], the [[Jamnagar Refinery]], a private-sector crude oil refinery owned by [[Reliance Industries]] Limited. The refinery was commissioned on 14 July 1999<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jamnagar gets ready to make its mark |journal=Petroleum Intelligence Weekly}}</ref> [[Nayara Energy]] owns [[Vadinar refinery|Vadinar Refinery]]. India's second-largest single-site refinery is at Vadinar, Gujarat.<br />
<br />
Jamnagar has base stations for the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Indian Army]], and the [[Indian Navy]]. The city has a strategic location close to Pakistan. It also has sizable reserves of [[bauxite]], with its mines contributing 95% of the total production in the state.<ref name="JMC" /><br />
<br />
== Arts and culture ==<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
{{bar box|width = 300px<br />
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"<br />
|title=Religion in Jamnagar<br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|77.59}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|18.99}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|2.51}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|#9955BB|0.91}}}}<br />
<br />
Jamnagar has several temples, such as Sidhnath Mahadev Temple, Badri Kedar Nath, Nilkanth Mahadev Temple, and Bhid Bhanjan Mahadev Temple near the Town Hall and the Kashi Vishwanath Temple on K.V. Road. It is also well known for its four marble Jain temples: Vardhman Shah's Temple, Raisi Shah's Temple, Sheth's Temple, and Vasupujya Swami's Temple. All of these temples date to between 1574 and 1622. There are more than 30 [[Jain temple]]s in Jamnagar.<br />
<br />
The Bala [[Hanuman]] Temple on the southeastern side of Ranmal Lake is known for the continuous chanting of the [[mantra]] "Sri Ram, Jai Ram, Jai Jai Ram". Starting on 1 August 1964, this chant continues for 24 hours a day, earning the temple a place in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishna |first=VN |date=2009-07-31 |title=Non-Stop Ram Dhun completes 45 years in Jamnagar |work=Desh Gujarat |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2009/07/31/non-stop-ram-dhun-completes-45-years-in-jamnagar/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> Thousands of devotees visit the temple every year. Bholeshwar Mahadev Temple holds a fair every year on [[Shravana (month)|Shravani]] Amavas (New-moon day). During the holy month of Shravana, there are Hindu fairs on the dried river banks near Bohra Hajira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bohra Hajira, Jamnagar - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule |url=https://www.trawell.in/gujarat/jamnagar/bohra-hajira |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Architecture ===<br />
[[File:Khambalia_gate_by_dherendra.jpg|thumb|Khambaliya Gate]]<br />
The [[Bohra Hajira]] is a white marble mausoleum built by Jam Rawal in 1540.<ref name=":0" /> Also known as Mazar E Badri, it is the resting place of the Muslim saint Mota Bawa.<ref name=":0" /> Bohra Hajira is on the banks of the [[Nagmati River|Nagmati]] and [[Rangmati River]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The mausoleum is of Saracenic style and features intricate carvings.<ref name=":0" /> [[Jamnagar Trimandir]] is a two-storey structure with a large hall on the ground floor and a temple on the first floor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bhagwan |first=dada |title=List of Trimandir's {{!}} Trimandir {{!}} Non-Sectarian Temple {{!}} Spiritual Temples |url=https://www.dadabhagwan.org/about/trimandir/list-of-trimandirs/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=www.dadabhagwan.org |language=en}}</ref> Wazir Meraman Khawa built the [[Khambhaliya Gate]] in the 17th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Khambhaliya Gate, India Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/jamnagar/attractions/khambhaliya-gate/a/poi-sig/1556042/356252 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.lonelyplanet.com |language=en}}</ref> It is one of two remaining city gates from that period.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Pratap_Vilas_Palace.jpg|thumb|Pratap Vilas Palace]]<br />
Pratap Vilas Palace, built during the rule of His Royal Highness [[Ranjitsinhji]], features European architectural style with Indian carvings. It is an imitation of the [[Victoria Memorial Building in Calcutta]], but its domes are in the tradition of Indian architecture. Three of the domes are glass. The palace's columns feature carvings of creepers, flowers, leaves, birds, and animals. The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|2001 earthquake]] caused some damage to its parapets and the separation of some upper walls at the roof level in some corners.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} [[Willingdon Crescent]] (known Darbargarh Market now) was constructed by Ranjit Singh to replace a slum area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Willingdon Crescent |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/saurashtra/jamnagar/willingdon-crescent.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=gujrattourism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasavada |first=Rabindra |date=1998 |title=Evolving scenario of Architecture in Gujarat: an overview |url=https://architexturez.net/file/rjv-evolving-scenario-07-jpg |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=architexturez.net}}</ref> Inspired by Singh's European travels, it is an arcade of cusped arches, bigger on the ground floor and smaller on the upper storey. It has pilasters on the curving walls and balusters on the parapet. There is a statue of Jam Saheb in the center of the crescent. The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] caused slight damage to this shopping area.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Sports ==<br />
Cricket is a popular sport in Jamnagar. A number of Indian [[Test cricket]]ers hail from Jamnagar, including [[Vinoo Mankad]], [[Indrajitsinhji]], [[Ajay Jadeja]], and [[Ravindra Jadeja]]. HH Shri Jam Ranjitsinji built the [[Ajitsinhji Ground|Ajitsinhji Pavilion]] cricket ground in 1908. The [[Ranji Trophy]] and [[Duleep Trophy]] Indian cricket competitions were named in memory of the princes of Jamnagar.<br />
<br />
The municipal corporation built the sports complex with a swimming pool, badminton court, and other facilities. There is also an 80-year-old sports club, [[Summair Sports Club]], built by the erstwhile rulers of Jamnagar. It has a swimming pool, tennis, squash, and badminton courts, a billiard hall, a table tennis facility, and a hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Summair Sports Club Jamnagar India |url=http://summairsportsclub.org/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=summairsportsclub.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Parks and Recreation ==<br />
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Amusement Park is a popular public amusement park located on Mehulnagar 80 Feet Road near Kamdar Colony in [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] It is named after the Indian statesman Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and spread over approximately 19,500 sq m, offering a mix of recreational facilities for families and children. The park features a variety of attractions including rides, a musical fountain, rain dance zone, food court, game area, jogging track, yoga hall and amphitheatre, making it a desirable picnic and leisure destination. Operated by the [[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]], it is frequented by locals and visitors alike for outdoor fun and fitness activities.<ref>https://mcjamnagar.com/TheCity/PlaceDetails.aspx?pid=xAb38yZ23g35</ref><br />
<br />
The Kotha Bastion museum contains sculptures, coins, inscriptions, copper plates, and the skeleton of a whale. The museum also has an old well where water is drawn by blowing into a small hole in the floor.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The Lakhota Museum is in the former Lakhota Palace. This small museum has a collection of sculptures from the 9th to the 18th centuries, antique weapons, and pottery found in medieval villages from the surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakhota Palace & Museum Jamnagar, Gujarat |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/gujarat/lakhota-palace-and-museum.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref><br />
[[File:Lakhota_Tower_in_evening_by_Rangilo.JPG|thumb|Lakhota palace]]<br />
<br />
The [[Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch|Marine National Park]] on the [[Gulf of Kutch]] is India's first marine sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar, the Unique Coral Walking Area |url=http://www.jamnagar.org/mnp.htm |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.jamnagar.org}}</ref> Located about {{convert|7|km}} from the city centre, the park includes an archipelago of 42 islands noted for their coral reefs and mangroves. The area attracts birds, dolphins, finless porpoises, sea turtles, and tropical fish.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Vantara Animal Shelter and Wildlife Conservation Centre ===<br />
Vantara is a 300 acre animal shelter conservatory launched by [[Anant Ambani]] and supported by Reliance Industries and Reliance Foundation. The facility focuses on providing and caring for abused, injured and endangered animals. The conservation centre is equipped with cutting-edge healthcare hospital facilities, a research institute and academic zones.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All about Vantara, the 3000-acre animal shelter launched by Anant Ambani in Jamnagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/all-about-vantara-the-3000-acre-animal-shelter-launched-by-anant-ambani-in-jamnagar/articleshow/108098838.cms |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Jamnagar has many private and government-granted schools, including [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]; [[Podar International School]] and St. Xavier's High School, Jamnagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best CBSE Schools in Jamnagar, Gujarat |url=https://www.podareducation.org/jamnagar/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Podar International School }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
Jamnagar also has dental and health colleges, including [[M. P. Shah Medical College]] and [[Gujarat Ayurved University]] There are several colleges for arts, commerce, and science.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
<br />
=== Transportation ===<br />
[[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]](NH-754) is an under-construction 1,257&nbsp;km long, 6-lane wide expressway in the north-western part of India. The expressway will reduce the distance between Amritsar and Jamnagar from earlier 1,430&nbsp;km to 1,316&nbsp;km (including Kapurthala-Amritsar section) and the time travel from 26 hours to only 13 hours. It is a part of the Bharatmala and Amritsar–Jamnagar Economic Corridor (EC-3). It will pass through four states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="themetrorailguy.com">{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-amritsar-jamnagar-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/|title=Amritsar – Jamnagar Economic Corridor – Information & Status}}</ref> The expressway is strategically important, as it will connect 3 big oil refineries of HMEL Bathinda, HPCL Barmer and [[Reliance Industries]] Limited(RIL) Refinery near Jamnagar. It will also connect Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (Bathinda) and Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant (Sri Ganganagar).<ref name="themetrorailguy.com"/> The expressway will meet the Ludhiana-Bathinda-Ajmer Expressway of the Pathankot–Ajmer Economic Corridor at Bathinda. The construction work on the expressway started in Haryana and Rajasthan in 2019. The Rajasthan section of the expressway from Jakhrawali in Hanumangarh district to Khetlawas in Jalore district was completed in early 2023 and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 8 July 2023, while the entire expressway is expected to be opened by September 2023.<ref name="themetrorailguy.com"/><br />
[[File:Jamnagar Railway Station Platform 1 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Jamnagar Railway Station platform]]<br />
<br />
On 24 November 2025, Chief Minister Shri Bhupendra Patel inaugurated [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]'s longest flyover bridge, constructed at a cost of ₹226.99 crore (₹2,269,900,000) in [[Jamnagar]]. The total length of the four-lane elevated flyover bridge from Sat Rasta Circle to Subhash Chandra Bose Statue, including 4 approaches, is 3,750 metres. The main bridge consists of four lanes measuring 16.50 metres, while the approaches on Indira Marg and Dwarka Road consist of two lanes of 8.40 metres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-24 |title=CM inaugurates Saurashtra’s longest flyover in Jamnagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/cm-inaugurates-saurashtras-longest-flyover-in-jamnagar/articleshow/125545729.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are many private bus service providers with coaches running between Jamnagar and [[Rajkot]], [[Bhuj]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]] and other major cities. [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation|State Transport]] has bus services to almost all cities of Gujarat State and interstate transport facilities. The [[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]] runs local buses. Also, [[Ola Cabs]] and auto rickshaws are available.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Jamnagar has a [[Jamnagar railway station|railway station]] connected with a variety of India's destinations.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 2010 |title=Jamnagar/JAM Railway Station – Today's Train Departure Timings – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1662 |access-date=22 June 2012 |publisher=India Rail Info}}</ref> Four daily trains go to [[Mumbai]] and weekly trains to the major cities to the north, east, and south of the country.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The city has an [[Jamnagar Airport|airport]] with a daily direct flight to [[Mumbai]] and thrice-in-a-week flights to [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The airport is within a military enclave of the [[Indian Air Force]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Civic utilities ===<br />
India’s first IGBC platinum-rated net-zero green waste-to-energy campus is located in Jamnagar, established by Abellon Clean energy and designed by INI Design Studio. Per year, the facility processes 220,000 tons of municipal solid waste into 7.5 MW clean energy. The facility’s design involves almost no human interface during the process and also has a see-through design inside the processing plant making it an educational hub for schools and visitors. The campus uses only 20% of its land for the facility and the other 80% is used for community activities and interactions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=Adrian |date=2025-06-16 |title=Abellon Waste To Energy Campus Jamnagar, Gujarat, India |url=https://www.e-architect.com/india/abellon-waste-to-energy-campus-jamnagar-gujarat |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=e-architect |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prajapati |first=Chhaya |date=2024-09-14 |title=This is India's First Platinum-Rated Net-Zero Green Waste to Energy Plant {{!}} INI Design Studio |url=https://thearchitectsdiary.com/this-is-indias-first-platinum-rated-net-zero-green-waste-to-energy-plant-ini-design-studio/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Architects Diary |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Media ==<br />
[[All India Radio]] airs at 100.1&nbsp;MHz. Top FM airs at 91.9&nbsp;MHz. [[Radio Mirchi]] airs at 95&nbsp;MHz.<br />
<br />
Daily local and national newspapers are available in Jamnagar in multiple languages, including ''[[The Times of India]]'', [[The Economic Times|''Economic Times'']], ''[[Indian Express]]'', and ''[[Business Standard]]''. Local newspapers published in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] include ''[[Aajkaal]], Bhoomi, [[Jamnagar Bhaskar]], [[Khabar Gujarat]], [[Lokmat|Lokwat]],'' and ''[[Nobat]]. [[The Princely State]]'' is the local English language newspaper.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
{{Further information|Category: People from Jamnagar|label1=People from Jamnagar}}[[File:Ranjitsinh.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Ranjitsinhji]], English cricketer, former King of [[Jamnagar State|Jamnagar princely state, British India]].]]<br />
The following individuals were born or have lived in Jamnagar:<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Ruskin Bond]], author<br />
* [[Ranjitsinhji]], King of erstwhile [[Nawanagar State]], first international cricketer of India, represented [[England cricket team]].<br />
* [[Vinoo Mankad]], former cricketer<br />
* [[Duleepsinhji]], former cricketer<br />
* [[Salim Durani]], Indian former test cricketer<br />
* [[Remo D'Souza]], dancer, choreographer, actor, and film director<br />
* [[Indrajitsinhji]], ex test cricketer<br />
* [[Ajay Jadeja]], former [[ODI cricket|ODI]] cricketer<br />
* [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]], first Chief of Army Staff<br />
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]], Indian cricketer<br />
*<br />
*<br />
* [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]], Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, also known as The Good Maharaja<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Amrapur, Jamnagar, Gujarat]]<br />
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.jamnagarbirds.com Birds picture and information in Jamnagar]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090036/http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/NavanagarNa_Narbanka.htm NavaNagarNa NarBanka] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123544/http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RajSattaNa_Rang.htm RajSattaNa Rang] – Books exploring History of Jamnagar<br />
<br />
{{Jamnagar district}}<br />
{{Gujarat}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jamnagar]]<br />
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1540]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daimler_India_Commercial_Vehicles&diff=473117Daimler India Commercial Vehicles2026-03-14T01:32:16Z<p>TobyRamer579490: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian subsidiary of Daimler Truck AG}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2011}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt.Ltd.<br />
| logo = DTA_Logo.jpg<br />
| logo_size =<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<br />
| foundation = <br />
| location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| key_people = Satyakam Arya (CEO)<br />
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]<br />
| products = [[Commercial vehicles]] <br /> [[Truck]]s <br /> [[Bus]]es<br />
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRConvert|10431|c}} (2025) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tofler.in/daimler-india-commercial-vehicles-private-limited/company/U34200TN2007PTC072876|title=Diamler India Reports Net profit decline in FY25}}</ref><br />
| operating_income =<br />
| net_income = {{down}}<br />
{{INRConvert|169|c}} (2025) <br />
| num_employees = 3,000+| owner = [[Daimler Truck|Daimler Truck AG]]<br />
| parent = <br />
| subsid =<br />
| website = {{URL|https://asia.daimlertruck.com}} <br />
}}<br />
'''Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.''' is a subsidiary of the German [[Daimler Truck|Daimler Truck AG]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2012 |title=Company Overview of Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=43970127 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709040742/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=43970127 |archive-date=2012-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]}}</ref> This company designs, manufactures, and sells [[commercial vehicle]]s that cater to the demands of [[India]]n customers and are designed with nation's terrain in mind. These vehicles are branded as "[[BharatBenz]]", "[[Mercedes-Benz]]" and "[[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Fuso]]".<br />
<br />
After starting production in June 2012, the first heavy-duty truck was launched in September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daimler-indiacv.com/commercial-vehicles.html |title=Daimler Commercial Vehicles About Us |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191252/http://www.daimler-indiacv.com/commercial-vehicles.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The corporate office is located in [[Sholinganallur]], [[Chennai]], and the plant is located at [[Oragadam]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Currently, the [[chief executive officer]] is Satyakam Arya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/satyakam-arya-to-succeed-erich-nesselhauf-as-md-ceo-of-daimler-india-commercial-vehicles/articleshow/65787855.cms |title=Satyakam Arya to succeed Erich Nesselhauf as CEO of Daimler India Commercial Vehicles |work=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Daimler AG has been active in the commercial vehicle business in India for decades. In 1954, the first truck specifically for the Indian market was a [[Mercedes-Benz]], after [[Daimler-Benz]] granted a license for automobile production to India-based [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mercedes exits 6-decade-old pact with Tata Motors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mercerdes-exits-6-decade-old-pact-with-Tata-Motors/articleshow/20039460.cms|work=Times of India}}</ref> A year prior, Daimler-Benz acquired an equity interest in Tata. In 1970, Daimler-Benz and Tata entered into a licensing agreement, providing a framework for further activities. In addition, Daimler has licensed various products to other Indian manufacturers (e.g. Force Traveller). In 2007, Daimler introduced its heavy-duty [[Mercedes-Benz Actros]] to the Indian market, which is used primarily in mining operations.<br />
<br />
In order to produce light, medium, and heavy-duty trucks for the Indian market, Daimler Trucks entered a joint venture with the Indian automobile group Hero. After receiving official approval from the Indian government in March 2008, Daimler Hero Motor Corporation Ltd. was established. The economic situation from late 2008 to mid-2009 necessitated re-positioning of Daimler Trucks' partnership with the Hero Group in India. As a result, Daimler AG and Hero Group announced on 15 April 2009 the dissolution of Daimler Hero Commercial Vehicles Ltd. in India. Afterwards, Daimler created a new Indian subsidiary without Hero Group's involvement, named Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.<br />
<br />
In 1994, Daimler entered the Indian market and set up [[Mercedes-Benz]] India<ref>{{cite web|title=Website|url=http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/|work=Mercedes-Benz|accessdate=27 August 2013}}</ref> with its headquarters in [[Pune]]. Mercedes-Benz India is also a subsidiary of Daimler AG and is responsible for the manufacture of passenger cars and bus chassis, along with the sales and service network.<br />
<br />
In [[Bangalore]], Daimler has set up its largest research and development location outside of Germany, the Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. In addition to conducting simulations of mechanical structures, the center develops software and uses CAE and CAD tools to design vehicle components. <br />
Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. (DICV) is a 100% subsidiary of Daimler AG, Germany. Its aim is to design, manufacture and sell medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that cater to the demand of Indian terrain and customers. These vehicles are known by the brand name "BharatBenz". Three new trucks were launched on 26 September 2012. These include the 2523 R (a 25 tonne heavy-duty rigid truck), 2523 C (a 25 tonne heavy-duty tipper truck) and the 3123 R (a 31 tonne heavy-duty rigid truck).<ref>{{cite news| url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Daimler-India-to-roll-out-six-products-this-year/articleshow/14822742.cms| title=Daimler India to roll out six products this year | date= 11 July 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
With the launch of the first three heavy-duty models in September 2012 (2523R, 2523C & 3123C), BharatBenz began its offering of a range of trucks. Subsequently, BharatBenz launched its range of medium-duty trucks in February 2013, and its range of Made-in-India trucks for export markets under the FUSO brand in May 2013. Later that year, two more heavy-duty trucks (2528 & 3128) were also launched. In February 2014, DICV launched four new BharatBenz models (three tractor and one construction-mining).<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
The headquarters of Daimler India Commercial Vehicles is based in [[Chennai]], capital of the southern Indian state [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Website|url=https://www.daimler.com/career/about-us/locations/location-detail-page-5151.html}}</ref> The corporate office is situated at RMZ Millenia Business Park, Perungudi, a suburb of Chennai. While the Corporate Office performs the role of a headquarters, DICV has consolidated all functions viz., Research & Development, Human Resources, Finance & Controlling, Marketing, Sales & After sales, Product Planning, Operations and Quality Management at its new plant at Oragadam near Chennai.<br />
<br />
The production plant at [[Oragadam]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Website|url=https://www.daimler.com/career/about-us/locations/location-detail-page-5151.html}}</ref> near Chennai, spreads over 400 acres (160 hectares) was inaugurated on 18 April 2012. The plant hosts a full production facility including body shop, paint and assembly as well as all logistics needed. Also located at Oragadam, DICV has its own 6&nbsp;km test-track that simulates Indian conditions.<br />
<br />
Before the launch of BharatBenz trucks in India in the year 2012, Daimler Trucks were available in India with the Mercedes-Benz Actros trucks which were earlier assembled at the Mercedes-Benz India plant at Chakan, Pune. The Mercedes-Benz Actros trucks are now assembled at DICV's Oragadam plant. DICV is responsible for all Marketing, Sales and After-sales of the Mercedes-Benz Trucks, in India.<br />
<br />
Since the launch of the first BharatBenz dealership in Chennai in August 2012, BharatBenz has established a network of 75 outlets, and has plans to cover more than a 100 locations by early 2015.<br />
<br />
==Brands==<br />
[[File:BHARATBENZ Heavy Duty Truck 3128 C. right side. Spielvogel 2012.jpg|thumb|right|210px| BharatBenz HDT 3128 C (heavy-duty truck)]]<br />
[[File:Fuso FJ Rigid 6x2. Spielvogel 2014 1.JPG|thumb|Fuso FJ rigid truck at the [[International Motor Show Germany|International Motor Show]] 2014 in [[Hanover]], Germany]]<br />
Daimler unveiled a new brand of trucks – [[BharatBenz]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Website| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noq1Ht4cs54}}</ref> – for the Indian market on 17 February 2011. The brand was intended to offer a range of trucks in the 6–49 ton range, with vehicles for applications such as haulage, tippers and tractor trailers. In 2012 BharatBenz unveiled its first range of trucks to the media, potential customers and partners in a six-day event in Hyderabad. The BharatBenz range of trucks includes Light Duty Trucks (LDT) & Heavy Duty Trucks (HDT) in the 9, 12, 25, 31 and 49 tonne categories, featuring various usages and applications. The first 3 Heavy-duty trucks (2523 R, 2523 C, & 3123 R) were launched on 26 September 2012. On 20 February 2013, DICV launched its Light/Medium-duty range of trucks. These trucks are based on the famous FUSO platforms.<br />
<br />
The Mercedes-Benz Actros family of trucks is one of the most successful in the heavy-duty truck sector, selling over 600,000 units in more than 100 countries.<br />
<br />
Daimler's Bus division launched its Mercedes-Benz inter-city luxury coaches in India in 2008. The initial entrance into India was achieved through DICV's sister-concern, Mercedes-Benz India Pvt. Ltd. However, with the establishment of DICV having become complete the obvious synergies in the area of Commercial Vehicles resulted in the transfer of Daimler Buses, India to DICV. The integration of Daimler Buses, India into DICV took place on 1 April 2013. In March 2014, DICV laid the foundation stone for its new bus plant at its Oragadam facility with an earmarked investment of 425 crores. The bus plant manufactures BharatBenz and Mercedes-Benz range of buses.<ref>{{cite web|title=News| website=Mobility Outlook |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/news/daimler-india-commercial-vehicles-completes-a-decade-of-operations-in-india/}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of now DICV deals with three brands of Daimler – "[[BharatBenz]]", "[[Mercedes-Benz]]" and "[[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Fuso]]".<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120409173944/http://www.daimler-indiacv.com/ Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. website]<br />
* [http://www.bharatbenz.com/ Website of BharatBenz]<br />
<br />
{{Daimler Truck}}<br />
{{Automotive industry in India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Daimler Truck]]<br />
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C28&diff=475268PSLV-C282026-03-11T12:36:32Z<p>TobyRamer579490: rework citations for consistency and cleaned formatting for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect|DMC 3|the 2005 video game|Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening}}<br />
{{Infobox spaceflight<br />
| name = PSLV-C28<br />
<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->| image = PSLV.svg<br />
| image_caption = Model of the [[PSLV]] rocket<br />
| image_alt = <!--image alt text--><br />
| image_size = 80px<br />
<!--Basic details-->| mission_type = Deployment of 5 [[satellite]]s.<br />
| operator = [[ISRO]] & [[Antrix Corporation]]<br />
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)--><br />
| COSPAR_ID = 2015-032C & 2015-032D<br />
| SATCAT = 40717 & 40718<br />
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]<br />
| mission_duration = 19 minutes & 21 seconds<br />
| distance_travelled = 647 km<br />
| orbits_completed = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit--><br />
| suborbital_range = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit--><br />
| suborbital_apogee = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit--><br />
<br />
<!--Spacecraft properties-->| spacecraft = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]<br />
| spacecraft_type = [[Launch vehicle]]<br />
| spacecraft_bus = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc--><br />
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]] ([[Satellite Launch Vehicle|Launch Vehicle]]) &<br>[[Surrey Satellite Technology|Surrey Satellite]] ([[Satellite]]s)<br />
| launch_mass = {{convert|320000|kg|lbs}}<br />
| BOL_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase--><br />
| landing_mass = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)--><br />
| dry_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel--><br />
| payload_mass = {{convert|1440|kg|lbs}}<br />
| dimensions = <!--body dimensions and solar array span--><br />
| power = <!--end-of-life power, in watts--><br />
<br />
<!--Expedition details-->| space_station = <!--space station the expedition occurred aboard--><br />
| start_date = <!--date the crew took command of the station--><br />
| end_date = <!--date the crew ceased command of the station--><br />
| arrival_craft = <!--spacecraft the crew arrived aboard--><br />
| departure_craft = <!--spacecraft the crew departed aboard--><br />
<br />
<!--Crew details-->| crew_size = Nil<br />
| crew_members = <!--crew who launched AND landed aboard the spacecraft--><br />
| crew_launching = <!--crew who only launched aboard the spacecraft--><br />
| crew_landing = <!--crew who only landed aboard the spacecraft--><br />
| crew_callsign = <!--spacecraft's callsign--><br />
| crew_expedition = <!--space station expedition(s) the mission was in support of, do NOT use if the mission is an expedition itself--><br />
| crew_EVAs = <!--number of EVAs conducted during the mission--><br />
| crew_EVA_duration = <!--time spent on EVA--><br />
| crew_photo = <!--omit the "file" prefix--><br />
| crew_photo_alt = <!--alt text for image--><br />
| crew_photo_caption = <!--image caption--><br />
| crew_photo_size = <!--defaults to 220px--><br />
<br />
<!--Launch details-->| launch_date = {{start date|2015|07|10|21|58|00}} ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])<br />
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV]]<br />
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]<br />
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]<br />
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from--><br />
| deployment_date = 10 Jul 2015<br />
| entered_service = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch--><br />
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur--><br />
<br />
<!--end of mission-->| disposal_type = Placed in [[graveyard orbit]]<br />
| deactivated = 10 Jul 2015<br />
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)--><br />
| last_contact = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned--><br />
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by--><br />
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date--><br />
| decay_date = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed--><br />
| landing_date = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact--><br />
| landing_site = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates--><br />
<br />
<!--orbit parameters--><br />
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->| orbit_reference = <br />
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]<br />
| orbit_longitude = <!--geosynchronous satellites only--><br />
| orbit_slot = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)--><br />
| orbit_semimajor = <!--semimajor axis--><br />
| orbit_eccentricity = <!--orbital eccentricity--><br />
| orbit_periapsis = <!--periapsis altitude--><br />
| orbit_apoapsis = <!--apoapsis altitude--><br />
| orbit_inclination = <!--orbital inclination--><br />
| orbit_period = <!--time taken to complete an orbit--><br />
| orbit_RAAN = <!--right ascension of the ascending node--><br />
| orbit_arg_periapsis = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis--><br />
| orbit_mean_anomaly = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value--><br />
| orbit_mean_motion = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day--><br />
| orbit_repeat = <!--repeat interval/revisit time--><br />
| orbit_velocity = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity--><br />
| orbit_epoch = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct--><br />
| orbit_rev_number = <!--revolution number--><br />
| apsis = <!--planet specific apsis term (eg. gee/helion/selene/etc - defaults to generic "apsis")--><br />
| interplanetary = <!--Infobox spaceflight/IP can be called multiple times for missions with multiple targets or combined orbiter/lander missions, etc--><br />
<br />
<!--Cargo parameters-->| payload_items = Three DMC3 satellites,<br>One CBNT-1 (technology demonstrator)&,<br>One De-OrbitSail (TD nano satellite)<br />
| cargo_mass = <!--Mass of the cargo aboard--><br />
| cargo_mass_press = <!--Mass of pressurised cargo--><br />
| cargo_mass_unpress = <!--Mass of unpressurised cargo (e.g. Dragon Trunk)--><br />
| cargo_mass_fuel = <!--Mass of fuel transferred from spacecraft's tanks--><br />
| cargo_mass_gas = <!--Mass of gasses transferred (e.g. oxygen)--><br />
| cargo_mass_water = <!--Mass of water transferred--><br />
<br />
<!--Telescope parameters-->| instrument_type = <!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument--><br />
| telescope_name = <!--name, if different to the satellite--><br />
| telescope_type = <!--type of telescope, mirror arrangement, etc--><br />
| telescope_diameter = <!--diameter of telescope--><br />
| telescope_focal_length = <!--focal length of telescope--><br />
| telescope_area = <!--collecting area--><br />
| telescope_wavelength = <!--wavelengths at which the telescope operates--><br />
| telescope_resolution = <!--resolution of telescope--><br />
| instruments = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite--><br />
<br />
<!--transponder parameters-->| trans_band = <!--Transponder frequency bands--><br />
| trans_frequency = <!--specific frequencies--><br />
| trans_bandwidth = <!--bandwidth--><br />
| trans_capacity = <!--capacity of the transponders--><br />
| trans_coverage = <!--area covered--><br />
| trans_TWTA = <!--TWTA output power--><br />
| trans_EIRP = <!--equivalent isotropic power--><br />
| trans_HPBW = <!--half-power beam width--><br />
<br />
<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions. <br />
If in doubt, leave it out-->| programme = '''[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launch history|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions]]'''<br />
| previous_mission = '''PSLV-C27'''<br />
| next_mission = '''PSLV-C29'''<br />
<br />
<!--mission insignia or patch-->| insignia = <!--omit the "file" prefix--><br />
| insignia_caption = <!--image caption--><br />
| insignia_alt = <!--image alt text--><br />
| insignia_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px--><br />
}}<br />
'''PSLV-C28''' ([[Pseudonym|a.k.a.]] ''DMC3 mission'') was the 29th consecutive successful mission (overall 30th) of the [[PSLV]] program. The PSLV-C28 carried and successfully deployed 5 [[satellite]]s in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]. With a launch mass of {{convert|320000|kg|lbs}} and payload mass of payload mass {{convert|1440|kg|lbs}}, the C28 was the heaviest commercial mission undertaken by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and [[Antrix Corporation]]. The PSLV-C28 carried three identical optical [[Earth observation satellite]]s ([[UK-DMC 3|DMC3-1]], DMC3-2 & DMC3-3), an optical [[Earth observation]] [[technology demonstration|technology demonstrator]] [[Miniaturized satellite|microsatellite]] (CBNT-1), and an experimental [[Nano Satellites|nanosatellite]] (De-orbitSail). All the satellites were built by [[Surrey Satellite Technology]] (SSTL). Although built by SSTL, the "De-orbitSail" belonged to the Surrey Space Centre.<ref name="PSLV-C28 / DMC3 Mission">{{cite news|title=PSLV-C28 / DMC3 Mission|publisher=[[ISRO]] website|accessdate=7 Jun 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c28-dmc3-mission|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929042503/http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c28-dmc3-mission|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">{{cite news|title=Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|publisher=[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] website|accessdate=7 Jun 2016|url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/launchers/launchers-pslv}}</ref><ref name="DMC 3-FM3">{{cite news|title=DMC 3-FM3|publisher=[[NASA]] website|accessdate=7 Jun 2016|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2015-032C}}</ref><ref name="Carbonite 1">{{cite news|title=Carbonite 1|publisher=[[NASA]] website|accessdate=7 Jun 2016|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2015-032D}}</ref><ref name="ISRO successfully Launches PSLV-C28 carrying 5 UK satellites">{{cite news|title=ISRO successfully Launches PSLV-C28 carrying 5 UK satellites|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=7 Jun 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-successfully-launches-PSLV-C28-carrying-5-UK-satellites/articleshow/48023816.cms}}</ref><ref name="10 things you should know about PSLV-C28">{{cite news|title=10 things you should know about PSLV-C28|publisher=scoopwhoop.com|accessdate=7 Jun 2016|url=http://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/isro-pslv-c28-satellite-launch/}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<br />
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Science|Space|Spaceflight}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
{{PSLV}}<br />
{{Expendable launch systems}}<br />
{{Indian space programme}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhigram_metro_station&diff=499754Gandhigram metro station2026-03-07T18:41:05Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Made first data more to come</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{notability|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Gandhigram<br />
| style = Ahmedabad Metro<br />
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| address = Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.02667|72.56890|display=inline,title}}<br />
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Gandhigram}}<br />
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]<br />
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]<br />
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}<br />
| platforms = [[Side platform]]<br/>Platform-1 → [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatman Mandir]] / {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GIFT City}}<br/>Platform-2 → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br />
| levels = 2<br />
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br />
| status = Operational<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}<br />
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]<br />
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|right=Old High Court|to-right=Mahatma Mandir or GIFT City|left=Paldi|to-left=APMC}}<br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_dot_label = <br />
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gandhigram''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Around this metro station holds the main [[Gandhigram railway station|Gandhigram]] railway station along with '''Ahmedabad Medical Association (AMI)''' and [[Reserve Bank of India]] Main Office (Ahmedabad). This phase of the metro system was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Station layout==<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Gandhigram track layout<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = vCONTgfa<br />
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Old High Court}} {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}<br />
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''<br />
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Paldi}}<br />
vCONTgfe<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Mezzanine<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br/><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<span style="color:#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}">'''Platform 2'''<br />'''Southbound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Paldi metro station|Paldi]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style="color:#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}">'''Platform 1'''<br />'''Northbound'''</span><br />
|Towards ← [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]] / [[GIFT City metro station|GIFT City]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Old High Court metro station|Old High Court]]</small> <small>'''''Change at the next station for '''{{Rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}''</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
* [[Gujarat]]<br />
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]<br />
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}<br />
<br />
{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mishawr_Rawhoshyo&diff=517860Mishawr Rawhoshyo2026-03-06T14:47:21Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2013 Indian Bengali film by Srijit Mukherji}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mishawr Rawhoshyo<br />
| image = Mishawr Rawhoshyo (2013) film poster.jpeg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Based on<br />
| data1 = ''[[Kakababu#Adventures of Kakababu Sontu|Mishor Rohosyo]]'' (1984 novel) by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br />
| story = Sunil Gangopadhyay<br />
| screenplay = Srijit Mukherji<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = Srijit Mukherji<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]|[[Aryann Bhowmik]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]|[[Rajit Kapur]]|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]|[[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]]|[[Swastika Mukherjee]]|[[Tridha Choudhury]]}}<br />
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]<br />
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar<br />
| editing = Bodhaditya Banerjee<br />
| studio = Shree Venkatesh Films<br />
| distributor = Shree Venkatesh Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|10|11}}<br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-review/24256037.cms |title=Mishawr Rawhoshyo movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />[[English language|English]]<br />[[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = {{INR|7.5}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp#.VF9Xk6rZp4o |title=5 films that rocked the box office this year |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227204827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp#.VF9Xk6rZp4o |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mishawr Rawhoshyo''''', ({{Translation|'''''The Mysteries of Egypt'''''}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action-adventure film]] written and directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]. Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the film is based on the 1984 eponymous novel by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], from his [[Kakababu|Kakababu series]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cine sleuths|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130113/jsp/graphiti/story_16433849.jsp#.UVGQihxwpWc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411220311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130113/jsp/graphiti/story_16433849.jsp%23.UVGQihxwpWc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=26 March 2013|location=Calcutta, India|date=13 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/mishawr-rawhoshyo-press-conference/|title=Mishawr Rawhoshyo Press Conference|accessdate=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019055719/http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/mishawr-rawhoshyo-press-conference/|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as [[Kakababu]] and [[Aryann Bhowmik]] as Shontu, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Rajit Kapur|Rajit Kapoor]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]] and [[Tridha Choudhury|Tridha Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Srijit's Kakababu unveiled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Srijits-Kakababu-unveiled/articleshow/17358755.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-25/news-interviews/35347121_1_srijit-mukherji-bengali-films-bumbada|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2012}}</ref> The plot revolves around a [[hieroglyphic]] trail that leads Kakababu and his nephew Shontu to [[Egypt]] and underneath a [[pyramid]].<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in September 2012, marking Srijit Mukherji's third collaboration with Prosenjit Chatterjee. [[Principal photography]] commenced in January 2013 and ended in August 2013. Major parts of the film were shot in [[Cairo]] with a sporadic schedule, and portions shot in [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]] predominantly. [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] composed its music, with lyrics penned by [[Srijato]]. The cinematography and editing of the film were handled by Soumik Halder and Bodhaditya Banerjee respectively.<br />
<br />
''Mishawr Rawhoshyo'' was theatrically released on 11 October 2013, coinciding with [[Durga Puja]]. It opened along with the dubbed versions in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] and [[Arabic]] to positive reviews, and emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2013|second highest-grossing films of 2013]], with highly positive reviews. Generally attaining a strong [[cult following]], the film was praised for its set-pieces, cast performances, songs and action sequences. At the [[1st Filmfare Awards East]], ''Mishawr Rawhoshyo'' received 5 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Prosenjit). It is the first installment in [[SVF Kakababu franchise]], followed by ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' (2017), ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' (2022) and ''[[Vijaynagar'er Hirey]]'' (2026).<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Mishawr Rawhoshyo'' starts with [[Kakababu]] and his nephew Shontu smiling after watching news informing of the imminent overthrow of the dictatorship in [[Egypt]].<br />
<br />
The film rewinds into a flashback. It is 2010. Kakababu is contracted by Egyptian businessman Al Mamun to decipher the meanings of hieroglyphic symbols that his teacher, Mufti Muhammad, had drawn on a piece of paper supposedly during his sleep. Muhammad is terminally ill and is about to grant his last wish while he is being treated in [[Delhi]]. Mamun thinks that the symbols are the key to locating Mufti Muhammad's [[will (law)|will]] which will describe where to find treasures Mufti Muhammad had acquired during his tenure as a political leader and revolutionary. However, Kakababu is convinced that the symbols have a different meaning and they are very unusual. Mufti Muhammad symbolically requests Kakababu to verify something, a very unusual last wish.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, a war of rivalry ensues between Mamun and Hani Al Qadi, another of Mufti Muhammad's disciples (and a rival of Mamun) who accuses Mamun of stealing a secret that isn't rightfully his. While in [[Delhi]], there was an attempt to murder Kakababu, in which Kakababu was injured. Kakababu took the challenge to uncover the truth; he and his nephew Shontu head to [[Egypt]] where they are drawn into the vortex of the mystery.<br />
<br />
Kakababu gets kidnapped by Al Qadi's men which sets off a chain of events, culminating in a climax under a pyramid. Inside the pyramid, Kakababu discovers the lost mummy of an Egyptian queen with the help of the hieroglyphics code written by Mufti Muhammad. The present-day political turmoil in Egypt subtly reverberates. At the end, Kakababu gives Hani Al Qadi the coded message written inside the coffin of the mummy and wishes him good luck for his upcoming revolution to free Egypt from the corrupt dictator Jashni Mubarak (fictionalized [[Hosni Mubarak]]).<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as [[Kakababu|Raja Roy Chowdhury alias Kakababu]]<br />
* [[Aryann Bhowmik]] as Sunanda Roy Chowdhury alias Shontu, Kakababu's nephew<br />
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Hani Al Qadi<br />
* [[Rajit Kapoor|Rajit Kapur]] as Al Mamun<br />
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as CBI officer Narendra Verma<br />
* [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]] as Siddhartha<br />
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Snigdha<br />
* [[Tridha Choudhury]] as Rini<br />
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Mufti Mohammad (cameo appearance)<br />
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] as Sadat Manto (cameo appearance)<br />
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Kakababu's elder brother and Shontu's father<br />
* Tulika Bose as Kakababu's sister-in-law and Shontu's mother<br />
* Indranath Mukherjee as himself at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Srijit Mukherji licensed the first three books in the ''Kakababu'' series with the intent to produce a film every other year starring Prosenjit Chatterjee as Kakababu, his only choice for the role.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kakababu's diary|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/entertainment/story_16547410.jsp#.UVGU2hxwpWc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215658/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/entertainment/story_16547410.jsp%23.UVGU2hxwpWc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=26 March 2013|location=Calcutta, India|date=11 February 2013}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Cairo, Egypt]] and [[Delhi]] in early 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhooter Bhhabishyat completes one year|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/news-interviews/37766592_1_swastika-mukherjee-mishor-rahasya-film|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/news-interviews/37766592_1_swastika-mukherjee-mishor-rahasya-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|accessdate=26 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Team Mishor Rahasya reaches Egypt|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news-interviews/37019648_1_kakababu-mishor-rahasya-egypt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426161439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news-interviews/37019648_1_kakababu-mishor-rahasya-egypt|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|accessdate=26 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 February 2013}}</ref> with Chatterjee stating that Mukherji was updating the character to be more contemporary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prosenjit all set for Kakababu|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-12/news-interviews/35750444_1_hanuman-com-kakababu-mishuk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-12/news-interviews/35750444_1_hanuman-com-kakababu-mishuk|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-49|title=My kakababu smartest|language=bn|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=16 February 2013|accessdate=27 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218051319/http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-49|archive-date=18 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chatterjee also commented that, although they had not changed Ganguly's character too much, that "lookwise he is a modern Kakababu."<ref>{{cite news|title=One man, many shades|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-11/news-interviews/37622679_1_hanuman-com-anjaniputra-sen-sharma-mishor-rahasya|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426192013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-11/news-interviews/37622679_1_hanuman-com-anjaniputra-sen-sharma-mishor-rahasya|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The movie also features [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s famous poem [[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo]].<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Mishawr Rawhoshyo<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2 October 2013<ref name="music launch"/><br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=03}}<br />
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br />
| producer = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]<br />
| chronology = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Proloy (film)|Proloy]]<br />
| prev_year = 2013<br />
| next_title = [[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack consists of six tracks composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] with lyrics by [[Srijato]].<ref name="music launch"/> It was released on 2 October 2013 by the cast and crew in the Oberoi Grand Hotel in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="music launch">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/36743-16329218.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008010506/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/36743-16329218.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 October 2013 | title=The Egyptian Mystery | publisher=The Telegraph - t2 | accessdate=6 October 2013}}</ref> <br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 33:03<br />
| title1 = Kakababur Gaan<br />
| extra1 = [[Rupam Islam]]<br />
| length1 = 5:31<br />
| title2 = Baalir Shawhor<br />
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Arijit Singh]]<br />
| length2 = 5:51<br />
| title3 = Kyano Aaj<br />
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| length3 = 5:21<br />
| title4 = Dilli<br />
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shadaab Faridi]]<br />
| length4 = 5:05<br />
| title5 = Kakababur Gaan <small>(reprise)</small><br />
| extra5 = [[Anupam Roy]]<br />
| length5 = 5:20<br />
| title6 = Hani Alkadi R Gaan<br />
| extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
| length6 = 5:55<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
Sutapa Singha writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of {{Rating|3.5|5}} and said the album is like an audio window to the gripping thriller on-screen.<ref name="critical reception">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2013/10/19&PageLabel=36&ForceGif=true&EntityId=Ar03600&ViewMode=HTML | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183059/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2013/10/19&PageLabel=36&ForceGif=true&EntityId=Ar03600&ViewMode=HTML | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 October 2013 | title=Mishawr Rawhoshyo - Indraadip Dasgupta | publisher=[[The Times of India]] - Calcutta times epaper | work=Sutapa Singha | accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Mishawr Rawhoshyo'' garnered mixed to generally positive reviews from critics. Gautam Chakraborty of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated it {{Rating|8|10}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=ভাঁজে ভাঁজে সুনীলের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধার্ঘ্য|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/16ananda-plus3.html|accessdate=16 October 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|date=16 October 2013|language=bn|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016120846/http://www.anandabazar.com/16ananda-plus3.html|archive-date=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Dippanita Mukhopadhay Ghosh of ''[[Ebela]]'' rated it {{Rating|7|10}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahashyohin Mishwar, Kakababu madhumoy|url=http://www.ebela.in/paper/16-9-16@10@2013.html|accessdate=16 October 2013|newspaper=Ebela|date=16 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Award<br />
!Ceremony date<br />
!Category<br />
!Recipient(s)<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |Zee Bangla Gaurav Samman<br />
| rowspan="6" |23 March 2014<br />
|Superhit Film of the Year<br />
|''Mishawr Rawhoshyo''<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla Gaurav Samman 2014 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/zee-bangla-gaurav-samman-2014/articleshow/31884051.cms |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=starguidephotography |date=2014-02-03 |title=Zee Bangla Gourav Samman 2014 – Theatre Festival started |url=https://starguidephotography.wordpress.com/2014/02/03/zee-bangla-gourav-samman-2014-theatre-festival-started/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=starguidephotography |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Director<br />
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor (Male)<br />
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Male)<br />
|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor in a Negative Role<br />
|[[Rajit Kapur]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Awards East]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[1st Filmfare Awards East|29 March 2014]]<br />
|Best Film<br />
|''Mishawr Rawhoshyo''<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title=IN PICS: Filmfare Awards 2014 (East) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/in-pics-filmfare-awards-2014-east/photostory/33120136.cms |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Vivel Filmfare Awards East {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-vivel-filmfare-awards-east-5742.html |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor<br />
|Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Male)<br />
|Indraneil Sengupta<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyricist<br />
|[[Srijato]] – "''Baalir Shawhor''"<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Female Playback Singer<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "''Baalir Shawhor''"<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
The sequel ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' was released in 2017. The second sequel ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' was released in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-30 |title=Release Alert! This is when 'Kakababur Protyaborton' will hit the big screens |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/release-alert-this-is-when-kakababur-protyaborton-will-hit-the-big-screens/articleshow/88001718.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.facebook.com/MishawrRawhoshyo Official Facebook page]<br />
*{{IMDb title|3148268}}<br />
<br />
{{Srijit Mukherji}}<br />
<br />
{{Kakababu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 action films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian detective films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on works by Sunil Gangopadhyay]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Egypt]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Egypt]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language adventure thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Kakababu (franchise)]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_cricket_centuries_at_the_Eden_Gardens&diff=513030List of international cricket centuries at the Eden Gardens2026-03-05T10:59:22Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Cricket centuries at a stadium}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
[[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|thumb|right|340px|alt=Eden Gardens under flood lights packed with spectators during a match.|Eden Gardens during a [[day/night cricket|day/night match]]]]<br />
<br />
The [[Eden Gardens]] is a [[cricket ground]] in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref name="Espn EdenG">{{cite web |last1=Premachandran|first1=Dileep|title=Eden Gardens |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo|Cricinfo]] |publisher=[[ESPN]] |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327020506/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the main international cricket venues of India and often called the "Mecca of Indian cricket".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Rahul Dravid's recipe for reforming cricket |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16212952 |access-date=19 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="pink test">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Tamaghna |title=Pink plays pied piper, crowds flock back to cricket's Mecca |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pink-plays-pied-piper-crowds-flock-back-to-crickets-mecca/articleshow/72192858.cms |access-date=19 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128052034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pink-plays-pied-piper-crowds-flock-back-to-crickets-mecca/articleshow/72192858.cms |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Rohan |title=India's Mecca of Cricket, Eden Gardens not a heaven for the hosts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-record-at-eden-gardens-ahead-of-2nd-test-vs-new-zealand-343899-2016-09-29 |work=The India Today|access-date=19 March 2020 |date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327021533/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-record-at-eden-gardens-ahead-of-2nd-test-vs-new-zealand-343899-2016-09-29 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the home of the [[Bengal cricket team]] and the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], as well as being a [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) venue.<ref name="Espn EdenG"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Pradeep |title=Eden Gardens, Kolkata: facts and description |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-venues/31/eden-gardens |publisher=Cricbuzz |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327021718/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-venues/31/eden-gardens |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the Eden Gardens has hosted more than 40 Test matches,<ref name="EG NDTV">{{cite news |title=Eden Garden Ground profile |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/grounds/28-eden-gardens-groundprofile |access-date=19 March 2020 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327022224/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/grounds/28-eden-gardens-groundprofile |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="test matches">{{cite web |title=Test match results at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327033659/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1;id=292;type=ground |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> the first of which was in January 1934 when [[India national cricket team|India]] played the touring [[England cricket team|England]] team.<ref name="test matches"/><ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 5–8 1934 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17568/scorecard/62617/india-vs-england-2nd-test-england-tour-of-india-1933-34 |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327022513/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17568/scorecard/62617/india-vs-england-2nd-test-england-tour-of-india-1933-34 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> These include the first ever [[Day/night cricket#List of day/night Tests|day/night]] Test match in India which was hosted between 22 and 24 November 2019, when India played the visiting [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] team.<ref name="pink test"/><ref name="test matches"/> The first ODI played at the ground was between India and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] on 18 February 1987.<ref name="ODI matches">{{cite web |title=ODI match results at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327022859/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=292;type=ground |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2nd ODI, Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Feb 18 1987 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16760/scorecard/64302/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-1986-87 |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327023536/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16760/scorecard/64302/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-1986-87 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, 30 ODIs have been played at the ground.<ref name="EG NDTV"/><ref name="ODI matches"/><br />
<br />
The first [[Century (cricket)#Test cricket|Test century]] scored at the ground was in December 1948, by [[Everton Weekes]] of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. He scored 162 runs in the first [[innings]]. In the same match [[Syed Mushtaq Ali]] of India scored 106 in the fourth innings, thus becoming the first Indian to have scored a century at the Eden Gardens.<ref name="stats">{{cite web |title=Test hundreds by innings at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327023902/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="first centuries"/> To date, 77 Test centuries have been scored at the ground.<ref name="stats"/> [[VVS Laxman]]'s 281, scored against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in March 2001, during the famous [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|second test of Border-Gavaskar Trophy]], is the highest individual Test score achieved at the ground.<ref name="highest scores">{{cite web |title=Highest individual Test scores at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=1;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327025436/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=1;id=292;type=ground |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HS by Indian"/> The highest individual Test score by an overseas player is 256, scored by [[Rohan Kanhai]] of the West Indies in December 1958.<ref name="highest scores"/><ref name="HS by foreigner"/> [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] and [[VVS Laxman]] have scored five Test centuries each, the highest number of Test centuries scored by an individual player at the ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Test hundreds at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327024155/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1;id=292;type=ground |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[South African cricket team in India in 2009–10#2nd Test|second Test]] of the [[Freedom Trophy (cricket)|India–South Africa Test series]] held in February 2010 at the ground, a total of seven centuries were scored between the two teams. This is the highest number of centuries scored in a single Test match at the ground.<ref name="IND vs SA 2010"/><br />
<br />
The first [[Century (cricket)#One Day International cricket|ODI century]] scored at the ground was by [[Kris Srikkanth]] of India on 18 February 1987. He scored 123 runs in the first [[innings]] against Pakistan.<ref name="stats2">{{cite web |title=ODI hundreds by innings at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313103048/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=13 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="1st ODI century"/> The first century scored by an overseas player was on 1 November 1989 by [[Desmond Haynes]] of the West Indies. He scored an unbeaten 107 runs against India.<ref name="1st ODI 100 by foreigner"/> To date, 15 ODI centuries have been scored at the ground.<ref name="stats2"/> [[Rohit Sharma]]'s 264, scored against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] on 13 November 2014, is the highest individual ODI score achieved at the ground as well as the highest individual score of all time in ODIs.<ref name="highest ODI scores">{{cite web |title=Highest individual ODI scores at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327031353/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=292;type=ground |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 264"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Sharma belts highest ODI score |date=14 November 2014 |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/rohit-sharma-smashes-highest-score-in-odi-history-for-india-v-sri-lanka/2014-11-14 |website=cricket.com.au |publisher=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927023847/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/rohit-sharma-smashes-highest-score-in-odi-history-for-india-v-sri-lanka/2014-11-14 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest individual ODI score by an overseas player is 134 [[not out]], scored by [[Graeme Smith]] of [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] on 25 November 2005.<ref name="highest ODI scores"/><ref name="Smith 134"/> [[Virat Kohli]] has scored two ODI centuries at the ground, making him the only player to have scored multiple ODI centuries at the ground.<ref name="Most ODI century">{{cite web |title=Most ODI hundreds at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126204132/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/batting-most-hundreds-career/ind-eden-gardens-kolkata-292/one-day-internationals-2 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> His first century came against Sri Lanka on 24 December 2009. This is one of the three centuries scored between the two teams in the match, the highest number of centuries scored in a single ODI at the ground.<ref name="Kohli ODI1"/> Kohli's second century came during the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] when he scored unbeaten 101 runs against South Africa on 5 November 2023.<ref name="Most ODI century"/><ref name="Kohli ODI2"/> Two centuries were scored during the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|ICC World Cup]] in 2011. [[Ryan ten Doeschate]] of the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] scored 106 runs and [[Paul Stirling]] of [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] scored 101 runs in the first and second innings respectively of the same match on 18 March 2011.<ref name="2011 ICC WC"/><br />
<br />
The first T20I was played between India and the touring England team on [[English cricket team in India in 2011–12#Only T20I|29 October 2011]]. As of 2020, seven T20I matches have been played at the ground.<ref name="EG NDTV"/><ref name="T20 matches">{{cite web |title=T20 match results at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=292;type=ground |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327033254/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=292;type=ground |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Only T20I (N), England tour of India at Kolkata, Oct 29 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12716/scorecard/521217/india-vs-england-only-t20i-england-tour-of-india-2011-12 |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327032357/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12716/scorecard/521217/india-vs-england-only-t20i-england-tour-of-india-2011-12 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> To date, no [[Century (cricket)#Twenty20 International cricket|T20I centuries]] have been scored at the ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twenty20 hundreds by innings at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327032448/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Karu Jain]] of [[India women's national cricket team|India]] scored the only [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) century achieved at the Eden Gardens.<ref name="WODI centuries">{{cite web|title=Women's ODI hundreds by innings at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318202420/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=18 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of WODI hundreds by innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327032611/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> She scored 103 runs against [[England women's cricket team|England]] in the first innings on 9 December 2005.<ref name="1st Women century">{{cite web |title=5th ODI, England Women tour of Sri Lanka and India at Kolkata, Dec 9 2005 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14737/scorecard/229039/india-women-vs-england-women-5th-odi-england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327035216/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14737/scorecard/229039/india-women-vs-england-women-5th-odi-england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=19 March 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> To date, no centuries have been scored in a [[Women's Test cricket]] match or a [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20) match played in the stadium.<ref name="Women Test centuries">{{cite web |title=List of Women Test hundreds by innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327034808/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WT20 centuries">{{cite web |author1=ESPNcricinfo |title=Women's T20 centuries by innings at Eden Gardens |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=23;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPN |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318204239/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=23;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=18 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Women T20 hundreds by innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327034941/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Keys ==<br />
[[File:Day night test at Eden gardens.jpeg|thumb|270px|alt=Eden Gardens under flood lights during day/night test match|Eden Gardens during the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2019–20#2nd Test|first ever day/night Test match]] in India, played between India and Bangladesh in November 2019.]]<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Key<br />
! Description<br />
|-<br />
| '''Balls''' || denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced by the player<br />
|-<br />
| '''Inns.''' || denotes the particular innings in which the century was scored<br />(a Test match has a maximum of four innings and an ODI/T20I match has two innings)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Date''' || refers to the date the match started in case of Test match, and in case of ODI and WODI the date on which it was played<br />
|-<br />
| '''Result''' || refers to whether the player's team won,<ref name="Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Won">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=1;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Won|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007101411/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=1;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Statsguru: One Day International matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Won">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=1;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: One Day International matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Won|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007101431/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=1;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> lost<ref name="Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Lost">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=2;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Lost|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007101448/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=2;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Statsguru: One Day International matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Lost">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=2;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: One Day International matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Lost|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007101507/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=2;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> or if the match was drawn<ref name="Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Drawn">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=4;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list / Match result : Drawn|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007101526/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=292;orderby=start;result=4;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{NA}} || Not available<br />
|-<br />
| align=center|'''*''' || denotes that the batsman was [[not out]]<br />
|-<br />
| align=center bgcolor=#FFFF99|'''{{double-dagger}}''' || indicates the highest individual score by an overseas player at the ground<br />
|-<br />
| align=center bgcolor=#7FFFD4|'''{{hash}}''' || indicates the highest individual score at the ground<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Test centuries==<br />
{{updated|2020}}, ''seventy seven [[Century (cricket)#Test cricket|Test centuries]] have been scored at the ground''.<ref name="stats"/><br />
[[File:Everton Weekes.jpg|thumbnail|160px|alt=Black and white photograph of Sir Everton Weekes|[[Everton Weekes|Sir Everton Weekes]] was the first batsman to score a Test century at the Eden Gardens, scoring 162 runs on 31 December 1948.]]<br />
[[File:Mushtaq Ali 1936.jpg|thumbnail|160px|alt=Black and white portrait of Syed Mushtaq Ali|[[Syed Mushtaq Ali]] was the first Indian to have scored a Test century at Eden Gardens, scoring 106 in the same match in which Weekes scored his century.]]<br />
[[File:Mohammad Azharuddin (1).jpg|thumbnail|160px|alt=Mohammad Azharuddin in suit|India's former captain [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] scored five Test centuries at this ground and was the first batsman to have achieved this feat.]]<br />
[[File:VVS_Laxman99.jpg|thumbnail|160px|alt=Black and white portrait of V. V. S. Laxman|[[V. V. S. Laxman|VVS Laxman]] of India has the highest individual Test score by any batsman at this ground, with a score of 281. He was also the second batsman to have scored five Test centuries at the ground after Azharuddin.]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheadersnt" style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
|+ List of Test centuries scored at the Eden Gardens<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col"| No.<br />
!scope="col"| Score<br />
!scope="col"| Player<br />
!scope="col"| Team<br />
!scope="col"| Balls<br />
!scope="col"| Inns.<br />
!scope="col"| Opponents<br />
!scope="col"| Date<br />
!scope="col"| Result<br />
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 1 <br />
| {{ntsh|1620}} 162 || {{sortname|Everton|Weekes}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="4"|{{dts|format=dmy|1948|December|31}} || {{draw|Drawn}} || rowspan="4"|<ref name="first centuries">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17493/scorecard/62692/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1948-49 | title=3rd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 31 1948 – Jan 4 1949 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319013925/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17493/scorecard/62692/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1948-49 | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 2 <br />
| {{ntsh|1010}} 101 || {{sortname|Everton|Weekes}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 3 <br />
| {{ntsh|1080}} 108 || {{sortname|Clyde|Walcott}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 4 <br />
| {{ntsh|1060}} 106 || {{sortname|Mushtaq|Ali}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 4 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 5 <br />
| {{ntsh|1150}} 115 || {{sortname|Dattu|Phadkar}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1951|December|30}} || {{draw|Drawn}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17466/scorecard/62727/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-1951-52 | title=3rd Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 30 1951 – Jan 4 1952 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319015944/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17466/scorecard/62727/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-1951-52 | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 6 <br />
| {{ntsh|1100}} 110 || {{sortname|Deepak|Shodhan}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|December|12}} || {{draw|Drawn}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17455/scorecard/62745/india-vs-pakistan-5th-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-1952-53 | title=5th Test, Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 12–15 1952 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715131741/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17455/scorecard/62745/india-vs-pakistan-5th-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-1952-53 | archive-date=15 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 7 <br />
| {{ntsh|1200}} 120 || {{sortname|John|Reid|John Richard Reid}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="3"|{{dts|format=dmy|1955|December|28}} || {{draw|Drawn}} || rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17421/scorecard/62805/india-vs-new-zealand-4th-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1955-56 | title=4th Test, New Zealand tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 28 1955 – Jan 2 1956 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901042553/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17421/scorecard/62805/india-vs-new-zealand-4th-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1955-56 | archive-date=1 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 8 <br />
| {{ntsh|1000}} 100 || {{sortname|Pankaj|Roy}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 9 <br />
| {{ntsh|1061}} 106* || {{sortname|Gulabrai|Ramchand}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{draw|Drawn}} <br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 10 <br />
| bgcolor=#FFFF99|{{ntsh|2560}} 256 '''{{double-dagger}}''' || {{sortname|Rohan|Kanhai}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="3"|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|December|31}} || {{won}} || rowspan="3"|<ref name="HS by foreigner">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17393/scorecard/62847/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1958-59 | title=3rd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 31 1958 – Jan 4 1959 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319015943/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17393/scorecard/62847/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1958-59 | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 11 <br />
| {{ntsh|1030}} 103 || {{sortname|Basil|Butcher}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 12 <br />
| {{ntsh|1061}} 106* || {{sortname|Garry|Sobers}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 13 <br />
| {{ntsh|1130}} 113 || {{sortname|Norm|O'Neill}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|January|23}} || {{draw|Drawn}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17381/scorecard/62872/india-vs-australia-5th-test-australia-tour-of-india-1959-60 | title=5th Test, Australia tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 23–28 1960 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319015943/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17381/scorecard/62872/india-vs-australia-5th-test-australia-tour-of-india-1959-60 | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 14 <br />
| {{ntsh|1070}} 107 || {{sortname|Colin|Cowdrey}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|January|29}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17344/scorecard/62941/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-1963-64 | title=3rd Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 29 – Feb 3 1964 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203122426/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17344/scorecard/62941/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-1963-64 | archive-date=3 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 15 <br />
| {{ntsh|1290}} 129 || {{sortname|Motganhalli|Jaisimha}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 16 <br />
| {{ntsh|1511}} 151* || {{sortname|Bert|Sutcliffe}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="3"|{{dts|format=dmy|1965|March|5}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17329/scorecard/62966/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1964-65 | title=2nd Test, New Zealand tour of India at Kolkata, Mar 5–8 1965 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013075002/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17329/scorecard/62966/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1964-65 | archive-date=13 October 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 17 <br />
| {{ntsh|1050}} 105 || {{sortname|Bruce|Taylor|Bruce Taylor (New Zealand cricketer)}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 18 <br />
| {{ntsh|1530}} 153 || {{sortname||Nawab of Pataudi|Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 19 <br />
| {{ntsh|1000}} 100 || {{sortname|Roy|Fredericks}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|1974|December|27}} || {{lost}}|| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17204/scorecard/63133/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1974-75 | title=3rd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 27 1974 – Jan 1 1975 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205052128/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17204/scorecard/63133/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1974-75 | archive-date=5 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 20 <br />
| {{ntsh|1390}} 139 || {{sortname|Gundappa|Viswanath}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|263}} 263 || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 21 <br />
| {{ntsh|1030}} 103 || {{sortname|Tony|Greig}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|347}} 347 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|January|1}} || {{won}}||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17160/scorecard/63175/india-vs-england-2nd-test-england-tour-of-india-1976-77 | title=2nd Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 1–6 1977 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205062239/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17160/scorecard/63175/india-vs-england-2nd-test-england-tour-of-india-1976-77 | archive-date=5 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 22 <br />
| {{ntsh|1070}} 107 || {{sortname|Sunil|Gavaskar}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || rowspan="4"|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|December|29}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17110/scorecard/63228/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1978-79 | title=3rd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 29 1978 – Jan 3 1979 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229210054/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17110/scorecard/63228/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1978-79 | archive-date=29 February 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 23 <br />
| {{ntsh|1110}} 111 || {{sortname|Basil|Williams|Basil Williams (cricketer)}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 24 <br />
| {{ntsh|1821}} 182* || {{sortname|Sunil|Gavaskar}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 25 <br />
| {{ntsh|1571}} 157* || {{sortname|Dilip|Vengsarkar}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 26 <br />
| {{ntsh|1670}} 167 || {{sortname|Graham|Yallop}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{ntsh|392}} 392 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1979|October|26}} || {{draw|Drawn}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17069/scorecard/63245/india-vs-australia-5th-test-australia-tour-of-india-1979-80 | title=5th Test, Australia tour of India at Kolkata, Oct 26–31 1979 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102114721/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17069/scorecard/63245/india-vs-australia-5th-test-australia-tour-of-india-1979-80 | archive-date=2 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 27 <br />
| {{ntsh|1611}} 161* || {{sortname|Clive|Lloyd}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|290}} 290 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|December|10}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16933/scorecard/63354/india-vs-west-indies-5th-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1983-84 | title=5th Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 10–14 1983 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216161816/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16933/scorecard/63354/india-vs-west-indies-5th-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1983-84 | archive-date=16 February 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 28 <br />
| {{ntsh|1100}} 110 || {{sortname|Mohammad|Azharuddin}} <small>(1/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|322}} 322 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|1984|December|31}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63393/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-1984-85 | title=3rd Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 31 1984 – Jan 5 1985 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013145224/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63393/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-1984-85 | archive-date=13 October 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 29 <br />
| {{ntsh|1110}} 111 || {{sortname|Ravi|Shastri}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|357}} 357 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 30 <br />
| {{ntsh|1410}} 141 || {{sortname|Mohammad|Azharuddin}} <small>(2/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|0}} {{NA}} || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|February|11}} || {{draw|Drawn}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16760/scorecard/63453/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-1986-87 | title=2nd Test, Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Feb 11–16 1987 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725072632/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16760/scorecard/63453/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-1986-87 | archive-date=25 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 31 <br />
| {{ntsh|1410}} 141 || {{sortname|Gordon|Greenidge}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|265}} 265 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="4"|{{dts|format=dmy|1987|December|26}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17204/scorecard/63133/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1974-75 | title=3rd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 27 1974 – Jan 1 1975 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205052128/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17204/scorecard/63133/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-1974-75 | archive-date=5 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 32 <br />
| {{ntsh|1010}} 101 || {{sortname|Gus|Logie}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|136}} 136 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 33 <br />
| {{ntsh|1001}} 100* || {{sortname|Carl|Hooper}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|171}} 171 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 34 <br />
| {{ntsh|1021}} 102* || {{sortname|Dilip|Vengsarkar}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|266}} 266 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 35 <br />
| {{ntsh|1820}} 182 || {{sortname|Mohammad|Azharuddin}} <small>(3/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|197}} 197 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|January|29}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16457/scorecard/63598/india-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-india-1992-93 | title=1st Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 29 – Feb 2 1993 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101140502/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16457/scorecard/63598/india-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-india-1992-93 | archive-date=1 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 36 <br />
| {{ntsh|1460}} 146 || {{sortname|Andrew|Hudson|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|244}} 244 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="5"|{{dts|format=dmy|1996|November|27}} || {{won}}|| rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16146/scorecard/63725/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-1996-97 | title=2nd Test, South Africa tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 27 – Dec 1 1996 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010152934/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16146/scorecard/63725/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-1996-97 | archive-date=10 October 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 37 <br />
| {{ntsh|1020}} 102 || {{sortname|Gary|Kirsten}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|170}} 170 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 38 <br />
| {{ntsh|1090}} 109 || {{sortname|Mohammad|Azharuddin}} <small>(4/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|77}} 77 || 2 || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 39 <br />
| {{ntsh|1330}} 133 || {{sortname|Gary|Kirsten}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|196}} 196 || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 40 <br />
| {{ntsh|1531}} 153* || {{sortname|Daryll|Cullinan}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|261}} 261 || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 41 <br />
| {{ntsh|1631}} 163* || {{sortname|Mohammad|Azharuddin}} <small>(5/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|246}} 246 || 2 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|March|18}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15960/scorecard/63795/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-india-1997-98 | title=2nd Test, Australia tour of India at Kolkata, Mar 18–21 1998 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823172712/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15960/scorecard/63795/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-india-1997-98 | archive-date=23 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 42 <br />
| {{ntsh|1881}} 188* || {{sortname|Saeed|Anwar}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|259}} 259 || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|February|16}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8526/scorecard/63830/india-vs-pakistan-1st-match-asian-test-championship-1998-99 | title=1st Match, Asian Test Championship at Kolkata, Feb 16–20 1999 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830104146/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8526/scorecard/63830/india-vs-pakistan-1st-match-asian-test-championship-1998-99 | archive-date=30 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 43 <br />
| {{ntsh|1100}} 110 || {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{ntsh|203}} 203 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="3"|{{dts|format=dmy|2001|March|11}} || {{lost}}|| rowspan="3"|<ref name="HS by Indian">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15565/scorecard/63920/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-india-2000-01 | title=2nd Test, Australia tour of India at Kolkata, Mar 11–15 2001 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103215903/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15565/scorecard/63920/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-india-2000-01 | archive-date=3 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 44 <br />
| bgcolor=#7FFFD4|{{ntsh|2810}} 281 '''{{hash}}''' || {{sortname|VVS|Laxman}} <small>(1/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|452}} 452 || 3 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 45 <br />
| {{ntsh|1800}} 180 || {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} <small>(1/4)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|353}} 353 || 3 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 46 <br />
| {{ntsh|1000}} 100 || {{sortname|Wavell|Hinds}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|200}} 200 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || rowspan="5"|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|October|30}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15284/scorecard/64006/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2002-03 | title=3rd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Oct 30 – Nov 3 2002 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928205842/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15284/scorecard/64006/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2002-03 | archive-date=28 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 47 <br />
| {{ntsh|1400}} 140 || {{sortname|Shivnarine|Chanderpaul}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|258}} 258 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 48 <br />
| {{ntsh|1040}} 104 || {{sortname|Marlon|Samuels}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|182}} 182 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 49 <br />
| {{ntsh|1760}} 176 || {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|298}} 298 || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 50 <br />
| {{ntsh|1541}} 154* || {{sortname|VVS|Laxman}} <small>(2/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|396}} 396 || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 51 <br />
| {{ntsh|1210}} 121 || {{sortname|Jacques|Kallis}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|259}} 259 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|November|28}} || {{lost}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14933/scorecard/64110/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-2004-05 | title=2nd Test, South Africa tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 28 – Dec 2 2004 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319162348/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14933/scorecard/64110/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-2004-05 | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 52 <br />
| {{ntsh|1100}} 110 || {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} <small>(2/4)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|222}} 222 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} ||rowspan="4"| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|March|16}} || {{won}}|| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14934/scorecard/64126/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-2004-05 | title=2nd Test, Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Mar 16–20 2005 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004012954/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14934/scorecard/64126/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-2004-05 | archive-date=4 October 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 53 <br />
| {{ntsh|1470}} 147 || {{sortname|Younis|Khan}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|258}} 258 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 54 <br />
| {{ntsh|1040}} 104 || {{sortname|Mohammad|Yousuf|Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|179}} 179 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 55 <br />
| {{ntsh|1350}} 135 || {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} <small>(3/4)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|283}} 283 || 3 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 56 <br />
| {{ntsh|2020}} 202 || {{sortname|Wasim|Jaffer}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|274}} 274 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} ||rowspan="6"| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|November|30}} || {{draw|Drawn}}|| rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14167/scorecard/297807/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-2007-08 | title=2nd Test, Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 30 – Dec 4 2007 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040345/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14167/scorecard/297807/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-2007-08 | archive-date=20 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 57 <br />
| {{ntsh|1020}} 102 || {{sortname|Sourav|Ganguly}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|156}} 156 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 58 <br />
| {{ntsh|1121}} 112* || {{sortname|VVS|Laxman}} <small>(3/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|178}} 178 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 59 <br />
| {{ntsh|1611}} 161* || [[Misbah-ul-Haq]] || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|351}} 351 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 60 <br />
| {{ntsh|1190}} 119 || {{sortname|Kamran|Akmal}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|210}} 210 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 61 <br />
| {{ntsh|1071}} 107* || {{sortname|Younis|Khan}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|182}} 182 || 4 || {{cr|IND}} || {{draw|Drawn}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 62 <br />
| {{ntsh|1000}} 100 || {{sortname|Alviro|Petersen}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|164}} 164 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} ||rowspan="7"| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|February|14}} || {{lost}} || rowspan="7"|<ref name="IND vs SA 2010">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13366/scorecard/441826/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-2009-10 | title=2nd Test, South Africa tour of India at Kolkata, Feb 14–18 2010 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611085953/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13366/scorecard/441826/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-2009-10 | archive-date=11 June 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 63 <br />
| {{ntsh|1140}} 114 || {{sortname|Hashim|Amla}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|166}} 166 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 64 <br />
| {{ntsh|1650}} 165 || {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|174}} 174 || 2 || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 65 <br />
| {{ntsh|1060}} 106 || {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|206}} 206 || 2 || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 66 <br />
| {{ntsh|1431}} 143* || {{sortname|VVS|Laxman}} <small>(4/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|260}} 260 || 2 || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 67 <br />
| {{ntsh|1321}} 132* || {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|187}} 187 || 2 || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 68 <br />
| {{ntsh|1231}} 123* || {{sortname|Hashim|Amla}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|ZAF}} || {{ntsh|394}} 394 || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 69 <br />
| {{ntsh|1190}} 119 || {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} <small>(4/4)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|207}} 207 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} ||rowspan="4"| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|November|14}} || {{won}}|| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12675/scorecard/535998/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2011-12 | title=2nd Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 14–17 2011 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323061933/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12675/scorecard/535998/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2011-12 | archive-date=23 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 70 <br />
| {{ntsh|1761}} 176* || {{sortname|VVS|Laxman}} <small>(5/5)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|280}} 280 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 71 <br />
| {{ntsh|1440}} 144 || {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|175}} 175 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 72 <br />
| {{ntsh|1360}} 136 || {{sortname|Darren|Bravo}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{ntsh|230}} 230 || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{lost}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 73 <br />
| {{ntsh|1900}} 190 || {{sortname|Alastair|Cook}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|377}} 377 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|December|5}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12286/scorecard/565808/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-2012-13 | title=3rd Test, England tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 5–9 2012 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831140558/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12286/scorecard/565808/india-vs-england-3rd-test-england-tour-of-india-2012-13 | archive-date=31 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 74 <br />
| {{ntsh|1770}} 177 || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|301}} 301 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} ||rowspan="2"| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|November|6}} || {{won}}|| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11897/scorecard/676525/india-vs-west-indies-1st-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2013-14 | title=1st Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 6–8 2013 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231145841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11897/scorecard/676525/india-vs-west-indies-1st-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2013-14 | archive-date=31 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 75 <br />
| {{ntsh|1240}} 124 || {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|210}} 210 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} ||{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 76 <br />
| {{ntsh|1041}} 104* || {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} <small>(1/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|119}} 119 || 3 || {{cr|SRI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|November|16}} || {{draw|Drawn}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/scorecard/1122723/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-sl-in-india-2017-18 | title=1st Test, Sri Lanka tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 16–20 2017 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607150804/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/scorecard/1122723/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-sl-in-india-2017-18 | archive-date=7 June 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 77 <br />
| {{ntsh|1041}} 136 || {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} <small>(2/2)</small> || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|119}} 194 || 2 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|November|22}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1187017/india-vs-bangladesh-2nd-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 | title=2nd Test (D/N), ICC World Test Championship at Kolkata, Nov 22–24 2019 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106201558/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1187017/india-vs-bangladesh-2nd-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 | archive-date=6 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==One Day International centuries==<br />
[[File:Former cricketer K. Srikkanth meets PM Modi (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|160px|alt=Kris Srikkant smiling while holding a bouquet of flowers|[[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Kris Srikkanth]] was the first ever player to score an ODI century at the Eden Gardens.]]<br />
[[File:Rohit Sharma in 2012.jpg|thumbnail|160px|alt=Rohit Sharma in nike T-shirt and with goggle on his head|India's [[Rohit Sharma]] recorded the [[List of One Day International cricket double centuries|highest-ever individual score]] of 264 by any batsman in an ODI match, at the ground, in 2014.]]<br />
<br />
{{updated|2023}}, ''15 [[Century (cricket)#One Day International cricket|ODI centuries]] have been scored at the ground.''<ref name="stats2"/><br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Keys <br />
! Description<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor=#FEE7E6 align=center|'''{{dagger}}'''<br />
| denotes the century was scored in an [[ICC Cricket World Cup]] match<br />
|-<br />
| align=center|'''{{up-arrow}}'''<br />
| denotes the score is the highest individual score in the ODIs<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheadersnt" style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
|+ List of ODI centuries scored at the Eden Gardens<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col"| No.<br />
!scope="col"| Score<br />
!scope="col"| Player<br />
!scope="col"| Team<br />
!scope="col"| Balls<br />
!scope="col"| Inns.<br />
!scope="col"| Opponents<br />
!scope="col"| Date<br />
!scope="col"| Result<br />
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row| 1 <br />
| 123 || {{sortname|Kris|Srikkanth}} || {{cr|IND}} || 103 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|February|18}} || {{lost}} ||<ref name="1st ODI century">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16760/scorecard/64302/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-1986-87 | title=2nd ODI, Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Feb 18 1987 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327035553/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16760/scorecard/64302/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-1986-87 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|2 <br />
| 107* || {{sortname|Desmond|Haynes}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 137 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|November|1}} || {{lost}} ||<ref name="1st ODI 100 by foreigner">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8539/scorecard/65932/pakistan-vs-west-indies-final-mrf-world-series-nehru-cup-1989-90 | title=Final, MRF World Series (Nehru Cup) at Kolkata, Nov 1 1989 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327035643/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8539/scorecard/65932/pakistan-vs-west-indies-final-mrf-world-series-nehru-cup-1989-90 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|3 <br />
| 100* || {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || {{cr|IND}} || 103 || 2 || {{cr|KEN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|May|31}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8559/scorecard/66150/india-vs-kenya-final-coca-cola-triangular-series-1998 | title=Final (D/N), Coca-Cola Triangular Series at Kolkata, May 31 1998 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327035722/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8559/scorecard/66150/india-vs-kenya-final-coca-cola-triangular-series-1998 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|4 <br />
| 121 || {{sortname|Marcus|Trescothick}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 109 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|January|19}} || {{lost}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15442/scorecard/64736/india-vs-england-1st-odi-england-tour-of-india-2001-02 | title=1st ODI (D/N), England tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 19 2002 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327035821/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15442/scorecard/64736/india-vs-england-1st-odi-england-tour-of-india-2001-02 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|5 <br />
| 108* || {{sortname|Salman|Butt}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 130 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|November|13}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14934/scorecard/66384/india-vs-pakistan-only-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-2004-05 | title=Only ODI (D/N), Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 13 2004 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040133/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14934/scorecard/66384/india-vs-pakistan-only-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-2004-05 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|6 <br />
| bgcolor=#FFFF99|134* '''{{double-dagger}}''' || {{sortname|Graeme|Smith}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || 124 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|November|25}} || {{won}} ||<ref name="Smith 134">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14733/scorecard/226358/india-vs-south-africa-4th-odi-south-africa-tour-of-india-2005-06 | title=4th ODI (D/N), South Africa tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 25 2005 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14733/scorecard/226358/india-vs-south-africa-4th-odi-south-africa-tour-of-india-2005-06 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|7 <br />
| 118 || {{sortname|Upul|Tharanga}} || {{cr|SRI}} || 128 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} ||rowspan="3"|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|December|24}} || {{lost}} ||rowspan="3"|<ref name="Kohli ODI1">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13435/scorecard/430889/india-vs-sri-lanka-4th-odi-sri-lanka-tour-of-india-2009-10 | title=4th ODI (D/N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Kolkata, Dec 24 2009 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040244/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13435/scorecard/430889/india-vs-sri-lanka-4th-odi-sri-lanka-tour-of-india-2009-10 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|8 <br />
| 150* || {{sortname|Gautam|Gambhir}} || {{cr|IND}} || 137 || 2 || {{cr|SRI}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|9 <br />
| 107 || {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} (1/2) || {{cr|IND}} || 114 || 2 || {{cr|SRI}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|10 <br />
| bgcolor=#FEE7E6|106 '''{{dagger}}'''<br />
| {{sortname|Ryan|ten Doeschate}} || {{cr|NED}}||108 || 1 || {{cr|IRE}} ||rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|March|18}} || {{lost}} ||rowspan="2"|<ref name="2011 ICC WC">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/433595/ireland-vs-netherlands-37th-match-group-b-icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11 | title=37th Match, Group B, ICC Cricket World Cup at Kolkata, Mar 18 2011 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040347/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/433595/ireland-vs-netherlands-37th-match-group-b-icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|11 <br />
| bgcolor=#FEE7E6|101 '''{{dagger}}''' <br />
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || {{cr|IRE}} || 72 || 2 || {{cr|NED}} || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|12 <br />
| 106 || {{sortname|Nasir|Jamshed}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 124 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|January|3}} || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12253/scorecard/589309/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-2012-13 | title=2nd ODI (D/N), Pakistan tour of India at Kolkata, Jan 3 2013 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040555/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12253/scorecard/589309/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-odi-pakistan-tour-of-india-2012-13 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|13 <br />
| bgcolor=#7FFFD4|264 '''{{hash}}''' '''{{up-arrow}}''' <br />
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{cr|IND}} || 173 || 1 || {{cr|SRI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|November|13}} || {{won}} ||<ref name="Sharma 264">{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11541/scorecard/792295/india-vs-sri-lanka-4th-odi-sri-lanka-tour-of-india-2014-15 | title=4th ODI (D/N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 13 2014 | publisher=ESPN | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327040607/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11541/scorecard/792295/india-vs-sri-lanka-4th-odi-sri-lanka-tour-of-india-2014-15 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|14 <br />
| bgcolor=#FEE7E6| 101* '''{{dagger}}'''|| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} (2/2) || {{cr|IND}} || 121 || 1 || {{cr|SA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|November|5}} || {{won}} ||<ref name="Kohli ODI2">{{cite web|title=37th Match (D/N), Eden Gardens, November 05, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-south-africa-37th-match-1384428//live-cricket-score|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203012517/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-south-africa-37th-match-1384428/full-scorecard |archive-date=3 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|15<br />
| bgcolor=#FEE7E6| 101 '''{{dagger}}'''|| {{sortname|David|Miller|dab=South African cricketer}} || {{cr|SA}} || 116 || 1 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|November|16}} || {{lost}} ||<ref>{{cite web|title=<br />
2nd Semi-Final (D/N), Eden Gardens, November 16, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/australia-vs-south-africa-2nd-semi-final-1384438/live-cricket-score|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207191230/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/australia-vs-south-africa-2nd-semi-final-1384438/live-cricket-score |archive-date=7 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Women international centuries==<br />
{{updated|2020}}, ''one [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) century has been scored at the ground.''<ref name="WODI centuries"/><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheadersnt" style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
|+ List of WODI centuries scored at the Eden Gardens<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | No.<br />
! scope="col" | Score<br />
! scope="col" | Player<br />
! scope="col" | Team<br />
! scope="col" | Balls<br />
! scope="col" | Inns.<br />
! scope="col" | Opponents<br />
! scope="col" | Date<br />
! scope="col" | Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1 <br />
| bgcolor="#7FFFD4" |103 '''{{hash}}''' || {{sortname|Karu|Jain}} || {{crw|IND}} || 147 || 1 || {{crw|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|December|9}} || {{won}} ||<ref name="1st Women century" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Cricket|India<br />
}}<br />
*[[List of international cricket grounds in India]]<br />
*[[List of Test cricket grounds]]<br />
*[[List of One Day International cricket grounds]]<br />
*[[List of Twenty20 International cricket grounds]]<br />
*[[List of international cricket centuries at Brabourne Stadium]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://content.cricinfo.com/srilanka/content/ground/59308.html ESPNcricinfo Eden Gardens profile]<br />
*[https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/grounds/28-eden-gardens-groundprofile NDTV Sports Eden Gardens profile]<br />
*[https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-venues/31/eden-gardens Cricbuzz Eden Gardens profil] <br />
[https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-venues/31/eden-gardens e]<br />
<br />
{{International cricket centuries by ground}}<br />
<br />
{{featured list}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eden Gardens}}<br />
[[Category:Cricket grounds in India]]<br />
[[Category:India cricket-related lists|Centuries]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by ground|Eden Gardens]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalassery-Mahe_Bypass&diff=540223Thalassery-Mahe Bypass2026-03-04T06:41:36Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Added a pg w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Segment of highway in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| name = Thalassery-Mahe Bypass<br />
| marker_image = <br />
| map = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_notes = <br />
| length_km = 18.6<br />
| length_round = <br />
| length_ref = <br />
| established = 2024<br />
| allocation = <br />
| direction_a = <br />
| terminus_a = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|66|country=IND}} in [[Muzhappilangad]]<br />
| junction = * {{jct|state=Kerala|SH|30|country=IND}} in [[Eranholi|Chonadam]]<br />
| direction_b = <br />
| terminus_b = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|66|country=IND}} in [[Azhiyur]]<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| districts = [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Mahe district|Mahe]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]<br />
| cities = [[Thalassery]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]]<br />
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thalassery-Mahe Bypass''' is a part of [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] that bypasses [[Thalassery]] city in [[Kerala]] and [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]. The busy 18.6&nbsp;km long bypass starts at [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], via [[Muzhappilangad]] in [[Thalassery]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/prime-minister-inaugurates-thalassery-mahe-bypass-political-showdown-between-ldf-and-bjp-follows/article67939555.ece|title=Prime Minister inaugurates Thalassery-Mahe bypass, political showdown between LDF and BJP follows|work=The Hindu|date=March 11, 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://morth.gov.in/sites/default/files/0294-2022%281%29.pdf|title=National Highways Authority of India (Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Govt. of India }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
The Thalassery-Mahe National Highway bypass connects [[Muzhappilangad]] in the [[Kannur district]] to [[Azhiyur]] in [[Kozhikode]], India. 6 lane signal free national highway project along the coast of the Indian state Kerala. The bypass includes four river bridges in Anjarakandi, Kuyyali, Dharmadam, and Mahe, 21 underpasses, a railway flyover, and<br />
a toll plaza in Kolassery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/thalassery-mahe-bypass-impresses-anand-mahindra-distance-time-route-toll-features/anand-mahindra-surprised/slideshow/109241282.cms?from=mdr|title=Thalassery-Mahe bypass impresses Anand Mahindra: Distance, time, route, toll, features - Anand Mahindra surprised|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> It intersect with [[State Highway 30 (Kerala)|State Highway 30]] Thalassery-Coorg-Mysuru road at [[Eranholi|Chonadam]]. The Maximum permissible speed for this road is 100 km/h on 6-lane national highways in kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speed limit revised again to 100 kmph and 90 kmph on NH-six lane in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/05/21/speed-limit-revised-national-highway-kerala-roads.html |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Speed limit revised again to 100 kmph and 90 kmph on NH-six lane in Kerala |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cost of the bypass project ==<br />
The bypass project was first pitched in 1977. Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari inaugurated the construction of the road<br />
project in 2018. The total cost of the project was 1543 crore, and the 45-meter-wide six-lane road was constructed on 85.5 acres<br />
of land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1265179&u=|title=Four and a half decades wait is over; Thalassery - Mahe Bypass becoming reality; Prime Minister to inaugurate on 11th|first=Keralakaumudi|last=Daily|website=Keralakaumudi Daily}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Main Intersections ==<br />
* Intersecting with [[State Highway 30 (Kerala)|State Highway 30]] Thalassery-Coorg-Mysore Road at [[Eranholi|Chonadam]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|Roads}}<br />
* [[Thalassery]]<br />
* [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]<br />
* [[Valanchery Bypass]]<br />
* [[Kottakkal Bypass]]<br />
* [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{NH Bypasses in Kerala}}<br />
[[Category:NH bypasses in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Kerala|66]]<br />
[[Category:2024 establishments in Kerala]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periya_Veetu_Pannakkaran&diff=465223Periya Veetu Pannakkaran2026-03-03T05:00:10Z<p>TobyRamer579490: adjust intro for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Periya Veetu Pannakkaran<br />
| image = Periya Veetu Pannakkaran.jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]<br />
| writer = Rajavarman (dialogues)<br />
| story = [[Sangili Murugan]]<br />
| producer = Kalyani Murugan<br />
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]<br />[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]<br />[[M. N. Nambiar]]<br />[[S. S. Chandran]]<br />
| cinematography = N. K. Viswanathan<br />
| editing = Rajkeerthi<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| studio = Meenakshi Arts<br />
| released = {{film date|1990|05|11|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Periya Veetu Pannakkaran''''' ({{Translation|Big house farm man}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]], directed and photographed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], [[M. N. Nambiar]] and [[S. S. Chandran]]. It was released on 11 May 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periya Veetu Pannakaran / பெரிய வீட்டு பண்ணக்காரன் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/periya-veetu-pannakkaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118191207/https://screen4screen.com/movies/periya-veetu-pannakkaran |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=April 2023}}<br />
Chellameena is the daughter of a wealthy big family. In the same village, Sundarapandi is the grandson of a poor farmer there. He is a do-gooder and is always rubbing the villains (Kanaka's cousins) the wrong way. When they both decide to get married after a few teasings and duets, her family refuses and gets Sundarapandi beaten, and his father gets killed in the process. Nambiar who resides in the next village, adopts him. After hearing his story, he extends his proposal to Chellameena's family, who still refuses despite Sundarapandi now having millions in his name thanks to Nambiar. The village horse festival is announced. After much violence and fights, Sundarapandi and Chellameena get together, and he wins the competition.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Sundarapandi<br />
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Chellameena<br />
*[[M. N. Nambiar]]<br />
*[[S. S. Chandran]]<br />
*[[Gandhimathi]]<br />
*[[Senthil]]<br />
*[[Kovai Sarala]]<br />
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]<br />
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]<br />
*[[Y. Vijaya]]<br />
*[[Sathyapriya]]<br />
*[[Sangili Murugan]]<br />
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]<br />
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
When N. K. Viswanathan was directing ''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'', Sangili Murugan requested him to direct a film for him which became ''Periya Veettu Pannakkaran''. It was completed within a single schedule and became his directorial debut as it released before ''Inaindha Kaigal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=2009-10-16 |title=Grillmill |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grillmill/article3022046.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706061036/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grillmill/article3022046.ece |archive-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=ஒளிப்பதிவாளர் என்.கே.விஸ்வநாதன் காலமானார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/210119-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230420133518/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/210119-.html |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periya Veettu Pannakkaaran (1990) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/periya-veettu-pannakkaaran-songs-T0002870 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064856/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/periya-veettu-pannakkaaran-songs-T0002870 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Periyaveettu Pannakkaran Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/periyaveettu-pannakkaran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Mossymart |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419154108/https://mossymart.com/product/periyaveettu-pannakkaran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Nikkattumaa Pogattuma" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Vachaspati (raga)|Vachaspati]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=148}} and the songs "Muthu Muthu Medai" and "Malligaiye Malligaiye" are set in [[Sarasangi]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=145}}{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=141}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Malligaiye Malligaiye" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Na. Kamarasan]] || 04:56<br />
|-<br />
| "Summa Nee" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 04:28<br />
|-<br />
| "Vanthaara Vazha Vaikkum" || Ilaiyaraaja || Ilaiyaraaja || 04:08<br />
|-<br />
| "Nikkattumaa Pogattuma" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || [[Mu. Metha]] || 05:04<br />
|-<br />
| "Muthu Muthu Medai" || [[S. Janaki]], K. J. Yesudas || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 04:54<br />
|-<br />
| "Pattikaattu Paattu" || rowspan=2|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:48<br />
|-<br />
| "Pallaakku Kuthiraiyile" || 04:53<br />
|}<br />
The movie was dubbed into Telugu as Prema Sasanam<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers <br />
|-<br />
|"Idhe Ra Naa Mata"||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Sandekada"||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Sandelamma"||[[S. P. Balasubramanyam]], Sudha Radhakrishnan <br />
|-<br />
|"Pooche Poola"||[[Vani Jayaram]], [[S. P. Balasubramanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Mallikave"||[[S. P. Sailaja]], [[S. P. Balasubramanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Pallakilo"||[[S. P. Balasubramanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Title Song"||[[S. P. Balasubramanyam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 romance films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by N. K. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thavasi&diff=452557Thavasi2026-03-03T04:34:34Z<p>TobyRamer579490: further refined article per standard format and improved wording for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|the actor|Thavasi (actor)}}<br />
{{short description|2001 film by K. R. Udayasankar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Thavasi.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[K. R. Udayasankar]]<br />
| screenplay = K. R. Udayasankar<br />
| story = Chinni Krishna<br />
| producer = [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]<br />V. Gnanavel<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Vijayakanth]]<br />
*[[Soundarya]]<br />
*[[Jayasudha]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = S. K. Boopathi<br />
| editing = B. S. Vasu–Saleem<br />
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| studio = GJ Cinema<br />
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2001|11|14}}<br />
| runtime = 165 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thavasi''''' ({{IPAc-en|θ|ə|v|ə|s|i}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[K. R. Udayasankar]] starring [[Vijayakanth]] in dual lead roles as father and son, with [[Soundarya]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Prathyusha]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] playing other pivotal roles. The film was released on 14 November 2001,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref> and received mixed reviews from critics but was a hit at the box office. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Mallikarjuna (film)|Mallikarjuna]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2010 |title=Ravi is 'Mallikarjuna' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/61083.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029015754/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/61083.html |archive-date=29 October 2010 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Thavasi is an influential do-gooder landlord in a small village, who commands respect from the village. Thavasi and his wife arrange for their son Boopathi's marriage with Priyadarshini. Sankarapandi, who raped and killed Thavasi's sister after marrying her, wants to marry his daughter (whom he had with his second wife) to Boopathi. Thavasi, since he doesn't want his son to marry his daughter, insults Sankarapandi. Sankarapandi instead of saving his prestige, engages her daughter with Maragathammal's son Thangarasu, who is present there. Boopathi's engagement is done with Priyadarshini, with both of them liking each other after many chance encounters. Thangarasu is accused of stealing temple owned jewels, and Thavasi judges him to be guilty. The next day, Thangarasu commits suicide. It is implied that Thangarasu is innocent and took his own life since he couldn't live with the blame. Later, a mute person is arrested as the person who stole the jewel. Hearing this Thangarasu's mother Maragathammal questions Thavasi's judgement, which was said to never be wrong. Thavasi decides to give away his own son Boopathi to Maragathammal, for his injustice to her son. Maragathammal despises Boopathi and treats him badly, though he tolerates it. Sankarapandi wants his daughter to marry Boopathi, who is now the son of Maragathammal, as engaged. Boopathi, unknown to Maragathammal, saves Thanagarasu's imbecile sister from Maragathammal's brother Kottai Perumal's sexual assaulting and also reforms Karmegam, who is the brother-in-law of Thangarasu, who constantly tortures his wife for due dowry. In a chance encounter before his marriage with Sankarapandi's daughter, he meets the mute thief and realises that he acted as a mute. He captures him and makes him confess that Sankarapandi was responsible for the theft of Temple's jewel and Thangarasu's murder, who made it look like suicide. In the end, Boopathi marries Priya and Priya gets pregnant with twins.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Vijayakanth]] in a [[dual role]] as <br />
**Thavasi<br />
**Boopathi, Thavasi's son<br />
*[[Soundarya]] as Priyadarshini, Boopathi love interest <br />
*[[Jayasudha]] as Thavasi's wife (Boopathi's mother)<br />
*[[Prathyusha]] as Nandhini<br />
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Thangarasu, Maragathammal's son<br />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sankarapandi<br />
*[[Vadivelu]] as Azhagu<br />
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Accountant <br />
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Rajadurai, Priyadarshini's father<br />
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Priyadarshini's grandmother<br />
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Maragathammal, Thangarasu's mother<br />
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Sankarapandi's wife<br />
*[[Eswari Rao]] as Gowri, Maragathammal's daughter<br />
*Soumiya as Soumiya, Priya's friend<br />
*Aishwarya as Kaveri, Maragathammal's daughter<br />
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Kottai Perumal, Maragathammal's brother<br />
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Sankarapandi's henchman<br />
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Ezhumalai<br />
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Karmegam, Maragathammal's son-in-law<br />
*Soundar as Auto rickshaw driver<br />
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Fraud<br />
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Sundarapandian<br />
*Rajkumar as Chinna Pandi<br />
*Sempuli Jagan as Kannaian<br />
*Rajajirajan as Man vomiting blood<br />
*[[Scissor Manohar]] as Servant<br />
*Set Govindaraj as Govind<br />
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Thief<br />
*[[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as Collector<br />
*Master Naveen as Naughty boy<br />
*Shathiga as Gowri's daughter<br />
*[[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Mentally challenged man<br />
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Shop owner<br />
*[[Muthukaalai]] as Coconut seller<br />
*Jayamani as Son of the dead father<br />
*[[Kottachi]] as Villager<br />
*[[Citizen Mani]] as Villager<br />
*Karnaa Radha as Villager<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The first filming schedule of ''Thavasi'' started in Chennai and continued in Pollachi and Udumalpet. The song sequences involving Vijayakanth and Soundarya were shot in Munnar, Palakkad, Cunnoor and Kodaikanal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/thavasi/|access-date=26 September 2024|website=Tamilstar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030104155205/http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/thavasi/|archive-date=4 January 2003|title=Thavasi}}</ref> Kumbakonam Mahamaham tank was specially designed for the film as its grandest set. Around 10,000 extras participated in the holy dip. Around 30 artistes performed them while nine cameras whirred from all directions to roll.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magan |first=Tamil |title=Thavasi |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/thavasi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011121164130/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/thavasi.asp |archive-date=21 November 2001 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thavasi |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/thavasi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011222192041/http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/thavasi/ |archive-date=22 December 2001 |access-date=1 October 2014 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref> The introductory scene of Vijayakanth was captured with 12 cameras while his introductory song was shot at Thirubuvanam temple at Kumbakonam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=9 November 2001 |title=A feast of films |url=http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/09/stories/2001110901220800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605093230/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/09/stories/2001110901220800.htm |archive-date=5 June 2003 |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=21 October 2013 |title=கோடம்பாக்கமாகும் கும்பகோணம்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6076&id1=4&issue=20131021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613153355/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6076&id1=4&issue=20131021 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The director revealed in 2023 that [[Seeman]] wrote the dialogues but went uncredited as Seeman felt crediting himself as writer would result in him not receiving further directorial opportunities.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8V7fWYCN8m4 |title=சர்ச்சைகளுக்கு முற்றுப்புள்ளி வைத்த தவசி பட இயக்குனர்- Uday Shankar Exclusive Interview {{!}} Vijaykanth |date=30 December 2023 |language=ta |publisher=NewsGlitz Tamil |at=9:57 |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230191853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8V7fWYCN8m4 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Soundtrack was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thavasi (2001) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000382 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823064809/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000382 |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| "Thanthana Thanthana Thaimasam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] || rowspan=3|[[P. Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Desingh Raja Thaan" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Yelai Imayamalai" || [[Manickka Vinayakam]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Ethanai Ethanai" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Panjaangam Paarakadhe" || Srivardhini, [[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The film received mixed reviews but still became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Diwali Winners are... {{!}} 2001 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/the-diwali-winners-are/2001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513220352/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/the-diwali-winners-are/2001.html |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tulika of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Trouble is, everyone of them have gone through the selfsame motions so often in the past that they seem to sleepwalk through this film, doing their stuff by rote and with little conviction. The crisis is predictable, ditto the denouement. And the fights, songs and comedy tracks that bridge crisis and denouement fail to grip."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulika |date=12 December 2001 |title=Thavasi has Vijaykanth repeating his act |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/12tha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122436/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/12tha.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''BizHat'' wrote, "Director Udayasankar has done justice in the screenplay and direction area (except for the climax). The last one reel is filled with masala and it is very cinematic."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thavasi |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_thavasi.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023939/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_thavasi.php |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=13 July 2014 |website=BizHat}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prabhu of ''Lollu Express'' wrote, "Although ''Thavasi'' has the same old story line the movie was enjoyable to watch. Vijaykanth's matured acting and Soundarya's Screen presence were simply superb. A couple of songs were really sweet to hear. Nasser came out with yet another Outstanding performance as he usually does. Vadivelu's comedy was really good. So the movie has various features that can be enjoyed by everyone and was not like other "ARVA KOLARU" movies. These kind of movies can be watched and enjoyed and the movie came at the right time. The movie for sure is a hit movie just because it gave us everything what people expect."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |title=THAVASI" New Tamil Movie Review By "Your Prabhu" |url=http://www.lolluexpress.com/thav.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831221147/http://www.lolluexpress.com/thav.htm |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=15 July 2014 |website=Lollu Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt by choosing this film Vijayakanth only stabbed the ear of his fan bleeding and further added the aspects that makes audience to watch this film with much patience is Udhayashankar's screenplay with no loopholes, Vidyasagar's music, Vadivelu's humour, performances of Vijayakanth, Jayasudha, Soundarya and Ilavarasu.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=16 December 2001 |title=தவசி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-12-16/page/72/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230721165410/https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-12-16/page/72/mode/2up |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=72–73 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Sify'' wrote "Grrr, Grash bash another typical Vijaykanth masala with the star in a double role. One the old man Thavasi and other is the ordinary role of the son Bhupathy. It is the same old ‘Natamai’ or feudal system as the theme with the village panchayat scenario thrown in plus the usual melodrama".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thavasi |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=8801262&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228182317/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=8801262&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=28 December 2004 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Chennai Online'' wrote "The first half is fairly engaging, but the second half tends to lag".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov156.asp|title=Thavasi|website=Chennai Online|access-date=28 October 2024|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212171421/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov156.asp|archive-date=12 December 2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
2001 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-date=24 October 2004 |access-date=19 October 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><br />
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] – Vadivelu<br />
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – Vidyasagar (also for his music in ''[[Dhill]]'' and ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'')<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
{{K. R. Udayasankar}}<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. R. Udayasankar]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhushravani&diff=514495Madhushravani2026-02-23T19:16:14Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Starting details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Festival for newly married brides in Mithila region}}<br />
{{Related|[[Kojagra]]}}<br />
{{Infobox festival<br />
| name = Madhushravani Puja<br />
| native_name = मधुश्रावणी पूजा<br />
| native_name_lang = mai<br />
| nickname = Madhushravani<br />
| image = Women Celebrating Madhushravani.jpg<br />
| caption = Women Celebrating Madhushravani in [[Mithila (region)|Mithilanchal]]<br />
| genre = Festival of popular faith<br />
| frequency = Annually<br />
| location = [[Mithila region]]<br />
| country = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]<br />
| participants = Newly married brides in Mithila<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Madhushravani''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: '''मधुश्रावणी''') is a Hindu festival celebrated in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] by newly married [[Maithil]] women. It is famous for popular faith and longevity of husbands and happy married life in [[Maithil Brahmins]] women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=मधुश्रावणी पूजा शुरू होते ही गांवों की गलियां मैथिली लोक गीतों से गुंजायमान हुआ - मधुश्रावणी पूजा शुरू होते ही गांवों की गलियां मैथिली लोक गीतों से गुंजायमान हुआ - Bihar Araria Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/araria-araria-srawani-puja-21874075.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhushravani: A festival celebrated by women of Mithila |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2023/07/22/madhushravani-a-festival-celebrated-by-women-of-mithila |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=madhushravani puja 2023 starts know role of brother |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhushravani-puja-2023-starts-know-role-of-brother-in-mithila-and-all-vidhi-skt |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> It is believed that [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] observed the Madhushravani Puja's fast first and continued to have [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] as her husband in all her births. According to legend, this festival is like a penance. <br />
<br />
The 15-day festival lasts from the [[Panchami]] of the [[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] until [[Tritiya]] of the [[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] of the month of [[Shravana (month)|Savan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=अधिकमास की वजह से डेढ़ माह का होगा मधुश्रावणी व्रत, जानें पर्व की मुख्य बातें |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/festivals-and-fasts/madhushravani-2023-vrat-will-be-one-and-a-half-month-due-to-adhik-maas-know-the-main-things-of-the-festival/articleshow/101452762.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Observances ==<br />
[[File:Madhushravani puja.jpg|thumb|An elephant idol used in the ''Puja'' of Madhushravani.|left|250x250px]]<br />
It is customary that the brides wear the clothes and jewelry given by the in-laws. All the materials of the ''Madhushravani Puja'' arrive from in-laws one day before the Puja starts.<ref name=":1" /> They pluck flowers and begin worshipping the idols of Bishari Mata, Nag Nagin, Kechua, Elephant, and Mother Gauri with various kinds of fruits, flowers, and sweets. and then listen to the story of Shiva Vivah. During the ''Puja'', the story is told in 14 sections, including Maina Panchami, Mangala Gauri, Prithvi Janma, Mahadev Katha, Gauri Tapasya, Shiva Vivah, Ganga Katha, Bihula Katha, and Bal Vasant Katha.<ref name=":1" /> Rural women sing ''Madhushravani'' songs. The streets resonate with melodious [[Maithili language|Maithili]] folk songs. Homemade, delicious, sweet food is offered during this festival. On the seventh, eighth and ninth days of the Puja, ''khir'' is offered as ''prasad''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=राव |first=कुमुद रंजन |date=2022-07-18 |title=14 दिवसीय मधुश्रावणी व्रत शुरू, पति की लंबी आयु के लिए नवविवाहित महिलाएं करेंगी पूजा |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/madhushravani-vrat-14-day-madhushravani-vrat-starts-from-today-newly-married-women-will-worship-for-husband-long-life-ann-2170565 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Every evening, women try to please [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] by singing [[Arti (Hinduism)|Aarti]], Suhag Geet and Kohbar. The women eat ''arava'' food once a day. The women offer milk and ''lava'' to the Nag Devta in the morning and evening.<br />
<br />
On the last day of the festival, the brides undergo a difficult test. The hands and feet of brides are cauterized with a cotton ''Temi'' by placing [[betel]] leaves on it and burning the Temi. <br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode=packed-hover widths=250px heights=250px><br />
File:Madhushravani.jpg|Fruits offered in Madhushravani Puja.<br />
File:Women from Mithila 1.jpg|Maithili women doing Madhushravani<br />
File:Madhushravani Festival of Mithila.jpg|Madhushravani Festival of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br />
File:Women from Mithilanchal.jpg|Maithili Women<br />
File:Mithila-Madhushrabani.jpg|Madhushravani celebrated<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism in Mithila]]<br />
[[Category:Women's festivals]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalit_Surajmal_Kanodia&diff=511767Lalit Surajmal Kanodia2026-02-12T18:21:58Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Starting biography!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian business entrepreneur (born 1941)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2024}}}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = Dr.<br />
| name = Lalit Kanodia <ref>{{cite web|title=Lalit Surajmal Kanodia Ph.D., M.I.T.| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=1521798&privcapId=1518304|website=Bloomberg| date=7 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web | title = Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia takes over as IACC National President | url = http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/ | access-date = 26 April 2016 | archive-date = 26 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180242/http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
| image = Dr. Lalit Kanodia.jpg<br />
| alt = Lalit Kanodia<br />
| caption = Lalit Kanodia<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|03|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata, India]]<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| education = 1959-1963 [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], India. [[Mechanical Engineering]]<br />
1963-1967 [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. United States, [[MBA]] & [[Ph.D in Management]]<br />
| spouse = Asha Kanodia (m. 1965)<br />
| children = 4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lalit Surajmal Kanodia''' (born 30 March 1941) is an Indian entrepreneur. He is the founder and chairman of the Datamatics Group. He has held positions in business organisations such as the Indo-American [[Chamber of commerce|Chamber of Commerce]],<ref name="iaccindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaccindia.com/page.asp?pageid=10|title=Indo-American Chamber Of Commerce}}</ref> the Indian Merchants Chamber,<ref name="imcnet.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imcnet.org/media_center/listing/center/page/2|title=:: Indian Merchant Chamber ::}}</ref> and served as president of the Management Consultants Association of India.<ref name="flywithvip.com">{{cite web|url=https://flywithvip.com/celebrities/profile/104/|title=Lalit Kanodia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
<br />
Kanodia was born in [[Kolkata|Kolkata, India]], to Surajmal Kanodia, a bullion merchant, and Chandravati Kanodia, a homemaker. His family moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1942.<br />
<br />
Kanodia attended the [[Bombay Scottish School]] in [[Mumbai]], where he captained the football team and competed in athletics. He studied science at [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay University]], for two years and then was admitted to the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] to study [[Mechanical Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - Alumni update | url=http://www1.iitb.ac.in/Newsletter3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410114257/http://www.iitb.ac.in:80/Newsletter3.pdf | archive-date=2011-04-10}}</ref> After graduating in 1963, he earned a Master of Science in Management from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in 1965, supported by a [[Ford Foundation|Ford Fosndation]] Fellowship,<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Ford Foundation - Annual Report 1965 | url=https://fordfoundcontent.blob.core.windows.net/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406231923/https://fordfoundcontent.blob.core.windows.net/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf | archive-date=2017-04-06}}</ref> and returned to MIT in 1966 to complete his [[PhD in management]] in 1967 Kanodia was a member of [[Project MAC]] at [[MIT]], which developed the [[Compatible Time-Sharing System]] and [[MULTICS]] (early multi-user computer [[operating systems]] and precursors to [[UNIX]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e44jCgAAQBAJ&q=Project+MAC+at+MIT+lalit+kanodia&pg=PA141|title=The Outsourcer|isbn=9780262028752|last1=Sharma|first1=Dinesh C.|date=6 March 2015|publisher=MIT Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaculturelab.org/blog/11-indian-mit-graduates-that-you-must-know-about/|title=Godrej India Culture Lab - Indian Graduates from MIT Who Have Changed the Face of Technology|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508205033/http://indiaculturelab.org/blog/11-indian-mit-graduates-that-you-must-know-about/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==Teaching==<br />
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While at [[MIT]], Kanodia taught a course on [[Decision theory|statistical decision theory]] to [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] students (1964–65). He also taught [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] students for two years (1968–70) at the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]], [[Bombay University]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rpglifesciences.com/downloads/annualreports/annualreport_2007-08.pdf| title = rpglifesciences annual report}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tata Consultancy Services==<br />
<br />
In 1965, [[J. R. D. Tata|J.R.D. Tata]], then chairman of the Tata Group, tasked Kanodia with studying the feasibility of computerisation within the Tata Group. Kanodia's work resulted in:{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
# The automation of Tata Electric Companies’ Load Dispatch System by Westinghouse,<br />
# The computerisation of the company’s electricity billing system,<br />
# The establishment of a software development centre.<br />
<br />
Kanodia returned to [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] for his doctorate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=2670296&sr_no=0|title=Print :India and MIT: How we became a technological force to reckon with|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314101457/http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=2670296&sr_no=0|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and later rejoined the [[Tata Group]] to lead its newly proposed software division. In 1967, he founded the Tata Computer Center, which was renamed [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS) in 1968.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Consulting==<br />
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While in the [[United States]], Kanodia consulted for Arthur D. Little and the [[Ford Motor Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RPGL.BO&officerId=1661185|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509053832/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RPGL.BO&officerId=1661185|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-09|title=Rpg Life Sciences Ltd (RPGL.BO)|work=Reuters India}}</ref> He also consulted for the [[State Bank of India]], the Somani Group, and the Kamani Group of companies.<ref>http://www.rpglifesciences.com/downloads/annualreports/annualreport_2007-08.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Datamatics==<br />
<br />
In 1975, Kanodia founded Datamatics, an IT company. By 1979, the company had established an offshore development center for [[Wang Laboratories]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 1991, Datamatics implemented a satellite link for software development between [[Mumbai]] and [[Bell Labs|AT&T Bell Labs USA]]; this contributed to the early development of [[Business process outsourcing|BPO]] services in India. Kanodia then started "Datamatics Technologies Limited," focusing on BPO and KPO services. Expansion into BPO services led Datamatics to acquire US-based companies SAZTEC in 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/datamatics-technologies-limited-to-acquire-saztec-international-inc-72481732.html|title=Datamatics Technologies Limited to Acquire SAZTEC International, Inc.|author=SAZTEC International, Inc.|date=13 October 2003}}</ref> and CorPay in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-08/news/27371501_1_datamatics-technologies-corpay-acquisition-plans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509084115/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-08/news/27371501_1_datamatics-technologies-corpay-acquisition-plans|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2016|title=Datamatics plans to buy overseas BPO firms|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref> Datamatics has continued to acquire other international companies since then. Kanodia is Group Chairman of Datamatics<ref name="datamatics.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.datamatics.com/about-us/company-overview|title=Company Overview - Datamatics Global Services Ltd|website=Datamatics}}</ref> which comprises:<br />
* Datamatics Global Services Ltd<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datamatics.com/|title=A Digital Technologies, Operations & Experiences Company|website=Datamatics}}</ref> (A listed Company with BSE/NSE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=DATAMATICS#|title=NSE - National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/datamatics-global-services-ltd/datamatics/532528/|title=Stock Share Price &#124; Get Quote &#124; BSE|website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref><br />
* CIGNEX Datamatics Technologies Ltd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cignex.com/|title=Open Source Enterprise Solutions - Portals, ECM, eCommerce, Big Data Analytics|website=CIGNEX Datamatics}}</ref><br />
* Lumina Datamatics Ltd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://luminadatamatics.com/|title=Online Publishing - Retail Solutions - Publishing Services - Content Development|website=Lumina Datamatics}}</ref><br />
* Datamatics Staffing Services Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datamaticsindia.com/ |title=Home |website=datamaticsindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
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Kanodia has four children with his wife, Asha. His eldest son, Rahul Kanodia is the vice chairman and CEO of Datamatics Global Services,<ref name="datamatics.com"></ref> and his youngest son, Sameer Kanodia, is an Executive Director. He also has two daughters, Aneesha and Amrita.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ILYn5SqUTI|title=Dr. Lalit Kanodia addressing Building India's Smart Cities – Challenges & Opportunities Part 1|date=4 October 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
<br />
# Indian Affairs Indian of the Year Award for IT, Consulting and BPO services<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://network7mediagroup.blogspot.com/2015/10/indian-affairs-india-leadership.html?view=timeslide|title=Indian Affairs India Leadership Conclave Awards conferred by Satya Brahma at ILC 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://breakfastnews.tv/history-of-indian-affairs-india-leadership-conclave-indian-affairs-business-leadership-awards/|title=History of Indian Affair's India Leadership Conclave & Indian Affairs Business Leadership Awards|work=Breakfast News TV}}</ref><br />
# Special Achievement Award at Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-new-delhi-2015-award-winners/|title=APEA New Delhi 2015 Award Winners|date=3 April 2015|work=The Asian Entrepreneur}}</ref><br />
# Global Achiever Award for Business Excellence<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/607306|title=Datamatics Wins Global Achievers Award for Business Excellence|website=PR.com}}</ref><br />
# Award from the Prime Minister of India for the most innovative software product<ref name="nazerry">{{cite web|url=http://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2015/dr-lalit-s-kanodia/|title=APEA / INDIA / DR LALIT S KANODIA|author=nazerry|work=Enterprise Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DATC.NS&officerId=825922|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001239/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DATC.NS&officerId=825922|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-04-09|title=Officer Profile - Quotes|work=Reuters India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kanodia was president of the Management Consultants Association of India.<ref name="flywithvip.com"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/author/lalit-kanodia/|title=Lalit S. Kanodia, Author at Gateway House|website=Gateway House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.pressreleasepoint.com/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-iacc-national-president|title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia takes over as IACC National President |website=PressReleasePoint}}</ref> He is the president of the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="iaccindia.com"></ref> He is the vice president of Indian Merchants Chamber and chairman of its IT committee.<ref name="imcnet.org"></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalnewsonnetwork.com/2016/03/17/deepak-premnarayen-to-be-imcs-president-dr-lalit-kanodia-vice-president-for-2016-17/|title=Deepak Premnarayen to be IMC's President, Dr. Lalit Kanodia Vice-President for 2016-17}}</ref> He was a member of the executive committee of [[NASSCOM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://instantpublish.blogspot.com/2014/01/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-is-chairman.html|title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia is the Chairman of IT Committee of IMC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/|title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia takes over as IACC National President|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180242/http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been the chairman of Electronic & Computer Software Export Promotion Council (Western Region).<ref name="nazerry"></ref> He joined the Sloan School of Management's executive board at MIT in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web| title=MIT Sloan Regional Executive Boards | url=http://mitsloan.mit.edu/alumnimagazine/pdf/Spring2010-Executive%20Boards.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512191138/http://mitsloan.mit.edu/alumnimagazine/pdf/Spring2010-Executive%20Boards.pdf | archive-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> He served as the Honorary Consul General of Chile in India from 2002 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chile.gob.cl/nueva-delhi/en/sobre-el-consulado/consulados-honorarios/|title=Sección Consular de Chile en Nueva Delhi|author=AyerViernes S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy21156/|title=Consulate of Chile in Mumbai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesswithlatinamerica.com/Contacts3.html|title=Business with Latin America}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanodia, Lalit Surajmal}}<br />
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian business executives]]<br />
[[Category:Indian company founders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian management consultants]]<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:Indian technology company founders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Tata Consultancy Services people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._P._Moideen&diff=488665B. P. Moideen2026-02-06T05:52:09Z<p>TobyRamer579490: New A Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1937–1982)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Family name hatnote|Balyambra Pottattu|lang=Malayali}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = B. P. Moideen<br />
| image = B. P. Moideen.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Portrait of B. P. Moideen<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = Balyambra Pottattu Moideen<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|11|25}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mukkam]], [[Malabar district|Malabar]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras State]], [[British Raj]] (currently Mukkam, [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|07|15|1937|11|25}} <br />
| death_place = [[Iruvanjippuzha|Iruvanji River]], [[Mukkam]], Kozhikode<br />
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --><br />
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --><br />
| monuments = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Politician, film producer<br />
| years_active = <br />
| era = <br />
| employer = <br />
| organization = <br />
| agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --><br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = ''[[Abhinayam]]'', ''Sports Herald''<!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --><br />
| style = <br />
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --><br />
| television = <br />
| title = <!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office= may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --><br />
| term = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
| movement = <br />
| opponents = <br />
| boards = <br />
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --><br />
| criminal_penalty = <br />
| criminal_status = <br />
| callsign = <br />
| awards = [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak|Jeevan Raksha Padak, Class I]], 1983<br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| module = <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Balyambra Pottattu Moideen''' (25 November 1937 – 15 July 1982) was an Indian politician, film producer, and publisher from [[Kerala]]. He was [[Praja Socialist Party]]'s youth wing president for Kerala, and was elected member of [[Mukkam]] [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] in 1979. Moideen published ''Sports Herald'', a Malayalam sports magazine. His debut production was a [[Malayalam]] film ''Nizhale Nee Sakshi'' in 1977, which also debuted [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as a lead actress, and focused on the 1976 death of college student [[Rajan case|P. Rajan]] following torture in police custody. However, the film was never released. Moideen later produced the films ''[[Abhinayam]]'' (1981) starring [[Jayan]], and ''India Nee Sundari''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/lite/ | title=Kanchanamala: A talisman for true love in Kerala | date=25 October 2015 | newspaper=The Indian Express | first=Charmy | last=Harikrishnan | accessdate=18 September 2019 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/widow-bachelor-eternal-story-kanchana-and-moideen-34625|title=The widow of a bachelor: The eternal story of Kanchana and Moideen|date=25 September 2015|website=The News Minute}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was awarded the national civilian gallantry honour [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak|Jeevan Raksha Padak, Class I]] posthumously by the [[President of India]] in 1983, for saving lives in a ferry boat accident in [[Iruvanjippuzha|Iruvanji River]] in [[Kozhikode]] in 1982, in which he drowned himself.<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
B. P. Moideen's romance with Kanchanamala was the subject of the 2015 [[Malayalam]] biographical film ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'', in which [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] portrayed Moideen.<br />
<br />
==Memorial==<br />
''B. P. Moideen Sevamandir'', the charity foundation named after Moideen, is led by Moideen's spouse Kanchanamala.<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/20071/bp-moideen/E "Stone laying for BP Moideen Seva Mandir building on Nov 15"]</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moideen, B.P.}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:1982 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Boating accident deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Male&diff=469213Male2026-02-02T15:38:12Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sex of an organism which produces sperm}}<br />
{{About|the male sex|the capital of the Maldives|Malé|other uses}}<br />
{{redirect|Males}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mars symbol.svg|thumb|The symbol of the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet [[Mars]] and is the [[alchemical symbol]] for [[iron]].]]<br />
'''Male''' ([[Planet symbols|symbol]]: [[♂]]) is the [[sex]] of an [[organism]] that produces, or is organized to produce, the [[gamete]] (sex cell) known as [[sperm]], which fuses with the larger [[female]] gamete,<ref name="Lehtonen2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Jussi |last2=Parker |first2=Geoff A. |author-link2=Geoff Parker |date=1 December 2014 |title=Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes |url=https://academic.oup.com/molehr/article/20/12/1161/1062990 |journal=Molecular Human Reproduction |language=en |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1168 |doi=10.1093/molehr/gau068 |issn=1360-9947 |pmid=25323972 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Fusco2019>{{Cite book|last1=Fusco|first1=Giuseppe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=the+biology+of+reproduction+define+sex|title=The Biology of Reproduction|last2=Minelli|first2=Alessandro|date=10 October 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49985-9|pages=111–113|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Hine2015>{{Cite book |last1=Hine |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMf9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 |title=A Dictionary of Biology |last2=Martin |first2=Elizabeth |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-871437-8 |page=354 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhargava |first=Aditi |last2=Arnold |first2=Arthur P |last3=Bangasser |first3=Debra A |last4=Denton |first4=Kate M |last5=Gupta |first5=Arpana |last6=Hilliard Krause |first6=Lucinda M |last7=Mayer |first7=Emeran A |last8=McCarthy |first8=Margaret |last9=Miller |first9=Walter L |last10=Raznahan |first10=Armin |last11=Verma |first11=Ragini |date=2021-05-25 |title=Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement |url=https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/42/3/219/6159361 |journal=Endocrine Reviews |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=3 |doi=10.1210/endrev/bnaa034 |issn=0163-769X |pmc=8348944 |pmid=33704446}}</ref> or [[Egg cell|ovum]], in the process of [[fertilisation]]. A male organism cannot [[sexual reproduction|reproduce sexually]] without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and [[Asexual reproduction|asexually]].<ref name=Curtis2010>{{Cite journal|last=Lively|first=Curtis M.|date=1 March 2010 |title=A Review of Red Queen Models for the Persistence of Obligate Sexual Reproduction|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/101/suppl_1/S13/757712|journal=Journal of Heredity|language=en|volume=101|issue=suppl_1|pages=S13–S20|doi=10.1093/jhered/esq010|pmid=20421322|issn=0022-1503|doi-access=free}}</ref> Most male [[mammal]]s, including male humans, have a [[Y chromosome]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|title=Y chromosome|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/y/|access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Y Chromosome|url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Y-Chromosome|access-date=7 September 2020 |website=Genome.gov|language=en}}</ref> which codes for the production of larger amounts of [[testosterone]] to develop [[male reproductive organs]].<br />
<br />
In humans, the word ''male'' can also be used to refer to [[gender]], in the social sense of [[gender role]] or [[gender identity]].<ref name=palazzani/><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Definition of MALE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/male |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
The existence of separate sexes has evolved independently at different times and in different [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]], an example of [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="Berrill">{{Cite web |last=Berrill |first=N.J. |title=Sex |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/sex |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Klymkowsky-2016">{{Cite news |last1=Klymkowsky |first1=Michael W. |last2=Melanie M. |first2=Cooper |date=4 June 2016 |title=4.9: Sexual dimorphism |language=en |website=Biology LibreTexts |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Biofundamentals_(Klymkowsky_and_Cooper)/04%3A_Social_evolution_and_sexual_selection/4.09%3A_Sexual_dimorphism |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in [[isogamy|isogamous]] species with two or more [[mating type]]s with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to [[anisogamy|anisogamous]] species with [[gamete]]s of male and [[female]] types to [[oogamy|oogamous]] species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for [[sexual reproduction]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dusenbery |first=David B. |url=https://archive.org/details/livingatmicrosca0000duse |title=Living at Micro Scale |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-03116-6 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |at=Chapter 20 |url-access=registration}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}. But in some species males can reproduce by themselves asexually, for example via [[androgenesis]].<ref name="Hedtke-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Hedtke |first1=Shannon M. |last2=Stanger-Hall |first2=Kathrin |last3=Baker |first3=Robert J. |last4=Hillis |first4=David M. |author-link4=David Hillis |date=May 2008 |title=All-Male Asexuality: Origin and Maintenance of Androgenesis in the Asian Clam Corbicula |journal=Evolution |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=1119–1136 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00344.x |pmid=18266987 |bibcode=2008Evolu..62.1119H }}</ref><ref name="Schwander-2016">{{cite journal|first1=Tanja |last1=Schwander |first2=Benjamin P |last2=Oldroyd |date=28 September 2008|title=Androgenesis: where males hijack eggs to clone themselves|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1706 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0534 |pmid=27619698 |pmc=5031619 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Accordingly, sex is defined across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another.<ref name="Klymkowsky-2016" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilcox|first=Christie|title=Why Sex? Biologists Find New Explanations.|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/why-sex-biologists-find-new-explanations-20200423/|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Quanta Magazine|date=23 April 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Lehtonen|first=Jussi|title=Gamete Size|date=2017|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science|pages=1–4|editor-last=Shackelford|editor-first=Todd K.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3063-1|isbn=978-3-319-16999-6|editor2-last=Weekes-Shackelford|editor2-first=Viviana A.}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[sexual dimorphism|Male/female dimorphism]] between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by [[chytrid]]s, [[diatom]]s and land [[plant]]s, among others. In land plants, ''female'' and ''male'' designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the [[sporophyte]]s that give rise to male and female plants.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
== Evolution ==<br />
{{See also|Evolution of sexual reproduction|Sex#Evolution of sex}}<br />
The [[Anisogamy#Evolution|evolution of anisogamy]] led to the evolution of male and female function.<ref name="Bachtrog-2014" /> Before the evolution of anisogamy, [[mating type]]s in a species were [[Isogamy|isogamous]]: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types.<ref name=Sawada/>{{rp|216}} In anisogamy, the mating type is called a gamete. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete, and usually mobile.<ref name="Kumar-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|entry=Anisogamy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior|publisher=Springer International Publishing|place=Cham |date=2019|pages=1–5|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1|isbn=978-3-319-47829-6 |vauthors=Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P|title=Anisogamy |veditors=Vonk J, Shackelford T}}</ref> Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species.<ref name="Togashi-2011">{{Cite book |last1=Togashi |first1=Tatsuya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eOvRTIuLXMC&pg=PA1 |title=The Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection |last2=Cox |first2=Paul Alan |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50082-1 |pages=1–15 |language=en}}</ref> Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example, female [[Volvocales]] (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type.<ref name="Togashi-2011" /><ref name=Sawada>{{Cite book |last1=Sawada |first1=Hitoshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Adm6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 |title=Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants |last2=Inoue |first2=Naokazu |last3=Iwano |first3=Megumi |date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-4-431-54589-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|222}} Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when males evolved.<ref name="PB-2000">{{cite journal|last=Butterfield|first=Nicholas J.|date=2000|title=Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes|url=https://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2|journal=[[Paleobiology (journal)|Paleobiology]]|volume=26|issue=3|page=386|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2000Pbio...26..386B |s2cid=36648568 |access-date=12 April 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref> One theory suggests male evolved from the dominant mating type (called mating type minus).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Togashi|first1=Tatsuya|last2=Bartelt|first2=John L.|last3=Yoshimura|first3=Jin|last4=Tainaka|first4=Kei-ichi|last5=Cox|first5=Paul Alan|date=21 August 2012 |title=Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=109|issue=34|pages=13692–13697|doi=10.1073/pnas.1203495109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3427103|pmid=22869736|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913692T|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Symbol, etymology, and usage <span class="anchor" id="Symbol and usage"></span>==<br />
=== Symbol ===<br />
A common [[gender symbol|symbol]] used to represent the male sex is the [[Mars symbol]] ♂, a circle with an arrow pointing [[Ordinal direction|northeast]]. The [[Unicode]] code-point is:<br />
:{{unichar|2642|MALE SIGN|html=}}<br />
The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of [[Mars]]. It was first used to denote sex by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1751. The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]. According to [[William T. Stearn]], however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all the historical evidence favours "the conclusion of the French classical scholar [[Claude de Saumaise]] (Salmasius, 1588{{ndash}}1683)" that it is derived from ''θρ'', the contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is ''Thouros''.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1217734|title = The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|journal = Taxon|volume = 11|issue = 4|pages = 109–113|last1 = Stearn|first1 = William T.|year = 1962|doi = 10.2307/1217734 | bibcode=1962Taxon..11..109S }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Etymology ===<br />
Borrowed from [[Old French]] ''masle'', from [[Latin]] ''masculus'' ("masculine, male, worthy of a man"), diminutive of ''mās'' ("male person or animal, male").<ref>{{cite web |title=male {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of male by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/male#etymonline_v_6731 |website=www.etymonline.com |publisher=[[Etymonline]] |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Usage ===<br />
In humans, the word ''male'' can be used in the context of [[gender]], such as for gender role or gender identity of a [[man]] or [[boy]].<ref name=palazzani>{{cite book |last1=Palazzani |first1=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8bbP6D7U2UC&pg=PA5 |title=Gender in Philosophy and Law |last2=Bailes |first2=Victoria |last3=Fella |first3=Marina |publisher=Dordrecht : Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-94-007-4991-7 |series=SpringerBriefs in law |page=v |quote='gender' means human gender, male/female gender}} (eBook)</ref> For example, according to Merriam-Webster, "male" can refer to "having a gender identity that is the opposite of female".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of MALE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/male |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref> According to the Cambridge Dictionary, "male" can mean "belonging or relating to men".<ref>{{Cite web |title=male |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/male |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Male'' can also refer to [[gender of connectors and fasteners|a shape of connectors]].<ref>{{cite book| author =J. Richard Johnson | title= How to Build Electronic Equipment | year =1962 | page=167 | quote=To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion.| publisher = Rider | location = New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author =Richard Ferncase | title =Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts | year=2013 | page=96 | quote= female[:] Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector | isbn= 978-0-240-80157-5 | publisher = Hoboken Taylor and Francis}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sex determination ==<br />
{{Main|Sex-determination system}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels 2.png|thumb|Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult [[female]] for comparison. Both models have partially shaved body hair; e.g. clean-shaven pubic regions.]]<br />
<br />
The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species have only two sexes (either male or female),<ref name="Berrill" /><ref name="Klymkowsky-2016" /><ref name=Fusco2019/> [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] animals, such as [[worm]]s, have both male and female reproductive organs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=hermaphroditism {{!}} Definition, Types, & Effects|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/hermaphroditism|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Species that are divided into females and males are classified as [[Gonochorism|gonochoric]] in animals, as [[Dioecy|dioecious]] in [[seed plants]]<ref name="Fusco2019" /> and as [[Dioicy|dioicous]] in [[cryptogam]]s.<ref name="ShawGoffinet">{{cite book |author=Buck WR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuOKCOlRngkC |title=Bryophyte Biology |last2=Goffinet |first2=B |date=August 2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66794-4 |editor=Shaw AJ & Goffinet B |location=New York |chapter=Morphology and classification of mosses}}</ref>{{rp|82}} Males can coexist with hermaphrodites, a [[sexual system]] called [[androdioecy]]. They can also coexist with females and hermaphrodites, a sexual system called [[trioecy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Janet L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems |date=2019-05-21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-94139-4 |pages=1–3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Not all species share a common [[sex-determination system]]. In most [[animal]]s, including [[Homo sapiens|humans]], sex is determined [[genetics|genetically]]; however, species such as ''[[Cymothoa exigua]]'' change sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz-L |first1=A. |last2=Madrid-V |first2=J. |date=6 March 1992 |title=Studies on the biology of the parasitic isopod Cymothoa exigua Schioedte and Meinert, 1884 and it's relationship with the snapper Lutjanus peru (Pisces: Lutjanidae) Nichols and Murphy, 1922, from commercial catch in Michoacan |url=https://cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/cmarinas/article/view/885 |journal=Ciencias Marinas |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.7773/cm.v18i1.885 |bibcode=1992CiMar..18...19R |issn=2395-9053|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Genetic determination ===<br />
Most [[mammal]]s, including [[human]]s, are genetically determined as such by the [[XY sex-determination system]] where males have XY (as opposed to XX in females) [[sex chromosomes]]. It is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to be [[XX male]] or have other [[karyotypes]]. During [[reproduction]], a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a [[female]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2018|title=43.1C: Sex Determination|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/43%3A_Animal_Reproduction_and_Development/43.1%3A_Reproduction_Methods/43.1C%3A_Sex_Determination|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome, the [[SRY]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|title=SRY gene|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en}}</ref> The SRY activates [[Sox9]], which forms feedforward loops with [[FGF9]] and [[PGD2|PGD<sub>2</sub>]] in the [[gonad]]s, allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development;<ref name="Moniot">{{cite journal | last1=Moniot | first1=Brigitte | last2=Declosmenil | first2=Faustine | last3=Barrionuevo | first3=Francisco | last4=Scherer | first4=Gerd | last5=Aritake | first5=Kosuke | last6=Malki | first6=Safia | last7=Marzi | first7=Laetitia | last8=Cohen-Solal | first8=Ann | last9=Georg | first9=Ina | last10=Klattig | first10=Jürgen | last11=Englert | first11=Christoph | last12=Kim | first12=Yuna | last13=Capel | first13=Blanche | last14=Eguchi | first14=Naomi | last15=Urade | first15=Yoshihiro | last16=Boizet-Bonhoure | first16=Brigitte | last17=Poulat | first17=Francis | year=2009 | title=The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation| journal=Development| volume=136| issue=11| pages=1813–1821| pmid = 19429785 | doi=10.1242/dev.032631| pmc=4075598 }}</ref> for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the [[spermatic cord]]s and the multiplication of [[Sertoli cell]]s, both of which are crucial to male sexual development.<ref>{{Cite journal <br />
| last1 = Kim | first1 = Y. <br />
| last2 = Kobayashi | first2 = A. <br />
| last3 = Sekido | first3 = R. <br />
| last4 = Dinapoli | first4 = L. <br />
| last5 = Brennan | first5 = J. <br />
| last6 = Chaboissier | first6 = M. C. <br />
| last7 = Poulat | first7 = F. <br />
| last8 = Behringer | first8 = R. R. <br />
| last9 = Lovell-Badge | first9 = R. <br />
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187 <br />
| last10 = Capel | first10 = B. <br />
| title = Fgf9 and Wnt4 Act as Antagonistic Signals to Regulate Mammalian Sex Determination <br />
| journal = PLOS Biology <br />
| volume = 4 <br />
| issue = 6 <br />
| article-number = e187 <br />
| year = 2006 <br />
| pmid = 16700629 <br />
| pmc =1463023 <br />
| doi-access = free <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[ZW sex-determination system]], where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW in females) sex chromosomes, may be found in [[bird]]s and some [[insect]]s (mostly [[Lepidoptera|butterflies and moths]]) and other organisms. Members of the insect order [[Hymenoptera]], such as [[ant]]s and [[bee]]s, are often determined by [[haplodiploidy]],<ref name="Bachtrog-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bachtrog D, [[Judith Mank | Mank JE]], Peichel CL, [[Mark Kirkpatrick | Kirkpatrick M]], [[Sarah Otto | Otto SP]], Ashman TL, Hahn MW, Kitano J, Mayrose I, Ming R, Perrin N, Ross L, Valenzuela N, Vamosi JC |date=July 2014 |title=Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it? |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=12 |issue=7 |article-number=e1001899 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899 |pmc=4077654 |pmid=24983465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> where most males are [[haploid]] and females and some sterile males are [[diploid]]. However, fertile diploid males may still appear in some species, such as ''[[Cataglyphis cursor]]''.<ref name="dip">{{cite journal |last1=Doums |first1=Claudie |title=Fertile diploid males in the ant Cataglyphis cursor: a potential cost of thelytoky? |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |year=2013 |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=1983–1993 |access-date=2 October 2021 |doi=10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6|bibcode=2013BEcoS..67.1983D |s2cid=18141328 |hdl=10261/88167 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Environmental determination ===<br />
In some species of reptiles, such as [[alligator]]s, sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some [[snail]]s, practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cahill|first1=Abigail E.|last2=Juman|first2=Alia Rehana|last3=Pellman-Isaacs|first3=Aaron|last4=Bruno|first4=William T.|date=December 2015|title=Physical and Chemical Interactions with Conspecifics Mediate Sex Change in a Protandrous Gastropod Crepidula fornicata|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=229|issue=3|pages=276–281|doi=10.1086/bblv229n3p276|pmid=26695826|s2cid=22783998|issn=0006-3185}}</ref> In tropical [[clown fish]], the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bull|first=J. J.|date=March 1980|title=Sex Determination in Reptiles|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology|volume=55|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1086/411613|s2cid=85177125|issn=0033-5770}}</ref><br />
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== Secondary sex characteristics ==<br />
{{Main|Secondary sex characteristic}}<br />
<br />
Male animals have evolved to use secondary sex characteristics as a way of displaying traits that signify their [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]]. [[Sexual selection]] is believed to be the driving force behind the development of these characteristics. Differences in physical size and the ability to fulfill the requirements of sexual selection have contributed significantly to the outcome of secondary sex characteristics in each species.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book |vauthors=Campbell B|title=Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-51441-5|year=2017|pages=392–393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392}}</ref><br />
<br />
In many species, males differ from females in more ways than just the production of sperm. For example, in some insects and fish, the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, the [[flower|sporophyte sex organ]] of a single organism includes both the male and female parts.<br />
<br />
In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. This is often attributed to the need for male mammals to be physically stronger and more competitive in order to win mating opportunities. In humans specifically, males have more body hair and muscle mass than females.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Skw2mezpvO4C&q=sex+differences+in+size&pg=PA21|title=Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research|last2=Hershberger|first2=Scott|last3=Field|first3=Evelyn|last4=Wersinger|first4=Scott|last5=Pellis|first5=Sergio|last6=Geary|first6=David|last7=Palmer|first7=Craig|last8=Hoyenga|first8=Katherine|last9=Hetsroni|first9=Amir|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-87493-2|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Richards|first1=Julia E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUw0eHzuH2AC&q=secondary+sex+characteristics&pg=PA277|title=The Human Genome|last2=Hawley|first2=R. Scott|date=12 December 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-091865-5|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
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Birds often exhibit colorful [[plumage]] that attracts females.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=switze|first1=International Conference on Comparative Physiology 1992 Crans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zunYrumtsR8C&q=sex+differences+in+birds&pg=PA303|title=The Differences Between the Sexes|last2=Bassau|first2=Short &|date=4 August 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44878-9|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} This is true for many species of birds where the male displays more vibrant colors than the female, making them more noticeable to potential mates. These characteristics have evolved over time as a result of sexual selection, as males who exhibited these traits were more successful in attracting mates and passing on their genes.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Boy]]<br />
* [[Masculinity]]<br />
* [[Lord]]<br />
* [[Gentleman]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{commons category|Males|lcfirst=yes}}<br />
{{Wiktionary}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Wedgwood|first=Hensleigh|author-link=Hensleigh Wedgwood|title=On False Etymologies|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=78|year=1855|issue=6|page=68}}<br />
<br />
{{Sex (biology)}}<br />
{{Sexual identities}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Male| ]]<br />
[[Category:Terms for men| ]]<br />
[[Category:Sex]]<br />
[[Category:Boys]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitinbhai_Patel&diff=456888Nitinbhai Patel2026-01-26T00:24:10Z<p>TobyRamer579490: minor enhance references for accuracy and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{update|date=September 2021}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nitin<br />
Patel<br />
| order = 5th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat]]<br />
| image = File:Nitin_Patel_2018.JPG<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata =<br />
[[Vijay Rupani]]<br />
| governor = *[[Om Prakash Kohli]]<br />
*[[Acharya Devvrat]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Narhari Amin]]<br />
| 1blankname1 = Departments | 1namedata1 = Health, Medical Education, Family Welfare, Road and Building, Capital Project| office2 = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] |successor = [[Harsh Sanghavi]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2012<br />
| term_end2 = 2022<br />
| constituency2 = [[Mahesana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahesana]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Anilkumar Patel]]<br />
| successor2 = Mukeshkumar D. Patel<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|06|22|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Visnagar]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = Sulochanaben Patel<br />
| children = Jaimin Patel <br /> Sunny Patel<br />
| residence = Ahmedabad<br />
| term_start = 7 August 2016<br />
| term_end = 11 September 2021<br />
| alma_mater = Sarva Vidhyalaya Kelavani Mandal<br />
}}<br />
'''Nitinbhai Ratilalbhai Patel''' (born 22 June 1956) is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He served as the 5th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat|Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat]] from 2016 to 2021 under late Vijay Rupani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vijay-rupani-to-succeed-anandiben-patel-as-gujarat-cm-nitin-patel-to-be-his-deputy/articleshow/53559478.cms | title=Vijay Rupani to succeed Anandiben Patel as Gujarat CM, Nitin Patel to be his deputy | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=5 August 2016 | access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vijay-Rupani-named-Gujarat-chief-minister-Nitin-Patel-to-be-deputy-CM/articleshow/53559312.cms? | title=Vijay Rupani named Gujarat chief minister; Nitin Patel to be deputy CM | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 August 2016 | access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> He was formerly the Minister for Water Supply, Water Resources (excluding Kalpsar Division), Urban Development and Urban Housing. He was elected to the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Mehsana in 2012 and 2017.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Nitinbhai Patel was born on 22 June 1956 in [[Visnagar]]. He studied till the second year of B. Com. and dropped out. Before entering politics, he worked in cotton and oil factories. He is an alumnus of Sarva Vidhyalaya Kelavani Mandal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svkm.org.in/alumni-association/|title=Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavni Mandal alumnus|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Nitinbhai Patel was elected to the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] From [[Kadi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kadi]], in the [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], and reelected in [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995 election]] and [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998 election]]. He sarved as a member of various Committees, among them the Government Assurances, Public Undertakings, Estimates, Treasurer, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|B.J.P.]], Empower Committee for the implementation of [[Value-added tax|VAT]]. <br />
* Minister: Health and Family Welfare, 1995–96, Agriculture, Small and Medium Irrigation Schemes, 1998–99, Small and Medium Irrigation Schemes, Roads and Buildings, 1999–2001, Finance and Revenue, 2001–02, Water Supply, Water Resources (except Kalpsar Section), Urban Development and Urban Housing, 2008-.<br />
* Elected MLA in Gujarat in 2012 and 2017, from [[Mahesana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
===Other posts ===<br />
President, Kadi Nagarpalika, 1988–90, Mehsana District BJP, 1997–98. Member, Executive Committee Sarva Vidhyalaya Kelavani Mandal,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://svkm.org.in/pillars/#executive | title=Invited Members of Council Minister | access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> Kadi, Executive Committee, Bhagyodaya General Hospital, Kadi, Panjarapole Sanstha, Kadi, Kadi Nagarpalika. Vice-President, Sanskar Mandal, Kadi, Skum Trust School, Thaltej, Ahmedabad. General Secretary, Kadi Taluka Navnirman Committee, 1974, C.N. Arts and B.D. Commerce College, Kadi, 1976. Director, Kadi Agricultural Produce Market Committee, 1984–88, Mehsana District Cooperative Bank Ltd. for eight years. As a 15-year member of Kadi Nagarpalika, he served as Chairman of various Committees including the Executive Committee of Kadi Nagarpalika.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.gujaratindia.com/whos-who/ministers.htm Gujarat Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814114702/http://www.gujaratindia.com/whos-who/ministers.htm |date=14 August 2016 }}<br />
* [https://nitinpatel.org.in/ Nitinbhai Patel Personal Website]<br />
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{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Nitinbhai}}<br />
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1990–1995]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Health ministers of Gujarat]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinayak_Torvi&diff=544673Vinayak Torvi2026-01-24T04:15:17Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Added basic info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Vinayak Malharrao Torvi<br />
| image = Vinayak Torvi.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --><br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = Vinayak<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| alias = Vinayak Torvi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|09|4}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ranebennur]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| origin =<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --><br />
| death_place =<br />
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br />
| occupation = Vocalist<br />
| instrument =<br />
| years_active = 1960 - present<br />
| label =<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Pandit '''Vinayak Malharrao Torvi''', (born 4 September 1948) is an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist. He belongs to the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior]] and [[Kirana gharana|Kirana]] gharanas (singing styles).<br />
<br />
== Early life and training ==<br />
Pandit Vinayak Torvi was born on 4 September 1948 in Ranebennur, in Karnataka. His father Malharrao Torvi was a [[Harikatha]] (musical discourse) exponent.<br />
He developed a passion for music, while listening to and accompanying his father during discourses. He started formal musical education at the age of 9 under Tammanna Gurav and then under Narayanacharya Dandapur{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}.<br />
<br />
Pandit ji received training in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocal music for 15 years in [[Gurukul]] (a traditional system of learning employed in various disciplines throughout India), first from Gururao Deshpande, and later from [[Bhimsen Joshi]] of the [[Kirana gharana]].<br />
<br />
Pandit ji received further reinforcement from musical greats such as [[Gangubai Hangal]], [[Mallikarjun Mansur]] and Basavraj Rajguru during his PG studies in music at Karnataka University, Dharwad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/aspfiles/personwindow_prev.asp?personid=178|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104040/http://www.itcsra.org/aspfiles/personwindow_prev.asp?personid=178|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Vinayak Torvi|access-date=17 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/13/stories/2006011303360200.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125150205/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/13/stories/2006011303360200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Lead, kindly note | date=13 January 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Pandit ji's career started in 1960, as he started performing in music concerts and winning various state and national level music competitions{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}. In the early 1970s he earned a bachelor's degree in music from Karnataka University Dharwad.<br />
<br />
In 1976, Pandit ji became A graded artiste of [[All India Radio]]. At around the same time, in the late 70s, he earned his Masters in classical music from Karnataka University.<br />
Pandit Vinayak Torvi worked for Canara Bank.<br />
In 1980 Pandit ji performed in his first major national level concert, a music conference organised by ITC at Hubli. He later served on the board of Karnataka state Sangeet Nritya Academy for two consecutive terms.<br />
<br />
In 1983 Pandit ji established Gururao Deshpande Sangeet Sabha in [[Bangalore]], which was inaugurated by the musician [[Gangubai Hangal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gururaodeshpandesangeetsabha.com/ |title=.:: Welcome :: |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606142635/http://gururaodeshpandesangeetsabha.com/ |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = 'Sangeeta Yatra' Today <br />
| newspaper = Deccan Herald <br />
| date = September 2007 }}<br />
<br />
In 1991-92, Pandit ji toured England, Scotland, and France for concert and lecture cum demonstrations. This tour was sponsored by the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR). <br />
Since 1985, Pandit Vinayak Torvi has performed at several music conferences.{{cite news<br />
| title = तोरवी यांच्या गायनाने महोत्सवात रंग भरला <br />
| newspaper = Ravivar Sakal रविवार सकाळ <br />
| date = 14 Feb 1988}}, Tansen Festival, ITC SRA Kolkata among others. He was named artist of the month, by ITC SRA. <br />
Since 1991, Torvi has toured abroad, for concerts and lectures, demonstrations in various countries such as USA, England, Australia, Gulf countries etc. <br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = A Treat For Music Lovers <br />
| newspaper = Gulf Times<br />
| date = 14 March 2004 }}<br />
His music has been greatly appreciated by people worldwide. {{cite news<br />
| title = Rare Talent <br />
| newspaper = City Beat <br />
| date = 27 May 2008}}<br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = तोरवी यांच्या गायनाने महोत्सवात रंग भरला <br />
| newspaper = Ravivar Sakal रविवार सकाळ <br />
| date = 14 Feb 1988}} <br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = Vintage Hindustani<br />
| newspaper = The New Sunday Express, Chennai <br />
| date = 28 July 2002}}<br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
<br />
*Surmani from SurSingar Sansad, Mumbai - 1982-83<br />
*Rajyostav Award, Government of Karnataka - 1990<br />
*Chowdiah Memorial Award, Bangalore - 02.11.1996<br />
*Shruthi Sagara, Vasundhara Performing Arts Center, Mysore - 20.12.2004<br />
*Swara Sadhana award from Ratna Swara Sadhana Samithi, Mumbai - 05.03.2005<br />
*Kirana Gharana Award from Music Forum, Mumbai - 05.01.2006<br />
*Sangeetya Puravankara Puraskar from Sangeet Asthan, Bangalore - 18.11.2006<br />
*Nadashree Award from Hindustani Kalakar Mandali, Bangalore - 15.11.2008<br />
*Chandrahasa Award from Sangeet Seva Samithi, Sorab - 07.02.2009<br />
*Aryabhatta Prashasti, Aryabhatta Cultural Organization, Bangalore - 02.04.2011<br />
*Karnataka Kala Tilaka, Sangeet Nritya Academy, Karnataka State<br />
*Celebrity Artiste of SRA, Kolkata.<br />
*Parishath Puraskara, [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat|Karnataka Gana Kala Parishath]], Bangalore.<br />
*Gaayana Gandharva from KGF Music Association.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Torvi, Vinayak}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Gwalior gharana]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:People from Haveri district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khas_people&diff=452896Khas people2026-01-22T03:54:00Z<p>TobyRamer579490: further expanded information after review also and fixed typos</p>
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<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group of Nepal and India}}<br />
{{About|medieval and modern day Khas people|ancient Indo-Aryan group of same name|Khasas|medieval kingdom|Khasa Malla kingdom|native language of Khas people|Khas language}}<br />
{{distinguish|text = [[Khasi people]], the neighboring Austroasiatic ethnolinguistic group in the east or [[Khasia (clan)]], clan found in the Indian state of Gujarat}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Khas<br>Khashiya<br />
| native_name = {{nativename|ne|खस}}<br />
| image = Deuda dancers.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Portrait of Khas women holding hands and performing [[Deuda (genre)|Deuda]]<br />
| population = '''{{Circa|15.3 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref name=ethnologue1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/npi/|title=Nepali (npi)|work=Ethnologue|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref><br />
| regions = [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bhutan]]<br />
| languages = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| rels = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related = [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]], [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]], [[Pahari people (Nepal)|Pahari]] and other [[Indo-Aryans]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Khas or Kus group, Goorkha, dominant tribe, Nipal.jpg|thumb|Khas Tribe of Nepal]]<br />
<br />
'''Khas peoples''' or '''Khas Tribes''', ({{IPAc-en|Lang|k|ɑː|s}}; {{langx|ne|खस}}) popularly known as '''Khashiya'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhunda festival in Spail, a relic of the tribal past |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/bhunda-festival-in-spail-a-relic-of-the-tribal-past/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|'''Khas Arya''' is popularly used terminology over the various media to denote the group.<ref name="Khadka">{{Cite news |last=Khadka |first=Suman |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2015-02-25/drawing-caste-lines.html |title=Drawing caste lines |date=25 Feb 2015 |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref><ref name="thehimalayantimes.com">{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/khas-arya-quota-provision-civil-services-opposed/ |title=Khas Arya quota provision in civil services opposed |date=10 November 2017 |website=thehimalayantimes.com |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21731658-good-government-might-be-too-much-hope-nepals-election-may-last-bring-stability |title=Nepal's election may at last bring stability |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="PM briefs international community">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2018-03-28/pm-briefs-international-community.html |title=PM briefs international community |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Quotable quota">{{cite web |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/from-the-nepali-press/quotable-quota/ |title=Quotable quota |website=Nepali Times |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/kp-oli-swearing-in-ceremony-nepal-elections-5119820/ |title=Next Door Nepal: Another chink in the wall |date=2 April 2018 |website=indianexpress.com |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Oli in balancing avatar">{{cite web |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/39123/?categoryId=81 |title=Oli in balancing avatar |website=myrepublica.com |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="asia.nikkei.com">{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Nepal-seeks-unity-from-its-first-local-elections-in-20-years |title=Nepal seeks unity from its first local elections in 20 years |website=Nikkei Asian Review |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="thewire.in">{{cite web |title=Lessons for India From Nepal's History of Banning Cow Slaughter |website=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/lessons-for-india-from-nepal-history-of-cow-slaughter |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="kathmandupost.ekantipur.com">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-04-07/what-does-high-caste-chauvinism-look-like.html |title=What does high caste chauvinism look like? |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Nepal]] considers the [[Chhetri|Kshetri]]s, [[Thakuri]]s, and [[Sannyasa|Sanyasis]] (Dashnami) as "Khas" for the electoral purposes.<ref name="Constitution"/>|name="khas arya"|group="nb"}} are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] native to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]] of [[South Asia]], in what is now the South Asian country of [[Nepal]], as well as the [[Indian states]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Sikkim]].{{#tag:ref|Sociologist R.N. Saksena identified the [[Kanet]]s of [[Kangra Valley|Kangra]] and [[Garhwal region|Garhwal]], the Khosa of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] and the bulk population of [[Garhwal region|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon region|Kumaon]] (referred as "Khasia") as being descended from the [[Khasas]].{{sfn|Saksena|2019|p=109}} Historian Sir [[Marc Aurel Stein]] further identified the modern [[Khakha|Khakha Rajput]] community as the Khas people in the [[Azad Kashmir]] state of [[Pakistan]]{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=433}} and the modern [[Bomba (tribe)|Bomba clan]] in the [[Karnah]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=434}}|name="Khakha Rajputs-Khasha Rajput"|group="nb"}} Khas consists of many subtribes like [[Chhetri|Kshetri]], [[Thakuri]], [[Bahun]] and [[Sannyasa|Sanyasis]] and all spread across the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="Khadka">{{Cite news |last=Khadka |first=Suman |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2015-02-25/drawing-caste-lines.html |title=Drawing caste lines |date=25 Feb 2015 |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref><ref name="thehimalayantimes.com">{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/khas-arya-quota-provision-civil-services-opposed/ |title=Khas Arya quota provision in civil services opposed |date=10 November 2017 |website=thehimalayantimes.com |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21731658-good-government-might-be-too-much-hope-nepals-election-may-last-bring-stability |title=Nepal's election may at last bring stability |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="PM briefs international community">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2018-03-28/pm-briefs-international-community.html |title=PM briefs international community |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Quotable quota">{{cite web |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/from-the-nepali-press/quotable-quota/ |title=Quotable quota |website=Nepali Times |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/kp-oli-swearing-in-ceremony-nepal-elections-5119820/ |title=Next Door Nepal: Another chink in the wall |date=2 April 2018 |website=indianexpress.com |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Oli in balancing avatar">{{cite web |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/39123/?categoryId=81 |title=Oli in balancing avatar |website=myrepublica.com |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="asia.nikkei.com">{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Nepal-seeks-unity-from-its-first-local-elections-in-20-years |title=Nepal seeks unity from its first local elections in 20 years |website=Nikkei Asian Review |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="thewire.in">{{cite web |title=Lessons for India From Nepal's History of Banning Cow Slaughter |website=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/lessons-for-india-from-nepal-history-of-cow-slaughter |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="kathmandupost.ekantipur.com">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-04-07/what-does-high-caste-chauvinism-look-like.html |title=What does high caste chauvinism look like? |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Hagen|Thapa|1998|p=114}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[Constitution of Nepal]], [[Bahun]], [[Chhetri|Kshetri]]s, [[Thakuri]]s, and [[Sannyasa|Sanyasis]] (Dashnami) who are citizens of Nepal should be considered as "Khas Arya" for electoral purposes.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |title=Part-8 Federal Legislature |publisher=Nepal Law Commission |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/888 |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428204738/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/888 |archive-date=2021-04-28}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Historically, Khas were the speakers of an ancient ''Khas language'' from the [[Indo-Aryan language]] family{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|pp=118-119}}{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=543}} and the earliest recorded speakers of the [[Western Pahari languages]].{{sfn|Saksena|2019|p=109}} The large portion of the Indo-Aryan speakers throughout lower Himalayas were the Masto people.{{sfn|Saklani|1998|p=71}} An [[Indo-Aryan migrations|intrusion]] of this tribe from the [[Western Himalayas|Western and Northwestern Himalayas]] into Central Himalayas is substantiated by the early linguistic evidences related to the [[Nepali language]].{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=543}} They were also known as '''Parbatiyas/Parbates''' and are currently known as '''Paharis/Pahadis.''' (literally, "from the hills"). They were also referred to as '''Yartse''' in Tibet and are also known as Khasan by Bhotia people. The term ''Khas'' has now become obsolete, as the Khas people have adopted communal identities because of the negative stereotypes associated with the term ''Khas''. In Nepal the native speaker of [[Nepali language]] are known as Khas people.{{sfn|William Brook Northey|C. J. Morris|1928|p=123}}{{sfn|K. S. Singh|2005|p=851}}{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=48}}<br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
{{Main|Khasas}}<br />
{{Main|Khasas (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
===Indo-Aryan origin theories===<br />
They have been connected to the [[Khasas]] mentioned in the ancient Hindu literature.{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|pp=112-119}} Irish linguist Sir [[G.A. Grierson]] asserted that "..the great mass of the [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Aryan speaking population]] of the lower [[Himalaya]] from [[Kashmir]] to [[Darjeeling]] is inhabited by tribes descended from the ancient [[Khasas (Mahabharata)|Khasas of Mahabharata]]."{{sfn|Saklani|1998|p=71}} Historian Bal Krishna Sharma and [[Dor Bahadur Bista]] speculates that the Khas people were of [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European origin]].{{sfn|Sharma|1999|p=181}}{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=48}} Historian [[Baburam Acharya]] speculates that Khas are a sub-clan of Aida, an "Aryas” [[clan]] that originated at Idavritt (modern day [[Kashmir]] to [[Nepal]]).{{sfn|Acharya|1975|p=199}}{{#tag:ref|Historian [[Baburam Acharya]] speculates that in the 3rd millennium BCE., there were two clans of '''[[Aryan|Arya]]''' in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]]; ''Aiḍa'' and ''Mānava''. ''Aiḍa'' who were named after their homeland ''Iḍavritt'' (modern day [[Kashmir]]), settled over [[Punjab|Panjab]] and [[Gangetic plain|Ganga-Jamuna plain]] while ''Mānava'' settled over [[Awadh]] region. [[Chandravanshi]] kings like [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] and [[Yudhisthir]] belonged to ''Aiḍa'' while [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] kings like [[Ramachandra]] belonged to ''Mānava''. Later, ''Aiḍa'' built dominion over [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]] while ''Mānava'' had dominion over [[Videha]].{{sfn|Acharya|1975|p=199}}|name="arya clan"|group="nb"}} Khas were living in the ''Idavaritt'' in the 3rd millennium BCE. and the original meaning of the term ''Khas'' was [[Raja]] or [[Kshatriya]] (Yoddha).{{sfn|Acharya|1975|p=199}} He further speculates that Kashmir has been named from its local residents Khas as '''Khasmir'''.{{sfn|Acharya|1975|p=199}} In the 2nd millennium B.C.E., one group of Khas migrated towards [[Iran]] while the other group migrated east of [[Sutlej river]] settling only in the hill regions up to [[Bheri River]].{{sfn|Acharya|1975|p=200}} Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel contends that Khas were not the [[Vedic Aryan]]s but [[Indo-Iranian people|Aryans]] of the latter periods like the [[Gurjaras|Gurjara]], [[Darada]], [[Saka|Shaka]], and [[Pallava]].{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} He further asserts that post-Vedic Aryans were akin to Vedic Aryans in terms of [[Indo-Aryan languages|language]] and culture.{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} Irish linguist Sir [[George Abraham Grierson]] asserted that the Khasas were one of the warrior "Kshatriya tribe of Aryan origin" with linguistic connections to both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Iranian languages]], who lost claim to Vedichood due to non-observance of Vedic rules.{{#tag:ref|...in the extreme northwest of India, on the [[Hindu Kush]] and mountainous tracts to the south, and in Western Punjab, there was a group of tribes, one of which was called '''Khasa''', which were looked upon as Kshatriyas of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] origin. These spoke a language closely allied with [[Sanskrit]], but with a vocabulary partly agreeing with that of the [[Iranic peoples|Eranian]] [[Avesta]]. They were considered to have lost their claim to considerations as [[Aryans]], and to have become [[Mlechha]]s, or barbarians, owing to their non-observance of the rules for drinking and eating by [[Vedic people|Sanskritic peoples]] of India. Khasas were warlike tribe, and were well known to classical writers, who noted, as their special home, the [[Indian Caucasus]] of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]].{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=17}}{{sfn|Saksena|2019|pp=108-109}}|group="nb"|name="Grierson on Khasas"}} Roman geographer [[Pliny The Elder]] described the ancient Khasas/Khasiras (referred as 'Casiri') as one of the Indian ethnicity.{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=3}}<br />
<br />
===Saka origin theories===<br />
Historian [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] proposes the origin of the Khasha tribe from the [[Saka|Shaka tribe]] and further identifies [[Khasas|Khashas]] and [[Saka|Shaka]]s to have been two different waves of the same race.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}} The [[Indo-Scythian|Shakas were in Indian subcontinent]] before the first century BCE while the Khashas spread over the [[Himalayas]] and extensively populated the mountainous regions of Uttarakhand{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}} and the later waves of Shakas got diffused into them.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}} Historian Omchand Handa contends that the "sun worship" among Khashas is a Shaka legacy and perhaps the standing [[Surya]] images with long boots which was commonly found at the Khasha belt of Himalaya. Some examples of it are the Bara-Aditya at [[Katarmal]] and [[Surya]] images of [[Baijnath Temple Complex|Baijnath]], [[Bageshwar]] and [[Dwarahat]].{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
===Medieval history in Nepal and Uttarakhand===<br />
[[File:कर्तिखम्म.jpg|thumb|Stone script of Damupal near Kartikhamba in Dailekh dated 1038 (981 A.D.) is claimed to be the first stone script in Nepali Language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasai|first=Dirgha Raj|chapter=History Of Nepali Language and its importance|title=Rising Nepal|date=27 Feb 2011|via=Educatenepal|url=https://www.educatenepal.com/article_archive/display/history-of-nepali-language-and-its-importance|access-date=2022-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510112356/https://www.educatenepal.com/article_archive/display/history-of-nepali-language-and-its-importance|archive-date=2023-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]<br />
Khasas are believed to have arrived in the western reaches of Nepal at the beginning of first-millennium B.C.{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=15}} or middle of first-millennium A.D.{{sfn|Sharma|1999|p=112}} from the north-west. The earliest linguistic evidences related to [[Nepali language]] also substantiates the linguistic intrusion of an Indo-Aryan speaking Khasa tribe from the [[Western Himalayas|West or Northwest Himalayas]] into Central Himalayas at the present day regions of Western Nepal.{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=543}} It is likely that they absorbed people from different ethnic groups during this immigration.{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|p=113}} They had extensively populated the mountainous regions of [[Uttarakhand]]{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}} and they had entirely dominated the inner Himalayan belt up to Nepal.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=24-25}} Previously, Khashas had strongly established themselves from [[Afghanistan]] to Nepal from ancient period and as per internal evidences, they managed the village level theocratic republics like Gram-Rajya and Mandals under various local clans and identities.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}}<br />
<br />
The ruling [[Katyuri dynasty]] (700-1065 CE) of [[Kumaon region|Kumaon]] who were of Khas origin,{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}} was one of the ruling houses of [[Joshimath]] that claimed the [[sovereignty]] over other Gram Rajyas of the entire territory.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=24}} The Katyuris ruled from [[Joshimath]] in the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] Valley and later they shifted their capital to [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]].{{sfn|Handa|2002|pp=26-28}} They have also been connected to the medieval [[Khasa Malla kingdom]].{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|pp=112-119}} The Khasa kings of West Nepal-Uttarakhand formed the famous Malla Kingdom, which ruled Humla from the eleventh century before collapsing and splintering into local chiefdoms during the fourteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Thomas L. |last2=Dunham |first2=V. Carroll |title=Hidden Himalayas |date=March 2001 |publisher=Abbeville Press |location=New York |isbn=9780789207227 |url=http://www.abbeville.com/pdf/0789207222.pdf |access-date=2016-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324052621/http://www.abbeville.com/pdf/0789207222.pdf |archive-date=2006-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the initial phase, majority of Khas people became Brahmins and others became Kshatriyas.{{sfn|Sharma|1999|p=112}}<br />
<br />
===History in Kashmir ===<br />
[[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi Supported by Garuda, 11th century CE, Ancient Kingdom of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] [[Garuda]] art at the time of the Khasha Lohara dynasty, 11th century CE, Jammu and Kashmir.]]<br />
The ruling [[Lohara dynasty]] (1003-1320 CE) of [[Kashmir]] were from the Khas tribe as per the 12th century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' written by the local Kashmiri Pandit historian [[Kalhana]].{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=433}}{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}} Furthermore, [[Rajatarangini]] describes the rulers of Rajapuri (modern [[Rajauri]]) as the "lord of the Khasas".{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}}{{sfn|Sharma|2019|p=706}} The Khasa chiefs of Rajapuri freely intermarried with [[Kshatriya]] rulers of [[Kashmir]] while the Khasa chief of Lohara, Simharaja, married a daughter of [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi Kings of Kabul]].{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}} The descendants of the royal family of Rajauri later became [[Muslim Rajput]] chiefs and they retained the rulership of the territory till 19th century.{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=433}} The inhabitants of [[Karnah]] region in northwestern Kashmir, were Khasas and they were represented by the modern [[Bomba (tribe)]]{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=434}} who independently ruled the northwestern Kashmir till the [[Misl#Battles fought by Sikhs|Sikh conquest of Kashmir]].{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=434}} There was also an independent Khasa lord at the castle located in the foot of [[Banihal Pass|Banahal Pass]] in the territory of Visalata{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=433}} and Dengapala ("Thakkura Dengapala"{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=432}}) was a Khasa chief at the banks of Chandrabhaga (modern [[Chenab river]]).{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=16}}<br />
<br />
===Modern history in Nepal===<br />
[[File:Mandhata Shahi- SAKE-1612.jpg|thumb|Copper Inscription by King of [[Doti]], ''Raika'' Mandhata Shahi at [[Saka Era]] 1612 ({{Lang|ne|शाके १६१२}}; 1747 [[Bikram Samvat]] ({{Circa|1690 – 1691}}) in old [[Khas language]] using [[Devanagari]] script]]<br />
Until the 19th century, the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhali]] referred to their country as ''Khas Desh'' (Khas country).{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|p=107}} As they annexed the various neighboring countries (such as Nepal or Newa of the [[Newar people]]) to the Gorkha kingdom, the terms such as ''Khas'' and ''Newar'' ceased to be used as the names of countries. The 1854 legal code (''Muluki Ain''), promulgated by the Nepali Prime Minister [[Jung Bahadur Rana]], himself a Khas,{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=37}} no longer referred to ''Khas'' as a country, rather as a ''[[jāti|jāt]]'' (species or community) within the Gorkha kingdom.{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|p=117}}<br />
[[File:Khas or pre-gorkha kingdom.jpg|thumb|Khas Kingdom]]<br />
[[File:Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mukhtiyar]] [[Bhimsen Thapa]], the widely accepted first Prime Minister of Nepal]]<br />
<br />
The [[Shah dynasty]] of the Gorkha Kingdom, as well as the later prime-ministerial [[Rana dynasty]], spoke the [[Khas language]] (now called the Nepali language). However, they claimed to be Rajputs of western Indian origin, rather than the native Khas Kshatriyas.{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|p=119}} Since outside Nepal, the Khas social status was seen as inferior to that of the Rajputs, the rulers started describing themselves as natives of the Hill country, rather than that of the Khas country. Most people, however, considered the terms ''Khas'' and ''Parbatiya'' (''Pahari/Pahadi'' or Hill people) as synonymous.{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|p=107}}<br />
<br />
Jung Bahadur also re-labeled the Khas ''jāt'' as [[Chhetri]] in present-day Nepal.{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|p=119}} Originally, the [[Brahmin]] immigrants from the [[Gangetic plain|plains]] considered the Khas as low-caste because of the latter's neglect of high-caste taboos (such as alcohol abstinence).{{sfn|Susan Thieme|2006|p=83}} The upper-class Khas people commissioned the [[Bahun]] (Brahmin) priests to initiate them into the high-caste Chhetri order and adopted high-caste manners. Other Khas families who could not afford to (or did not care to) pay the Bahun priests also attempted to assume the Chhetri status but were not recognized as such by others. They are now called Matwali (alcohol-drinker Khas) Chhetris.{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=48}} Because of the adoption of the ''Chhetri'' identity, the term ''Khas'' is rapidly becoming obsolete.{{sfn|William Brook Northey|C. J. Morris|1928|p=123}} According to [[Dor Bahadur Bista]] (1991), "the Khas have vanished from the ethnographic map of Nepal".{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=48}}<br />
<br />
==Modern==<br />
===Nepal===<br />
[[File:Jangabahadur Horse Riding Statue.jpg|thumb|[[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana|Jang Bahadur Rana]], de-facto ruler of Nepal and a patriarch of historical [[Rana dynasty]] (1846-1951)]]<br />
Modern-day Khas people are referred to as Hill Brahmin ([[Bahun]]), Hill Kshatriya ([[Thakuri]]/[[Chhetri]]) and Hill Dalit.{{sfn|John T Hitchcock|1978|pp=116-119}} Further, historian Pokharel adds the [[Gharti]], [[Damai]], [[Kami (caste)|Kami]], [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]], Hudka, Tamote, [[Gandarbha|Gaine]] and [[Badi people|Badi]] to the Khas communities.{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} In modern times, Khas people are popularly referred by the term "Khas Arya".<ref name="Khadka"/><br />
<br />
===India-Pakistan===<br />
In [[Kumaon District|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] regions of [[Uttarakhand]] in India, too, the term ''Khas'' has become obsolete. The Khas people of Kumaon termed as Kumaoni khash jimdar, after being elevated to the Rajput status by the [[Chand kings]]. During Chand rule in Kumaon, Khas and Rajput were differentiated by their sacred thread, Khas were allowed to wear only 3 thread (3 palli)sacred thread whereas Rajput used to wear 6 palli sacred thread.The term Khas is almost obsolete, and people resent being addressed as Khas because of the negative stereotypes associated with this term.{{sfn|K. S. Singh|2005|p=851}} Furthermore, the [[Kanet]]s of [[Kangra Valley|Kangra]] and [[Garhwal region|Garhwal]], Khasa of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] and the bulk population of [[Garhwal region|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon region|Kumaon]] (referred as "Khasia") are descended from the [[Khasas]].{{sfn|Saksena|2019|p=109}} Generally, the Khas people are referred as [[Rajput]]s or [[Kanet]]s in the [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{sfn|Manorma Sharma|1998|p=113}} According to E.T. Atkinson, the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] is the representative Khasiya tract and it <br />
{{Blockquote|"..forms a very important links between the almost Hinduized Khasiyas of Kumaon and their [[Muslim Rajputs|brethren converts to Islam]] on the ethnical frontier of the mountains of [[Hindu Kush]] and apparently gives customs and practices of '''Khasiya race''' in full force at the present day which distinguished them thousands of years ago."{{sfn|Saksena|2019|p=109}}}}<br />
<br />
Historian Sir [[Marc Aurel Stein]] identified the modern [[Khakha|Khakha Rajputs]] of [[Azad Kashmir]] as the descendants of Khasas mentioned in the ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}}{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=433}} The Khasa tribe in [[Karnah]] region in northwestern Kashmir were represented by the modern [[Bomba (tribe)]].{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=434}}<br />
<br />
==Communities==<br />
Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel writes the communities or caste in Khas group were hill [[Bahun]], [[Chhetri]], [[Thakuri dynasty|Thakuri]],<ref>[[Sannyasa|Sannyasi]]</ref> [[Gharti]], [[Damai]], [[Kami (caste)|Kami]], [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]], Hudka, Tamote, [[Gandarbha|Gaine]] and [[Sunar]], [[Badi (caste)|badi]], [[Lohar (caste)|luhar]], parki etc .{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} The tribal designation [[Khasas|Khas]] refers to in some contexts only to the alcohol drinker Khas group, i.e. Thakuri and Chhetri, but in other contexts may also include the low status (occupational Khas groups such as [[Kami (caste)|Kāmi]] (blacksmiths), [[Damai|Damāi]] (tailors), and [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sārki]] (shoemakers and leather workers).{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=31}} Khas people are addressed with the term ''Khayan'' or ''Parbatiya''{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} or ''Partyā'', ''Parbaté'' meaning hill-dweller by [[Newar]]s.{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=31}} The hill Khas tribe are in large part associated with the [[Gurkha|Gorkhali]] warriors.{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=31}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Khas people of the [[Western Himalayas]] are considered similar to the Khas people of the [[Garhwal region|Garhwal]], [[Kumaon region|Kumaon]] and Nepal.{{sfn|Manorma Sharma|1998|p=113}} They are generally referred as [[Rajput]]s or [[Kanet]]s in the [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{sfn|Manorma Sharma|1998|p=113}} The Khasas of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] who are represented by the Jaunsari [[Rajput]]s and [[Brahmins]]) practiced polyandrous marriages.{{sfn|Saksena|2019|pp=107,109-111}}<br />
<br />
==Culture and religion==<br />
===Languages===<br />
Irish Linguist [[George Abraham Grierson]] in his [[Linguistic Survey of India]] stated that the Khas tribe were the earliest recorded speakers of the [[Western Pahari languages]].{{sfn|Saksena|2019|p=109}} He further asserted that the Khas people made the bulk population of the [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan speakers]] throughout the lower [[Himalaya]] from [[Kashmir]] to [[Darjeeling]].{{sfn|Saklani|1998|p=71}}{{sfn|Saksena|2019|p=109}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Major Indo-Aryan languages.png|thumb|[[Khas language]] of Nepal, belongs to the [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan language group]] as shown as ''Nepali'', in dark purple]]<br />
The Khas people of Nepal originally referred to their language as ''[[Khas language|Khas kurā]]'' (Khas speech), which was also known as ''Parbatiya'' (the language of the hill country). The Newar people used the term ''Khayan Bhaya'', ''Parbatiya''{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} and ''Gorkhali'' as a name for this language, Gorkhalis themselves started using this term to refer to their language at a later stage.{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|p=118}} In an attempt to disassociate himself with his Khas past, the Rana prime minister Jung Bahadur decreed that the term Gorkhali be used instead of ''Khas kurā'' to describe the language. Meanwhile, the [[British India]]n administrators had started using the term ''Nepal'' (after Newar) to refer to the Gorkha kingdom. In the 1930s, the Gorkha government also adopted this term to describe their country. Subsequently, the Khas language also came to be known as ''Nepali language''.{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|pp=118-119}} It has become a national language of Nepal and [[lingua franca]] among the majority of population of [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|Northern region of West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Bhutan]].{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}} Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel contends that the [[Khas language]] of Nepal belonged to neither the [[Iranian Languages|Iranian]] language family, nor the [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], but to the mid [[Indo-Iranian languages]].{{sfn|Pokhrel|1973|p=229}}<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
[[Deuda (genre)|Deuda]] song and folk dance performed on the occasion of various festivals in the [[Sudurpashchim Province|Sudurpashchim]] and [[Karnali Province|Karnali]] provinces of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=देउडा गीत र देउडा भाषिकाको इतिहास |url=https://sajhabisaunee.com/archives/3539 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=Sajha Bisaunee |language=ne}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
The majority of Khas profess [[Hinduism]]; some of them also follow [[Buddhism]] and some were also converted to [[Christianity]].<br />
The Khas people also had their own sect of [[Shaivism]] known as Masto religion where 12 Masto gods were worshipped. These gods were said to be sons of [[Shiva]]. Masto worship was prevalent throughout all of the [[Himalayan region|Western Himalayan region]].{{Full citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
[[File:Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Khas '[[Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal]]', who ruled the country as a Queen regent in the 19th century]]<br />
<br />
===Medieval Khas families and dynasties===<br />
*[[Katyuri kings]]{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}}<br />
*[[Lohara dynasty]]{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=433}}{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}}<br />
*[[Gurkha kingdom|Gurkha Kingdom]]<br />
*[[Vanshala Kingdom]]{{sfn|Stein|1989|loc=book viii(i), p. 144}}<br />
*[[Vishlata]]{{sfn|Stein|1989|loc=book viii, pp. 58,60,96}}<br />
<br />
===Modern Khas===<br />
*[[Bir Bhadra Thapa]]{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=22}}<br />
*[[Amar Singh Thapa (Sardar)|Sanukaji Amar Singh Thapa]]{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=22}}<br />
*[[Bhimsen Thapa]]{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=22}} <br />
*[[Jung Bahadur Rana]]{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=37}}<br />
*[[Kalu Pande]] (Kaji) {{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=22}}<br />
*[[BP Koirala]]<br />
*[[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]<br />
*[[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] <br />
*[[Shivaram Singh Basnyat]] (Badabir senapanti) <ref>{{Citation|title=BBBBB|date=2005-01-20|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203970843-60|work=Improvement of Buildings' Structural Quality by New Technologies|pages=520–522|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203970843-60|isbn=978-0-429-22460-7|access-date=2021-07-02|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
*[[Kehar Singh Basnyat]]<br />
*[[Damodar Pandey]]<br />
*[[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]]<br />
*[[Kirtiman Singh Basnyat]]<br />
*[[Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat]]<br />
*[[Dhokal Singh Basnyat]]<br />
*[[Rana Jang Pande]]<br />
*[[Kunwar Inderjit Singh]]<br />
*[[Subarna Shamsher Rana]]<br />
*[[Sher Bahadur Thapa]]<br />
*[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]<br />
*[[Jhalak Man Gandarbha]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Nepali language]]<br />
*[[Kumaoni language]]<br />
*[[Garhwali language]] <br />
*[[Indo-Aryan migrations]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=nb|30em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
*{{citation | last = Acharya | first = Baburam | editor-last = Bhandari | editor-first = Devi Prasad | title = Itihas Kaalbhanda Pahile | journal = Purnima | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | location = Kathmandu | date = 1975 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/purnima/pdf/Purnima_08_04.pdf | access-date = 2018-10-04 | archive-date = 2024-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240513014151/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/purnima/pdf/Purnima_08_04.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Adhikary |first=Surya Mani |title=The Khaśa kingdom: a trans-Himalayan empire of the middle age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cH5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Nirala |isbn=978-81-85693-50-7 }}<br />
*{{citation | last = Crooke | first = William | title = The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 3 | publisher = Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India | location = Calcutta | year = 1896 | isbn = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=61Y2M9ppW64C&q=ET+Atkinson+Khasiya }}<br />
*{{Citation|author= D.R. Regmi|title= Medieval Nepal|volume= 1|publisher= Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|year= 1965|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6QAAAAIAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Dor Bahadur Bista |author-link=Dor Bahadur Bista |title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC&pg=PA48 |year=1991 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0188-1 }}<br />
*{{cite book |first=George Abraham |last=Grierson |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Linguistic Survey of India, Volume 9, Part 4 |volume=9 |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing, India |year=1916 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYtPAQAAMAAJ&q=attacori+thuni }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Hagen |first1=Toni |last2=Thapa |first2=Deepak |title=Toni Hagen's Nepal: The Kingdom in the Himalaya |date=1998 |publisher=Himal Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LFuAAAAMAAJ }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=John T Hitchcock |contribution=An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System |editor=James F. Fisher |title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0C-IhEKrSEC&pg=PA113 |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-7700-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=K. S. Singh |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBdWAAAAYAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 }}<br />
*{{citation |last=Pokhrel |first=Balkrishna |title=Ancient Khas Culture |journal=Regmi Research Series |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=229–236 |date=December 1, 1973 |orig-year=1962 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_05.pdf |access-date=2019-01-02 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625172610/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_05.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{citation |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar L. |title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=9788180698132 |location=New Delhi |page=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&q=the+assassination+of+rana+bahadur+shah }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Richard Burghart |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |jstor=2056748 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748 |s2cid=154584368}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Susan Thieme |title=Social Networks and Migration: Far West Nepalese Labour Migrants in Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SQLdsejmkQC&pg=PA83 |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-9246-3 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=William Brook Northey |author2=C. J. Morris |title=The Gurkhas: Their Manners, Customs, and Country |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSaX09InyIoC&pg=PA123 |year=1928 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1577-9 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | title=A History of Nepal | last1=Whelpton | first1=John | year=2005 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0521804707 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSo6PgAACAAJ }}<br />
* {{Cite book | title=The origin of caste system in Hinduism and its relevance in the present context | last=Sharma | first=Bal Krishna | year=1999 | publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Samdan Publishers | isbn=9788172144968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1QqAAAAYAAJ }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. (Omacanda) |title=History of Uttaranchal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |year=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173871344 }}<br />
* {{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages| isbn=9781135797119| last1=Jain| first1=Danesh| last2=Cardona| first2=George| date=26 July 2007| publisher=Routledge}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Saklani |first=Dinesh Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&q=khasas |title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya |isbn=9788173870903 |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1998 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Saksena |first=R.N. |editor=George Kurrian |chapter=Marriages and Family in the Polyandrous Khasa tribe of Jaunsar-Bawar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWOEDwAAQBAJ |title=The Family in India: A Regional View |isbn=9783110886757 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co |year=2019 |pages=108–118 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Manorma Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDxa5G2S0AwC&q=Tribal+Melodies+of+Himachal+Pradesh%3A+Gaddi+folk+music |title=Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi folk music |isbn=9788170249122 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |pages= }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Megha |title=The region of Kashmir in Ancient Literature with special mention to Tribes |journal=Pramana Research Journal |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=703–707 |date=2019 |url=https://www.pramanaresearch.org/gallery/prj-p1082.pdf |issn=2249-2976 }}<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir |volume=1 |first=Marc Aurel |last=Stein |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |orig-year=1900a |year=1979 |chapter=Chronological and Dynastic Tables of Kalhana's Record of Kasmir Kings |isbn=978-81-208-0368-8 }}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |access-date=2011-07-10 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |chapter=The Khasas An Early Indian Tribe |editor=K. K. Kusuman |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA285 |year=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |pages=285–293 }}<br />
*{{citation |last=Tucci |first=Giuseppe |title=Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal |publisher=David Brown Book Company |year=1956 |isbn=9788857526843 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6480/ }}<br />
*{{citation |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |first=Christoph |title=Caste and Kin in Nepal, India and Ceylon: Anthropological Studies in Hindu-Buddhist Contact Zones |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1966 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCTqMgEACAAJ }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Khas people}}<br />
<br />
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Khas people| ]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=44th_Armoured_Regiment_(India)&diff=47309644th Armoured Regiment (India)2026-01-16T09:13:57Z<p>TobyRamer579490: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Army regiment}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name=44 Armoured Regiment <br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates= 1981–present<br />
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]<br />
|allegiance=India<br />
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br />
|type= [[Armoured Corps]]<br />
|role=<br />
|size= Regiment<br />
|command_structure=<br />
|equipment= [[T-72]] <br />
<!-- Commanders --><br />
|Past Commanders= <br />
|ceremonial_chief=<br />
|colonel_of_the_regiment= Lieutenant General Vipul Singhal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><br />
|notable_commanders= <br />
<!-- Insignia --><br />
|identification_symbol=44 Armd Regt<br />
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation<br />
<!-- Culture and history --><br />
|nickname= "The Roaring Fours"<br />
|patron=<br />
|motto= युध्यस्व जेतासि रणे <br/>"Yudhyasva Jetasi Rane" (Fight, and Victory shall be yours)<br />
|colors= Red and Gold<br />
|march=<br />
|mascot=<br />
|battles=<br />
|anniversaries=<br />
|decorations= <br />
|battle_honours= <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''44 Armoured Regiment''' is an armoured regiment of the [[Indian Army]].<br />
<br />
== Formation ==<br />
44 Armoured Regiment was raised on 15 December 1981 at [[Ahmednagar]] under the command of Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) DS Dhillon based on a ‘mixed class composition’ and equipped with [[Vijayanta]] tanks.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/44-armoured-regiment-gets-presidents-standards/articleshow/46370168.cms?from=mdr|title= 44 Armoured Regiment gets President's Standards in Economic Times|date= 2015-02-25|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> Major General (later General) [[Bipin Chandra Joshi|BC Joshi]] was the first Colonel of the Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1986/O-0726-1986-0049-32332.pdf|title=Gazette of India No 19 |date=1986-12-06|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh presented the President’s ‘Standards’ to 44 Armoured Regiment, at Suratgarh Military Station, in Rajasthan on February 25, 2015.jpg|thumb|365x365px|The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh presenting the President's ‘Standard’ to 44 Armoured Regiment, at Suratgarh, in Rajasthan on February 25, 2015|alt=|right]]<br />
<br />
The Regiment was presented the ‘[[President's Colour Award|President’s Standards]]’ at [[Suratgarh]] on 25 February 2015 by General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag|Dalbir Singh]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], on behalf of the President of India, Mr [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/44-armoured-regiment-gets-presidents-standards/articleshow/46370168.cms?from=mdr|title=44 Armoured Regiment gets President's Standards in Economic Times|date= 2015-02-25|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
The Regiment had the [[Vijayanta]] tanks at the time of raising. It converted to [[T-72]]M1-Ajeya tanks in 1997.<ref name="44 Armoured Regiment - Indian Army Postal Cover">{{cite web|url= https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3055827/44-Armoured-RegimentIndian-Army-Postal-Cover-APO|title=44 Armoured Regiment - Indian Army Postal Cover|access-date=2020-11-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operations==<br />
The regiment has participated in [[Operation Meghdoot]], [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|Operation Rakshak]] and [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]]. It has contributed its officers and men to [[Rashtriya Rifles]] and [[Assam Rifles]] for counter-insurgency duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/presidential-standard-for-44-armoured-regiment/article6930601.ece|title='Presidential Standard for 44 Armoured Regiment' in The Hindu|date=2015-02-25|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Regiment has won the following awards for gallantry and distinguished service – 2 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, 1 [[Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1991.11/page/n43/mode/2up |title=Gazette of India No 17 from archive.org|date=1991-04-27|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> 23 Chief of Army Staff Commendation Cards, 6 Vice Chief of Army Staff Commendation Cards, 20 GOC-in-C Commendation Cards and 1 UN Force Commander Commendation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/standard-presented-to-44-armoured-regiment-by-the-chief-of-the-115022500975_1.html|title='Standard Presented to 44 Armoured Regiment by the Chief of the Army Staff on 25 February 2015' in Business Standard|date=2015-02-25|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/mar16-15/h6.htm|title='44 Armoured Regiment President's Standards Presented' in Sainik Samachar|date=2015-03-16|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814609101.pdf|title=List of personnel being conferred with COAS Commendation Card on the occasion of Independence Day 2025 (Op Sindoor)|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Regimental Insignia==<br />
The Regimental insignia consists of crossed [[lance]]s with [[pennon]]s of the regimental colours. The numeral "44" is inscribed on the crossing of the lances inside a circle, mounted with the "mailed fist" or gauntlet. There is a scroll at the base with the Regimental Motto in [[Devanagari]] script. The shoulder title consists of the numeral "44" in brass.<br />
<br />
The colours of the Regiment are Red and Gold – which are the same as the colours of the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Indian Armoured Corps]].<br />
<br />
The Regimental motto is युध्यस्व जेतासि रणे (Yudhyasva Jetasi Rane), which has been taken from the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (Chapter 11, Shloka 34). It translates to "Fight, and Victory shall be yours".<ref name="44 Armoured Regiment - Indian Army Postal Cover"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Indian Army Armoured Corps |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1981]]<br />
[[Category:Armoured and cavalry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ullaskar_Dutta&diff=457413Ullaskar Dutta2026-01-11T15:06:59Z<p>TobyRamer579490: add intro based on references for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1885–1965)}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ullaskar Dutta<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|04|16|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sarail Upazila|Kalikaccha]], Brahmanbaria, Bengal, British India <br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|05|17|1885|04|16|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Silchar]], Assam, India<br />
| education = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Indian independence activist<br />
| known_for = Freedom Struggle<br />
| image = Ullaskar.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]<br />
| organisation = {{ubl|[[Jugantar]]|[[Anushilan Samiti]]}}<br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
{{Anushilan Samiti}}<br />
'''Ullaskar Dutta''' (16 April 1885 – 17 May 1965) was an Indian revolutionary associated with [[Anushilan Samiti]] and [[Jugantar]] of Bengal, and was a close associate of [[Barin Ghosh|Barindra Ghosh]]. He was the principal bomb maker of the Jugantar group<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4JuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900-1910 |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4 |pages=118–119 |language=en}}</ref> until [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] returned from Paris learning political theory and explosive chemistry.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Ullaskar was born on 16 April 1885 to a Bengali [[Baidya]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saral |first=Shrikrishna |title=Indian Revolutionaries - A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961 · Volume 1 |publisher=Ocean Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-87100-16-4 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-12 |title=Remembering a revolutionary |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/remembering-a-revolutionary-1503171363.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=The Statesman |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref> family in the village of Kalikachha, [[Sarail Upazila|Sarail]], then located under the [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria subdivision]] of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]]'s [[Meghna Division|Tipperah District]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soumyendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Calcutta: Myths and History |date=1977 |publisher=Subarnarekha |isbn=978-0-8364-0202-5 |language=en |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822144948/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHVuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> His father Dwijadas Duttagupta was a member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] and had a degree in agriculture from the [[University of London]]. After passing entrance examination in 1903, he took admission in the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Kolkata and his passion was for the subject Chemistry. However, he was [[Rustication (academia)|rusticated]] from the college for hitting a British professor, Professor Russell, who made some derogatory comment about [[Bengal]]is.<br />
<br />
==Revolutionary activities==<br />
Ullaskar was a member of the [[Jugantar]] party and he became expert in bomb-making. [[Khudiram Bose]] used a bomb manufactured by Ullaskar and [[Hemchandra Kanungo|Hem Chandra Das]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Datta,_Ullaskar |title=Datta, Ullaskar |website=Banglapedia |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203161243/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Datta,_Ullaskar |url-status=live}}</ref> in an attempt to murder the notorious magistrate, Kingsford. However, police caught many members of the Jugantar group including Ullaskar Dutta, [[Barindra Ghosh]] and Khudiram.<br />
<br />
==Trial and sentence==<br />
In the famous [[Alipore bomb case]], Ullaskar was arrested on 2 May 1908 and he was sentenced to death by hanging in 1909. Later, on appeal, the verdict was reduced to transportation for life and he was deported to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]].<br />
<br />
==Cellular jail==<br />
Ullaskar was subjected to brutal torture and repeated electrocution in the Cellular Jail and is said have lost his mental balance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_CgEAAAQBAJ |title=Revolutionaries: The Other Story of How India Won Its Freedom |date=2023-01-10 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5629-595-7 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226043328/https://books.google.com/books/about/Revolutionaries.html?id=n_CgEAAAQBAJ |archive-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> He was set free in 1920 and he returned to Kolkata.<br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
Ullaskar was again arrested in 1931 and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. He returned to his home village Kalikachha when colonial rule ended in 1947. After a lonely life of 10 years, he returned to Kolkata in 1957.<br />
After returning to Kolkata, he married his childhood friend Lila,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sundarimohan.org/about-us.aspx |title=Sundari Mohan |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227061022/http://sundarimohan.org/about-us.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> daughter of [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], who at the time was physically challenged and widowed. He went to [[Silchar]], the district town of [[Cachar District]] of [[Assam]] and spent his later life there. He died on 17 May 1965 in [[Silchar]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IDQgAQAAIAAJ&q=%22ullaskar+dutta%22 Official Report, Assam Legislative Assembly]</ref> Recently, two roads in Kolkata and Silchar were named after him.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
* ''Dvipantarer Katha'' (The Tale of Deportation)<br />
* ''Amar Karajiban'' ({{lit|My Prison Life}}) (translated into English as ''Twelve Years of Prison Life'' in 1924).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503013636/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/D1.htm Cellular jail website]}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Ullaskar}}<br />
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]<br />
[[Category:1885 births]]<br />
[[Category:1965 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Brahmanbaria District]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmos]]<br />
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kalikachchha]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheroot&diff=462178Cheroot2026-01-02T14:52:23Z<p>TobyRamer579490: rework page further and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Cylindrical cigar without a filter}}<br />
[[File:Cheroot making leaves or cheroot leaves 2013-07-03 11-19.jpg|thumbnail|Cheroot-making leaves or cheroot leaves]]<br />
<br />
The '''cheroot''' is a filterless cylindrical [[cigar]] with both ends clipped during manufacture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms Every Cigar Smoker Should Know |url=https://www.smokingpipes.com/smokingpipesblog/single.cfm/post/terms-every-cigar-smoker-should-know |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.smokingpipes.com |language=en}}</ref> Since cheroots do not taper, they are inexpensive to roll mechanically, and their low cost makes them popular.<br />
<br />
The word 'cheroot' probably comes via [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''charuto'',<ref>{{cite web |title=cheroot (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=cheroot |website=etymonline.com |accessdate=December 5, 2019}}</ref> originally from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''curuttu/churuttu/shuruttu'' (சுருட்டு), "roll of tobacco". This word could have been absorbed into the French language from Tamil during the 18th century, when the French were trying to stamp their presence in [[South India]]. The word could have then been absorbed into [[English language|English]] from French.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm#links |url-status=dead |title=Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin |publisher=Wmich.edu |access-date=2004-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220033539/http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm#links |archive-date=2014-02-20}}</ref> Cheroots are originated from the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the [[South India|South Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Cheroot are longer than another filter-less Indian-origin product, the [[beedi]].<br />
<br />
==Asia==<br />
[[Image:InleCheroot.jpg|thumb|180px|Preparation of cheroots, [[Inle Lake]], Myanmar]]<br />
[[Image:NyaungshweCheroot.jpg|240px|thumb|Cheroots sold in the market at [[Nyaungshwe]], Myanmar]]<br />
<!--[[File:A Burmese Girl Watts and Skeen, Burma Albumen print 1890.jpg|thumb|A Burmese Girl Holding a Cheroot, Watts and Skeen, Burma Albumen print1890]]--><br />
Cheroots are traditional in [[Myanmar]] and [[India]], and consequently were popular among the British during the days of the [[British Empire]]. They are often associated with Myanmar in literature:<br />
<br />
{{quote|<poem>'Er petticoat was yaller an' 'er little cap was green,<br />
An' 'er name was [[Supayalat|Supi-yaw-lat]] – jes' the same as [[Thibaw Min|Theebaw]]'s Queen,<br />
An' I seed her first a-smokin' of a whackin' white cheroot,<br />
An' a-wastin' Christian kisses on an 'eathen [[Cult image|idol's]] foot:</poem>|[[Rudyard Kipling]]| (1892)<ref>{{cite web |last=Kipling |first=Rudyard |authorlink=Rudyard Kipling |title=Barrack-Room Ballads |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2819/2819-h/2819-h.htm#2H_4_0014 |location=Mandalay}}</ref> "[[Mandalay (poem)|Mandalay]]", from ''[[Barrack-room Ballads]]''}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|My brother was unlike us in some things, [[Sahib#Colonial and modern use|Sahib]]. He was fond of the ''[[Wine|sharab]]'' called '[[Whisky]]' and of dogs; he drank smoke from the cheroot after the fashion of the Sahib-log and not from the [[hookah]] nor the ''[[beedi|bidi]]''; he wore boots; he struck with the clenched fist when angered; and never did he [[Squatting position|squat]] down upon his heels nor sit cross-legged upon the ground. Yet he was true [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] in many ways during his life, and he died as a Pathan should, concerning his honour (and a woman). Yea&mdash;and in his last fight, ere he was hanged, he killed more men with his long [[pesh-kabz|Khyber knife]], single-handed against a mob, than ever did lone man before with cold steel in fair fight.|Captain [[P. C. Wren|Percival Christopher Wren]], I.A.R.|1912, ''Driftwood Spars''}}<br />
<br />
Apparently, cheroot smoking was also associated with resistance against tropical disease in India. [[Verrier Elwin]] wrote in a foreword (1957) to ''Leaves from the Jungle: Life in a Gond Village'':<br />
<br />
{{quote|A final thing strikes me as I re-read the pages of the Diary that follows is that I seem to have spent much of my time falling ill. I attribute this to the fact that in those days I was a non-smoker. Since I took to the cheroot, I have not had a single attack of malaria, and my health improved enormously in later years."|''Leaves from the Jungle: Life in a Gond Village'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1992, p.xxix}}<br />
<br />
Although a cheroot is defined as cylindrical, home-rolled cheroots in Myanmar are sometimes conical.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel2photograph.wordpress.com/2011/03/04/cigars-and-cheroots-a-burmese-facial-feature/|title=Cigars and Cheroots|website=Travel2photograph.wordpress.com|date=4 March 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Beedi]]<br />
* [[Cigar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wiktionary|cheroot|stogie}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060320121140/http://www.smokemag.com/0698/america.htm Making cheroots]<br />
{{Cigarettes}}<br />
{{Alcohol in India}}<br />
{{Social issues in India}}<br />
[[Category:Cigars]]<br />
[[Category:Tobacco in India]]<br />
[[Category:Smoking in India]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moamoria_rebellion&diff=447740Moamoria rebellion2026-01-02T06:41:21Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|18th century uprising in Ahom kingdom of present-day Assam}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Primary sources|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Moamoria Rebellion<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| date = 1769–1770, 1782, 1786–1805<br />
| place = [[Assam]]<br />
| territory = Creation of autonomous [[Matak rajya]]<br />
| result = * Severe weakening of the Ahom kingdom<br />
*Near-end of the [[Paik system]]<br />
*Creation of a standing army of mostly paid Hindustani sepoys to replace the Ahom paik based military force <br />
*Half of the country depopulated<br />
| combatant1 = [[Moamoria]]<br />
| combatant2 = {{plainlist}}<br />
*[[Ahom dynasty]]<br />
<br />
{{endplainlist}}<br />
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list<br />
| Ragha Neog<br />
| Naharkhora Saikia<br />
| Govinda Gaonburha<br />
| Pitambardev<br />
| [[Sarbananda Singha]]<br />
| Bharath Singha<br />
}}<br />
| commander2 = {{unbulleted list<br />
| [[Sunyeophaa]]<br />
| [[Suhitpangphaa]]<br />
| [[Suklingphaa]]<br />
| Ghanashyam Burhagohain<br />
| [[Purnanada Burhagohain]]<br />
| [[Kirti Chandra Borbarua]] <br />
}}<br />
| combatant3a = <br />
| casualties3 =<br />
| casualties2 = <br />
| casualties1 = <br />
}}<br />
{{Assam History}}<br />
<br />
The '''Moamoria rebellion''' (1769–1805) was an 18th-century uprising in [[Ahom kingdom]] of present-day [[Assam]] that began as power struggle between the [[Moamoria]]s (''Mataks''), the adherents of the Vaishnavite Mayamara [[Sattra|Satra]], and the [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom king]]s.<ref>"The first popular challenge to the Ahom monarchy was organized by the disciples of the Moamara ''satra''." {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=46}}</ref> This uprising spread widely to other sections of Ahom kingdom<ref>"As the rebellion was in progress, all who wanted to free themselves from the exploitative government joined hands with the Moamorias making it a mass uprising and creating a crisis for the Ahom monarchy" {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=46}}</ref> including disgruntled elements of the Ahom aristocracy<ref>"The leaders of the Moamoriyas then resolved to form an alliance with three prominent exiled Ahom princes—Mohan Mala Gohain, the third son of [[Rudra Singha]], and Charu Singha and Ratneswar, both sons of Rajeswar Singha." {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=46}}</ref> leading to two periods in which the Ahom king lost control of the capital. Retaking the capital was accompanied by a massacre of subjects, leading to a steep depopulation of large tracts. The Ahom king failed to retake the entire kingdom; a portion in the north-east, Bengmara (modern-day [[Tinsukia district]]), became known as ''[[Matak rajya|Matak Rajya]]'' ruled by a newly created office called ''Borsenapati'', became a tribute-paying but virtually independent territory.<ref name="harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=164">{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=164}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Ahom kingdom]] emerged from the rebellion much weakened. About half of the population of the kingdom perished and the economy was totally destroyed.<ref>{{Harvcol|Guha|1991|p=122}}</ref> The weakened Ahom kingdom fell to a [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasion]] which ultimately led to [[Colonial Assam|colonization]] by the British.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
{{main|Moamoria|Paik system}}<br />
<br />
This rebellion was primarily among the [[Moamoria]] ''Paiks'' against the [[Ahom kingdom]]. The Moamorias were the followers of the Moamaria sattra that was predominantly [[Moran people|Morans]] (the mainstay of the Ahom militia), but there were also the [[Sonowal Kacharis]] (gold-washers), [[Chutia people|Chutia]]s (expert archers and matchlockmen), professional castes such as Hiras (potters), [[Tanti]]s (weavers), [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibartas]] (fishermen), [[Brittial Bania|Bania]] (artisans) and [[Ahom people|Ahom]] nobles and officers.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=53}}</ref> The rising popularity of Moamoria sattra had siphoned off the power of orthodox Hindu groups and [[Shakti]] sect which supported the Ahom kings. The Satras provided refuge for those seeking to escape the [[Paik system]] under which, any able-bodied person who was not a Brahmin or a noble could be used for labour, services or conscripted into the army. The [[Ahom kingdom]] was entering a crisis, as the [[Paik system]] on which the state was based was unable to adapt to the changing economy and the emerging social classes. The rise of the Satras was one of the reason for the leakage of manpower from the Paik system, and as a result the Ahom kingdom and the Satras came into increasing conflict. Mayamara satra belonged to the non-conformist [[Ekasarana Dharma#Kala sanghati|Kala-samhati]] sect that competed against the royalist satras belonging to other sects. The Ahom kingdom watched the growth of this Satra with discomfort and heaped insult and repression on the followers of this satra. The Moamoria Rebellion started during the reign of [[Swargadeo]] [[Sunyeophaa]] and ended during the reign of Swargadeo [[Kamaleswar Singha|Suklingphaa]]. It continued up to 36 years, from 1769 to 1805.<br />
<br />
In the course of time, the Moamoria guru compromised with the Ahom rulers and the rebels drew inspiration from magico-religious cult of night worshipers, a mixture of tribal fertility rites and [[Tantrism]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Guha|1991|pp=124–125}}</ref><br />
<br />
== First phase ==<br />
On September 15, 1769, Raghav Moran (Ragha Neog), a leading disciple of the Satra and a leader of Morans, was flogged by Ahom officials for not supplying the required number of elephants. This acted as the transgressing point and blessed by their spiritual head, the Morans raised the standard of revolt after collecting an army of about seven thousand. By November, the Morans led by Ragha Neog, Naharkhora Saikia and his two wives Radha and Rukmini,<ref>"Tekela Bara, the Ahom officer who was sent to fight against the Moamarias, in the engagement that followed the royalist suffered a defeat and he himself made a hairbreadth escape. He further reported that the two female leaders were possed of supernatural powers by whose strength they were catching the bullets in their wrappers"{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=309}}</ref> promised the throne to three exiled Ahom princes (Mohanmala Gohain, and two sons of [[Rajeswar Singha|Suremphaa]]) and with their help liberated the territory north of the [[Dihing|Burhidihing]] river. On November 21, 1769, the rebels occupied the Ahom capital and placed Ramakanta, son of Naharkhora, on the throne. All high offices were thrown open only to Morans and the princes poisoned by deceit. The Ahom king, [[Sunyeophaa]], was captured and kept a prisoner. All high officers were executed and three common Morans became the three great Gohains. Ragh Neog became the [[Borbarua]], a ''kanri paik'' became the [[Borphukan]] and two common Ahoms became the Gohains at [[Sadiya]] and Marangi.<br />
<br />
The rebel leaders went to pay homage to the abbot of Mayamara Satra, which was the source of unity among the rebels. Heavy penalty was imposed on the royalist satras, also they were forced to pay homage to the Mayamara abbot.<br />
<br />
The rebels, inexperienced in statecraft, failed to usher in a new order. Instead, they began imitating the unpopular practices of their erstwhile leaders. Raghav Moran seized the wives and daughters of many nobles and kept them in his harem. As some of the rebel officers took on the airs of the old nobility, many rebels were dissatisfied and, led by Govinda Gaoburha, left the capital and reached Sagunmuri.<br />
<br />
After four months of rebel regime, there came the spring festival ([[Bohag Bihu|bohag bihu]]). The peasant soldiers who were voluntarily guarding the capital left their posts to visit their villages, so the defense of the capital got weakened and thus vulnerable.<ref>{{harv|Sharma|1996|p=45}}</ref> Taking advantage of this, some of the old nobility in disguise killed Ragha on April 14, 1770, with the help of [[Kuranganayani]], an Ahom queen from [[Manipur]], and retook the capital. In the purge that followed, Ramakanta the rebel king, Naharkhora, Radha, Rukmini, Astabhujdev, the Moamara sattradhikar and his son Saptabhuj were all executed.<br />
<br />
After the capital was recaptured the remaining rebel forces in Sagunmuri under Govinda Gaoburha attempted to overthrow the king again. This movement too had the signs of a popular uprising. The main weapons used by the rebels were bamboo staves and clubs, and their slogan was ''praja-oi joroiroa, chekani-oi sopai dhora'' ("Ye oppressed subjects, hold your stave close"), and this uprising was called ''chekani kubua ron'' ("The war of the staves"). In one of the engagements, the Borpatrogohain and the Dhekial Phukan were killed, and the Borgohain made a hair breath escape. The rebels advanced toward Rangpur and they were met at Thowra by the forces of the Burhagohain, the new Borpatrogohain, the Borgohain and a detachment cavalry from the Manipur king. In this battle the rebels were defeated; Govinda Gaoburha was captured and executed.<ref>{{Harv|Baruah|1993|p=72}}</ref> The remaining people were then separated and settled at different places. One of the last holdouts, Nomal, was finally captured and executed.<ref>{{Harv|Baruah|1993|p=73}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Second phase ==<br />
On the night of April 1782, in the festive atmosphere of [[bohag Bihu]], the Moamarias launched a surprise attack on the royal convoy of newly coronated king [[Suhitpangphaa]] by mixing with the royal attendants and torch bearers and launched their quest for killing the king under the veil of darkness. The Moamarias mistook the king to have been killed but actually he somehow managed to escape the assault and took shelter in a hideout. The rebels then advanced towards [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]], overcame the resistance offered by the city-guards and occupied it. In the meantime, a strong body of royalist under the head of Ghanashyam Burhagohain wrested the rebels out of Rangpur. This was followed by an indiscriminate massacre of the [[Moamoria]]s, rejecting any kind of conciliatory policy.<ref>" It was revealed that sons of deposed Barbarua Sivaram had taken part in the rebellion. The king ordered the extraction of eyes of the four sons"{{Harvcol|Dutta|1985|pp=126–7}}</ref> Several thousands of people along with innocents were killed and many escaped and sought refuge in the hills and neighbouring Kingdoms, this had an adverse effect on the production system and the economy was on the verge of collapse.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=46}}</ref> The massacres were finally suspended at the request of the courtiers.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1985|p=318}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Third phase ==<br />
{{see also|Battle of Dhai Ali|Dundiya rebellion|Gaurinath Singha|Kamaleswar Singha}}The scattered Moamarias now reorganized themselves with Dafala-Bhatias under one Harihar and broke in rebellion in<ref>" One of the main discontented elements of Ahom kingdom was the ''Bahatia Paiks'' who had several grievances against the Ahom government. In order to protect the plains areas of Assam from the neighboring hill–tribe's frequent raids, the Ahom government introduced a kind of political bribe through the settlement of a class of Assamese ''Paiks'' called ''bahatia'' in foothill areas who were obliged to give their service to the respective hill–tribes so assigned. Moreover, the ''Bahatia'' had to serve the Ahom army whenever called for. The ''Bahatia'' who were assigned to the Dafla tribe (Nishis) were called ''Dafla Bahatia''. The ''Dafla Bahatia'' along with all their counterparts allyed themselves with the Mataks." {{harvcol|Dutta|1990|p=395}}</ref> 1786 from the foot of [[Daphla Hills]]. They defeated the royalist force at Garaimari bil and other places. Then freed Pitambar, a relation to the previous Mayamara abbot and persuaded to join them, who did it after allegedly performing a ''Brahmayagna'' (Brahman–slaying sacrifice). The rebels then burnt the [[Satras]] of Garmur, [[Auniati Satra|Auniati]] and [[Dakhinpat Satra|Dakhinpat]] (all royalist Satras in [[Majuli]]), headed by Brahmanas, and also executed the abbots of Bareghar and Budhbari Satras, which belonged to ''Kala-Samathi'' for collaborating with the royalist.<ref name="harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=47">{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=47}}</ref> At Pahumara the rebels routed the troops sent by the vassal states of Rani, Luki, Beltola and Topakuchi and further advanced and defeated the [[Burhagohain]] at Sagunmari, making him retreat to Rangpur. The rebels got momentum to pillage villages in the vicinity of Rangpur. Attempt was made by the abbot of Dihing Satra with his disciples to repulse them but went to vain. The Ahom priests too collected bands of soldiers and fought with the rebels.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1985|p=320}}</ref>[[File:Post Medieval Coin, Rupee from Assam (FindID 469667).jpg|thumb|240px|Silver rupee of rebel king Bharath Singha, struck in [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]]. ]]<br />
<br />
The rebels after many prolonged battles, marching along the [[Jhanji River]] appeared at the capital gates and surrounded [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] in January 1788. At this sight king [[Gaurinath Singha|Suhutpanphaa]] accompanied by most of his officers left for [[Guwahati]], leaving [[Purnananda Burhagohain]] in charge. The Burhagohain too deserted Rangpur after resisting the rebels for a few days. From Guwahati, [[Gaurinath Singha|Suhitpangphaa]] sent a large contingent of troops under the Pani Phukan to the assistance of Burhagohain. Receiving reinforcement, the royalist assumed offensive but still couldn't manage to reoccupy the Ahom metropolis. In August 1788, Patkonwar (a son of [[Rajeswar Singha]]) raised a huge army with the assistance of Nara Raja and recovered [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] from the Moamorias, but his victory was short lived and he was eventually killed following an internal dissension in his camp.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The [[Purnananda Burhagohain|Burhagohain]] erected a line of ramparts from Bar Ali to Kharikatiya Ali along the Namdang river, from where he resisted further rebel incursion. The royalist finally unable to stand the rebels fell back to Gaurisagar. The rebels then laid siege to the Gaurisagar Fort, and a large number of people along with many high officials fell fighting. The Burhagohain had to ultimately retreat to Taratali thence Dichoi.<ref name=":0">{{Harv|Barpujari|1992|pp=263}}</ref> From Dichoi further incursion of rebels were resisted. The rebels frequently harassed the people, living under the tract controlled by Burhagohain. The Upper Assam razed by continuous battles and disorder, cultivation suffered, there occurred a very terrible famine–''the severest in Assam's history''.<ref name=":2">{{harv|Baruah|1985|p=321}}</ref><br />
<br />
The rebels gradually extended their control up to [[Dergaon]], they couldn't capture the strongholds of royalist at Dichoi fort. The rebels extended their control over large tracts of areas, but no attempt was made to establish a centralised administration by the rebel leaders. The captured region was locally administered with Harihar Tanti in the north bank of the [[Brahmaputra]], Howha ruling [[Majuli]], [[Sarbananada Singha]] ruling the Moran tracts from Bengmara (present-day [[Tinsukia]]). Bharat was made the king. Coins were struck regularly in Bharat's and Sarbananda's names.<ref name="harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=47"/> Territory up to Ladoigarh was kept immune from the rebels. [[Purnananda Burhagohain]] erected a series of earthen rampart known to the rebels as Bibudhi garh, from here the royalist conducted the war-operations.<ref name=":1">{{harv|Baruah|1985|p=322}}</ref> The continuous set-back left the royalist camp demoralised.<ref>"Fighting with these same archers and shieldsmen our kings had vanquished even the foreigners on numerous occasions, but the very same archers,’ lamented an Ahom noble, 'become demoralized and terrified at the mere sight of the Moamarias and take to their heels."{{harvcol|Guha|1991|p=118}}</ref><br />
<br />
The rebellion of Moamorias inspired people from different parts of the country to rise up against Ahom government as result of it brought breakdown of khel-system and it became effectively hard to recruit soldiers.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The discontentment among the inhabitants of [[Darrang district|Darrang]] as a result of entry of refugees from [[Upper Assam division|Eastern Assam]] and their plundering activities caused them to protest. This was supported by the inhabitants of [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]] who had been subjected to humiliation.<ref>"The ban on the entrance of the Darrangis and the Kamrupis to the capital city was more rigidly enforced at Gauhati, the headquarters of [[Borphukan]], where no Kamrupi trader or officer was allowed to stay overnight...This caused him not only inconvenience but also humiliation."{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=323}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Suhitpangphaa]] from Guwahati sailed down to [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] due to the underlying rebellious activities of Darrangi prince Krishnananrayan. Here the exploitation of the local inhabitants by the royal officers caused dissension among the ''Nagayans'' and they surrounded King's camp protesting. They demanded the dismissal of those officers whom they held for their oppression. Soon after, one Bairagi besieged on King's camp, forcing [[Suhitpangphaa]] to flee.<br />
<br />
[[Suhitpangphaa]] appealed for foreign help, envoys were sent to neighboring countries seeking military assistance. Apart from the king of [[Manipur Kingdom|Manipur]], all pleaded on their inability to send troops. Similarly, British help could be acquired and a contingent of British troops under the leadership of Captain Welsh was despatched to Assam. After the expulsion of ''Barkandazes'' from [[Guwahati]], they directed their operation towards the ''Moamoria'' rebels. Captain Welsh captured [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] in March 1794. After this, further operation against the rebels was pleaded but was discarded by the [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Governor General]] and the contingent of British troops was recalled. [[Gaurinath Singha|Suhitpangphaa]] couldn't hold on [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] and soon was recaptured by the rebels. The affairs in [[Guwahati]] too degraded, and the ''Barkandazes'' renewed their depredations. Gaurinath retreated to Dichoi, to the strongholds of [[Purnananda Burhagohain]], where he died soon. Following the death of Gaurinath, the Burhagohain became the [[de facto]] ruler of the Ahom state. He placed his own nominee to the Ahom throne, [[Kamaleswar Singha|Kinaram]] later [[Suklingphaa]].<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1985|p=349}}</ref><br />
<br />
This experience and the military display by Captain Welsh and his troops encouraged the Ahoms to create a standing army of mostly paid Hindustani sepoys to replace the ''paik'' based militia. One chief rebel leader, Phopai was killed in 1796 and the rebel king of [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]], Bhrarath in 1799. [[Sadiya]] fell to the royalists in 1800 from the grip of [[Khamtis]]. The Moamoria fugitives living as refuge in the neighbouring [[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasa]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] Kingdoms, regrouped themselves and began harassing the royalist villagers of [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]. Five companies of royalist sepoys were dispatched, but they were somehow lured to the jungles and slaughtered. Following this year, the Ahom force defeated the combined force of Moamoria rebels and [[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasa]] king Krishnachandra.<ref>{{harvcol|Barjupari|1993|p=336}}</ref> In 1803, a plot of revolt by the people belonging to a secret sect of the night–worshippers (''Ratikhowa'') was detected and the leading conspirators were put to death in time.<ref>{{harv|Guha|1991|p=121}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Purnanada Burhagohain]] dispatched five companies under the Deka Phukan in 1805 to retake the Bengmara region, then under the control of [[Sarbananda Singha|Sarbananda]]. The first skirmish took place at on the banks of the Dibru river at Bhutiating. The royalist forces were able to defeat Sarbananda's forces which then took shelter at Holongaguri, and a section of the forces submitted eventually to the Ahom king who were settled at Ghilamara.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=163}}</ref> Nevertheless, both Purnananda and Sarbananda understood that this was a stalemate—and Sarbananda agreed to a peace proposal. Sarbananda was given the title of ''Barsenapati'' and given autonomous command of the Bengmara region which came to be called the [[Matak rajya]];<ref name="harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=164"/> and both Sarbananda and his son Matibar who followed him as Barsenapati continued to pay annual tributes to the Ahom kingdom.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=164}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Moamaria rebellion thus ended with the creation of a near-independent Matak tract ruled by a Barsenapati and the near-end of the [[Paik system]].<ref>{{harv|Dutta|1990|p=397}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
The rebellion couldn't own its origin due to impolitic deeds of some Kings and Queen. It was the consequence, the symptom of ultimate disease, that the Ahom monarchy was on decline.<ref>{{harv|Barpujari|1992|p=290}}</ref> The massive agitation of rebels shook the foundations of Ahom state. Though the Moamaria rebellion ended in failure, it brought the breakdown of exploitive ''paik'' and [[Paik system|Khel systems]], on which the economic state of Ahoms was based. This compelled the state to move on money-economy. The rebellion ended indecisively with both the sides completely ruined, the country was fanatically depopulated. The population came down to one-half of what it was before, and economic life was totally disrupted. Swarnalata Baruah (1985) states: “The Moamariya rebellion was a rebellion of the people against the existing government and those who disfavoured a change in it joined with the hands with the royalist."<br />
<br />
The discontented elements remained silent for very long, for they considered the Ahom monarchy to be unchallengeable. But this was all shattered throwing the divine origin of kingship and by putting a line of common men on the throne. "No alternative to the feudal system emerged, since no new ruling class could germinate from the peasantry which was relatively undifferentiated, or from its undeveloped stratum of traders and artisans. The issues became blurred since the rebels comprised diverse and nebulous class elements with varying degrees of dislike for the regime. Nevertheless, the ruling class could no more rule in the old manner."<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Hazarika |first1=Dhurba Jyoti |title=The roots of the popular discontent in Assam under the ahom rules |date=2005 |location=Gauhati University}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Barpujari|first=HK |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |year=1992 |publisher=Publication Board Assam |location=Guwahati}}<br />
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Jahnabi | title=Agrarian system of medieval Assam | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi | year=2002}}<br />
*{{citation| first = S L| last = Baruah| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam| year = 1985| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S. L. |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy |place=New Delhi |year=1993}}<br />
*{{citation |last1=Dutta |first1=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and Their Kingdom: Castes and Tribes of Assam |date=1985 |publisher=Chugh Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6keAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2023-05-28 |archive-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701151052/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6keAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Sristidhar |title=The Moamaria Rebellion of Assam and the Participation of Hill Tribes and their Bahatias |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1990 |volume=51 |pages=393–398}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Amalendu |title=Neo-Vaishnavism to Insurgency: Peasant Uprisings and Crisis of Feudalism in Late 18th Century Assam |journal=CSSSC Occasional Paper;67 |date=1984}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |title=Medieval and Early Colonial Assam |publisher=K P Bagchi |place=Calcutta |year=1991}}<br />
* {{Cite journal| last1=Sharma| first1=Chandan Kumar|title =Socio-Economic Structure and Peasant Revolt : The Case of Moamoria Upsurge in the Eighteenth Century Assam | journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume=26 |number=2 | year=1996| pages= 33–52| jstor=41919803}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:1770s in India]]<br />
[[Category:1780s in India]]<br />
[[Category:1790s in India]]<br />
[[Category:1800s in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1769]]<br />
[[Category:1770s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:1780s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:1790s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:1800s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:Revolutions]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century revolutions]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century revolutions]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Center_of_Excellence&diff=520817National Center of Excellence2025-12-22T23:47:06Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Starting a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Football complex in Kolkata, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
|name=National Center of Excellence<br />
|architect=Collage Design Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 Sep 2018|title=National Centre of Excellence in Football @Rajarhat, Kolkata|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Annexure-F-05.01.2019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 Aug 2021|website=the-aiff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822161152/https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Annexure-F-05.01.2019.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2021 }}</ref><br />
|coordinates={{Coord|22.6089|N|88.4599|E}}<br />
|owner=[[All India Football Federation]]<br />
|other_names=National Center of Excellence - India Football Campus<br />
|pushpin_map=India West Bengal<br />
|country=[[India]]<br />
|address=Street Number 787, Action Area II, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]] 700157<br />
|website=[https://www.the-aiff.com/national-center-excellence the-aiff.com/national-center-excellence]<br />
|cost={{INRConvert|200|c|year=2018}}<br />
|built={{Start date and age|2018|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}<br />
|public_transit={{ric|Kolkata Metro|orange}} [[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park]]<br />
|general_contractor=Shanghvi and Associates Consultants Pvt. Ltd, MEPCON Design Studio<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 Sep 2018|title=National Centre of Excellence in Football @Rajarhat, Kolkata|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Annexure-F-05.01.2019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 Aug 2021|website=the-aiff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822161152/https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Annexure-F-05.01.2019.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2021 }}</ref><br />
|image=AIFF National Center of Excellence 5.jpg<br />
|image_size=250px}}<br />
The '''National Center of Excellence''' (or '''National Center of Excellence - India Football Campus''')<ref name=":2" /> by [[All India Football Federation]] is an under construction [[Sports complex|football complex]], in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. It serves as one of the home bases for [[India national football team]] and [[India women's national football team]]. It includes India’s first ever roof top pitch. Built on a {{Convert|15|acre|ft2}} land behind [[Eco Park, Kolkata|Eco Park]] and beside a proposed deer park, in Action Area II, [[Rajarhat]], [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]].<br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The National Center of Excellence is located on Plot No. AA-IIE/57/A, Street Number 787, Action Area-II (E) of [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. It is surrounded by [[Eco Park, Kolkata|Eco Park]] golf arena on two sides and proposed deer park on another side. [[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park metro station]] of [[Kolkata Metro Orange Line]] will serve National Center of Excellence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 Nov 2019|title=New Town Kolkata, Action Area II|url=https://www.wbhidcoltd.com/upload_file/maps/d8d70fe086c2c2eb1e881e8736d63ef8.pdf|access-date=24 Aug 2021|website=wbhidcoltd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Dressing-Room-Allied-Works-04.07.2019.pdf|title=Proposed Works of Dressing Room & Allied Works (Phase-2) for AIFF National Center of Excellence Kolkata, West Bengal, India|publisher=AIFF|publication-date=4 July 2019|pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eco Park Guide Map|url=https://ecoparknewtown.com/assets/frontend/pdf/guide.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 Aug 2021|website=ecoparknewtown.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730142001/https://ecoparknewtown.com/assets/frontend/pdf/guide.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:AIFF National Center of Excellence 1.jpg|left|thumb|One of the turf of the National Center of Excellence]]<br />
Back in 2014, after the Kolkata-based club [[ATK (football club)|Atlético de Kolkata]] (ATK) won the [[2014 Indian Super League|first season]] of [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] proposed and offered the club owners, plot in [[Rajarhat]] [[New Town, Kolkata|NewTown]] area, to build an international standard football [[stadium]]. She said, "We have the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] for football and the [[Eden Gardens]] for cricket. So, I would urge Atletico to develop an international stadium in Rajarhat where we are ready to provide you land" and "You have made entire Bengal proud by winning the ISL. I take this opportunity to urge you for developing the new stadium. Come to us with all the relevant documents and we will ensure the procedures are formalised as early as possible,"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee offers land to build international football stadium|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/ready-provide-land-develop-new-football-stadium-kolkata-mamata|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-12-24|title=Ready to provide land to develop new football stadium in Kolkata: Mamata|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ready-to-provide-land-to-develop-new-football-stadium-in-kolkata-mamata-114122400606_1.html|access-date=2021-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee agrees to handover Rabindra Sarovar Stadium for U-17 World Cup|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/mamata-banerjee-agrees-to-handover-rabindra-sarovar-stadium-for-u-17-world-cup/articleshow/45631462.cms|access-date=2021-08-22}}</ref> During that time, the preparations for [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] had also started. [[Government of West Bengal]] handed over [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] to host U-17 World Cup matches and asked them to develop it into a world-class football stadium.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 24, 2014|title=Mamata agrees to handover Rabindra Sarovar Stadium for U-17 World Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/2017-u-17-world-cup/mamata-agrees-to-handover-rabindra-sarovar-stadium-for-u-17-world-cup/articleshow/45630690.cms|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Quarter (unit)|quarter]] shareholder of ATK, [[Atlético Madrid]] exited<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2017|first=Abreshmina S.|last=Quadri|title=Atletico Madrid CEO reveals reason behind split with two-time ISL champions Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/atletico-madrid-atletico-de-kolkata-indian-super-league-1027213-2017-07-31|access-date=2021-08-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> and the plan of building an international standard football stadium never materialised. And the U-17 World Cup venue silently shifted from Rabindra Sarobar Stadium to Salt Lake Stadium.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-10|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017: Kolkata's Salt Lake Stadium handed over to Local Organising Committee|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/fifa-u-17-world-cup-2017-kolkatas-salt-lake-stadium-handed-over-to-local-organising-committee-4028761.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Later that year, during the U-17 World Cup, [[All India Football Federation]] President [[Praful Patel]], with the presence of [[FIFA President]] [[Gianni Infantino]] and Mamata Banerjee announced National Centre of Excellence in Rajarhat, New Town.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=28 Sep 2018|title=National Centre of Excellence in Football @Rajarhat, Kolkata|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Annexure-F-05.01.2019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 Aug 2021|website=the-aiff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822161152/https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-Annexure-F-05.01.2019.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2021 }}</ref> It was a part of U-17 World Cup legacy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2019/12/AIFF-NCE-Construction-05.01.2019.pdf|title=Invitation of Bids for (Boundary Wall & Allied Works)|publisher=AIFF|date=5 Jan 2019|pages=9}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee said that the Government of West Bengal would provide {{Convert|15|acre|ft2}} land on [[lease]] at {{INRConvert|1}} for 90 years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Centre of Excellence: AIFF to receive 15 acres for ₹1|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/centre-of-excellence-aiff-to-receive-15-acres-for-1/article19951315.ece|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> A two-year deadline from inception of work was given.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-26|title=India to have Centre of Excellence with FIFA help: AIFF|url=https://zeenews.india.com/football/india-to-have-centre-of-excellence-with-fifa-help-aiff-2052237.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-28|title=AIFF given 15 acres of land by Mamata Banerjee for National Centre of Excellence|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fifa-u17-world-cup-2017/aiff-given-15-acres-of-land-by-mamata-banerjee-for-national-centre-of-excellence/story-n0qkxF9D9AaXZGZ2xUbKXJ.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The works started in late 2018–early 2019<ref name=":5" /> with an estimate of {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2018}}, which doubled later.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2017|title=AIFF: Indian football set to get national centre of excellence|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indian-football-set-to-get-national-centre-of-excellence/articleshow/60845272.cms|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> From beginning, the project has faced hurdles which led to delays. When work started, the region was hit by severe monsoon. Then in 2020, the [[Cyclone Amphan|Super Cyclone Amphan]]; [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] hampered the work.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 17, 2020|title=Launch of ISL has changed landscape of Indian football: AIFF general secretary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/launch-of-isl-has-changed-landscape-of-indian-football-aiff-general-secretary/articleshow/77021703.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Details ==<br />
The Center of Excellence is being set up by the All India Football Federation with the technical and financial help from [[FIFA]] and [[Asian Football Confederation]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=National Center of Excellence|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/national-center-excellence|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It will cater the [[India national football team]] and [[India women's national football team]], and will be their home base.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> It will have technical centre for the national teams, coach and referee education, youth and grassroots development, hotel for the national teams, [[futsal]] development, medical centre, an artificial pitch, a natural pitch, a stadium, dressing rooms and centre for [[Sport management|sports management]], [[sports science]] and sports law.<ref name=":5" /> The centre will also feature India’s first ever roof top pitch.<ref name=":4" /> It is being built in multiple phases. The first phase includes the technical centre, [[Artificial turf|artificial]] and natural fields.<ref name=":2" /> It is being designed by a Mumbai-based firm Collage Design Pvt. Ltd., at a cost of {{INRConvert|200|c|year=2018}}.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-20|title=AIFF in talks with corporates for building National Centre of Excellence|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-in-talks-with-corporates-for-building-national-centre-of-excellence-5502866/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The total site area is {{Convert|15|acre|ft2}}, where the development area is {{Convert|5.75|acre|ft2}}. The centre will also feature India’s first ever roof top pitch.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=National Centre of Excellence – Football|url=https://collagedesign.net/national-center-of-excellence-football.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=collagedesign.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Football in Kolkata]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/ Official website of AIFF]<br />
{{Kolkata topics|state=collapsed}}{{Football in Kolkata|state=collapsed}}{{Football in India|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:All India Football Federation]]<br />
[[Category:Football in Kolkata|*]]<br />
[[Category:Football in India|*]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Indian_sport&diff=4675912015 in Indian sport2025-12-08T23:29:00Z<p>TobyRamer579490: slightly corrected layout after review and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{update|date=February 2015}}<br />
<br />
In 2015, the Indian national cricket team reached the semifinal of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] where Virat Kohli and Ravichandran Ashwin plays a massive role.<br />
<br />
==Cricket World Cup Australia/New Zealand==<br />
India participated in ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 hosted by [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/teams/ireland |title=Ireland - Cricket Teams &#124; ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |publisher=Icc-cricket.com |date=2015-03-15 |accessdate=2015-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041904/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/teams/ireland |archivedate=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2223/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/matches |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 live scores, results and fixtures |publisher=Cricbuzz |date= |accessdate=2015-10-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Date !! Opposition !! Result !! Stage<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|15 Feb || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|PAK}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 76 runs || style="background:lightgreen;"|Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|22 Feb || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|RSA}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 130 runs || style="background:lightgreen;"|Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|28 Feb || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|UAE}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 9 wickets || style="background:lightgreen;"|Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|06 Mar || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|WIN}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 4 wickets || style="background:lightgreen;"|Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|10 Mar || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|IRE}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 8 wickets || style="background:lightgreen;"|Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|14 Mar || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|ZIM}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 6 wickets || style="background:lightgreen;"|Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;"|19 Mar || style="background:lightgreen;"|{{cr|BAN}} || style="background:lightgreen;"|won by 109 runs || style="background:lightgreen;"|Quarter Final<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:pink;"|26 Mar || style="background:pink;"|{{cr|AUS}} || style="background:pink;"|lost by 95 runs || style="background:pink;"|Semi Final<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;* Interesting facts about {{cr|IND}}:<br />
# {{cr|IND}} beat {{cr|PAK}} for the sixth time in row in [[ICC Cricket World Cup]] and maintained winning streak by taking 6–0 lead which started from [[1992 Cricket World Cup]]. Till this edition of Men's ODI World Cup {{cr|PAK}} has never beaten {{cr|IND}} in [[ICC Cricket World Cup]].<br />
# After losing three times (1992, 1999, 2011) against {{cr|RSA}}, {{cr|IND}} finally got a win against {{cr|RSA}} in [[ICC Cricket World Cup]].<br />
# {{cr|IND}} bowled out the opposition in all the game that {{cr|IND}} won but were all out when the team lost to {{cr|AUS}}.<br />
# {{cr|IND}} was unbeaten until the defeat against {{cr|AUS}} in semis.<br />
<br />
{{TwoLeg start}}<br />
{{TwoLegResult|'''{{fb-rt|IND}}'''||2–0|{{fb|NEP}}||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round#India v Nepal|2–0]]|[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round#Nepal v India|0–0]]}}<br />
|}<br />
{{Football box |id="India v Nepal"<br />
|date=12 March 2015<br />
|time=19:00 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]<br />
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}<br />
|score=2–0<br />
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150315045004/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=275167/match=300311249/index.html Report (FIFA)]<br />[http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=9223&stageid=355&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report (AFC)]<br />
|team2={{fb|NEP}}<br />
|goals1=[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|53||71}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]<br />
|attendance=11,200<br />
|referee= [[Aziz Asimov]] ([[Uzbekistan Football Federation|Uzbekistan]])<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box |id="Nepal v India"<br />
|date=17 March 2015<br />
|time=15:30 [[UTC+05:45|UTC+5:45]]<br />
|team1={{fb-rt|NEP}}<br />
|score=0–0<br />
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150317011330/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=275167/match=300311253/index.html Report (FIFA)]<br />[http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=9229&stageid=355&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report (AFC)]<br />
|team2={{fb|IND}}<br />
|goals1=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium=[[Dasarath Rangasala Stadium]], [[Kathmandu]]<br />
|attendance=10,500<br />
|referee=[[Khamis Al-Marri]] ([[Qatar Football Association|Qatar]])<br />
}}<br />
'''[[India national football team|India]]''' won 2–0 on aggregate and advanced to the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|second round]].<br />
<br />
===Second round===<br />
{{Main|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round}}<br />
<br />
* Draws were taken out on 14 April 2015 and matches began on 11 June 2015. There were forty teams divided in eight groups of five teams each, with India assigned to Group D. Of the six matches played by India during 2015, India won 1 and lost 5.<br />
<br />
==Events==<br />
<br />
===January===<br />
* 28 December-14 – 11 January-15: Matches of [[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|XXXVI Indian Federation Cup]] will be scheduled.<br />
* 5 January - 11 January: [[2015 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]] is scheduled.<br />
[[2015 Indian Federation Cup Final|XXXVI Indian Federation Cup Final]] scheduled at [[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Madgaon]].<br />
* 20 January - 25 January: [[2015 India Open Grand Prix Gold|II Indian Open Grand Prix Gold]] is scheduled at [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]] in [[Lucknow]].<br />
* 17 January: [[2014–15 I-League|VIII I-League season]] begins.<br />
* 22 January: [[2015 Hockey India League|III HIL season]] will begin.<br />
* 31 January - 14 February: [[2015 National Games of India|XXXV National Games]] will be held in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
===February===<br />
* 22 February: [[2015 Hockey India League|III HIL season]] final. [[Hockey India League|Hero HIL]] ended. [[Ranchi Rays]] won the final by beating [[Punjab Warriors|Jaypee Punjab Warriors]] in 3-2 penalty shootout after score were leveled 2-2.<br />
<br />
===March===<br />
* 10 March - 14 March: [[Indian Open (snooker)|2015 Indian Open Snooker]] is scheduled in [[Grand Hyatt Mumbai|Grand Hyatt Hotel, Mumbai]]. [[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]] of {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales]] was the winner.<br />
* 12 March: [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy|80th Ranji Trophy season]] will end. {{fb|IND}} beat {{fb|NEP}} 2–0 in the first leg of [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|AFC FIFA World Cup Qualification]] for [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 FIFA World Cup, Russia]].<br />
* 17 March: Second leg of [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|AFC FIFA World Cup Qualification]] was drawn 0-0 played between {{fb|IND}} and {{fb|NEP}}<br />
<br />
===April===<br />
* 8 April: [[2015 Indian Premier League|VIII IPL season]] will begin.<br />
<br />
===May===<br />
* 18 May: [[2014–15 I-League|VIII I-League season]] end.<br />
* 24 May: [[2015 Indian Premier League|VIII IPL season]] final. [[Indian Premier League|Pepsi IPL]] season ends.<br />
<br />
===September===<br />
* [[2015 Indian Super League|II ISL]] will kick off.<br />
* [[Fever Bowling Championship 2015|Ten Pin Bowling League]] will be held.<br />
<br />
===December===<br />
* [[2015 Indian Super League|II ISL]] will end.<br />
<br />
===Unknown===<br />
* [[Hero Indian Open|Indian Open Golf]] may take place.<br />
* [[2015 FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship]] is scheduled in [[Bangalore]].<br />
* [[2015 SAFF Championship|XI SAFF Championship]] will take place in September or December.<br />
<br />
==Major National Leagues==<br />
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| Game<br />
! colspan=2| Duration<br />
! rowspan=2| League<br />
! rowspan=2| Season<br />
! rowspan=2| Winner<br />
! rowspan=2| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Start<br />
! End<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Association football|Football]]<br />
| 17 January<br />
| May<br />
| [[I-League]]<br />
| [[2014-15 I-League|8th season]]<br />
| <br />
| Eighth season of India's premier football tournament.<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Field Hockey|Hockey]]<br />
| 22 January<br />
| 22 February<br />
| [[Hockey India League]] (HIL)<br />
| [[2015 Hockey India League|3rd season]]<br />
| [[Ranchi Rays]] (First title)<br />
| After [[Ranchi Rhinos]] won the first title, this is the second time a [[Ranchi]] team won the HIL title. Out of three champions two are from Ranchi.<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Twenty20]]<br />
| 8 April<br />
| 24 May<br />
| [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL)<br />
| [[2015 Indian Premier League|8th season]]<br />
| <br />
| Eighth season of India's main sport tournament.<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Association football|Football]]<br />
| September<br />
| December<br />
| [[Indian Super League]] (ISL)<br />
| [[2015 Indian Super League|2nd season]]<br />
| <br />
| Second season of India's IPL Style football tournament.<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Tennis pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Lawn Tennis|Tennis]]<br />
| colspan=2| TBA<br />
| [[International Premier Tennis League]] (ITPL)<br />
| [[2015 International Premier Tennis League season|2 <sup>nd</sup> season]]<br />
| <br />
| Second season of Asian tennis league. [[Indian Aces|Micromax Indian Aces]] will represent [[India]]. A new team from [[Japan]] will be introduced, [[Japan Warriors]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
; Uncertain to take place:<br />
* [[Champions Tennis League]] - Second season may take place.<br />
* [[Indian Badminton League]] - Second season may take place in June.<br />
* [[Pro Kabaddi League]] - Second season may take place in July.<br />
* [[World Kabaddi League]] - Second season may take place.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 in Indian sport| ]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaya_Super_Singer_South_India&diff=460934Jaya Super Singer South India2025-11-10T04:58:19Z<p>TobyRamer579490: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{infobox television<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| company = <br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| runtime = 1 hour<br />
| creator = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| director = MS Senthil Kumar<br />
| judges = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br>[[S. P. Sailaja]]<br>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br />
| presenter = Vaishali<br />
, [[India]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| network = [[Jaya TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|9|20|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2015|8|30|df=y}}<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 99<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Convert to Episode table}}<br />
'''Jaya Super Singer South India''' is a [[reality|reality-based]] Indian Tamil-language [[Music competition|singing competition]] that was broadcast on [[Jaya TV]]. The program seeks to discover [[playback singing]] talent in South India.<br />
<br />
The show debuted on 20 September 2014, airing on weekend nights at 8:00pm on Jaya TV. The final episode was telecast on 30 August 2015.<br />
<br />
==Season 1==<br />
Season 1 of the show is directed by MS Senthil Kumar.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br />
| judges = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br>[[S. P. Sailaja]]<br>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br />
| host = Vaishali<br />
}}<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|9|20|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
| network = [[Jaya TV]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Auditions===<br />
<br />
====Open auditions====<br />
The open auditions, the first stage in determining a seasons finalists, were conducted in the South Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. During this stage, contestants sing a song or two before a panel of preliminary state audition judges. This panel then decides on-the-spot whether the contestant demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further. If the contestant exhibited exceptional ability in their performance, judges award a "ticket" moving them instantly one step forward in the competition. Alternatively, if judges are on the fence about the singer, they will place the contestant on a waitlist until the end of that day's auditions. Otherwise, if the contestant lacks the ability and performance value to proceed further, the contestant will be rejected.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; "<br />
|-style="color:white"<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Episode # <br />
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Title<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Audition Judges<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Original airdate<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=1 <br />
|Title=[[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]] Auditions - part 1<br />
|Aux1=[[veena]] exponent [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]], vocalist Binny Krishnakumar, and vocalist Vinaya Karthik Rajan<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary=Auditions which were held in Chennai before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Deepika.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=2 <br />
|Title=[[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]] Auditions - part 2<br />
|Aux1=[[veena]] exponent [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]], vocalist Binny Krishnakumar, and vocalist Vinaya Karthik Rajan<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|9|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary=More auditions which were held in Chennai before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Deepika.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=3 <br />
|Title=[[Madurai|Madurai, Tamil Nadu]] Auditions - part 1<br />
|Aux1=singer Anandhu, vocalist Binny Krishnakumar, and vocalist Sangeetha<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|9|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary=Auditions which were held in Madurai before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=4<br />
|Title=[[Madurai|Madurai, Tamil Nadu]] Auditions - part 2<br />
|Aux1=singer Anandhu, vocalist Binny Krishnakumar, and vocalist Sangeetha<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|9|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary=More auditions which were held in Madurai before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=5<br />
|Title=[[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]] Auditions - part 1<br />
|Aux1=vocalist [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] and vocalist Vinaya Karthik Rajan<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary=Auditions which were held in Coimbatore before a panel of two judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=6<br />
|Title=[[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]] Auditions - part 2<br />
|Aux1=vocalist [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] and vocalist Vinaya Karthik Rajan<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary=More auditions which were held in Coimbatore before a panel of two judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=7<br />
|Title=[[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]] Auditions - part 1<br />
|Aux1=vocalist Vinaya Karthik Rajan and vocalist Sangeetha<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary=Auditions which were held in Bangalore before a panel of two judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=8<br />
|Title=[[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]] Auditions - part 2<br />
|Aux1=vocalist Vinaya Karthik Rajan and vocalist Sangeetha<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary=More auditions which were held in Bangalore before a panel of two judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=9<br />
|Title=[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]] Auditions - part 1<br />
|Aux1=vocalist Sangeetha Sachith, trumpet exponent Jeevan Thomas Xavier, and vocalist [[Charulatha Mani]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary=Auditions which were held in Hyderabad before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=10<br />
|Title=[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]] Auditions - part 2<br />
|Aux1=vocalist Sangeetha Sachith, trumpet exponent Jeevan Thomas Xavier, and vocalist [[Charulatha Mani]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary=More auditions which were held in Hyderabad before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=11<br />
|Title=[[Kochi|Cochin, Kerala]] Auditions - part 1<br />
|Aux1=vocalist [[Charulatha Mani]], vocalist [[KK (singer)|K. Krishnakumar]], and vocalist Binny Krishnakumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary=Auditions which were held in Kerala before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=12<br />
|Title=[[Kochi|Cochin, Kerala]] Auditions - part 2<br />
|Aux1=vocalist [[Charulatha Mani]], vocalist [[KK (singer)|K. Krishnakumar]], and vocalist Binny Krishnakumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary=More auditions which were held in Kerala before a panel of three judges. The episode was hosted by Swathishta.<br />
|LineColor=03002e<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Selection of top 20 - final level auditions====<br />
<br />
=====Spot Selection Round (1 November 2014 – 23 November 2014)=====<br />
In the second and final stage of the audition process, contestants shortlisted from the open auditions arrive in a central location in [[Chennai]]. They are expected to perform a song or two before a different panel of judges with a view of being selected as top 20 finalists of the show.<br />
<br />
For this stage of the process, the program host asserts that it is distinct from other reality shows as it does not embarrass unsuccessful contestants in the show by actively 'rejecting' them on the spot; rather, it actively encourages contestants in this stage to continue to improve their singing skills.<br />
<br />
Again, this panel then decides on-the-spot whether the contestant demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further. If the contestant exhibited exceptional ability in their performance, judges award a "green card" shortlisting them instantly one step forward in the competition towards finalist selection. Otherwise, if judges are on the fence about the singer, they will ask the contestant to wait for a decision at the end of the final level auditions.<br />
<br />
======Episode 13 (1 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], and [[Carnatic music]] exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=darkgray}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br />
|<br />
|"Gnyaabagam Varudhe"<br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|<small>Pa. Vijay</small> <br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|[[Autograph (2004 film)#Soundtrack|Autograph]] (2004)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|[[S.P. Sailaja]]<br />
|<br />
|"Chinnan Chiru Vayathil"<br />
|<small>S.P. Sailaja</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Meendum Kokila#Soundtrack|Meendum Kokila (1981)]] <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
|<br />
|"Tharunam Idhaiyya" in [[raga]] Sivaranjani<br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Papanasam Sivan]]</small> <br />
|<small>Papanasam Sivan</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|rowspan=8 |<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" rowspan=2 |Sindhuja<br />
|"Meghame Meghame"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Shankar–Ganesh]]</small><br />
|[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]] (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|"Idhu Oru Nila"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan/Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiayaraaja</small><br />
|[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]] (1981) <br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Bhuvaneshwari<br />
|"Kaatril Varum"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu#Music|Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]] (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| style="background:palegreen" rowspan=3 |Shrinidhi<br />
|"Sowkiyamaa Kannae" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]] (1999)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Oru Dheivam Thantha Poove"<br />
|<small>[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] & [[P. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kannathil Muthamittal#Original track|Kannathil Muthamittal]] (2002)<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|"Allegra Allegra"<br />
|<small>Rita</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|<small>[[Devi Sri Prasad]]</small><br />
|[[Kanthaswamy]] (2009)<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|rowspan=2 |Siju Kumar<br />
|"Khwaja Endhan"<br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|<small>Kashif</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Jodhaa Akbar]] (2008) (Dubbed version)<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|"Narumugaye"<br />
|<small>[[P. Unnikrishnan]] & [[Bombay Jayashri]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Iruvar#Soundtrack|Iruvar]] (1997)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 14 (2 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=darkgray}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|rowspan=2 |Raagaa<br />
|"Anandha Ragam"<br />
|<small>[[Deepan Chakravarthy]] & [[Uma Ramanan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Panneer Pushpangal]] (1981)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|"Mudhal Murai"<br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham (soundtrack)|Neethane En Ponvasantham]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" rowspan=2 |Madhumathi<br />
|"Andha Sivagami"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>R. Govardhanam</small><br />
|[[Pattanathil Bhootham]] (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"Kannan Vandhu"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]] (1987)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| style="background:palegreen" rowspan=2 |Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Azhagu Nilave"<br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]] (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Konjam Nilavu"<br />
|<small>[[Annupamaa]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Thiruda Thiruda]] (1993)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|rowspan=2 |H. Aravindh<br />
|"Vidu Kathaiya"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]] (1995) <br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"[[Urvasi Urvasi]]"<br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman, [[Suresh Peters]] & Shahul Hameed</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kaadhalan#Music|Kaadhalan]] (1994) <br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Padmapriya<br />
|"Roja Poo"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Agni Natchathiram#Soundtrack|Agni Natchathiram]] (1988) <br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Srikanth<br />
|"Ennavale"<br />
|<small>[[P. Unnikrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kaadhalan#Music|Kaadhalan]] (1994) <br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|Vinodh<br />
|"Vandhaal Mahalakshmiye"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Uyarndha Ullam#Soundtrack|Uyarndha Ullam]] (1994) <br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|rowspan=2 |Ranjith<br />
|"Eeramaana Rojave"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Ilamai Kaalangal]] (1983) <br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|"Uyirin Uyire"<br />
|<small>[[KK (singer)|KK]] & [[Suchitra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Kaakha Kaakha]] (2003) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 15 (8 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
No contestants were spot-selected to advance to the next round in this episode.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|rowspan=2 |Aashish<br />
|"Malargale"<br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]] & [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]] (1996)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|"Rojaave"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Ninaivellam Nithya#Soundtrack|Ninaivellam Nithya]] (1982)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|Shivapriya<br />
|"Raa Raa"<br />
|<small>Binny Krishnakumar & [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Bhuvanachandra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Chandramukhi]] (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Vaidhehi Raman"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Pagal Nilavu#Soundtrack|Pagal Nilavu]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|rowspan=2 |Sai Ramya<br />
|"Chittukuravi"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Savaale Samali]] (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Gangai Karai"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|[[Vaanampadi]] (1993)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|rowspan=2 |Sumesh Krishna<br />
|"Raja Raja Cholan"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Mu. Metha]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]] (1987) <br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Yeh Aatha"<br />
|<small>[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] & [[Anuradha Sriram]]</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>[[Mani Sharma]]</small><br />
|[[Malaikottai#Soundtrack|Malaikottai]] (2007) <br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Kaaveri<br />
|"Paadu Nilaave"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Mu. Metha]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Udaya Geetham#Soundtrack|Udaya Geetham]] (1988) <br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Sarigas Ganga<br />
|"Nee Inge"<br />
|<small>[[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Chinna Thambi#Soundtrack|Chinna Thambi]] (1991) <br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|rowspan=2 |Sathish<br />
|"Mandram Vandhu"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Mouna Ragam#Music|Mouna Ragam]] (1986) <br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|"Dhevan Thandha"<br />
|<small>[[P. Jayachandran]] & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Unnai Naan Santhithen (1983) <br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Vindhyashri<br />
|"Kannaalane"<br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]] & A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Bombay (soundtrack)|Bombay]] (1995) <br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|Poornima<br />
|"Chinna Thaai Aval"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Thalapathi]] (1991) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 16 (9 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=darkgray}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|Priyadarshini<br />
|"Om Namashivaya"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Salangai Oli#Soundtrack|Salangai Oli]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|Hari<br />
|"Poomaalai Vaangi"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)#Soundtrack|Sindhu Bhairavi]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|rowspan=2 |Shanmukha Bhagyashri<br />
|"Aadiyil Sedhi"<br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]</small><br />
|[[En Aasai Machan#Soundtrack|En Aasai Machan]] (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"Ayya Sami"<br />
|<small>[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>R. Sudharsanam</small><br />
|[[Or Iravu]] (1951)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|style="background:palegreen" rowspan=2 |Somadas<br />
|"Sandhana Thendralai"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kandukondain Kandukondain#Soundtrack|Kandukondain Kandukondain]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Vathikuchi"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Dheena]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|rowspan=2 |Kaushik<br />
|"Chithiram Pesuthadi"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[T. G. Lingappa]]</small><br />
|[[Sabaash Meena]] (1958) <br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Kaadhal Konjam"<br />
|<small>[[Naresh Iyer]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Pachaikili Muthucharam#Soundtrack|Pachaikili Muthucharam]] (2007) <br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|rowspan=2 |Deepika<br />
|"Paadu Nilaave"<br />
|<small>[[Dhanush]] & [[Shruti Haasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Dhanush</small><br />
|<small>[[Anirudh Ravichander]]</small><br />
|[[3 (2012 Indian film)#Soundtrack|3]] (2012) <br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|"Kannodu Kanbathellam"<br />
|<small>[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Jeans (film)#Soundtrack|Jeans]] (1998) <br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|rowspan=2 |Dhinesh<br />
|"Neelavaana Odaiyil"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|[[Vazhvey Maayam#Soundtrack|Vazhvey Maayam]] (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|"Dhevan Thandha"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)#Soundtrack|Rajadhi Raja]] (1989) <br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|rowspan=2 |Baalaaji<br />
|"Oh Paapa"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Geethanjali (1989 film)#Soundtrack|Idhayathai Thirudathe]] (1989)<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|"Megham Kottatum"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)#Soundtrack|Enakkul Oruvan]] (1984) <br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Thoongaadha Vizhigal"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Agni Natchathiram#Soundtrack|Agni Natchathiram]] (1988) <br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|Indhumathi<br />
|"Ther Kondu Sendravan"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Enakkul Oruvan (1984) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 17 (15 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
No contestants were spot-selected to advance to the next round in this episode.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Maalai Pozhuthin"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|Bhagyalakshmi (1961)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|rowspan=2 |Sharath Kumar<br />
|"Aariro"<br />
|<small>[[Haricharan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]</small><br />
|[[Deiva Thirumagal#Soundtrack|Deiva Thirumagal]] (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|"Kannitheevu Ponnaa"<br />
|<small>M. L. R. Karthikeyan</small><br />
|<small>Kapilan</small><br />
|<small>K</small><br />
|[[Yuddham Sei]] (2011)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Ajay<br />
|"Nandha En Nilaa"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Pazhanisami</small><br />
|<small>[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]</small><br />
|Nanda En Nila (1977)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Gayathri<br />
|"Chithirai Sevvanam"<br />
|<small>[[P. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]] (1978)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Keerthi<br />
|"Oh Butterfly"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[Asha Bhosle]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]] (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|rowspan=2 |Venkatesh<br />
|"Aadi Ponna"<br />
|<small>[[Gaana Bala]]</small><br />
|<small>Kapilan</small><br />
|<small>[[Santhosh Narayanan]]</small><br />
|[[Attakathi#Soundtrack|Attakathi]] (2012) <br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Poongkaatrile"<br />
|<small>[[Unni Menon]] & [[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Dil Se..#Tamil (Uyire)|Uyire]] (1998) <br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Rithu<br />
|"Malligai"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|Dheerga Sumangali (1974) <br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Shankar Raman<br />
|"Mun Paniyaa"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[Malgudi Subha]]</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Nandhaa#Soundtrack|Nandhaa]] (2001) <br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|Sathyaprakash<br />
|"Oru Maalai"<br />
|<small>[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]] (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Arun Prasad<br />
|"Neelavaana Odaiyil"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|[[Vazhvey Maayam#Soundtrack|Vazhvey Maayam]] (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Sriragam Muralidharan<br />
|"Nee Paadhi"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]] & [[Uma Ramanan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali/[[Mu. Metha]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Keladi Kanmani#Soundtrack|Keladi Kanmani]] (1989)<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|Sowmya<br />
|"Maargazhi Thingal Allava"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] & Madhumitha</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]] (1999) <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 18 (16 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
No contestants were spot-selected to advance to the next round in this episode.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by guest judge/performer <br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" |Keshav<br />
|"Azhagae Azhagu"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Raja Paarvai#Soundtrack|Raja Paarvai]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|Sushmitha<br />
|"O Vasantha Raajaa"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Neengal Kettavai#Soundtrack|Neengal Kettavai]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|Shibi<br />
|"Vizhiyile"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri#Soundtrack|Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri]] (1977)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|rowspan=2 |Sudharsan<br />
|"Minnale"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[May Madham]] (2006)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|"Kadhalukku"<br />
|<small>Pushpavannam Kuppuswamy & Sri Vardhini</small><br />
|<small>Kapilan</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Perazhagan#Soundtrack|Perazhagan]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Enna Enna Vaarthaigalo"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Vennira Aadai]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|Gnanashekhar<br />
|"Senorita"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]] (1980) <br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|<br />
|rowspan=2 |Prasanna<br />
|"Thendrale Thendrale"<br />
|<small>[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] & [[Dominique Cerejo]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kadhal Desam#Tamil version|Kadhal Desam]] (1996) <br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|<br />
|"Malligai"<br />
|<small>Krishnaraj, [[Velmurugan]] & [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Snehan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Kazhugu (2012 film)#Soundtrack|Kazhugu]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|Jasmine Fatima<br />
|"Naan Unnai Vaazhthi"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[V. Kumar]]</small><br />
|[[Nootrukku Nooru#Soundtrack|Nootrukku Nooru]] (1978) <br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|Sathish Kumar<br />
|"Vellai Pura"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]] & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Puthukavithai#Soundtrack|Puthukavithai]] (1982)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 12<br />
|[[S.P. Sailaja]]<br />
|<br />
|"Vaan Pole Vannam"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S.P. Sailaja</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Salangai Oli#Soundtrack|Salangai Oli]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|<br />
|Soundharya<br />
|"Unnai Kaanaadha Kannum"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|[[Idhayak Kamalam#Soundtrack|Idhayak Kamalam]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|Harini<br />
|"Unnavida"<br />
|<small>[[Kamal Haasan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>Kamal Haasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Virumaandi#Tamil tracklist|Virumaandi]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" |Nisar Rutin<br />
|"Varaha Nadhikarai"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]] (1999) <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 19 (22 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
No contestants were spot-selected to advance to the next round in this episode.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | Dhanush<br />
|"Sandhosha Kanneere"<br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman, [[Sowmya Raoh]], [[Dominique Cerejo]] & Kavita Paudwal</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Dil Se..#Tamil (Uyire)|Uyire]] (1998) <br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Jayaprabha<br />
|"Ennulle"<br />
|<small>[[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|Valli (1993)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Ganesh Kumar<br />
|"Poove Sempoove"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu#Soundtrack|Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]] (1988)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Vishnuram<br />
|"Manuthu Mandhaiyile"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & Sasirekha</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kizhakku Cheemayile#Soundtrack|Kizhakku Cheemayile]] (1993)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| Krithika<br />
|"Ennulil Engo"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Rosapoo Ravikaikari (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| Shridhar<br />
|"Raagangal Paathinaaru"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Thillu Mullu#Soundtrack|Thillu Mullu]] (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| Jo<br />
|"Madai Thiranthu" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali Originally Written by [[Manivannan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Nizhalgal#Soundtrack|Nizhalgal]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| Sharavanan<br />
|"Aaru Maname"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Andavan Kattalai]] (1964)<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| Gochan Soloman<br />
|"Anbae Anbae"<br />
|<small>[[Harish Raghavendra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Dhaam Dhoom]] (2009)<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| Aparna<br />
|"Roja Poo"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Agni Natchathiram#Soundtrack|Agni Natchathiram]] (1988) <br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
| Charanya<br />
|"Thesulavudhe"<br />
|<small>Ghantasala & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass</small> <br />
|<small>[[P. Adinarayana Rao|Adi Narayana Rao]]</small><br />
|Manalane Mangayin Bhagyam (1957)<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
| Larson Cyril<br />
|"Nilavu Thoongum"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Kunguma Chimil#Soundtrack|Kunguma Chimil]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Mu Nasseer<br />
|"Indha Ponnungale"<br />
|<small>Jayamoorthy</small><br />
|<small>Yugabharathy</small><br />
|<small>[[D. Imman]]</small><br />
|[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam#Soundtrack|Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
======Episode 20 (23 November 2014)======<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Shriranjani<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
At the conclusion of the auditions in this episode, the judges announced 10 of the top 20 finalists they selected to enter the competition this season. This included a recap of spot selected contestants from previous episodes in this round of auditions.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=darkgray}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=darkgray}} – Contestant waitlisted then selected on subsequent episode<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| Balasubramaniam<br />
|"Nirpathuve Nadapathuve"<br />
|<small>[[Harish Raghavendra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Subramania Bharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Bharathi (2000 film)#Soundtrack|Bharathi]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Dharshanaa<br />
|"Nee Korinaal"<br />
|<small>[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & [[Shweta Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Madhan Karky]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Sharreth]]</small><br />
|[[180 (2011 Indian film)#Soundtrack|180]] (2011)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Aravindh<br />
|"Varaha Nadhikarai"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]] (1999) <br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Vishnu<br />
|"Maankuyile"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Karagattakaran]] (1989)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | Prathipaa<br />
|"Kaatrodu Kuzhalin"<br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Kodai Mazhai]] (1986)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" rowspan=2 | Nellaiappan <br />
|"Mouname Paarvaiyaal"<br />
|<small>[[P. B. Srinivas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|Kodi Malar (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|"Thanni Thotti"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)#Soundtrack|Sindhu Bhairavi]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| Jay Krishna<br />
|"Nee Pournami"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Ponnadiyan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Oruvar Vaazhum Alaiyum (1988)<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | Aathreya<br />
|"Vennilavae" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], Shankar Mahadevan & Kavita Paudwal</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Minsara Kanavu#Soundtrack|Minsara Kanavu]] (1997)<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| Keerthana<br />
|"Yaarathu Sollamal"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Shankar–Ganesh]]</small><br />
|Nenjamellam Neeye (1983)<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|rowspan=2 | Shrikanth<br />
|"Thendral Vandhu"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Thendrale Ennai Thodu (1985)<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
|"Machan Peru"<br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Kapilan</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Madhurey]] (2004)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
======= Spot-selected contestants =======<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; width:75%;"<br />
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"<br />
|<br />
|align="center"|'''Spot Selected Contestants'''<br />
|align="center"|'''Gender'''<br />
|align="center"|'''Audition City in South India'''<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|Female<br />
|[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|02<br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|Female<br />
|[[Kochi|Cochin, Kerala]]<br />
|-<br />
|03<br />
|Somadas<br />
|Male<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|-<br />
|04<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|Female<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|-<br />
|05<br />
|Keshav Vinodh<br />
|Male<br />
|[[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|-<br />
|06<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|-<br />
|07<br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|Female<br />
|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh<br />
|-<br />
|08<br />
|Aathreya<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|-<br />
|09<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Nisa Rutin<br />
|Male<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== Solo Introduction Round (29 November 2014 – 14 December 2014) =====<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 10 finalists announced at the conclusion of episode 20, as well as 16 other contestants, were expected to perform over two performances rounds. The first round of performances were announced as the 'introduction' round. The second round of performances were announced as the 'duet' round. At the conclusion of the performances from both rounds, the judges were expected make a decision as to which other 10 contestants should be selected as top 20 finalists.<br />
<br />
This round required solo performances from the contestants.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|21 <br><small>{{nobold|''(29 November 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Shrinidhi<br />
|"Kavidhai Kelungal"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]] & [[P. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Punnagai Mannan]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Aravind<br />
|"Thom Karuvil"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Star (2001 film)|Star]] (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Sariga S. Ganga<br />
|"Yengae Enathu Kavithai"<br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chitra]] & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kandukondain Kandukondain#Soundtrack|Kandukondain Kandukondain]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Puttham Puddhu Pattu"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & Pushpavanam Kuppusamy</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Thendral (film)|Thendral]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|22 <br><small>{{nobold|''(30 November 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Keerthana<br />
|"Ival Oru Ilam Kuruvi"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|Brahma (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Somadas<br />
|"Vetri Kodi"<br />
|<small>Palakkad Sreeram</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Padayappa]] (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Sai Ramya<br />
|"Oru Naal"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[V. Kumar]]</small><br />
|[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]] (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Ajay<br />
|"Unnidam Mayangugiren"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar & [[G. K. Venkatesh]]</small><br />
|[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]] (1975)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6|23 <br><small>{{nobold|''(6 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Larson Cyril<br />
|"Verasa Pogayile"<br />
|<small>D. Imman</small><br />
|<small>Prema</small><br />
|<small>[[D. Imman]]</small><br />
|[[Jilla (soundtrack)|Jilla]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Vasundhara<br />
|"Kannan Varuvan"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Panchavarna Kili]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Nellaiappan<br />
|"Kaatrin Mozhi"<br />
|<small>[[Balram]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Shanmukha Bhagyashri<br />
|"Oru Kili Uruguthu"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Aanandha Kummi]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Shrikanth Suresh<br />
|"Iruvathu Kodi"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[S. A. Rajkumar]]</small><br />
|[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]] (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Ninaithu Ninaithu" <br />
|<small>[[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Selvaraghavan]] & [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[7G Rainbow Colony#Soundtrack|7G Rainbow Colony]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|24 <br><small>{{nobold|''(7 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Keshav Vinodh<br />
|"Enakkoru Kaadhal"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|Muthana Muthallavo (1976)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Prathipaa<br />
|"Poovarusam Poo"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Kizhake Pogum Rail]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Tanuj<br />
|"Poi Solla Koodaadhu"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Run (2002 film)|Run]] (2002)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Machana Pathingala"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Annakili]] (1976)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|25 <br><small>{{nobold|''(13 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Aparna<br />
|"Brindavanathukku"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Sathish<br />
|"Kalyaana Maalai"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]] (1989)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Harini<br />
|"Marudaani" <br />
|<small>[[Madhushree]], A. R. Rahman, Hentry Kuruvilla</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Sakkarakatti#Soundtrack|Sakkarakatti]] (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Nisar Rutin<br />
|"Poove Sempoove"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu#Soundtrack|Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]] (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|26 <br><small>{{nobold|''(14 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Hari<br />
|"Dheivam Thandha Veedu"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]] (1974)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Shaanthini<br />
|"Kaadhalin Dheepam Ondru"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Aathreyaa<br />
|"Thanga Thaamarai" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Minsara Kanavu]] (1997)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Vaanathishri<br />
|"Thalattum Pongkaatru"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Gopura Vasalile]] (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== Duet Introduction Round (20 December 2014 – 28 December 2014) =====<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S.P. Sailaja]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
This round required duet performances from the contestants. At the conclusion of this round, the judges announced their decision as to the remaining contestants selected as top 20 finalists. The judges confirmed that although it was not possible for all contestants to participate in all rounds for various reasons (such as illness, exam studies, difficulties traveling interstate at an agreed time, and so forth), a decision was made taking into account the overall potential of each contestant from their performances to-date. After the judges announced the names of the other selected contestants, the host pointed out that 12 contestants were named instead of 10. The judges asserted the last two named contestants were lucky surprise selections but warned that those contestants should not become complacent as they were allowed into the competition by half marks.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant 1<br />
!Contestant 2<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|27 <br><small>{{nobold|''(20 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Shrikanth Suresh <br />
| Shaanthini <br />
|"Un Per Solla"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Sujatha Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali, Kalaikumar & [[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]</small><br />
|[[Minsara Kanna]] (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Ajay <br />
| Keerthanaa <br />
|"Malare Mounamaa"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Karnaa]] (1995)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Vasundhara <br />
| Sathish Kumar <br />
|"Ore Naal Unnai Naan" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]] (1976)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|28 <br><small>{{nobold|''(21 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Ajay Krishna <br />
| Prathipaa <br />
|"Thedum Kan"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]] & [[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]] (1986)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Nissar Rutin <br />
| Lekshmi Jayan <br />
|"Unn Perai Sollum"<br />
|<small>[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Haricharan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]</small><br />
|[[Angadi Theru]] (1995)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Aravindh <br />
| Anusha Ravi <br />
|"Swaasame Swaasame" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Thenali]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Tanuj<br />
| Aparna <br />
|"Oru Paadhi Kadhavu" <br />
|<small>[[Haricharan]] & [[Vandana Srinivasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>G. V. Prakash Kumar</small><br />
|[[Thaandavam]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|29 <br><small>{{nobold|''(27 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Shanmukha Bhagyashri <br />
| Larson Cyril<br />
|"Kandaangi Kandaangi"<br />
|<small>[[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[D. Imman]]</small><br />
|[[Jilla]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Keshav Vinodh<br />
| Sariga S. Ganga <br />
|"Raathiriyil Poothirukkum"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Thanga Magan (1983 film)|Thanga Magan]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Nellaiappan<br />
| Harini<br />
|"Ding Dong" <br />
|<small>[[Madhu Balakrishnan]] & [[Madhushree]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Ji (film)|Ji]] (2005)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Sai Ramya<br />
| Hari<br />
|"Konja Neram" <br />
|<small>[[Asha Bhosle]] & Madhu Balakrishnan</small><br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|[[Chandramukhi]] (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|30 <br><small>{{nobold|''(28 December 2014)''}}</small><br />
| 1<br />
| Somdas <br />
| Vanathishri<br />
|"Sundhari Kannaal"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Thalapathi]] (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Shrinidhi<br />
| Aathreya <br />
|"Un Samayal Arayil"<br />
|<small>[[P. Unnikrishnan]] & [[Sujatha Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Dhill]] (2001)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====== Selected wait-listed contestants ======<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|'''Order in which remaining finalists were announced'''<br />
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|'''Spot Selected Contestants'''<br />
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|'''Audition City in South India'''<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|02<br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|03<br />
|Saariga S. Ganga<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|04<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|05<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|06<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|07<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|08<br />
|Aravindh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|09<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Sathish Kumar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|Ajay<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Top 22 contestants===<br />
'''Shrinidhi''' is from [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]]. She received training in [[Carnatic music]] from prominent vocalist, [[Nedunuri Krishnamoorthy]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Lekshmi Jayan''' is from [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Somadas''' is from [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Prathipaa''' is from [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Keshav Vinodh''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Tanuj Nair''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Sindhuja Srinivasan''' is from [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Aathreya Ganapathy''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Nellaiappan Ram''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Nisar Rutin Shah''' is from [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Vaanathishri''' initially auditioned at [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Sai Ramya''' auditioned at [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Saariga S. Ganga''' is from [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Larson Cyril''' initially auditioned at [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]. He previously appeared on [[Jaya TV]]'s ''Ragamalika'' series.<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Vasundhara Shivakumar''' initially auditioned at [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Ajay Krishna''' [[Madurai|Madurai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Madhumathi Venkat''' initially auditioned at [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Shaanthini''' is from [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Sathish Kumar''' is from [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Aravindh''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Anusha Ravi''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
'''Ajay''' initially auditioned at [[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], and only just made it as a contestant on the show. However, he ceased appearing as a contestant on the show after the New Year Celebration Round.<br />
<br />
===Competition performance rounds===<br />
<br />
====Contestant elimination chart====<br />
Contestants' listed in the order in which the finalists were announced as selected during the final audition rounds.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;" <br />
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Finalist<br />
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Gender<br />
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Audition City in South India<br />
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Elimination Date<br />
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Placement<br />
|-<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|Female<br />
|[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|Female<br />
|[[Kochi|Cochin, Kerala]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Somadas<br />
|Male<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|Female<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Keshav Vinodh<br />
|Male<br />
|[[Chennai|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Tanuj Nair<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sindhuja Srinivasan<br />
|Female<br />
|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Aathreya Ganapathy<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nellaiappan Ram<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nisar Rutin Shah<br />
|Male<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|Female<br />
|[[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|Female<br />
|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Saariga S. Ganga<br />
|Female<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|Male<br />
|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Vasundhara Shivakumar<br />
|Female<br />
|[[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|Male<br />
|Madurai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Madhumathi Venkat<br />
|Female<br />
|Bangalore, Karnataka <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Aravindh<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|Female<br />
|Cochin, Kerala<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sathish Kumar<br />
|Male<br />
|Bangalore, Karnataka<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ajay<br />
|Male<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|Female<br />
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Main competition rounds====<br />
Contestants and special performers were accompanied by Ganesh Kirupa Light Music Orchestra.<br />
<br />
=====New Year (2015) Celebration Round - 2014 Hits (3 January 2015 – 11 January 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The first finals round of the season was telecast on 2 January 2015 in celebration of the New Year. The host announced this round as a celebration round in which no contestants would be eliminated. The top 22 contestants were required to perform hits from Tamil films released in the previous year, 2014. Before the performances were underway, an announcement was also made that as a New Year's gift, the best performing contestant(s) would be given a [[playback singing]] opportunity by music director Bharadwaj, one of the show's judges.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |31 <br><small>{{nobold|''(3 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Ajay<br />
|"Oruthi Maelae" <br />
|<small>[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] & El Fé Choir</small><br />
|<small>[[Madhan Karky]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[D. Imman]]</small><br />
|[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Mounam Pesum" <br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]] & Sowmya Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>P. Vetriselvan</small><br />
|<small>[[M. Ghibran]]</small><br />
|[[Amara Kaaviyam]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Sathish Kumar ("Babloo")<br />
|"Vinmeen Vithaiyil" <br />
|<small>Abhay Jodhpurkar & [[Saindhavi|Saindhavi Prakash]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]</small> <br />
|<small>Nivas K. Prasanna</small><br />
|[[Thegidi#Soundtrack|Thegidi]] (2014)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 4<br />
|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] <br />
|<br />
|Short [[alapana]] excerpt in [[raga]] Kharaharapriya <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] alapana</small><br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Sonnadhu Sonnadhu" <br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]]</small> <br />
| <br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|[[Aranmanai]] (2014)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 6<br />
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Sonnadhu Sonnadhu"<br />
|<small>Sadhana Sargam</small><br />
| <br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|Aranmanai (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| <br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Nee Yaaro"/"Yaar Petra Magano" <br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Anirudh Ravichander]]</small><br />
|[[Kaththi]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |32 <br><small>{{nobold|''(4 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Eeramaai Eeramaai" <br />
|<small>Vibhavari & [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Jayant Kaikini]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Un Samayal Arayil]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Aravindh<br />
|"Vaanga Makka Vaanga" <br />
|<small>[[Haricharan]] & Dr. Narayanan</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Somadas<br />
|"Oh Nanba" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Lingaa]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Darling Dambakku" <br />
|<small>[[Benny Dayal]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]</small><br />
|<small>Yugabharathi</small><br />
|<small>[[Anirudh Ravichander]]</small><br />
|[[Maan Karate]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Un Vizhigalil" <br />
|<small>Anirudh Ravichander & [[Shruti Haasan]]</small><br />
|<small>R D Raja and Shivaan Keithravindran</small><br />
|<small>Anirudh Ravichander</small><br />
|Maan Karate (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|Group of Top 22 Contestants<br />
|Medley (including excerpt from "Jingunamani" from Jilla)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |33 <br><small>{{nobold|''(10 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Venmegam Polave" <br />
|<small>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] & Saindhavi Prakash</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small> <br />
|<small>[[Sharreth]]</small><br />
|[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Raasa Magaraasaa" <br />
|<small>Rita, [[Anthony Daasan|Anthony Dasan]] & Sean Roldan</small><br />
|<small>Muthamil</small><br />
|<small>[[Sean Roldan]]</small><br />
|[[Mundasupatti]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"En Mannava" <br />
|<small>[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] & Aditi Paul</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|Lingaa (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Nisar Rutin Shah<br />
|"Adiye Enna Raagam" <br />
|<small>Abhay Jodhpurkar & Poornima Satish</small><br />
|<small>Yugabharathi</small><br />
|<small>D. Imman</small><br />
|[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Sariga S. Ganga<br />
|"Yeppa Maama Treatu" <br />
|<small>D. Imman, A.V. Pooja, Snigdha Chandra</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|<small>D. Imman</small><br />
|[[Jilla]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Mersalaayiten" <br />
|<small>Anirudh Ravichander & [[Neeti Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kabilan</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[I (2015 film)|I]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| <br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|"Naan Nee" <br />
|<small>[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] & Dheekshitha</small><br />
|<small>Uma Devi</small><br />
|<small>[[Santhosh Narayanan]]</small><br />
|[[Madras (film)|Madras]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |34 <br><small>{{nobold|''(11 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Manasula Soora Kaathey" <br />
|<small>RR & Divya Ramani</small><br />
|<small>Yugabharathi</small> <br />
|<small>Santhosh Narayanan</small><br />
|[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Keshav Vinodh<br />
|"Aagayam Theepidicha" <br />
|<small>Pradeep Kumar</small><br />
|<small>Kabilan</small><br />
|<small>Santhosh Narayanan</small><br />
|Madras (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Yaarumilla" <br />
|<small>[[Shweta Mohan]] & Srinivas</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Aathreya<br />
|"Ennai Saaithaalae" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Endrendrum Punnagai]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Group of Top 22 Contestants<br />
|"Indhiya Naadu"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan, M. S. Viswanathan, Malaysia Vasudevan, K. Veeramani, P. Susheela & L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Bharatha Vilas]] (1973)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== Tribute to "K.B Sir" Round (17 January 2015 – 8 February 2015) =====<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Special Guest Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[Vani Jairam]] (episodes 35, 36, 37, 38, & 39), comedian actor [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] (episodes 37 & 38) and playback violinist M. Kalyan (episodes 40, 41, 42, 43 & 44)<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
This unique round was in tribute to prominent film director, [[K. Balachander]] ("K.B Sir"). Throughout this round, each of the judges and chief guests made detailed comments filled with anecdotes about their experiences with the film director during their careers.<br />
<br />
Musical performances by the judges, chief guests, and top 21 contestants during this round consisted of songs featured in films directed by K. Balachander.<br />
<br />
Contestant Ajay did not participate or appear on the show for this round, and it was announced in the next round that he was no longer participating in the competition.<br />
<br />
Contestant Shrinidhi gave a stand-out performance.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |35 <br><small>{{nobold|''(17 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
|<br />
|"Kamban Yemandhan" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Nizhal Nijamagiradhu]] (1978)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|2<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]] <br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Tere Meri Beech"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Anand Bakshi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]</small><br />
|[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]] (Hindi film) (1981)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|3<br />
|S. P. Sailaja<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Balle Balle Magadivoy" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[L. R. Eswari]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]]</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Maro Charitra]] (Telugu film) (1978)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|4<br />
|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] <br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Naan Oru Sindhu" <br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] (1985)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|5<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan <br />
|<br />
|"Manmadha Masam" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan & [[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Parthale Paravasam]] (1978)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|6<br />
|[[Vani Jairam]] <br />
|<br />
|Medley of excerpts from 10 songs <small>("Ezhu Swarangalukkul"; "Naadham Ennum Kovilil"; "Kavidhai Kelungal"; "Kelviyin Naayagane"; "Mani Osai Enna"; "Ilakkanam Marutho"; "Azhagana Ilamangai"; "Naana Paaduvathu Naana"; "Vasantha Kaala" & "Antha Neram Poruthirunthal")</small><br />
|<small>Vani Jairam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan & Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan (except [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for 3rd song and [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] for 7th song)</small><br />
|<small>[[Apoorva Raagangal#Music|Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975); [[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]] (1976); [[Punnagai Mannan]] (2000); Apoorva Raagangal (1975); Nizhal Nijamagiradhu (1978); [[Thappu Thalangal]] (1978); [[Nool Veli]] (1979); [[Moondru Mudichu]] (1976) & [[Thillu Mullu]] (1981)</small><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |36 <br><small>{{nobold|''(18 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Moothaval Nee"<br />
|<small>K. Swarna & Trichy Loganathan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>[[V. Kumar]]</small><br />
|[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]] (1973)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Madhuraiyil Parandha"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)|Poova Thalaiya]] (1969)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul"<br />
|<small>Vani Jairam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Apoorva Raagangal (1975)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Ranga Rangiah"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |37 <br><small>{{nobold|''(24 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Sariga S. Ganga<br />
|"Naan Oru Sindhu"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Sindhu Bhairavi (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Oru Naal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Kaaviya Thalaivi (1969)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Sollathaan Ninaikkiren"<br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]] (1973)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|4<br />
|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Sollathaan Ninaikiren"<br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|Sollathaan Ninaikkiren (1973)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |38 <br><small>{{nobold|''(25 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Sogame Ini Illai"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[M. M. Keeravani|Maragatha Mani Keeravani]]</small><br />
|[[Vaaname Ellai]] (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Junior Junior"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & Sadan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Avargal]] (1977)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Somadas<br />
|"Maamaavukku Kudumaa Kudumaa"<br />
|<small>[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Punnagai Mannan]] (1986)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Keshav Vinodh<br />
|"Kanaa Kaanum"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[Saritha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]] (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |39 <br><small>{{nobold|''(31 January 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|Bharadwaj<br />
|(none - encore telecast)<br />
|Excerpt from "Kamban Emandhan" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & Vani Jairam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Nizhal Nijamagiradhu (1978)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|2<br />
|S. P. Sailaja <br />
|(none - encore telecast)<br />
|Excerpt from "Balle Balle Magadivoy" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & L. R. Eswari</small> <br />
|<small>Aatreya</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Maro Charitra (Telugu film) (1978)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|3<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan<br />
|(none - encore telecast)<br />
|"Manmadha Masam" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan & Shankar Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|Parthale Paravasam (1978)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|4<br />
|Vani Jairam <br />
|(none - encore telecast)<br />
|Medley of excerpts from 10 songs<br> <small>(see item 6 from episode 35)</small> <br />
|<small>Vani Jairam</small><br />
|<small>(see item 6 from episode 35)</small><br />
|<small>(see item 6 from episode 35)</small><br />
|<small>(see item 6 from episode 35)</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|5<br />
|M. Kalyan (violin)<br />
|<br />
|"Oru Naal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar</small><br />
|[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]] (1966)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |40 <br><small>{{nobold|''(1 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|M. Kalyan (violin)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|"Aavaram Poovu" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[V. S. Narasimhan]]</small><br />
|[[Achamillai Achamillai]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Aathreya<br />
|"Punjai Undu" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Muthulingam & [[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]] (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Muthu Kulikka Vareegala" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundarajan & L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]] (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |41 <br><small>{{nobold|''(7 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|M. Kalyan (violin)<br />
|(none - encore telecast)<br />
|"Oru Naal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar</small><br />
|Major Chandrakanth (1966)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Satish Kumar ("Babloo")<br />
|"Enna Saththam Indha Neram"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Punnagai Mannan]] (1986)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Kaatrukkenna Veli"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Avargal]] (1977)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Aravindh<br />
|"Sathi Malli Poocharame"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Pulamaipithan</small><br />
|<small>[[M. M. Keeravani|Maragadha Mani]]</small><br />
|[[Azhagan]] (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |42 <br><small>{{nobold|''(8 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Nisar Rutin Shah<br />
|"Manaivi Amaivadhellam"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]] (1976)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Azhage Sugama"<br />
|<small>[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] & Sadhana Sargam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|Paarthale Paravasam (1999)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|M. Kalyan (violin)<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Vannila Nila Alla"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small> <br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Pattina Pravesam (1976)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|4<br />
|M. Kalyan (violin)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== Remake Song Round (14 February 2015 – 28 February 2015) =====<br />
<br />
This unique round required the top 21 contestants to perform hit [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film songs which were remade from hit film songs in other South Indian languages ([[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages). The first part of the round consisted of solo performances, and the second part consisted of duet performances.<br />
<br />
At the commencement of the round, it was announced that contestant Ajay was no longer able to participate in the competition for an unavoidable reason, and that the next waitlisted contestant would be announced in the next round.<br />
<br />
====== Solo Performances ======<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
Contestant Lekshmi Jayan could not attend the set to perform for this round for unavoidable reasons, but was permitted to sing a song for this round via telephone link.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |43 <br><small>{{nobold|''(14 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]] <br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Aasaiyai Kaathula" <br />
|<small>S. P. Sailaja</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Laali Laali" ("Varam Thandha Swamikku")<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Swati Mutyam|Sippikkul Muthu]] (1986) (Dubbed version)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Oh Paapaa"<br />
|<small>[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & [[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Geethanjali (1989 film)#Soundtrack|Idhayathai Thirudathe]] (1989) (Dubbed version)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Aathaadi Amaadi"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Oru Paadal"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]] & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Shankar–Ganesh]]</small><br />
|[[Osai]] (1984)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|6<br />
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] & S. P. Sailaja <br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Ek Pyaar" <br />
|<small>[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]</small><br />
|[[Shor (film)|Shor]] (1972)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3 |44 <br><small>{{nobold|''(15 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Endhan Kannil"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Aravindh<br />
|"Ennodu Paadungal"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Naan Vazhavaippen]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Om Namashivaya"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Salangai Oli#Soundtrack|Salangai Oli]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |45 <br><small>{{nobold|''(21 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Poongaatru Puthithaanathu"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Moondram Pirai]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Naane Varuven"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]</small><br />
|[[Yaar Nee?]] (1966)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Aathreya<br />
|"Aanandham Ennadaa"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Raja Nagendra</small><br />
|[[Iru Nilavugal]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|"Anbe Anbe"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Muthulingam</small><br />
|<small>[[Bappi Lahiri]]</small><br />
|[[Paadum Vaanampadi]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Dhoorathil Naan Kanda Un Mugam"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Nizhalgal]] (1980)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 6<br />
|S. P. Sailaja<br />
|<br />
|"Vennello Godari Andam" <small>([[Telugu language]])</small><br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Veturi]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Sitaara]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |46 <br><small>{{nobold|''(22 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Rangeela Rangeela"<br />
|<small>Sujatha</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]] (1995) (Dubbed version)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Keshav Vinodh<br />
|"Naanoru Disco"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Shankar–Ganesh</small><br />
|[[Paadum Vaanampadi]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Ponmeni Thazhuvaamal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Vedha</small><br />
|Yaar Nee? 1966)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Somadas<br />
|"Kaaviyam Paadavaa"<br />
|<small>Mano</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Idhayathai Thirudathe (1989) (Dubbed version)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Nisar Rutin<br />
|"Vennmegam"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]] (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |47 <br><small>{{nobold|''(28 February 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Dhevathai Ilam"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Aayiram Nilave Vaa]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Sariga S. Ganga<br />
|"Poongaaviyam"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Karpoora Mullai]] (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Sathish ("Babloo")<br />
|"En Vaazhvile Varum Anbe Vaa"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Aadal Paadal"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Veetukku Veedu Vasapadi]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====== Duet Performances ======<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]] and music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The host noted that [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] was unable to attend to judge the show in this week's episode.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performers<br />
!Contestant 1<br />
!Contestant 2<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |48 <br><small>{{nobold|''(1 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Keshav Vinod<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Vaan Pole Vannam"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & S. P. Sailaja</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Sagara Sangamam|Salangai Oli]] (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Nissar Rutin ("Shah")<br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Uyire Uyire"<br />
|<small>[[Mano (singer)|Mao]]</small><br />
|<small>Pirai Sudan</small><br />
|<small>[[M. M. Keeravani]]</small><br />
|Ellame En Kadhali (1995)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Mounamana Neram"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]] & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Illaiyaraja</small><br />
|Salangai Oli (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Aathreya<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Ponmane Kovam Yeno"<br />
|<small>[[Unni Menon]] & [[Uma Ramanan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Illaiyaraja</small><br />
|[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Aravindh<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Poove Unnai Nesithen"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Hamsalekha]]</small><br />
|[[Paruva Ragam]] (1987)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |49 <br><small>{{nobold|''(7 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]] & [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Medley song (excerpts in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]])<br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small> <br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|various<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Sathish Kumar<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Vizhiyile Mani Vizhiyil"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaj</small><br />
|[[Nooravathu Naal]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Paruvam Uruga"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Hare Radha Hare Krishna (1986)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Oh Priyaa"<br />
|<small>Mano & [[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Geethanjali (1989 film)#Soundtrack|Idhayathai Thirudathe]] (1989)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Larson<br />
|Sariga<br />
|"Keeravani"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Anveshana|Paadum Paravaigal]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== "Puratchi Thalaivi" Birthday Celebration Round (8 March 2015 – 29 March 2015) =====<br />
This unique round was in tribute to ''Puratchi Thalaivi'' ("Revolutionary Leader"): politician, actress, and artist, [[Jayalalithaa]]. The round celebrated Jayalalithaa's birthday and contributions. The first part of the round consisted of solo performances, and the second part consisted of duet performances.<br />
<br />
In celebration of the show reaching a 50th episode milestone, veteran playback singer [[P. Susheela]] graciously accepted an invitation to appear on the show as a special guest judge over the first three episodes in this round.<br />
<br />
====== Solo Performances ======<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Special Guest Judge:''' veteran playback singer [[P. Susheela]] (episodes 50, 51, and 52)<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |50 <br><small>{{nobold|''(8 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|[[P. Susheela]] & [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br><small>(Chorus by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] & [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]])</small><br />
|Chorus by various<br />
|"Santhanam Kungumam" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Ragasiya Police 115]] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Ammamma Katruvanthu" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Vennira Aadai]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Engey Aval" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kumari Kottam]] (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Oraayiram Naadagam" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Sumathi En Sundari]] (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |51 <br><small>{{nobold|''(14 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Sariga S Ganga<br />
|"Ammano Samiyo" <br />
|<small>[[L. R. Eswari]] & [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|Naan (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Aathreya<br />
|"Thottu Kaatavaa" <br />
|<small>T. M. Sondararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]] (1970)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Unnai Naan Santhithaen" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] (1965)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|4<br />
|[[P. Susheela]] <br />
|<br />
|<small>Excerpt & humming of "Unnai Naan Santhithaen" followed by anecdote about [[D. K. Pattammal]] followed by humming of "Ammamma Katruvanthu"</small> <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali; Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|<small>[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] (1965); [[Vennira Aadai]] (1965)</small><br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Naan Endral Adhu Avalum" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Suryakanthi]] (1973)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |52 <br><small>{{nobold|''(15 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Chitukuruvikenna" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Savaale Samali]] (1971)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|2<br />
|[[P. Susheela]] <br />
|<br />
|<small>Humming from "Chitukuruvikenna"</small> <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|<small>Savaale Samali (1971)</small><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Aravind<br />
|"Thiruvalar Selviyo" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & B. Vasantha</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]] (1972)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Yenna Yenna Vaarthaigalo" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Vennira Aadai]] (1965)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|5<br />
|[[P. Susheela]] <br />
|<br />
|<small>excerpt from "Yenna Yenna Vaarthaigalo"</small> <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Vennira Aadai]] (1965)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|6<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]] <br />
|<br />
|<small>Excerpt from "Poonthottam"</small><br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|<small>Nathiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal (1980)</small><br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|Keshav Vinod<br />
|"Kadhal Malar Kootam" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Deiva Magan]] (1969)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |53 <br><small>{{nobold|''(21 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Kannanyennum" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Vennira Aadai]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Sathish Kumar<br />
|"Paramasivan Kazhuthil" <br />
|<small>T. M. Sondararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Suryakanthi]] (1973)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|"Oru Naal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar</small><br />
|[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]] (1966)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Naan Unnai Azhaikkavillai"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Engirundho Vandhaal]] (1970)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Kattazhagu Thangamagal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Alangadi Somu</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kaavalkaaran (1967 film)|Kaavalkaaran]] (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |54 <br><small>{{nobold|''(22 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Vandhaal Ennodu" <br />
|<small>L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>T. K. Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|Naan (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|Nissar Rutin ("Shah")<br />
|"Paaduvor Paadinaal" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kannan En Kadhalan]] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Paruvam Enathu Paadal" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Pottu Vaitha Mugamo" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & B. Vasantha</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Sumathi En Sundari]] (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====== Duet Performances ======<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
Judge [[S. P. Sailaja]]'s comments throughout episode 55 were especially noteworthy. During episode 56, S. P. Sailaja also recounted in detail the circumstances surrounding her brother, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] singing the song ''Aayiram Nilave Vaa'' which was appreciated by viewers of the show.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant 1<br />
!Contestant 2<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |55 <br><small>{{nobold|''(28 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Engirundho Aasaigal" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Chandhrodhayam]] (1966)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Sariga<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Naam Oruvarai" <br />
|<small>[[L. R. Eswari]] & T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kumari Kottam]] (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Naanamo" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Aathreya<br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Sirippul Undagum"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Engirundho Vandhaal]] (1970)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Nissar Rutin ("Shah")<br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Chandrodayam Oru"<br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Chandhrodhayam (1966)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |56 <br><small>{{nobold|''(29 March 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|Sathish Kumar ("Babloo")<br />
|Sai Ramya<br />
|"Neeyethan Enakku" <br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Keshav Vinod<br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Aayiram Nilave Vaa" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasuramanyam & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|[[Adimai Penn]] (1969)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Mellappo Mellappo"<br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Alangadi Somu</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kaavalkaaran (1967 film)|Kaavalkaaran]] (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Aravindh<br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Kunguma Pottin Mangalam"<br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Roshanara Begum</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|Kudiyirundha Koyil (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Minminyai Kanmani Kondavaney"<br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Alangadi Somu</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Kannan En Kadhalan]] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Kettukodi Uruvi Melam"<br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|[[Pattikada Pattanama]] (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Stage Songs Round (4 April 2015 – 12 April 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], and Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (except episode 60)<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
This round required the contestants to perform songs belong to a "stage song" genre, such as film songs which were picturised on a concert stage. The host and judges S. P. Sailaja and Bharadwaj noted that [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] was unable to attend to judge the show in episode 60.<br />
<br />
Before the commencement of the round, the judges gave detailed comments filled with anecdotes about their experience when they each performed on a concert stage for the first time.<br />
<br />
The exchange between host Vaishali and contestant Vaanathishri before her performance in episode 59 was enjoyed by viewers, as was the exchange between Bharadwaj and Vaishali before the beginning of episode 60.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |57 <br><small>{{nobold|''(4 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Keshav Vinod<br />
|"Then Mazhaiyile" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>V. S. Narasimhan</small> <br />
|[[Pudhiavan]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Lekshmi Jayan<br />
|"Engirundho Azhaikkum" <br />
|<small>[[Lata Mangeshkar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[En Jeevan Paduthu]] (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Aravind<br />
|"Konji Konji" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]] (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Ennai Yenna" <br />
|<small>[[Sudha Raghunathan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>|[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]] (2002)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Manadhil Enna Ninaivugalo" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]] & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Poonthalir]] (1979)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|6<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]] <br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Manadhil Enna Ninaivugalo" <br />
|<small>S. P. Sailaja & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Poonthalir]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |58 <br><small>{{nobold|''(5 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Muththamizhil Paada" <br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ulandhurpettai Shanmugam</small><br />
|<small>[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Melnaattu Marumagal]] (1975)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Aathreya<br />
|"Oru Kola Kili" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Uzhaippali]] (1993)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Poonthendrale" <br />
|<small>[[P. Jayachandran]] & [[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[S. A. Rajkumar]]</small><br />
|[[Manasukkul Mathappu]] (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Unnai Naan Parthathu" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Shankar–Ganesh]]</small><br />
|[[Pattikkaattu Raja]] (1975)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Sariga S. Ganga<br />
|"Kannan Vandhu"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]] (1987)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |59 <br><small>{{nobold|''(11 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Prathipaa<br />
|"Paartha Gnyaabagam Illaiyo"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Puthiya Paravai]] (1999)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Sathish Kumar ("Babloo")<br />
|"Devan Thandha Veenai"<br />
|<small>[[P. Jayachandran]] & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Paartha Gnyaabagam Illaiyo"<br />
|<small>[[Swarnalatha]] & [[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Paattu Vaathiyar]] (1995)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Veesum Kaatrukku"<br />
|<small>[[Harini (singer)|Harini]] & [[P. Unnikrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small><br />
|<small>[[Karthik Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Ullaasam]] (1997)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Sai Ramya ("Kutti Ponnu")<br />
|"Oru Iniya Manadhu"<br />
|<small>[[Sujatha Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]] (1980) <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |60 <br><small>{{nobold|''(12 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Vaasamilla Malar Idhu"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>T. Rajendar</small><br />
|<small>[[T. Rajendar]]</small><br />
|[[Oru Thalai Ragam]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Devan Kovil"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Muthulingam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Naan Paadum Paadal]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Nissar Rutin ("Shah")<br />
|"Oru Poiyaavadhu Sol Kanne"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]] (1999)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"[[Idhu Varai]]"<br />
|<small>[[Andrea Jeremiah]] & [[Ajeesh]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]] (2010)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Anusha Ravi & Aathreya Ganapathy<br />
|"Nenjam Paadum"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>T. Rajendar</small><br />
|<small>T. Rajendar</small><br />
|[[Nenjil Oru Ragam]] (1982) <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Pudhu Mugam Arimugam Round (18 April 2015 – 26 April 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]] and music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
This "Pudhu Mugam Arimugam" (New Face Debut) Round required the contestants to perform songs featured in films released between 2011 and 2015 by film directors making their debut in [[Tamil cinema]].<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |Episode 61<br><small>{{nobold|''(18 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Paarkathe Paarkathe" <br />
|<small>[[Vijay Yesudas]] & Pooja Vaidyanath</small><br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[D. Imman]]</small><br />
|[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Unnale" <br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]</small><br />
|[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]] (2015)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Aathadi Manasudhan" <br />
|<small>[[Priya Himesh]]</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Adi Raangi" <br />
|<small>Santhosh Hariharan</small><br />
|<small>Yugabharathi</small><br />
|<small>D. Imman</small><br />
|[[Saattai]] (2015)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 5<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]] <br />
|<br />
|"Solla Kuyile"<br />
|<small>S. P. Sailaja</small><br />
|<small>MG. Vallabhan</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |Episode 62<br><small>{{nobold|''(19 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Kadhal Kanave" <br />
|<small>Pradeep Kumar & [[Kalyani Nair]]</small><br />
|<small>Muthamil</small><br />
|<small>[[Sean Roldan]]</small><br />
|[[Mundasupatti]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Nissar Rutin ("Shah")<br />
|"Nee Paartha Vizhigal" <br />
|<small>[[Vijay Yesudas]] & [[Swetha Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Dhanush]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Anirudh Ravichander]]</small><br />
|[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]] (2015)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Sai Ramya <br>("Kutti Ponnu")<br />
|"Kaathirundhai Anbe" <br />
|<small>[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Nivas & [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>Prem Kumar</small><br />
|[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Aravindh<br />
|"Engae Pogudho Vaanam" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Kochadaiiyaan]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Vaanathishri<br />
|"Sahaayane"<br />
|<small>Shreya Ghoshal</small><br />
|<small>Yugabharathi</small><br />
|<small>D. Imman</small><br />
|[[Saattai]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |Episode 63<br><small>{{nobold|''(25 April 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Sariga S. Ganga<br />
|"Kangal Neeye" <br />
|<small>[[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>G. V. Prakash Kumar</small><br />
|[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Yaaro Ivan" <br />
|<small>[[Saindhavi|Saindhavi Prakash Kumar]] & G. V. Prakash Kumar</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>G. V. Prakash Kumar</small><br />
|[[Udhayam NH4]] (2013)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Sathish Kumar ("Babloo")<br />
|"Mugilo Megamo" <br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] & [[Ramya NSK]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Un Perae Theriyathu" <br />
|<small>[[Madhushree]]</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>[[C. Sathya]]</small><br />
|[[Engaeyum Eppothum]] (2011)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Hero Heroine Introduction Round (2 May 2015 – 10 May 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judge:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
* '''Guest Judges:''' violinist Padma Shankar (episodes 65 & 66 only) & vocalist Binny Krishnakumar<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |65 <br><small>{{nobold|''(2 May 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 1<br />
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
|<br />
|"Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|[[Paasam]] (1990)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 2<br />
|Binny Krishnakumar <br />
|<br />
|"Rathi Sukha"<br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Jayadeva]]</small><br />
|colspan=2|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"| 3<br />
|Padma Shankar (violin)<br />
|<br />
|Medley in [[raga]] [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] <small>(excerpts from "Vasudevayani"; "Mannavan Vanthanadi"; "Amma Endrazhaikkatha"; "Vaidhegi"; "Janani Janani")</small><br />
|<small>(Traditional; [[P. Susheela]]; [[K. J. Yesudas]]; [[S. Janaki]]; [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]] & Krishnachandran)</small><br />
|<small>([[Thyagaraja]]; [[Kannadasan]]; Vaali; [[Gangai Amaran]];)</small><br />
|<small>([[Thyagaraja]]; [[K. V. Mahadevan]]; [[Ilaiyaraaja]]; Ilaiyaraaja; Ilaiyaraaja)</small><br />
|<small>(Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition; [[Thiruvarutchelvar]] (1967); [[Mannan (film)|Mannan]] (1992); [[Pagal Nilavu]] (1985); Thai Moogambikai (1982))</small><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Aathreya<br />
|"Endendrum Punnagai" <br />
|<small>[[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], & [[A.&nbsp;R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Alai Payuthey]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|Sindhuja<br />
|"Vanna Pungavanam" <br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>Muthulingam</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Eeramana Rojave]] (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Kutti Puli Kootam" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Narayanan, [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]] & [[Ranina Reddy]]</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Thuppakki]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| <br />
|Shaanthini<br />
|"Sha La La" <br />
|<small>[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|[[Ghilli]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |Episode 66<br><small>{{nobold|''(3 May 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|Anusha Ravi<br />
|"Sutrivarum Boomi" <br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
|<small>Pa. Vijay</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|[[Jayamkondaan]] (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|Keshav Vinod<br />
|"Kannai Kattikolathey" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Iruvar]] (1997)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Marghazhi Poove" <br />
|<small>Shobha Shankar</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[May Madham]] (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|Larson Cyril<br />
|"Naan Romba Romba" <br />
|<small>[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|[[Siruthai]] (2010)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Ven Megham" <br />
|<small>[[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]] (2007)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Dedication Round (16 May 2015 – 24 May 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judge:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
* '''Guest Judges:''' violinist Padma Shankar & vocalist Binny Krishnakumar<br />
<br />
Contestants had an opportunity to sing a song of their choice in dedication a person or people of their choice.<br />
<br />
In episode 69, contestant Shrinidhi confirmed she was a disciple of prominent [[Carnatic music]] vocalist [[Nedunuri Krishnamoorthy]], and judge Binny Krishnakumar confirmed she was a disciple of [[M. Balamuralikrishna]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |Episode 69<br><small>{{nobold|''(16 May 2015)''}}</small><br />
|1<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Kaatril Varum"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu#Music|Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]] (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Keshav<br />
|"Vaana Malai" <br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]] (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Vasundhara<br />
|"Naadham Ennum" <br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]] (1976)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Tanuj<br />
|"Neeye Neeye" <br />
|<small>[[KK (singer)|KK]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Srikanth Deva]]</small><br />
|[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Challenging Round (30 May 2015 – 7 June 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judge:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
* '''Guest Judges:''' violinist Padma Shankar & vocalist Binny Krishnakumar<br />
<br />
=====SPB & Raajaa Birthday Celebration Round (13 June 2015 – 27 June 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]] & guest Binny Krishnakumar<br />
* '''Special Guest:''' Prabhakar (Ilaiyaraaja's senior violin conductor)<br />
<br />
This round celebrated the birthdays of playback singer, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ("SPB"), and music director [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ("Raajaa"). Contestants were required to perform songs sung by SPB and composed by Raajaa. Special guest Prabhakar gave outstanding advice to the contestants, and to all music students generally at the commencement of the round. SPB's sister, [[S. P. Sailaja]], returned to judge the show.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Special performance by non-contestant performer<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Episode <small>(Air Date)</small><br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant Performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director/composer</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=11 |79 <br><small>{{nobold|''(13 June 2015)''}}</small><br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Panivizhum Malar" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Ninaivellam Nithya]] (1968)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|2<br />
|Bharadwaj<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Penn Oruthi Penn Oruthi" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]] (2002)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|3<br />
|[[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Aayiram Malargalae" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]] & Malaysia Vasudevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Panju Arunachalam]]</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal]] (1979)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|4<br />
|S. P. Sailaja<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Aayiram Nilave" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|[[Adimai Penn]] (1968)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|5<br />
|Binny Krishnakumar<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Enna Senjalum"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row"|6<br />
|Binny Krishnakumar<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "O Vasantha Raajaa"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Neengal Kettavai#Soundtrack|Neengal Kettavai]] (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|Nellaiappan<br />
|"Neethane Endhan Ponvasantham" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Ninaivellam Nithya (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|<br />
|Shanthini<br />
|"Chinna Poo" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|<br />
|Sathish Kumar <br />
|"Idhayam Oru Kovil" <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Idaya Kovil]] (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|Madhumathi <br />
|"Paattu Thalaivan" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Idaya Kovil (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Family Songs Round (28 June 2015 – 12 July 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]] & guest Binny Krishnakumar<br />
* '''Special Guest Judges:''' Film director [[Vikraman]] (episode 86 only) & Carnatic music singers [[Priya Sisters]] (episodes 82 & 83 only)<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
<br />
=====Voice Change Round (18 July 2015 – 1 August 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]] & guest Binny Krishnakumar<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
<br />
This ''Maatru Kural Suttru'' ("Change Voice Round") required male contestants to perform film songs sung by female playback singers, and for female contestants to perform film songs sung by male playback singers.<br />
<br />
=====Quarter Finals Round: Tribute to MSV (2 August 2015 – 16 August 2015)=====<br />
* '''Judges:''' veteran playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], & Carnatic music exponent [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (episodes 92 & 93 only) <br />
* '''Guest Judges:''' violinist Padma Shankar & vocalist Binny Krishnakumar<br />
* '''Host:''' Vaishali<br />
<br />
The quarter finals round required the contestants to attend and perform songs composed by music director [[M. S. Viswanathan]], who died earlier in the month. [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] returned to judge the music competition reality show which pleased viewers. Nithyasree confirmed during episode 92 that she requested to be excused from attending several episodes due to commitments she made prior to the start of the competition.<br />
<br />
Following the last performances of the round in episode 95, the judges announced their decision in respect of eliminating contestants. Bharadwaj announced that contestant Somadas and contestant Sariga S. Ganga were eliminated for being absent and failing to perform, which viewers agreed with. S. P. Sailaja announced that due to unavoidable circumstances, contestants Shrinidhi & Sai Ramya were unable to attend to perform in this round, but as performances could only be judged after attendance, both contestants were unfortunately eliminated by default. Other than these 4 contestants, the judges also eliminated 7 participating contestants: Sathish, Aravindh, Nellaiappan, Tanuj, Madhumathi, Prathipaa, and Sindhujaa. Viewers disagreed with the decision to eliminate Shrinidhi, Madhumathi, and Nellaiappan.<br />
<br />
=== Highlight Performances ===<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=darkgray}} – Performance by non-contestant<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Round<br />
!Episode No.<br />
!Performer/Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music composer/director</small><br />
!Source/Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 | [[#Spot Selection Round (1 November 2014 – 23 November 2014)|Spot Selection Round]]<br />
|rowspan=2 | 13<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|Excerpt from "Chinnan Chiru Vayathil"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Meendum Kokila]] (1988)<br />
|-<br />
| Sindhuja<br />
|"Meghame Meghame"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Shankar–Ganesh]]</small><br />
|[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]] (1981)<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
| Madhumathi<br />
|"Andha Sivagami"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>R. Govardhanam</small><br />
|[[Pattanathil Bhootham]] (1967)<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| Vaanathishri<br />
|"Maalai Pozhuthin"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|Bhagyalakshmi (1961)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Solo Introduction Round (29 November 2014 – 14 December 2014)|Solo Introduction Round]]<br />
| 21<br />
|Shrinidhi<br />
|"Kavidhai Kelungal"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]] & [[P. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Punnagai Mannan]] (2000)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2 | [[#New Year (2015) Celebration Round - 2014 Hits (3 January 2015 – 11 January 2015)|New Year Celebration Round]]<br />
|rowspan=2 | 31<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] <br />
|<small>Short [[alapana]] excerpt in [[raga]] Kharaharapriya</small><br />
|<small>[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|colspan=3|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] alapana by [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] <br />
|Excerpt from "Sonnadhu Sonnadhu"<br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
| <br />
|<small>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]</small><br />
|[[Aranmanai]] (2014)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2 | [[#Tribute to "K.B Sir" Round (17 January 2015 – 8 February 2015)|Tribute to "K.B Sir" Round]]<br />
| 35 & 39<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | [[Vani Jairam]]<br />
|Medley of excerpts from 10 songs <br />
|<small>Vani Jairam</small><br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|various<br />
|-<br />
| 36<br />
| Shrinidhi<br />
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|[[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975)<br />
|-<br />
|[[#Remake Song Round (14 February 2015 – 28 February 2015)|Remake Song Round]]<br />
|45<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Dhoorathil Naan Kanda Un Mugam"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Nizhalgal]] (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|[[#"Puratchi Thalaivi" Birthday Celebration Round (8 March 2015 – 29 March 2015)|"Puratchi Thalaivi" Birthday Round]]<br />
|51<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" |[[P. Susheela]]<br />
|Humming of excerpt from "Unnai Naan Santhithaen"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[#Stage Songs Round (4 April 2015 – 12 April 2015)|Stage Songs Round]] <br />
|57<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | S. P. Sailaja<br />
|Excerpt from "Manadhil Enna Ninaivugalo" <br />
|<small>S. P. Sailaja & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Poonthalir]] (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|Anusha Ravi<br><br />
|"Nenjam Paadum"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>T. Rajendar</small><br />
|<small>T. Rajendar</small><br />
|Nenjil Oru Raagam (1982) <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[#Hero Heroine Introduction Round (2 May 2015 – 10 May 2015)|Hero Heroine Introduction Round]] <br />
|65<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | Padma Shankar<br />
|Medley of excerpts from songs in [[raga]] [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]<br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|various<br />
|-<br />
|65<br />
|Ajay Krishna<br />
|"Kutti Puli Kootam" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Narayanan, [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]] & [[Ranina Reddy]]</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|[[Thuppakki]] (2012)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|[[#Dedication Round (16 May 2015 – 24 May 2015)|Dedication Round]]<br />
|69<br />
|Keshav Vinod<br />
|"Vaana Malai" <br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]] (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|[[#Voice Change Round (18 July 2015 – 1 August 2015)|Voice Change Round]]<br />
|91<br />
|Madhumathi<br />
|"Mettuppodu Mettuppodu" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]] (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120604064805/http://www.in.com/tv/channel/jaya-tv-147.html Jaya TV Schedule]<br />
* [https://www.supersingervotes.com Super singer]<br />
<br />
{{Jaya Super Singer South India}}<br />
<br />
{{Tamil television shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jaya TV television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=55th_Coke%27s_Rifles_(Frontier_Force)&diff=46300455th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)2025-11-08T02:50:31Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name=55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)<br />
| image=55 Cokes Rifles 7 FF.jpg<br />
| image_size = 170<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates=1849–1922<br />
|country={{flag|British India}}<br />
|branch={{army|British India}}<br />
|type=Infantry<br />
|size=1 Battalion<br />
|command_structure=<br />
|garrison=<br />
|ceremonial_chief=<br />
|ceremonial_chief_label=<br />
|colonel_of_the_regiment=<br />
|nickname=Coke Paltan<br />
|motto=<br />
|colors=Dark green; scarlet piping<br />
|colors_label=Uniform<br />
|march=<br />
|mascot=<br />
|battles=[[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier of India]]<br>[[Indian Mutiny]] 1857–58<br>[[Second Afghan War]] 1878–80<br>[[First World War]] 1914–18<br>[[Third Afghan War]] 1919<br />
|notable_commanders= Maj Gen Iqbal Akbar Khan, Maj Gen Muhammad Jaffar HI (M)<br />
|anniversaries= 18 May 1849<br />
}}<br />
The '''55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)''' was a [[regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was raised in 1849 as the 1st Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force) in 1903 and became 1st Battalion (Coke's) [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the [[Pakistan Army]], where it continues to exist as '''7th Battalion The [[Frontier Force Regiment]]'''.<ref name="Condon 1953">Condon, Brig WEH. (1953). ''The Frontier Force Rifles''. Aldershot: Gale & Polden Ltd.</ref><ref name="North 1934">North, REFG. (1934). ''The Punjab Frontier Force: A Brief Record of Their Services 1846–1924''. DI Khan: Commercial Steam Press.</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===1849–1880===<br />
The regiment was formed on 18 May 1849 as the '''1st Regiment of Punjab Infantry''' by Captain [[John Coke (EICo)|John Coke]]. It was one of five such regiments raised by Colonel [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], the agent (and brother) of the Governor-General of the Punjab frontier region, [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence]], to form the infantry element of the Trans Frontier Brigade. The men were recruited from veterans of disbanded opposition forces after the British annexation in 1848 of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Second Sikh War]]. In 1851 the regiment was retitled as the '''1st Regiment of Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force''' when the Trans Frontier Brigade, tasked with policing the volatile [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]], was expanded and renamed the [[Punjab Irregular Force]] (PIF), giving rise to the ''"Piffer"'' name adopted by the officers and men of the regiments of the PIF and still used to this day by their successor regiments.<ref name="North 1934"/><br />
<br />
In 1857 the [[Indian Mutiny]] began and the regiment, like many other [[India]]n units, remained loyal to the British. During the British-Indian siege of rebel-held [[Siege of Delhi (1857)|Delhi]] (begun on 30 May) the 1st Punjab Infantry was part of the 3rd Column, commanded by Col. Campbell. On 14 September the column was tasked with storming the [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]]—a part of the walled defences of Delhi—which they successfully achieved. Fierce fighting, however, ensued and Delhi was not fully retaken until 20 September. The rebellion was finally quelled by July 1858.<ref name="North 1934"/><br />
<br />
In 1863 the 1st Punjab Infantry took part in the [[Umbeyla campaign]] in the North-West Frontier. At the Crag Picquet the regiment saw fierce fighting on 30 October, to such an extent that the regiment was compelled to withdraw from the hill; it was retaken shortly afterwards and two [[Victoria Cross]]es (VC) were later awarded. One of the VC recipients was [[Henry William Pitcher]] of the [[4th Punjab Infantry|4th Punjabis]], who later joined the 1st Punjab Infantry and was killed in 1875 at [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]. Further fighting took place at Crag Picquet in November, which involved the regiment. In 1865 the Punjab Irregular Force was renamed the Punjab Frontier Force and the regiment's title was consequently changed to become the '''1st Regiment of Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force'''.<ref name="Condon 1953"/><ref name="North 1934"/><br />
<br />
In 1878, the [[Second Afghan War]] began and the regiment participated as part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the Kandahar Field Force, commanded by Lieutenant-General [[Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet|Sir Donald Stewart]]. The force captured the city of [[Kandahar]] on 8 January 1879. The regiment was awarded the [[Theatre Honour]] "Afghanistan 1878–79" for their participation in the initial campaign of the war. The conflict did not conclude until 1880.<ref name="Condon 1953"/><ref name="North 1934"/><br />
<br />
===1880–1922===<br />
The 1890s saw the 1st Punjab Infantry involved in several major operations against the hostile [[tribe]]s on the North-West Frontier of India. These included Maizar, and [[Waziristan]] on 10 June 1897, when the regiment was ambushed in an action that signified the beginning of a large tribal uprising against the British. The beginning of the 20th century gave the regiment no respite, and it took part in further operations in Waziristan in 1901. That same year it became, simply, the '''1st Punjab Infantry'''. In 1903, the regiment was designated a [[rifle]] regiment and retitled as the '''55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)''', named in honour of the regiment's founder. In 1908, the Regiment took part in the Mohmand expedition on the North-West Frontier.<ref name="North 1934"/>[[File:1st Punjab Rifles 1889.jpg|thumb|right|1st Regiment of Punjab Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force, 1889. Punjabi Musalman Naik, Dogra [[Lance Naik]] and [[Yusufzai]] [[Havildar]]|320px]]<br />
<br />
The 55th did not serve abroad during the [[World War I|First World War]] but the regiment—which comprised companies of [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridis]], Punjabi [[Musulman]]s, [[Sikh]]s and [[Yusufzai]]s—saw active service on the North-West Frontier for the duration of the war, fighting many of the numerous marauding tribes that populated the area. Many men of the regiment did, however, see service abroad during the war while attached to other units. In 1915, Jemadar [[Mir Dast]], while attached to the [[57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)]], was awarded the 55th's first (and only) Victoria Cross for his distinguished actions at Wieltie, [[Belgium]]. Mir Dast's brother, Mir Mast, had deserted from his regiment—the 58th—to the Germans. It is rumoured that Mir Mast received the [[Iron Cross]] while fighting for them.<ref name="Condon 1953"/><ref name="North 1934"/><br />
<br />
===1922–47===<br />
In 1921–22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 13th Frontier Force Rifles, formed by grouping the 55th Coke's Rifles with the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the [[56th Punjabi Rifles]], the [[4th Punjab Infantry Regiment|57th Wilde's Rifles]], [[58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force)|58th Vaughan's Rifles]] and [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)]]. The Coke's new designation was '''1st Battalion (Coke's) 13th Frontier Force Rifles'''. The 55th's uniform of rifle green colour was adopted as the uniform of the new regiment.<ref name="North 1934"/><br />
<br />
During the [[Second World War]], the 1/13th Frontier Force Rifles (Coke's) was part of the [[Indian 9th Infantry Division|9th Indian Division]] based on the west coast of [[British Malaya|Malaya]]. The battalion fought in the disastrous [[Malayan Campaign]] against the Japanese, which led to the surrender of British forces at [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore]] on 15 February 1942. The battalion was re-raised in 1946. In 1945, 13th Frontier Force Rifles dropped its regimental number "13" to become Frontier Force Rifles.<ref name="Condon 1953"/><br />
<br />
===1947 onwards===<br />
Upon the [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947, the Frontier Force Rifles was allotted to Pakistan Army.<ref name="Gaylor 1991">{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–91|publisher=Stroud: Spellmount|year=1991}}</ref> In 1948, 1 FF Rifles fought in the Kashmir War against [[India]]. The battalion fought with great gallantry at Chakothi in the Jhelum Valley, and foiled all Indian attempts to advance towards [[Muzaffarabad]]. In 1956, the Frontier Force Rifles and the [[Pathan Regiment]] were merged with the [[12th Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force Regiment]], and 1 FF Rifles was redesignated as '''7th Battalion (Coke's) The Frontier Force Regiment''' or 7 FF. During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the battalion again distinguished itself in the [[Battle of Chawinda]].<ref>Attiqur Rahman, Lt Gen M. (1980). ''The Wardens of the Marches – A History of the Piffers 1947–71''. Lahore: Wajidalis.</ref><br />
<br />
==Battle Honours==<br />
Delhi 1857, Lucknow, Peiwar Kotal, Charasiah, Kabul 1879, Afghanistan 1878–80, Tirah, Punjab Frontier, China 1900, La Bassée 1914, Messines 1914, Armentières 1914, Festubert 1914, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Ypres 1915, St. Julien, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, France and Flanders 1914–15, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915–17, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1917–18, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–18, Persia 1918–19, Aden, East Africa 1916–18, NW Frontier India 1917, Baluchistan 1918, Afghanistan 1919, North Malaya, Kota Bahru, Johore, Gemas, The Muar, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, Kashmir 1948, Lahore 1965<ref>Rodger, Alexander. (2003). ''Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991''. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|author= Col. H.C. Wylly|authorlink=Harold Carmichael Wylly|title=The History of Coke's Rifles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYYDHAAACAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Gale & Polden}}<br />
* Condon, Brig WEH. (1953). ''The Frontier Force Rifles''. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.<br />
* Young, Brig WHH. (1945). ''Regimental History of the 13th Frontier Force Rifles''. Rawalpindi: The Frontier Exchange Press.<br />
* North, REFG. (1934). ''The Punjab Frontier Force: A Brief Record of Their Services 1846–1924''. DI Khan: Commercial Steam Press.<br />
* Hayauddin, Maj Gen M. (1950). ''One Hundred Glorious Years: A History of the Punjab Frontier Force, 1849–1949''. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press.<br />
* Dey, RSBN. (1905). ''A Brief Account of the Late Punjab Frontier Force, From its Organization in 1849 to its Re-distribution on 31st March 1903''. Calcutta.<br />
* Attiqur Rahman, Lt Gen M. (1980). ''The Wardens of the Marches – A History of the Piffers 1947–71''. Lahore: Wajidalis.<br />
* Khan, Maj Muhammad Nawaz. (1996). ''The Glorious Piffers 1843–1995''. Abbottabad: The Frontier Force Regimental Centre.<br />
* Gaylor, John. (1991). ''Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903– 1991.'' Stroud: Spellmount. {{ISBN|978-0-946771-98-1}}<br />
*Barthorp, M, and Burn, J. (1979). ''Indian Infantry Regiments 1860–1914''. London: Osprey. {{ISBN|978-0-85045-307-2}}<br />
*Sumner, Ian. (2001). ''The Indian Army 1914–1947''. London: Osprey. {{ISBN|1-84176-196-6}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Frontier Force Regiment|The Frontier Force Regiment]]<br />
*[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]<br />
*[[Punjab Irregular Force]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Frontier Force Regiment]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1849]]<br />
[[Category:1849 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamlavati_Higher_Secondary_School&diff=508001Kamlavati Higher Secondary School2025-11-07T03:04:42Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Orphan|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
|name = Kamlavati Senior Secondary School<br />
|established = {{start date|1972}}<br />
|type = Private Educational Institution<br />
|head_label = Management<br />
|head = Kamlavati Higher Secondary School Trust, DCW Ltd.<br />
|affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], New Delhi<br />
|dean = Mr.E.Stephen Paulasir<br />
|city = [[Tiruchendur]]<br />
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|campus = <br />
|website = {{URL|http://www.khsse.com/}}<br />
|coor = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kamlavati Senior Secondary School''' ( [[ISO 9001:2008]] Certified) <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khsse.com/images/gallery/iso-audit/big/ISO%20certificate.jpg|title=ISO Certification|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813163947/http://www.khsse.com/images/gallery/iso-audit/big/ISO%20certificate.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an educational institution situated in Sahupuram sector, Arumuganeri town of Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cbse-x-exam-results-out/article291476.ece|title=Location mentioned in news journal}}</ref> The school follows CBSE pattern from class 1 to 12 and also follows Tamil Nadu State Board syllabus for class 11 and 12.It is a private educational institution originally started in 1972 as part of educational assistance to the children of DCW workers. Later it opened its admissions to general public. The school is managed by DCW ltd through Kamlavati Higher Secondary School Trust.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khsse.com/|title=Official website about school management}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The school was founded in 1972 by Padmabhushan Shri Sahu Shriyans Prasad Jain, a former member of Rajya Sabha in the name of his wife Shrimati Kamlavati Jain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khsse.com/founder.php|title=Founder of KHSS|archive-date=22 May 2016|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522085234/http://khsse.com/founder.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education system==<br />
The school follows State Board syllabus for KG and class 11,12 and CBSE syllabus for class 1 to 10.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khsse.com/system-of-education.php|title=Classes and syllabus pattern|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813161443/http://www.khsse.com/system-of-education.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Class<br />
!Syllabus pattern<br />
!Groups/Courses offered<br />
|-<br />
|LKG<br />
|Tamil Nadu State Board<br />
| --<br />
|-<br />
|UKG<br />
|Tamil Nadu State Board<br />
| --<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Maths, EVS, Drawing, General Knowledge, Computer science, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Soft skills, Life skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Maths, EVS, Drawing, General Knowledge, Computer science, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Soft skills, Life skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Maths, EVS, General Knowledge, Computer science, Drawing, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Soft skills, Life skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Maths, EVS, General Knowledge, Computer science, Drawing, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Soft skills, Life skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Maths, EVS, General Knowledge, Computer science, Drawing, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Soft skills, Life skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Hindi, Maths, Science(Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology), Social studies(History, Civics, Geography, Economics)General Knowledge, Computer Science, Drawing and Painting, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Life skills, Soft skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Hindi, Maths, Science(Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology), Social studies(History, Civics, Geography, Economics)General Knowledge, Computer Science, Drawing and Painting, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Life skills, Soft skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Hindi, Maths, Science(Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology), Social studies(History, Civics, Geography, Economics)General Knowledge, Computer Science, Drawing and Painting, Craft, Dance and Music, Value education, Life skills, Soft skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Hindi, Maths, Science(Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology), Social studies(History, Civics, Geography, Economics), General Knowledge, Computer Science, Formal and Functional grammar, Value education, Life skills, Soft skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|CBSE<br />
|English, Tamil, Hindi, French, Maths, Science(Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology), Social studies(History, Civics, Geography, Economics), General Knowledge, Computer Science, Formal and Functional grammar, Value education, Life skills, Soft skills, Physical education.<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|CBSE as well as state board<br />
|Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology(Group I)<br />
Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science (Group II)<br />
<br />
Commerce, Accountancy, Economics, Business Maths (Group III)<br />
<br />
Language (Part I): Tamil/Hindi<br />
<br />
Language (Part II) : English<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Tamil Nadu State Board<br />
|Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology(Group I)<br />
<br />
Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science (Group II)<br />
<br />
Commerce, Accountancy, Economics, Business Maths (Group III)<br />
<br />
Language (Part I): Tamil/Hindi<br />
<br />
Language (Part II) : English<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==School Shifts and Timings==<br />
The school runs on Monday to Saturday on three shifts. Shift 1 for LKG, UKG, Class I and II starts from 10:20 AM to 02:20 PM . Shift 2 for classes III to V starts from 09:30 AM to 03:15 PM. Shift 3 for classes VI to XII starts from 08:30 AM to 04:30 PM.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khsse.com/time-table.php|title=School shifts and timings}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transporting facilities==<br />
The school provides transport facilities (Bus and van) for students. The school can also be accessed through other means of transport. The nearest bus stopping is Sahupuram bus stop on south and DCW chemical stop on north (Tuticorin - Tiruchendur state highway). The nearest railway station is Arumuganeri railway station (Tiruchendur- Tirunelveli route). The nearest airport is Tuticorin airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/53501-Kamlavati-Higher-Secondary-School-Sahupuram.aspx|title=Location of school and official contact numbers}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*Official website [http://www.khsse.com/]<br />
*Kamlavati School in News [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cbse-x-exam-results-out/article291476.ece][http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/kamlavati-higher-secondary-school/article2270146.ece]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu|Thoothukudi]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Thoothukudi]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirshikar&diff=447836Mirshikar2025-10-04T10:35:37Z<p>TobyRamer579490: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Muslim community in North India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{infobox ethnic group<br />
|group = Mirshikar<br />
|poptime = <br />
|popplace = {{hlist|India|Bangladesh|Pakistan|Afghanistan}}<br />
|langs = {{hlist|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]}}<br />
|rels = Islam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''mirshikar''' are a Muslim community, found in [[North India]], who were traditionally hunters and trappers of birds and small animals. Some were recorded as bird-catchers in [[Bihar]] around 1964.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombay611964bomb#page/380/mode/2up/ |pages=370–384 |title=Notes on migrant birds of north Bihar| author=George, P.V.| year=1964| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=61| issue=1}}</ref> They can be found in [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=521–522}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Practices==<br />
In one mirshikar community in Bihar, young men needed to prove themselves fit for marriage by catching a ''loha sarang'', the [[black-necked stork]] known for being vicious. The practice was stopped when{{When|date=September 2025|reason=When did the boy die? Year/decade/century would help understand how far back the practice stopped.}} a boy was killed in the process.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Grubh, B.R.|author2= Shekar, P.B.|year=1968| title=Blacknecked Stork (''Xenorhynchus asiaticus'') and the marriage of Mirshikars|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume=8| issue=3|pages=1–2|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW9#page/n2/mode/1up}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ali Hussain, from a mirshikar community in [[Manjhaul]], is acclaimed for his work as a bird trapper for the [[Bombay Natural History Society]]. He worked with [[Salim Ali]] and other ornithologists to aid the [[Bird ringing|marking]] and study of birds. In 1998, he was flown to [[Jackson County, Mississippi]], US, and during his one-week visit, he demonstrated his trapping techniques and helped capture 10% of the [[sandhill crane]] population in the state.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=nacwgproc| year=2001| chapter=Use of traditional Indian trapping methods to capture sandhill cranes| author1= Hereford, S.G.| author2=Grazia, T.E.| author3=Nagendran, M.D.|author4=Hussain, Ali| title=North American Crane Workshop Proceedings.|page=220}}</ref> His method is now standard in crane research.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Parker, Jeannette M.|author2= Folk, Martin J.|author3= Baynes, Stephen B.| author4=Candelora, Kristen L.|chapter = Use of Clap Traps in Capturing Nonmigratory Whooping Cranes in Florida| year=2008| title=North American Crane Workshop Proceedings. Paper 196.|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nacwgproc/196}}</ref> In 1998, the [[Films Division of India]] recorded a documentary featuring Hussain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmsdivision.org/shop/nm0370-birdman|title= Birdman. News Magazine. 370. Directed by Shankar Patnaik. Produced in 1998.|publisher=Films Division, India|access-date=16 September 2016<!--| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m56iBHvGPlg --> |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/m56iBHvGPlg |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Muslim}}<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of Bihar]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Islam-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadikudi%E2%80%93Macherla_branch_line&diff=519770Nadikudi–Macherla branch line2025-09-25T21:13:08Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail line<br />
| box_width = 28em<br />
| name = Nadikudi–Macherla branch line<br />
| color = <br />
| logo =<br />
| logo_width =<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = <br />
| system = <br />
| status = Operational<br />
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Nadikudi}}<br />
| end = Macherla<br />
| stations = 3<br />
| routes = [[Pagidipalli–Nallapadu section]]<br />
| daily_ridership =<br />
| open = <br />
| close =<br />
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]<br />
| character =<br />
| depot =<br />
| stock = <br />
| linelength = {{convert|35.01|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| tracklength = <br />
| tracks = 1<br />
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br />
| old_gauge =<br />
| minradius =<br />
| racksystem =<br />
| electrification =Yes<br />
| speed = 100 km/h<br />
| elevation =<br />
| website =<br />
| map = {{Nadikudi–Macherla branch line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
'''Nadikudi–Macherla branch line''' connects {{stnlnk|Nadikudi}} and [[Macherla]] of [[Guntur district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Surveys |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |website=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=3 May 2019 |page=14 |date=24 July 2015}}</ref> It is one of the seven sections under the administration of [[Guntur railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]]. Further this line connects with [[Nallapadu–Pagidipalli section]]. The branch line is an electrified [[single-track railway]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Operations scenario|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,354,1042,1235|website=South Central Railway|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Efforts-are-on-to-restore-railway-track/articleshow/54321290.cms?|title=Efforts are on to restore railway track – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Jurisdiction ==<br />
This branch line is having a length of {{Convert|35.01|km|abbr=on}} and is administered under [[Guntur railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref name="jurisdiction">{{cite web|title=Jurisdiction of Guntur Division|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1447154255421-About%20us%201.pdf|website=South Central Railway|access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadikudi-Macherla branch line}}<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Guntur railway division|*]]<br />
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Guntur district]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saidpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=531909Saidpur Assembly constituency2025-08-08T05:35:23Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Added initial pg w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Saidpur<br />
| map_image = 374-Saidpur.svg<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| electors = 4,00,659<br />
| constituency_no = 374<br />
| mla = [[Ankit Bharti]]<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2022{{update after|2027|06}}<br />
| electorate = <br />
}}<br />
'''Saidpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Saidpur in the [[Ghazipur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<br />
<br />
Saidpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 374 amongst 403 constituencies.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Saidpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/saidpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Kamla Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|Dev Ram<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Atma Ram Pandey<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Kamla Singh Yadav<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |<br />
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Atma Ram Pandey<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|Ram Karan<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|Prabhu Narain<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Udai Narain<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Ram Karan<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Ranjit<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |<br />
|[[Lokdal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Sri Lal Ji<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|[[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav|Kailash Nath Yadav]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|2004^<br />
|Rajnath Yadav<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|Dinanath Pandey<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Subhash Pasi]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|[[Ankit Bharti]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidpur<ref name="old.eci.gov.in">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Ankit Bharti]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:109711}}<br />
|percentage = 46.36<br />
|change = +10.4<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Subhash Pasi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:73076}}<br />
|percentage = 30.88<br />
|change = -1.0<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Binod Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:45097}}<br />
|percentage = 19.06<br />
|change = -8.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1898}}<br />
|percentage = 0.8<br />
|change = -0.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:36635}}<br />
|percentage = 15.48<br />
|change = +11.4<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:236636}}<br />
|percentage = 59.06<br />
|change = -0.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Samajwadi Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate ''Subhash Pasi'' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate ''Vidyasagar Sonkar'' by a margin of 8,710 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/saidpur.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Saidpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Subhash Passi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:76664}}<br />
|percentage = 35.96<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Vidyasagar Sonkar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:67954}}<br />
|percentage = 31.88<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Rajiv Kiran<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:59726}}<br />
|percentage = 28.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = NISHAD Party<br />
|candidate = Santosh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2451}}<br />
|percentage = 1.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Mahakranti Dal<br />
|candidate = Sanjay<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2118}}<br />
|percentage = 0.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1787}}<br />
|percentage = 0.85<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8710}}<br />
|percentage = 4.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:213188}}<br />
|percentage = 59.85<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|25.55|83.18|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Ghazipur district]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashipur&diff=463424Nashipur2025-07-30T04:24:07Z<p>TobyRamer579490: improved references further and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nashipur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = Nashipur Rajbari.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = The front façade of the Nashipur Royal Palace during British Raj<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|13|0|N|88|16|30|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 742160<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Murshidabad<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Nashipur''' is a village in the [[Murshidabad-Jiaganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Lalbag subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=500| height=400| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|88|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Lalbag and Domkal subdivisions, Murshidabad district'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|8|13|N|88|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Harharia Chak | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Harharia Chak]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|9|17|N|88|27|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Islampur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Islampur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|10|48|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Murshidabad| numbered3=M| mark-title3=[[Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color3= #800000<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|14|42|N|88|16|6|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Jiaganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4=[[Jiaganj]] (M) | shape-color4= #800000<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|13|40|N|88|15|25|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Azimganj| numbered5=M| mark-title5=[[Azimganj]] (M) | shape-color5= #800000<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|19|56|N|88|18|24|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagawangola| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagawangola]] (R) |shape-color6=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|18|23|N|88|17|53|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kismattatla| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kismattatla]] (R) |shape-color7=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|24|44|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Krishnapur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Krishnapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color8=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|25|12|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Lalgola |labela9=border checkpost| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lalgola]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|12|50|N|88|5|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nabagram | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Nabagram, India]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|19|22|N|88|22|35|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nasipur | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nasipur]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|17|12|N|88|22|6|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Ranitala | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ranitala]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|5|18|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhagirathpur | numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhagirathpur]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|7|55|N|88|32|30|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Domkal | numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Domkal]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|7|52|N|88|41|21|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Jalangi | numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Jalangi]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|10|19|N|88|29|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Kasbagoas | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kasbagoas]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|13|34|N|88|32|47|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Raninagar | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raninagar]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|7|58|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Sadikhanr Diar | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sadikhanr Diar]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|13|48|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Sagarpara | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Sagarpara]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|15|54|N|88|33|4|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20= Shaikhpara | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Shaikhpara]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|9|45|N|88|15|32|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Khushbagh| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Khushbagh]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|20|E}} | label22= Bhagirathi River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 30| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|21|10|N|88|28|20|E}} | label23= Padma River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -8| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|12|40|N|88|23|30|E}} | label24= Jalangi |labela24= River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -50| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|39|0|E}}|label25= Bhairab|labela25= River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-70| label-pos25=top| label-size25=11| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|7|0|N|88|22|0|E}}|label26= Gorba|labela26= Nala| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=11| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|15|20|N|88|14|15|E}} | label-pos27= left|label27=Baranagar| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Baranagar, Murshidabad]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|13|10|N|88|16|30|E}} | label-pos28= right|label28=Nashipur| numbered28=H| mark-title28= Nashipur (H)|shape-color28=black| label-size28=13|label-color28=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> <br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|11|5|N|88|15|20|E}} | label-pos29= left|label29=Rosnaiganj| numbered29=H| mark-title29= [[Rosnaiganj]] (H)| shape-color29=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|12|0|N|88|13|7|E}} | label-pos30= left|label30=Kiriteswari Temple| numbered30=H| mark-title30= [[Kiriteswari Temple]] (H)| shape-color30=#AA6666<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|88|32|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0.5| arc-gapA=6.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Nashipur is located at {{coord|24|13|0|N|88|16|30|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
The [[Namak Haram Deorhi]], [[Jafarganj Cemetery]], [[House of Jagat Seth]], [[Kathgola Palace]] and [[Tomb of Azimunissa Begum]] are all located nearby. One can reach the temple town of Rani Bhavani at [[Baranagar, Murshidabad|Baranagar]], on the other side of the Bhagirathi, by country boat from Ajimganj.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://offbeatweekend.com/mushidabad/ | title = Offbeat Weekend in Murshidabad | work = Outskirts of Killa Nizamat (Northern part) | publisher = Offbeat Weekend | accessdate = 20 July 2021 | archive-date = 21 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210721035644/https://offbeatweekend.com/mushidabad/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Nashipur Rajbari==<br />
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}<br />
Nashipur Rajbari of the Nashipur Raj Family is situated in Nashipur next to the old palace built by Raja Debi Singha. The current palace was built by Raja Kirti Chandra Singha Bahadur in 1865. It was the court of the Debi Singha, who is historically renowned for being the tax collector during the British Raj. He came from [[Panipat]] . After a trial, he succeeded in getting an appointment in the Revenue Department under Dewan Reza Khan. He was known for being strict against those who failed to pay taxes on time to him. Gradually, he was able to exert his influence among the people of the [[East India Company]] and became head of that department. Debi Singha was also the founder of the Nashipur Raj Family who belong to Agrawal Rajvansh.<ref name="nashipurrajbari">{{cite web | url = https://www.touristlink.com/india/nashipur-rajbari/overview.html | title = Nashipur Rajbari | publisher = touristlink | accessdate = 17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://murshidabad.gov.in/gallery/nashipur-rajbari/ | title = Nashipur Raj Bari | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | accessdate = 17 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Nashipur picture gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"><br />
File:Nashipur Palace - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6236.JPG|Nashipur Palace<br />
File:Corridors of Nashipur Rajbari at Murshidabad.jpg|Corridor<br />
File:Nahabat Khana - Nashipur Palace - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6239.JPG|Nahabatkhana<br />
File:Nashipur Rajbari-Murshidabad-West Bengal-0002.jpg|The grand entrance<br />
File:Nashipur Rajbari, Murshidabad, West Bengal 09.jpg|Ruins of old palace<br />
File:Nashipur Rajbari, Murshidabad, West Bengal 02.jpg|Ruins of old palace<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Nashipur Akhara==<br />
Nashipur [[Akhara]] is situated close to the Nashipur Rajbari on the east of the [[Bhagirathi River]]. The motto of the Akhra is to remain a bachelor for one's life. It is actually here where every year Jhulan Yatra and the famous fair is held. People from far off assemble here to witness the dramas held on this auspicious occasion. In the Nashipur Akhra very old articles like huge utensils and even a vintage car is kept in a small room rather garage, but none of them have proper maintenance. However, it is free for public analysis.<ref name="nashipurrajbari"/><br />
<br />
==Nashipur Akhara picture gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"><br />
File:Nashipur Akhara 's Wooden Ratha.JPG|Wooden ratha <br />
File:Nashipur Akhara 's A Silver ratha.JPG|Silver hawda<br />
File:Silver and Gold Chariot Murshidabad.JPG|Silver and gold chariot<br />
File:The Mettalic Or Brass Ratha.JPG|Brass ratha<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commons category|position=left|Nashipur}}<br />
<br />
{{Wikivoyage inline|Murshidabad}}<br />
<br />
* [[Nashipur Rail Bridge]]<br />
<br />
{{Murshidabad District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Murshidabad district]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._S._Rao_Nagar&diff=459672A. S. Rao Nagar2025-07-18T01:13:24Z<p>TobyRamer579490: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = A. S. Rao Nagar<br />
| other_name = Dr. A. S. Rao Nagar<br />
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17|28|23|N|78|33|59|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal-Malkajgiri District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = City<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 1970<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = [[A. S. Rao|Dr. Ayyagari Sambasiva Rao]]<br />
| government_type = Municipal Corporation <br />
| governing_body = GHMC (Kapra Circle)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 543<br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]]<br />
| postal_code = 500062<br />
| registration_plate =TG-08<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliament]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Uppal (Assembly constituency)|Uppal]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HMDA]]<br />
}}<br />
'''A. S. Rao Nagar''', also known as '''Dr. A. S. Rao Nagar''', is a major commercial and residential neighbourhood of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. It is located in the north eastern side of the city falling under '''Kapra Village & Mandal''', [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] district. It is administered as [[Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards|Ward No. 2]] of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation wards|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|access-date=2020-07-01|website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]|archive-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615000938/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012 A. S. Rao Nagar's high street area had the steepest hike in rental prices across the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=A S Rao Nagar in high street map of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/A-S-Rao-Nagar-in-high-street-map-of-India/articleshow/12873913.cms?referral=PM|access-date=8 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It has many residential townships like Saket which is near suburbs including [[Neredmet]], [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited|ECIL]], [[Sainikpuri]] and [[Moula-Ali]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Small steps make a big difference|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/article513944.ece|access-date=8 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It is named after [[A. S. Rao|Dr. Ayyagari Sambasiva Rao (Dr. A.S.Rao)]], the founder of the [[Electronics Corporation of India]] (ECIL) in Hyderabad. He was instrumental in forming ECIL Employees Co-Operative House Construction Society Limited in 1976, for the benefit of the employees of Department of Atomic Energy, ECIL, NFC and TIFR.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
Many specialist retail outlets and commercial buildings have their establishments in the area.<br />
Most reputed brands like She Needs, Tanishq, Malabar and most fashion brands in sports and clothing have retail outlets.<ref>{{cite news|title=On the fast lane: AS Rao Nagar turns a shopper's paradise|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/On-the-fast-lane-AS-Rao-Nagar-turns-a-shoppers-paradise/articleshow/12447145.cms|access-date=8 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
The neighbourhood is well connected to different parts of the cities. Many [[TSRTC]] buses operate from the area. The nearest local train station is [[Ramakistapuram Gate Railway Station|R. K. Puram Railway Station]] and [[Moula-Ali]]. The suburb is well connected to [[Ghatkesar]], [[Electronics Corporation of India|ECIL]], [[Neredmet]], [[Keesara]], [[Sainikpuri]] and [[Malkajgiri]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|Northwest = [[Sainikpuri]]<br />
|North = [[Kapra]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Kushaiguda]] <br />
|West = [[Neredmet]]<br />
|Centre = A. S. Rao Nagar<br />
|East = [[ECIL X Roads]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Moula Ali]]<br />
|South = [[Anandbagh]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Safilguda]] <br />
}}<br />
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirupati%E2%80%93Amravati_Express&diff=460470Tirupati–Amravati Express2025-06-24T06:05:07Z<p>TobyRamer579490: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Tirupati–Amravati Express<br />
| image = AMI - TPTY SF (30484315602).jpg<br />
|image_size = 190px<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| caption = Tirupathi Superfast Express cruising past DEMU passenger at [[Cavalry Barracks railway station|Cavalry Barracks]]<br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br />
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] & [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| first ={{start date and age|df=yes|2011|12|15}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)<br />
| stops = 22<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Amravati}} (AMI)<br />
| distance = {{convert|1309|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 23 hrs 40 mins<br />
| frequency = Bi-weekly<br />
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = On-board catering, <br/> E-catering <br />
| observation = Large windows <br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = No<br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats <br />
| stock = [[ICF coach]] <br />
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]<br />
| el = <br />
| trainnumber = 12765 / 12766<br />
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map = [[File:(Amaravati - Tirupathi) Express Route map.jpg|190px]]<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Tpty-Ami Express.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Tirupati–Amravati Express waiting to depart at station]]<br />
The 12765 / 12766 '''Tirupati–Amravati Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] with [[Amravati]] in [[Maharashtra]].<br />
<br />
==Route & halts==<br />
<br />
[[Tirupati]], [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]], [[Piler]], [[Madanapalle]], [[Kadiri]], [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]], [[Anantapur]], [[Dhone]], [[Kurnool]], [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Kacheguda]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]], [[Purna]], [[Akola]], [[Badnera]], [[Amravati]].<ref>{{cite web |title=12765/Tirupati - Amravati SF Express |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-tirupati-amravati-sf-express-12765/16443/837/3446 |website=India Rail Info |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] diesel locomotive on its entire journey.<br />
<br />
==Direction reversals==<br />
The train reverses its direction twice at;<br />
*{{stnlnk|Akola Junction}}<br />
*{{stnlnk|Purna Junction}}.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirupati-Amravati SF Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Amravati]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madkai&diff=514549Madkai2025-06-22T14:14:31Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Starting new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town in Goa, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Marcaim<br />
| other_name = ''Madkai''<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4230481|N|73.9511311|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6,215<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = Indian<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 403404<br />
| registration_plate = GA <br />
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = [http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/626867-marcaim-goa.html]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Marcaim''' or '''Madkai''' is a [[census town]] in [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]] taluka, [[North Goa district]] in the state of [[Goa]], [[India]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=15.4230688&lon=73.9511204&z=14&l=0&m=a&v=2&search=marcaim Marcaim on wikimapia]</ref> It was historically known as Madiyagombu as recent as the 14th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Tensing |date=2020-12-12 |title=Story of Naik Pratap Rau Sardesai family |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/12/13/magazines/panorama/story-of-naik-pratap-rau-sardesai-family/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[File:Navdurga_temple_entrance_(1950s).jpg|thumb|right|Navdurga temple entrance (1950s)]]<br />
<br />
It is famous for the Navdurga Temple which is renowned for its unique idol of the goddess, which features a tilted head. The temple is also known for hosting an annual festival called "Zatra of Goddess Navdurga" or just "Zatra" which takes place around November each year, specifically on Kartik Shukla Paksha Ashtami. The temple is also known for the controversy, which began in 2016, over a decision to replace the temple idol. This decision led to a legal and social dispute between the [[Brahmin]] [[Mahajan]]s and local [[Bahujan]] villagers over temple ownership and control.<ref name="SevenHerald23">{{Cite news |date=28 Oct 2023|title=Seven-year-long Madkai Navdurga Temple dispute inches closer to resolution |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Sevenyearlong-Madkai-Navdurga-Temple-dispute-inches-closer-to-resolution/212778 |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=[[oHeraldo]]}}</ref><ref name="KanekarHerald16">{{Cite web |date=22 Sep 2016 |first=Anita |last=Kanekar |title=From Sateri to Navdurga and worshippers to sevekaris |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Opinions/From-Sateri-to-Navdurga-and-worshippers-to-sevekaris/106533 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=[[oHeraldo]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Population ==<br />
The [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] sets the population at 6,215 people of which 3,072 were females and 3,143 were males with a total sex ratio of 977 females to 1000 males. Population of children with the ages of 0-6 was 523 which came to 8.42% of the total population.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Ponda Taluka of North Goa, Goa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5614-ponda-north-goa-goa.html |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Schedule Tribe (ST) constituted to about 36.23% and Schedule Caste (SC) constituted about 0.37% of the population.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
The town has a Hindu majority of 96.46%, the minorities, of which 2.91% are Christian and 0.45% are Muslim.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== The Battle of Madkai ===<br />
The Battle of Madkai, which likely occurred around 1380, was a significant but overlooked conflict in the history of Goa and the [[Konkan]] region. This battle involved the forces of Mahapradhan Mallapodeyar, the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] Viceroy of [[Kanara]], and a coalition of local [[kshatriya]] chieftains under the leadership of the Kadambas, known as the "konkaniga" in Vijayanagar sources. The battle was part of the Vijayanagar Empire's efforts to expand its control over the strategically important Konkan region.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Madkai, known today as Marcaim, was a key location in this conflict due to its strategic positioning and the presence of a fortress on Madkai Hill, built and controlled by the influential Nayak family. Nagan Nayak, a prominent figure in the region, was the Desai of the Antruz Mahal, a title denoting significant local authority. The Nayak family's support for the Vijayanagar Empire in this battle appears likely, given the rewards they received afterward. Nagan Nayak was granted the prestigious title of Sardesai of South Goa, which included control over key territories such as Supe, [[Khanapur]], and [[Chandgad]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Madkai’s strategic importance lay in its fortress, which provided a crucial vantage point for controlling the surrounding region and key trade routes connecting the coast to inland areas. The battle and its outcome significantly influenced the power dynamics in the region, solidifying Vijayanagar's control and elevating the Nayak family’s status.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Government and politics ==<br />
Marcaim is part of [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)]] and [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].{{cn|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Marcaim received upto 3630.42mm of rainfall. The average temperatures hitting a maximum of 31.53 C and a minimum of 23.51 C.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Census |first=India |title=2011 Census of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/369/download/1124/DH_2011_3001_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
Of the total population, about 4% and 2.6% identified as agricultural laborers and cultivators respectively, while 41.7% identified as main or marginal workers.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Marcaim is home to the Madkai industrial estate and its most important commodity manufactured is Steel, Pharmaceutical Products and House Utensils.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Institutions ==<br />
Marcaim has the following number of educational institutions:<ref name=":2" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Primary<br />
!Middle<br />
!Secondary /<br />
matriculation<br />
!Senior secondary<br />
!College<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|2<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Madkai Navdurga Temple conflict ==<br />
In 2016, the temple's managing body, the Navadurga Sansthan Committee decided to replace the temple's idol, claiming that it had developed cracks. The Committee is composed mainly of [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Goud Saraswat Brahmins]] or GSB Mahajans. This decision was strongly opposed by the local villagers, who formed the Shri Devi Navadurga Prathishtan Trust, arguing that the idol and the temple belong to the public rather than being a private property of the Mahajans.<ref name="SevenHerald23" /><ref name="KanekarHerald16" /><br />
<br />
This soon escalated into a broader debate over the ownership and control of the temple, reflecting underlying social tensions between the Brahmin Mahajans and the [[Bahujan]] (non-Brahmin) villagers. The villagers asserted that the temple has always been a public entity and that they had the right to preserve the existing idol and participate in temple rituals, which the Mahajans had traditionally controlled..<ref name="SevenHerald23" /><ref name="KanekarHerald16" /><br />
<br />
The Mahajans assert that the temple belongs to them, stating it was built when they migrated to Marcaim. In contrast, the villagers argue that the Mahajans gained their status by exploiting their privileged caste position to register under the controversial 19th century [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]-era ''Lei das Mazanias'', a law which regulated temple administration and property rights. The villagers state that the temple rightfully belongs to the entire village.<ref name="SevenHerald23" /><ref name="KanekarHerald16" /><br />
<br />
The conflict has led to legal battles, with the issue being taken to court multiple times. As of 2023, the case has yet to be fully resolved, but it continues to be a significant point of contention in the community.<ref name="SevenHerald23" /><ref name="KanekarHerald16" /><br />
<br />
== In the news ==<br />
In January 2024, At the Madkai-Ponda Farmers Convention, farmers demanded amendments to the Kul Mundkar Act to address longstanding land ownership issues. They criticized the Act for favoring landlords and causing difficulties in proving land rights. The Act, initially designed to protect land tillers, is seen as outdated and unjust. The farmers called for revisions to ensure landlords must substantiate ownership claims, rather than relying on the 1/14 form, which they argue is inadequate. Support came from Madkai Sarpanch Shailendar Panajikar and advocate Sadananad Vaigankar, who highlighted historical challenges and the need for fairer land ownership regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2024-01-15 |title=Land ownership row: Madkai farmers unite in demand for amendments to Tenancy and Mundkar Act |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Land-ownership-row-Madkai-farmers-unite-in-demand-for-amendments-to-Tenancy-and-Mundkar-Act/216582 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in North Goa district]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_region&diff=477403Indian region2024-11-22T21:07:09Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Adding The Page Initial Version!</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Indian subcontinent]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lottery_(short_story)&diff=513604Lottery (short story)2024-10-26T05:17:20Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Starting a details!</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{About|the short story by Premchand|the story by Shirley Jackson|The Lottery}}<br />
{{Infobox short story<br />
| name = Lottery<br />
| image = Lottery story by premchand.jpg<br />
| author = [[Premchand]]<br />
| title_orig = लॉटरी<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| series =<br />
| genre = [[short story]] [[fiction]]<br />
| published_in = Zamana, Satsahitya Prakashan<br />
| publisher =<br />
| media_type =<br />
| pub_date = 1933<br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
}}<br />
"'''Lottery'''" ({{langx|hi|लॉटरी}}, {{langx|ur|لاٹری}}) is a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] [[short story]]. It was written by Indian author [[Premchand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodbooks.in/premchand-selected-stories-1-2%20|title=the lottery|website=Goodbooks.in|access-date=2012-08-22}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The story is told in narrative form from the perspective of an unnamed school teacher.<ref>{{cite web|last=V.B.|first=Sowmya |url=http://www.telugupeople.com/content/Content.asp?ContentID=16813&catID=16 |title=Review: Collected Short Stories of Premchand |website=TeluguPeople.com |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref> The story has been adapted into play format, with theatrical performances presented by [[Lalit Parimoo]]'s Natsamaj Theatre Group, as well as Mujeeb Khan's Ideal Drama and Entertainment Academy.<br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
"Lottery", is told in the first person, from the perspective of a school teacher, his friend Vikram, and Vikram's extended family. The teacher and Vikram discuss the [[lottery]] and speculate over their actions if either were to win a prize worth ten [[lakh]]s of [[Indian rupee]]s. Vikram states that if he were to win the lottery, he would take a trip around the world, in order to study the traditions and religions of different countries, and establish a public library, offering the world's finest books. The teacher states that he would save the money, in return for the interest. As the story unfolds, Vikram realises that he lacks the funds to purchase a ticket, and approaches the teacher with the suggestion that they pool their funds and buy a ticket together. The teacher and Vikram each raise five rupees to buy the ticket, agreeing to divide the winnings, much to the dismay of Vikram's family who is suspicious of the teacher's motive.<br />
<br />
Vikram purchases the ticket in his name, the teacher and his friend purchase theirs, and Vikram's father, Bade Thakur Sahib, uncle Chhote Thakur Sahib (real brother of Vikram's father), and elder brother (Prakash) also each buy tickets. They begin to fight over what they would do if any of them were to win. As the lottery drawing approaches, the teacher realises that he had not signed an agreement with Vikram acknowledging that they had gone into a partnership to purchase a ticket with the intention of sharing any money won, and relies on Vikram's honesty. Family arguments escalate, involving heated threats. Vikram's brother Prakash arrives home with injuries to his head and hand. When his father asks him what has happened, he explains that he had gone to Jhakkar Baba, who has the power to grant wishes. Prakash shares with his family that before Jhakkar Baba grants wishes, he tests them by [[stone throwing|throwing rocks]] at them. While most visitors run away, those that withstand the attack will have their wishes granted. When Prakash survived the stoning, he was assured that he would be the sole winner of the lottery. However, much to everyone's despair, when the winner of the lottery is announced, it is a man from America who is found to have bought the winning ticket. The plot is a [[dramatic irony]], with the story ending with plot twist and a moral message.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21072/stories-relevance.html |title=Stories of relevance |work=Deccan Herald |date=2009-08-22 |access-date=2012-08-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Compilations and adaptations ==<br />
"Lottery" appears in Indian textbooks and in compilations of moral education books. It is included in a compilation of Premchand's writing, entitled ''The Premchand Reader, Selected Stories 2'', as translated and adapted by Anupa Lal. The story has also been adapted into several plays, and was performed by Lalit Parimoo's Natsamaj Theatre Group<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalitparimoo.com/plays.html |title=Plays |website=Lalitparimoo.com |access-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402013751/http://www.lalitparimoo.com/plays.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Mujeeb Khan's Ideal Drama and Entertainment Academy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Rinky |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/romancing-the-wordsmith/659063/0 |title=Romancing the WORDSMITH |work=The Indian Express |date=2010-08-13 |access-date=2012-08-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Premchand (2009). ''Lottery''. Satsahitya Prakashan. 24 pages. {{ISBN|978-81-85830-22-3}}<br />
* Premchand (1995). ''The Premchand Reader, Selected Stories 2''. Translated by Lal, Anupa. Ratna Sagar. 96 pages. {{ISBN|978-81-7070-214-6}}<br />
<br />
{{Premchand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1933 short stories]]<br />
[[Category:Short stories adapted into plays]]<br />
[[Category:Short stories by Premchand]]<br />
[[Category:Short stories about lotteries]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salakati&diff=459135Salakati2024-10-01T12:33:16Z<p>TobyRamer579490: minor edit</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Salakati<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = city<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.493313|N|90.362549|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6772<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 783369<br />
| registration_plate =AS <br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Salakati''', is a [[census town]] in [[Kokrajhar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Assam]]. Salakati is 14km away in the north east direction from [[Kokrajhar]].The town has a railway junction.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Salakati had a population of 6772. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Salakati has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 56%. In Salakati, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
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==Transport==<br />
[[Salakati Railway Station]] serves the town of Salakati, [[Kokrajhar district]], [[Assam]]. This railway station lies under [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway Zone]].<br />
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==Others==<br />
[[State Bank of India]] has a branch at Salakati.<ref>[http://banksifsccode.com/state-bank-of-india-ifsc-code/assam/kokrajhar/salakati-branch/ State Bank of India Salakati Branch IFSC Code – Kokrajhar, SBI Salakati IFSC Code. Contact Phone Number, Address<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
[[NTPC Limited]] has a Thermal Power Project at Salakati known as [[NTPC Bongaigaon]].<br />
LPG DISTRIBUTOR M/S Adarsh Indane Gramin Vitrak.<br />
[[Assam Garmin Vikash Bank]] has a branch at Salakati Bazar.<br />
<ref>[http://codeforbanks.com/banks/ifsc/code/of/assam-gramin-vikash-bank/assam/kokrajhar/salakati-branch/ Assam Gramin Vikash Bank IFSC Code of Salakati Branch Branch is – codeforbanks.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kokrajhar district]]<br />
[[Category:Kokrajhar]]<br />
<br />
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{{Assam-geo-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govind_Singh_Negi&diff=501115Govind Singh Negi2024-09-05T00:04:08Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Made a biography w/ infobox</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
'''Govind Singh Negi''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician and leader of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). He was elected as a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tehri Assembly constituency|Tehri]] in 1969, 1974 and 1977.<ref name="results1969">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="results1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="results1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tehri Garhwal district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
<br />
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{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Rieu&diff=513615Louis Rieu2024-02-28T15:37:19Z<p>TobyRamer579490: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sir Jean Louis Rieu, KCSI<br />
| birth_date = 23 November 1872<br />
| death_date = 4 November 1964<br />
| occupation = British administrator in India <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sir Jean Louis Rieu''', KCSI (23 November 1872 – 4 November 1964) was a British administrator in India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he held various appointments in the [[Bombay Presidency]], including service as [[List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India|Commissioner in Sind]] from 1919 to 1925.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Louis Rieu was the son of [[Charles Pierre Henri Rieu]], a Swiss-born [[Oriental studies|orientalist]] who spent his career in Britain and the grandson of the Swiss soldier and politician [[Jean-Louis Rieu]]; his brother was the classicist [[E. V. Rieu]]. He was educated at [[University College School, London]], and [[Balliol College, Oxford]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 November 1964 |title=Sir Louis Rieu |pages=16 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
He entered the ICS in 1893 and was posted to the [[Bombay Presidency]]. He served successively as assistant collector, collector, and in other capacities in Sind until 1911, when he was appointed Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the General Department. In 1917, he was appointed Collector of Karachi, and in 1918 he became Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Revenue and Financial Departments. He was Commissioner in Sind from 1915 to 1925, and served on the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay from 1926 until his retirement in 1929 as member responsible for revenue, in succession to [[Maurice Hayward|Sir Maurice Hayward]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 1925 |title=Telegrams in Brief |pages=11 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Walter Frank Hudson]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 1929 |title=Telegrams in Brief |pages=15 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rieu was appointed CSI in 1920 and promoted to KCSI in 1929.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Family ==<br />
Rieu was married firstly to Ida Augusta Edwards (died 1921), daughter of John Edwards, JP, of Knockrobin, County Wicklow; they had a daughter. He married secondly Eileen Dorothy Kirkpatrick, daughter of Cyril Kirkpatrick, in 1930. Kirkpatrick had been married to Charles William Aldis Turner, ICS, who obtained a divorce decree against his wife on grounds of adultery earlier that year, citing Rieu as co-respondent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1930 |title=Decree Nisi For Indian Civil Servant |pages=5 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1930 |title=Knight Cited As Co-respondent |pages=10 |work=[[Evening Telegraph (Dundee)|The Evening Telegraph]]}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:1872 births]]<br />
[[Category:1964 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:British people of Swiss descent]]<br />
[[Category:British people of Dutch descent]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at University College School]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phezhu&diff=525359Phezhu2024-02-01T23:06:08Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Started A Details Basic Info - done</p>
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<div>{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Phezhu<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
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| image_caption = <br />
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| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
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| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima district|Kohima]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = Chairman<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 2391<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268286-phezhu-nagaland.html|title=Census 2011, Phezhu village Data}}</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL]]-01<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 997 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| website = <br />
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'''Phezhu''' is a village in [[Kohima district]] of [[Nagaland]] state of [[India]].<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{coord missing|Nagaland}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Kohima district]]<br />
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{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}</div>TobyRamer579490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalalpur,_Karnataka&diff=477452Jalalpur, Karnataka2023-10-01T16:58:45Z<p>TobyRamer579490: Adding The Bio V1!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
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{{Infobox place<br />
| name = Jalalpur<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| pushpin_map = Karnataka#India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16|32|56|N|74|46|01|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raybag]]<br />
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 6.59<br />
| elevation_m = 549<br />
| population_total = 4496<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 591317<br />
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]<br />
| area_code = 08331<br />
| registration_plate = KA-22<br />
}}<br />
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'''Jalalpur''' is a village in [[Raybag|Raybag Taluk]], [[Belagavi district|Belagavi District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located near the state border with [[Maharashtra]], approximately 83 kilometres north of the district seat [[Belgaum]], and 6 kilometres north of the taluk seat [[Raibag (village)|Raibag]]. As of 2011, it had a total population of 4,496.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><br />
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== Geography ==<br />
Jalalpur is situated to the south of [[Krishna River]]. It covers an area of 659.21 hectares.<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
According to the [[2011 Indian census|2011 Indian Census]], there were 874 households within Jalalpur. Out of the 4,496 residents, 2,326 are male and 2,170 are female. The overall literacy rate is 60.23%, with 1,605 of the male population and 1,103 of the female population being literate. The village's census location code is 597357.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Settlements in Belagavi district}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]</div>TobyRamer579490